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1 |
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00:00:05,430 --> 00:00:08,310 |
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ุจุณู
ุงููู ุงูุฑุญู
ู ุงูุฑุญูู
ุงูุณูุงู
ุนูููู
ูุฑุญู
ุฉ ุงููู ู |
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2 |
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00:00:08,310 --> 00:00:14,390 |
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ุจุฑูุงุชู ูููู
ู ูู ู
ุงุฏุฉ hand-dust ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุงุช |
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3 |
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00:00:14,390 --> 00:00:17,690 |
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ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ ุญูููุง ุนู ุงูู crystal structures ูู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ |
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4 |
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00:00:17,690 --> 00:00:21,370 |
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ุงูุตูุจุฉ ุญูููุง ู
ู ุงูู crystal structures ุงูู cubic |
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5 |
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00:00:21,370 --> 00:00:24,330 |
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ุงููู ูู ุจูุณู
ููุง ุงูู cubic ุนูุฏู body-centered cubic ู |
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6 |
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00:00:24,330 --> 00:00:27,960 |
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face-centered cubic ููู ุนูุฏู ุงูู hexagonal closed |
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7 |
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00:00:27,960 --> 00:00:33,180 |
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packed ุญูููุง ุนู ุงูู points ุงูู directions ุงูู planes |
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8 |
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00:00:33,180 --> 00:00:38,240 |
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ูููู ูุณุชุฎุฏู
ุงูู X-ray diffraction ุนุดุงู ูุชุนุฑู ุนูู |
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9 |
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00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:42,580 |
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ุงูุชุฑููุจุงุช ุงูุจููุฑูุฉ ุณูุงุก ูู
ูุงุฏ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ุฃู ุญุชู ูุชุนุฑู |
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10 |
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00:00:42,580 --> 00:00:45,600 |
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ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุชููุงุช ุงููู ุจูุตูุฑ ุนูููุง reflection ูุชูุฌุฉ |
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11 |
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00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:50,120 |
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ุฃู ููุต ูุท ุนูููุง ุฃุดุนุฉ ุณูููุฉ ูุญููุง ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู |
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12 |
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00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,600 |
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ุงูุฃู
ุซูุฉ ูุนู
ููุง excel sheet ููู X-ray diffraction |
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13 |
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00:00:55,080 --> 00:01:00,580 |
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ุงูููู
ููุญูู ุนู imperfections in solids ุงูุขู |
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14 |
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00:01:00,580 --> 00:01:08,600 |
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perfect ูุนูู ุฅูุด ูู
ุงู ุตุญ possible ู
ู
ูู impossible |
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15 |
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00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:13,740 |
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ุบูุฑ ู
ู
ูู ูู imperfections ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุตูุจุฉ ุจุชูููุด ู
ูุฉ |
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16 |
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00:01:13,740 --> 00:01:17,640 |
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ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ูู
ูุฐุฌูุฉุ ุงูุฐุฑุงุช ู
ุตูููุฉุ ุจุชููู ูููุง ุฎูู ุฃู |
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17 |
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00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:21,440 |
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ูู ุนูุฏู ุฅูุด some imperfections ูุฐุง ุงููุถุน ุงูุทุจูุนู |
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18 |
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00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:25,400 |
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ุฃู ูููู ููู ุนูุฏู imperfections ุงูู imperfections |
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19 |
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00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:29,680 |
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ุจุชุตูุฑ ุฎูุงู ุนู
ููุงุช ุงูุชุตููุน ุฃู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุจุชูููุด ู
ูุฉ ูู |
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20 |
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00:01:29,680 --> 00:01:33,670 |
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ุงูู
ูุฉ ู
ุซูุงู ุญุฏูุฏ ู
ูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ุจุชูุนูู ุดูุงุฆุจ ุจูููู ูู |
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21 |
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00:01:33,670 --> 00:01:38,810 |
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ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุณุงุฆูุฉ ูุจุชุฌู
ุฏ ู
ุนุฏูุงุช ุงูุชุจุฑูุฏ ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ู
ู |
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22 |
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00:01:38,810 --> 00:01:43,130 |
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ู
ูุงู ูู
ูุงู ูุนูู ูู ุงููุต ุฌูุฉ ุงูุจูุชูุฉ ุจูููู ุงูุชุจุฑูุฏ |
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23 |
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00:01:43,130 --> 00:01:49,850 |
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ุฃูู ู
ู ุนูู ุงูุฌุฏุฑุงู ุงูุขู |
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24 |
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00:01:49,850 --> 00:01:52,650 |
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ู
ู
ูู ูููู ููู ููุงุนุงุช ููุงุก ูุนูู ูู ุฃุณูุฃ ูุชูุฑ ุฃู |
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25 |
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00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:58,530 |
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ุชุนู
ู ุนุฏู
ูู
ุงู ุชุนู
ู ุนุฏู
ูู
ุงู ูุฃู ูู ุนุฏู
ุงููู
ุงู ูู |
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26 |
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00:01:58,530 --> 00:02:04,460 |
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ุดูุก ุณูุกุ ูุฃ ู
ู
ูู ุฃุณุชููุฏ ู
ูู ูุชูุฑ ุนุฏู
ุงููู
ุงู ูู |
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27 |
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00:02:04,460 --> 00:02:10,060 |
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ุงูุชุญูู
ุจุงูุฎูุงุต ุงูุขู ุงูุณุคุงู why ููุด ุจูุฏุฑุณ ุนุฏู
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28 |
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00:02:10,060 --> 00:02:14,680 |
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ุงููู
ุงู ูู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุตูุจุฉ ูุฃู ุงูุฎูุงุต ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูู
ูุงุฏ |
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29 |
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00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:22,930 |
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ุฃูู ุณุจุจ ุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุจูุฌูุฏ ุงููู ูู ุงูุนููุจ ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ูุฐููุฃ |
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30 |
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00:02:22,930 --> 00:02:26,750 |
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ูุญูู crystalline defectุ defect ูุนูู ุฎูู ุจููุฑูุ |
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31 |
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00:02:26,750 --> 00:02:30,230 |
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ุฎูู ุจููุฑู ุฎูู ุจููุฑู ูุนูู ุจูููู ุนูุฏู lattice |
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32 |
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00:02:30,230 --> 00:02:35,490 |
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irregularity having one or more of its dimensions |
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33 |
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00:02:35,490 --> 00:02:37,790 |
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in the order of an atomic diameterุ ูู ุนูุฏู ุฎูู ูู |
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34 |
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00:02:37,790 --> 00:02:42,010 |
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ุงูุจููุฑุฉ ูุธุฑูุงู |
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35 |
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00:02:42,010 --> 00:02:47,470 |
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ู
ูุฑูุถ ู
ุง ููููุด ู
ูุฌูุฏุ ูุธุฑูุงู ู
ูุฑูุถ ู
ุง ููููุด ู
ูุฌูุฏุ |
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36 |
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00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:53,080 |
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ู
ู
ูู ุชููู ุฐุฑุฉ ู
ูููุฏุฉ ุฐุฑุฉ ู
ุญุดูุฑุฉ ูู ุบูุฑ ู
ูุงููุง ูู |
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37 |
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00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:57,320 |
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ุดูุงุฆุจ ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ูุฐู ูููุง ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฎูู ูู ุงูุชุฑููุจุฉ |
