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1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,900
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ู†ุณุชูƒู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ clinical 

2
00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:08,500
chemistry  ูˆ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุน non

3
00:00:08,500 --> 00:00:12,990
-protein nitrogen compoundsุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู€ non-protein 

4
00:00:12,990 --> 00:00:17,730
nitrogen compounds ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ 

5
00:00:17,730 --> 00:00:22,610
ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ู„ุง ู‡ูŠ proteins ูˆู„ุง polypeptides the

6
00:00:22,610 --> 00:00:24,870
nitrogen containing compounds that are not

7
00:00:24,870 --> 00:00:30,050
proteins or polypeptides ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง non

8
00:00:30,050 --> 00:00:35,960
-protein nitrogen compounds ูˆุงู„ู‡ุง ุทุจุนุง ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ 

9
00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:41,040
ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุดูˆู

10
00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:45,060
ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุจุนุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ 

11
00:00:45,060 --> 00:00:50,500
ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ูˆู…ุง ุฒุงู„ุช to monitor renal

12
00:00:50,500 --> 00:00:58,820
function ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒูŠููŠู‘ุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุฃูˆ

13
00:00:58,820 --> 00:01:02,840
ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ useful clinical

14
00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:06,540
information is obtained from individual components

15
00:01:06,540 --> 00:01:10,040
of non-protein nitrogen fraction ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ูŠุนู†ูŠ

16
00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:14,380
ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ู„ูŠู‡ุง non-protein nitrogen ูˆ

17
00:01:14,380 --> 00:01:18,840
ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ

18
00:01:18,840 --> 00:01:24,180
ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ diagnosis ูˆู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ 

19
00:01:24,180 --> 00:01:29,970
ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุทุจุนุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ non

20
00:01:29,970 --> 00:01:35,050
-protein nitrogen compounds ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง 15 ู…ุฑูƒุจ ู„ูƒู† 

21
00:01:35,050 --> 00:01:40,250
ุงุญู†ุง ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ

22
00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:46,230
ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€

23
00:01:46,230 --> 00:01:51,800
catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€

24
00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:54,800
catabolism ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ breakdown ู„ู„ู€ proteins ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ู€

25
00:01:54,800 --> 00:02:01,040
nucleic acids ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ 

26
00:02:01,040 --> 00:02:05,360
non protein nitrogen compounds ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช

27
00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:09,700
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ clinically ูˆ

28
00:02:09,700 --> 00:02:16,980
significant ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุณุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู…ุซู„

29
00:02:16,980 --> 00:02:23,350
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ plasma ุงู„ู„ูŠ

30
00:02:23,350 --> 00:02:26,730
ู‡ูŠ ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ percentage of total non-protein

31
00:02:26,730 --> 00:02:32,210
nitrogen compounds ูˆุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ููŠ 

32
00:02:32,210 --> 00:02:40,710
ุงู„ู€ urine ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุทุจุนุง ู‡ูŠ ุจุชู…ุซู„ ุฃูˆ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนู„ู‰

33
00:02:40,710 --> 00:02:44,170
ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ู€ non-protein nitrogen

34
00:02:44,170 --> 00:02:47,970
compounds ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ plasma ูˆุชู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู€

35
00:02:47,970 --> 00:02:55,220
concentration ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง 45 ุฅู„ู‰ 50% ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจู‡

36
00:02:55,220 --> 00:03:01,340
ุงู„ู€ urine ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ ุจุชู…ุซู„ 86% ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ 9

37
00:03:01,340 --> 00:03:04,260
protein nitrogen compounds ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง excretion

38
00:03:04,260 --> 00:03:11,230
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urine ุงู„ู€ amino acids 25% ููŠ ุงู„ู€ plasma ูˆุทุจุนุง 

39
00:03:11,230 --> 00:03:14,790
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urine ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุด

40
00:03:14,790 --> 00:03:17,630
ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ amino acids ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urine ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ amino

41
00:03:17,630 --> 00:03:21,190
acids ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ... ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง filtration ุจุฑุฌุน

42
00:03:21,190 --> 00:03:25,790
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง reabsorption ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ูˆุจุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ู„ุฏู… ู…ุฑุฉ 

43
00:03:25,790 --> 00:03:31,140
ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ู€ Uric Acid ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… 10% ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ููŠ

44
00:03:31,140 --> 00:03:38,800
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠู† 1.7% ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠุงุชูŠู†ูŠู† 5% ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูˆ 4.5% ููŠ

45
00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:46,950
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠุงุชูŠู† 1 ุฅู„ู‰ 2% ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุง ูˆุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู…ุด

46
00:03:46,950 --> 00:03:50,270
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urine ูˆุงู„ู€ ammonia point 2 ููŠ ุงู„ู€

47
00:03:50,270 --> 00:03:55,270
plasma ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู€ concentration ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู€

48
00:03:55,270 --> 00:03:59,170
ammonia toxic ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุชู†ุชุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰

49
00:03:59,170 --> 00:04:04,730
ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุฃู‚ู„ ุณู…ูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ urea ูˆู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุจุงู„ู€ urine

50
00:04:04,730 --> 00:04:10,630
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ 2.8% ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง excretion ููŠ ุงู„ู€

51
00:04:10,630 --> 00:04:19,860
urine ุฃูŠุถุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆุฃูŠุถุง

52
00:04:19,860 --> 00:04:28,220
ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง nitrogen ุฃูˆ blood urea nitrogen ูŠุจู‚ู‰ 

53
00:04:28,220 --> 00:04:34,590
ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ู…ุง ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฒูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง 

54
00:04:34,590 --> 00:04:39,590
ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู† ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ุช ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… 

55
00:04:39,590 --> 00:04:44,050
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง nitrogen ุฃูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจูŠุณู…ู‰ ุฃูŠุถุง blood 

56
00:04:44,050 --> 00:04:47,950
urea nitrogen ูˆุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุณู…ูŠูŠู† ู„ู…ุง ู†ุญูƒูŠ

