Table of Contents

Table of Contents

THE

CALCULUS

by

ELLERY WILLIAMS DAVIS

Professor of Mathematics, The University of Nebraska

Assisted by

WILLIAM CHARLES BRENKE

Associate

Professor of Mathematics, The University of Nebraska

Edited by

EARLE RAYMOND HEDRICK

CONTENTS

Preface v-viii

[Page numbers In Roman type refer to the body of the book; those in italic type refer to
pages of the

Tables

.]

CHAPTER I

FUNCTIONS

1-5

§1. Dependence . 1

§2.

Variables

.

Constants

. Functions 1-2

Exercises I. Functions and Graphs 2-8

§3. The Function Notation. 3

Exercises II. Substitution. Funotion Notation S4

CHAPTER II RATES LIMITS

DERIVATIVES

6-27

§4. Rate of Increase. Slope 6-8

§5. General Rules . . . 8

§6. Slope

Negative

or Zero. [Maxima and Minima.] 8-11

Exercises III. Slopes of Curves 11-12

§7. Speed 12-14

§8. Component Speeds 14

§9.

Continuous Functions

14-16

Exercises IV. Speed 16-16

§10. Limits.

Infinitesimals

. 16-17

§11.

Properties

of Limits . 17-18

§12. Ratio of an Arc to its Chord. . 18-19

§18. Ratio of the Sine of an Angle to the Angle 19

§14.

Infinity

. . . . . 19-20

Exercises V. Limits and Infinitesimals 20-22

§16. Derivatives . . 22-23

§16.

Formula

for Derivatives 28-24

§17. Rule for

Differentiation

. 24-26

Exercises VI. Formal Differentiation 26-27

CHAPTER III DIFFERENTIATION OF

ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

28-57

PART I EXPLICIT FUNCTIONS 28-43

§18. Classification of Functions . 28-29

§19. Differentiation of

Polynomials

. 29-31

Exercises VII. Differentiation of Polynomials. 31-32

§20. Differentiation of

Rational Functions

. [

Quotient

.] 32-23

Exercises VIII. Differentiation of Rational Functions. 34-35

§21. Derivative of a

Product

. 35-36

§22. Derivative of a Function of a Function . 36-37

Exercises IX. Short Methods. Rational Functions 37-38

§23. Differentiation of

Irrational

Functions. 38-40

§24.

Collection

of Formulas. 40-41

§26. Illustrative Examples of Irrational Functions 41-42

Exercises X. Algebraic Functions 42-43

PART II EQUATIONS NOT IN EXPLICIT FORM.

DIFFERENTIALS

44-57

§26. Solution of Equations 44-45

§27. Explicit and

Implicit Functions

45-46

§28.

Inverse Functions

.46-47

§29.

Parameter

Forms . 47

Exercises XL Functions not in Explicit Form 47-49

§30. Rates . . . . 49-50

§31. The Differential Notation 50-52

§32. Differential Formulas 52-53

Exercises XII. Differentials. 54-57

CHAPTER IV FIRST APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 58-90

PART I APPLICATION TO CURVES—EXTREMES 58-70

§33.

Tangents

and Normals . . . . 58-59

§34. Tangents and Normals for Curves not in Explicit Form 59

§35. Secondary Quantities 60

§36. Illustrative Examples . . 60-61

Exercises XIII. Tangents and Normal 62-63

§37. Extremes. [Maxima and Minima.] 63

§38. Critical Values 63-64

§39. Fundamental Theorem. 64

§40. Final Tests . 64-65

§41. Illustrative Examples in Extremes 65-67

Exercises XIV. Extremes 67-70

PART II RATES

§42. Time Rates 70

§43. Speed 71

§44. Tangential

Acceleration

71

§46. Second Derivative. Flexion . 71-72

Exercises XV. Second Derivatives. Acceleration 73-75

§46. Concavity. Points of Inflexion 75

§47. Second Test for Extremes. 75-76

§48. Illustrative Examples 76-77

§49. Derived Curves. 77-79

Exercises XVI. Flexion. Derived Curves. 79-81

§50. Angular Speed . 81

§51.

Angular Acceleration

81-82

§52. Momentum. Force . 82-83

Exercises XVII. Time Rates 83-85

§53.

Related Rates

.