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38 |
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00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:04,020 |
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ุงูุจููุฑูุฉ ุงูุขู |
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39 |
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00:03:04,020 --> 00:03:10,740 |
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ุงูุฎูู ุฃู ุงูุนููุจ ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุชุตูู ุทุจูุง ูุดูููุง ููุง |
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40 |
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00:03:10,740 --> 00:03:17,020 |
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ุญุฌู
ูุง ูุดูููุง ุฃู ุงูู dimension ุชุจุนูุง ูู ุชูุช ุฃููุงุน ู
ู |
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41 |
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00:03:17,020 --> 00:03:22,920 |
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ุงูู imperfections ูู ุนูุฏู ุฎูู ููุทู point defects ุฃู |
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42 |
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00:03:22,920 --> 00:03:25,760 |
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ุฎูู ุฎุทู ุงููู ูู line defects ุฃู ุจูุณู
ูู |
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43 |
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00:03:25,760 --> 00:03:29,800 |
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dislocations ุฃู ุฎูู ุณุทุญู ุงููู ูู solid defects ุฃู |
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44 |
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00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:38,780 |
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surface defects ูุจุฏุฃ ูู ุงูู point defects ุงูู |
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45 |
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00:03:38,780 --> 00:03:43,110 |
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point defects ุฃู ุงูุฎูู ุงูููุทู ุจูููู ุฏู localized |
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46 |
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00:03:43,110 --> 00:03:46,570 |
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disruptions in an otherwise perfect atomic or |
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47 |
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00:03:46,570 --> 00:03:49,910 |
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ionic arrangement of a crystal ูุนูู ุจูููู ููู ุนูุฏู |
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48 |
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00:03:49,910 --> 00:03:56,270 |
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ุนุฏู
ุงูุชุธุงู
ุฃู ููู ุฎูู ู
ุง ุฃู ุดูุก ู
ูููุฏ ุฃู ุดูุก ุฒูุงุฏุฉ |
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49 |
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00:03:56,270 --> 00:04:00,170 |
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ุฃู ุดูุก ู
ุญุดูุฑ in an otherwise perfect ุงููู ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ |
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50 |
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00:04:00,170 --> 00:04:02,850 |
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ูุธุฑูุงู ุชููู ุฅูุด perfect ูุงูู
ูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุชููู ู
ุตูููุฉ |
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51 |
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00:04:02,850 --> 00:04:09,730 |
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100% ุงูุฎูู ุฃู ุงูู imperfections ุจุชุตูุฑ |
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52 |
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00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:16,160 |
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ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุชุญุฑู ุงูุฐุฑุงุช ุฃู ุงูุฃูููุงุช ูู
ุง ุชุฃุฎุฏ ุทุงูุฉ |
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53 |
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00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:21,140 |
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ุงูุฐุฑุงุช ุฃุฎุฐุช ุทุงูุฉ ุฅู
ุง ุจุงูุชุณุฎูู ุฃู ุฎูุงู ุนู
ููุงุช |
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54 |
|
00:04:21,140 --> 00:04:29,260 |
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ุงูุชุตููุน ุฃู ุฃูู ูุฌููุง ุงูุดูุงุฆุจ ุจุดูู ุบูุฑ ู
ูุตูุฏ ุฃู ุงูู |
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55 |
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00:04:29,260 --> 00:04:33,860 |
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doping ุงูู doping ุฅู ุฃูุง ุจุญุท ุดูุงุฆุจ ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฅุถุงููุฉ ุจุดูู |
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56 |
|
00:04:33,860 --> 00:04:37,940 |
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ู
ูุตูุฏ ุจูู
ูุงุช ู
ุญุณูุจุฉ ุนุดุงู ุฃุญุตู ุนูู ุฎูุงุต ู
ุนููุฉ ุงููู |
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57 |
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00:04:37,940 --> 00:04:38,600 |
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ูู ุงูู doping |
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58 |
|
00:04:41,860 --> 00:04:47,640 |
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ุงูู impurities ุฃู ุงูุดูุงุฆุจ ูู ุงูุนูุงุตุฑ ุฃู ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช |
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59 |
|
00:04:47,640 --> 00:04:52,340 |
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ุชููู ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฌุงูุฒุฉ ุฎูุงู ุฅู
ุง ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ |
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60 |
|
00:04:52,340 --> 00:04:56,080 |
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ุงูุฎุงู
ุฃู ุฎูุงู ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุชุตููุน ุฃู ูู ุงูุชูุชููุ ูุฐู |
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61 |
|
00:04:56,080 --> 00:05:01,530 |
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ุฅูุดุ ุดูุงุฆุจุ ุฃูุง ู
ุงููุด ูุนูู ุจุชููู ุจุดูู ุบูุฑ ู
ูุตูุฏ ุงูู |
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62 |
|
00:05:01,530 --> 00:05:06,870 |
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dopants ูู ุนูุงุตุฑ ุฃู ู
ุฑูุจุงุช ุจูู ุฃุถูููุง ุจุชุฑููุฒุงุช |
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63 |
|
00:05:06,870 --> 00:05:11,370 |
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ู
ุญุฏุฏุฉ ูู ู
ูุงูุน ู
ุญุฏุฏุฉ ูู ุงูู micro structure ุจูุฏู |
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64 |
|
00:05:11,370 --> 00:05:18,850 |
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ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฎูุงุต ู
ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุฒู ู
ุซุงู ุนูู ุงูู dopants ุงูู |
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65 |
|
00:05:18,850 --> 00:05:24,090 |
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carbon steel ุฅุฒุงู |
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66 |
|
00:05:24,090 --> 00:05:28,570 |
|
ุฃุถูู ุงููุฑุจูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุฃู ุฃู ู
ุซูุงู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงููู |
|
|
|
67 |
|
00:05:28,570 --> 00:05:36,370 |
|
ุฃุดุจุงู ุงูู
ูุตูุงุช ู
ุธุจูุทุุงูุณูููููู ุบูุฑ ู
ูุตู ูุฃู ุฃุถูู |
|
|
|
68 |
|
00:05:36,370 --> 00:05:40,310 |
|
ูู ูุณููุฑ ุฃู ุจุฑูู ู
ุซูุงู ุฃู ุฌุฑู
ุงูููู
ุจูุตูุฑ ููุตู ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ |
|
|
|
69 |
|
00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:45,610 |
|
ู
ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุฃูุง ุจุชุญูู
ูููุง ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุชุฑููุฒุงุช ุงููู ุฃุถูููุง |
|
|
|
70 |
|
00:05:45,610 --> 00:05:49,610 |
|
ุฃู ูู
ูุฉ ุงููุณููุฑ ุฃู ูู
ูุฉ ุงูุจุฑูู ุฃู ูู
ูุฉ ุงูุฌุฑู
ุงูููู
|
|
|
|
71 |
|
00:05:49,610 --> 00:05:52,630 |
|
ุงู |
|
|
|
72 |
|
00:05:52,630 --> 00:05:58,760 |
|
point defects ูู ุฃููุงุน ู
ููุง ูู ุนูุฏู vacancy vacancy |
|
|
|
73 |
|
00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:03,760 |
|
ูุนูู ูุฑุงุบ ูุนูู ุฃู ุชุทูุน ุนูุฏูุง ุฐุฑุฉ ูู ุชุตููุฉ ู
ุนููุฉ ููู |
|
|
|
74 |
|
00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:07,300 |
|
ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ุชููู ุนูุฏูุง ุฐุฑุฉ ุฐุฑุฉ ู
ูููุฏุฉ ูุฐู ุฅูุด ูุฑุงุบ ูู |
|
|
|
75 |
|
00:06:07,300 --> 00:06:13,740 |
|
ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ vacancy ุงูููุน ุงูุซุงูู self-interstitial self |
|
|
|
76 |
|
00:06:13,740 --> 00:06:17,700 |
|
-interstitial ุฃู ูู ุฐุฑุฉ ู
ุญุดูุฑุฉ ูู ุฃุญุฏ ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช |
|
|
|
77 |
|
00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:21,220 |
|
ู
ุญุดูุฑุฉ ุญุดุฑุฉ ูุฐู ู
ู ููุณ ุงูููุน ู
ู ุงุณู
ูุง self |
|
|
|
78 |
|
00:06:21,220 --> 00:06:27,420 |
|
-interstitial ู
ุญุดูุฑุฉ ูู ู
ููุน ูุฑุงุบ ุบูุฑ ุงูู
ููุน |
|
|
|
79 |
|
00:06:27,420 --> 00:06:31,240 |
|
ุงูุชุงุจุน ููุง ุงูู
ุฎููู ุชููู ูู ููู ูู ุนูุฏ ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
80 |
|
00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:32,420 |
|
substitutional |
|
|
|
81 |
|
00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:39,100 |
|
substitutional defect ุฃูู ุฃูุง ุจุฃุณุชุจุฏู ุฐุฑุฉ ุจุฃุฎุฑู ู
ุซูุงู |
|
|
|
82 |
|
00:06:39,100 --> 00:06:43,720 |
|
ุฃุถูุช ุงููููู ุนูู ุงููุญุงุณ ุจุณ ููู ุฐุฑุงุช ุงููููู ุชุณุชุจุฏู |
|
|
|
83 |
|
00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:46,880 |
|
ุฐุฑุงุช ุงููุญุงุณ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู
ูุงูุน ูุฐุฑุงุช ุงููุญุงุณ ูุฐู ุจูุณู
ู |
|
|
|
84 |
|
00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:53,900 |
|
ุงููู ูู ุงููู ูู ูุนูู ุงููู ูู defect ุฅุจุฏุงูู defect |
|
|
|
85 |
|
00:06:53,900 --> 00:06:59,520 |
|
ุฅุจุฏุงูู ุฃู ุฎูู ุฅุจุฏุงูู ููู interstitial foreign atom |
|
|
|
86 |
|
00:07:02,840 --> 00:07:06,380 |
|
ุฃูุง ุจุฃุณุชุจุฏูุด ุฐุฑุฉ ุจุณ ุจุดูู ุฅู ูู ูุฑุงุบ ูุจุชูุญุดุฑ |
|
|
|
87 |
|
00:07:06,380 --> 00:07:09,060 |
|
ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ูููุง ุจุชููู ุฐุฑุฉ ุบุฑูุจุฉ ุฒู ุงูู carbon ู
ุน |
|
|
|
88 |
|
00:07:09,060 --> 00:07:13,580 |
|
ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ูุตู ูุทุฑ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงูู .. ู
ูู ุฃูุจุฑุ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงููุฑุจูู ุฃู |
|
|
|
89 |
|
