标题：新闻工作者职业道德
简介
从事新闻报道、宣传工作人员所应遵循的基本道德规范，知识分子职业道德之一。新闻记者的职业守则，最初在20世纪20年代初期开始系统编纂。各国的新闻职业守则在形式和范围各有不同。
宗旨
在中国，新闻工作者的宗旨是为党、为社会主义、为工人阶级、为广大人民群众而工作。新闻职业道德是在共产主义道德原则指导下的先进的道德规范。
主要内容
(1)热爱党、热爱社会主义祖国，坚持四项基本原则，坚持新闻的党性与人民性的统一；(2)坚持新闻的真实性，忠于事实，不搞虚假报道，以人民利益为准绳，宣传党的政策，反映群众的心声，克服新闻报道中的客观主义倾向；(3)热情讴歌正义与光明，无情揭露邪恶和黑暗，主持公道，坚持正义，不畏惧任何压力，时刻同群众保持密切的联系；(4)严格要求自己，廉洁奉公，不利用工作之便谋私利，不拿版面做交易，吃苦耐劳，深入基层，有良好的新闻意识，遵守新闻纪律；(5)热情为广大读者服务，提供有益身心健康的稿件，甘当无名英雄，同行之间，相互尊重，相互学习；(6)认真学习马克思主义基本理论和党的路线方针政策，树立共产主义理想、信念，掌握丰富的科学文化知识，加强职业修养，勇于献身新闻事业。 
许多年来，国外新闻工作者有很多种书面的职业规范。他们将追求的目标和理想融化在其中。他们严格遵循这些职业道德规范，保护了新闻职业的崇高性，加强了人民的信任和尊敬。这里就是其中一些典型的规范和声明，值得每一个中国新闻工作者学习和参考。
职业新闻记者协会（SPJ）职业伦理规范
职业新闻记者协会（SPJ）职业伦理规范（英文版附后）
1996年9月制定绪言职业新闻记者协会成员相信，公众的启蒙是正义的先驱，民主的基石。新闻记者的职责就是通过追求真实，提供关于事件和问题的全面公平的叙述，达到启蒙公众的目的。来自所有专门领域和媒体的有责任感的记者，都努力彻底和忠实地为公众服务。职业正直感是记者信誉的基础，协会成员因此对于职业道德行为产生共同认识，并采用本规范作为协会实践原则和标准的声明。追求真实并加以报道新闻记者应该忠实、公正和勇敢地搜集报道和转述信息。
新闻记者应该：
●检验来自所有来源的信息的准确性，小心避免无意的错误。绝不允许故意扭曲。
●努力找到报道的主体，给他们对于声称的错误行为做出反应的机会。
●任何可能的时候， 都要指明消息来源。公众应该有尽可能多的信息来判断消息来源的可靠性。
●在承诺保证信息来源匿名之前， 永远要质问一下信息来源的动机。要对为换取信息而作出的承诺中各种可能的情况都做出清楚的说明，一旦承诺， 则保守诺言。
●确保标题、导读和其他突出处理的材料、照片、音像、图表、声音和印语都没有误表达。
●避免在转述和连续性的报道中误导。如果有必要转述别的媒体一条新闻， 可以这样做， 但要标识清楚。
●除非传统的公开的方法不能得到对公众至关重要的信息， 不要采用秘密的或窃听式的方法获取信息。如果使用了这样的方法， 在报道中应该加以说明。
●永远不要剽窃。
●勇敢地讲述关于人类经验多样性和广泛性的报道，尽管这些经验可能是不经常有的。
●检查自己的文化价值观念，并避免将这些价值观念强加给别人。
●观察人时不要被民族、性别、年龄、宗教、种族、地理、性取向、是否残障、外貌或社会地位这些因素框住。
●支持公开的意见交流，即使这些意见自己很反感。
●让无声的人们发出声音；官方信息和非官方的信息被以同样价值对待。
●在鼓吹文章和新闻报道之间做出明确区分。分析性文章和评论应被明确标出，以免与事实和报道文本相混。
●对广告和新闻做区分，避免出现模糊二者界限的杂交式文章。
●认识到自己的特殊使命，要确保公众事务是公开处理的，而且政府记录可以公开查阅。减小伤害有职业操守的记者把新闻来源、采访对象和同事都看作值得尊敬的人。
新闻记者应该：
●对那些可能因为新闻报道而受到负面影响的人们表示同情。当面对孩子和没有经验的新闻来源或新闻主体时， 要特别小心。
●当采访和使用受到正在悲伤中的人们的照片时， 要特别小心。
●要认识到采集和报道信息会引起伤害和不适，报道新闻并不意味着你就可以傲慢自大。
●要认识到， 一般人比公共官员和追求权力、影响和希望引起人们注意的其他人，有更多的权利保有关于自己的信息。只有当有十分迫切的公共需要时，侵入任何人的私人领域获取信息才是正当的。
●品位要高。避免迎合任何低级趣味。
●在指出青少年犯罪嫌疑人或性犯罪受害人时，才要非常谨慎。
●在正式控诉文件出来之前指明犯罪嫌疑人时， 要非常审慎。
●在公众被告知的权利和犯罪嫌疑人被公正审判的权利之间寻求平衡。独立行动除了公众的知情权之外， 新闻记者不应该对任何其他利益负有责任。