85

-

87

Exercises XVIII. Related Rates 88-90

CHAPTER V REVERSAL OF RATES INTEGRATION

SUMMATION

. 91-129

PART I

INTEGRALS

BY REVERSAL OF RATES 91-109

§54. Reversal of Rates . 91-92

§56. Principle Involved in §54. 92

§55. Illustrative Examples . 92-94

Exercises XIX. Reversal of Rates 94-95

§67. Integral Notation . . . 96-97

Exercises XX. Notation.

Indefinite Integrals

. 97-98

§58. Fundamental Theorem 99

§59.

Definite Integrals

. 100-101

Exercises XXI. Definite Integrals 102-103

§60. Area under a Curve 108-104

Exercises XXII. Area 105

§61.

Lengths of Curves

. 106-107

§62. Motion on a Curve. Parameter Forms 107

§63. Illustrative Examples . 108-109

Exercises XXIII. Length. Total Speed 109

PART II INTEGRALS AS LIMITS OF SUMS 110-129

§64. Step.by-Step Process. 110-111

§65. Approximate Summation. 111-112

Exercises XXIV. Step-by-Step Summation. Approximate Results 112-113

§66. Exact Results. Summation Formula 114-116

§67. Integrals as Limits of Sums . 116-117

§68. Water Pressure. 117-119

Exercises XXV. Integrals as Limits of Sums 119-120

§69. Volumes . 120-121

§70. Volume of Any

Frustum

121-123

Exercises XXVI. Volumes of Solids. Frusta . 124-125

§71. Cavalieri’s

Theorem

The

Prismoid

Formula 125-127

Exercises XXVII. General Exercises 128-129

CHAPTER VI

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

130-173

PART I

LOGARITHMS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

130-149

§72.

Necessity

of

Operations

on Transcendental Functions 130

§73. Properties of Logarithms 130-131

§74. Graphical Representation. 131-132

Exercises XXVIII. Logarithms and

Exponentials

132-133

§75. Slope of

y

=

log

10

⁡

x

at

x

=

0

. [

Modulus

M

] 133-134

§76. Differentiation of

log

10

⁡

x

. 134

§?7. Differentiation of

log

B

⁡

x

. [Napierlan Baae] 135-136

§78. Illustrative Examples. 136-137

Exercises XXIX. Logarithms . 137-138

§79. Differentiation of Exponentials. 138-139

§80. Illustrative Examples 139-140

Exercises XXX. Exponentials 140-141

§81.

Compound Interest

Law 141-143

Example 1. Work in Expanding Gas (142)

Example 2. Cooling in a Moving Fluid

(

142

-

143

)

Example 3. Bacterial Growth. (143)

Example 4. Atmospheric Pressure (143)

§82.

Percentage

Rate of Increase. [Relative Rates] 144

Exercises XXXI. Compound Interest Law. 144-146

§88. Logarithmic Differentiation. Relative Increase. 146-147

§84. Logarithmic Methods . 147-148

Exercises XXXII. Logarithmic Differentiation 149

PART II

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

. 150-173

§86.

Introduction

of Trigonometric Functions 150

§86. Differentiation of Sines and Cosines. 150 -152

§87. Illustrative Examples . 152-153

Exercises XXXIII. Trigonometric Functions. 153-155

§88.

Simple Harmonic Motion

. 155-156

§89. Relative Acceleration 156

§90. Vibration. 157

§91. Waves. 157-158

Exercises XXXIV. Simple Harmonic Motion. Vibrations 158-160

§92. Damped Vibrations. 160-162

Exercises XXXV. Damped Vibrations 162-163

§93.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

163-164

§94. Integrals of Irrational Functions 164

§95.Illustrative Examples . . . . 164-165

Exercises XXXVI. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 165-166

§96.

Polar Coordinates

. 166-168

Exercises XXXVII. Polar Coordinates 168-169

§97.

Curvature

. . 169-171

Exercises XXXVIII. Curvature 171-172

§98. Collection of Formulas 173

CHAPTER VII TECHNIQUE. TABLES. SUCCESSIVE INTEGRATION 174-226

PART I TECHNIQUE or INTEGRATION. 174-200

§99. Question of Technique. Collection of Formulas 174-175

§100. Polynomials. Other Simple Forms . 176

§101. Substitution. [

Algebraic

and Trigonometric]. 176-177

§102. Substitution in Definite Integrals . 177

Exercises XXXIX.

Elementary

Integration. Substitution 178-181

§108.

