abdullah's picture
Add files using upload-large-folder tool
2b0c9a7 verified
raw
history blame
58.8 kB
1
00:00:05,430 --> 00:00:08,310
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆ
2
00:00:08,310 --> 00:00:14,390
ุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ู‡ู†ูƒู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ุงุฏุฉ hand-dust ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช
3
00:00:14,390 --> 00:00:17,690
ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู€ crystal structures ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
4
00:00:17,690 --> 00:00:21,370
ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ crystal structures ุงู„ู€ cubic
5
00:00:21,370 --> 00:00:24,330
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ cubic ุนู†ุฏูŠ body-centered cubic ูˆ
6
00:00:24,330 --> 00:00:27,960
face-centered cubic ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ hexagonal closed
7
00:00:27,960 --> 00:00:33,180
packed ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู€ points ุงู„ู€ directions ุงู„ู€ planes
8
00:00:33,180 --> 00:00:38,240
ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€ X-ray diffraction ุนุดุงู† ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰
9
00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:42,580
ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจุงุช ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุณูˆุงุก ู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู†ุชุนุฑู
10
00:00:42,580 --> 00:00:45,600
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง reflection ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ
11
00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:50,120
ุฃู† ู†ู‚ุต ู‚ุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃุดุนุฉ ุณูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุญู„ู†ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู†
12
00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,600
ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ูˆุนู…ู„ู†ุง excel sheet ู„ู„ู€ X-ray diffraction
13
00:00:55,080 --> 00:01:00,580
ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† imperfections in solids ุงู„ุขู†
14
00:01:00,580 --> 00:01:08,600
perfect ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ูƒู…ุงู„ ุตุญ possible ู…ู…ูƒู† impossible
15
00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:13,740
ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูู€ imperfections ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู†ุด ู…ูŠุฉ
16
00:01:13,740 --> 00:01:17,640
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ู…ุตููˆูุฉุŒ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุฎู„ู„ ุฃูˆ
17
00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:21,440
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฅูŠุด some imperfections ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
18
00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:25,400
ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ imperfections ุงู„ู€ imperfections
19
00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:29,680
ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุจุชูƒูˆู†ุด ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ
20
00:01:29,680 --> 00:01:33,670
ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุชู‚ุนู„ู‡ ุดูˆุงุฆุจ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ
21
00:01:33,670 --> 00:01:38,810
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ุฉ ูˆุจุชุฌู…ุฏ ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชุจุฑูŠุฏ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู†
22
00:01:38,810 --> 00:01:43,130
ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ุฌูˆุฉ ุงู„ุจูˆุชู‚ุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุจุฑูŠุฏ
23
00:01:43,130 --> 00:01:49,850
ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ุขู†
24
00:01:49,850 --> 00:01:52,650
ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ู‡ูˆุงุก ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุฃุณูˆุฃ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุฃู†
25
00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:58,530
ุชุนู…ู„ ุนุฏู… ูƒู…ุงู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนุฏู… ูƒู…ุงู„ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู„ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ู‡ูˆ
26
00:01:58,530 --> 00:02:04,460
ุดูŠุก ุณูŠุกุŸ ู„ุฃ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ููŠ
27
00:02:04,460 --> 00:02:10,060
ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ุจุงู„ุฎูˆุงุต ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ why ู„ูŠุด ุจู†ุฏุฑุณ ุนุฏู…
28
00:02:10,060 --> 00:02:14,680
ุงู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุต ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
29
00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:22,930
ุฃูˆู„ ุณุจุจ ุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ู„ุฃ
30
00:02:22,930 --> 00:02:26,750
ู†ุญูƒูŠ crystalline defectุŒ defect ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุŒ
31
00:02:26,750 --> 00:02:30,230
ุฎู„ู„ ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ lattice
32
00:02:30,230 --> 00:02:35,490
irregularity having one or more of its dimensions
33
00:02:35,490 --> 00:02:37,790
in the order of an atomic diameterุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ
34
00:02:37,790 --> 00:02:42,010
ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงู‹
35
00:02:42,010 --> 00:02:47,470
ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงู‹ ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
36
00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:53,080
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏุฉ ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุญุดูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ููŠ
37
00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:57,320
ุดูˆุงุฆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจุฉ
38
00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:04,020
ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุขู†
39
00:03:04,020 --> 00:03:10,740
ุงู„ุฎู„ู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุชุตู†ู ุทุจู‚ุง ู„ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง
40
00:03:10,740 --> 00:03:17,020
ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ู„ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ dimension ุชุจุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุชู„ุช ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู†
41
00:03:17,020 --> 00:03:22,920
ุงู„ู€ imperfections ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ู†ู‚ุทูŠ point defects ุฃูˆ
42
00:03:22,920 --> 00:03:25,760
ุฎู„ู„ ุฎุทูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ line defects ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡
43
00:03:25,760 --> 00:03:29,800
dislocations ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ู„ ุณุทุญูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ solid defects ุฃูˆ
44
00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:38,780
surface defects ู†ุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ point defects ุงู„ู€
45
00:03:38,780 --> 00:03:43,110
point defects ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฎู„ู„ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฏูŠ localized
46
00:03:43,110 --> 00:03:46,570
disruptions in an otherwise perfect atomic or
47
00:03:46,570 --> 00:03:49,910
ionic arrangement of a crystal ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏูƒ
48
00:03:49,910 --> 00:03:56,270
ุนุฏู… ุงู†ุชุธุงู… ุฃูˆ ููŠู‡ ุฎู„ู„ ู…ุง ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุก ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุก ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ
49
00:03:56,270 --> 00:04:00,170
ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุก ู…ุญุดูˆุฑ in an otherwise perfect ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ
50
00:04:00,170 --> 00:04:02,850
ู†ุธุฑูŠุงู‹ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅูŠุด perfect ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุตููˆูุฉ
51
00:04:02,850 --> 00:04:09,730
100% ุงู„ุฎู„ู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ imperfections ุจุชุตูŠุฑ
52
00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:16,160
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ู„ู…ุง ุชุฃุฎุฏ ุทุงู‚ุฉ
53
00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:21,140
ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุฃุฎุฐุช ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุฅู…ุง ุจุงู„ุชุณุฎูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช
54
00:04:21,140 --> 00:04:29,260
ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฆุจ ุจุดูƒู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€
55
00:04:29,260 --> 00:04:33,860
doping ุงู„ู€ doping ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ุจุญุท ุดูˆุงุฆุจ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฅุถุงููŠุฉ ุจุดูƒู„
56
00:04:33,860 --> 00:04:37,940
ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ู…ุญุณูˆุจุฉ ุนุดุงู† ุฃุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎูˆุงุต ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
57
00:04:37,940 --> 00:04:38,600
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ doping
58
00:04:41,860 --> 00:04:47,640
ุงู„ู€ impurities ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฆุจ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช
59
00:04:47,640 --> 00:04:52,340
ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฅู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ
60
00:04:52,340 --> 00:04:56,080
ุงู„ุฎุงู… ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู†ุชูŠู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡
61
00:04:56,080 --> 00:05:01,530
ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุดูˆุงุฆุจุŸ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุงููŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุจุดูƒู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€
62
00:05:01,530 --> 00:05:06,870
dopants ู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุฃูˆ ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุถูŠูู‡ุง ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุงุช
63
00:05:06,870 --> 00:05:11,370
ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ micro structure ุจู‡ุฏู
64
00:05:11,370 --> 00:05:18,850
ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎูˆุงุต ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ dopants ุงู„ู€
65
00:05:18,850 --> 00:05:24,090
carbon steel ุฅุฒุงูŠ
66
00:05:24,090 --> 00:05:28,570
ุฃุถูŠู ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
67
00:05:28,570 --> 00:05:36,370
ุฃุดุจุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุตู„ุงุช ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸุงู„ุณูŠู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุตู„ ู„ุฃู† ุฃุถูŠู
68
00:05:36,370 --> 00:05:40,310
