quantum chromodynamics (QCD)

quantum chromodynamics (QCD)

1

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

1.1

Introduction

QCD

is a theory of the strong force, or nuclear interactions, such as those among quarks and gluons, partons, Yukawa mesons, and so on, with an intrinsic threefold

symmetry

for RGB quarks, or the eightfold-way

diagrams

resulting from

representations

of the

quantum group

first reported by the US Nobel Laureate Gell-Mann and others. This is not only a physical theory, but also a very highly formalized, mathematical one that affords major simplifications by postulating intrinsic symmetries of magnetic-like “color”, “flavor”, “strangeness” and top/down quark (as well as anti-quark) intrinsic properties, each time involving three possible color charge values. However, single quarks have never been observed, with the proton and neutron being made of three such quarks with a resulting ‘white’ charge color, or colorless proton and neutron, as well as stable ‘white’ nuclei made of the latter two quantum particles, dynamically confined by the very short range, nuclear strong interactions. The quark interactions are mediated by gluons-as well as their exchange- and the latter also carry (magnetic-like) color charge property-but unlike the photons that mediate the electromagnetic interactions in QED- gluons have

multiple

interactions with each other leading to major computational difficulties in QCD, that are not encountered in QED. Major obstacles in QCD computations of observable nuclear (quantum) eigenvalues are therefore encountered in attempting approximate, perturbative approaches that work extremely well for electromagentic interactions (governed by the charge

symmetry group

), for example with

Richard Feynman

’s approach in QED. Electro-weak (QEW) interactions were successfully approached in QED-like fashion but with quantum field

carriers

that are-unlike the photon-massive, and therefore the electro-weak interactions have limited range, unlike the photons of zero mass at rest. Thus, QCD and QED are more than just ‘one pole apart’, as they involve very different group symmetries. This makes obvious the need for more fundamental, or

extended quantum symmetries

, such as those afforded by either several larger groups, such as

products

pf

special unitary groups

, or by spontaneously broken, multiple (or localized) symmetries that are of a less restrictive kind present in

quantum groupoids

; an example of the latter is provided by representations of the dual of a

weak Hopf algebra

. Other examples are provided by

representations of locally compact groupoids

,

unitary representations

, higher dimensional (quantum) symmetries of

quantum double

groupoids

, quantum double algebroids,

quantum categories

, quantum

supercategories

, quantum

supersymmetry

superalgebras (or graded superalgebras, as for example in the QFT books by Weinberg

[

1

]

) or superalgebroids in

quantum gravity

–as in QCD theories of the extremely hot

http://planetphysics.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&name=

Universe

physical Universe that was extremely close to the time of the ‘Big Bang’.

1.2

Flavor Quantum Numbers

In order to explain the phenomenology of strong and weak interactions, particle physicists assigned quantum numbers to the known baryons and mesons. The first such quantum number is known as the

isospin

, related to the symmetry properties determined by the

Lie group

S

⁢

U

⁢

(

2

)

. This was introduced by Werner Heisenberg in 1932 to

represent

the remarkable similarity between the properties of the protons and neutrons other than their electric charge value, and the presence of three types of pions. The z-component, commonly denoted

I

z

, is related to the electric charge

Q

and the baryon number (

+

1

for baryons,

0

for mesons) of these particles.

An additional quantum number, strangeness (

S

, which is not to be confused with the spin), was introduced in 1954 to explain the unexpectedly long lifetimes of particles such as

K

mesons and

ξ

baryons. This new, (strangeness) quantum number was unchanged by strong interactions, but not by the weak ones, which would explains the anomalously long life-times of the particles in question that can be pair-produced by the strong force, but can only decay

via

the electro-weak interactions. The

formula

chosen for the new hypercharge

Y

was then :

Y

=

B

+

S

,

where

B

is the baryon number and

S

is the strangeness value.

This

equation

is known as the (original) Gell–Mann–Nishijima formula. The

connection

with

group theory

become clear only in 1961 when Gell-Mann and Ne’emann showed that all the proposed quantum numbers could be explained by relating the fundamental

S

⁢

U

⁢

(

3

)

triplet

to the three lightest quarks: the up, down and strange quarks. Further advances through both theory and high energy physics experiments has led to the

introduction

of a three flavor quantum numbers, charmness (C), bottomness (B’) and topness (T), corresponding the charm, bottom and top quark respectively. An enlarged flavor symmetry group,

S

⁢

U

⁢

(

6

)

, and also unified

S

⁢

U

⁢

(

5

)