Integration by Parts

. [Algebraic and Transcendental] . 181

Exercises XL. Integration by Parts. . 182-183

§104. Rational Functions. [

Partial Fractions

] 184-186

Exercises XLI. Rational Functions. 186-188

§106. Rationalization of Linear

Radicals

. 188-189

§107. Quadratic Irrationals . . . 189-190

Exercises XLII. Integrals involving Radicals. [Trigonometric Substitutions]. 191-194

§107. Elliptic and Other Integrals . 195

§108. Binomial Differentials . 195-196

§109. General Remarks. [Tables.] . 196

Exercises XLIII. General Integration. [All Methods] 197-200

PART II. IMPROPER AND

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

201-226

§110. Limits

Infinite

. Horizontal

Asymptote

. 201

§111.

Integrand

Infinite. Vertical Asymptote. 202-203

§112. Precautions . 203

Exercises XLIV. 204-206

§113. Repeated Integration. 206

§114. Successive Integration in Two Letters 206-207

Exercises XLV. Successive Integration .208-209

§115.

Double Integrals

.210-211

§116. Illustrative Examples. 211-214

[A] Volumes by Double Integration (212)

[B]

Area in Polar Coordinates

. .

⟨

212-213)

[C]

Moment of Inertia

of a Thin Plate. (213-214)

[D] Moment of Inertia in Polar Co&quot;ordlnates (214)

Exercises XLVI. Double Integrals. 214-217

§117. Triple and Multiple Integrals. 217-218
.
Exercises XLVII. Multiple Integrals . 218-219

§118. Other Applications.

Averages

.

Centers of Gravity

219-220

Exercises XLVIII. General Problems in Integration 221-226

CHAPTER VIII. METHODS OF APPROXIMATION 227-280

PART I. EMPIRICAL CURVES. INCREMENTS 227-250

§119. Empirical Curves. 227

§120. Polynomial Approximations. 227

§121. Review of

Elementary Methods

. 227-229

§122. Logarithmic Plotting 229-230

§123. Semi-Logarithmic Plotting . 230

Exercises XLIX. Empirical Curves. Elementary Methods. 230-233

§124. Method ot Increments . 233-236

Exercises L. Empirical Curves by Increments. 236-238

§125. Approximate Integration . 239-240

§126. Integration from Empirical Formulas 240-241

§127. Derived and

Integral Curves

. 241-242

Exercises LI. Approximate Evaluation of Integrals 242-243

§128. Integrating Devices. [Planimeter. Integraph]. 243-246

§129. Tabulated Integral Values . 246-247

Exercises LII. Integrating Devices. Numerical Tables 248-250

PART II POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATIONS. SERIES.
TAYLOR’S THEOREM 260-280

§180. Rolle’s Theorem . . 250

§131. The Law of the Mean. [Finite Differences] 251

§132. Increments. [ Small Errors]. 252-253

Exercises LIII. Increments. Law of the Mean. 253-254

§133. Limit of Error. 254-257

§134. Extended Law of the Mean. Taylor’s Theorem 257-259

Exercises LIV. Extended Law of the Mean 259-263

§135. Application of Taylor’s Theorem to Extremes 260-261

Exercises LV. Extremes. 261-263

§136. Indeterminate Forms. [Form

0

÷

0

]. 263-265

§137. Infinitesimals of Higher Order. 265-266

Exercises LVI. Indeterminate Forms. Infinitesimals 266-267

§138. Double Law of the Mean . 267-268

§139. The Indeterminate Form

∞

÷

∞

. Vertical Asymptotes. 268-269

§140. Other Indeterminate Forms. 269-270

Exercises LVII. Secondary Indeterminate Forms 270-271

§141. Infinite Series. 271-273

§142.

Taylor Series

. General Convergence Test. 273-275

Exeicises LVIII. Taylor Series 275-276

§143. Precautions about Infinite Series 276-279

Exercises LIX. Infinite Series 279-280

CHAPTER IX SEVERAL VARIABLES.

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

.
APPLICATIONS.

GEOMETRY

. 281-344

PART I PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION ELEMENTARY APPLICATIONS 281-297

§144. Partial Derivatives. 281-282

§146. Technique. 282

§146. Higher Partial Derivatives. 282-283

Exeicises LX. Technique of Partial Differentiation. 283-284

§147. Geometric

Interpretation

. 284-285

§148.