00:07:13,580 --> 00:07:20,930 |
|
ุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุฃูุจุฑ ุจูุซูุฑ ูุฃู ุงููุฑุงุบ ุงูุญุฏูุฏ |
|
|
|
90 |
|
00:07:20,930 --> 00:07:24,850 |
|
ุฃู ุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุญุถูุฑู ุจูููู BCC body centered cubic ุงูู |
|
|
|
91 |
|
00:07:24,850 --> 00:07:28,910 |
|
body centered cubic ุงูู atomic packing factor ูู 68 |
|
|
|
92 |
|
00:07:28,910 --> 00:07:34,350 |
|
% ู
ุนูุงุชู ุนูุฏู 22% ูุฑุงุบุงุช ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงููุฑุจูู ูู |
|
|
|
93 |
|
00:07:34,350 --> 00:07:37,850 |
|
ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ุฏู ู
ู
ูู ูุฃู ุญุฌู
ู ุตุบูุฑ ููุญุดุฑ ุทุจุนุงู ุจููููุด |
|
|
|
94 |
|
00:07:37,850 --> 00:07:43,270 |
|
ูุงุณุน ูู 100% ุจูุญุงูู ุฅูุด ูุนู
ู distortion ุนุดุงู ููุญุดุฑ |
|
|
|
95 |
|
00:07:43,270 --> 00:07:44,270 |
|
ูู ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ูุฐู |
|
|
|
96 |
|
00:07:47,790 --> 00:07:53,850 |
|
ูู ูุฑููู ูุฐุง ูู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุฃููููุฉ ุนูุฏู ู
ุซูุงู ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ |
|
|
|
97 |
|
00:07:53,850 --> 00:07:59,050 |
|
ุฃููู ู
ูุฌุจ ูุงูููู ุงููู ุจููุณูุง ุฌูุฏ ุฃููู ุณุงูุจ ูู ุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
98 |
|
00:07:59,050 --> 00:08:02,630 |
|
ู
ูููุฏ ููุง ูุนูู ุฅูุด ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ูููู ุนูุฏู ุฃููู ู
ูุฌุจ ููู |
|
|
|
99 |
|
00:08:02,630 --> 00:08:08,410 |
|
ุงูู
ูููุฏ ูุฐุง ุจูุณู
ููุง ุฅูุด ูุฑููู ูู ุดููุชูู defect |
|
|
|
100 |
|
00:08:08,410 --> 00:08:13,530 |
|
ูุงุญุธูุง ููุง ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ูููู ุนูุฏู ุฃููู ู
ูุฌุจ ูููู ุฃููู |
|
|
|
101 |
|
00:08:13,530 --> 00:08:17,430 |
|
ุณุงูุจ ุณุงูุจ ูุนูู ู
ูููุฏ ุนูุฏู ุฃููู ู
ูุฌุจ ู
ูุงุจูู ุฃููู |
|
|
|
102 |
|
00:08:17,430 --> 00:08:21,790 |
|
ุณุงูุจ ูุฐุง ุงูู schottky defect ุฅุญูุง ููุฑูุฒ ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
103 |
|
00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:25,790 |
|
course ุจุชุงุนูุง ุนู ุงูู vacancy point defect ู ุงูู self |
|
|
|
104 |
|
00:08:25,790 --> 00:08:28,590 |
|
-interstitial point defect ู ุงูู substitutional |
|
|
|
105 |
|
00:08:28,590 --> 00:08:31,270 |
|
point defect ู ุงูู interstitial point defect ูุฏูู |
|
|
|
106 |
|
00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:32,850 |
|
ุงููู ููุชู
ู ูููู
ูู ุงูู course ูุฐุง |
|
|
|
107 |
|
00:08:40,460 --> 00:08:45,980 |
|
ุงูู vacancies and self-interstitials ุงูู vacancies |
|
|
|
108 |
|
00:08:45,980 --> 00:08:52,740 |
|
ุจุชุตูุฑ ูู
ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ุฃู ุฃููู ุจูููู ู
ูุฑูุถ ู
ูููุฏุ ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ |
|
|
|
109 |
|
00:08:52,740 --> 00:08:58,520 |
|
ูุนูู ูููู ุนูุฏูุง ุฐุฑุฉ ูุนูู ู
ูููุฏุฉ ูุตุงุฑ ุนูุฏู ุฅูุด |
|
|
|
110 |
|
00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:03,000 |
|
ูุฑุงุบุฉ vacancy ุฃู self-interstitial ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ุงูุฐุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
111 |
|
00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,380 |
|
ุชููู ูู ู
ูุงู ู
ุนูู ุงุฌุชู
ุงุนุงู ุญุดุฑุช ูู ูุฑุงุบุฉ ูุฐุง ุงูู |
|
|
|
112 |
|
00:09:06,380 --> 00:09:08,620 |
|
self-interstitial ููุด ุณู
ููุง self-interstitial ูุฃูู |
|
|
|
113 |
|
00:09:08,620 --> 00:09:16,240 |
|
ู
ู ููุณ ุงูููุน ู
ู ููุณ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ู
ุซูุงู ุญุฏูุฏ ูุญุงุณ ุทุจุนุงู |
|
|
|
114 |
|
00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:18,740 |
|
ุงูู vacancy point defects ุฃู self-interstitial |
|
|
|
115 |
|
00:09:18,740 --> 00:09:23,560 |
|
point defects ุจุชุตูุฑ ูู ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ุฎูุงู ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุชุฌู
ุฏ |
|
|
|
116 |
|
00:09:23,560 --> 00:09:25,340 |
|
ุนูุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู
ุฑุชูุนุฉ |
|
|
|
117 |
|
00:09:30,340 --> 00:09:37,120 |
|
ุงูุขู ูู
ูุฉ ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุจุชุฒูุฏ ู
ุน ุงูุงุฑุชูุงุน ูู |
|
|
|
118 |
|
00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:41,020 |
|
ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุขู V ุจุชูุชุฑ ุนูุงูุฉ N exponential minus |
|
|
|
119 |
|
00:09:41,020 --> 00:09:45,480 |
|
QV ุนูู K ูู T ุงูุขู V ูู ุงูู total number of |
|
|
|
120 |
|
00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:49,180 |
|
vacancies per cubic centimeter ูุนูู ุงูุขู V ุนุฏุฏ |
|
|
|
121 |
|
00:09:49,180 --> 00:09:54,520 |
|
ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ููู ุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ุงูุขู ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช |
|
|
|
122 |
|
00:09:54,520 --> 00:10:00,850 |
|
ูู ุฅูุด ููู ุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจุ ู ุงูู N ุชูุนุทู ุจุงูู N A ูู ุฑู |
|
|
|
123 |
|
00:10:00,850 --> 00:10:09,450 |
|
ุนูู A ุงูู N A ุฅูุด ููุ ุนุฏุฏ Avogadro ูุนูู ุฐุฑุฉ ููู ุฅูุด |
|
|
|
124 |
|
00:10:09,450 --> 00:10:16,150 |
|
ููู ู
ูู ุงูู ุฑู ุงููู ูู ุงูู density ุฌุฑุงู
ุนูู ุณูุชู |
|
|
|
125 |
|
00:10:16,150 --> 00:10:21,750 |
|
ุงูู
ูุนุจ ุงูู A ููุฒู ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงููู ูู ุฌุฑุงู
ููู ู
ูู ูุนูู |
|
|
|
126 |
|
00:10:21,750 --> 00:10:28,210 |
|
ุจูุทูุน ุนูุฏู ุฃุชู
per cubic centimeterุงูู QV ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
127 |
|
00:10:28,210 --> 00:10:31,630 |
|
energy required for formation of vacancy ุนุดุงู ุชุตูุฑ |
|
|
|
128 |
|
00:10:31,630 --> 00:10:37,270 |
|
ูู vacancyุ ุงูู vacancy ู
ุญุชุงุฌ ุทุงูุฉุ ู
ุญุชุงุฌุฉ ุทุงูุฉ |
|
|
|
129 |
|
00:10:37,270 --> 00:10:43,610 |
|
ููุฐุง ุงูู QV ุงููู ูู energy to form a vacancy ุงูู K |
|
|
|
130 |
|
00:10:43,610 --> 00:10:44,650 |
|
ุงูู gas constant |
|
|
|
131 |
|
00:10:47,190 --> 00:10:51,930 |
|
ููู
ุชู ุจุชุฎุชูู ูู ุงุฎุชูุงู ุงููุญุฏุงุช ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุงููุญุฏุงุช |
|
|
|
132 |
|
00:10:51,930 --> 00:10:54,690 |
|
ุฌูู ููู ุฃุชู
ููู Kelvin ุจูููู ููู
ุชู one point |
|
|
|
133 |
|
00:10:54,690 --> 00:10:57,930 |
|
three eight ูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ูุงูุต ุชูุงุชุฉ ุนุดุฑูู ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช |
|
|
|
134 |
|
00:10:57,930 --> 00:11:02,170 |
|
ุงูู K ูุญุฏุฉ electron volt ููู ุฃุชู
ููู Kelvin ุจุชููู |
|
|
|
135 |
|
00:11:02,170 --> 00:11:05,850 |
|
ูุงุญุฏุฉ 8.162 ูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ูุงูุต ุฎู
ุณุฉ |
|
|
|
136 |
|
00:11:05,850 --> 00:11:10,230 |
|
electron volt ููู ุฃุชู
ููู Kelvin ุทุจ ุงูู T ุฏุฑุฌุฉ |
|
|
|
137 |
|
00:11:10,230 --> 00:11:12,270 |
|
ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุงูู K ุจุงูู Kelvin ุงูู
ุทูู |
|
|
|
138 |
|
00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:20,560 |
|
ูู
ุนุธู
ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ุนูุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฃูู ุดููุฉ ู
ู ุงูู |
|
|
|
139 |
|
00:11:20,560 --> 00:11:26,080 |
|
melting point ุจุชููู ุชูุฑูุจุง ุงูู ratio ุงูู N V ุนูู N |
|
|
|
140 |
|
00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:30,000 |
|
ุงููู ูู ุนุฏุฏ ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ูุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ูู ุนุดุฑ ุขูุงู ูุงูุต |
|
|
|
141 |
|
00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:34,840 |
|
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูุนูู ููู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุขูุงู ุฐุฑุฉ ุจูููู ููู ุชูุฑูุจุง ูุฑุงุบ |
|
|
|
142 |
|
00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:42,720 |
|
ูุงุญุฏ ููู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุขูุงู ุฐุฑุฉ ูู ูุฑุงุบ ูุงุญุฏ ุทูุจ |
|
|
|
143 |
|
00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:44,360 |
|
ูุญูู ู
ุซุงู |
|
|
|
144 |
|
00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:55,100 |
|
Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per |
|
|
|
145 |
|
00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:58,820 |
|
cubic meter for copper at 1000 degrees ุฃูู ุดูุก ุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
146 |
|
00:11:58,820 --> 00:12:09,580 |
|
ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฏู ุฃูุง ุญุงุณุจ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฃูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู
ุฆููุฉ |
|
|
|
147 |
|
00:12:09,580 --> 00:12:13,240 |
|
The |
|
|
|
148 |
|
00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:15,160 |
|
energy for vacancy formation |
|
|
|
149 |
|
00:12:22,050 --> 00:12:26,970 |
|
ุจุชุณุงูู 0.9 electron |
|
|
|
150 |
|
00:12:26,970 --> 00:12:38,070 |
|
volt ููู atom the |
|
|
|
151 |
|
00:12:38,070 --> 00:12:40,710 |
|
atomic weight and density at 1000 degrees |
|
|
|
152 |
|
00:12:40,710 --> 00:12:43,670 |
|
for copper are 63.5 ุฌุฑุงู
ุนูู ุงูู
ูู ู |
|
|
|
153 |
|
00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:48,410 |
|
ูุซุงูุชู 8.4 ุฌุฑุงู
ุนูู ุงูุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ูุนูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
154 |
|
00:12:48,410 --> 00:12:49,510 |
|
atomic weight ุงูู a |
|
|
|
155 |
|
00:12:53,430 --> 00:13:03,290 |
|
63.5 ุฌุฑุงู
ููู ู
ูู ู ุงูู |
|
|
|
156 |
|
00:13:03,290 --> 00:13:18,050 |
|
density ุงูู ฯ 8.4 ุฌุฑุงู
ููู |
|
|
|
157 |
|
00:13:18,050 --> 00:13:26,630 |
|
ุงูุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ุงูู Nv ุจุฏู ุงูู Nvุงูู Nv ุจุชุญุณุจ ุจุงูุนูุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุนุดุงู |
|
|
|
158 |
|
00:13:26,630 --> 00:13:29,850 |
|
exponential |
|
|
|
159 |
|
00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:33,490 |
|
minus |
|
|
|
160 |
|
00:13:33,490 --> 00:13:46,630 |
|
QV ุนูู ุงูู K T ุงูู |
|
|
|
161 |
|
00:13:46,630 --> 00:13:52,840 |
|
... ุงูู ... ุงูู QVู
ุนุทููููุง ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุจุงูู Kelvin ูุชููู ุชุณุงูู |
|
|
|
162 |
|
00:13:52,840 --> 00:14:00,000 |
|
ุฃูู ูู
ุงุฆุชูู ูุซูุงุซุฉ ูุณุจุนูู .15 Kelvin |
|
|
|
163 |
|
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:09,140 |
|
ู
ุธุจูุท ูุฐุง ุงูู temperature ู ุงูู K ุจุชุณุงูู |
|
|
|
164 |
|
00:14:09,140 --> 00:14:17,200 |
|
ุชุจุน ุงููุญุฏุงุช ุงูู K ูุชููู 8.62 |
|
|
|
165 |
|
00:14:22,340 --> 00:14:28,040 |
|
ูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงูุจ ุฎู
ุณุฉ electron |
|
|
|
166 |
|
00:14:28,040 --> 00:14:38,560 |
|
volt ููู atom ููู Kelvin ูุนู
|
|
|
|
167 |
|
00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:46,180 |
|
ุฎูููู |
|
|
|
168 |
|
00:14:46,180 --> 00:14:49,560 |
|
ุฃุชุฃูุฏ ุงููุญุฏุงุช ุณูู ุฃุชุฃูุฏ ู
ููุง |
|
|
|
169 |
|
00:14:53,800 --> 00:15:07,700 |
