标题：莱佛士猪笼草
植物学史
莱佛士猪笼最早于1819年由威廉·杰克博士（Dr. William Jack）发现。在《柯蒂斯植物学杂志（Curtis's Botanical Magazine）》上刊登了杰克博士从新加坡寄来的信，他这样  《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》中莱佛士猪笼草的插图  《园丁与农夫杂志》中莱佛士猪笼草的插图写道：
“你们无法想象新加坡是多么的美丽。我来到位于马六甲海峡（the Straits of Malacca）附近的群岛上。海面上镶嵌着披着茂密森林的小岛，它们沐浴着明媚的阳光……我恰巧看到了斧头是怎么做成，还获得其他更多的有趣发现，特别是两种新的猪笼草（莱佛士猪笼草和苹果猪笼草）。它们的美丽远超过了其他已知品种。我对他们进行全面的描述，并画了两张图。莱佛士爵士十分的着急，他认为我们应该发表我们的发现。他建议把这些新种寄回国，使得在国内的人也能看到它的美丽，并能引起那边人们对苏门答腊植物的重视。”
在那时，莱佛士猪笼草是当时所知的最大的品种。在1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）》中，对莱佛士猪笼草进行了这样的描述：
“无论谁看到这个植物都会想，这也许就是植物王国里最令人惊叹的植物了吧。它令人无法忘记，它是现在欧洲所知的最大的猪笼草品种。”
原生地与分布
  婆罗洲的莱佛士猪笼草  莱佛士猪笼草的原生地莱佛士猪笼草是分布广泛的低地猪笼草。在马来半岛东南部地区，特别是柔佛（Johor），和苏门答腊西海岸因德拉普拉（Indrapura）到巴勒斯（Barus）都有分布。
莱佛士猪笼草一般生长在开阔的砂质湿地中。也曾在荒地森林（kerangas forest）、次生林、泥炭沼泽森林边缘、正常森林和海边的悬崖发现过莱佛士猪笼草。它通常可以生长在海拔1200m的地区，有时也会在海拔1500m的地方看到它。
形态特征
莱佛士猪笼草是一种藤本植物。茎可有15m长，直径可达10mm。节间距最长为20  莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼的唇cm。笼蔓最长可超过110cm。
莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼呈球状，有发达的翼（wing）。下位笼的高度很少超过20cm，但巨型个体的莱佛士猪笼草可有35cm高，15cm宽。上位笼呈漏斗状，且其唇的前端凸出。这两种捕虫笼都有超过3cm的细长唇颈。
捕虫笼的颜色丰富，从暗紫色到几乎全白都有。典型的莱佛士猪笼草下位笼是浅绿色的且带有紫色的斑点，上位笼则为奶油色。
莱佛士猪笼草的花序为总状花序，有16~70cm长。花朵为红色或紫色。每个小花梗上通常只有一个朵花，偶尔出现两朵。
幼苗带有棕色或白色的且容易脱落的长毛，成株则只有在花序上才一些稀疏的棕色短毛。
种植方法
莱佛士猪笼草是非常受欢迎的低地猪笼草，生活在一年大部分时间都炎热潮湿的热带低地丛林中。但它也可以在晚上温度较低且湿度也较低的中地地区生长。它可能是猪笼草收藏者见到的第一种相对耐寒的低地猪笼草。莱佛士猪笼草应该种植在阴凉的且有强烈散射光的环境中，或有明亮的人工照明的培养室里。浇水时应用软水，最好为蒸馏水，以免盐分积累。这不仅难看，也会损伤猪笼草的须根。不建议使用腰水的方法。使用潮湿，排水良好的介质较好。食虫植物不需要喂食。猪笼草的消化酶没有消化大型猎物的能力，消化不了的猎物会滋生细菌产生臭味，还会影响植株的健康。
种下类群
因为莱佛士猪笼草的分布很广，所以无论是在形状还是颜色方面，莱佛士猪笼草的个体差异都很大。下面是莱佛士猪笼草的种下类群。下面的命名大多都不是正  Nepenthes rafflesiana var.nivea式的。
Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var.alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990) ·
Nepenthes rafflesiana var.ambigua G.Beck (1895) 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var.elongata Hort. (1897) 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) G.Beck (1895) [=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana] 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873) 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) [=N. × hookeriana] 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882) 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. longifolia][2][4] 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886) 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpurea Mast. (1882) 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var.nivea Hook.f. (1873) 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var.typica G.Beck (1895) nom.illeg. 
Nepenthes rafflesiana var.vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud. 
Nepenthes rafflesiana pallida Hort.Veitch ex Wilson (1877) [=(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana]
巨型个体
  莱佛士猪笼草的原生地巨型莱佛士猪笼草生长于婆罗洲西北海岸和古晋（Kuching）以西110km的士马丹（Sematan）海滨小镇。这种个体的原生地是一些植被茂密的森林。巨型猪笼草方方面面都比普通的莱佛士猪笼草要大。它的茎可攀至15m高的地方。叶片长度可为原来的2.5倍。下位笼可有35cm高，15cm宽，容积可达到1L。捕虫笼的颜色多种多样，从白底红斑到深紫色都有。上位笼可能是全绿的或带班的。它的花序也很巨大，可达1m。小花梗可达1.5cm，花带有暗红色的被片。
除了大小之外，巨型莱佛士猪笼草的叶片也与普通的不同，它的叶片带有金属的光泽。所以巨型莱佛士猪笼草不是因为环境的不同造成的，而是因为个体的差异。
自然杂交种
  N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana下面是已发现的莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种。  N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana
N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana]
? （N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana）× N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis]
N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana
? （N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma
N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana
N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana 
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana （including N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）
保护状况
由于原生地的破坏和盗采，包括莱佛士猪笼草在内的大多数的野生猪笼草都受到威胁。目前，莱佛士猪笼草列于CITES附录II中，因此它的国际贸易受到了限制。如今市场上的莱佛士猪笼草都是通过组织培养、扦插、播种等方式得到的。
参考文献
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