57
00:04:47,950 --> 00:04:55,230
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ molecular weight ู„ู€ ... ู„ู€

58
00:04:55,230 --> 00:04:59,570
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ concentration

59
00:04:59,570 --> 00:05:04,110
ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุง ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ blood urea nitrogen

60
00:05:04,110 --> 00:05:11,130
ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ nitrogen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ 

61
00:05:11,130 --> 00:05:14,230
ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅู…ุง ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูƒูƒู„ ุฃูˆ ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€

62
00:05:14,230 --> 00:05:17,650
nitrogen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ุนุจุฑ ุนู†ู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

63
00:05:17,650 --> 00:05:21,760
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูƒูƒู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ุช ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ูˆ 

64
00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:25,080
ุงู„ู€ blood urea nitrogen ุทุจุนุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนู„ู‰

65
00:05:25,080 --> 00:05:28,600
concentration ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจูŠู…ุซู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ 45

66
00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:34,620
ุฅู„ู‰ 50% ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ non-protein nitrogen compounds ูˆุงู„ู€

67
00:05:34,620 --> 00:05:38,780
urea ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู€ major execratory product of protein

68
00:05:38,780 --> 00:05:43,220
metabolism ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู…ู„ุช ุงู„ู€ breakdown ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ proteins

69
00:05:43,220 --> 00:05:50,250
ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง amino ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง deamination ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€

70
00:05:50,250 --> 00:05:55,970
amino group ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ protein ูˆุจุชุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ammonia ูˆุงู„ู€

71
00:05:55,970 --> 00:06:02,110
ammonia ูˆุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ุง toxic ูˆูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ... 

72
00:06:02,110 --> 00:06:08,850
ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฑูุน ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ pH ู„ู„ุฏู… ุงูŠู‡ ุจูŠ ... ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… 

73
00:06:08,850 --> 00:06:16,730
ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆู†ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุขุฎุฑ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง

74
00:06:16,730 --> 00:06:19,510
these processes release nitrogen which is

75
00:06:19,510 --> 00:06:21,650
converted to ammonia ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€

76
00:06:21,650 --> 00:06:24,910
break down ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ protein ูˆุงู„ู€ deamination ุงู„ู„ูŠ

77
00:06:24,910 --> 00:06:29,070
ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ amino group ูˆุงู„ู€ ammonia group ุชุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰

78
00:06:29,070 --> 00:06:35,330
ammonia ูˆุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู€ ammonia ุจุชุชุญูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ liver ูˆ

79
00:06:35,330 --> 00:06:40,790
ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ urea cycle ุจุชุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ urea ู…ู† ุงุชุญุงุฏ

80
00:06:40,790 --> 00:06:47,870
carbon dioxide CO2 ู…ุน ammonia ุชู…ุงู… ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

81
00:06:47,870 --> 00:06:54,470
ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง C double bond O NH2 NH2 ุทุจุนุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง

82
00:06:54,470 --> 00:06:57,990
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุณุงุจู‚ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ for ุงู„ู€ urea were based on

83
00:06:57,990 --> 00:07:03,450
measurement of nitrogen ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ูŠุงุณ

84
00:07:03,450 --> 00:07:09,010
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ nitrogen ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู€

85
00:07:09,010 --> 00:07:13,470
... ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ blood urea nitrogen ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ู…ุง

86
00:07:13,470 --> 00:07:17,530
ุฒุงู„ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

87
00:07:17,530 --> 00:07:22,030
ู‡ูˆ blood urea nitrogen executed by the kidneys 40

88
00:07:22,030 --> 00:07:26,330
percent reabsorbed ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง filtration 

89
00:07:26,330 --> 00:07:34,390
ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุชู†ู‚ุถ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฏู… ุจูŠุงู†ุชู‡ุฌ ุนู†ู‡ ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู€ 

90
00:07:34,390 --> 00:07:38,090
... ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ ... ุงู„ู€ filtrate ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ

91
00:07:38,090 --> 00:07:41,730
ุจุงู„ู€ filtrate ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุฑุฌุน ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง reabsorption ู…ุฑุฉ

92
00:07:41,730 --> 00:07:45,890
ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฑุฌุน ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุจุชุฏุฎู„

93
00:07:45,890 --> 00:07:49,190
ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง 

94
00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:53,930
ุชู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ filtrate ูˆ

95
00:07:53,930 --> 00:07:58,850
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง reabsorption ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู€

96
00:07:58,850 --> 00:08:06,730
40% ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุจุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ู„ุฏู… ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃูŠุถุง

97
00:08:06,730 --> 00:08:10,590
ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ excretion ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ gastro

98
00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:13,790
-intestinal tract ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ skin ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

99
00:08:13,790 --> 00:08:16,670
ุจูŠู…ุซู„ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 10%

100
00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:23,620
ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุฏุฏ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

101
00:08:23,620 --> 00:08:29,480
ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ renal function ุฃูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง

102
00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:35,160
ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€ non protein nitrogen compounds

103
00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,780
ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุถู…ู†ู‡ุง ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃูˆ ู„ูŠู‡

104
00:08:39,780 --> 00:08:44,090
ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ renal function ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุงุช ู„ู€

105
00:08:44,090 --> 00:08:48,190
ุงู„ู€ concentration of urea ุงู„ู€ renal function ุฅุฐุง 

106
00:08:48,190 --> 00:08:52,910
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ renal function ู†ู‚ุตุช ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ 

107
00:08:52,910 --> 00:08:59,430
ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urea ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ 

108
00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:05,960
ุฃูŠุถุง ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ู€ dietary intake ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ู€ ... ุงู„ู€

109
00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:10,040
... ุงู„ู€ urea ู‡ูŠ ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ catabolism ู„ู„ู€ protein

110
00:09:10,040 --> 00:09:15,320
ุงู„ู€ breakdown ู„ู„ู€ protein ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ urea ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅุฐุง

111
00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:19,840
ูƒุงู† ุฒุงุฏุช ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ protein ููŠ ุงู„ู€ diet ุชู…ุงู…

112
00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:23,620
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง breakdown ู„ู€ proteins ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ

113
00:09:23,620 --> 00:09:28,220
amino acids ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆู‡ุชุฑุชูุน ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ urea ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

114
00:09:28,220 --> 00:09:35,740
ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ุง ูŠุฎุฒู† ุงู„ู€ amino acids ุชู…ุงู… ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ุง 

115
00:09:35,740 --> 00:09:38,320
ูŠุฎุฒู† ุงู„ู€ amino acids ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ amino acids

116
00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:46,860
ุงู„ุฒุงุฆุฏุฉ ุนู† ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง breakdown ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏ

117
00:09:46,860 --> 00:09:51,320
ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ concentration protein catabolism rate

118
00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:57,860
ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ breakdown ู„ู„ู€ proteins ุฅุฐุง ุฒุงุฏุช ุงู„ู€

119
00:09:57,860 --> 00:10:01,220
breakdown ู„ู€ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ catabolism ู„ู„ู€ protein ู„ุณุจุจ ุฃูˆ 

120
00:10:01,220 --> 00:10:06,180
ู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ุญูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ urea concentration

121
00:10:06,180 --> 00:10:11,100
ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠู‘ุง ูˆุทุจุนุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ู„ูŠุด ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ุงู„ู€ urea

122
00:10:11,100 --> 00:10:14,260
concentration ู„ูŠุด ุจูŠุทู„ุจูˆุง ุถู…ู† ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ู€ urea

123
00:10:15,510 --> 00:10:22,050
ุทุจุนุง ู„ู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ

124
00:10:22,050 --> 00:10:25,210
measurement of urea is used to evaluate renal

125
00:10:25,210 --> 00:10:30,690
function ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู„ุฃู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุงุช ู„ุฅูŠ ุงู„ู€

126
00:10:30,690 --> 00:10:33,230
concentration ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ renal function

127
00:10:33,230 --> 00:10:37,050
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุตุช ุงู„ู€ renal

128
00:10:37,050 --> 00:10:40,610
function ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ urea concentration

129
00:10:40,610 --> 00:10:48,520
ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู€ hydration status ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

130
00:10:48,520 --> 00:10:52,200
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง reabsorption ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ 

131
00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:55,920
ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ู„ุฏู… ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ concentration

132
00:10:55,920 --> 00:11:00,600
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุฏุฏู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู€

133
00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:05,000
hydration status ู„ู„ู€ patient ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุดุฎุต ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ the

134
00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:08,380
amount of urine reabsorbed depends on urine flow

135
00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:15,690
rate and extent of hydration ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ 

136
00:11:15,690 --> 00:11:20,130
dehydrated ููŠู‡ ุตุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู†ู‚ุต ุจุงู„ู…ุงุก ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ู…ู…ูƒู†

137
00:11:20,130 --> 00:11:25,430
ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ reabsorption

138
00:11:25,430 --> 00:11:29,490
ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ reabsorption ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ

139
00:11:29,490 --> 00:11:35,830
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู„ู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ urine ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุฑุฌุน

140
00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:40,990
ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุง ูŠูู‚ุฏุด 

141
00:11:40,990 --> 00:11:48,830
ู…ูŠู‡ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„

142
00:11:48,830 --> 00:11:54,300
reabsorption  ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ urea

143
00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:58,740
concentration ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ nitrogen balance

144
00:11:58,740 --> 00:12:02,180
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูุงูƒุฑ .. ุฅุฐุง ูุงูƒุฑูŠู† ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ nitrogen

145
00:12:02,180 --> 00:12:06,120
balance ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ nitrogen intake ู†ุงู‚ุต ุงู„

146
00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:11,060
nitrogen loss ูˆ ุงู„ nitrogen loss ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูˆูู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡

147
00:12:11,060 --> 00:12:13,220
ุงู„ non-protein nitrogen compounds ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู„ุญ

148
00:12:13,220 --> 00:12:17,680
excretion ููŠ ุงู„ urine ุงู„ urea ุจุชู…ุซู„ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠู†

149
00:12:17,680 --> 00:12:22,690
ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุชุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„

150
00:12:22,690 --> 00:12:29,170
ุญุณุงุจู†ุง ู„ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู†ุนุฑู ูŠุฏุงุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ nitrogen

151
00:12:29,170 --> 00:12:32,590
loss ูŠุฏุงุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ nitrogen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠูู‚ุฏู‡ุง

152
00:12:32,590 --> 00:12:39,130
ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุญุณุจ ุงู„ nitrogen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„

153
00:12:39,130 --> 00:12:44,130
ู„ู„ุฌุณู… ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ diet ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡

154
00:12:44,130 --> 00:12:48,010
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆ ุจู‡ูŠูƒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุญุณุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ nitrogen

155
00:12:48,420 --> 00:12:52,580
balance ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ nitrogen intake ู†ุงู‚ุต ุงู„

156
00:12:52,580 --> 00:12:55,780
nitrogen loss ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ nitrogen

157
00:12:55,780 --> 00:13:00,100
balance ุฃูŠุถุง  and aid in the diagnosis of renal disease

158
00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:05,140
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุจุชู†ุทู„ุจ ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

159
00:13:05,140 --> 00:13:10,760
ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ renal function ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ

160
00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:15,920
ู…ุฑุถ ุฃุตุงุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃ ุฒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„

161
00:13:15,920 --> 00:13:19,800
ู…ู…ูƒู† acute kidney failure ุฃูˆ chronic kidney

162
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:25,560
failure ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃูŠุถุง to verify adequacy

163
00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:30,360
of dialysisุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… renal failure

164
00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:35,740
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุงูˆ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆุง ุจุบุณูŠู„ ู„ู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ dialysis

165
00:13:35,740 --> 00:13:42,380
ูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุญุตู†ุง ู„ ุงู„ urea concentration ู†ุนุฑู

