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1
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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุฃุนุฒุงุก ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู…
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ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ section ุณู†ุจุฏุฃ ุงู† ุดุงุก
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ุงู„ู„ู‡ ููŠ chapter ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงูˆู„ section ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ูุชุญู‡ ู‡ูˆ
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section 2-2 2-2 ูŠุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ limit of a function and limit to ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช
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ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ู‡ู†ูƒุณุจ ุงู„ section ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุฒุกูŠู†
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ู‡ู†ุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‡ู†ุชุนุฑู ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
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ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
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ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ูˆุถุญ ุงู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
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ุจุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ function f of x ุชุณุงูˆูŠ x-b
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ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ x ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุฏู‡ ุงู„ูุณุฑูŠุฉ rational
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function domain ูƒู„ R ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‡ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‡ู†ุจู‡ู…ู†ุง ูƒูŠู ุชุตุฑู
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ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุจุฌูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุญู„ู„ ุงู„ bus ุญู„ู„ x
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ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุดุงู† x ุฒุงุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุดุงู† x ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุดุงู†
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ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุนุดุงู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ x ุฒุงุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู a of x ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฎุทูŠุฉ
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ู„ูƒู† domainู‡ุง R ู…ุน ุนุฏู‚ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูˆ ุฑุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฑุณู…ุชู‡ุง
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ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุฑุณู…ุฉ ุฏุงู„ุฉ a of x ุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุณูˆุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุฑ
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ูู‡ูŠ ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู…ู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู†
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ูุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุฅู† ุฏุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง
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ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆู†ู‡ูŠุชู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ู…ู† X ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุณูˆุงุก ู…ู†
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ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฅุชู†ูŠู† ูุนู†ุฏู†ุง
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ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ .. ู†ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ limit f of X ู…ู† X approaches X0 equal ุงู„ู€
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ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฅู† ุฏุง ู„ู€ f of Xุชุตุฑูู‡ุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง
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ุงูƒุณ ุงู‚ุชุฑุจุช ู…ู† ุงูƒุณ ู†ูˆุช ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูŠูุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฃูุถู„ ุงูƒุณ
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ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€L ููƒู„ ู…ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนู† ุงูƒุณ ู†ูˆุช
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ูุฃูุถู„ ุงูƒุณ ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€L ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠู…ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ
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limit ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ X ู†ูˆุช ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญุณุจ
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ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌูˆุงุฑู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ X ู…ู† X ู†ูˆุช ูˆL ู‡ูˆ
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ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ู„ุชูู‡ูŠู… ุฏูŠ
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุงู‚ูˆู‰ ุงูƒุณุณ ุฃูˆ
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ุงูƒุณุงุจ ุจูŠู† ุงูƒุชูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ุดู†ุงู‡ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูˆูู†ุง
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ
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ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงู‚ุธูˆุง ุฅู† ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ
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ุงูƒุชูˆุงุฑ ุชู‚ุนูุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู† ูŠู‚ุนูุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู„ุฃู†
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ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุชุณุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฑู…ุถ ุฃุตูุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู„ูƒู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
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ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠู‚ุน ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ ู„ูƒู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
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ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆ
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ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ุง ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูุชู„ุงู‚ุธูˆุง