ู„ู‡ ูุณููˆุฑ ุฃูˆ ุจุฑูˆู† ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุฃูˆ ุฌุฑู…ุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูŠูˆุตู„ ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ
69
00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:45,610
ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชุญูƒู… ููŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุถูŠูู‡ุง
70
00:05:45,610 --> 00:05:49,610
ุฃูˆ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุณููˆุฑ ุฃูˆ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆู† ุฃูˆ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฑู…ุงู†ูŠูˆู…
71
00:05:49,610 --> 00:05:52,630
ุงู„
72
00:05:52,630 --> 00:05:58,760
point defects ููŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ vacancy vacancy
73
00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:03,760
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูุฑุงุบ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุชุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ููŠ ุชุตููŠุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู„ูƒู†
74
00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:07,300
ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅูŠุด ูุฑุงุบ ููŠ
75
00:06:07,300 --> 00:06:13,740
ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ vacancy ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ self-interstitial self
76
00:06:13,740 --> 00:06:17,700
-interstitial ุฃู† ููŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุญุดูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช
77
00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:21,220
ู…ุญุดูˆุฑุฉ ุญุดุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงุณู…ู‡ุง self
78
00:06:21,220 --> 00:06:27,420
-interstitial ู…ุญุดูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ูุฑุงุบ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน
79
00:06:27,420 --> 00:06:31,240
ุงู„ุชุงุจุน ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ููŠู‡ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
80
00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:32,420
substitutional
81
00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:39,100
substitutional defect ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฃุณุชุจุฏู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ุจุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹
82
00:06:39,100 --> 00:06:43,720
ุฃุถูุช ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ ุจุณ ููŠู‡ ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ ุชุณุชุจุฏู„
83
00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:46,880
ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ ู‡ุฐูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ู‰
84
00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:53,900
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ defect ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ defect
85
00:06:53,900 --> 00:06:59,520
ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ู„ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ interstitial foreign atom
86
00:07:02,840 --> 00:07:06,380
ุฃู†ุง ุจุฃุณุชุจุฏู„ุด ุฐุฑุฉ ุจุณ ุจุดูˆู ุฅู† ููŠ ูุฑุงุบ ูˆุจุชู†ุญุดุฑ
87
00:07:06,380 --> 00:07:09,060
ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุฐุฑุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ carbon ู…ุน
88
00:07:09,060 --> 00:07:13,580
ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู†ุตู ู‚ุทุฑ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ู€ .. ู…ูŠู† ุฃูƒุจุฑุŸ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฃูˆ
89
00:07:13,580 --> 00:07:20,930
ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ูุฑุงุบ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ
90
00:07:20,930 --> 00:07:24,850
ุฃู† ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุญุถูˆุฑู‡ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† BCC body centered cubic ุงู„ู€
91
00:07:24,850 --> 00:07:28,910
body centered cubic ุงู„ู€ atomic packing factor ู„ู‡ 68
92
00:07:28,910 --> 00:07:34,350
% ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ 22% ูุฑุงุบุงุช ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ููŠ
93
00:07:34,350 --> 00:07:37,850
ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุฏูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู„ุฃู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ ุตุบูŠุฑ ูŠู†ุญุดุฑ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด
94
00:07:37,850 --> 00:07:43,270
ูˆุงุณุน ู„ู‡ 100% ุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู…ู„ distortion ุนุดุงู† ูŠู†ุญุดุฑ
95
00:07:43,270 --> 00:07:44,270
ููŠ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡
96
00:07:47,790 --> 00:07:53,850
ููŠ ูุฑู†ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ
97
00:07:53,850 --> 00:07:59,050
ุฃูŠูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌุจ ูˆุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ูุณู‡ุง ุฌู‡ุฏ ุฃูŠูˆู† ุณุงู„ุจ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
98
00:07:59,050 --> 00:08:02,630
ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูŠูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌุจ ูˆู‡ูˆ
99
00:08:02,630 --> 00:08:08,410
ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ูุฑู†ูƒู„ ููŠ ุดูˆูƒุชูƒูŠ defect
100
00:08:08,410 --> 00:08:13,530
ู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูŠูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌุจ ูˆู‡ูŠู† ุฃูŠูˆู†
101
00:08:13,530 --> 00:08:17,430
ุณุงู„ุจ ุณุงู„ุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูŠูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌุจ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ู‡ ุฃูŠูˆู†
102
00:08:17,430 --> 00:08:21,790
ุณุงู„ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ schottky defect ุฅุญู†ุง ู‡ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
103
00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:25,790
course ุจุชุงุนู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู€ vacancy point defect ูˆ ุงู„ู€ self
104
00:08:25,790 --> 00:08:28,590
-interstitial point defect ูˆ ุงู„ู€ substitutional
105
00:08:28,590 --> 00:08:31,270
point defect ูˆ ุงู„ู€ interstitial point defect ู‡ุฏูˆู„
106
00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:32,850
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุชู…ูŠ ููŠู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ู€ course ู‡ุฐุง
107
00:08:40,460 --> 00:08:45,980
ุงู„ู€ vacancies and self-interstitials ุงู„ู€ vacancies
108
00:08:45,980 --> 00:08:52,740
ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠูˆู† ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏุŒ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ
109
00:08:52,740 --> 00:08:58,520
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏุฉ ูุตุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฅูŠุด
110
00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:03,000
ูุฑุงุบุฉ vacancy ุฃูˆ self-interstitial ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ
111
00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,380
ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุนูŠู† ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนุงู‹ ุญุดุฑุช ููŠ ูุฑุงุบุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€
112
00:09:06,380 --> 00:09:08,620
self-interstitial ู„ูŠุด ุณู…ูˆู‡ุง self-interstitial ู„ุฃู†ู‡
113
00:09:08,620 --> 00:09:16,240
ู…ู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู†ุญุงุณ ุทุจุนุงู‹
114
00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:18,740
ุงู„ู€ vacancy point defects ุฃูˆ self-interstitial
115
00:09:18,740 --> 00:09:23,560
point defects ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุฏ
116
00:09:23,560 --> 00:09:25,340
ุนู†ุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ
117
00:09:30,340 --> 00:09:37,120
ุงู„ุขู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ
118
00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:41,020
ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุขู† V ุจุชูˆุชุฑ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ N exponential minus
119
00:09:41,020 --> 00:09:45,480
QV ุนู„ู‰ K ููŠ T ุงู„ุขู† V ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ total number of
120
00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:49,180
vacancies per cubic centimeter ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† V ุนุฏุฏ
121
00:09:49,180 --> 00:09:54,520
ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช
122
00:09:54,520 --> 00:10:00,850
ููŠ ุฅูŠุด ู„ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจุŸ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ N ุชูุนุทู‰ ุจุงู„ู€ N A ููŠ ุฑูˆ
123
00:10:00,850 --> 00:10:09,450
ุนู„ู‰ A ุงู„ู€ N A ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠุŸ ุนุฏุฏ Avogadro ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุฅูŠุด
124
00:10:09,450 --> 00:10:16,150
ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ ุฑูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ density ุฌุฑุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุณู†ุชูŠ
125
00:10:16,150 --> 00:10:21,750
ุงู„ู…ูƒุนุจ ุงู„ู€ A ู„ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
126
00:10:21,750 --> 00:10:28,210
ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃุชู… per cubic centimeterุงู„ู€ QV ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
127
00:10:28,210 --> 00:10:31,630
energy required for formation of vacancy ุนุดุงู† ุชุตูŠุฑ
128
00:10:31,630 --> 00:10:37,270
ููŠ vacancyุŒ ุงู„ู€ vacancy ู…ุญุชุงุฌ ุทุงู‚ุฉุŒ ู…ุญุชุงุฌุฉ ุทุงู‚ุฉ
129
00:10:37,270 --> 00:10:43,610
ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ QV ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ energy to form a vacancy ุงู„ู€ K
130
00:10:43,610 --> 00:10:44,650
ุงู„ู€ gas constant
131
00:10:47,190 --> 00:10:51,930
ู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ ุจุชุฎุชู„ู ููŠ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช
132
00:10:51,930 --> 00:10:54,690
ุฌูˆู„ ู„ูƒู„ ุฃุชู… ู„ูƒู„ Kelvin ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ one point
133
00:10:54,690 --> 00:10:57,930
three eight ููŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ู†ุงู‚ุต ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช
134
00:10:57,930 --> 00:11:02,170
ุงู„ู€ K ูˆุญุฏุฉ electron volt ู„ูƒู„ ุฃุชู… ู„ูƒู„ Kelvin ุจุชูƒูˆู†
135
00:11:02,170 --> 00:11:05,850
ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ 8.162 ููŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฎู…ุณุฉ
136
00:11:05,850 --> 00:11:10,230
electron volt ู„ูƒู„ ุฃุชู… ู„ูƒู„ Kelvin ุทุจ ุงู„ู€ T ุฏุฑุฌุฉ
137
00:11:10,230 --> 00:11:12,270
ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ K ุจุงู„ู€ Kelvin ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚
138
00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:20,560
ู„ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู† ุนู†ุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€
139
00:11:20,560 --> 00:11:26,080