|
ุทูุจ ุงูุขู ุฅูุด ุจุชุณุงูู ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ูู ุงูู ฯ ุงูู atomic |
|
|
|
170 |
|
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:16,980 |
|
ูููุช ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ุฅูุด ุจุชุณุงูู 6.022 ร 10^23 |
|
|
|
171 |
|
00:15:16,980 --> 00:15:20,820 |
|
ุฃุชู
ููู ู
ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
172 |
|
00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:27,970 |
|
atomic weight |
|
|
|
173 |
|
00:15:27,970 --> 00:15:32,190 |
|
8 |
|
|
|
174 |
|
00:15:32,190 --> 00:15:45,210 |
|
.4 ุฌุฑุงู
ููู ู
ูู ููู ุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ู |
|
|
|
175 |
|
00:15:45,210 --> 00:15:50,770 |
|
ุงูู atomic weight 63.5 |
|
|
|
176 |
|
00:15:54,720 --> 00:16:03,880 |
|
ุฌุฑุงู
ููู ู
ูู ูููุณ ูุชุฃูุฏ ู
ู ุงููุญุฏุงุช ูุนูู |
|
|
|
177 |
|
00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:09,240 |
|
ูุงู ุนูุฏ ุฌุฑุงู
ู
ูู ุจุชุฑูุญ ู
ุน ู
ูู ู gram ู
ุน gram |
|
|
|
178 |
|
00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:20,320 |
|
ุจุชุตูู ุงูุฑูู
ุจุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ุงููู |
|
|
|
179 |
|
00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:20,740 |
|
ูู atom |
|
|
|
180 |
|
00:16:26,660 --> 00:16:34,240 |
|
ููู ุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ุฃูู
ู ุจูุทูุน ุงูุฑูู
|
|
|
|
181 |
|
00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:38,100 |
|
872 |
|
|
|
182 |
|
00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:47,480 |
|
ู96 ู96 ู1 |
|
|
|
183 |
|
00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:48,500 |
|
ู4 ร 10^20 |
|
|
|
184 |
|
00:16:54,510 --> 00:17:01,830 |
|
ุทูุจ ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงูุขู Nv ุงูุขู |
|
|
|
185 |
|
00:17:01,830 --> 00:17:08,710 |
|
Nv ูุชููู ุชุณุงูู ุงูุขู ุงููู ูู 872 |
|
|
|
186 |
|
00:17:08,710 --> 00:17:11,990 |
|
ู96 |
|
|
|
187 |
|
00:17:11,990 --> 00:17:17,230 |
|
ู16 ู8 |
|
|
|
188 |
|
00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:30,100 |
|
ร 10^20 ุฃุชู
ููู ุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ูู ุงูู exponential ูู |
|
|
|
189 |
|
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:37,620 |
|
minus QV ุงููู |
|
|
|
190 |
|
00:17:37,620 --> 00:17:46,580 |
|
ูู 0.9 electron volt ููู |
|
|
|
191 |
|
00:17:46,580 --> 00:17:52,120 |
|
atom ูู |
|
|
|
192 |
|
00:17:52,120 --> 00:17:52,460 |
|
Kelvin |
|
|
|
193 |
|
00:17:57,660 --> 00:18:06,760 |
|
ุนูู K ุงููู ูู 8.62 |
|
|
|
194 |
|
00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:14,500 |
|
electron volt ููู |
|
|
|
195 |
|
00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:19,940 |
|
atom ููู |
|
|
|
196 |
|
00:18:19,940 --> 00:18:20,500 |
|
Kelvin |
|
|
|
197 |
|
00:18:25,820 --> 00:18:31,700 |
|
ููู ู
ุนูุงุชู ุฏู |
|
|
|
198 |
|
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:40,680 |
|
ูููู ุนูู |
|
|
|
199 |
|
00:18:40,680 --> 00:18:47,960 |
|
ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ |
|
|
|
200 |
|
00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:53,120 |
|
ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงููู ูู ุฃูู ูู
ุงุฆุชูู |
|
|
|
201 |
|
00:18:53,120 --> 00:19:05,690 |
|
ูุซูุงุซุฉ ูุณุจุนูู .15 Kelvin ูุชุฑูุญ |
|
|
|
202 |
|
00:19:05,690 --> 00:19:08,770 |
|
atom ู
ุน atom Kelvin ู
ุน Kelvin ู electron volt ู
ุน |
|
|
|
203 |
|
00:19:08,770 --> 00:19:20,490 |
|
electron volt ููุฑุฉ ุฏู ุชุตุญู ูู
ุชุทูุน ุชูุณุฑ |
|
|
|
204 |
|
00:19:20,490 --> 00:19:21,050 |
|
ูุงุตูุฉ |
|
|
|
205 |
|
00:19:29,740 --> 00:19:35,560 |
|
ูุฃ ุบูุท ุฅูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงูุจ ุฎู
ุณุฉุ ุงููู ุจูุทูุน ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุนุฏุฏ |
|
|
|
206 |
|
00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:40,460 |
|
ุฐุฑุงุช ุงููู ุจู cancel ุฅูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงูุจ ุฎู
ุณุฉุ ูุนู
8.62 |
|
|
|
207 |
|
00:19:40,460 --> 00:19:50,540 |
|
ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงูุจ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ูุฐูุ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุงูุจ ุฎู
ุณุฉ 2.18 ุนุดุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
208 |
|
00:19:50,540 --> 00:19:52,640 |
|
ุฃุณ ุณุงูุจ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ูู
ุงุชูููุ |
|
|
|
209 |
|
00:20:01,710 --> 00:20:08,330 |
|
vacancy ููู ู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ูุนูู |
|
|
|
210 |
|
00:20:08,330 --> 00:20:16,210 |
|
ูู ุงูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ูู
ุ ูู ุงูู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ุชููู 2. |
|
|
|
211 |
|
00:20:16,210 --> 00:20:22,850 |
|
18 ูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุชุณุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ ูู |
|
|
|
212 |
|
00:20:22,850 --> 00:20:26,430 |
|
ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุชุณุนุฉ ุตุญุ ุฃู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุชุฉ |
|
|
|
213 |
|
00:20:29,750 --> 00:20:36,750 |
|
ุงููู ูู vacancy ููู ู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุนุจ ูุฃู ุงูุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ .. ุงูู
ุชุฑ |
|
|
|
214 |
|
00:20:36,750 --> 00:20:42,710 |
|
ุณูุชูู
ุชุฑ ููุชููู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุณุชุฉ ูุนูู ูุชููู 2.1 |
|
|
|
215 |
|
00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:46,450 |
|
ุชู
ุงู
ูุง ูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ูุนุดุฑูู vacancy ูู ุงูู
ุชุฑ |
|
|
|
216 |
|
00:20:46,450 --> 00:20:47,050 |
|
ุงูู
ูุนุจ |
|
|
|
217 |
|
00:20:59,940 --> 00:21:09,200 |
|
ูู ุฃู ุณุคุงูุ ุทูุจ ุทูุจ |
|
|
|
218 |
|
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:16,460 |
|
ุฎูููุง ูุงุฎุฏ ู
ุซุงู ุจุณูุท ูู ุถูุช ุณูุฑ ุนูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ูู
ูุฉ |
|
|
|
219 |
|
00:21:16,460 --> 00:21:25,820 |
|
ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูุญุฑูุช ูุชุฐูุจ ุตุญุ ูู ูุชุฑุชู ูุชุฐูุจ ุญุตู ูู
ุฑุญูุฉ |
|
|
|
220 |
|
00:21:25,820 --> 00:21:31,000 |
|
ู
ุนููุฉ ุฃูู ูู
ูุฉ ุงูุณูุฑ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุซูุฑ ุงูุฌุฒุก ููุฏูุจ ูุฌุฒุก |
|
|
|
221 |
|
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,620 |
|
ููุตูุฑ ุฑุงุณุจ ุงูุฑุงุณุจ ู
ุนูุงุชู ูู ุงูุฃูู ูู
ุง ูุงูุช ูู
ูุฉ |
|
|
|
222 |
|
00:21:34,620 --> 00:21:39,540 |
|
ุงูุณูุฑ ููููุฉ ูุงู ุนูุฏู solution ู
ุญููู ูู
ุง ูู
ูุฉ ุงูุณูุฑ |
|
|
|
223 |
|
00:21:39,540 --> 00:21:42,500 |
|
ูุชุฑุช ูุซูุฑ ูุงู ุนูุฏู second phase ูุนูู ุตุงุฑ ุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
224 |
|
00:21:42,500 --> 00:21:53,080 |
|
ู
ุญููู ุณูุฑู ูุณูุฑ ุตูุจ ุงูุขู ูู ุถูุช ุจุฏู ุงูุณูุฑ |
|
|
|
225 |
|
00:21:57,470 --> 00:22:06,630 |
|
ุฑู
ููุง ู
ุซููุง ุฑู
ู ูู ููุฏูุจุ ุฃูู ูุฃ ู
ุนูุงุชู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุชููู |
|
|
|
226 |
|
00:22:06,630 --> 00:22:11,790 |
|
ุฃู ุนุฏู
ุชููู second phase ูุนูู ุชููู ู
ุญููู ุฃู second |
|
|
|
227 |
|
00:22:11,790 --> 00:22:16,530 |
|
phase ุจูุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ููุน ุงูุดุงุฆุจ ุงูู impurity ูุนูู ุงูุณูุฑ |
|
|
|
228 |
|
00:22:16,530 --> 00:22:22,350 |
|
ุบูุฑ ุนู ุงูุฑู
ู ุบูุฑ ุนู ุดูุก ุซุงูู ุจุฑุถู ุจุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ูู
ูุงุช |
|
|
|
229 |
|
00:22:22,350 --> 00:22:25,690 |
|
ุฅุฐุง ุญุทูุช ุณูุฑ ูุซูุฑ ู
ุง ุฃูุฏุฑุด ุฃุฐูุจ ูู ุงูุณูุฑ ุจุชููู ุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
230 |
|
00:22:25,690 --> 00:22:29,830 |
|
ุฅูุด second phase ุงููู ูู ุงูู concentration ุงููู ุฃูุง |
|
|
|
231 |
|
00:22:29,830 --> 00:22:32,530 |
|
ุงูุณูุฑ ูู ุญุทูุช ูู
ูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุชููู second phase ู |
|
|
|
232 |
|
00:22:32,530 --> 00:22:38,770 |
|
ุณุฎูุช ุจุฏูุจ ู
ุนูุงุชู ุจุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงูู |
|
|
|
233 |
|
00:22:38,770 --> 00:22:42,230 |
|
addition of impurity to metals ููููู ุนูุฏู solid |
|
|
|
234 |
|
00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:47,750 |
|
solution and/or second phase ุงุนุชุจุงุฏ ุนูู ููุน ุงูู |
|
|
|
235 |
|
00:22:47,750 --> 00:22:56,640 |
|
impurityุณูุฑ ู
ูุญ ุฑู
ู ุงููู
ูุฉ ุจุชุงุนุชูุง ุงูู |
|
|
|
236 |
|
00:22:56,640 --> 00:23:01,060 |
|
concentration ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู
ุง ููุทุจู ุนูู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ |
|
|
|
237 |
|
00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:04,680 |
|
ุงูุณุงุฆูุฉ ููุทุจู ุนูู ุงูู
ุญุงููู ุงูุตูุจุฉ ูุนูู ุฃูุง ุจุชูููู |
|
|
|
238 |
|
00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:13,260 |
|
ุนูุฏู solid solution ู
ุญููู ุตูุจ ุงูู
ุฐุงุจ |
|
|
|
239 |
|
00:23:13,260 --> 00:23:16,660 |
|
ุจุณู
ูู solvent ูู ุงูู
ุฐูุจ |
|
|
|
240 |
|
00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:21,570 |
|
ูู ุงูู
ุฐูุจ ุงูู solvent ูู ุงูู
ุฐูุจ ุงููู ูู ุจูุถุงู |
|
|
|
241 |
|
00:23:21,570 --> 00:23:26,390 |
|
ุงููู
ูุฉ ุงููุจูุฑุฉ ูุนูู ู
ุซููุง ุญุฏูุฏ ู
ุน ูุฑุจูู ุงููุฑุจูู ุฃู |
|
|
|
242 |
|
00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:31,430 |
|
ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ูู ุฅูุด ุงูู
ุฐูุจ ูู ุงูู solvent ุงูู solute ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
243 |
|
00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:36,010 |
|
element ุฃู ุงูู compound ุจุงููู
ูุฉ ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ุงููู ูู ุฅูุด |
|
|
|
244 |
|
00:23:36,010 --> 00:23:39,370 |
|
ุงูู
ุฐุงุจ ุงููุฑุจูู ูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุฒู ุงูู
ูุญ ู
ุน ุงูู
ูุฉ ุฃู |
|
|
|
245 |
|
00:23:39,370 --> 00:23:45,210 |
|
ุงูุณูุฑ ู
ุน ุงูู
ูุฉ ูููู ุฏู solvent ู solute ู
ุฐุงุจ ู |
|
|
|
246 |
|
00:23:45,210 --> 00:23:45,650 |
|
ู
ุฐูุจ |
|
|
|
247 |
|
00:23:51,770 --> 00:23:53,730 |
|
ุนุดุงู ููู ููุญูู ุนู ุงูู solid solution ุงูู solid |
|
|
|
248 |
|
00:23:53,730 --> 00:23:59,790 |
|
solution ุจุชููู ู
ุญููู ุตูุจ as ุชุชููุฑ ุงูุดุฑูุท ุงูุชุงููุฉ |
|
|
|
249 |
|
00:23:59,790 --> 00:24:05,290 |
|
solid atoms are added to host material ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
250 |
|
00:24:05,290 --> 00:24:10,510 |
|
ุฐุฑุงุช ุงูู
ุฐุงุจ ุชู
ุฅุถุงูุชูุง ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุงููุฑุจูู |
|
|
|
251 |
|
00:24:10,510 --> 00:24:14,850 |
|
ุฅุถุงููุงูุง ููุญุฏูุฏ the crystal structure is maintained |
|
|
|
252 |
|
00:24:14,850 --> 00:24:19,330 |
|
ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ุนูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฃู
ู
ุง ุชุบูุฑุด |
|
|
|
253 |
|
00:24:19,330 --> 00:24:21,470 |
|
ุงูุชุฑููุจ ุงูุจููุฑู ูุนูู ุธู ุงูุชุฑููุจ ุงูุจููุฑู ุฒู ู
