标题：平行结构
议论文中的平行结构
依据平行结构与论点（或论题）的关系，可以将其大致分成如下几类。一、分解类。论证中平行结构的几个方面是对中心论点的展开与说明，是中心论点的具体化，恰似文章结构中的总分关系。如初语教材中《理想的阶梯》一文，文章的中心论点是“奋斗是理想的阶样”，并列的几个部分可以说是对“奋斗”一语的分解与具体化：
1、刻苦勤奋，是理想的阶梯；
2、珍惜时间，是理想的阶梯；
3、迎难而上，是理想的阶梯。
一些抽象的文题，如《知识就是力量》、《时间就是一切》等常用此类结构布局谋篇来进行论证。二、阐述类。论证中平行的几个方面是对中心论点的属性和思想意义的揭示与阐发，是作者对某一论题思索认识的结果。比如某年华东六省中学生作文大赛中的一篇夺魁乍文一一《这山望着那山高新解》，作者在辩证地引出学习、工作应有这种精神后，便用了一组平行结构来阐述它的合义：
1、这山望着那山高，是一种永不满足的精神；
2、这山望着那山高，是一种精益求精的精神；
3、这山望着那山高，是一种进取开拓的精神；
4、这山望着那山高，是一种力争上游的精神。
此类形式最能显示出作者思维的深刻程度。阐释类的议论文，如《谈理想》、《说自信》等，很适宜采用此类结构。三、利弊类。议论文常要论述某种主张、做法，而要证明应不应这样做，最好的方法真过于谈作用说危害了。比如宋代罗大经的《鹤林玉露》中有一篇精短议论文《勤有三益》，作者为了说明“为人当勤劳”这一观点，就采用了如下的平行结构：
1、勤劳，可以有所获免饥寒也；（创财）
2、勤劳，可以有所劳延寿考也；（健体）
3、勤劳，可以有所事远淫邪也。（修身）
又如，舫年高考优秀作文有一篇作文叫《严于律己，宽于待人》，作者在论证时，也用了此种结构：
正确态度：宽于待人，严于律己。
1、宽于待人，才会有知人之智；
2、严于律己，则会有自知之明。
论述得既简明而又颇有深度，得了很高分数也就不足为怪了。
论述主张、做法类的议论文常用此形式，如《学生要不要参加家务劳动》、《课外阅读小仪》。
一般来讲，在应试议论文的写作中，适时恰当地采用平行结构，有如下一些好处：
首先，能使文章思路清晰，条理分明。议论文重在阐明道理，而要说明某个问题，如能分成几个方面来进行论述，往往可以使议论显得有条不紊，多而不乱。
其次，从议论的力度和效果来看，采用平行结构往往能使议论气韵酣畅，有如重浪排阔，给读者造成强烈印象，从而增强了议论的说服力。
再次，议论时恰当合理地采用平行结构，能显示出作者在特定的思维范围内的不同指向的深度开掘，体现出作者思维的深刻程度。
可以说，平行结构是应试作文写作中快速成文的有效方法之一。[1]
英语中的平行结构
所谓平行结构就指的是内容相似，结构相同，无先后顺序，无因果关系的并列句。从总体上来说，平行结构可以分为以下的几种类型：
一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构 
并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than,as…as等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。 
1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致 
例1：He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. 
例2：Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later. 
2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致 
例1：Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 
例2：We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 
例3：I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here. 
3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致 
例1：Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 
例2：He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper. 
4.所连接的句子结构必须一致 
例1：She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 
例2：The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us. 
二、某些特定的固定结构。例如： 
(1)有些词后要用平行结构。例如： 
prefer sth to sth 
prefer doing sth to doing sth 
prefer to do sth rather than do sth 
1) I prefer rice to noodles. 
2)I prefer watching TV to listening to music. 
3) He preferred to die rather than surrender. 
(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。例如： 
would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可……也不……) 
1) Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up. 
2) I would as soon stay at home as go. 
III 部分强调句 
要强调句子的某一部分，可以把句子的结构改变一下，通常有两种表示强调的句式：It is / was … that …结构和What … is / was…结构。 
一、It is / was … that … 结构 
1.It is / was … that … 结构可以用来强调句子中几乎任何部分 
例1：It was my mother that threw an egg at Mr. Li yesterday. 
例2：It was Mr. Li that my mother threw an egg at yesterday. 
2.被强调的部分指人时，可用who 或whom 
强调主语时，如果指的是人， 可以不用that而用who来代替。强调宾语时，如果指点的是人，可用whom。例如： 
1）It was the dean who walked by. 
2）It was Mary whom the old lady missed most. 
3被强调部分指物时，要用that 
例如：It was an egg that my mother threw at Mr. Li yesterday. 
4.被强调部分是状语时，也只能用that，不能用when或where. 
例1：It is during his spare time that John has been studying a course in French. 
例2：It was in the hall that the mayor held the press conference. 
5.不能用It is / was … that 结构强调动词 
强调动词常用do,过去式用did。例如： 
1) They did study very hard yesterday. 
2) He does look forward to making the acquaintance of her. 
What … is / was … 结构 
二、What … is / was … 结构常用来强调主语或宾语，在这种结构中，is/ was后面是强调的部分。例如： 
1）What hurts is my left leg. 
2）What I like is her style.