, or

S

⁢

U

⁢

(

3

)

×

S

⁢

U

⁢

(

2

)

×

U

⁢

(

1

)

groups are being considered to provide a unified ‘symmetry’ for electromagnetic, electroweak and strong interactions. The modified
Gell–Man–Nishijima formula generalizes the equation for all of the flavor quantum numbers and the electrical charge, with the modified hypercharge formula being

Y

=

B

+

S

+

C

+

B

′

+

T

,

that includes also the charm, the ‘truth and beauty’ numbers, with the following notations:

J

=

s

⁢

p

⁢

i

⁢

n

,

B

=

b

⁢

a

⁢

r

⁢

y

⁢

o

⁢

n

number,

Q

=

electric charge,

I

z

=

i

⁢

s

⁢

o

⁢

s

⁢

p

⁢

i

⁢

n

,

S

=

s

⁢

t

⁢

r

⁢

a

⁢

n

⁢

g

⁢

e

⁢

n

⁢

e

⁢

s

⁢

s

,

C

=

c

⁢

h

⁢

a

⁢

r

⁢

m

⁢

n

⁢

e

⁢

s

⁢

s

,

B

′

=

b

⁢

o

⁢

t

⁢

t

⁢

o

⁢

m

⁢

n

⁢

e

⁢

s

⁢

s

, and

T

=

t

⁢

o

⁢

p

⁢

n

⁢

e

⁢

s

⁢

s

.

1.3

Quark Spin and Spin Parton Distributions

The

spin

is a intrinsic

symmetry

property, or

quantum observable

of all quantum particles, and its orientation is an important degree of freedom. Roughly speaking, the spin of a particle is a contribution to its angular momentum that is not due to its motion but whose correct calculation requires relativistic

quantum field theory

. Unlike the classical momentum of rotation of a sphere, the spin of a particle takes only discrete values as a result of momentum quantization in quantum physics, and its observation requires the presence of an external field gradient such as magnetic or gravitational that ‘raises the degeneration of the spin levels’, thus splitting quantum particle beams according to their spin values.

Spin group

representations are known as Pauli matrices and are being extensively used for
computations of spin

Hamiltonians

and any other interactions or phenomena that involve the spin property of quantum particles; a widely known, and also very useful example, is that of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) phenomenon with wide applications in Chemistry, Physics, agriculture and medical imaging (MRI and 2D-FT).

Spin is measured in units of

h

/

(

2

⁢

π

)

, where

h

is the Planck constant. This unit is often denoted by

h

¯

(“h-bar”), called the “

reduced

Planck constant”. The result of a measurement of the

component

of the spin of a quark along any axis- always in the presence of an external field gradient- is always either

h

¯

/

2

or

-

h

¯

/

2

; for this reason quarks are classified as spin-

1

/

2

particles, called fermions. The component of spin along any given axis– which is by convention the

z

-axis–is denoted by an upward-pointing arrow

↑

for the value

+

1

/

2

and down arrow pointing arrow

↓

for

-

1

/

2

; the symbol also follows the up and down values for the flavor, although one must note that the flavor is ‘not determined’ by the spin, or related to the latter. For example, an

u

⁢

p

quark with a spin of

+

1

/

2

along the z-axis is denoted by

u

↑

.

The quark’s spin value contributes to the overall spin of the parent hadron, much as quark’s electrical charge does to the overall charge of the hadron. Varying

combinations

of quark spins result in the total spin value that can be assigned to the hadron. However, because of the vacuum polarization in QCD and the presence of valence and sea quarks, the spin

distribution

(or the spin fine structure) of nuclei involves spin distributions that are not simple additions of spin values for the

individual

nucleonic spin constituent quarks.

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Title

quantum chromodynamics (QCD)

Canonical name

QuantumChromodynamicsQCD

Date of creation

2013-03-22 18:29:51

Last modified on

2013-03-22 18:29:51

Owner

bci1 (20947)

Last modified by

bci1 (20947)

Numerical id

19

Author

bci1 (20947)

Entry type

Topic

Classification

msc 81T13

Classification

msc 81T05

Classification

msc 55U99

Classification

msc 81T05

Synonym

QCD

Synonym

nuclear mathematical

Synonym

or theoretical physics

Related topic

QED

Related topic

QEDInTheoreticalAndMathematicalPhysics

Related topic

QuantumSpaceTimes

Related topic

QFTOrQuantumFieldTheories

Related topic

QuantumOperatorAlgebrasInQuantumFieldTheories

Defines

QCD

Defines

quark and gluon interactions

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