166
00:13:42,380 --> 00:13:47,880
ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนุฏุฏ ู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ูˆ ูุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ูƒุงููŠุฉ

167
00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:52,720
ู„ุชู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู… ุงูˆ ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ urea

168
00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:59,470
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุฃูˆ

169
00:13:59,470 --> 00:14:03,410
ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ urea

170
00:14:03,410 --> 00:14:12,100
concentration ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูˆ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ู‰ ุชุณู…ู‰ AzotemiaูŠุจู‚ู‰

171
00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:17,060
ุงู„ุงุฒูˆุชูŠู…ูŠุง ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง elevated concentration of urea

172
00:14:17,060 --> 00:14:23,420
in blood ุงู„ุขู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ urea ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† renal

173
00:14:23,420 --> 00:14:28,240
failure ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูุดู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ุชู…ุงู… ุฒู‰ ู…ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†

174
00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:31,920
ููŠู‡ุง ูุดู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุชุฑุชูุน ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช

175
00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:36,240
ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ excretion

176
00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:40,880
ุญูŠุตูŠุฑู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู†ุงุชุฌ

177
00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:48,780
ุนู† renal failure ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ uremia

178
00:14:48,780 --> 00:14:55,080
ุฃูˆ the uremic syndromeูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ uremia ุฃูˆ

179
00:14:55,080 --> 00:14:59,300
the uremic syndrome ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูƒุงู† ููŠู†ุง renal failure

180
00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:08,860
ูุดู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ูˆุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ู…ูƒู†

181
00:15:08,860 --> 00:15:18,990
ุฃู† ู†ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุฒูˆุชูŠู…ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ุช ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจุจ

182
00:15:18,990 --> 00:15:25,330
ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ pre-renal ุชู…ุงู… ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰

183
00:15:25,330 --> 00:15:31,030
ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฃูˆ renalุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ post-renal ููŠ

184
00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:35,810
ุงู„ู€ pre-renal ุฃุฒูˆุชูŠู…ูŠุง ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุณู… pre ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง

185
00:15:35,810 --> 00:15:41,610
ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„

186
00:15:41,610 --> 00:15:46,570
ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุณู„ูŠู…ุฉ ู…ุงููŠุด ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ

187
00:15:46,570 --> 00:15:51,190
ุญุฏุซุช ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง

188
00:15:52,910 --> 00:15:58,570
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ reduced renal blood flow ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ

189
00:15:58,570 --> 00:16:03,830
ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุจุชุตู„ ู„ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ less

190
00:16:03,830 --> 00:16:08,500
blood is delivered to the kidneyูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู…

191
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:13,360
ู‡ุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ ุงู„ kidney ูˆ ู‡ุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ ุงู„ glomerulus ูˆ

192
00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:19,760
ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ less urea filtered ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃู‚ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…

193
00:16:19,760 --> 00:16:23,680
ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑ ุชู†ู‚ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู… ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑ

194
00:16:23,680 --> 00:16:28,600
ููŠู†ุง excretion ู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ urea ููŠ ุงู„ urine ูˆ

195
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:33,820
ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ู„ ุงู„ urea ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

196
00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:41,380
ุชู…ุงู… ุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐุงู‡ูˆ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ kidney ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ุฎุฏู†ุง

197
00:16:41,380 --> 00:16:47,120
ู…ู‚ุทุน ูˆ ูƒุจุฑู†ุงู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ kidney ู‡ู†ุง

198
00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:51,860
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ cortex ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุถู„ุฉ ูˆ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุณุงุจู‚ุง

199
00:16:51,860 --> 00:16:58,110
ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ nephronู‡ูˆ ุงู„ functional unit ู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ูŠุจู‚ู‰

200
00:16:58,110 --> 00:17:02,330
ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุธูŠููŠุฉ ู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ูุฑูˆู† ุชู…ุงู… ูˆู‡ูŠ ู‡ู†

201
00:17:02,330 --> 00:17:07,170
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู†ูุฑูˆู† ูˆู‡ูŠ ู‡ู† ููŠ ู†ูุฑูˆู† ุขุฎุฑ ู„ุงู† ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ูƒุจุฑู†ุง

202
00:17:07,170 --> 00:17:13,870
ุงู„ู†ูุฑูˆู† ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุฑูˆู† ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ glomerulus ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

203
00:17:13,870 --> 00:17:20,120
ุงู„ tubulesุทุจุนุง ุงู„ glomerulus ูˆูŠู† ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฏู…

204
00:17:20,120 --> 00:17:25,220
ุทุจุนุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฏู… ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ .. ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

205
00:17:25,220 --> 00:17:29,240
ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุงู† ู„ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ kidney ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชูุฑุน ูˆ

206
00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:34,320
ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ู‡ุงู† ุงู„ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏุฎู„ ู„ ุงู„ glomerulus ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

207
00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:40,340
ุงู„ afferent arteriole ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุฏุฎู„ ู„ ุงู„ู†ูุฑูˆู† ุนู†

208
00:17:40,340 --> 00:17:46,270
ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ afferent arterioleูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจูŠุชุดุนุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุดุจูƒุฉ

209
00:17:46,270 --> 00:17:50,830
ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ูŠู…ุฑ ุจู‡ุฐู‡

210
00:17:50,830 --> 00:17:56,070
ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ efferent arteriole ูŠุจู‚ู‰

211
00:17:56,070 --> 00:18:02,930
ุงู„ุฏู… ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุชู†ู‚ูŠุฉ

212
00:18:02,930 --> 00:18:06,230
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง filtration ุทุจุนุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฒู‰ ุฒู‰

213
00:18:06,230 --> 00:18:13,370
ุงู„ู…ุตูุงูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุซู‚ูˆุจ ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ

214
00:18:13,370 --> 00:18:16,970
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุฏู… ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ุง ูŠุชู… ูู„ุชุฑุชู‡

215
00:18:16,970 --> 00:18:22,050
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุฃุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุชู…