melting point ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู„ู€ ratio ุงู„ู€ N V ุนู„ู‰ N
140
00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:30,000
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ู„ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ูƒู„ ุนุดุฑ ุขู„ุงู ู†ุงู‚ุต
141
00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:34,840
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูƒู„ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุขู„ุงู ุฐุฑุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูุฑุงุบ
142
00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:42,720
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูƒู„ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุขู„ุงู ุฐุฑุฉ ููŠ ูุฑุงุบ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุทูŠุจ
143
00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:44,360
ู†ุญู‘ู„ ู…ุซุงู„
144
00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:55,100
Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per
145
00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:58,820
cubic meter for copper at 1000 degrees ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ุนู†ุฏูŠ
146
00:11:58,820 --> 00:12:09,580
ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุญุงุณุจ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฃู„ู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ
147
00:12:09,580 --> 00:12:13,240
The
148
00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:15,160
energy for vacancy formation
149
00:12:22,050 --> 00:12:26,970
ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ 0.9 electron
150
00:12:26,970 --> 00:12:38,070
volt ู„ูƒู„ atom the
151
00:12:38,070 --> 00:12:40,710
atomic weight and density at 1000 degrees
152
00:12:40,710 --> 00:12:43,670
for copper are 63.5 ุฌุฑุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ ูˆ
153
00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:48,410
ูƒุซุงูุชู‡ 8.4 ุฌุฑุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€
154
00:12:48,410 --> 00:12:49,510
atomic weight ุงู„ู€ a
155
00:12:53,430 --> 00:13:03,290
63.5 ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ูˆ ุงู„ู€
156
00:13:03,290 --> 00:13:18,050
density ุงู„ู€ ฯ 8.4 ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„
157
00:13:18,050 --> 00:13:26,630
ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุงู„ู€ Nv ุจุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€ Nvุงู„ู€ Nv ุจุชุญุณุจ ุจุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุฅูŠู‡ ุนุดุงู†
158
00:13:26,630 --> 00:13:29,850
exponential
159
00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:33,490
minus
160
00:13:33,490 --> 00:13:46,630
QV ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ K T ุงู„ู€
161
00:13:46,630 --> 00:13:52,840
... ุงู„ู€ ... ุงู„ู€ QVู…ุนุทูŠู†ูŠู‡ุง ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ Kelvin ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุชุณุงูˆูŠ
162
00:13:52,840 --> 00:14:00,000
ุฃู„ู ูˆู…ุงุฆุชูŠู† ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุณุจุนูŠู† .15 Kelvin
163
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:09,140
ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ temperature ูˆ ุงู„ู€ K ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ
164
00:14:09,140 --> 00:14:17,200
ุชุจุน ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ู€ K ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† 8.62
165
00:14:22,340 --> 00:14:28,040
ููŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ electron
166
00:14:28,040 --> 00:14:38,560
volt ู„ูƒู„ atom ู„ูƒู„ Kelvin ู†ุนู…
167
00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:46,180
ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ
168
00:14:46,180 --> 00:14:49,560
ุฃุชุฃูƒุฏ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุณู‡ู„ ุฃุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง
169
00:14:53,800 --> 00:15:07,700
ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ฯ ุงู„ู€ atomic
170
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:16,980
ูƒูˆูŠุช ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ 6.022 ร— 10^23
171
00:15:16,980 --> 00:15:20,820
ุฃุชู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€
172
00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:27,970
atomic weight
173
00:15:27,970 --> 00:15:32,190
8
174
00:15:32,190 --> 00:15:45,210
.4 ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ูˆ
175
00:15:45,210 --> 00:15:50,770
ุงู„ู€ atomic weight 63.5
176
00:15:54,720 --> 00:16:03,880
ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ูƒูˆูŠุณ ู†ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ
177
00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:09,240
ู‡ุงูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุฌุฑุงู… ู…ูˆู„ ุจุชุฑูˆุญ ู…ุน ู…ูˆู„ ูˆ gram ู…ุน gram
178
00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:20,320
ุจุชุตููŠ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุจุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
179
00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:20,740
ู‡ูˆ atom
180
00:16:26,660 --> 00:16:34,240
ู„ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุฃูƒู…ู„ ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…
181
00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:38,100
872
182
00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:47,480
ูˆ96 ูˆ96 ูˆ1
183
00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:48,500
ูˆ4 ร— 10^20
184
00:16:54,510 --> 00:17:01,830
ุทูŠุจ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุขู† Nv ุงู„ุขู†
185
00:17:01,830 --> 00:17:08,710
Nv ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ 872
186
00:17:08,710 --> 00:17:11,990
ูˆ96
187
00:17:11,990 --> 00:17:17,230
ูˆ16 ูˆ8
188
00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:30,100
ร— 10^20 ุฃุชู… ู„ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ exponential ู„ู€
189
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:37,620
minus QV ุงู„ู„ูŠ
190
00:17:37,620 --> 00:17:46,580
ู‡ูŠ 0.9 electron volt ู„ูƒู„
191
00:17:46,580 --> 00:17:52,120
atom ููŠ
192
00:17:52,120 --> 00:17:52,460
Kelvin
193
00:17:57,660 --> 00:18:06,760
ุนู„ู‰ K ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ 8.62
194
00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:14,500
electron volt ู„ูƒู„
195
00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:19,940
atom ู„ูƒู„
196
00:18:19,940 --> 00:18:20,500
Kelvin
197
00:18:25,820 --> 00:18:31,700
ููŠู‡ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฏูŠ
198
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:40,680
ู„ูƒูŠูˆ ุนู„ู‰
199
00:18:40,680 --> 00:18:47,960
ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ
200
00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:53,120
ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู„ู ูˆู…ุงุฆุชูŠู†
201
00:18:53,120 --> 00:19:05,690
ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุณุจุนูŠู† .15 Kelvin ู‡ุชุฑูˆุญ
202
00:19:05,690 --> 00:19:08,770
atom ู…ุน atom Kelvin ู…ุน Kelvin ูˆ electron volt ู…ุน
203
00:19:08,770 --> 00:19:20,490
electron volt ููƒุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ุชุตุญู‰ ูƒู… ุชุทู„ุน ุชูุณุฑ
204
00:19:20,490 --> 00:19:21,050
ูุงุตู„ุฉ
205
00:19:29,740 --> 00:19:35,560
ู„ุฃ ุบู„ุท ุฅูŠู‡ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ
206
00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:40,460
ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠ cancel ุฅูŠู‡ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉุŸ ู†ุนู… 8.62
207
00:19:40,460 --> 00:19:50,540
ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‡ุฐูŠุŸ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ 2.18 ุนุดุฑุฉ
208
00:19:50,540 --> 00:19:52,640
ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูƒู… ุงุชู†ูŠู†ุŸ
209
00:20:01,710 --> 00:20:08,330
vacancy ู„ูƒู„ ู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
210
00:20:08,330 --> 00:20:16,210
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ูƒู…ุŸ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุชูƒูˆู† 2.
211
00:20:16,210 --> 00:20:22,850
18 ููŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุชุณุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ ููŠ
212
00:20:22,850 --> 00:20:26,430
ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุชุณุนุฉ ุตุญุŸ ุฃูˆ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุชุฉ
213
00:20:29,750 --> 00:20:36,750
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ vacancy ู„ูƒู„ ู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ .. ุงู„ู…ุชุฑ
214
00:20:36,750 --> 00:20:42,710
ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ูู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุชุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† 2.1
215
00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:46,450
ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ููŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† vacancy ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑ
216
00:20:46,450 --> 00:20:47,050
ุงู„ู…ูƒุนุจ
217
00:20:59,940 --> 00:21:09,200
ููŠ ุฃูŠ ุณุคุงู„ุŸ ุทูŠุจ ุทูŠุจ
218
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:16,460
ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุงุฎุฏ ู…ุซุงู„ ุจุณูŠุท ู„ูˆ ุถูุช ุณูƒุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
219
00:21:16,460 --> 00:21:25,820
ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุญุฑูƒุช ู‡ุชุฐูˆุจ ุตุญุŸ ู„ูˆ ูƒุชุฑุชู‡ ู‡ุชุฐูˆุจ ุญุตู„ ู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ
220
00:21:25,820 --> 00:21:31,000
ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู‡ูŠุฏูˆุจ ูˆุฌุฒุก
221
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,620
ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฑุงุณุจ ุงู„ุฑุงุณุจ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
222
00:21:34,620 --> 00:21:39,540
ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ solution ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ู„ู…ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ
223
00:21:39,540 --> 00:21:42,500
ูƒุชุฑุช ูƒุซูŠุฑ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ second phase ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
224
00:21:42,500 --> 00:21:53,080
ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุณูƒุฑูŠ ูˆุณูƒุฑ ุตู„ุจ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุถูุช ุจุฏู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ
225
00:21:57,470 --> 00:22:06,630
ุฑู…ู„ู‹ุง ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุฑู…ู„ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠุฏูˆุจุŸ ุฃูŠู‡ ู„ุฃ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุชูƒูˆู†
226
00:22:06,630 --> 00:22:11,790
ุฃูˆ ุนุฏู… ุชูƒูˆู† second phase ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุฃูˆ second
227
00:22:11,790 --> 00:22:16,530
phase ุจูŠุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุดุงุฆุจ ุงู„ู€ impurity ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ
228
00:22:16,530 --> 00:22:22,350
ุบูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุฑู…ู„ ุบูŠุฑ ุนู† ุดูŠุก ุซุงู†ูŠ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช
229
00:22:22,350 --> 00:22:25,690
ุฅุฐุง ุญุทูŠุช ุณูƒุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ุง ุฃู‚ุฏุฑุด ุฃุฐูˆุจ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ
230
00:22:25,690 --> 00:22:29,830
ุฅูŠุด second phase ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ concentration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง
231
00:22:29,830 --> 00:22:32,530
ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู„ูˆ ุญุทูŠุช ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† second phase ูˆ
232
00:22:32,530 --> 00:22:38,770
ุณุฎู†ุช ุจุฏูˆุจ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุจุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู€
233
00:22:38,770 --> 00:22:42,230
addition of impurity to metals ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ solid
234
00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:47,750
solution and/or second phase ุงุนุชุจุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ู€
235
00:22:47,750 --> 00:22:56,640
impurityุณูƒุฑ ู…ู„ุญ ุฑู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู€
236
00:22:56,640 --> 00:23:01,060
concentration ูˆุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
237
00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:04,680
ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ุฉ ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชูƒูˆูŠู†
238
00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:13,260
ุนู†ุฏูŠ solid solution ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุตู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ุฐุงุจ
239
00:23:13,260 --> 00:23:16,660
ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ solvent ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฐูŠุจ
240
00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:21,570
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ solvent ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจู†ุถุงู
241
00:23:21,570 --> 00:23:26,390
ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ุน ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฃูˆ
242
00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:31,430
ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู…ุฐูŠุจ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ solvent ุงู„ู€ solute ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
243
00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:36,010
element ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ compound ุจุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠุด
244
00:23:36,010 --> 00:23:39,370
ุงู„ู…ุฐุงุจ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ
245
00:23:39,370 --> 00:23:45,210
ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูููŠู† ุฏูŠ solvent ูˆ solute ู…ุฐุงุจ ูˆ
246
00:23:45,210 --> 00:23:45,650
ู…ุฐูŠุจ
247
00:23:51,770 --> 00:23:53,730
ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ solid solution ุงู„ู€ solid
248
00:23:53,730 --> 00:23:59,790
solution ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุตู„ุจ as ุชุชูˆูุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ
249
00:23:59,790 --> 00:24:05,290
solid atoms are added to host material ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
250
00:24:05,290 --> 00:24:10,510
ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฐุงุจ ุชู… ุฅุถุงูุชู‡ุง ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
251
00:24:10,510 --> 00:24:14,850
ุฅุถุงูู†ุงู‡ุง ู„ู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ the crystal structure is maintained
252
00:24:14,850 --> 00:24:19,330
ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ู…ุง ุชุบูŠุฑุด
253
00:24:19,330 --> 00:24:21,470
ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุธู„ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูƒุงู†
254
00:24:21,470 --> 00:24:25,150
BCC ุธู„ูˆุง BCC ูƒุงู† FCC ุธู„ูˆุง FCC ูƒุงู† HCP ุธู„ูˆุง HCP
255
00:24:25,150 --> 00:24:30,470
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ no new structures are formed ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ุด
256
00:24:30,470 --> 00:24:35,510
ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ู…ุง ุตุงุฑ ุชูุงุนู„ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ุช ุฃูŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจุงุช
257
00:24:35,510 --> 00:24:40,290
ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุญูƒูŠ ุฅู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุตู„ุจ ุฅุฐุง ุถูุช
258
00:24:40,290 --> 00:24:45,770
ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุตู„ุจุฉ ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฐุงุจ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…
259
00:24:47,120 --> 00:24:49,680
ูˆ ุญุงูุธุช ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ูˆ ู…ุง ุชุบูŠุฑุด ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ
260
00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:54,420
ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ูˆ ู…ุง ุตุงุฑ ุชูุงุนู„ ูˆ ู…ุง ุตุงุฑ new structure ููŠ
261
00:24:54,420 --> 00:25:07,300
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุจูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุจุญูƒูŠ ุฅู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏูŠ solid solution ู„ุฃ
262
00:25:07,300 --> 00:25:16,390
ู„ุฃ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ carbon ู„ู…ุง ู†ุถูŠูู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจุชุฑูˆุญ ุถุบุท
263
00:25:16,390 --> 00:25:21,310
ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุจุชุนู…ู„ interstitial point defect ุถุบุท ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
264
00:25:21,310 --> 00:25:24,790
ุจุชู„ุญุด .. ุจุชู„ุญุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุฌูˆุง ุงู„ crystal ุงู„
265
00:25:24,790 --> 00:25:26,890
structure ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูุถู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ Fe
266
00:25:26,890 --> 00:25:32,750
ุณูŠ ุณูŠ ู…ุง ุชุบูŠุฑ ู„ู„ Fe ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…
267
00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:38,700
solid solution is compositionally homogeneous ู…ู†
268
00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:43,160
ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจูŠุฉ ู…ุชุฌุงู†ุณ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ุฃุฎุฏ ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู†
269
00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:45,880
ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฃูุญุต ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุจูŠุทู„ุน ู†ูุณ
270
00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:49,140
ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠุด compositionally
271
00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:54,340
homogeneous ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุชุฌุงู†ุณ
272
00:25:56,230 --> 00:25:59,990
ู…ุชุฌุงู†ุณ ูŠุนู†ูŠ impurity atoms are randomly and
273
00:25:59,990 --> 00:26:02,750
uniformly dispersed within the solid ุงู„ุขู† ุจุชูƒูˆู†
274
00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:06,970
ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฆุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ูˆุฒุนุฉ ูˆ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ
275
00:26:06,970 --> 00:26:10,930
ูˆูŠู† ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒู…ุงู† uniform ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง
276
00:26:10,930 --> 00:26:23,490
ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุขู†
277
00:26:23,490 --> 00:26:30,810
ููŠ substitutional solid defects ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„
278
00:26:30,810 --> 00:26:33,310
substitution ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุณุจุณุชูŠูˆุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุจุฏู„ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุจูŠุญู„
279
00:26:33,310 --> 00:26:39,610
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุจุณูŠุท ู„ู…ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ูŠุชู…
280
00:26:39,610 --> 00:26:42,310
ุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ู‡ุง ุจุฐุฑู‘ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
281
00:26:42,310 --> 00:26:45,610
ู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุด ุงู„ู…ุฐุงุจ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ substitutional solid
282
00:26:45,610 --> 00:26:49,930
solution can be introduced either as an impurity
283
00:26:49,930 --> 00:26:53,730
or as a deliberate addition ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุตุงุฑ
284
00:26:53,730 --> 00:27:01,170
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ ู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃู… ุจุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฏุฎูŠู„ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„
285
00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:07,570
ุฅู†ู‡ุง impurity ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดุงุฆุจุฉ ู…ู† ุบุตุจ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุดุงุฆุจุฉ ุฎู„ุงู„
286
00:27:07,570 --> 00:27:12,170
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุฏูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุถูุชู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„
287
00:27:12,170 --> 00:27:16,430
ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุฃุถูŠู ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ
288
00:27:16,430 --> 00:27:21,030
number of defects ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ substitution of solid
289
00:27:21,030 --> 00:27:26,420
solution ู†ุณุจูŠุง ู…ุง ุจุชุนุชู…ุฏุด ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
290
00:27:26,420 --> 00:27:33,800
ุจุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุณ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชุฃุซุฑุด ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ุซุงู„
291
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:37,680
ุงู„ doping ุฒูŠ ุงู„ููˆุณููˆุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจูˆุฑูˆู† ู„ู…ุง ู†ุถูŠูู‡ ู„ู„ุณูŠู„ูŠูƒูˆู†
292
00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:42,080
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุฃูŠุด semiconductor ุฃูˆ
293
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:45,400
ู„ู…ุง ู†ุถูŠู ู†ุญุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ ู„ู„ู†ุญุงุณ ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„
294
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:49,960
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุญู„ ุฐุฑุงุช ู†ุญุงุณ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุงุฎุฏ
295
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:54,750
ู…ูˆู‚ุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ crystal ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุญู„ู‡ุง ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ FCC