Total Derivative

. 285-287

§149. Elementary Use . . . 287-288

§150. Small Errors. Partial Differentials . 288-290

Exercises LXI. Total Derivatives and Differentials . 290-292

§151. Significance of Partial and Total Derivatives. 292-296

Example 1. Isothermal

Expansion

(292-293)

Example 2. Adiabatic Expansion (293-294)

Example 3. Implicit Equations. Contour Lines (294)

Example 4. Flow of Heat in a Metal Plate (294-295)

Example 5. Flow of Water in Pipes (295-296)

Exercises LXII. Applications of Total Derivatives. 296-297

PART II APPLICATIONS To

PLANE GEOMETRY

298-315

§152.

Envelopes

. 298-300

§168. Envelope of Normals.

Evolute

. 300-303

Exercises LXIII. Envelopes. Evolutes. 303

§154. Properties of Evolutes 304-305

§155.

Center of Curvature

305

§166. Rate of Change of

R

. 305-306

§167. Illustrative Examples. 310-311

Exercises LXIV. Properties of Evolutes. 308-309

§158.

Singular Points

. 309-310

§159. Illustrative Examples. 310-311

§160. Asymptotes. 311-313

§161. Curve Tracing. 313

Exercises LXV. Singular Points. Asymptotes. Curve Tracing. 313-314

PART III GEOMETRY OF SPACE. EXTREMES. 315-344

§162. Resumé of Formulas. 315-318

(

a

)

Distance between Two Points . (315)

(

b

)

Distance

from Origin to

(

x

,

y

,

z

)

. (315)

(

c

)

Direction Cosines

.(315)

(

d

)

Angle between Two Directions (315)

(

e

)

The Plane . (316-317)

(

f

)

The

Straight Line

. (317)

(

g

)

Quadric Surfaces. (318)

§168. Loci of One or More Equations. 318-319

Exerclses LXVI. Resumé of

Solid Geometry

. 319-120

§164.

Tangent Plane

to a

Surface

. . . 321-322

§165. Extremes on a Surface. [Least Squares] 322-325

§166. Final Tests. 325-326

Exercises LXVII. Tangent Planes. Extremes 327-329

§167. Tangent Planes. Implicit Forms 329-330

§168. Line Normal to a Surface 330

§169. Parametric Forms of Equations. 330-332

§170. Tangent Planes and Normals. Parameter Forms. 332-333

Exercises LXVIII. Equations not in Explicit Form. 333-334

§171. Area of a Curved Surface 334-335

Exercises LXIX. Area of a Surface . 336

§172. Tangent to a

Space Curve

. 337

§173. Length of a Space Curve. 338

Exercises LXX. Tangents to Curves. Lengths. 338

Exercises LXXI. General Review. Several Variables 339-344

CHAPTER X

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

345-333

PART I

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

OF
THE

FIRST ORDER

345-362

§174. Reversal of Rates . 345

§175. Other Reversed Problems . 345-346

§176. Determination of the Arbitrary Constants. 346-347

§177. Vital

Character

of Inverse Problems. 347-348

§178. Elementary Definitions. Ordinary Differential Equations. 343

§179. Elimination of Constants. 348-350

§180. Integral Curves. 350-351

Exercises LXXII. EliminatIon. Integral Curves. 351-352

§181. General Statement. 352-353

§182. Type I.

Separation of Variables

353

§188. Type II.

Homogeneous Equations

. 354-356

Exercises LXXIII. Separation of Variables 355-356

§184. Type III. Linear Equations 356-358

§185. Extended Linear Equations. 358

Bxercises LXXIV. Linear Equations. 359

§186. Other Methods. Non-linear Equations. 359-360

Exercises. LXXV. Miscellaneous Exercises. 360-362

PART II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF
THE SECOND ORDBR. 363-374

§187. Special Types. 363

§188. Type I:

d

2

⁢

s

/

d

⁢

t

2

=

±

k

2

⁢

s

. 363-365

Exercises LXXVI. Type I. 365

§189. Type II.