216
00:18:22,050 --> 00:18:27,590
ูู„ุชุฑุชู‡ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง filtration ูˆูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุชุฏุฎู„

217
00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:31,370
ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ molecular weight

218
00:18:31,370 --> 00:18:36,190
ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุตุบุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ

219
00:18:36,190 --> 00:18:42,350
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ tubulesุทุจุนุง ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก

220
00:18:42,350 --> 00:18:46,670
ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุฌุณู… ุจูŠุตูŠู„ู‡ุง reabsorption ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุตูŠู„ู‡ุง

221
00:18:46,670 --> 00:18:49,370
ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ tubules ูˆ

222
00:18:49,370 --> 00:18:52,910
ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุชู…

223
00:18:52,910 --> 00:18:58,990
ูู„ุชุฑุชู‡ุง ุจุชู…ุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ tubes ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก

224
00:18:58,990 --> 00:19:03,970
ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ tubes ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ูˆ

225
00:19:03,970 --> 00:19:08,750
ions ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ filtrateู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู…ุง ุชุตูˆุจ ุจูŠ

226
00:19:08,750 --> 00:19:13,150
ุงู„ collecting duct ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฏูŠ ุทุจุนุง ุจุชุตุจ

227
00:19:13,150 --> 00:19:17,870
ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุจ ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู†ุฉ ูˆ ุจุชุทู„ุน ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุฅู„ู‰

228
00:19:17,870 --> 00:19:23,230
ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุฏุฎู„ ุนู†

229
00:19:23,230 --> 00:19:27,470
ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ afferent arterioleูˆ ุฌุฏุด ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…

230
00:19:27,470 --> 00:19:32,490
ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ุชุฏุฎู„ ู‡ุงู†ุŒ ุฌุฏุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุง ูู„ุชุฑุฉ ูˆ ุฌุฏุด

231
00:19:32,490 --> 00:19:36,970
ู‡ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ุง filtered ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ู‰

232
00:19:36,970 --> 00:19:41,950
ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑู‡ุง ูู„ุชุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุงุŒ ูุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฒุงุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

233
00:19:41,950 --> 00:19:46,020
ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฏุฎู„ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ูŠุชูƒูˆู† filtrate

234
00:19:46,020 --> 00:19:49,980
ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ filtrate ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† urea ูˆู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ

235
00:19:49,980 --> 00:19:54,160
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง excretion ู„ urea ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ู„ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

236
00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:59,420
ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ู„ glomerulus ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„

237
00:19:59,420 --> 00:20:03,480
filtrate ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃู‚ู„ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชู†ู‚ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃู‚ู„

238
00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:06,940
ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ urea ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุฏุฎู„ ุจุงู„ filtrate ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃู‚ู„

239
00:20:06,940 --> 00:20:11,480
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุฑุชูุน ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ ureaููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

240
00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,060
ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง reduction ู„

241
00:20:14,060 --> 00:20:19,900
blood flow ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุจุนุง decrease ููŠ ุงู„

242
00:20:19,900 --> 00:20:22,600
blood ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตู„ ู„ ุงู„ kidney ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง

243
00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:28,160
filtered ู„ุฃู† anything that produces a decrease in

244
00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:32,070
functional blood volumeุจุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู‡ูŠุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ blood

245
00:20:32,070 --> 00:20:35,990
volume ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…ุŒ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

246
00:20:35,990 --> 00:20:42,190
ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตู„ ู„ู„ kidney ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุฒูŠ ุงู„

247
00:20:42,190 --> 00:20:46,250
congestive heart failure ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุถุนู ู…ู…ูƒู†

248
00:20:46,250 --> 00:20:50,770
ููŠ ุนุถู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุจุฌู‡ุฉ ุฏู‡ ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ

249
00:20:50,770 --> 00:20:55,050
ุงู„ุฏู… ุฃูˆ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุตู„ ู„ู„ kidney ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

250
00:20:55,050 --> 00:21:00,680
ุงู„ุฏู… ุฃู‚ู„ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ูู„ุชุฑุฉุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ shock

251
00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:05,940
ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฏู… ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„

252
00:21:05,940 --> 00:21:10,340
hemorrhage ุงู„ู†ุฒูŠู ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู†ุฒูŠู ุจูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„

253
00:21:10,340 --> 00:21:12,860
blood volume ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ blood pressure

254
00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:17,660
ูˆ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ dehydrationุทุจุนุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

255
00:21:17,660 --> 00:21:21,240
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ุŒ ู†ู‚ุต

256
00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:25,080
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ

257
00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:29,700
ุงู„ู…ูŠู‡ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ blood volume

258
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:33,380
ูˆ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ blood volumeุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุญูŠู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ blood

259
00:21:33,380 --> 00:21:39,510
pressureุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฃุณุจุงุจ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰

260
00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:43,110
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ blood pressure ุฃูˆ ุงู„

261
00:21:43,110 --> 00:21:47,050
blood volume ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ blood

262
00:21:47,050 --> 00:21:51,190
pressure ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู… ู‡ุชุตู„ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู‰

263
00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:56,790
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ less urea is filtered ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุง high

264
00:21:56,790 --> 00:22:02,430
protein diet or increased catabolismุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู‡ุฏูˆู„

265
00:22:02,430 --> 00:22:06,090
ุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ุง ู„ู‡ู… ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุฅู†ู‡ ุฒุงุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„

266
00:22:06,090 --> 00:22:11,030
.. ุงู„ protein ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณุชู‡ู„ูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง

267
00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:14,610
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ amino acids ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุชุญูˆู„ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ

268
00:22:14,610 --> 00:22:19,110
ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง excretion ู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฃูˆ ู‡ุชุฑุชูุน

269
00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:23,230
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ urea ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ increase

270
00:22:23,230 --> 00:22:26,870
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ catabolism ูˆุฃุณุจุงุจ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰

271
00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:31,390
ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ catabolism ุฒูŠ ุงู„ ูˆุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„