296
00:27:54,750 --> 00:28:01,390
ูˆุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ FCC ู„ุฃู†
297
00:28:01,390 --> 00:28:07,730
ููŠ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุนุดุงู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก
298
00:28:07,730 --> 00:28:14,170
ุงู„ atomic size factor ุนุดุงู† ุฃุจุฏู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุญู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ู„ุงุฒู…
299
00:28:14,170 --> 00:28:17,830
ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุชู‚ุงุฑุจ .. ู…ุง ูŠู†ูุนุด ูˆุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฐุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
300
00:28:17,830 --> 00:28:23,150
ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุชุณุชุจุฏู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูƒุชูŠุฑุŒ ุตุญุŸ ูู„ุงุฒู… atomic size
301
00:28:23,150 --> 00:28:26,450
factorุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ู†ุตู ู‚ุทุฑ
302
00:28:26,450 --> 00:28:32,530
ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ูˆ ู†ุตู ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถุงูุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 15% ูŠุนู†ูŠ
303
00:28:32,530 --> 00:28:37,550
ู„ุฃู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ู… ู…ุชู‚ุงุฑุจุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูˆู„ rule otherwise ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†
304
00:28:37,550 --> 00:28:42,270
ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ูˆ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฎูŠู„ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑ
305
00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:48,760
ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ distortion ู‡ุชุชุดูˆู‡ distortion ุจุณ ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง
306
00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:54,720
ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญ ุตุบูŠุฑ ูˆ ุฃุฌูŠุช ุฃุญุท ู…ุญู„ู‡ ุดูŠุก ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
307
00:28:54,720 --> 00:29:00,320
ุชู„ุฒู‘ุญ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ูุจุชุชุดูˆู‡ ุฃูŠุด ุงู„ crystal
308
00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:05,320
ูู…ุง ุญุงูุธุชุด ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ crystal ูุจุนู…ู„ a new .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ a
309
00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:11,490
new phase a new phase ู‡ุชุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฏูŠุชู†ูŠู† ุนุดุงู† ุฃุนู…ู„
310
00:29:11,490 --> 00:29:17,590
ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ .. ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ู…
311
00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:23,010
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ crystal structure ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฑุท ุณุฃู„ุชู‡ ุฅุฐุง
312
00:29:23,010 --> 00:29:24,930
ุจุชุฏุนู…ูŠ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„
313
00:29:24,930 --> 00:29:27,970
crystal structure ุจุณ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุฏุนู…ูŠ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู†ุญุดุงุฑูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
314
00:29:27,970 --> 00:29:31,290
interstitial solid solution ู…ุด ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ูุงู„ู„ูŠ
315
00:29:31,290 --> 00:29:34,430
ู„ู‡ู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ crystal structure for both solvent and
316
00:29:34,430 --> 00:29:40,840
solute ุงู„ุดุฑุท ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ Electronegativity ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู†
317
00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:45,960
ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ูˆุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง comparable
318
00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:48,040
Electronegativity ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุญุจูˆุง ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช
319
00:29:48,040 --> 00:29:51,420
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ุง ุจูŠุญุจูˆุด ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ู„ุฃู† ุฅุฐุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
320
00:29:51,420 --> 00:29:53,180
ุจูŠุญุจ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุง ุจูŠุญุจุด ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุฃูŠุด
321
00:29:53,180 --> 00:29:58,990
ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑุŸ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชูุงุนู„ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ูˆุธุจุท ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชูุงุนู„ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ
322
00:29:58,990 --> 00:30:02,410
ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ููŠุฒ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ
323
00:30:02,410 --> 00:30:06,210
ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู„ electronegative ุชุญุจู‡ุง
324
00:30:06,210 --> 00:30:08,890
ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุชู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ุจุนุถุŒ ูŠุง ุจูŠุญุจูˆุง
325
00:30:08,890 --> 00:30:12,590
ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ุจูŠุญุจูˆุด ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุนุดุงู† ุฃุถู…ู†
326
00:30:12,590 --> 00:30:16,230
ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑุด ุชูุงุนู„ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ูˆู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑุด ุนู†ุฏู‡ a new
327
00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:21,370
structure ุงู„ valance ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูƒุงูุค ููŠ
328
00:30:21,370 --> 00:30:24,650
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ions must have the same valence
329
00:30:24,650 --> 00:30:27,110
ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ valence otherwise ุฅุฐุง ุงู„
330
00:30:27,110 --> 00:30:32,190
valence ู…ุฎุชู„ู ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุดุฌุน ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชูุงุนู„ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡
331
00:30:32,190 --> 00:30:35,330
a new structure ูˆ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ second phase ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡
332
00:30:35,330 --> 00:30:39,490
ู‡ุชุณุงู…ุญู‡ู… rather rules ู‡ูŠ ุฃุฑุจุน ุดุฑูˆุท ุนุดุงู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡
333
00:30:39,490 --> 00:30:44,150
ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุตู„ุจ ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ูˆ ุฐุฑุฉ
334
00:30:44,150 --> 00:30:52,770
ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 15% ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
335
00:30:52,770 --> 00:30:56,830
ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ crystal structure ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„
336
00:30:56,830 --> 00:31:00,030
electronegativity ู„ู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ุชู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
337
00:31:00,030 --> 00:31:07,790
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ valence ู„ุฃู†
338
00:31:07,790 --> 00:31:10,310
ู‡ูŠูƒ ู†ูƒูˆู† ุบุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ substitution of solid
339
00:31:10,310 --> 00:31:15,720
solution ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„
340
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:21,720
ุงู„ุงู†ุญุดุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ interstitial defects ุจุงุณุชู…ุงุน ุฅู†
341
00:31:21,720 --> 00:31:25,220
ุฏูŠ interstitial defect ู„ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุฐุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฐุฑุฉ
342
00:31:25,220 --> 00:31:28,140
ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฏุฎู„ุช ููŠ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุฌูˆุง ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุน
343
00:31:28,140 --> 00:31:31,420
ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑ ุจุชุดูˆู
344
00:31:31,420 --> 00:31:34,560
ุงู„ูุฑุบุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ unit cell
345
00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:37,940
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูˆ ุจุชู†ุญุดุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ some distortion
346
00:31:37,940 --> 00:31:43,560
ุจุชุนู…ู„ some distortion ูุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุดุบู„
347
00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:48,100
ูุฑุงุบุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ unit cell ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ุด ู…ุดุบูˆู„ุฉ ุฃุตู„ุง
348
00:31:48,100 --> 00:31:54,740
ู‡ูŠ ู…ุด ู…ุดุบูˆู„ุฉ ุฃุตู„ุง ูุฅุดุบุงู„ ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู„ู„ูุฑุบุงุช
349
00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:59,210
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุด ู…ุดุบูˆู„ุฉ ุฃุตู„ุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุณู„ุจ ุจู†ุฒู„ุงู‚ ุจูŠู†
350
00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:05,890
ุฐุฑุงุช ุฃุณู‡ู„ ูˆู„ุง ุฃุตุนุจุŸ ุฃุตุนุจ .. ุฃุตุนุจ ูƒุชูŠุฑุŒ ุจุชุตุนุจ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
351
00:32:05,890 --> 00:32:10,270
ุงู„ู†ุฒู„ุงู‚ุŒ ุฃูŠุด ุฎุงุตุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉุŸ ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง .. ุฃู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„
352
00:32:10,270 --> 00:32:14,970
blockingุŒ ุจุนู…ู„ ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉุŒ ุจุนู…ู„ ุฅุบู„ุงู‚
353
00:32:14,970 --> 00:32:18,350
ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุฒู„ุงู‚ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฃุตุนุจุŒ
354
00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:20,550
ูุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฃูŠุดุŸ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡
355
00:32:20,550 --> 00:32:24,370
carbon ุนุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุด ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏ
356
00:32:24,370 --> 00:32:27,550
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฏู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†
357
00:32:27,550 --> 00:32:36,930
ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุนุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฒูŠ
358
00:32:36,930 --> 00:32:43,290
ู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒู… ุงู„ุขู† ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุชุดูˆู‡ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงู„
359
00:32:43,290 --> 00:32:47,870
ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ slip mechanism ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู…ู„ุช