ุง ูู ูุงู |
|
|
|
254 |
|
00:24:21,470 --> 00:24:25,150 |
|
BCC ุธููุง BCC ูุงู FCC ุธููุง FCC ูุงู HCP ุธููุง HCP |
|
|
|
255 |
|
00:24:25,150 --> 00:24:30,470 |
|
ุซูุงุซุฉ no new structures are formed ู
ุง ุชูููุด |
|
|
|
256 |
|
00:24:30,470 --> 00:24:35,510 |
|
ู
ูููุงุช ู
ุง ุตุงุฑ ุชูุงุนู ููู
ูุงุฆู ู
ุง ุชูููุช ุฃู ุชุฑููุจุงุช |
|
|
|
257 |
|
00:24:35,510 --> 00:24:40,290 |
|
ุฃุฎุฑู ูุนูู ุฃูุง ุจุญูู ุฅู ูู ุนูุฏู ู
ุญููู ุตูุจ ุฅุฐุง ุถูุช |
|
|
|
258 |
|
00:24:40,290 --> 00:24:45,770 |
|
ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุตูุจุฉ ุจูู
ูุงุช ุงููู ูู ุจุณู
ููุง ุงูู
ุฐุงุจ ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฃู
|
|
|
|
259 |
|
00:24:47,120 --> 00:24:49,680 |
|
ู ุญุงูุธุช ุนูู ููุณ ุงูุชุฑููุจ ุงูุจููุฑู ู ู
ุง ุชุบูุฑุด ุงูุชุฑููุจ |
|
|
|
260 |
|
00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:54,420 |
|
ุงูุจููุฑู ู ู
ุง ุตุงุฑ ุชูุงุนู ู ู
ุง ุตุงุฑ new structure ูู |
|
|
|
261 |
|
00:24:54,420 --> 00:25:07,300 |
|
ุงูุญุงูุงุช ุจููู ุนูุฏู ุจุญูู ุฅูู ุนูุฏู solid solution ูุฃ |
|
|
|
262 |
|
00:25:07,300 --> 00:25:16,390 |
|
ูุฃ ูู ู
ุซูุง ุงู carbon ูู
ุง ูุถููู ุนูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุจุชุฑูุญ ุถุบุท |
|
|
|
263 |
|
00:25:16,390 --> 00:25:21,310 |
|
ูุฑุจูู ุจุชุนู
ู interstitial point defect ุถุบุท ูุฑุจูู |
|
|
|
264 |
|
00:25:21,310 --> 00:25:24,790 |
|
ุจุชูุญุด .. ุจุชูุญุดุฑ ูู ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ุฌูุง ุงู crystal ุงู |
|
|
|
265 |
|
00:25:24,790 --> 00:25:26,890 |
|
structure ุจุชุงุน ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ูุถู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุงููู ูู ุงู Fe |
|
|
|
266 |
|
00:25:26,890 --> 00:25:32,750 |
|
ุณู ุณู ู
ุง ุชุบูุฑ ูู Fe ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฃู
ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฃู
|
|
|
|
267 |
|
00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:38,700 |
|
solid solution is compositionally homogeneous ู
ู |
|
|
|
268 |
|
00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:43,160 |
|
ูุงุญูุฉ ุชุฑููุจูุฉ ู
ุชุฌุงูุณ ูุนูู ูู
ุง ุฃูุง ุฃุฎุฏ ุนููุฉ ุญุฏูุฏ ู
ู |
|
|
|
269 |
|
00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:45,880 |
|
ู
ูุงุทู ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ูููุง ูุฑุจูู ุฃูุญุต ูู ุงูู
ูุงู ุจูุทูุน ููุณ |
|
|
|
270 |
|
00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:49,140 |
|
ุงููุฑุจูู ูู ูู ูู ู
ุง ูุนููุด compositionally |
|
|
|
271 |
|
00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:54,340 |
|
homogeneous ู
ู ูุงุญูุฉ ุชุฑููุจูุฉ ุฃู ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ู
ุชุฌุงูุณ |
|
|
|
272 |
|
00:25:56,230 --> 00:25:59,990 |
|
ู
ุชุฌุงูุณ ูุนูู impurity atoms are randomly and |
|
|
|
273 |
|
00:25:59,990 --> 00:26:02,750 |
|
uniformly dispersed within the solid ุงูุขู ุจุชููู |
|
|
|
274 |
|
00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:06,970 |
|
ุงูุดูุงุฆุจ ุงููู ูู ุงููุฑุจูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ู
ูุฒุนุฉ ู ุชูุฒูุน ุนุดูุงุฆู |
|
|
|
275 |
|
00:26:06,970 --> 00:26:10,930 |
|
ููู ู
ุง ูุงู ู ุจุดูู ูู
ุงู uniform ูุนูู ุจูุณู
ููุง |
|
|
|
276 |
|
00:26:10,930 --> 00:26:23,490 |
|
ุนุดูุงุฆูุฉ ู
ูุธู
ุฉ ุฃู ุนุดูุงุฆูุฉ ู
ูุชุธู
ุฉ ุงูุขู |
|
|
|
277 |
|
00:26:23,490 --> 00:26:30,810 |
|
ูู substitutional solid defects ุงููู ูู ู
ู ุงู |
|
|
|
278 |
|
00:26:30,810 --> 00:26:33,310 |
|
substitution ูุนูู ุณุจุณุชููุช ูุนูู ุจูุจุฏู ุงูุดูุก ุจูุญู |
|
|
|
279 |
|
00:26:33,310 --> 00:26:39,610 |
|
ุงูุดูุก ุจุณูุท ูู
ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ุฃู ุฃู ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฃู
ูุชู
|
|
|
|
280 |
|
00:26:39,610 --> 00:26:42,310 |
|
ุงุณุชุจุฏุงููุง ุจุฐุฑูุฉ ุฃู ุฃู ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูู
ุถุงูุฉ ุงููู |
|
|
|
281 |
|
00:26:42,310 --> 00:26:45,610 |
|
ูู ุฃูุด ุงูู
ุฐุงุจ ุจุชููู ุนูุฏู substitutional solid |
|
|
|
282 |
|
00:26:45,610 --> 00:26:49,930 |
|
solution can be introduced either as an impurity |
|
|
|
283 |
|
00:26:49,930 --> 00:26:53,730 |
|
or as a deliberate addition ู
ู
ูู ุชููู ุงููู ูู ุตุงุฑ |
|
|
|
284 |
|
00:26:53,730 --> 00:27:01,170 |
|
ุนูุฏู ุฅุจุฏุงู ูุฐุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ุจุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงููู ูู ุงูุฏุฎููุฉ ุจุดูู |
|
|
|
285 |
|
00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:07,570 |
|
ุฅููุง impurity ูุนูู ุดุงุฆุจุฉ ู
ู ุบุตุจ ุงูุนูู ุดุงุฆุจุฉ ุฎูุงู |
|
|
|
286 |
|
00:27:07,570 --> 00:27:12,170 |
|
ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุชุนุฏูู ุฃู ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุชุตููุน ุฃู ุฃูุง ุถูุชูุง ุจุดูู |
|
|
|
287 |
|
00:27:12,170 --> 00:27:16,430 |
|
ู
ูุตูุฏ ุฒู ู
ุง ุฃุถูู ุงููุฑุจูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุจุดูู ู
ูุตูุฏ |
|
|
|
288 |
|
00:27:16,430 --> 00:27:21,030 |
|
number of defects ุงููู ูู ุงู substitution of solid |
|
|
|
289 |
|
00:27:21,030 --> 00:27:26,420 |
|
solution ูุณุจูุง ู
ุง ุจุชุนุชู
ุฏุด ุนูู ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูููู ุญูููุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑ |
|
|
|
290 |
|
00:27:26,420 --> 00:27:33,800 |
|
ุจุชุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุณ ูุนูู ู
ุง ุจุชุฃุซุฑุด ูุชูุฑ ุจุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู
ุซุงู |
|
|
|
291 |
|
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:37,680 |
|
ุงู doping ุฒู ุงูููุณููุฑ ุฃู ุงูุจูุฑูู ูู
ุง ูุถููู ููุณูููููู |
|
|
|
292 |
|
00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:42,080 |
|
ุจูุนู
ู ุฃูุด semiconductor ุฃู |
|
|
|
293 |
|
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:45,400 |
|
ูู
ุง ูุถูู ูุญุงุณ ุนูู ุงููููู ุฃู ุงููููู ูููุญุงุณ ุงููููู |
|
|
|
294 |
|
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:49,960 |
|
ุจูุตูุฑ ุฐุฑุงุช ุงููููู ุจุชูุฌู ู
ุญู ุฐุฑุงุช ูุญุงุณ ูุนูู ุจุชุงุฎุฏ |
|
|
|
295 |
|
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:54,750 |
|
ู
ููุนูุง ูู ุงู crystal ุจุชูุฌู ู
ุญููุง ุทุจุนุง ุงููุญุงุณ FCC |
|
|
|
296 |
|
00:27:54,750 --> 00:28:01,390 |
|
ูุงููููู FCC ูุฃู |
|
|
|
297 |
|
00:28:01,390 --> 00:28:07,730 |
|
ูู ููุงููู ุนุดุงู ูุตูุฑ ู
ุญููู ุฅุจุฏุงูู ู
ุญููู ุฅุจุฏุงูู ุฃูู ุดูุก |
|
|
|
298 |
|
00:28:07,730 --> 00:28:14,170 |
|
ุงู atomic size factor ุนุดุงู ุฃุจุฏู ุฐุฑุฉ ู
ุญู ุฐุฑุฉ ูุงุฒู
|
|
|
|
299 |
|
00:28:14,170 --> 00:28:17,830 |
|
ูููู ูุทุฑ ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ู
ุชูุงุฑุจ .. ู
ุง ูููุนุด ูุงููู ุฐุฑุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
300 |
|
00:28:17,830 --> 00:28:23,150 |
|
ูุชูุฑ ุชุณุชุจุฏู ุฐุฑุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูุชูุฑุ ุตุญุ ููุงุฒู
atomic size |
|
|
|
301 |
|
00:28:23,150 --> 00:28:26,450 |
|
factorุ ูุนูู ุงููู ูุงุฒู
ูููู ุงููุฑู ุจูู ูุตู ูุทุฑ |
|
|
|
302 |
|
00:28:26,450 --> 00:28:32,530 |
|
ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุฃู
ู ูุตู ูุทุฑ ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงูู
ุถุงูุฉ ุฃูู ู
ู 15% ูุนูู |
|
|
|
303 |
|
00:28:32,530 --> 00:28:37,550 |
|
ูุฃู ุญุฌู
ูู
ู
ุชูุงุฑุจุ ูุฐุง ุฃูู rule otherwise ุฅุฐุง ูุงู |
|
|
|
304 |
|
00:28:37,550 --> 00:28:42,270 |
|
ุงููุฑู ูู ุงูุญุฌู
ุจูู ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุฏุฎููุฉ ูุจูุฑ |
|
|
|
305 |
|
00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:48,760 |
|
ููุตูุฑ ูู distortion ูุชุชุดูู distortion ุจุณ ุชุฎูููุง |
|
|
|
306 |
|
00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:54,720 |
|
ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูู
ุชุงุญ ุตุบูุฑ ู ุฃุฌูุช ุฃุญุท ู
ุญูู ุดูุก ูุจูุฑ ุนู
ููุฉ |
|
|
|
307 |
|
00:28:54,720 --> 00:29:00,320 |
|
ุชูุฒูุญ ุจุชููู ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุชูุฑ ูุจุชุชุดูู ุฃูุด ุงู crystal |
|
|
|
308 |
|
00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:05,320 |
|
ูู
ุง ุญุงูุธุชุด ุนูู ุงู crystal ูุจุนู
ู a new .. ุงููู ูู a |
|
|
|
309 |
|
00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:11,490 |
|
new phase a new phase ูุชุดูููุง ุฏูุชููู ุนุดุงู ุฃุนู
ู |
|
|
|
310 |
|
00:29:11,490 --> 00:29:17,590 |
|
ู
ุญููู ุฅุจุฏุงูู .. ู
ุญููู ุฅุจุฏุงูู ูุงุฒู
ูููู ุงููู ููู
|
|
|
|
311 |
|
00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:23,010 |
|
ููุณ ุงู crystal structure ูุฐุง ุงูุดุฑุท ุณุฃูุชู ุฅุฐุง |
|
|
|
312 |
|
00:29:23,010 --> 00:29:24,930 |
|
ุจุชุฏุนู
ู ู
ุญููู ุฅุจุฏุงูู ุงููู ูุงุฒู
ูููู ููู
ููุณ ุงู |
|
|
|
313 |
|
00:29:24,930 --> 00:29:27,970 |
|
crystal structure ุจุณ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุฏุนู
ู ู
ุญููู ุงูุญุดุงุฑู ูุนูู |
|
|
|
314 |
|
00:29:27,970 --> 00:29:31,290 |
|
interstitial solid solution ู
ุด ุจุงูุถุฑูุฑุฉ ูุงููู |
|
|
|
315 |
|
00:29:31,290 --> 00:29:34,430 |
|
ููู
ููุณ ุงู crystal structure for both solvent and |
|
|
|
316 |
|
00:29:34,430 --> 00:29:40,840 |
|
solute ุงูุดุฑุท ุงูุซุงูุซ Electronegativity ูุงุฒู
ูููู |
|
|
|
317 |
|
00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:45,960 |
|
ุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุฃู
ูุงูุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ููู
ุชูุฑูุจุง comparable |
|
|
|
318 |
|
00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:48,040 |
|
Electronegativity ูุนูู ุงูุงุซููู ุจูุญุจูุง ุงูุฅููุชุฑููุงุช |
|
|
|
319 |
|
00:29:48,040 --> 00:29:51,420 |
|
ุฃู ุงูุงุซููู ู
ุง ุจูุญุจูุด ุงูุฅููุชุฑููุงุช ูุฃู ุฅุฐุง ูุงุญุฏ ู
ููู
|
|
|
|
320 |
|
00:29:51,420 --> 00:29:53,180 |
|
ุจูุญุจ ุงูุฅููุชุฑููุงุช ููุงุญุฏ ู
ุง ุจูุญุจุด ุงูุฅููุชุฑููุงุช ุฃูุด |
|
|
|
321 |
|
00:29:53,180 --> 00:29:58,990 |
|
ููุตูุฑุ ููุตูุฑ ุชูุงุนู ููู
ูุงุฆู ูุธุจุท ููุตูุฑ ุชูุงุนู ููู
ูุงุฆู |
|
|
|
322 |
|
00:29:58,990 --> 00:30:02,410 |
|
ู
ุนูุงู ุชุชููู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉุ ู
ุนูุงู ุชุชููู ููุฒ ุฌุฏูุฏุ |
|
|
|
323 |
|
00:30:02,410 --> 00:30:06,210 |
|
ู
ุนูุงู ูุงุฒู
ูููู ููู
ุชูุฑูุจุง ุงู electronegative ุชุญุจูุง |
|
|
|
324 |
|
00:30:06,210 --> 00:30:08,890 |
|
ูู ุงูุฅููุชุฑููุงุช ูููู ู
ุชูุงุฑุจุฉ ุจุนุถุ ูุง ุจูุญุจูุง |
|
|
|
325 |
|
00:30:08,890 --> 00:30:12,590 |
|
ุงูุฅููุชุฑููุงุช ุฃู ู
ุง ุจูุญุจูุด ุงูุฅููุชุฑููุงุช ุนุดุงู ุฃุถู
ู |
|
|
|
326 |
|
00:30:12,590 --> 00:30:16,230 |
|
ู
ุง ูุตูุฑุด ุชูุงุนู ููู
ูุงุฆู ูู
ุง ูุตูุฑุด ุนูุฏู a new |
|
|
|
327 |
|
00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:21,370 |
|
structure ุงู valance ุงููู ูู ุฅููุชุฑููุงุช ุงูุชูุงูุค ูู |
|
|
|
328 |
|
00:30:21,370 --> 00:30:24,650 |
|
ุงูู
ุถุงุฑ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ions must have the same valence |
|
|
|
329 |
|
00:30:24,650 --> 00:30:27,110 |
|
ูุงุฒู
