标题：维斯比规则
制定《维斯比规则》的背景
《海牙规则》自1931年生效实施后，得到了国际航运界普遍接受，它的历史作用在于使国际海上货物运输有法可依，统一了海上货物运输中的提单条款，对提单的规范化起到了积极作用，基本上缓和了当时承运方和托运方之间的矛盾，促进了国际贸易和海上运输事业的发展。但随着国际政治、经济形势的变化，以及航海、造船技术日新月异的进步，使海上运输方式发生了重大变革，特别是集装箱运输方式的出现和迅猛发展，《海牙规则》的内容已不适应新形势发展的需要。尤其关于承运人的大量免责条款明显偏袒船方利益，通货膨胀的现实使100英镑的赔偿限额明显过低等原因，到了50年代未，要求修改《海牙规则》的呼声日渐强烈。 
基于上述这种形势，国际海事委员会于1959年在南斯拉夫的里吉卡举行第二十四届大会，会上决定成立小组委员会负责修改《海牙规则》。根据各国代表对修改《海牙规则》的建议，1963年小组委员会草拟了修改《海牙规则》的议定书草案，提交给1967年、1968年召开的海事法会议审议，经会议审议通过后，于1968年2月“日在比利时的布鲁塞尔召开的、由53个国家或地区代表参加的第十二届海洋法外交会议上通过，定名为《修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》，并简称为“1968年布鲁塞尔议定书”(The 1968 Brussels Protocol)。由于该议定书草案在斯德哥尔摩讨论期间，参加会议的成员到过哥特兰岛的维斯比城，为借用中世纪维斯比海法之名声，故将该议定书称为《维斯比规则》（VisbyRules）。经过议定书修订后的《海牙规则》称为《海牙――维斯比规则》（Hague-VisbyRules）。该议定书于1977年6月23日生效。
《维斯比规则》的主要内容
《维斯比规则》共十七条，但只有前六条才是实质性的规定，对《海牙规则》的第三、四、九、十条进行了修改。其主要修改内容有： 
扩大了规则的适用范围
《海牙规则》的各条规定仅适用于缔约国所签发的提单。《维斯比规则》扩大了其适用范围，其中的第五条第三款规定：① 在缔约国签发的提单；②货物在一个缔约国的港口起运；③提单载明或为提单所证明的合同规定，该合同受公约的各项规则或者使其生效的任何一个国家的立法所约束，不论承运人、托运人、收货人或任何其他有关人员的国籍如何。该规定的意思只要提单或为提单所证明的运输合同上有适用《维斯比规则》的规定，该提单或运输合同就要受《维斯比规则》的约束。 
明确了提单的证据效力
《海牙规则》第三条第四款规定，提单上载明的货物主要标志、件数或重量和表面状况应作为承运人按其上所载内容收到货物的初步证据。至于提单转让至第三人的证据效力，未作进一步的规定。《维斯比规则》为了弥补上述的缺陷，在第一条第一款则补充规定：“……但是，当提单转让至善意的第三人时，与此相反的证据将不能接受。”这表明对于善意行事的提单受让人来说，提单载明的内容具有最终证据效力。所谓“善意行事”是指提单受让人在接受提单时并不知道装运的货物与提单的内容有何不符之处，而是出于善意完全相信提单记载的内容。这就是说，《维斯比规则》确立了一项在法律上禁止翻供的原则，即当提单背书转让给第三者后，该提单就是货物已按上面记载的状况装船的最终证据。承运人不得借口在签发清洁提单前货物就已存在缺陷或包装不当来对抗提单持有人。 
这一补充规定，有利于进一步保护提单的流通与转让，也有利于维持提单受让人或收货人的合法权益。一旦收货人发现货物与提单记载不符，承运人只能负责赔偿，不得提出任何抗辩的理由。 
强调了承运人及其受雇人员的责任限制
海上货物运输合同当事人涉讼多因一方当事人的违约而引起。但在有些国家承认双重诉讼的权利，即货主在其货物遭受损害时，可以以承运人违反运输合同或以其侵权为由向承运人起诉。在货主以侵权为由提出诉讼时，承运人便不能引用《海牙规则》中的免责和责任限制的规定。如果不能对此加以限制，运输法规中的责任限制规定就形同虚设，为进一步强调承运人及其受雇人员享有该权利，《维斯比规则》第三条规定：“本公约规定的抗辩和责任限制，应适用于就运输合同涉及的有关货物的灭失或损坏对承运人提出的任何诉讼，不论该诉讼是以合同为根据还是以侵权行为为根据。”“如果诉讼是对承运人的受雇人员或代理人（该受雇人员或代理人不是独立订约人）提起的，该受雇人员或代理人也有权援引《海牙规则》规定的承运人的各项抗辩和责任限制。”“向承运人及其受雇人员或代理人索赔的数额，在任何情况下都不得超过本公约规定的赔偿限额。”根据以上规定，使得合同之诉和侵权之诉处于相同的地位：承运人的受雇人员或代理人也享有责任限制的权利。英国法院在审理“喜马拉雅”轮一案时，曾对承运人的受雇人员或代理人能否享受承运人所享受的权利作出否定的判决，认为承运人的受雇人员或代理人无权援引承运人与他人签订的合同中的条款。所以在此案后，承运人纷纷在提单上规定承运人的受雇人员或代理人可以援引承运人的免责或责任限制。人们称这一条款为“喜马拉雅条款”。显然《维斯比规则》的这一规定有利于保护船东的利益。 
提高了承运人对货物损害赔偿的限额
