aarjaneiro/planetmath huggingface dataset:
Henri Lebesgue

Henri Lebesgue

Henri Léon Lebesgue

(1875 - 1941) French mathematician and author best known for the

Lebesgue integral

, the last professional mathematician to publically call 1 a

prime number

.

The son of a typesetter who died of tuberculosis, young Henri continued his studies thanks to the efforts of his mother and attended the Ecole Normale Supérieure. By the time he turned 30, Lebesgue was a published book author with a book on primitive functions and another one on the

trigonometric series

. But to this day Lebesgue is remembered more for the Lebesgue integral and the

Lebesgue measure

. Lebesgue’s saying that “Mathematics

reduced

to general theories would be a beautiful form without content” has found its way into many quotation dictionaries.

Title

Henri Lebesgue

Canonical name

HenriLebesgue

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:40:23

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:40:23

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

5

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A55

Synonym

Henri Léon Lebesgue

Synonym

Henri Leon Lebesgue

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:18 2018 by

LaTeXML
Herta Freitag

Herta Freitag

Herta TauÃÅ¸ig Freitag

(1908 - 2000) Austrian mathematician, best known for her work on the

Fibonacci numbers

.

Freitag has Erdős number (

http://

planetmath

.org/ErdHosNumber

) 3. With Daniel Fielder she published an article in

Applications of Fibonacci Numbers

8

, while Fielder co-authored with Hoggatt an article in

Fibonacci Quarterly

11

, Hoggatt in turn wrote with Erdős an article “On

additive

partitions

of

integers

” in

Discrete Mathematics

22

.

Title

Herta Freitag

Canonical name

HertaFreitag

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:51:51

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:51:51

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

5

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

Herta Taußig Freitag

Synonym

Herta Taussig Freitag

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:19 2018 by

LaTeXML
Hilda Geiringer

Hilda Geiringer

Hilda Geiringer

sometimes referred to as Hilda von Mises (1893 - 1973) Austrian mathematician and educator who applied

probabilistic methods

to the study of genetics.

Born in Vienna of a Jewish Hungarian father and an Austrian mother, her parents helped her pay tuition at Vienna University. Even as a child, she displayed remarkable memory for numbers and formulas, which she is said to have inherited from her father. In 1917, she earned a Ph.D. for her thesis on

Fourier series

, after this she assisted Leon Lichtenstein, editor of a mathematics journal and one of her teachers “in the most essential sense.” Moving to Berlin in 1921, Geiringer married the electrical engineer Felix Pollaczek and her interests shifted to applied mathematics. She bore Felix a child, Magda, of whom she was given full custody after the divorce.

Around that time Geiringer started corresponding with

Albert Einstein

, who foreseeing the gathering threat of Nazism, hoped to get Geiringer to move to the

United States

. If Hitler hadn’t come to power, it is speculated that Geiringer would’ve become a full professor at the Berlin University. While in Berlin, she met Richard Edler von Mises, whom she followed to Turkey when he was appointed professor of statistics. Though they lived in a German enclave there, they both had to learn to speak Turkish.

In 1938, Geiringer finally came to the United States, to teach at the Bryn Mawr Women’s College and help in the scientific effort in support of the Allies in the war. After finally marrying von Mises in 1943, she went on to teach at Wheaton Women’s College (where she was half the math faculty) while applying to more prestigious universities like Princeton and Yale and being passed over just because of her gender. Her husband began teaching at Harvard in 1944, and after his death in 1953, she was offered a position there but never a full professorship. She edited her husband’s lectures into books.

In her spare time, Geiringer climbed mountains and went to orchestra concerts. She died in California.

References

1

J. L. Richards “Hilda Geiringer von Mises” in

Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook

L. Grinstein, P. Cambpell, ed.s New York: Greenwood Press (1987): 41 - 46

Title

Hilda Geiringer

Canonical name

HildaGeiringer

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:53:00

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:53:00

Owner

Mravinci (12996)

Last modified by

Mravinci (12996)

Numerical id

5

Author

Mravinci (12996)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A55

Synonym

Hilda von Mises

Synonym

Hilda Geiringer von Mises

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:21 2018 by

LaTeXML
Hyman Levy

Hyman Levy

Hyman Levy

(1889 - 1975) Scottish mathematician and author.