ูููููุง ููุณ ุงู valence otherwise ุฅุฐุง ุงู |
|
|
|
330 |
|
00:30:27,110 --> 00:30:32,190 |
|
valence ู
ุฎุชูู ู
ู
ูู ูุดุฌุน ุฅูู ูุตูุฑ ุชูุงุนู ูุตูุฑ ุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
331 |
|
00:30:32,190 --> 00:30:35,330 |
|
a new structure ู ูุตูุฑ ุนูุฏู second phase ู
ุนูุงุชู |
|
|
|
332 |
|
00:30:35,330 --> 00:30:39,490 |
|
ูุชุณุงู
ุญูู
rather rules ูู ุฃุฑุจุน ุดุฑูุท ุนุดุงู ูุตูุฑ ุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
333 |
|
00:30:39,490 --> 00:30:44,150 |
|
ู
ุญููู ุตูุจ ุฅุจุฏุงูู ุฃูู ุดูุก ุงููุฑู ุจูู ุฐุฑุฉ ุงูุฃู
ู ุฐุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
334 |
|
00:30:44,150 --> 00:30:52,770 |
|
ุงูุฏุงุฎูุฉ ูููู ุงููุฑู ุตุบูุฑ ุฃูู ู
ู 15% ุงุซููู ุงููู ุงููู |
|
|
|
335 |
|
00:30:52,770 --> 00:30:56,830 |
|
ูู ููุณ ุงู crystal structure ุซูุงุซุฉ ุงู |
|
|
|
336 |
|
00:30:56,830 --> 00:31:00,030 |
|
electronegativity ููุงุซููู ู
ุชูุงุฑุจุฉ ูุจุนุฏูู ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
337 |
|
00:31:00,030 --> 00:31:07,790 |
|
ููุณ ุงู valence ูุฃู |
|
|
|
338 |
|
00:31:07,790 --> 00:31:10,310 |
|
ููู ูููู ุบุทููุง ุงูุดูุก ุงููู ูู substitution of solid |
|
|
|
339 |
|
00:31:10,310 --> 00:31:15,720 |
|
solution ุงููู ูู ุงูู
ุญููู ุงูุฅุจุฏุงููุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุญุงููู |
|
|
|
340 |
|
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:21,720 |
|
ุงูุงูุญุดุงุฑูุฉ ุงููู ูู interstitial defects ุจุงุณุชู
ุงุน ุฅู |
|
|
|
341 |
|
00:31:21,720 --> 00:31:25,220 |
|
ุฏู interstitial defect ูู
ุง ุชููู ุฐุฑุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุฃู ุฐุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
342 |
|
00:31:25,220 --> 00:31:28,140 |
|
ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุฏุฎูุช ูู ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ุฌูุง ุงูู
ุฏู ุฒู ุงููุฑุจูู ู
ุน |
|
|
|
343 |
|
00:31:28,140 --> 00:31:31,420 |
|
ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุจุชูุฌู ุฐุฑุฉ ุงููุฑุจูู ูุฃููุง ุญุฌู
ูุง ุตุบูุฑ ุจุชุดูู |
|
|
|
344 |
|
00:31:31,420 --> 00:31:34,560 |
|
ุงููุฑุบุงุช ุงููู ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ูู ุงู unit cell |
|
|
|
345 |
|
00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:37,940 |
|
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ู ุจุชูุญุดุฑ ูููุง ุจุชุนู
ู some distortion |
|
|
|
346 |
|
00:31:37,940 --> 00:31:43,560 |
|
ุจุชุนู
ู some distortion ูุฐุฑุงุช ุงููุฑุจูู ุงููู ุจุชุดุบู |
|
|
|
347 |
|
00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:48,100 |
|
ูุฑุงุบุงุช ูู ุงู unit cell ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ู
ุด ู
ุดุบููุฉ ุฃุตูุง |
|
|
|
348 |
|
00:31:48,100 --> 00:31:54,740 |
|
ูู ู
ุด ู
ุดุบููุฉ ุฃุตูุง ูุฅุดุบุงู ุฐุฑุงุช ุงููุฑุจูู ูููุฑุบุงุช |
|
|
|
349 |
|
00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:59,210 |
|
ุงููู ู
ุด ู
ุดุบููุฉ ุฃุตูุง ุจุชุนู
ู ุนู
ููุฉ ุชุณูุจ ุจูุฒูุงู ุจูู |
|
|
|
350 |
|
00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:05,890 |
|
ุฐุฑุงุช ุฃุณูู ููุง ุฃุตุนุจุ ุฃุตุนุจ .. ุฃุตุนุจ ูุชูุฑุ ุจุชุตุนุจ ุนู
ููุฉ |
|
|
|
351 |
|
00:32:05,890 --> 00:32:10,270 |
|
ุงููุฒูุงูุ ุฃูุด ุฎุงุตุฉ ูู ุงููุซุงูุฉุ ุฅู ุฃูุง .. ุฃูุง ุจุนู
ู |
|
|
|
352 |
|
00:32:10,270 --> 00:32:14,970 |
|
blockingุ ุจุนู
ู ุฅุบูุงู ูุนู
ููุงุช ุงูุญุฑูุฉุ ุจุนู
ู ุฅุบูุงู |
|
|
|
353 |
|
00:32:14,970 --> 00:32:18,350 |
|
ูุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุงูุฒูุงู ุจูุตูุฑ ุฃุตุนุจุ |
|
|
|
354 |
|
00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:20,550 |
|
ูุจูุตูุฑ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฃูุดุ ุฃูููุ ูุนูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุงููู ุนููู |
|
|
|
355 |
|
00:32:20,550 --> 00:32:24,370 |
|
carbon ุนุดุฑ ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ู
ุด ุฒู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุนูููุง ูุฑุจูู ูุงุญุฏ |
|
|
|
356 |
|
00:32:24,370 --> 00:32:27,550 |
|
ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุฏู ูุงุญุฏ ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ุฃููู ุจูุซูุฑ ู
ู |
|
|
|
357 |
|
00:32:27,550 --> 00:32:36,930 |
|
ุงูุญุฏูุฏ ุงููู ูู ุนููู ุนุดุฑ ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ูุฑุจูู ุฒู |
|
|
|
358 |
|
00:32:36,930 --> 00:32:43,290 |
|
ู
ุง ููุช ููู
ุงูุขู ู
ูุงูู
ุฉ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ููุชุดูู ุชุญุช ุงูุฃุญู
ุงู |
|
|
|
359 |
|
00:32:43,290 --> 00:32:47,870 |
|
ุชุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุงู slip mechanism ูุนูู ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุนู
ูุช |
|
|
|
360 |
|
00:32:47,870 --> 00:32:50,810 |
|
ุงูุฒูุงู ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ ุฐุฑุฉ ุณููุฉ ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุจุชููู |
|
|
|
361 |
|
00:32:50,810 --> 00:32:56,550 |
|
ุทุฑููุฉ more ductile ุฅุฐุง ุนู
ูุช ุงูุฒูุงู ุฃุตุนุจ ุจุชููู ุงู |
|
|
|
362 |
|
00:32:56,550 --> 00:33:00,050 |
|
ductility ุจุชุงุนุชูุง ุจุชูู ูู
ุง ูุถูู ุงููุฑุจูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏ |
|
|
|
363 |
|
00:33:00,050 --> 00:33:04,550 |
|
ุงููุฑุจูู ุจูุญุงูู ุจูุณูุฑ ุงูู
ูุงุทู ููุงูุฒูุงู ุจูุนู
ู ุฅุบูุงู |
|
|
|
364 |
|
00:33:04,550 --> 00:33:08,030 |
|
ุนูููุง ู ุงู deformation ููุงูุฒูุงู ุจูุตูุฑ ุฃุตุนุจ ูุนุดุงู |
|
|
|
365 |
|
00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:09,070 |
|
ููู ุงู strength ุจุชุฒูุฏ |
|
|
|
366 |
|
00:33:14,830 --> 00:33:19,050 |
|
ุงูุขู ููู ูุญุณุจ ุงู weight ูุณุจ ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุฅุฐุง ููุณู ุจูุถูู |
|
|
|
367 |
|
00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:25,830 |
|
carbon ุนูู ุญุฏูุฏ ุฃู nickel ุนูู ูุญุงุณ ุฃู .. ุฃู zinc |
|
|
|
368 |
|
00:33:25,830 --> 00:33:32,350 |
|
ุนูู ูุตุฏูุฑ ุฃู zinc ุนูู ุฑุตุงุต ุฃู ูุตุฏูุฑ ุนูู ุฑุตุงุต ูุจุฏู |
|
|
|
369 |
|
00:33:32,350 --> 00:33:36,130 |
|
ุฃุนุฑู ุฃุญุณุจ ุงููุณุจุฉ .. ุงูุขู ุงููุณุจ ุจุชูุญุณุจ ุทุจูุง ูููุฒู ู
ุซูุง |
|
|
|
370 |
|
00:33:36,130 --> 00:33:40,450 |
|
ุฅุฐุง ุนูุฏู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ู
ูููุฉ ู
ู ุนูุตุฑูู ุนูุตุฑ ูุงุญุฏ ู ุนูุตุฑ |
|
|
|
371 |
|
00:33:40,450 --> 00:33:44,980 |
|
ุงุซููู ูุนูู ุฃูุด ู
ุซูุง zinc ู
ุน nickel ุฎูููุง ูุณู
ู ุงูุฒูู |
|
|
|
372 |
|
00:33:44,980 --> 00:33:48,740 |
|
ูุงุญุฏ ุฃู ุงููููู 4 ูุญุงุณ ุงููููู ูุงุญุฏ ูุงููุญุงุณ |
|
|
|
373 |
|
00:33:48,740 --> 00:33:56,080 |
|
ุงุซููู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ูุงุญุฏ ุงููุชูุฉ ุจุชุงุนุชูุง ุนูู ุงู total |
|
|
|
374 |
|
00:33:56,080 --> 00:34:01,180 |
|
mass M ูุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ M ุงุซููู ูู ู
ูุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุญุณุจ ุนูู ุงู |
|
|
|
375 |
|
00:34:01,180 --> 00:34:03,180 |
|
mole base ุฃู ุงู atom basis |
|
|
|
376 |
|
00:34:20,470 --> 00:34:27,650 |
|
ุงูู number of moles ุฒู ู
ุง ู
ูุชูุจ ูุงุญุฏ ุจุณูุงู M ูุงุญุฏ |
|
|
|
377 |
|
00:34:27,650 --> 00:34:34,490 |
|
ุจุฑุงูู
ุนูู A ูุงุญุฏ ูุฐู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
378 |
|
00:34:34,490 --> 00:34:45,730 |
|
mass ุฌุฑุงู
ูุฐู ู
ูููู ุฌุฑุงู
ููู mole ูุงูุง ูุงุชููุด |
|
|
|
379 |
|
00:34:45,730 --> 00:34:46,490 |
|
ูุงูู ุงููุชูุฌุฉ |
|
|
|
380 |
|
00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:53,840 |
|
ู
ุนูู ุงูู number of moles ููุชูุฉ ู
ุนููุฉ ุงููุชูุฉ ุนูู |
|
|
|
381 |
|
00:34:53,840 --> 00:35:00,780 |
|
ุงูู atomic weight ุงูู concentration ุชุจูู ุงูู number of moles |
|
|
|
382 |
|
00:35:00,780 --> 00:35:06,280 |
|
ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ูุงุญุฏ ุจูุณุงูู ุงูู number of moles ูุงุญุฏ ุนูู ุงู |
|
|
|
383 |
|
00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:16,300 |
|
total number of moles ู ุงูู NM ุจูุณุงูู NM ูุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ |
|
|
|
384 |
|
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:23,500 |
|
NM ุงุชููู ูุฃู ู
ู
ูู ุฃุญูู ู
ู weight basis ูู mole basis |
|
|
|
385 |
|
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:28,500 |
|
ุฃู ุงูุนูุณ ู
ู mole basis ูู weight basis ุงู ู
ู
ูู ูู |
|
|
|
386 |
|
00:35:28,500 --> 00:35:34,400 |
|
ุชุญูููุงุช ุฅุฐุง |
|
|
|
387 |
|
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:42,240 |
|
ุฃูุง ุนูุฏู ู
ุนุฑูู ุงููุณุจ ุทุจูุง ูููุฒู ูุนูู C1 ู C2 ุจุฌูุจ |
|
|
|
388 |
|
00:35:42,240 --> 00:35:50,450 |
|
ุงููุณุจุฉ ุทุจูุง ูุนุฏุฏ ุงูู
ููุงุช C1 ุจุฑุงูู
ุจูุณุงูู C1 A2 ุนูู |
|
|
|
389 |
|
00:35:50,450 --> 00:35:56,670 |
|
C1 A2 ุฒู C2 A1 C1 ุงููู ูู ุฅูุด ุงูู concentration |
|
|
|
390 |
|
00:35:56,670 --> 00:36:01,810 |
|
ููู
aterial ูุงุญุฏ based on mass ู ุงูู A1 ู C2 ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
391 |
|
00:36:01,810 --> 00:36:05,950 |
|
concentration of mass two based on mass ู ุงูู A1 ู |
|
|
|
392 |
|
00:36:05,950 --> 00:36:08,770 |
|
A2 ุงููู ูู atomic weight ููู
aterial ูุงุญุฏ ู |
|
|
|
393 |
|
00:36:08,770 --> 00:36:10,210 |
|
ุงูู
aterial ุงุชููู |
|
|
|
394 |
|
00:36:13,480 --> 00:36:17,900 |
|
ุฃู ุงูุนูุณ ุฒู ุฃูุง ุนุงุฑู ุงูู concentration ุทุจูุง ูู based |
|
|
|
395 |
|
00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:21,200 |
|
on moles ุฃู number of moles ุจูุฏุฑ ุฃุญุณุจ ุงูู |
|
|
|
396 |
|
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:31,140 |
|
concentration based on weight ู
ู
ูู |
|
|
|
397 |
|
00:36:31,140 --> 00:36:34,340 |
|
ุฃุนู
ู concentration in terms of mass of one |
|
|
|
398 |
|
00:36:34,340 --> 00:36:39,420 |
|
component per unit volume of material ูุนูู ู
ู
ูู C1 |
|
|
|
399 |
|
00:36:39,420 --> 00:36:45,670 |
|
ุฏุจู ุจุฑุงูู
ุชุนุทููู ุงูู concentration ููุงุญุฏ ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
400 |
|
00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:55,050 |
|
ููู ูุญุฏุฉ ุญุฌู
ููู ูุญุฏุฉ ุญุฌู
ุทูุจ ุทูุจ |
|
|
|
401 |
|
00:36:55,050 --> 00:36:58,790 |
|
ุฅุฐุง ุนูุฏู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ู
ูููุฉ ู
ู ู
ุงุฏุชูู ุจุฎุชูููุง ูู ุงู |
|
|
|
402 |
|
00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:06,010 |
|
density ู ุจุฎุชูููุง ูู ุงูู atomic weight ู
ุนูุงุชู ูุชููู |
|
|
|
403 |
|
00:37:06,010 --> 00:37:08,890 |
|
ุงูู density ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงููููุฉ ู
ุด ูุชููู ููุณ ุงูู density |
|
|
|
404 |
|
00:37:08,890 --> 00:37:11,030 |
|
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ูุงุญุฏ ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงุชููู ูุฃูู ุงุฎุชููุช ุงู |
|
|
|
405 |
|
00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,730 |
|
density ู
ุธุจูุท ูุงุฎุชููุช ุงูู atomic weight ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงู |
|
|
|
406 |
|
00:37:14,730 --> 00:37:20,480 |
|
raw average ูุชููู ู