《海牙规则》规定承运人对每件或每单位的货物损失的赔偿限额为100英镑，而《维斯比规则》第二条则规定，每件或每单位的赔偿限额提高到10000金法郎，同时还增加一项以受损货物毛重为标准的计算方法，即每公斤为30金法郎，以两者中较高者为准。采用的金法郎仍以金本位为基础，目的在于防止日后法郎纸币的贬值，一个金法郎是含金纯度为900/1000的黄金65.5毫克的单位。一旦法郎贬值，仍以上述的黄金含量为计算基础，在《威斯比规则》通过时，10000金法郎大约等于431英镑，与《海牙规则》规定的100英镑相比，这一赔偿限额显然是大大提高了。 
这一规定不但提高了赔偿限额，而且创造了一项新的双重限额制度，不但维护了货主的利益，而且这种制度也为以后《汉堡规则》和我国《海商法》所接受。 
另外，该规则还规定了丧失赔偿责任限制权利的条件，即如经证实损失是由于承运人蓄意造成，或者知道很可能会造成这一损害而毫不在意的行为或不行为所引起，则承运人无权享受责任限制的权利。 
增加了“集装箱条款”
《海牙规则》没有关于集装箱运输的规定。《维斯比规则》增加“集装箱条款”，以适应国际集装箱运输发展的需要。该规则第二条第三款规定：“如果货物是用集装箱、托盘或类似的装运器具集装时，则提单中所载明的装在这种装运器具中的包数或件数，应视为本款中所述的包或件数；如果不在提单上注明件数，则以整个集装箱或托盘为一件计算。”该条款的意思是，如果提单上具体载明在集装箱内的货物包数或件数，计算责任限制的单位就按提单上所列的件数为准；否则，则将一个集装箱或一个托盘视为一件货物。 
诉讼时效的延长
《海牙规则》规定，货物灭失或损害的诉讼时效为一年，从交付货物或应当交付货物之日起算。《维斯比规则》第一条第二款、第三款则补充规定，诉讼事由发生后，只要双方当事人同意，这一期限可以延长，明确了诉讼时效可经双方当事人协议延长的规定。对于追偿时效则规定，即使在规定的一年期满之后，只要是在受法院法律准许期间之内，便可向第三方提起索赔诉讼。但是准许的时间自提起诉讼的人已经解决索赔案件，或向其本人送达起诉状之日起算，不得少于三个月。
《维斯比规则》议定书
《维斯比规则》规定的承运人责任限制金额计算单位为法郎，并以黄金作为定值标准。由于黄金本身的价格是根据市场供求关系自由涨落的，所以以金法郎责任限制计算单位的实际价值也不能保持稳定。针对这一情况，1979年在布鲁塞尔召开有37国代表出席的外交会议上，通过了修订《海牙――维斯比规则》（Thel979Protocol to the HagueRules）议定书。议定书将承运人责任限制的计算单位，由金法郎改为特别提款权（SpecialDrawingcenter，SDR），按 15金法郎折合1SDR。议定书规定承运人的责任限制金额为每件或每单位666.67SDR，或按货物毛重计算每公斤2SDR，两者中以较高者为准。但国内法规定不能使用特别提款权的缔约国，仍可以金法郎作为计算单位，该议定书于1984年4月开始生效。 
特别提款权是国际货币基金组织于1969年创设的，作为国际储备的货币单位。自1981年1月1日起，特别提款权由5种世界上贸易出口额最高国家的货币，即美元、德国马克、日元、法国法郎和英镑按每5年调整一次的比例构成。据基金会1990年10月9日新闻公报，自1991年1月1日起，调整特别提款权构成比例为：美元40%，德国马克21%，日元17%，法国法郎11%，英镑11%。此比例于1995年底以前不变。特别提款权既为一种账面资产，又为一种联合货币，只是不在市场上流通、兑换。其价格计算方法：首先将其构成中所含其他4种货币金额，按照当日伦敦外汇市场汇价分别折算为等值美元，然后把所有美元值相加，即得出1单位特别提款权美元值。此特别提款权价格由世界银行逐日挂牌公布。
维斯比规则（英文版）
Hague-Visby Rules 
Article I 
Definitions
In these Rules the following expressions have the meanings hereby assigned to them respectively, that is to say,
(a) "carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper;
(b) "contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by water, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter-party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same;
(c) "goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever, except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carried;
(d) "ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by water;
(e) "carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.