The son of a Jewish art dealer in Edinburgh, Hyman was the third oldest of eight children. Thanks to scholarships, he was able to go to Germany to study at the University of Göttingen. But because of World War I, Levy had to return to the United Kingdom. Researching aeronautics at the National Physical Laboratory, Levy published papers and books on mathematical applications pertaining to aeronautics. He also wrote about

differential equations

and probability.

In 1918, he married Marion Aitken, a Christian woman, despite the disapproval of his family. They had three children. Levy was in the Labour Party from 1920 to 1931, and then in 1931 he joined the British Communist Party. Despite his theoretical allegiance to the principles of communism, Levy became disappointed by the way the Russian communists treated Jews, and published on the topic, leading to his expulsion from the party in 1958.

Title

Hyman Levy

Canonical name

HymanLevy

Date of creation

2013-03-22 18:06:39

Last modified on

2013-03-22 18:06:39

Owner

Mravinci (12996)

Last modified by

Mravinci (12996)

Numerical id

4

Author

Mravinci (12996)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A55

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:23 2018 by

LaTeXML
Ingrid Daubechies

Ingrid Daubechies

Ingrid Daubechies

(1954 - ) Belgian mathematician and physicist, best known for Daubechies wavelets used in some image compression schemes.

The daughter of a civil engineer and a criminologist, Ingrid was as a child interested in the mathematics of base 10 representation of numbers and the workings of mechanical devices. After earning a degree in physics from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, she stayed there teaching and researching until 1984. That year she won the Louis Empain Prize for Physics, a sort of

Fields Medal

for Belgian physicists.

In 1987, her study of compression prompted her to move to America, specifically to work at the AT & T Bell Labs in New Jersey where she fell in love with mathematician

Robert Calderbank

. The two married that year and later both wound up teaching at Princeton. In 1994, the

American Mathematical Society

awarded her the Steele Prize for an expository paper on

wavelets

. In 1998, Daubechies coauthored with her husband a paper on “

Wavelet transforms

that map integers to integers” in

Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.

5

, giving her Erdős number (

http://

planetmath

.org/ErdHosNumber

) 3.

Daubechies has taught at Princeton since 1993.

Title

Ingrid Daubechies

Canonical name

IngridDaubechies

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:49:41

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:49:41

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

7

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A61

Classification

msc 01A65

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:25 2018 by

LaTeXML
International Congress of Mathematicians

International Congress of Mathematicians

The

International Congress of Mathematicians

(ICM) is a conference of mathematicians from all over the world held every four years in a different city. Interrupted by World War II, since 1950, the congress has met on the same year the FIFA World Cup is held. At the opening ceremony of the congress, the

Fields Medal

and other prizes are handed out.

Title

International Congress of Mathematicians

Canonical

name

InternationalCongressOfMathematicians

Date of creation

2013-03-22 17:24:52

Last modified on

2013-03-22 17:24:52

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

4

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Definition

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A61

Classification

msc 01A65

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:26 2018 by

LaTeXML
Irmgard Flügge-Lotz

Irmgard Flügge-Lotz

Irmgard Flügge-Lotz

née

Irmgard Lotz

(1903 - 1974) German mathematician and engineer, best known for her work on the mathematics of aerodynamics, the first female engineering professor at Stanford.

After her father was drafted for military service in World War I, the young Irmgard helped the family by becoming a math tutor. By high school and through college, she practically supported her family single-handedly. In college she was often the only woman in her class. In 1929 she earned a doctorate in engineering, but she had a tough time getting engineering jobs. Though limited, she had some choices available. Lotz went to work for the Aerodynamics Institute in Göttingen. After she solved a peculiarly thorny equation pertaining to wing lift

distribution

, Lotz was promoted to team leader. In 1938, she married the civil engineer Wilhelm Flügge and the pair moved to Berlin and later to the small town of Saulgau. After World War II, there was no need for the Flügges to undergo a denazification investigation, and they moved to France, and later to the

United States

, where they taught at Stanford. Flügge-Lotz started new engineering courses dealing with the mathematics of aerodynamics. In spite of suffering debilitating arthritis, Flügge-Lotz continued her engineering research even through retirement.