新闻记者应该：
●避免自己的利益与采访发生冲突，不管是现实的利益还是可能的利益。
●不参加任何可能伤害自己公正和信誉的组织和活动。
●如果将伤害记者的正直感， 拒绝一切礼物、好处、费用、免费旅游和特殊对待，并避免第二职业、政治涉入、在公共办公机构或社区机构工作。
●如果这些冲突必不可免，那么将它们暴露出来。
●勇敢地要求那些拥有权力的负起责任。
●拒绝广告商的优厚待遇和特殊利益，抵制他们企图影响新闻报道的压力。
●警惕新闻来源为了好处或金钱而提供信息，避免力求新闻出现的心理。可信新闻记者在他们读者、听众、观众的眼中是可信的。
新闻记者应该：
●澄清和解释新闻报道，就新闻界的行为邀请公众对话。
●鼓励公众说出他们对新闻媒体的不满。
●承认错误， 并迅速纠正。
●揭露新闻记者和新闻媒体的不道德行为。
●遵守他们对于别人提出的高要求。
美国报纸编辑协会（ASNE）原则声明
（英文版附后）
本文件自1922年开始作为《新闻记者规范》被采用，1975年被修改，并重新命名为《原则声明》。
l　　　　 绪言
第一修正案保护言论自由不被任何法绿剥夺，保证了人们通过媒体表达言论的宪法权利，并因此赋予报纸工作者一项特别的使命。所以新闻工作对其从业者，除了行业和知识的要求外，还要针对新闻工作者的特殊使命对其追求正直品质的情况有所要求。为此目的，美国报纸编辑协会制定本原则声明，作为职业表现和工作道德的最高标准。
l　　　　 第一条
责任。搜集和传播新闻与意见的最初目的是服务大众利益，将情况通知他们，使他们能对当时的情况作出判断。为个人私利或不值得的目的滥用自己专业工作者的力量的报人，将辜负公众的信任。美国新闻媒体是自由的，这不仅是为了告知大众，或作为一个争辩的论坛，也是为了能对社会中的力量，包括政府各级官员的行为，进行独立的检查。
l　　　　 第二条
新闻自由。新闻自由属于人民。必须保护新闻自由不受来自任何公共或私人集团的侵蚀与破坏。新闻记者必须时时警惕，关注公共事务是否在公开场合下讨论解决。他们必须同任何利用新闻媒体为自己谋私利的企图进行勇敢的斗争。
l　　　　 第三条
独立性。新闻记者必须避免任何表面或实质上的不适当、表面或实质上的利益冲突。他们既不应该收受任何东西，也不应该参加任何看起来有可能伤害他们正直性的活动。
l　　　　 第四条
真实与准确。来自读者的良好信任是优秀新闻的基础。应该不惜一切努力保证新闻的准确、没有偏见、平衡表达各方意见。社论、分析文章和评论，在准确性上应该与报道中的事实做同样的要求。严重的事实错误，和疏忽产生的错误，都应该做最快的和突出的更正。
l　　　　 第五条
公正。公正并不意味着新闻媒体不应该进行质问，或者不应该发社论表示意见。但是，它却要求媒体在新闻报道和媒体意见之间为读者划出一个清晰的界线。其中有观点和个人意见的文章应被明确标识出来。
l　　　　 第六条
正义性。新闻记者应该尊重被报道的人们的权利，遵守普通的正派的标准，对其报道的准确性和正义性向公众负责。被公开指控的人应该在最早的时间得到做出反应的机会。保证为新闻来源保密是要花很大代价的，因此不应轻易承诺。除非有十分清楚和急切的要求为新闻来源保密，他们应该被明确指出来。
这些准则是为了保持、保护和加强联结美国新闻工作者和美国人民的信任和尊敬，这种联结对确保这个国家的创始人委托给美国新闻工作者和美国人民的言论自由事关重大。
《圣路易斯邮报》准则
约瑟夫．普利策（1907年4月10日）
l　　　　我相信我的退休对于本报的基本准则不会带来影响，本报仍将永远为发展和改革而奋斗。
l　　　　从不利税于任何党派，永远反对特权阶级和公共利益的窃取者；
l　　　　从不对穷苦人缺乏同情心，永远忠实于公众利益；从不满足于已经发表的新闻，永远最大程度独立；
l　　　　从不畏惧攻击错误言行，不管这些错误言行是来自劫掠性的财阀们还是来自于劫掠性的贫穷者。
《马里恩（印第安纳）星报》编辑部信条
沃伦 G. 哈定
u　　　记住，每个问题都有两个方面，要将这两个方面都反映出来。
u　　　 要可信。
u　　　要挖掘事实。错误必不可免，但是要努力做到准确。我宁愿有一篇非常准确的报道，而不愿有一百篇有一半错误的报道。
u　　　 要正派、公正、宽容。
u　　　要支持人——而不是打击他们。每个人身上都有好的一面，将这好的一面引发出来，永远不要无谓地伤害别人的感情。
u　　　报道政治聚会时，要搜集事实，并如实地报道，而不要按你自己希望的那样去报道。
u　　　对所有党派一视同仁。如果有什么党派需要评论，我们会在社论栏目进行评论。
