标题：CERN
简介
(欧洲核子研究中心)是世界上最大的粒子物理研究实验室。它成立于 1954 年，位于  添加新图片日内瓦的西北部，在法国与瑞士边界的侏罗山脚下。实验室全长约27.9公里，圆形围栏式，周边多余村庄和山脉。CERN目前拥有世界上设计能量最高的粒子对撞机——大型强子对撞机(Large Hadron Collider，简称LHC)，它于2008年9月10日正式启动运行，但于9月19日发生事故停机。经过一年多的维修，LHC于2009年11月20日重新启动，并于11月23日实现第一次对撞，在12月初实现2.36TeV对撞，2010年3月30日实现3.5Tev对撞，成为世界粒子物理研究的能量最前沿。CERN还是互联网的诞生地。
研究项目
CERN 由 20 个成员国资助,包括:奥地利,比利时,保加利亚,捷克共和国,丹麦,芬兰,法国,德国,希腊,匈牙利,意大利,荷兰,挪威,波兰,葡萄牙,斯洛伐克,西班牙,瑞典,瑞士和英国.印度,以色列,日本,俄罗斯联邦,美国,土耳其,欧洲委员会和联合国教科文组织 (UNESCO) 具有观察员身份. 
CERN 的研究计划由来自80 多个国家/地区的 6500 名研究人员实施(相当于世界粒子物理学家总数的一半左右),并由 2500 名常驻员工提供支持. CERN 的研究成果包括 W 和 Z 玻色子(宇宙的两种基本粒子)的发现.CERN 科学家还开发出了大量探测器和加速器技术,并在放射医学等多个领域屡有建树.除了获得诺贝尔物理学奖之外,CERN 研究人员还首先开发出了现代互联网:Tim Berners-Lee 于 20 世纪 90 年代初在 CERN 发明了万维网,以便使世界各地不同大学和研究所的科学家能够自动共享信息..  大型强子对撞机　　大型强子对撞机(Large Hadron Collider，LHC)是CERN目前最主要的研究项目，它已经完成建设，并曾于2008年9月10日启动运行，但于9月19日发生液氦泄漏事故而停机。2009年2月初，CERN决定于2009年9月底重新启动大型强子对撞机。通过LHC，人们希望寻找Higgs玻色子、超对称粒子、暗物质等物理现象。
除了拥有世界上最大,威力最强的粒子加速器之外,CERN 还管理 LHC 计算网格 (LCG) 项目.该项目是世界上最大的国际科学网格服务体系,它通过互联网和专用 10Gbit/秒链路访问共享的计算机和数据,使不同区域的科学家每年可生成,存储和分析 15 PB(1500 万 GB)的数据. 早在2004 年,在有条不紊地筹备 LHC 过程中,CERN 的 IT 部门认识到改造其 IT 基础设施架构的必要性.这个架构必须具备管理此计算网格项目的数据处理能力.该网格项目本质上是一个全球性分布式数据处理网络.为此,CERN 正在建立一个由 6000 台电脑组成的数据中心.其中,每台电脑都需要通过可靠的高性能千兆局域网交换机连接.尽管 CERN 以前的 IT 基础设施架构可满足日常网络需求,但由于网格的苛刻需求,CERN 认识到有必要重新对其进行评估.因此,CERN 于 2005 年邀请领先的网络厂商对其业务进行投标.ProCurve 最终胜出.CERN 需要把世界上最大,功能最强的粒子加速器连接到世界上最大的科学计算网格中的 600 台电脑上。CERN 希望 ProCurve 能够为其提供 ProCurve 适应性边缘架构 战略,包括 600 台 ProCurve 3400cl 交换机和 400 台屡获殊荣的 ProCurve 3500yl 交换机.cern在2010年3月30日进行了高能量的强子对撞，并试图模拟宇宙起源时的情况，这个实验已经完成，并很有可能第一次给出夸克存在的直接证据。
CERN光辉的历史（英文原版）
[1] 
1949
To redress the balance and restore European science to its former prestige, at the European Cultural Conference at Lausanne, the French physicist and Nobel prize-winner Louis de Broglie proposes the creation of a European science laboratory. 