272
00:22:31,390 --> 00:22:36,790
major illness ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุฑุถ ุนุถุงู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ stress ู‡ุฐู‡

273
00:22:36,790 --> 00:22:42,410
ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ catabolism ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุนู…ู„ูŠ

274
00:22:42,410 --> 00:22:47,150
ุงู„ pre-renal azotemia ูˆุฅู† ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ renal

275
00:22:47,150 --> 00:22:52,820
azotemia ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณู…ุขู† ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ

276
00:22:52,820 --> 00:22:58,480
ุงู„ kidney ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ kidney ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุฏุช

277
00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:02,760
ุฅู„ู‰ less excretion ุฃูˆ less filtration of urea

278
00:23:02,760 --> 00:23:06,460
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ less excretion ู„ู€ ุงู„ urea ููŠ ุงู„ urine

279
00:23:06,460 --> 00:23:11,210
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃุฏู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…decreased renal function

280
00:23:11,210 --> 00:23:14,750
causes increased blood urea due to poor excretion


281
00:23:14,750 --> 00:23:18,830
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง excretion ุฃู‚ู„ ูˆุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„

282
00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:21,670
acute and chronic renal failure ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูุดู„ 

283
00:23:21,670 --> 00:23:26,350
ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฒู…ู†ุŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง glomerular nephritis

284
00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:31,190
ุงู„ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ glomerulus ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ

285
00:23:31,190 --> 00:23:35,290
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ glomerulus ูˆู‡ุงู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ 

286
00:23:35,290 --> 00:23:41,850
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ decrease ููŠ ุงู„ู€ filtration ูˆู‡ุฐุง 

287
00:23:41,850 --> 00:23:46,510
ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุทุจุนุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฃูŠุถุง

288
00:23:46,510 --> 00:23:52,180
tubular necrosis ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ูˆ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ูˆุช ู„ู„ู€ .. ู„ู„ู€

289
00:23:52,180 --> 00:23:56,700
tubules caused by a lack of oxygen to the kidney

290
00:23:56,700 --> 00:24:01,680
tissues ูˆ other intrinsic renal disease ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฑุถู‡ 

291
00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:06,180
ุฃูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุฑุถ ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ูƒุฏู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€

292
00:24:06,180 --> 00:24:10,460
filtration ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุฑูุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู€

293
00:24:10,460 --> 00:24:15,690
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ low post-renal

294
00:24:15,690 --> 00:24:19,010
azotemia ุจุฌู‡ุงู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ kidney ู…ุงููŠุด ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ

295
00:24:19,010 --> 00:24:24,680
ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงุจุชู‚ุน ู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู€ kidney ูŠุจู‚ู‰ postrenal

296
00:24:24,680 --> 00:24:30,460
azotemia ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู€ obstruction ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† 

297
00:24:30,460 --> 00:24:36,880
ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ flow of urine ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู‡ูŠุนูŠู‚

298
00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:41,940
ุงู„ู€ flow of urine ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุนู…ู„ postrenal azotemia

299
00:24:41,940 --> 00:24:47,360
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ obstruction of urine flow ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงู†ุณุฏุงุฏ 

300
00:24:47,360 --> 00:24:51,780
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู€ renal stones ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ calcolite

301
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:57,460
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุญุตูˆุงุช ุชูƒูˆู†ุช ูˆุฅุฌุช ุงู„ุญุตูˆุงุช 

302
00:24:57,460 --> 00:25:03,340
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุนู…ู„ุช ู„ุฅู†ุณุฏุงุฏ ููŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุจุŒ ุงู‡ ูŠุจุฌูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ 

303
00:25:03,340 --> 00:25:07,500
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ู€ post-renal azotemia ู„ุฃู†ู‡ 

304
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:11,770
ุงู„ุงู†ุณุฏุงุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ function ู„ู„ูƒู„ู‰ ูˆุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ

305
00:25:11,770 --> 00:25:17,610
ุงู„ู€ filtration ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฑูุนู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

306
00:25:17,610 --> 00:25:23,130
ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ tumors ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ bladder ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ 

307
00:25:23,130 --> 00:25:27,410
ุจุชุณูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ prostate ุงู‡ ุงู„ู€ tumors ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณูŠุจ ุงู„ู€

308
00:25:27,410 --> 00:25:32,270
bladder ุชู…ุงู… ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุนู…ู„ูŠ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ุณุฏุงุฏ ุฃูˆ

309
00:25:32,270 --> 00:25:37,120
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ prostate ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Benign

310
00:25:37,120 --> 00:25:41,680
Prostatic Hyperplasia ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุชุถุฎู… ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

311
00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:47,880
ุงู„ุจุฑุณุชุงุชุงุŒ ุฎุฏุช ุงู„ุจุฑุณุชุงุชุงุŒ ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ ุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุฑู‰

312
00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:54,680
ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ urine flow ุฃูŠุถุง

313
00:25:54,680 --> 00:25:58,660
severe infections ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุตูŠุฑ

314
00:25:58,660 --> 00:26:05,420
ู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€ kidney ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐูŠ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุชุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰

315
00:26:05,420 --> 00:26:09,020
ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ urine flow ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุนู…ู„ 

316
00:26:09,020 --> 00:26:11,380
postrenal azotemia

317
00:26:14,270 --> 00:26:17,630
ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ decreased

318
00:26:17,630 --> 00:26:23,710
urea nitrogen ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุฒูŠ 

319
00:26:23,710 --> 00:26:27,590
ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู…ุฑุชุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ู€ diet ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง

320
00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:32,970
ูƒุงู† ุฒุงุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ protein consumption ุญูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

321
00:26:32,970 --> 00:26:39,050
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ู„ู‘ ุงู„ู€ protein consumption

322
00:26:39,050 --> 00:26:41,790
ุฃูˆ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุงู„ู€ protein ุฏู‡ ู‚ู„ู‘ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ุจูŠู‚ุฏุฑ