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ุงู† ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ
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ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูƒู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ ู„ุงุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
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ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉูˆุงุชู„ุงู‚ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู†ุง
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ hall ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุง ููŠ ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุงู†ุง ููŠ
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ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุงู†ุง ุงู‚ูˆู„ ุงู†ู‡ ุนุงู„ู… ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ expression
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ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ ูˆุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฎุทูŠุฆุฉ ุฏูŠ ู‡ูŠ domain
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of all are ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุชู†ูŠู† ูˆู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
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00:03:31,220 --> 00:03:34,540
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงุชู„ุงู‚ูˆุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ
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ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆstreamingู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูŠ
52
00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:41,180
ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงุชู„ุงู‚ูˆุง ุงู† ุงู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ city
53
00:03:41,180 --> 00:03:45,110
hall ูุดูŠุก ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ููŠ ุงุชุตุงู„ ุนู†ุฏูŠู‡ุฐุง ุณู†ุฏุฑุณ ููŠ
54
00:03:45,110 --> 00:03:50,170
ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตุญู‰ ู†ุจุฏุฃ
55
00:03:50,170 --> 00:03:53,510
ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุนูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุงูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„
56
00:03:53,510 --> 00:03:56,490
id function ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงูŠ ุนู†ุตุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณู‡ ุฃูุถู„ ุณูˆู‰
57
00:03:56,490 --> 00:04:00,350
x ูู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุฃูŠ ุงูŠ ู…ู† x ุฃูˆ ุงูˆ ู„ุฃูŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ x
58
00:04:00,350 --> 00:04:07,200
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ูlimit ุฃูุถู„ x ู…ู† x ุฃูˆูˆ X0 ู‡ูˆ
59
00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:12,120
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ุง X0 ูู…ุซู„ุง limit of X ู…ู† X
60
00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:15,680
ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ 5 ูŠุณูˆู‰ 5 limit X ู…ู† X ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุซุงู„ุซ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูŠุณูˆู‰
61
00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:18,860
ุซุงู„ุซ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู†ูˆุน ุชุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู„ุงุช ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู„ุงุช
62
00:04:18,860 --> 00:04:22,940
ุซุงุจุชุฉ ุฃูุฑู‚ X ูŠุณูˆู‰ K limit ุฃูุฑู‚ X ู…ู† X ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ X not
63
00:04:22,940 --> 00:04:27,680
ูŠุณูˆู‰ limit K ู…ู† X ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ X not ูŠุณูˆู‰ K ูŠุณูˆู‰ ุซุงุจุช
64
00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:31,720
limit ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ู† X ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ X not ูŠุณูˆู‰ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ limit
65
00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:37,910
ุงู„ุนุดุฑ ู…ู† X ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุณูˆู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุงุซุจุช ุงู†ู‡
66
00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:43,530
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ุฒู…ู‡ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุธู‡ุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุฎุฏ
67
00:04:43,530 --> 00:04:51,110
ู…ุซุงู„ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู€ unit step ูุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ function ู‡ูŠ ุงู„
68
00:04:51,110 --> 00:04:57,690
unit step function U of X ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉู‡ูŠ
69
00:04:57,690 --> 00:05:02,570
ุจูŠุณ ูˆุงูŠุฒ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุฌุฒุฆูŠู† ุชุจูŠู† ุงู† X ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 0 ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ 0 ุงูŠู‡
70
00:05:02,570 --> 00:05:07,290
ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู†ุง ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 0 ุงุฐุง X ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† 1 ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ 1
71
00:05:07,290 --> 00:05:12,830
ุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุชุนุฑูŠู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ
72
00:05:12,830 --> 00:05:15,990
ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ู„ูˆ ุงู†ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
73
00:05:15,990 --> 00:05:20,270
ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ 1 ู„ูˆ ุงู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
74
00:05:20,270 --> 00:05:26,760
ุตูุฑ ูุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ 1ู„ูƒู†
75
00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:30,240
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ู‚ู…ุช
76
00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:36,560
ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู„ูˆ
77
00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:41,740
ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ุฃูุถู„ ุฌูˆู ุงู„ุตูˆุงุจุน ูˆุงุญุฏ
78
00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:45,120
ุนู„ู‰ X ูˆ X ู„ุชุณุงูˆูŠ Zero ูˆ ุฌูˆู X ู„ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุณูุฑ ู…ู† X
79
00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:48,440
ู„ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุณูุฑ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุณูุฑ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุจ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ
80
00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:51,300
ุงู„ุณูุฑ ุจุงู„ุณูุฑ ู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุง ูƒู„ ู…ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
81
00:05:51,300 --> 00:05:55,040