u　　　对待所有宗教事务都要尊敬。
u　　　 如有可能，永远不要忽视一个无辜的妇女或孩子对自己亲属的错误或不幸的倾诉。不要等被要求才去这样做，而要主动去做。
u　　　 而且， 最重要的，要干净。永远不要让一个脏词或未被确证的报道付印。
u　　　我希望这张报纸能这样做，这样它才能走入千家万户，而不伤害任何一个孩子的天真无邪。
全美新闻机构职业道德规范一览表
协会（Associations）
American Society of Newspaper Editors
National Press Photographers Association
Radio-Television News Directors Association
Society of American Business Editors and Writers
Society of Professional Journalists
新闻机构（News organizations）
The Associated Press
Dow Jones
Gannett Co.
Hearst Newspapers
E.W. Scripps Co.
Knight Ridder
美国各州（Regional）
Arizona
The Arizona Republic, Phoenix
California
Los Angeles Times
San Francisco Chronicle
San Jose Mercury News
Connecticut
The News-Times, Danbury
Delaware
The News Journal, Newcastle
District of Columbia
The Washington Post
Florida
Orlando Sentinel
The Tampa Tribune
Illinois
Chicago Tribune
The News-Gazette, Champaign
Indiana
The Herald-Times, Bloomington
The Journal Gazette, Fort Wayne
Iowa
The Gazette, Cedar Rapids
Missouri
The Kansas City Star
Nebraska
Lincoln Journal Star
New Jersey
The Record, Hackensack
Asbury Park Press, Neptune
New York
The New York Times Code of Ethics and Integrity Statement
The Journal News, White Plains
Oregon
Statesman Journal, Salem
Pennsylvania
The Tribune-Democrat, Johnstown
The Philadelphia Inquirer
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
York Daily Record
Texas
The Dallas Morning News
Houston Chronicle
San Antonio Express-News
Utah
Deseret News, Salt Lake City
Virginia
Daily Press, Newport News
The Virginian Pilot, Norfolk
Richmond Times-Dispatch
The Roanoke Times
Washington
The Seattle Times
Wisconsin
Wisconsin State Journal, Madison
职业新闻记者协会（SPJ）职业伦理规范
SPJ Code of Ethics 
Preamble
Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist’s credibility. Members of the Society share a dedication to ethical behavior and adopt this code to declare the Society’s principles and standards of practice.