Article II
Risks
Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of goods by water the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.
Article III
Responsibilities and Liabilities
1. The carrier shall be bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise due diligence to
(a) make the ship seaworthy;
(b) properly man, equip and supply the ship;
(c) make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.
2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried.
3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier, or the master or agent of the carrier, shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things
(a) the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage;
(b) either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper;
(c) the apparent order and condition of the goods:
Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.
4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraphs 3(a), (b) and (c).
However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith.
5. The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks, number, quantity and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall indemnify the carrier against all loss, damages and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.
6. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or, if the loss or damage be not apparent, within three days, such removal shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.
The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has at the time of their receipt been the subject of joint survey or inspection.
Subject to paragraph 6bis the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought within one year of their delivery or of the date when they should have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended if the parties so agree after the cause of action has arisen.
In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.
6.bis An action for indemnity against a third person may be brought even after the expiration of the year provided for in the preceding paragraph if brought within the time allowed by the law of the Court seized of the case. However, the time allowed shall be not less than three months, commencing from the day when the person bringing such action for indemnity has settled the claim or has been served with process in the action against himself.
7. After the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier, master or agent of the carrier, to the shipper shall, if the shipper so demands, be a "shipped" bill of lading, provided that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of title to such goods, he shall surrender the same as against the issue of the "shipped" bill of lading, but at the option of the carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent with the name or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped and the date or dates of shipment, and when so noted the same shall for the purpose of this Article be deemed to constitute a "shipped" bill of lading.
8. Any clause, covenant or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to or in connection with goods arising from negligence, fault or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided in these Rules, shall be null and void and of no effect.
A benefit of insurance or similar clause shall be deemed to be a clause relieving the carrier from liability.
Article IV
Rights and Immunities
1. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy, and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article III.
Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness, the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this article.
2. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from
(a) act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship;
(b) fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;
(c) perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters;
(d) act of God;
(e) act of war;
(f) act of public enemies;
(g) arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process;
(h) quarantine restrictions;
(i) act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative;
(j) strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general;
(k) riots and civil commotions;
(l) saving or attempting to save life or property at sea;
(m) wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods;
(n) insufficiency of packing;
(o) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;
(p) latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;
(q) any other cause arising without the actual fault and privity of the carrier, or without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.
3. The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the carrier or the ship arising or resulting from any cause without the act, fault or neglect of the shipper, his agents or his servants.
4. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of these Rules or of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.
5. (a) Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding 666.67 units of account per package or unit or 2 units of account per kilogramme of gross weight of the goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher.
(b) The total amount recoverable shall be calculated by reference to the value of such goods at the place and time at which the goods are discharged from the ship in accordance with the contract or should have been so discharged.
The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the commodity exchange price, or, if there be no such price, according to the current market price, or, if there be no commodity exchange price or current market price, by reference to the normal value of goods of the same kind and quality.
(c) Where a container, pallet or similar article of transport is used to consolidate goods, the number of packages or units enumerated in the bill of lading as packed in such article of transport shall be deemed the number of packages or units for the purpose of this paragraph as far as these packages or units are concerned. Except as aforesaid such article of transport shall be considered the package or unit.