ูุฉ ุนูู C1 ุนูู R1 ุฒู C2 ุนูู R2 C1 |
|
|
|
407 |
|
00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:25,880 |
|
ุงูุชุฑููุฒ mass basis ููู element ูุงุญุฏ ู R1 density ูู |
|
|
|
408 |
|
00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:31,180 |
|
element ูุงุญุฏ ู C2 ุงููู ูู ุงูู concentration ูู |
|
|
|
409 |
|
00:37:31,180 --> 00:37:36,260 |
|
weight basis ููู element ุงูุชุงูู ู R2 ุงููู ูู ุงู |
|
|
|
410 |
|
00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:40,930 |
|
density ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ ุฃู ุฅุฐุง ุฃูุง ุนุงุฑู ุงู |
|
|
|
411 |
|
00:37:40,930 --> 00:37:45,290 |
|
concentration based on the mole basis ุจุณุชุฎุฏู
ู
ุนุงุฏูุฉ |
|
|
|
412 |
|
00:37:45,290 --> 00:37:49,110 |
|
ุฃุฑุจุน ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจูู ุจุฑุถู ููุณ ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุจุญุซุช ุจุงูู average |
|
|
|
413 |
|
00:37:49,110 --> 00:37:56,330 |
|
atomic weight ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงููููุฉ ุฎูุดูู |
|
|
|
414 |
|
00:37:56,330 --> 00:38:00,170 |
|
ู
ุซุงู determine the composition |
|
|
|
415 |
|
00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:16,340 |
|
determine the composition in atom percent of an |
|
|
|
416 |
|
00:38:16,340 --> 00:38:24,040 |
|
alloy that consists ููู ุฏู ุณุจููุฉ ุณุจููุฉ |
|
|
|
417 |
|
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:34,200 |
|
ู
ูููุฉ ุณุจุนุฉ ูุชุณุนูู ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ by weight aluminium |
|
|
|
418 |
|
00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:37,540 |
|
ูุงูุชูุงุชุฉ |
|
|
|
419 |
|
00:38:37,540 --> 00:38:40,260 |
|
ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ by weight |
|
|
|
420 |
|
00:38:44,010 --> 00:38:48,650 |
|
ูุญุงุณ ุฎูููู ุฃุณู
ูู ุงููู ูุจููู ููู
ุฃุนุทููู ุงู |
|
|
|
421 |
|
00:38:48,650 --> 00:38:57,390 |
|
subscript ูุงุญุฏ ู ุงูุงูุญุงุณ subscript ุงุชููู ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงู |
|
|
|
422 |
|
00:38:57,390 --> 00:39:10,470 |
|
C ูุงุญุฏ ูุชููู 97% ู ุงูู C ุงุชููู ุชูุงุชุฉ ูู ุงูู
ูุฉ ุนุดุงู |
|
|
|
423 |
|
00:39:10,470 --> 00:39:16,170 |
|
ุฃุฌูุจ c1 prime c1 |
|
|
|
424 |
|
00:39:16,170 --> 00:39:21,290 |
|
ุจุฑุงูู
ูุชููู |
|
|
|
425 |
|
00:39:21,290 --> 00:39:37,090 |
|
ุชุณุงูู c1 a1 ุนูู c1 a2 ุนูู c1 a2 ุฒู c2 a1 |
|
|
|
426 |
|
00:39:39,410 --> 00:39:46,370 |
|
ุงูู A ูุงุญุฏ ูู |
|
|
|
427 |
|
00:39:46,370 --> 00:39:51,790 |
|
ุงูู atomic weight ููุฃูู
ูููู
ูู
atomic weight ููุฃูู
ูููู
ุงููุชุงุจ |
|
|
|
428 |
|
00:39:51,790 --> 00:39:56,310 |
|
ูู ุงููุชุงุจ ู ุงู |
|
|
|
429 |
|
00:39:56,310 --> 00:40:03,170 |
|
ุงุชููู atomic weight ูููุญุงุณ atomic weight |
|
|
|
430 |
|
00:40:03,170 --> 00:40:12,840 |
|
ูููุญุงุณ ูู
ุชูุงุชุฉ ูุณุชูู ููุต ุฌุฑุงู
ููู ู
ูู ุงูู atomic weight |
|
|
|
431 |
|
00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:14,900 |
|
ููุฃููู
ูููู
|
|
|
|
432 |
|
00:40:44,270 --> 00:40:52,110 |
|
ุทูุจ ุณุชุฉ ูุนุดุฑูู ุจููู ุชุณุนุฉ ุชู
ุงููุฉ ุณุชุฉ ูุนุดุฑูู ุจููู ุชุณุนุฉ |
|
|
|
433 |
|
00:40:52,110 --> 00:41:00,910 |
|
ุชู
ุงููุฉ ููุฃููู
ูููู
ุณุชุฉ ูุนุดุฑูู ุจููู |
|
|
|
434 |
|
00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,970 |
|
ุชุณุนุฉ ุชู
ุงููุฉ ูููุญุงุณ |
|
|
|
435 |
|
00:41:05,970 --> 00:41:10,670 |
|
ูุชุฃูุฏ ุงูู CU Telicity ุจููู ุฎู
ุณุฉ ูุฎู
ุณูู |
|
|
|
436 |
|
00:41:16,780 --> 00:41:21,760 |
|
ู
ุนูุงุชู C1 ุจุฑุงูู
ูุชููู ุชุณุงูู C1 |
|
|
|
437 |
|
00:41:21,760 --> 00:41:26,720 |
|
97 |
|
|
|
438 |
|
00:41:26,720 --> 00:41:30,440 |
|
ูู |
|
|
|
439 |
|
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:37,820 |
|
26.98 ร 97 |
|
|
|
440 |
|
00:41:40,230 --> 00:41:50,770 |
|
ูู 26 ุจููู ุชุณุนุฉ ุชู
ุงููุฉ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุชูุงุชุฉ ูู 63 ุจููู |
|
|
|
441 |
|
00:41:50,770 --> 00:42:00,190 |
|
ุฎู
ุณุฉ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ููุง |
|
|
|
442 |
|
00:42:00,190 --> 00:42:08,730 |
|
ุจูุทูุน C ูุงุญุฏ ุจุฑุงูู
ุฃูุฑุฑ |
|
|
|
443 |
|
00:42:08,730 --> 00:42:09,450 |
|
ุทูุนุฉ C ูุงุญุฏ ุจุฑุงูู
|
|
|
|
444 |
|
00:42:26,970 --> 00:42:37,510 |
|
ุชู
ุงููุฉ ูุชุณุนูู atomic |
|
|
|
445 |
|
00:42:37,510 --> 00:42:46,330 |
|
percent ุฃู minus C2 ุจุฑุงูู
ูุชููู ู
ูุฉ ูุชููู |
|
|
|
446 |
|
00:42:46,330 --> 00:42:52,130 |
|
ู
ูุฉ minus C1 ุจุฑุงูู
ูุชููู |
|
|
|
447 |
|
00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:22,120 |
|
ูุงุญุฏ ุทูุจ |
|
|
|
448 |
|
00:43:24,670 --> 00:43:30,050 |
|
ุงูููุน ุงูุชุงูู ู
ู ุงูุนููุจ ุงููู ูู linear defects ุงููู |
|
|
|
449 |
|
00:43:30,050 --> 00:43:32,330 |
|
ูู ุงูุนููุจ ุงูุฎุทูุฉ ูุนูู ุญูููุง ุงูุนููุจ ุชููู ุนููุจ |
|
|
|
450 |
|
00:43:32,330 --> 00:43:40,470 |
|
ููุงุทูุฉ ุฃู ุนููุจ ุฎุทูุฉ ุฃู ุนููุจ ุณุทุญูุฉ ุงูุนููุจ ุงูููุงุทูุฉ |
|
|
|
451 |
|
00:43:40,470 --> 00:43:45,950 |
|
ุญูููุง ุนู ุงูู vacancy ูุนูุฏู self-interstitial ูุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
452 |
|
00:43:45,950 --> 00:43:53,550 |
|
interstitial ูุนูุฏู interstitial ุทูุจ ุงูุนููุจ ุงูุฎุทูุฉ |
|
|
|
453 |
|
00:43:53,550 --> 00:43:58,710 |
|
ุงููู ูู ูู ุนููุจ ุฎุทูุฉ in and otherwise ูู ูุฑูุฉ ุงู |
|
|
|
454 |
|
00:43:58,710 --> 00:44:05,770 |
|
crystal ุชูุฌู ุนูู ุชูุช ุฃููุงุน ุนูุฏ ุงูู edge dislocation |
|
|
|
455 |
|
00:44:05,770 --> 00:44:11,370 |
|
ู ุงูู screw dislocation ู ุงูู mixed dislocation ุทุจุนุง |
|
|
|
456 |
|
00:44:11,370 --> 00:44:15,730 |
|
dislocations ู
ูู
ุฉ ูุชูุฑ ูู ุงูุชุญูู
ูู ุงูุฎูุงุต |
|
|
|
457 |
|
00:44:15,730 --> 00:44:20,090 |
|
ุงูู
ููุงููููุฉ ููู
ุนุฏู ู ุงูุณุจุงู ูุนูู ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุนุดุงู ุฃุฎูู |
|
|
|
458 |
|
00:44:20,090 --> 00:44:26,120 |
|
ุงูู
ุนุฏู ููู ูุชูุฑ ุจุฒูุฏ ุนุฏุฏ dislocations ุจุทุฑููุฉ ู
ุง |
|
|
|
459 |
|
00:44:26,120 --> 00:44:37,800 |
|
ูุญูู ุนููุง ุจุฎูููุง ู
ุฎุฑุจุดุฉ ุจุฎุฑุจุดุฉ ุทูุจ |
|
|
|
460 |
|
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:44,500 |
|
ูุจุฏุฃ |
|
|
|
461 |
|
00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:46,000 |
|
ูู ุงูู edge dislocation |
|
|
|
462 |
|
00:44:50,080 --> 00:44:53,340 |
|
ideally ุฃู ูุธุฑูุง ุจูููู ุนูุฏู ุถุฑุฑุงุช ู
ุตููุชุฉ ุชุตููุชูุง |
|
|
|
463 |
|
00:44:53,340 --> 00:45:02,520 |
|
ุฅูุด ู
ูุชุธู
ุฉ ุจูุตูุฑ ุฎูุงู ุนู
ููุงุช ุงูุชุนุฏูู ู ุงูุชุตููุน ุฃูู |
|
|
|
464 |
|
00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:06,900 |
|
ุตุงู
ุญุฉ ู ุฃูู ุจุชูุฌู ุนูุฏ ุงูุตู ูู ุงูุถุฑุฑุงุช ูุฐุง ู
ุงูู
ูุด |
|
|
|
465 |
|
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:11,220 |
|
ููุขุฎุฑ ู
ุงูู
ู ููุขุฎุฑ ูุนูู ุฃูุช ูุงู ุตู ุถุฑุฑุงุช ู ูุงู ุตู |
|
|
|
466 |
|
00:45:11,220 --> 00:45:14,820 |
|
ุถุฑุฑุงุช ู ุงูุตู ุถุฑุฑุงุช ูุฐู ุงูุชูุช ุนูุฏ ููุทุฉ ูุฐู ูุฃูู |
|
|
|
467 |
|
00:45:14,820 --> 00:45:20,150 |
|
ูุนูู ูุงุชุญ ูุฑูุช ุดุฏุฉ ู ุญุงุทุท ูุต ูุงุฑุช ู
ุด ูุงุฑุช ูุงู
ู |
|
|
|
468 |
|
00:45:20,150 --> 00:45:27,690 |
|
ูุงูููุงูุฉ ุชุญุช ุงููุงุฑุช ุฅูุด ุชููู edge ุงููู ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฎุท |
|
|
|
469 |
|
00:45:27,690 --> 00:45:34,930 |
|
ูุฐุง ุฃุทูุน ุนู
ูุฏู ุนูู ุงูุตูุญุฉ ุจุณู
ููุง edge dislocation |
|
|
|
470 |
|
00:45:34,930 --> 00:45:38,470 |
|
ูุนูู |
|
|
|
471 |
|
00:45:38,470 --> 00:45:43,870 |
|
ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏู ุช .. ุฅุฐุง ุฃูุช ุนูุฏู ูุฃุณ ู ุจุฏู ุชุนู
ูู ุงูุชููู |
|
|
|
472 |
|
00:46:00,510 --> 00:46:06,550 |
|
ุฏุงุฎู section ุฃูุง |
|
|
|
473 |
|
00:46:06,550 --> 00:46:12,430 |
|
ูู |
|
|
|
474 |
|
00:46:12,430 --> 00:46:17,890 |
|
ูุฏุงู
ุงูููุณ ุฃูุง ุจุนู
ูู ุจุงูุดูู ูุฐุง ุงููุชุญุฉ |
|
|
|
475 |
|
00:46:17,890 --> 00:46:24,690 |
|
ุจุชุงุนุชูุง ู
ูุจุฑุฉ ูุชูุฑ ุงุฒุงู ุทุจุนุง ุจุณ ูุงุฒู
ูููู ูู ู
ููุงู |
|
|
|
476 |
|
00:46:24,690 --> 00:46:25,210 |
|
ุฎููู |
|
|
|
477 |
|
00:46:27,820 --> 00:46:50,620 |
|
ุจูู ุฃุฏุฎู ูุฐู ุงูุฅูุฏ ุจุชุงุนุชูุง ุจุนุฏูู |
|
|
|
478 |
|
00:46:50,620 --> 00:46:55,240 |
|
ุจุฌูุจ ุณููู ุจุฑูุญ |
|
|
|
479 |
|
00:46:55,240 --> 00:46:55,860 |
|
ุจุญุทู ููุง |
|
|
|
480 |
|
00:47:01,580 --> 00:47:06,800 |
|
ู
ุญู
ุฏูู ูููุฒู ู
ุนุงู ู
ุธุจูุท ูุฐู |
|
|
|
481 |
|
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:24,380 |
|
ูุชูุชุญ ูู ู
ุนุงู ูุชุณูุฑ ููุฐู |
|
|
|
482 |
|
00:47:24,380 --> 00:47:30,000 |
|
ูุฃููุง edge dislocation |
|
|
|
483 |
|
00:47:32,260 --> 00:47:35,360 |
|
ุทุจุนุง ุชู
ุช .. ุฃูุง ุนูู .. ุนูู .. ุชู
ุช ุนูู ุงูุชุงููู |
|
|
|
484 |
|
00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:41,600 |
|
ุฒุงููุฉ ุงูุงุญุชูุงู ุนู
ุงู ุชุงุจุฑ ูู ูุงูุช ุนุฏูุฉ ุจุณ ุฒุงููุฉ |
|
|
|
485 |
|
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:45,920 |
|
ุงูุงุญุชูุงู ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ูุนูุด ุจุชููุช ู
ุธุจูุท ู
ุน ุงูุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
|
|
|
|
486 |
|
00:47:45,920 --> 00:47:53,900 |
|
ููู ุงูุฒุงููุฉ ูุฐู ู
ุด ู
ู
ูู ูุชููุช ููุณ ุงูููุฑุฉ ุชูุฑูุจุง ุฃู |
|
|
|
487 |
|
00:47:53,900 --> 00:48:02,300 |
|
ุชูุฑูุจุง ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงููู ููุจูุณู
ููุง edge dislocation |
|
|
|
488 |
|
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:11,840 |
|
ูู |
|
|
|
489 |
|
00:48:11,840 --> 00:48:14,740 |
|
ุจุฏูุช ุฃูุง ุญูุงููู ูุงู ุงูู edge dislocation ุญูุงูููุง |
|
|
|
490 |
|
00:48:14,740 --> 00:48:18,960 |
|
ู
ุดูุช ุจุฏูุช ูู ุงูููุทุฉ ูุฐู ู
ุซูุง ูู
ุดูุช ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุชุฌุงู |
|
|
|
491 |
|
00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:22,700 |
|
ูู ุงุชุฌุงู ุงูู X ูุงู ุงูููุทุฉ ูุงุญุฏ ุงุชููู ุชูุงุชุฉ ู
ุซูุง |
|
|
|
492 |
|
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:28,180 |
|
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูููุฒู ูู
ุงู ู
ุซูุง ุชูุงุชุฉ ุฃู ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃู ุฎู
ุณุฉ ูุงู |
|
|
|
493 |
|
00:48:28,180 --> 00:48:37,680 |
|
ูุงุญุฏ ูู ุงุชุฌุงู ุงูู ูุงู ูุงุญุฏ ุงุชููู ุชูุงุชุฉ ู
ุซูุง ุฃูุง |
|
|
|
494 |
|
00:48:37,680 --> 00:48:41,700 |
|
ููุงู ู
ุดูุช ูู ุงูู X ูู
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุฏูุง ูู
ุดู ุจุงูุนูุณ ูู
ุงู |
|
|
|
495 |
|
00:48:41,700 --> 00:48:46,040 |
|
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูุงู ูุงุญุฏ ูุงุญุฏ |
|
|
|
496 |
|
00:48:46,040 --> 00:48:50,340 |
|
ุงุชููู ุชูุงุชุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ |
|
|
|
497 |
|
00:48:55,490 --> 00:49:03,030 |
|
ุงููุญุธุฉ ุงููู ุนูุฏู ููุง ู
ุด ูุณูุฑ ุงูู vector ุฎูุงูู ูุฏู |
|
|
|
498 |
|
00:49:03,030 --> 00:49:10,330 |
|
ู
ุฑุฉ ูู ูู
ุดู ูุงู ุงูู dislocation ูู
ุดู ูุงู ูุงุญุฏุ ูุงู |
|
|
|
499 |
|
00:49:10,330 --> 00:49:14,630 |
|
ุงุชููู ู
ุซูุงุ ูุงู ุชูุงุชุฉุ ูุงู ุจุงุชุฌุงู ุงูู X ูุจุนุฏูู ูุทูุน |
|
|
|
500 |
|