ุงู„ู…ู„ุญุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุจ ุชูุชูุน ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุงู„ุฉ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
82
00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:59,100
ู„ุณุงู„ุจ ู…ุงู„ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉูุฃุชู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„
83
00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:01,960
ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญุณุจู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุตูุฑ ู…ุซู„ุง
84
00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:05,220
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ 3 ุฃูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุณุงู„ุจ
85
00:06:05,220 --> 00:06:09,140
ู…ุง ู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ูููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
86
00:06:09,140 --> 00:06:12,300
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู†
87
00:06:12,300 --> 00:06:15,340
ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุนุฑูŠู ู…ู†
88
00:06:15,340 --> 00:06:19,280
ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ูู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
89
00:06:19,280 --> 00:06:23,160
ุตูุฑ ูุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู„ูƒู†
90
00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:28,880
ู…ุฎุชู„ูุชูŠู†ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู†
91
00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,160
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุณุจ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุตูุฑ
92
00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:34,880
ูุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุงู„ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชุงู„ุจ ู…ุงู„ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
93
00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:39,220
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ู„ูˆ ุฃุดูˆูู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุตูุฑุฉ
94
00:06:39,220 --> 00:06:43,880
ู…ู‚ุตุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุตูุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ุตูุฑ ู„ูƒู†
95
00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:47,880
ุนู„ูŠ ูŠู…ูŠู† ุตูŠู† ูˆุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุงูƒุณ ุฑุบู… ู…ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
96
00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:51,580
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏู‚ู„ุฉ ู…ุชุฑุฏุฏุฉ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ
97
00:06:51,580 --> 00:06:54,100
ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุชุงุฎุฏ ุงู…ุง ู…ู† ุณุงุฑุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
98
00:06:54,100 --> 00:06:57,680
ุจุชุงุฎุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุณุงุฑุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
99
00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:00,720
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
100
00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:04,280
ุตุงุฑุช ุตูุฑ ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงุชุฌุงู‡ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†
101
00:07:04,280 --> 00:07:07,420
ุงูˆ ุงู„ุงุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุชูŠู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ
102
00:07:07,420 --> 00:07:11,720
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูุฅุฐุง
103
00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:15,520
ู‡ู†ุง ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ููŠ ุชู„ุงุช ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰
104
00:07:15,520 --> 00:07:15,940
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
105
00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:35,070
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู†
106
00:07:35,070 --> 00:07:38,470
ู…ุชุฑุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑุญ ูุชุงุฎุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุณู„ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
107
00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:43,960
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ู…ุด ุงุฐูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฑุฏ ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง
108
00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:48,680
ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู† ุงู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฏู„ุชูŠู† F of
109
00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:52,400
X ูˆG of X ูˆุงู†ุง ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ F of X ู…ู† X ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ C
110
00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,320
ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ C ูŠุณูˆู‰ L limit G of X ู…ู† X ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ C
111
00:07:56,320 --> 00:07:59,900
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุนู† ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
112
00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:04,740
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุฉ ูŠุณูˆู‰ M ูุฃูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ limit ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ
113
00:08:04,740 --> 00:08:07,160
ุฏู„ุชูŠู† ู…ู† X ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ C ุจูŠุณูˆู‰ limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุฒุงุฏ limit
114
00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:11,980
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุณูˆู‰ L ุฒุงุฏ MLimit ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ูŠุณูˆูŠ L ู†ู‚ุต M Limit
115
00:08:11,980 --> 00:08:17,900
ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุจ ุชุงุจุณ ุจุถุฑุจ ุชุงุจุณ ู†ูุณู‡ Limit ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุจ ุฏู„ุชูŠู†
116
00:08:17,900 --> 00:08:20,660
ูŠุณูˆูŠ Limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ููŠ Limit ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ Limit ุงู„ู‚ุณู…ุฉ
117
00:08:20,660 --> 00:08:23,160
ูŠุณูˆูŠ Limit ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
118
00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:24,180
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..
119
00:08:24,180 --> 00:08:24,900
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
120
00:08:24,900 --> 00:08:25,360
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..
121
00:08:25,360 --> 00:08:26,860
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
122
00:08:26,860 --> 00:08:26,860
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..
123
00:08:26,860 --> 00:08:27,500
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
124
00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:35,040
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..