Homogeneous

Linear — Constant Coefficients 366-368

Exercises LXXVII. Type II. Linear Homogeneous 368-369

§190. Type III. Non-homogeneous Equations. 369-370

Exeroises LXXVIII. Non-homogeneous. Type III. 371

§191. Type IV. One of the quantities

x

,

y

,

y

′

absent. 371-374

(

a

)

Type IV

(

a

)

:

ϕ

⁢

(

y

′′

)

=

0

(371)

(

b

)

Type IV

(

b

)

:

ϕ

⁢

(

x

,

y

′

,

y

′′

)

=

0

(371-373)

(

c

)

Type IV

(

c

)

:

ϕ

⁢

⟨

y

,

y

′

,

y

′′

)

=

0

(373-374)

Exercises LXXIX. Type IV. 374

PART III

GENERALIZATIONS

375-383

§192. Ordinary Equations of Higher Order. 375

§193. Linear Homogeneous Type. 375-377

§194. Non-homogeneous Type. 377-378

Exercises LXXX. Linear Equations of Higher Order 378-379

§195. Systems of Differential Equations 379

§196. Linear Systems of the First Order 379

§197.

d

⁢

x

/

P

=

d

⁢

y

/

Q

=

d

⁢

z

/

R

. 379-381

Exercises LXXXI. Systems of Equations. 381-382

§198. Partial Differential Equations. 382

§199.

Relation

to Systems of Ordinary Equations 383

Exercises LXXXII. Partial Differential Equations 383

TABLES

[Note page numbers in

italic

numerals]

TABLE I SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1-3

TABLE II STANDARD FORMULAS.

3-16

A.

Exponents

and Logarithms.

3

B. Factors.

4

C. Solution of Equations.

Determinants

.

4-5

D. Applications of Algebra.

5-6

E. Series. [Special. Theorems of Taylor and Fourier]

7-8

F. Geometric Magnitudes. Mensuration

8-11

G. Trigonometric Relations

12-13

H.

Hyperbolic Functions

13-14

I.

Analytic Geometry

.

14-15

J. Differential Formulas

15-16

TABLE III. STANDARD CURVES.

17-32

L

Curves

y

=

x

n

. [Chart of Entire Family]

17-18

B. Logarithmic Paper. Curves

y

=

x

n

,

y

=

k

⁢

x

n

.

18

C. Trigonometric Functions.

19

D. Logarithms and Exponentials. [Bases 10 and

e

].

19

E. Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions.

20

F.

Harmonic

Curves. [Simple and Compound]

21-22

G. The

Roulettes

[

Cycloid

,

Trochoids

, etc.]

23-24

H. The Tractrlx.

24

I. Cubic and

Quartic Curves

. Contour Lines.

25-27

J. Error or Probability Curves .

28

K. Polynomial Approximations. [Taylor and Lagrange].

28-29

L. Trigonometric Approximations. [Fourier]

29

M. Spirals.

30-31

N. Quadric Surfaces.

31-32

TABLE IV STANDARD INTEGRALS

33-48

A. Fundamental General Formulas.

33

B. Integrand

Rational

Algebraic

34-36

C. Integrand Irrational . .

37-39

(

a

)

Linear radicals

r

=

a

⁢

x

+

b

37

(

b

)

Quadratic radicals

37-39

D. Binomial Differentials–

Reduction Formulas

.

39

E. Integrand Transcendental

39-44

(

a

)

Trigonometric.(

39-42

)

(

b

)

Trigonometric –Algebraic. (

42-43

)

(c)

Inverse

Trigonometric. (

43

)

(

d

)

Exponential and Logarithmic (

43-44

)

F. Some Important Definite Integrals.

44-45

G. Approximation Formulas.

45-46

B Standard Applications of Integration.

46-48

TABLE V. NUMERICAL TABLES.

49-58

A. Trigonometric functions. [Values and Logarithms]

49

B.

Common Logarithms

.

50-51

C. Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions.

Natural Logarithms

.

52

D.

Elliptic Integral

of the

First Kind

.

53

E. Elliptic Integral of the

Second Kind

.

53

F. Values of

Π

⁢

(

p

)

=

Γ

⁢

(

p

+

1

)

.

Gamma Function

.

54

G. Values of the

Probability Integral

.

54

H. Values of the Integral

∫

-

∞

x

(

e

x

/

x

)

⁢

𝑑

x

.

54

I.

Reciprocals

; Squares; Cubes.

55

J.

Square Roots

.

56

K. Radians to Degrees.

56

L. Important Constants .

57

M. Degrees to Radians.

57

N. Short Conversion Table and Other Data.

58

INDEX.

59

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