References

1

J. R. Spreiter & W. Flügge “Irmgard Flügge-Lotz” in

Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook

L. Grinstein, P. Cambpell, ed.s New York: Greenwood Press (1987): 33 - 40

Title

Irmgard Flügge-Lotz

Canonical name

IrmgardFluggeLotz

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:53:41

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:53:41

Owner

Mravinci (12996)

Last modified by

Mravinci (12996)

Numerical id

4

Author

Mravinci (12996)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

Irmgard Flugge-Lotz

Synonym

Irmgard Flügge

Synonym

Irmgard Lotz

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:28 2018 by

LaTeXML
Ivan Niven

Ivan Niven

Ivan Morton Niven

(25 October 1915 - 9 May 1999) was a Canadian mathematician who helped proved the conjectured answers for Waring’s problem. In 1997 he presented a paper on

integers

that are

divisible

by their

digit sum

, but the name given them by

Shri Dattathreya Ramachandra Kaprekar

, “

Harshad numbers

,” has stuck more than “Niven numbers.” Asteroid 12513 bears Niven’s name.

Title

Ivan Niven

Canonical name

IvanNiven

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:22:44

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:22:44

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

6

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

Ivan Morton Niven

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:30 2018 by

LaTeXML
Ivan Vinogradov

Ivan Vinogradov

Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov

(1891 - 1983) Soviet mathematician perhaps best known for almost solving Goldbach’s

conjecture

. A few years after Stalin’s death, Vinogradov headed the Soviet delegation to the

International Congress of Mathematicians

.

Not to be confused with A. I. Vinogradov.

Title

Ivan Vinogradov

Canonical

name

IvanVinogradov

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:25:39

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:25:39

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

4

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:32 2018 by

LaTeXML
Jacques Hadamard

Jacques Hadamard

Jacques Solomon Hadamard

(1865–1963) French mathematician best known for proving the

prime number theorem

and for the

Hadamard three-circle theorem

. Some concepts bearing his name include the

Hadamard matrix

, the

Hadamard product

, the Hadamard gate and the Hadamard transform.  Hadamard also studied the psychology of synesthesia in other mathematicians and physicists.

Title

Jacques Hadamard

Canonical name

JacquesHadamard

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:24:01

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:24:01

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

6

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A55

Synonym

Jacques Solomon Hadamard

Synonym

Jacques-Solomon Hadamard

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:33 2018 by

LaTeXML
Jessie MacWilliams

Jessie MacWilliams

Jessie MacWilliams

(1917 - 1990) British mathematician, best known for her work on

error-correcting codes

with

Neil Sloane

at the Bell Labs.

Born in Stoke-on-Trent, MacWilliams earned a bachelor’s and a master’s degree from Cambridge, then moved to the

United States

to continue her education at Harvard. After Harvard she began working at Bell Labs, where she assisted Sloane and co-authored with him

The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes

.

Because of her work with Sloane, one might guess MacWilliams has Erdős number (

http://

planetmath

.org/ErdHosNumber

) 3, but there’s actually an even shorter path: With Jacobus Hendricus van Lint, MacWilliams wrote a paper on “Generalized quadratic residue codes” for

IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory

24

. Lint in turn wrote with Erdős “On the number of

positive integers

≤

x

and free of

prime factors

>

y

” in

Simon Stevin

40

.

Title

Jessie MacWilliams

Canonical name

JessieMacWilliams

Date of creation

2013-03-22 17:18:50

Last modified on

2013-03-22 17:18:50

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

4

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:35 2018 by

LaTeXML
John Charles Fields

John Charles Fields

John Charles Fields

was a Canadian mathematician who was best known as the founder of the

Fields Medal

. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario on May 14, 1863 and died on August 9, 1932.

graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in 1880 and the University of Toronto in 1884, then studied at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. received his .D. in 1887 with the thesis

d

n

⁢

y

d

⁢

x

n

=

x

m

⁢

y

. He returned to Canada in 1902 to lecture at the University of Toronto.

was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1907 and fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1913.