1950
At the 5th General Conference of UNESCO in Florence, the American physicist and Nobel prize-winner Isidore Rabi puts forward a resolution, unanimously adopted, authorizing UNESCO, "to assist and encourage the formation and organization of regional centres and laboratories in order to increase and make more fruitful the international collaboration of scientists ...". 
1952
After two UNESCO Conferences, 11 European governments agree to set up a provisional "Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire" (CERN). At a meeting of the new CERN Council in Amsterdam, a site near Geneva is selected for the planned laboratory. 
1954
After initial ratification of the Convention by its Member States, the European Organization for Nuclear Research formally comes in to being on 29 September. Although the "provisional" CERN is dissolved, the handy acronym is retained. The twelve founding Member States are: Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia leaves in 1961. Austria and Spain join in 1959 and 1961 respectively - Spain leaves in 1969 but rejoins in 1983. Portugal joins in 1985, Finland and Poland in 1991, Hungary in 1992, the Czech and Slovak Republics in 1993 and Bulgaria in 1999, bringing the number of Member States to 20. 
1955-02-24
First meeting of the CERN Council 
1955-06-10
Felix Bloch, first Director-General of CERN, addresses the audience at the foundation stone ceremony.
1955-09,1960-04
Professor Cornelis Jan Bakker, Director-General of CERN from September 1955 to April 1960.
1957
CERN's first accelerator, a 600 MeV proton Synchro-Cyclotron begins operation. One of the first experimental achievements is the long-awaited observation of the decay of a pion into an electron and a neutrino. 
1959
First operation of CERN's first major machine, the 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS), for a time the world's highest energy accelerator. 
1960-02-05
Inauguration of the PS : F. De Rose (left) and J. Adams 
1961,1965
Professor V. Weisskopf, CERN Director General (1961-1965)
1961-07-27        
J.B. Adams' departure ceremony (in front of the Main Building).
1962-05-24        
Visit of Baudoin, King of Belgium
1962-09-20
Visit to CERN of Queen Frederica of Greece and of her daughter, Princess Irene 
1963
First CERN bubble chamber pictures of neutrino interactions. Neutrino physics benefits greatly from fast ejection of protons from the synchrotron. 
1965
Agreement with French authorities extends the CERN site into France. CERN's Council approves the construction of the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), the world's first proton collider, on this extension of the site in France, commissioned in 1971. 
1967
CERN commissions the ISOLDE Isotope Separator On-line for the study of very short-lived nuclei. This world-class facility greatly extends the range of CERN's research. Under a special agreement between CERN and France, work begins on the Gargamelle heavy liquid bubble chamber. An agreement between CERN, France and Germany covers the construction of a 3.7 metre hydrogen bubble chamber equipped with the largest superconducting magnet in the world. 
1968
The invention of multiwire proportional chambers and drift chambers revolutionizes the domain of electronic particle detectors. Georges Charpak is eventually awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 for this work. 
1971
Approval for the construction of a second laboratory, adjoining the existing site, with a 7-kilometre Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) initially planned for an energy of 300 GeV. Although at first administratively separate, the two CERN laboratories are united in 1976.
1972
A four-ring 800 MeV Booster is completed to increase the injection energy of the PS. With the booster and a new Linac, which starts operation in 1978, the PS machine goes on to exceed its design intensity by more than a thousand times. CERN's unique interlinked system of accelerators, with the PS as the central hub, provides an unparalleled variety of particle beams and research possibilities. 
1973
First important discoveries from the experiments at the ISR show that protons grow in size as their energy is increased; and particles emerging at wide angles reveal scattering between the constituent particles deep inside the protons. The Gargamelle bubble chamber in a neutrino beam at the PS provides one of CERN's greatest physics discoveries: neutrinos can interact with another particle and remain as neutrinos. This "neutral current interaction" breaks new ground, giving strong support to a theory which attempts to unite our understanding of the weak force - governing such phenomena as radioactivity - with the familiar electromagnetic force. 
1976
Start of operation of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). As with the ISR, machine construction is completed ahead of schedule and within the authorised budget. The accelerator performance improves rapidly so that the design intensity is exceeded and at the end of 1978, the peak energy is taken to 500 GeV. 
