标题：雪地胎
雪地胎简述
雪地胎说明  芬兰诺记雪地胎适合在雪天使用的轮胎，橡胶轮胎有金属钉，可以增加抓地力，在较为寒冷且容易积雪的地方，人们冬天会使用这种轮胎，比如俄罗斯。
在积雪路面开车时最好使用雪地轮胎（snow tire），雪地胎的胎面有更多细小纹路可增强抓地力。
与普通轮胎相比，雪地轮胎通过特殊的配方来增大与冰雪路面的摩擦力。它的优点在于提高了冰雪路面的通过性和安全性。雪地轮胎胎面的材质更软，精心配制的二氧化硅混合物橡胶配方能与光滑冰面接触得更紧密，从而产生比四季轮胎更大的摩擦力，使得车辆在光滑冰面上的操控性和安全性大大提高。当温度低于10℃时，雪地轮胎的表面变得更软，从而获得更好的抓地力。普通轮胎正好相反，越冷越硬。　
  芬兰诺记雪地胎
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Winter Tire 冬季胎Studded winter tire嵌钉冬季胎
Snow tires(winter tires) are tiresdesigned for use in winterconditions, such as snowand ice, and lower temperatures in general. They are an alternative to the use of snow chains.雪地轮胎（冬季胎）是专门设计用于冬季条件下的轮胎，如冰雪气候和气温较低的地区。它是除了防滑链之外的另一选择。
Snow tires are usually tires with a different rubber composition from all-weather (all-season) tires. Cold-weather tires include a greater percentage of natural rubber and silica so there is not as much hardening as found in synthetic rubber in cold conditions:they provide better traction at lower temperatures. Snow tires provide more small-tread areas, increasing tractionon snow and, in wet conditions, allowing water to escape from under the tire more easily. This reduces the risk of hydroplaning. Snow/winter tires start to perform better than summer or all-season tires if temperature falls below 7C (45F), as the rubber compounds in the latter harden resulting to decreasing grip even on dry pavement Interestingly one achieves maximum grip on packed snow if the slippage/wheel spinis 40-50%, i.e. one should turn off the traction control in most modern cars for maximum traction雪地胎配方通常使用的是不同于全天候轮胎（四季胎）的橡胶混合物。冬季胎所用的天然橡胶和二氧化硅的比例更大，因此在低温条件下，轮胎的硬化程度要低于合成橡轮胎；在低温状态下能够更有效地增加抓地力。雪地胎的胎面有更多细小纹路，在积雪路面可增强抓地力；在潮湿雨水条件下排水更容易。降低了湿地滑胎的风险。当气温在7摄氏度（45F）以下时，雪/冬季胎能够比夏季胎或四季胎发挥的性能更好，因为在干燥路面上，后者橡胶合成物的硬化会降低轮胎的抓地力。有趣的是，如果轮胎滑移或轮胎打滑度为40-50%时，雪地胎在积雪路面上的抓地力可以达到最大，也就是说，在现代汽车上可以关闭牵引力控制系统。
In much of Scandinavia, snow tires have metal studs to improve grip on packed snow or ice, but such tires are prohibited in most other countries because of the damage they cause to the road surface.Snow tires do not eliminate skidding on ice and snow, but they greatly reduce the risk. 在斯堪的纳维亚半岛的大部分地区，雪地胎上有金属钉，可以增强轮胎在雪地或冰地上的抓地力，但是这种轮胎在其它大部分国家都被禁止使用，因为他们会破坏道路。虽不能保证雪地胎可以完全解决轮胎打滑的问题，但至少大大降低了打滑
The Czech road sign Winter equipment, which mandates the use of snow tires in the winter
捷克路标“冬季胎设备”，表明要求在冬季使用雪地胎
North American symbol for winter tires 北美冬季胎的标志符号
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North America 北美
In the United States and Canada, a "snowflake on a mountain" symbol means that the tire has exceeded the industry requirement for a reference (non-snow) tire. 在美国和加拿大，轮胎上标有“雪花山”标志的标明此轮胎已超过参考轮胎（非雪地胎）的行业要求。
In Quebecwinter tires are mandatory on all vehicles from Dec 15 to March 15. 在魁北克，从12月15日至3月15日，所有的机动车辆必须使用冬季胎。
In Europe, requirements for snow tires vary by country: in Austria, Czech republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Norway, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden, the use of snow tires is a legal requirement during winter months (usually November to mid-April) or if snow or slush is present on road surfaces: failure to comply can result in on-the-spot fines from the police. Andorra, Italy and Switzerland all recommend snow tires but do not require them. Snow chainsfitted to tires are required in Andorra, Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Norway and Switzerland in certain winter conditions. 
在欧洲，对雪地胎的要求因国家而异：在奥地利、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、德国、拉脱维亚、挪威、罗马尼亚、斯洛文尼亚和瑞典，有法律规定要求在冬季（通常是从11月到四月中旬）或在当地面被雪或雪泥覆盖时使用冬季胎，若不使用冬季胎，可能会被警察现场罚款。在安道尔、意大利和瑞士，也推荐使用冬季胎，但不强制要求使用。在某些冬季条件下，安道尔、奥地利、法国、德国、意大利、挪威和瑞士等国家要求车辆必须安上防滑链。
Although there is no legal requirement to use winter tires, drivers in the United Kingdom are encouraged to use them by motoring organizations such as the AA, following the adverse winter weather conditions of 2010.Conversely, the same drivers were discouraged from using winter tires by car insurance companieswho, owing to a failure to understand the safety benefits, reportedly charged higher premiums to drivers who fit winter tires. This has since been clarified as incorrect practice by the Association of British Insurers(ABI) 在英国，尽管没有法律要求在冬季必须使用冬季胎，但是机动车组织例如：汽车协会，2010年在不良冬季条件下，就鼓励使用冬季胎。相反地，那些鼓励司机使用冬季胎的汽车保险公司，据报道，因不了解这其中的安全利益，反而对那些使用冬季胎的司机收取较高的保险费。目前，英国保险协会已经申明这些保险公司的做法是不正确的。
Since July 2008, the Czech Republic uses the Europe-wide road sign requiring the use of snow tires in marked mountainous areas during winter. The duration of obligatory snow tire use was originally November – April (Ordinance 208/2008 Sb.). This was later changed to November – March (Ord. 91/2009 Sb.). 自从2008年7月，捷克共和国已使用欧洲范围内的路标，在冬季，要求在需要用雪地胎的山区标上需使用雪地胎的路标。原本规定强制性使用雪地胎的时间为11月至4月（Ordinance 208/2008 Sb.），后被更改为11月至3月（Ord. 91/2009 Sb.）。
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