360
00:32:47,870 --> 00:32:50,810
ุงู†ุฒู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ูˆุตูˆูุฉ ุฐุฑุฉ ุณู‡ู„ุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู†
361
00:32:50,810 --> 00:32:56,550
ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ more ductile ุฅุฐุง ุนู…ู„ุช ุงู†ุฒู„ุงู‚ ุฃุตุนุจ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„
362
00:32:56,550 --> 00:33:00,050
ductility ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ุจุชู‚ู„ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุถูŠู ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ
363
00:33:00,050 --> 00:33:04,550
ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุจูŠุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู„ู„ุงู†ุฒู„ุงู‚ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุฅุบู„ุงู‚
364
00:33:04,550 --> 00:33:08,030
ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆ ุงู„ deformation ู„ู„ุงู†ุฒู„ุงู‚ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฃุตุนุจ ูุนุดุงู†
365
00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:09,070
ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ strength ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ
366
00:33:14,830 --> 00:33:19,050
ุงู„ุขู† ูƒูŠู ู†ุญุณุจ ุงู„ weight ู†ุณุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฅุฐุง ู†ูุณูŠ ุจู†ุถูŠู
367
00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:25,830
carbon ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ nickel ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญุงุณ ุฃูˆ .. ุฃูˆ zinc
368
00:33:25,830 --> 00:33:32,350
ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุตุฏูŠุฑ ุฃูˆ zinc ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุตุงุต ุฃูˆ ู‚ุตุฏูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุตุงุต ูุจุฏูŠ
369
00:33:32,350 --> 00:33:36,130
ุฃุนุฑู ุฃุญุณุจ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ .. ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู†ุณุจ ุจุชู†ุญุณุจ ุทุจู‚ุง ู„ู„ูˆุฒู† ู…ุซู„ุง
370
00:33:36,130 --> 00:33:40,450
ุฅุฐุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุนู†ุตุฑูŠู† ุนู†ุตุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ุนู†ุตุฑ
371
00:33:40,450 --> 00:33:44,980
ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุด ู…ุซู„ุง zinc ู…ุน nickel ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฒู†ูƒ
372
00:33:44,980 --> 00:33:48,740
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ 4 ู†ุญุงุณ ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ
373
00:33:48,740 --> 00:33:56,080
ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ total
374
00:33:56,080 --> 00:34:01,180
mass M ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ M ุงุซู†ูŠู† ููŠ ู…ูŠุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุญุณุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„
375
00:34:01,180 --> 00:34:03,180
mole base ุฃูˆ ุงู„ atom basis
376
00:34:20,470 --> 00:34:27,650
ุงู„ู€ number of moles ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุณูˆุงู‚ M ูˆุงุญุฏ
377
00:34:27,650 --> 00:34:34,490
ุจุฑุงูŠู… ุนู„ู‰ A ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ
378
00:34:34,490 --> 00:34:45,730
mass ุฌุฑุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู† ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ mole ูุงู†ุง ู„ุงุชู‡ูˆุด
379
00:34:45,730 --> 00:34:46,490
ูุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ
380
00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:53,840
ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ู€ number of moles ู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰
381
00:34:53,840 --> 00:35:00,780
ุงู„ู€ atomic weight ุงู„ู€ concentration ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ number of moles
382
00:35:00,780 --> 00:35:06,280
ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู€ number of moles ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„
383
00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:16,300
total number of moles ูˆ ุงู„ู€ NM ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ NM ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ
384
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:23,500
NM ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู„ุฃู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุญูˆู„ ู…ู† weight basis ู„ู€ mole basis
385
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:28,500
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนูƒุณ ู…ู† mole basis ู„ู€ weight basis ุงู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ููŠ
386
00:35:28,500 --> 00:35:34,400
ุชุญูˆูŠู„ุงุช ุฅุฐุง
387
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:42,240
ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุงู„ู†ุณุจ ุทุจู‚ุง ู„ู„ูˆุฒู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ C1 ูˆ C2 ุจุฌูŠุจ
388
00:35:42,240 --> 00:35:50,450
ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุทุจู‚ุง ู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุงุช C1 ุจุฑุงูŠู… ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ C1 A2 ุนู„ู‰
389
00:35:50,450 --> 00:35:56,670
C1 A2 ุฒูŠ C2 A1 C1 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ concentration
390
00:35:56,670 --> 00:36:01,810
ู„ู„ู…aterial ูˆุงุญุฏ based on mass ูˆ ุงู„ู€ A1 ูˆ C2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
391
00:36:01,810 --> 00:36:05,950
concentration of mass two based on mass ูˆ ุงู„ู€ A1 ูˆ
392
00:36:05,950 --> 00:36:08,770
A2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ atomic weight ู„ู„ู…aterial ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ
393
00:36:08,770 --> 00:36:10,210
ุงู„ู…aterial ุงุชู†ูŠู†
394
00:36:13,480 --> 00:36:17,900
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนูƒุณ ุฒูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุนุงุฑู ุงู„ู€ concentration ุทุจู‚ุง ู„ู€ based
395
00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:21,200
on moles ุฃูˆ number of moles ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃุญุณุจ ุงู„ู€
396
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:31,140
concentration based on weight ู…ู…ูƒู†
397
00:36:31,140 --> 00:36:34,340
ุฃุนู…ู„ concentration in terms of mass of one
398
00:36:34,340 --> 00:36:39,420
component per unit volume of material ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† C1
399
00:36:39,420 --> 00:36:45,670
ุฏุจู„ ุจุฑุงูŠู… ุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
400
00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:55,050
ู„ูƒู„ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุญุฌู… ู„ูƒู„ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุญุฌู… ุทูŠุจ ุทูŠุจ
401
00:36:55,050 --> 00:36:58,790
ุฅุฐุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุงุฏุชูŠู† ุจุฎุชู„ููˆุง ููŠ ุงู„
402
00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:06,010
density ูˆ ุจุฎุชู„ููˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ atomic weight ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
403
00:37:06,010 --> 00:37:08,890
ุงู„ู€ density ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุด ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ density
404
00:37:08,890 --> 00:37:11,030
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงุฎุชู„ูุช ุงู„
405
00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,730
density ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูˆุงุฎุชู„ูุช ุงู„ู€ atomic weight ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„
406
00:37:14,730 --> 00:37:20,480
raw average ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ C1 ุนู„ู‰ R1 ุฒูŠ C2 ุนู„ู‰ R2 C1
407
00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:25,880
ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ mass basis ู„ู„ู€ element ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ R1 density ู„ู„
408
00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:31,180
element ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ C2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู„
409
00:37:31,180 --> 00:37:36,260
weight basis ู„ู„ู€ element ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆ R2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„
410
00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:40,930
density ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุนุงุฑู ุงู„
411
00:37:40,930 --> 00:37:45,290
concentration based on the mole basis ุจุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ
412
00:37:45,290 --> 00:37:49,110
ุฃุฑุจุน ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจูŠู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุญุซุช ุจุงู„ู€ average
413
00:37:49,110 --> 00:37:56,330
atomic weight ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุฎู†ุดูˆู
414
00:37:56,330 --> 00:38:00,170
ู…ุซุงู„ determine the composition
415
00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:16,340
determine the composition in atom percent of an
416
00:38:16,340 --> 00:38:24,040
alloy that consists ููŠู† ุฏูŠ ุณุจูŠูƒุฉ ุณุจูŠูƒุฉ
417
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:34,200
ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ุณุจุนุฉ ูˆุชุณุนูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ by weight aluminium
418
00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:37,540
ูˆุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
419
00:38:37,540 --> 00:38:40,260
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ by weight
420
00:38:44,010 --> 00:38:48,650
ู†ุญุงุณ ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃุณู…ู‘ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ูŠู† ูŠูˆู… ุฃุนุทูŠู„ู‡ ุงู„
421
00:38:48,650 --> 00:38:57,390
subscript ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ุงู„ุงู†ุญุงุณ subscript ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„
422
00:38:57,390 --> 00:39:10,470
C ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† 97% ูˆ ุงู„ู€ C ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุนุดุงู†
423
00:39:10,470 --> 00:39:16,170
ุฃุฌูŠุจ c1 prime c1
424
00:39:16,170 --> 00:39:21,290
ุจุฑุงูŠู… ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
425
00:39:21,290 --> 00:39:37,090
ุชุณุงูˆูŠ c1 a1 ุนู„ู‰ c1 a2 ุนู„ู‰ c1 a2 ุฒูŠ c2 a1
426
00:39:39,410 --> 00:39:46,370
ุงู„ู€ A ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูŠ
427
00:39:46,370 --> 00:39:51,790
ุงู„ู€ atomic weight ู„ู„ุฃู„ู…ู†ูŠูˆู… ูƒู… atomic weight ู„ู„ุฃู„ู…ู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ
428
00:39:51,790 --> 00:39:56,310
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆ ุงู„
429
00:39:56,310 --> 00:40:03,170
ุงุชู†ูŠู† atomic weight ู„ู„ู†ุญุงุณ atomic weight
430
00:40:03,170 --> 00:40:12,840
ู„ู„ู†ุญุงุณ ูƒู… ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆุณุชูŠู† ูˆู†ุต ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ atomic weight
431
00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:14,900
ู„ู„ุฃู„ูˆู…ู†ูŠูˆู…
432
00:40:44,270 --> 00:40:52,110