Title

John Charles Fields

Canonical name

JohnCharlesFields

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:12:10

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:12:10

Owner

Mravinci (12996)

Last modified by

Mravinci (12996)

Numerical id

7

Author

Mravinci (12996)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

John C. Fields

Synonym

J. Charles Fields

Synonym

J. C. Fields

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:37 2018 by

LaTeXML
John Forbes Nash

John Forbes Nash

John Forbes Nash

(1928 - ) American mathematician whose life story inspired the film

A Beautiful Mind

, with Russell Crowe portraying him.

In his early twenties, Nash was already published in mathematics and economics journals. Two years after marrying Alicia Lopez-Harrison de Lardé, Nash was admitted to McLean Hospital to treat his schizophrenia. His favorite

prime number

being 23, he thought that a

Time

cover story on Pope John XXIII was some sort of secret message meant for him. He continued to teach at Princeton while receiving various treatments.

Nash won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1994. Sylvia Nassar’s biography of Nash won a Pulitzer Prize in 1998 and was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 2001.

Title

John Forbes Nash

Canonical name

JohnForbesNash

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:35:20

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:35:20

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

4

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A61

Classification

msc 01A65

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:38 2018 by

LaTeXML
John Horton Conway

John Horton Conway

John Horton Conway

(1937 - ) British mathematician, best known for his work in

number theory

and game theory. Conway invented the Game of Life and

chained arrow notation

for large numbers, among other things.

In 1979, Conway published a paper with Croft, Erdős and Guy “On the Distribution of Values of Angles Determined by

Coplanar

Points” in the

Journal of the

London Mathematical Society

, giving him Erdős number 1.

Title

John Horton Conway

Canonical

name

JohnHortonConway

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:35:23

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:35:23

Owner

Mravinci (12996)

Last modified by

Mravinci (12996)

Numerical id

4

Author

Mravinci (12996)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Classification

msc 01A61

Classification

msc 01A65

Synonym

John Conway

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:40 2018 by

LaTeXML
John von Neumann

John von Neumann

John von Neumann

, born

Neumann János Lajos

(1903 - 1957) Hungarian American mathematician and physicist who made substantial advances in quantum physics, computer science,

game theory

, economics, etc. Possessing instantaneous eidetic memory and myriad

interests

, young János learned calculus as a child. As Hitler gained power in the 1930s, the Neumann family fled to the

United States

.

von Neumann was part of the Manhattan project, and was involved at Los Alamos on the team led by J. Robert Oppenheimer that resulted in the development of the first fission bomb. He later had a key idea relating to the structure of the hydrogen, or fusion, bomb.

Perhaps the invention for which von Neumann is most widely known today is the development of what is now called the

von Neumann architecture

for digital computers, consisting of the familiar stored-program computer in which the data and program are separate from the computational unit.

In 1957, Neumann died of bone cancer. In 2005, the United States Postal Service honored von Neumann with a stamp (along with

Richard Feynman

, Josiah Willard Gibbs and Barbara McClintock).

Title

John von Neumann

Canonical name

JohnVonNeumann

Date of creation

2013-03-22 16:32:57

Last modified on

2013-03-22 16:32:57

Owner

PrimeFan (13766)

Last modified by

PrimeFan (13766)

Numerical id

7

Author

PrimeFan (13766)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

Neumann János Lajos

Synonym

Neumann Janos Lajos

Synonym

János Lajos Neumann

Synonym

Janos Lajos Neumann

Synonym

Johann von Neumann

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:42 2018 by

LaTeXML
Julia Bowman Robinson

Julia Bowman Robinson

Julia Bowman Robinson

(née

Julia Bowman

) (1919 - 1985) American mathematician and author.