125
00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:35,040
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
126
00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:39,690
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..Limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุถุงุฑุจุฉ Limit
127
00:08:39,690 --> 00:08:42,370
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ Limit ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุฉ ุชู‚ุณูŠู… Limit ููŠ
128
00:08:42,370 --> 00:08:44,830
ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู„ุฃู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู†ุชุจู‡ุช ุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… Limit ู„ุง
129
00:08:44,830 --> 00:08:49,270
ุชุณุงูˆูŠ Zero ูLimit ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ ู…ุฑูุนุฉ ู‚ูˆุฉ N ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Limit
130
00:08:49,270 --> 00:08:54,730
ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุฃุณู†ุงู† Limit ุงู„ุฌุฏุฑ ุงู„ู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฌุฏุฑ
131
00:08:54,730 --> 00:08:59,010
ุงู„ู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู„L ุจุณ ุงู†ุง ุงู†ุชุจู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง
132
00:08:59,010 --> 00:09:04,270
ุงู„ L ู‡ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุณุงู„ุจ ูู‡ุฐุง ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุด ุฒูˆุฌูŠูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ
133
00:09:04,270 --> 00:09:08,590
ูƒุงู†ุช uneven ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฏุฑ ุฒูˆุฌูŠ ุฒูŠ ุฌุฏุฑ ุชุฑุจูŠู‡ ุฌุฏุฑ ุฑุงุจุน
134
00:09:08,590 --> 00:09:12,070
ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุนุดุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† 0
135
00:09:12,070 --> 00:09:15,150
example
136
00:09:15,150 --> 00:09:20,590
5 ู‡ูˆ ุชูู„ูŠู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุฎุฐู†ุง limit x ุชูƒูŠูŠู
137
00:09:20,590 --> 00:09:24,310
ุฒูŠ 4x ุชุฑุจูŠู‡ ู†ู‚ุต 3 ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู‰ ู„ู„ C ุจุณุงูˆูŠ limit x
138
00:09:24,310 --> 00:09:27,250
ุชูƒูŠูŠู ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู‰ ู„ู„ C ุฒูŠ 4 limit x ุชุฑุจูŠู‡ ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู‰
139
00:09:27,250 --> 00:09:30,850
ู„ู„ C ู†ู‚ุต limit 3 ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู‰ ู„ู„ C ุจุณุงูˆูŠ C ุชูƒูŠูŠู ุฒูŠ
140
00:09:30,850 --> 00:09:37,950
4C ุชุฑุจูŠู‡ ู†ู‚ุต 3ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุณุฑูŠุน limit x ุฃุณ 4 ุฒูŠ x
141
00:09:37,950 --> 00:09:41,390
ุชุฑุจูŠุน ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ x ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒูŠ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู‰ ุฏู‡ c
142
00:09:41,390 --> 00:09:45,070
ูุงุทู„ุนุช ุฃูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ ู„ู†ุต ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู„ู…ุง x ุชู‚ูˆู‰ ุฏู‡ c
143
00:09:45,070 --> 00:09:49,070
ู‡ู…ุณูŠ c ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒูŠ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจุณูˆูŠุฉ zero ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
144
00:09:49,070 --> 00:09:51,170
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงูˆุฒุน ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ bus ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู…
145
00:09:59,150 --> 00:10:02,010
ุงู„ู€ Limit ู„ู„ุฌุฏุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠู‡ูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุณุชุฑุจูŠู‡ ู†ู‚ู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
146
00:10:02,010 --> 00:10:05,010
ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ู‰ ุณู„ุจ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู†ุชุจู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู†ุง ู…ุง ุงู†ุฏูุน ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
147
00:10:05,010 --> 00:10:09,050
ู„ุนู†ุฏูŠ Limit ุงู„ุฌุฏุฑ ู„ู„ Limit ูˆุงู†ุง ู‚ุฏุฑุช ุงุฏุฎู„ Limit
148
00:10:09,050 --> 00:10:14,050
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ Limit ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฌุฏุฑ ุงู†ุง ุณูˆู‰ ุชู„ุชุงุดุฉ ุฃูƒูˆู† ุณูุฑ
149
00:10:14,050 --> 00:10:17,170
ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ุณู„ุจ ู…ุง ุจู†ูุน ุงู† ุงุฏุฎู„ Limit ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู†ุง
150
00:10:17,170 --> 00:10:23,210
ุงุฏุฎู„ุช ุชุฑุจูŠู‡ูŠู‡ู†ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠุชูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ู‡ู… ู‡ุฐุง
151
00:10:23,210 --> 00:10:25,750
ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„section ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆู„ูˆู…ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
152
00:10:25,750 --> 00:10:29,170
ูƒุชูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญุฌูˆุฒ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช B ููŠ X ุจู„ูˆู„ูˆู…ูŠ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ N A N ููŠ
153
00:10:29,170 --> 00:10:33,290
X ุฃุณ N Z A N ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ X ุฃุณ N ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ Z A ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
154
00:10:33,290 --> 00:10:33,990
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
155
00:10:33,990 --> 00:10:34,510
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
156
00:10:34,510 --> 00:10:34,670
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
157
00:10:34,670 --> 00:10:34,670
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
158
00:10:34,670 --> 00:10:43,130
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ุจู†ุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ x ุจุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู†ูุณ
159
00:10:43,130 --> 00:10:47,170
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ rational function ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ bus
160
00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:51,790
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู…ุฉ ู†ูุณ
161
00:10:51,790 --> 00:10:54,470
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช
162
00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:08,420
ุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุญู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุฉ ูุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู…
163
00:11:08,420 --> 00:11:12,780
ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนุงููŠุฉ ูˆุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ section
164
00:11:12,780 --> 00:11:16,300
ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