Seek Truth and Report It
Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.
Journalists should: 
Test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible.
Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity to respond to allegations of wrongdoing.
Identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information as possible on sources’ reliability.
Always question sources’ motives before promising anonymity. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep promises.
Make certain that headlines, news teases and promotional material, photos, video, audio, graphics, sound bites and quotations do not misrepresent. They should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context.
Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations.
Avoid misleading re-enactments or staged news events. If re-enactment is necessary to tell a story, label it.
Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story
Never plagiarize.
Tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so.
Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing those values on others.
Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance or social status.
Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid.
Distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or context.
Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two.
Recognize a special obligation to ensure that the public’s business is conducted in the open and that government records are open to inspection.
Minimize Harm
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should: 
Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.
Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.
Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.
Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy.
Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.
Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.
Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.
Balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed.
Act Independently
Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public’s right to know.
Journalists should: 
Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived.
Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility.
Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.
Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable.
Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage.
Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news.
Be Accountable
Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other.
Journalists should: 
Clarify and explain news coverage and invite dialogue with the public over journalistic conduct.
Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media.
Admit mistakes and correct them promptly.
Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media.
Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others.
美国报纸编辑协会（ASNE）原则声明
ASNE Statement of Principles
ASNE’s Statement of Principles was originally adopted in 1922 as the "Canons of Journalism." The document was revised and renamed "Statement of Principles" in 1975. 
------------------------------------------------------------- 
PREAMBLE. The First Amendment, protecting freedom of expression from abridgment by any law, guarantees to the people through their press a constitutional right, and thereby places on newspaper people a particular responsibility. Thus journalism demands of its practitioners not only industry and knowledge but also the pursuit of a standard of integrity proportionate to the journalist’s singular obligation. To this end the American Society of Newspaper Editors sets forth this Statement of Principles as a standard encouraging the highest ethical and professional performance.
ARTICLE I - Responsibility. The primary purpose of gathering and distributing news and opinion is to serve the general welfare by informing the people and enabling them to make judgments on the issues of the time. Newspapermen and women who abuse the power of their professional role for selfish motives or unworthy purposes are faithless to that public trust. The American press was made free not just to inform or just to serve as a forum for debate but also to bring an independent scrutiny to bear on the forces of power in the society, including the conduct of official power at all levels of government.
ARTICLE II - Freedom of the Press. Freedom of the press belongs to the people. It must be defended against encroachment or assault from any quarter, public or private. Journalists must be constantly alert to see that the public’s business is conducted in public. They must be vigilant against all who would exploit the press for selfish purposes.
ARTICLE III - Independence. Journalists must avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety as well as any conflict of interest or the appearance of conflict. They should neither accept anything nor pursue any activity that might compromise or seem to compromise their integrity.
ARTICLE IV - Truth and Accuracy. Good faith with the reader is the foundation of good journalism. Every effort must be made to assure that the news content is accurate, free from bias and in context, and that all sides are presented fairly. Editorials, analytical articles and commentary should be held to the same standards of accuracy with respect to facts as news reports. Significant errors of fact, as well as errors of omission, should be corrected promptly and prominently.
ARTICLE V - Impartiality. To be impartial does not require the press to be unquestioning or to refrain from editorial expression. Sound practice, however, demands a clear distinction for the reader between news reports and opinion. Articles that contain opinion or personal interpretation should be clearly identified.
ARTICLE VI - Fair Play. Journalists should respect the rights of people involved in the news, observe the common standards of decency and stand accountable to the public for the fairness and accuracy of their news reports. Persons publicly accused should be given the earliest opportunity to respond. Pledges of confidentiality to news sources must be honored at all costs, and therefore should not be given lightly. Unless there is clear and pressing need to maintain confidences, sources of information should be identified.
These principles are intended to preserve, protect and strengthen the bond of trust and respect between American journalists and the American people, a bond that is essential to sustain the grant of freedom entrusted to both by the nation’s founders.