00:49:14,630 --> 00:49:22,420 |
|
ู
ุซูุง ุจุงูู Y ูุงู ูุงุญุฏุ ูุงู ุงุชูููุ ูุงู ุชูุงุชุฉ ูุฃู ู
ุดูุช |
|
|
|
501 |
|
00:49:22,420 --> 00:49:25,980 |
|
ุฃูุง ูุงุญุฏ ุงุซููู ุซูุงุซุฉ ูุฑุฌุน ุจุงูู X ูู
ุงู ุซูุงุซุฉ ูุงุญุฏ |
|
|
|
502 |
|
00:49:25,980 --> 00:49:33,540 |
|
ุงุซููู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุทูุนุช ู
ู ุงูุฌูุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุทูุนุช ููุง |
|
|
|
503 |
|
00:49:33,540 --> 00:49:38,920 |
|
Y ุซูุงุซุฉ ูุทูุน ููุง ูู
ุงู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃู ูุงุญุฏ ุงุซููู ุซูุงุซุฉ ูุง |
|
|
|
504 |
|
00:49:38,920 --> 00:49:43,480 |
|
ุฑุฌุนุช ูููุทุฉ ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูู vector ุจุฑุฌุน ูููุทุฉ ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ |
|
|
|
505 |
|
00:49:43,480 --> 00:49:50,020 |
|
ูุฐุง ุงูู vector ูุณู
ูู burger vector burger ุงุณู
ู ูุงุญุฏ |
|
|
|
506 |
|
00:49:50,020 --> 00:49:59,190 |
|
burger vector ุงูู edges location ูููุง ูู ุงูู barrier |
|
|
|
507 |
|
00:49:59,190 --> 00:50:04,010 |
|
vector ุจูุฐุง ุงูุงุชุฌุงู ูุงุถุญ ุฃูู ุงูู barrier vector ู |
|
|
|
508 |
|
00:50:04,010 --> 00:50:08,310 |
|
ุงูู edges location ูู .. ุฃุด .. ุฃุด ุงููู ููุจ you know |
|
|
|
509 |
|
00:50:08,310 --> 00:50:19,010 |
|
ู
ุชุนู
ุฏ ูุนูู ุฅุฒุงุญุฉ ุฅูุด ู
ุนูุงูุง ุชุณุนูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุทูุจ |
|
|
|
510 |
|
00:50:23,560 --> 00:50:29,100 |
|
ุงูููุน ุงูุซุงูู ุงููู ูู screw disk location ุนูุจ ุฎุทู |
|
|
|
511 |
|
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:35,380 |
|
ุฃูู ุชุฎูู ูุฃูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุนู
ูุช slice ูุนู
ูุช twist ุนู
ูุช |
|
|
|
512 |
|
00:50:35,380 --> 00:50:42,440 |
|
slice ูุนู
ูุช twist ู
ุซูุงู ููุง ุนูุฏู ููุง ูุงู slice ู |
|
|
|
513 |
|
00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:43,920 |
|
ุงูู twist ูุชุญุช |
|
|
|
514 |
|
00:50:56,440 --> 00:51:03,960 |
|
ุงูุจุฑุฌุฑ ูููุชูุฑ ุจุชุงุนูุง ูู |
|
|
|
515 |
|
00:51:03,960 --> 00:51:07,480 |
|
ููุณ ุงูุงุชุฌุงู ู
ุน ุงูู screw disk location ุฎูููุง ูุดูููุง |
|
|
|
516 |
|
00:51:07,480 --> 00:51:13,860 |
|
ุจุดูู ุซุงูู ุฃูุง |
|
|
|
517 |
|
00:51:13,860 --> 00:51:18,460 |
|
ู
ุงุดู ูุงุญุฏ ุงุซููู ูุงุญุฏ ุงุซููู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุงูู X ุจุนุฏูู |
|
|
|
518 |
|
00:51:18,460 --> 00:51:24,840 |
|
ูุงุญุฏ ุงุซููู ูุฏู ูุงุญุฏ ุงุซููู ุญูุซ ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนุดุงู ุงุฑุฌุน |
|
|
|
519 |
|
00:51:24,840 --> 00:51:27,780 |
|
ููุฃุตู ููููุทุฉ ุงููู ูุงุฒู
ุงู
ุดู ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุชุฌุงู ูุงุญุฏุฉ |
|
|
|
520 |
|
00:51:27,780 --> 00:51:34,520 |
|
ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ู
ูุงุฒูุฉ ููู dislocation ูู
ุญูุฑ ุงูู dislocation |
|
|
|
521 |
|
00:51:34,520 --> 00:51:38,860 |
|
ูุจูููู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูู screw dislocation ุจูููู burger |
|
|
|
522 |
|
00:51:38,860 --> 00:51:46,540 |
|
factor ู
ูุงุฒู ููุง ุงูุขู ูู ุงูุทุจูุนุฉ ุจููููุด ููุน ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู |
|
|
|
523 |
|
00:51:46,540 --> 00:51:51,000 |
|
ุงูู line defects ุฃู ุญุชู ุจููููุด .. ูุง ุงุญูุง ุญูููุง |
|
|
|
524 |
|
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:54,560 |
|
ุงูุฃููุงุน ุงูู defects ููุง point defects ู linear |
|
|
|
525 |
|
00:51:54,560 --> 00:51:58,260 |
|
defects ู surface defects ู ูู ููุน ุฑุงุจุน ูู
ุง ู
ู
ูู |
|
|
|
526 |
|
00:51:58,260 --> 00:52:02,920 |
|
ุงุนุชุจุฑ bulk volume defects ุจููููุด ุฃู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุจุณ ูููุง |
|
|
|
527 |
|
00:52:02,920 --> 00:52:07,390 |
|
ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุจุณ point defects ุฃู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ูููุง linear defects |
|
|
|
528 |
|
00:52:07,390 --> 00:52:12,030 |
|
ุจูููู ูู ุดูุก ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุจูููู ูู ุงูุนููุจ ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุญุชู ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
529 |
|
00:52:12,030 --> 00:52:15,250 |
|
point defects ู
ู
ูู ูููู ูู ุนูุฏู ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
530 |
|
00:52:15,250 --> 00:52:19,750 |
|
substitutional ู
ู
ูู self-interstitial ู
ู
ูู |
|
|
|
531 |
|
00:52:19,750 --> 00:52:24,290 |
|
interstitial ู vacancy ููู ุจูููู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุงุญูุง ุจุณ |
|
|
|
532 |
|
00:52:24,290 --> 00:52:27,530 |
|
ุงุญูุง ุจููุตู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุนุดุงู ูููู
ุจุณ ุฃู
ุง ุนูู ุฃุฑุถ |
|
|
|
533 |
|
00:52:27,530 --> 00:52:30,670 |
|
ุงููุงูุน ูู ุฃููุงุน ุงูุนููุจ ุจุชููู ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ |
|
|
|
534 |
|
00:52:33,430 --> 00:52:38,910 |
|
ูุนูู ุนูุฏู ููุง ู
ุจูู ููู ูุฐุง |
|
|
|
535 |
|
00:52:38,910 --> 00:52:46,090 |
|
screw dislocation ุนูุฏู |
|
|
|
536 |
|
00:52:46,090 --> 00:52:51,270 |
|
ู
ุซูุงู ููุง ุจุฏู screw dislocation ุน ุงูุฌูุฉ ูุฐู ู ููุง |
|
|
|
537 |
|
00:52:51,270 --> 00:52:57,970 |
|
ุฅูุด ุนูุฏู edge dislocation ููู ู
ุณุชู
ุฑุฉ mixed |
|
|
|
538 |
|
00:52:57,970 --> 00:53:01,810 |
|
dislocation ุฃู ุนููุจ ุฎุทูุฉ ู
ุฎุชูุทุฉ |
|
|
|
539 |
|
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:13,540 |
|
ุฅุฐุง ุนูุฏู ุฃุทูุน ููุง ูู ุนูุฏู ูุฐุง ุงูู edge dislocation |
|
|
|
540 |
|
00:53:13,540 --> 00:53:26,900 |
|
ู ุฑูุญ ุงุชุซุจุชุช ููุง ุฎูุงู |
|
|
|
541 |
|
00:53:26,900 --> 00:53:31,000 |
|
ุฃู ุฏู ููุณุช ูุนู
ูุช |
|
|
|
542 |
|
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:34,740 |
|
shear force ุจุงุชุฌุงู ุงูุจุฑุฌุฑ ุงููุชุฑ ูุฐู shear force |
|
|
|
543 |
|
00:53:38,960 --> 00:53:43,180 |
|
ุงูู force ูุฐุงู ุชุฒูุฏ ุฒูุฏ ุฃู ุงูุดูุฑ ูุฒูุฏ .. ูุฐุงู |
|
|
|
544 |
|
00:53:43,180 --> 00:53:45,900 |
|
ูุฒูุฏ ุฒูุฏ ุฒูุฏ ุฒูุฏ ูุญุฏ ู
ุง ููู bond ุจูู ุฐุฑุฉ ูุฐู ู |
|
|
|
545 |
|
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:49,760 |
|
ุฐุฑุฉ ูุฐู ูุญุฏ ู
ุง ุชุบูุจ ุนูู ููุฉ ุงูู bond ูุฐู ู ุชูุณุฑูุง |
|
|
|
546 |
|
00:53:49,760 --> 00:53:56,140 |
|
ุจููุณุฑูุง ู ุจูุตูุฑ bond ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ู
ุนูุง ูุฐู ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงูู |
|
|
|
547 |
|
00:53:56,140 --> 00:54:00,200 |
|
dislocation ุฅูุด ู
ุนูุงุชู ุงูุชููุช one atomic spacing |
|
|
|
548 |
|
00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:04,980 |
|
ุจูุณุชู
ุฑ ุจุงูู shear ุจุงู sharing ุจูุณุชู
ุฑ ุจุงู sharing |
|
|
|
549 |
|
00:54:07,100 --> 00:54:10,560 |
|
ูุชููุณุฑ ุงูู bond ูุฐู ู ุจูุตูุฑ bond ูุฐู ุตุงุฑุช ุฅูุด |
|
|
|
550 |
|
00:54:10,560 --> 00:54:16,440 |
|
ุนูุฏู ุตุงุฑุช ููุง ุจูุณุชู
ุฑ ุฃูุซุฑ ุจููุณุฑ ูุฐู ู ุจูุตูุฑ ูุฐู |
|
|
|
551 |
|
00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:24,000 |
|
ุจูุณุชู
ุฑ ุฃูุซุฑ ุจูุตูุฑ ุฒู ููู ูุจูุตูุฑ ูุชูุฌุฉ shear force |
|
|
|
552 |
|
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:29,930 |
|
ุตุงุฑ ุนูุฏู deformation one atomic spacing ู
ุนูุงุชู |
|
|
|
553 |
|
00:54:29,930 --> 00:54:33,910 |
|
ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูู deformation ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุชูู ุงูุฐุฑู ุจุบุถ ุงููุธุฑ |
|
|
|
554 |
|
00:54:33,910 --> 00:54:37,990 |
|
ุนู loading ุณูุงุก ูุงู axle ุฃู torsion ุฃู bending ุฃู |
|
|
|
555 |
|
00:54:37,990 --> 00:54:43,230 |
|
ุฃู combination ุจูููู
ุจุชููู by slip mechanism ุฃู |
|
|
|
556 |
|
00:54:43,230 --> 00:54:50,070 |
|
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุงูุชูุงู ููู dislocation ู
ู ู
ูุงู ูู
ูุงู ููู |
|
|
|
557 |
|
00:54:50,070 --> 00:54:54,060 |
|
ุจูุตูุฑ ุงูู deformation ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฃูุง ุงููู ุจุณูู ุจุชุญูู
|
|
|
|
558 |
|
00:54:54,060 --> 00:54:59,340 |
|
ูู ุงูุฎูุงุต ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุชุญูู
ูู ุงูู slip mechanism ูุฐุง |
|
|
|
559 |
|
00:54:59,340 --> 00:55:03,840 |
|
ูุนูู ุฃูุง ุจุนู
ู strengthening ุฃู ูุนูู ุชูููุฉ ุฃู ุถุนู |
|
|
|
560 |
|
00:55:03,840 --> 00:55:07,840 |
|
ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุฅูุด ุจุนูู ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ุญุฑูุฉ ุงูู |
|
|
|
561 |
|
00:55:07,840 --> 00:55:13,140 |
|
dislocation ุจูุตูุฑ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฃููู ุฃู ุจุณูู ุญุฑูุฉ ุงูู |
|
|
|
562 |
|
00:55:13,140 --> 00:55:16,500 |
|
dislocation ุจูุตูุฑ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฃุณูู ูู ุงูู deformation ูู |
|
|
|
563 |
|
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:21,960 |
|
ููุฑุฉ ุงููู ูู ุงูุชุญูู
ุงูุฎุงุต ููู
ููุงููููุง ุณูุงุก ุจุทุฑู |
|
|
|
564 |
|
00:55:21,960 --> 00:55:24,720 |
|
ู
ููุงููููุฉ ุฃู ุญุฑุงุฑูุฉ ุฃู ุฎูุงุต ู
ู ุซุงููุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑูุฉ ู
ุน |
|
|
|
565 |
|
00:55:24,720 --> 00:55:31,480 |
|
ู
ููุงููููุง ุฃู ุญุชู ุจุทุฑู ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูุนูู ุฃุถูู ุณุจุงุฆู ููู
ุงุฏุฉ |
|
|
|
566 |
|
00:55:31,480 --> 00:55:40,800 |
|
ุฃุณุจู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ูุฐู |
|
|
|
567 |
|
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:45,800 |
|
ุตูุฑุฉ transmission electron microscope ูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุณุจููุฉ |
|
|
|
568 |
|
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:52,400 |
|
ุชูุชุงูููู
ุงูุฎุทูุท ุงูุณูุฏุงุก ูุฐู ุทุจุนุงู ู
ูุจุฑูุง ุฎู
ุณูู ุฃูู |
|
|
|
569 |
|
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:59,980 |
|
ุถุนู ุงูุฎุทูุท ุงูุณูุฏุงุก ูุฐู ุจุชู
ุซู ุฅูุด dislocations ุฃู |
|
|
|
570 |
|
00:55:59,980 --> 00:56:04,680 |
|
ุนููุจ ุฎุทูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูู dislocation ูุฐู ูู ู
ุง ุจุชุฒูุฏ |
|
|
|
571 |
|
00:56:04,680 --> 00:56:08,780 |
|
ู ุจุชุชุฎุฑุจุด ู
ุน ุจุนุถ ุฃูุซุฑ ูู ู
ุง ูุตูุฑ ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูู slip |
|
|
|
572 |
|
00:56:08,780 --> 00:56:15,100 |
|
ุฃุตุนุจ ูููู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฅูุด ุฃููู ุจุทุฑู ุงูู
ุนุงูุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑูุฉ ุฃู |
|
|
|
573 |
|
00:56:15,100 --> 00:56:20,210 |
|
ุงูุทุฑู ุงูู
ููุงููููุฉ ุฃู ุงูุชุงููู ู
ุน ุจุนุถ ู
ู
ูู ุฃุฒูุฏ |
|
|
|
574 |
|
00:56:20,210 --> 00:56:25,210 |
|
ุงูุฎุฑุจุดุฉ ูุฐู ุฃุฒูุฏ ูู
ูุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ุงูู dislocations ุฃู |
|
|
|
575 |
|
00:56:25,210 --> 00:56:29,510 |
|
ุฃุฎุฑุจุดูู
ู
ุน ุจุนุถ ุฃู ุงูุชุงููู ูุงูู strength ุจูุฒูุฏ ุงูู |
|
|
|
576 |
|
00:56:29,510 --> 00:56:35,870 |
|
strength ุจูุฒูุฏ ูู |
|
|
|
577 |
|
00:56:35,870 --> 00:56:39,490 |
|
ุฃู ุณุคุงูุ |
|
|
|
578 |
|
00:56:39,490 --> 00:56:41,610 |
|
ุฏู ููุง ุนููุงู ูุนูู |
|
|