(d) The unit of account mentioned in this Article is the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund. The amounts mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph shall be converted into national currency on the basis of the value of that currency on the date to be determined by the law of the Court seized of the case. The value of the national currency, in terms of the Special Drawing Right, of a State which is a member of the International Monetary Fund, shall be calculated in accordance with the method of valuation applied by the International Monetary Fund in effect at the date in question for its operations and transactions. The value of the national currency, in terms of the Special Drawing Right, of a State which is not a member of the International Monetary Fund, shall be calculated in a manner determined by that State.
Nevertheless, a State which is not a member of the International Monetary Fund and whose law does not permit the application of the provisions of the preceding sentences may, at the time of ratification of the Protocol of 1979 or accession thereto or at any time thereafter, declare that the limits of liability provided for in this Convention to be applied in its territory shall be fixed as follows:
(i) in respect of the amount of 666.67 units of account mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 5 of this Article, 10,000 monetary units;
(ii) in respect of the amount of 2 units of account mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 5 of this Article, 30 monetary units.
The monetary unit referred to in the preceding sentence corresponds to 65.5 milligrammes of gold of millesimal fineness 900. The conversion of the amounts specified in that sentence into the national currency shall be made according to the law of the State concerned. The calculation and the conversion mentioned in the preceding sentences shall be made in such a manner as to express in the national currency of that State as far as possible the same real value for the amounts in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 5 of this Article as is expressed there in units of account.
States shall communicate to the depositary the manner of calculation or the result of the conversion as the case may be, when depositing an instrument of ratification of the Protocol of 1979 or of accession thereto and whenever there is a change in either.
(e) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability provided for in this paragraph if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the carrier done with intent to cause damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.
(f) The declaration mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, if embodied in the bill of lading, shall be prima facie evidence, but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.
(g) By agreement between the carrier, master or agent of the carrier and the shipper other maximum amounts than those mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be fixed, provided that no maximum amount so fixed shall be less than the appropriate maximum mentioned in that sub-paragraph.
(h) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, or in connection with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly mis-stated by the shipper in the bill of lading.
6. Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment whereof the carrier, master or agent of the carrier has not consented, with knowledge of their nature and character, may at any time before discharge be landed at any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without compensation, and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all damages and expenses directly or indirectly arising out of or resulting from such shipment.
If any such goods shipped with such knowledge and consent shall become a danger to the ship or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without liability on the part of the carrier except to general average, if any.
Article IVbis
Application of Defences and Limits of Liability
1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in these Rules shall apply in any action against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to goods covered by a contract of carriage whether the action be founded in contract or in tort.
2. If such an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier (such servant or agent not being an independent contractor), such servant or agent shall be entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under these Rules.
3. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, and such servants and agents, shall in no case exceed the limit provided for in these Rules.
4. Nevertheless, a servant or agent of the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this Article, if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.
Article V
Surrender of Rights and Immunities, and Increase of Responsibilities and Liabilities
A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part all or any of his rights and immunities or to increase any of his responsibilities and liabilities under the Rules contained in any of these Articles, provided such surrender or increase shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued to the shipper.
The provisions of these Rules shall not be applicable to charter-parties, but if bills of lading are issued in the case of a ship under a charter-party they shall comply with the terms of these Rules. Nothing in these Rules shall be held to prevent the insertion in a bill of lading of any lawful provision regarding general average.
Article VI
Special Conditions
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier, master or agent of the carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to seaworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of his servants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of the goods carried by water, provided that in this case no bill of lading has been or shall be issued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a non-negotiable document and shall be marked as such.
Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect.
Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments made in the ordinary course of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement.
Article VII
Limitations on the Application of the Rules
Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement, stipulation, condition, reservation or exemption as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier or the ship for the loss or damage to, or in connection with the custody and care and handling of goods prior to the loading on and subsequent to the discharge from the ship on which the goods are carried by water.
Article VIII
Limitation of Liability
The provisions of these Rules shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of vessels.
Article IX
Liability for Nuclear Damage
These Rules shall not affect the provisions of any international Convention or national law governing liability for nuclear damage.
Article X
Application
The provisions of these Rules shall apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of goods between ports in two different States if:
(a) the bill of lading is issued in a Contracting State, or
(b) the carriage is from a port in a Contracting State, or
(c) the contract contained in or evidenced by the bill of lading provides that these Rules or legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contract,
whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested person.