1978
Experiments at CERN show how beam quality and intensity can be improved using the "stochastic cooling technique", proposed by Simon van der Meer at CERN in 1968. The possibility of accelerating and storing intense beams of particles opens the door to a bold new proposal to convert the SPS into a proton-antiproton collider, using a Antiproton Accumulator ring (AA) to apply stochastic cooling to antiprotons. 
1979-06        
CERN?s 25th anniversary.
1981
With the SPS adapted as a proton-antiproton collider and with two experiments, UA1 and UA2, to study the collisions, the first proton-antiproton collisions, at an energy of 270 GeV per beam, are seen in July 1981
1981
Council approves construction of the 27-kilometre Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) ring, the largest scientific instrument ever constructed, for an initial operating energy of 50 GeV per beam. 
1983
Historic discovery of the W-bosons (January) and the Z-boson (May) - the long-sought carriers of the weak nuclear force - thus confirming the 'electroweak' theory unifying weak and electromagnetic forces
1983-09-13
In September, the ground-breaking ceremony for LEP takes place with French and Swiss Presidents, Fran?ois Mitterrand and Pierre Aubert, as guests of honour.
1984
Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer receive the Nobel Prize for Physics for their work which culminated in the discovery of the W boson and Z boson at CERN in 1983. 
1989
In August, LEP starts up. In October, only two months after the first collisions in LEP, extremely accurate measurements of the Z particle show that the fundamental building blocks of matter consist of three, and only three, families of particles. 
1989-11-13
On the 13th of November, LEP is officially inaugurated by Heads of State and Science Ministers. 
1990
Tim Berners-Lee, working with Robert Cailliau at CERN, proposes a distributed information system, based on 'hypertext', a way of linking related pieces of information stored on computers. By hiding network addresses behind highlighted items on the screen, information can be linked between several computers. The name "World-Wide Web" is chosen.
1991-12        
In December, CERN Council delegates agree unanimously that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the LEP tunnel is the 'right machine' for the future. 
1992
Georges Charpak of CERN is awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention of the multiwire proportional chamber. As well as revolutionizing the tracking of particles, this instrumentation is used in many medical applications.
1994
The years from 1989 are marked by the success of LEP experiments. The outstanding result is the precision measurement of the Z resonance parameters: from 1989 to 1993 the four LEP detectors - ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL - reconstructed more than 10 million Z decays.
1994
CERN's 40th anniversary. 
1994
Council approves construction of the LHC. 
1995
In September 1995, an international team led by Walter Oelert succeeded in synthesizing atoms of antimatter from their constituent antiparticles. The creation of atoms of antimatter at CERN has opened the door to the systematic exploration of the antiworld. 
1995
After making significant financial contributions to the LHC, Japan becomes a CERN Observer state. 
1996
LEP energy is increased to allow production of pairs of W particles. 
1997
After agreeing to provide significant financial contributions to the LHC, the USA becomes a CERN Observer State.
2000
Experiments at CERN present compelling evidence for the existence of a new state of matter 20 times denser than nuclear matter, in which quarks, instead of being bound up into more complex particles such as protons and neutrons, are able to roam freely. Such a state, the “quark-gluon plasma”, must have existed just a few microseconds after the Big Bang, before the formation of particles of matter.
2000-11
The LEP accelerator closes in November. During its eleven years of running, precision measurements made by the four LEP experiments confirmed the Standard Model to an extraordinary degree of precision. 
2001-05
In May CERN announces its final results on direct Charge Parity (CP)-violation, the subtle effect that explains nature's preference for matter over antimatter. The results demonstrate beyond doubt that direct CP-violation exists.
2002
At CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility, the ATHENA collaboration announced the first controlled production of large quantities of antihydrogen atoms at low energies. The trapping technology had been pioneered by CERN’s ATRAP collaboration.
2003
The first component of the Palais de l’Equilibre arrives at CERN. Renamed the Globe of Innovation, this elegant wooden sphere was offered by Switzerland during the inauguration of the gigantic experimental cavern which is to house the ALAS detector in 2007.
2004
Scientists, heads of state, and representatives from many countries attended CERN's official 50th anniversary ceremony.
2005
The first of the 1232 superconducting dipole magnets is lowered into the LHC tunnel. This achievement marks the start of LHC installation.
2036 (Fiction)