ุทูŠุจ ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุจูˆูŠู† ุชุณุนุฉ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุจูˆูŠู† ุชุณุนุฉ
433
00:40:52,110 --> 00:41:00,910
ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฃู„ูˆู…ู†ูŠูˆู… ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุจูˆูŠู†
434
00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,970
ุชุณุนุฉ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู„ู†ุญุงุณ
435
00:41:05,970 --> 00:41:10,670
ู†ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุงู„ู€ CU Telicity ุจูˆูŠู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุฎู…ุณูŠู†
436
00:41:16,780 --> 00:41:21,760
ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ C1 ุจุฑุงูŠู… ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุชุณุงูˆูŠ C1
437
00:41:21,760 --> 00:41:26,720
97
438
00:41:26,720 --> 00:41:30,440
ููŠ
439
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:37,820
26.98 ร— 97
440
00:41:40,230 --> 00:41:50,770
ููŠ 26 ุจูˆูŠู† ุชุณุนุฉ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ููŠ 63 ุจูˆูŠู†
441
00:41:50,770 --> 00:42:00,190
ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‡ู†ุง
442
00:42:00,190 --> 00:42:08,730
ุจู†ุทู„ุน C ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุฑุงูŠู… ุฃูƒุฑุฑ
443
00:42:08,730 --> 00:42:09,450
ุทู„ุนุฉ C ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุฑุงูŠู…
444
00:42:26,970 --> 00:42:37,510
ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุณุนูŠู† atomic
445
00:42:37,510 --> 00:42:46,330
percent ุฃูˆ minus C2 ุจุฑุงูŠู… ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
446
00:42:46,330 --> 00:42:52,130
ู…ูŠุฉ minus C1 ุจุฑุงูŠู… ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
447
00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:22,120
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุทูŠุจ
448
00:43:24,670 --> 00:43:30,050
ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ linear defects ุงู„ู„ูŠ
449
00:43:30,050 --> 00:43:32,330
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนูŠูˆุจ
450
00:43:32,330 --> 00:43:40,470
ู†ู‚ุงุทูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนูŠูˆุจ ุฎุทูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนูŠูˆุจ ุณุทุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุทูŠุฉ
451
00:43:40,470 --> 00:43:45,950
ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู€ vacancy ูˆุนู†ุฏูŠ self-interstitial ูˆุนู†ุฏูŠ
452
00:43:45,950 --> 00:43:53,550
interstitial ูˆุนู†ุฏูŠ interstitial ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฉ
453
00:43:53,550 --> 00:43:58,710
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนูŠูˆุจ ุฎุทูŠุฉ in and otherwise ููŠ ูุฑูุฉ ุงู„
454
00:43:58,710 --> 00:44:05,770
crystal ุชูŠุฌูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ุช ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ edge dislocation
455
00:44:05,770 --> 00:44:11,370
ูˆ ุงู„ู€ screw dislocation ูˆ ุงู„ู€ mixed dislocation ุทุจุนุง
456
00:44:11,370 --> 00:44:15,730
dislocations ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุต
457
00:44:15,730 --> 00:44:20,090
ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนุฏู† ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุงู‚ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุนุดุงู† ุฃุฎู„ูŠ
458
00:44:20,090 --> 00:44:26,120
ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู† ู‚ูˆูŠ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุจุฒูˆุฏ ุนุฏุฏ dislocations ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง
459
00:44:26,120 --> 00:44:37,800
ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจุฎู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ุฎุฑุจุดุฉ ุจุฎุฑุจุดุฉ ุทูŠุจ
460
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:44,500
ู†ุจุฏุฃ
461
00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:46,000
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ edge dislocation
462
00:44:50,080 --> 00:44:53,340
ideally ุฃูˆ ู†ุธุฑูŠุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุถุฑุฑุงุช ู…ุตูู‘ุชุฉ ุชุตููŠุชู‡ุง
463
00:44:53,340 --> 00:45:02,520
ุฅูŠุด ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุนุฏูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุฃู†ู‡
464
00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:06,900
ุตุงู…ุญุฉ ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตู ููŠ ุงู„ุถุฑุฑุงุช ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงูƒู…ู„ุด
465
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:11,220
ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุงูƒู…ู„ ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุช ู‡ุงูŠ ุตู ุถุฑุฑุงุช ูˆ ู‡ุงูŠ ุตู
466
00:45:11,220 --> 00:45:14,820
ุถุฑุฑุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ุตู ุถุฑุฑุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู†ุชู‡ุช ุนู†ุฏ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒุฃู†ูƒ
467
00:45:14,820 --> 00:45:20,150
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูุงุชุญ ูƒุฑูˆุช ุดุฏุฉ ูˆ ุญุงุทุท ู†ุต ูƒุงุฑุช ู…ุด ูƒุงุฑุช ูƒุงู…ู„
468
00:45:20,150 --> 00:45:27,690
ูุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุญุช ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุช ุฅูŠุด ุชูƒูˆู† edge ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุท
469
00:45:27,690 --> 00:45:34,930
ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุทู„ุน ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูุญุฉ ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง edge dislocation
470
00:45:34,930 --> 00:45:38,470
ูŠุนู†ูŠ
471
00:45:38,470 --> 00:45:43,870
ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏูƒ ุช .. ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุช ุนู†ุฏูƒ ูุฃุณ ูˆ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุนู…ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ูˆู‰
472
00:46:00,510 --> 00:46:06,550
ุฏุงุฎู„ section ุฃู†ุง
473
00:46:06,550 --> 00:46:12,430
ู„ูˆ
474
00:46:12,430 --> 00:46:17,890
ู‚ุฏุงู… ุงู„ูู‚ุณ ุฃู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุชุญุฉ
475
00:46:17,890 --> 00:46:24,690
ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ู…ูƒุจุฑุฉ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุงุฒุงูŠ ุทุจุนุง ุจุณ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ูŠู„ุงู†
476
00:46:24,690 --> 00:46:25,210
ุฎููŠู
477
00:46:27,820 --> 00:46:50,620
ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุฏุฎู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฏ ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ุจุนุฏูŠู†
478
00:46:50,620 --> 00:46:55,240
ุจุฌูŠุจ ุณูƒูŠู† ุจุฑูˆุญ
479
00:46:55,240 --> 00:46:55,860
ุจุญุทู‡ ู‡ู†ุง
480
00:47:01,580 --> 00:47:06,800
ู…ุญู…ุฏูŠู† ู‡ูŠู†ุฒู„ ู…ุนุงู‡ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ุฐู‡
481
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:24,380
ู‡ุชูุชุญ ู„ูƒ ู…ุนุงู‡ ู‡ุชุณูŠุฑ ูู‡ุฐู‡
482
00:47:24,380 --> 00:47:30,000
ูƒุฃู†ู‡ุง edge dislocation
483
00:47:32,260 --> 00:47:35,360
ุทุจุนุง ุชู…ุช .. ุฃู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ .. ุนู„ู‰ .. ุชู…ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠู†
484
00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:41,600
ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ ุนู…ุงู„ ุชุงุจุฑ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนุฏู„ุฉ ุจุณ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ
485
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:45,920
ุงู„ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ูŠุนูŠุด ุจุชูู„ุช ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…
486
00:47:45,920 --> 00:47:53,900
ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุด ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุชูู„ุช ู†ูุณ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุฃูˆ
487
00:47:53,900 --> 00:48:02,300
ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง edge dislocation
488
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:11,840
ู„ูˆ
489
00:48:11,840 --> 00:48:14,740
ุจุฏูŠุช ุฃู†ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠู† ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ู€ edge dislocation ุญูˆุงู„ูŠู‡ุง
490
00:48:14,740 --> 00:48:18,960
ู…ุดูŠุช ุจุฏูŠุช ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง ูˆู…ุดูŠุช ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡
491
00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:22,700
ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ู€ X ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ุซู„ุง
492
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:28,180
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆู†ู†ุฒู„ ูƒู…ุงู† ู…ุซู„ุง ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ
493
00:48:28,180 --> 00:48:37,680
ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ู‡ุงูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ุซู„ุง ุฃู†ุง
494
00:48:37,680 --> 00:48:41,700
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุดูŠุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€ X ูƒู… ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ู…ุดูŠ ุจุงู„ุนูƒุณ ูƒู…ุงู†
495
00:48:41,700 --> 00:48:46,040
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ
496
00:48:46,040 --> 00:48:50,340
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
497
00:48:55,490 --> 00:49:03,030
ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุด ู‡ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ู€ vector ุฎู„ุงู†ูŠ ูƒุฏู‡
498
00:49:03,030 --> 00:49:10,330
ู…ุฑุฉ ู„ูˆ ู‡ู…ุดูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ู€ dislocation ู‡ู…ุดูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ
499
00:49:10,330 --> 00:49:14,630
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู…ุซู„ุงุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ ุชู„ุงุชุฉุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ู€ X ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ู‡ุทู„ุน
500
00:49:14,630 --> 00:49:22,420
ู…ุซู„ุง ุจุงู„ู€ Y ู‡ุงูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู†ุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู„ุฃู† ู…ุดูŠุช
501
00:49:22,420 --> 00:49:25,980
ุฃู†ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู‡ุฑุฌุน ุจุงู„ู€ X ูƒู…ุงู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ
502
00:49:25,980 --> 00:49:33,540
ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุทู„ุนุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุทู„ุนุช ู‡ู†ุง
503
00:49:33,540 --> 00:49:38,920
Y ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู‡ุทู„ุน ู‡ู†ุง ูƒู…ุงู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู‡ุง
504
00:49:38,920 --> 00:49:43,480
ุฑุฌุนุช ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ vector ุจุฑุฌุน ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ
505
00:49:43,480 --> 00:49:50,020
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ vector ูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ burger vector burger ุงุณู…ู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ
506
00:49:50,020 --> 00:49:59,190