323
00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:47,490
ูŠู‚ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ decrease ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†

324
00:26:48,530 --> 00:26:52,330
ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู€ liver disease ุงุญู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู† 

325
00:26:52,330 --> 00:26:56,390
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุจุชูˆุตู„ .. ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง synthesis ููŠ ุงู„ู€ liver

326
00:26:56,390 --> 00:27:01,150
because ูƒุงู† ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ liverุŒ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ 

327
00:27:01,150 --> 00:27:03,410
ุนู†ุฏูŠ liver diseaseุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ lack of 

328
00:27:03,410 --> 00:27:05,890
synthesisุŒ ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ decrease ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ 

329
00:27:05,890 --> 00:27:13,050
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุงุŒ ุฃูŠุถุง severe vomiting and or  ุฅุณู‡ุงู„ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง 

330
00:27:13,050 --> 00:27:18,530
ู‚ูŠุก ุฃูˆ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุฅุณู‡ุงู„ ุชู…ุงู… ุจุฌุฏ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ

331
00:27:18,530 --> 00:27:24,630
ููŠู‡ ุฏุฎูˆู„ ู„ู€ protein ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ diet ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ 

332
00:27:24,630 --> 00:27:28,390
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ loss ู„ู€ proteins ูˆุงู„ู€ amino 

333
00:27:28,390 --> 00:27:34,390
acids ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ุฌุณู… ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ 

334
00:27:34,390 --> 00:27:39,440
urea concentration ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ 

335
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:44,600
ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ protein synthesisุŒ ู‡ุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ

336
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:50,580
ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู„ู€ .. ู„ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุงู„ู€ proteins ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุตูŠุฑ ููŠ 

337
00:27:50,580 --> 00:27:56,280
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง loss ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ decrease ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urea

338
00:27:56,280 --> 00:28:00,720
nitrogenุŒ ุทุจ ูƒูŠู ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู‚ูŠุณ ุงู„ู€ urea ุงู„ู€ analytical 

339
00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:03,760
methodsุŒ ุงู„ู€ sales for urea were based on measuring

340
00:28:03,760 --> 00:28:07,420
the amount of nitrogen in the sample ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ 

341
00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:11,700
ุณุงุจู‚ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุชู… ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€ nitrogen ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

342
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:14,800
sample ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงุณู… blood urea nitrogen

343
00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:20,600
Current analytic methods have retained this custom

344
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,920
and urea often is reported in terms of nitrogen

345
00:28:23,920 --> 00:28:29,320
concentration rather than urea concentrationุŒ ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง

346
00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:35,580
ู„ุณู‡ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ููŠ ุจู„ุฏุงู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ุช

347
00:28:35,580 --> 00:28:40,920
ุจุชุตุฏุฑ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€ urea ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ urea nitrogen ุฃูˆ 

348
00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:45,670
blood urea nitrogenุŒ ุงู„ู€ Urea Nitrogen Concentration

349
00:28:45,670 --> 00:28:48,510
Can Be Converted To Urea Concentration By

350
00:28:48,510 --> 00:28:55,790
Multiplying By 2.14ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุตุงุฏุฑุฉ

351
00:28:55,790 --> 00:28:58,370
ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ Blood Urea Nitrogen ุฃูˆ Urea

352
00:28:58,370 --> 00:29:02,770
Nitrogen ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญูˆู‘ู„ู‡ุง ู„ู€ Urea ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ

353
00:29:02,770 --> 00:29:09,070
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ููŠ 2.14ุŒ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู…ู†

354
00:29:09,070 --> 00:29:12,010
Blood Urea Nitrogen ุฅู„ู‰ Urea

355
00:29:17,430 --> 00:29:22,890
ุทุจุนุง ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุฅุฌุชู†ุง ุงู„ู€ 2.14 ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ atopic mass ู„ู„ู€ 

356
00:29:22,890 --> 00:29:33,730
nitrogen 14 ูˆุงู„ู€ molecular mass ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง 60.06ุŒ ุทุจ

357
00:29:33,730 --> 00:29:38,670
ู„ูˆ ุญุณุจู†ุง ุงู„ู€ atoms ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ู‡ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€

358
00:29:38,670 --> 00:29:44,860
molecular mass ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง 60.06 gram per moleุŒ ุงู„ุขู† 

359
00:29:44,860 --> 00:29:49,560
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูˆูู†ุง ุจุงู„ู€ figure ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง

360
00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:56,060
ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ two nitrogen atoms ูˆุงู„ู€ nitrogen atom

361
00:29:56,060 --> 00:30:01,780
ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุทุงุดุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ two nitrogen atoms ู‡ูŠุฏูˆู†ูŠ

362
00:30:01,780 --> 00:30:10,390
ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† gram per mole ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ 28 ู…ู† 60.06

363
00:30:10,390 --> 00:30:14,290
gram per mole ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ molecular mass ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠ ู„ู€

364
00:30:14,290 --> 00:30:19,810
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ nitrogen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

365
00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,040
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุจูŠู…ุซู„ 46.6% ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง weight ุชู…ุงู…

366
00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:34,460
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญูˆู„ ุฃุณุจูˆุนูŠู† ู…ุซุงู„ 10 milligram ู…ู† ุงู„ู€

367
00:30:34,460 --> 00:30:39,540
blood urea nitrogen ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู‚ุณู… 

368
00:30:39,540 --> 00:30:49,500
ุนู„ู‰ .466 ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุถุฑุจ ุจ 2.14 

369
00:30:52,220 --> 00:30:58,340
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุงู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ 60.06 ู…ู† 

370
00:30:58,340 --> 00:31:01,520
ุงู„ู€ 60.06 ุนู†ุฏู†ุง 28 ู‡ู… 

371
00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:07,120
ุงู„ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ nitrogen ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒู„ 60.06

372
00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:14,460
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง milligram per deciliter of ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠู‡ู…

373
00:31:14,460 --> 00:31:17,120
28 milligram per deciliter ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ 