The daughter of a

machine

tool salesman and a housewife, Julia was born in Missouri but after the death of her mother two years later the family moved to Arizona. There, she enjoyed “arranging pebbles in the shadow of a giant saguaro on the Arizona desert,” something which became her earliest memory (Reid & Robinson, 1987). Then the family moved to San Diego, staying there for decades. In the high school there, at the time, girls had the option to drop math from their studies, something they all did with the exception of Julia Bowman. She continued her study of mathematics at San Diego State College despite trouble paying tuition due to the Great Depression. Transferring to the University of California, she was taught

number theory

by Raphael M. Robinson, who introduced her to the theories of Kurt Gödel.

In 1942, Julia married Raphael and took his name. With the

United States

now drawn into World War II, Julia Robinson worked at the Berkeley Statistical Laboratory, which supported military

operations

. In 1948, supervised by Alfred Tarski, Robinson wrote a thesis on

decision problems

, earning her Ph.D. Next she worked on a problem suggested by Tarski, related to the tenth of Hilbert’s problems. Though she was unable to solve the problem, when Yuri Matiyasevič disproved it in 1970, he recognized Robinson’s contributions. And it was her later collaborations with Matiyasevič which earned her Erdős number (

http://

planetmath

.org/ErdHosNumber

) 3 (since Matiyasevič wrote with Richard K. Guy a paper on “A new

formula

for

π

” for

American Mathematical Monthly

and Guy had written with Erdős a paper on

lattice point

distances

in

Elementary Mathematics

).

In 1982, she became the first woman elected president of the

American Mathematical Society

. By now her health had deteriorated due to the same heart problem which back in 1945 had prompted doctors to advise her not to have

children

. But it was leukemia, diagnosed in 1984, which led to her death in 1985.

References

1

C. Reid & R. M. Robinson “Julia Bowman Robinson” in

Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook

L. Grinstein, P. Cambpell, ed.s New York: Greenwood Press (1987): 182 - 189

Title

Julia Bowman Robinson

Canonical name

JuliaBowmanRobinson

Date of creation

2013-03-22 18:06:42

Last modified on

2013-03-22 18:06:42

Owner

Mravinci (12996)

Last modified by

Mravinci (12996)

Numerical id

4

Author

Mravinci (12996)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

Julia Bowman

Synonym

Julia Robinson

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:44 2018 by

LaTeXML
Kalle Väisälä

Kalle Väisälä

Kalle Väisälä (1893-8-19 à 1968-9-16), a Finnish mathematician and pedagogue, was born in Kontiolahti, Finland. Having a function-theoretic background, his his PhD thesis 1916 was anyway

Über die algebraisch auflösbaren Gleichungen fünften Grades

(‘On

algebraically solvable

equations of degree five’). Professor of mathematics in University of Tartu (Estonia), University of Turku (Finland) and Helsinki University of Technology.

Väisälä was known as an excellent teacher and author of textbooks of mathematics. For schools he made textbooks of algebra and

geometry

, which was printed altogether 800,000 copies. He abandoned the

Euclidean

systematics and extended the school algebra to the

differential

and integral calculus. For orientating himself in the problematics he teached on the in a school.  Väisälä made also textbooks for university-level, the most known are

Lukuteorian ja korkeamman algebran alkeet

(‘

Elements of

number theory and higher algebra’),

Vektorianalyysi

and

Laplace-muunnos

(‘

Laplace transform

’).

Title

Kalle Väisälä

Canonical name

KalleVaisala

Date of creation

2013-03-22 17:52:42

Last modified on

2013-03-22 17:52:42

Owner

pahio (2872)

Last modified by

pahio (2872)

Numerical id

8

Author

pahio (2872)

Entry type

Biography

Classification

msc 01A60

Synonym

K. Väisälä

Synonym

Kalle Vaisala

Related topic

EulersDerivationOfTheQuarticFormula

Related topic

InverseLaplaceTransformOfMeromorphicFunction

Related topic

VectorPotential

Related topic

ProductOfNegativeNumbers

Related topic

AlgebraicallySolvable

Related topic

DyadProduct

Related topic

FourierSeriesInComplexFormAndFourierIntegral

Related topic

TruncatedCone

Related topic

BombellisMethodOfComputingSquare

Generated on Thu Feb 8 19:11:48 2018 by

LaTeXML