burger vector ุงู„ู€ edges location ู‡ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ barrier
507
00:49:59,190 --> 00:50:04,010
vector ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ barrier vector ูˆ
508
00:50:04,010 --> 00:50:08,310
ุงู„ู€ edges location ู‡ู„ .. ุฃุด .. ุฃุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‚ุจ you know
509
00:50:08,310 --> 00:50:19,010
ู…ุชุนู…ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฒุงุญุฉ ุฅูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุชุณุนูŠู† ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุทูŠุจ
510
00:50:23,560 --> 00:50:29,100
ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ screw disk location ุนูŠุจ ุฎุทู‡
511
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:35,380
ุฃู†ู‡ ุชุฎูŠู„ ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุนู…ู„ุช slice ูˆุนู…ู„ุช twist ุนู…ู„ุช
512
00:50:35,380 --> 00:50:42,440
slice ูˆุนู…ู„ุช twist ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ุงูŠ slice ูˆ
513
00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:43,920
ุงู„ู€ twist ู„ุชุญุช
514
00:50:56,440 --> 00:51:03,960
ุงู„ุจุฑุฌุฑ ููŠูƒุชูˆุฑ ุจุชุงุนู‡ุง ููŠ
515
00:51:03,960 --> 00:51:07,480
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ screw disk location ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง
516
00:51:07,480 --> 00:51:13,860
ุจุดูƒู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง
517
00:51:13,860 --> 00:51:18,460
ู…ุงุดูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ X ุจุนุฏูŠู†
518
00:51:18,460 --> 00:51:24,840
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู‡ุฏูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุญูŠุซ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนุดุงู† ุงุฑุฌุน
519
00:51:24,840 --> 00:51:27,780
ู„ู„ุฃุตู„ ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ุงู…ุดูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
520
00:51:27,780 --> 00:51:34,520
ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู€ dislocation ู„ู…ุญูˆุฑ ุงู„ู€ dislocation
521
00:51:34,520 --> 00:51:38,860
ูุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ screw dislocation ุจูŠูƒูˆู† burger
522
00:51:38,860 --> 00:51:46,540
factor ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ู†ูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†
523
00:51:46,540 --> 00:51:51,000
ุงู„ู€ line defects ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด .. ู„ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง
524
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:54,560
ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู€ defects ู‡ู†ุง point defects ูˆ linear
525
00:51:54,560 --> 00:51:58,260
defects ูˆ surface defects ูˆ ููŠ ู†ูˆุน ุฑุงุจุน ูƒู…ุง ู…ู…ูƒู†
526
00:51:58,260 --> 00:52:02,920
ุงุนุชุจุฑ bulk volume defects ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจุณ ููŠู‡ุง
527
00:52:02,920 --> 00:52:07,390
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุณ point defects ุฃูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ุง linear defects
528
00:52:07,390 --> 00:52:12,030
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
529
00:52:12,030 --> 00:52:15,250
point defects ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
530
00:52:15,250 --> 00:52:19,750
substitutional ู…ู…ูƒู† self-interstitial ู…ู…ูƒู†
531
00:52:19,750 --> 00:52:24,290
interstitial ูˆ vacancy ูƒู„ู‡ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงุญู†ุง ุจุณ
532
00:52:24,290 --> 00:52:27,530
ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ูุตู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุนุดุงู† ู†ูู‡ู… ุจุณ ุฃู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุถ
533
00:52:27,530 --> 00:52:30,670
ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ
534
00:52:33,430 --> 00:52:38,910
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุจูŠู† ู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุง
535
00:52:38,910 --> 00:52:46,090
screw dislocation ุนู†ุฏูŠ
536
00:52:46,090 --> 00:52:51,270
ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุฏูŠ screw dislocation ุน ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง
537
00:52:51,270 --> 00:52:57,970
ุฅูŠุด ุนู†ุฏู‡ edge dislocation ูู‡ูŠ ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉ mixed
538
00:52:57,970 --> 00:53:01,810
dislocation ุฃูˆ ุนูŠูˆุจ ุฎุทูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ุทุฉ
539
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:13,540
ุฅุฐุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃุทู„ุน ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ edge dislocation
540
00:53:13,540 --> 00:53:26,900
ูˆ ุฑูˆุญ ุงุชุซุจุชุช ู‡ู†ุง ุฎูŠุงู„
541
00:53:26,900 --> 00:53:31,000
ุฃู† ุฏูŠ ููƒุณุช ูˆุนู…ู„ุช
542
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:34,740
shear force ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑุฌุฑ ุงููƒุชุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ shear force
543
00:53:38,960 --> 00:53:43,180
ุงู„ู€ force ู‡ุฐุงู‡ ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุฒูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุฑ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ .. ู‡ุฐุงู‡
544
00:53:43,180 --> 00:53:45,900
ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุฒูŠุฏ ุฒูŠุฏ ุฒูŠุฏ ู„ุญุฏ ู…ุง ููŠู‡ bond ุจูŠู† ุฐุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ
545
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:49,760
ุฐุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ุญุฏ ู…ุง ุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู€ bond ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ุชูƒุณุฑู‡ุง
546
00:53:49,760 --> 00:53:56,140
ุจูŠูƒุณุฑู‡ุง ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ bond ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ุนู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู€
547
00:53:56,140 --> 00:54:00,200
dislocation ุฅูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช one atomic spacing
548
00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:04,980
ุจูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ู€ shear ุจุงู„ sharing ุจูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ sharing
549
00:54:07,100 --> 00:54:10,560
ู‡ุชู†ูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ู€ bond ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ bond ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตุงุฑุช ุฅูŠุด
550
00:54:10,560 --> 00:54:16,440
ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุตุงุฑุช ู‡ู†ุง ุจูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูŠูƒุณุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡
551
00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:24,000
ุจูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ูุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ shear force
552
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:29,930
ุตุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ deformation one atomic spacing ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡
553
00:54:29,930 --> 00:54:33,910
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ deformation ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฐุฑูŠ ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ
554
00:54:33,910 --> 00:54:37,990
ุนู† loading ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† axle ุฃูˆ torsion ุฃูˆ bending ุฃูˆ
555
00:54:37,990 --> 00:54:43,230
ุฃูŠ combination ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุจุชูƒูˆู† by slip mechanism ุฃูˆ
556
00:54:43,230 --> 00:54:50,070
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ู„ู„ู€ dislocation ู…ู† ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู…ูƒุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ
557
00:54:50,070 --> 00:54:54,060
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู€ deformation ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุณูˆูŠ ุจุชุญูƒู…
558
00:54:54,060 --> 00:54:59,340
ููŠ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุต ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ู€ slip mechanism ู‡ุฐุง
559
00:54:59,340 --> 00:55:03,840
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ strengthening ุฃูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุถุนู
560
00:55:03,840 --> 00:55:07,840
ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฅูŠุด ุจุนูŠู‚ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู€
561
00:55:07,840 --> 00:55:13,140
dislocation ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุฃูˆ ุจุณู‡ู„ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู€
562
00:55:13,140 --> 00:55:16,500
dislocation ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฃุณู‡ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ deformation ู‡ูŠ
563
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:21,960
ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ุงู„ุฎุงุต ู„ู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒูŠุง ุณูˆุงุก ุจุทุฑู‚
564
00:55:21,960 --> 00:55:24,720
ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ุงุต ู…ู† ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุน
565
00:55:24,720 --> 00:55:31,480
ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุจุทุฑู‚ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃุถูŠู ุณุจุงุฆูƒ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ
566
00:55:31,480 --> 00:55:40,800
ุฃุณุจูƒ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
567
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:45,800
ุตูˆุฑุฉ transmission electron microscope ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุณุจูŠูƒุฉ
568
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:52,400
ุชูŠุชุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ู…ูƒุจุฑู‡ุง ุฎู…ุณูŠู† ุฃู„ู
569
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:59,980
ุถุนู ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชู…ุซู„ ุฅูŠุด dislocations ุฃูˆ
570
00:55:59,980 --> 00:56:04,680
ุนูŠูˆุจ ุฎุทูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€ dislocation ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ
571
00:56:04,680 --> 00:56:08,780
ูˆ ุจุชุชุฎุฑุจุด ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ slip
572
00:56:08,780 --> 00:56:15,100
ุฃุตุนุจ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุจุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ
573
00:56:15,100 --> 00:56:20,210
ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠู† ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุฒูˆุฏ
574
00:56:20,210 --> 00:56:25,210
ุงู„ุฎุฑุจุดุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุฒูˆุฏ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู€ dislocations ุฃูˆ
575
00:56:25,210 --> 00:56:29,510
ุฃุฎุฑุจุดู‡ู… ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠู† ูุงู„ู€ strength ุจูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ู€
576
00:56:29,510 --> 00:56:35,870
strength ุจูŠุฒูŠุฏ ููŠ
577
00:56:35,870 --> 00:56:39,490
ุฃูŠ ุณุคุงู„ุŸ
578
00:56:39,490 --> 00:56:41,610
ุฏูƒ ูˆู„ุง ุนููˆุงู‹ ูŠุนู†ูŠ