374
00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:22,110
nitrogen ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง 1 milligram per deciliter ู…ู† 

375
00:31:22,110 --> 00:31:25,830
ุงู„ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅูŠุฏูŠุงุด ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰

376
00:31:25,830 --> 00:31:33,850
60.06 ุถุฑุจ 1 ุนู„ู‰ 28 ู‡ูŠุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ 2.14 ุนุดุงู† 

377
00:31:33,850 --> 00:31:39,070
ู†ุญูˆู„ ู…ู† blood urea nitrogen ู„ู€ urea ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุถุฑุจ ุจ 2

378
00:31:39,070 --> 00:31:45,880
.14ุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญูˆู„ ู…ู† ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฒูŠ ูƒุงู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฅู†ู‡

379
00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:51,000
ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ู„ู€ blood urea nitrogen

380
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:57,200
ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ู„ู€ nitrogen ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุถุฑุจ ุจ .466 ุทูŠุจ

381
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:01,100
ุงู„ู€ analytical methods ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ 

382
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:08,010
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู€ methods ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠูŠุฒ

383
00:32:08,010 --> 00:32:15,190
ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠูŠุฒ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ hydrolysis ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆุงู„ู€ nitrogen 

384
00:32:15,190 --> 00:32:21,410
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุจุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ammonium ion ุทุจุนุง 

385
00:32:21,410 --> 00:32:27,170
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูˆู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉุŒ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู…ุน ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ 

386
00:32:27,170 --> 00:32:34,150
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠูŠุฒ ุงู†ุฒูŠู… ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ammonium ion ูˆุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ CO3

387
00:32:36,910 --> 00:32:42,110
ุงู„ุขู† ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€ ammonium ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุชุฌุช ู…ู…ูƒู† ููŠู‡

388
00:32:42,110 --> 00:32:45,090
ุฃู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† method ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุนู…ู„

389
00:32:45,090 --> 00:32:49,970
detection ู„ู„ุงู…ูˆู†ูŠุงุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ methods ุงู„ู„ูŠ 

390
00:32:49,970 --> 00:32:55,540
ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู‡ุงุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ methods ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู€

391
00:32:55,540 --> 00:32:59,860
methods ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุฅู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€

392
00:32:59,860 --> 00:33:05,400
ammonium ู…ุน ฮฑ-ketoglutarate ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ enzyme

393
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:10,520
glutamate dehydrogenase ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง glutamate ูˆ H2O

394
00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:17,340
ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงุฏ ุฃุชุด

395
00:33:17,340 --> 00:33:22,580
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ common coenzymeุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงุฏ ุฃุชุด ุจุชุญูˆู„ 

396
00:33:22,580 --> 00:33:29,580
ุฅู„ู‰ NADุŒ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุทุจ ูƒูŠู ุจู†ุนู…ู„ detection ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงุฏ ุฃุชุด 

397
00:33:29,580 --> 00:33:41,920
absorbs light at 340 nanometerุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฏ ู„ุฃ ุทุจุนุง

398
00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:51,520
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงุญู†ุง ุดูู†ุง ุงู„ู€ absorbance ุนู„ู‰ 340 ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ 

399
00:33:51,520 --> 00:33:58,460
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ู€ absorbance ุจูŠุนูƒุณ ู„ูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€

400
00:33:58,460 --> 00:34:01,520
ammonium ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนูƒุณ ู„ูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง

401
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:08,990
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง

402
00:34:08,990 --> 00:34:12,850
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ุงู„ุขู† 

403
00:34:12,850 --> 00:34:16,430
ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

404
00:34:16,430 --> 00:34:20,990
ุงู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒู„ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ

405
00:34:20,990 --> 00:34:25,030
ู„ู€ glutamate ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงุณุชู‡ู„ุงูƒ ู„ู„ู€ NADH

406
00:34:25,030 --> 00:34:30,690
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‡ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ NAD ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู‡ูŠู‚ู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€

407
00:34:30,690 --> 00:34:34,210
absorbance ุนู„ู‰ 340 ู„ุฃู† ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ NADH

408
00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:43,780
absorbs light at 340 ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฏ ู„ุฃุŒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ 

409
00:34:43,780 --> 00:34:47,220
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ 

410
00:34:47,220 --> 00:34:51,440
ูŠูˆุฑูŠูŠุฒ ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฅู„ู‰ ammonium ionุŒ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ 

411
00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:56,780
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… pH indicator ุชู…ุงู… ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„

412
00:34:56,780 --> 00:35:04,780
ู„ูŠ color exchangeุŒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุซุงู„ุซุฉ conductometric

413
00:35:06,220 --> 00:35:13,160
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุชุชุญูˆู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง

414
00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:16,900
ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ 

415
00:35:16,900 --> 00:35:21,940
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ conductivity ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠ 

416
00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:27,180
ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุฃูˆ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ 

417
00:35:27,180 --> 00:35:31,000
ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุนุฑู ูƒุฏู‡ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ ammonium

418
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:35,700
ion ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู†ุชุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ 

419
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:41,200
ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ู‡ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ammonium ion ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง 

420
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:46,060
ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ุฑ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุทุจุนุง 

421
00:35:46,060 --> 00:35:52,110
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‚ูŠุงุณู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ conductivity meter  ุงู„ู€ reference

422
00:35:52,110 --> 00:35:58,990
range ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ serum ู„ู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู€

423
00:35:58,990 --> 00:36:04,650
serum ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ 6 ุฅู„ู‰ 20 ู…ู„ูŠ ุฌุฑุงู… per deciliter ูˆููŠ 

424
00:36:04,650 --> 00:36:09,470
ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูŠูˆุฑูŠู† ุชู… ุฌู…ุนู‡ุง ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ 12 ุฅู„ู‰ 20 ุฌุฑุงู…

425
00:36:09,470 --> 00:36:14,050
per day ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†

426
00:36:14,050 --> 00:36:18,290
ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุถุฑุจ ุจ 2.14