标题：IARC
IARC
IARC（International Agency for Research on Cancer ），国际癌症研究机构，从1971年起组织专家组收集和评价世界各国有关化学物质对人类致癌危险性的资料，编辑出版《IARC关于化学物质致人类癌症危险性评价专题论文集》，并于1979年、 1982年和1987年三次组织专家组对上述专题论文集所评价的环境因子和类别、混合物及暴露环境对人类的致癌性进行再评价，并出版报告。自1987年专题论文集改名为《IARC关于致人类癌症危险性评价专题论文集》，并扩展到物理因子、生物因子致人类癌症危险性评价。 
IARC关于化学物质致人类癌症危险性分类只与一种化学物致癌性证据的充分性(证据权重)有关，而并不涉及其致癌活性大小及其机制。IARC将化学物对人类致癌性资料(流行病学调查和病例报告)和对实验动物致癌性资料分为四级：致癌性证据充分、致癌性证据有限、致癌性证据不足及证据提示缺乏致癌性。对人致癌性证据充分是指在致癌物和人癌症发生之间有因果关系。致癌性证据有限是指因果关系的解释是可信的，但其他的解释如偶然性、偏倚、混杂因素不能完全排除。致癌性证据不足是指资料的性质、一致性或统计学把握度不足以判断因果关系或没有对人致癌性的资料。证据提示缺乏致癌性是指有几个在已知人类充分暴露水平范围内的研究表明暴露水平与所研究的癌症无关联。
分类为人致癌物(组1)必须要有流行病学证据的支持。流行病学研究(队列研究和病例对照研究)试图为化学品接触与人群癌症发生(或死亡)增加的因果关系提供证据。癌症流行病学研究是比较困难的，一般是在人群接触某种化学品多年之后进行，可能有很多混杂因素，并往往受到经费和时间的限制。为治疗目的给以化学品(药品)和职业性接触，较易控制接触条件，但个体数和接触期限也往往受到限制。因此，对于很多化学品需要由动物致癌试验、短期试验等为接触此化学品的致癌危险性提供论据(主要用于危害鉴定)。
致癌性评价标准
实验动物致癌性资料证据评价标准： 
(1) 致癌性证据充分指确立了受试物与肿瘤发生率(恶性或恶性和良性肿瘤合计)增加的因果关系：①见于两种或两种以上动物；②一个物种但经两次或多次独立的试验(包括不同时间或不同实验室或在不同实验方案条件下)；③在一个物种一次试验中，恶性肿瘤发生率、部位、肿瘤类型或发癌时间得到肯定的阳性结果。 
(2) 致癌性证据有限指资料提示有致癌作用，但在作决定性评价中证据有限：①致癌性证据限于一个试验；②在设计、实施或结果解释的合理性方面尚有疑问；③仅有良性肿瘤、未确定致癌性潜力的损伤、或该种系中此肿瘤的自发率较高。 
(3) 致癌性证据不足指资料由于重要的定性或定量上的限制，不足以证明致癌作用的存在与否，或没有实验动物致癌性的资料。 
(4) 证据提示无致癌性是指有足够的资料(至少两种种系)证明该物质无致癌性。但需指出，证据提示无致癌性的结论必然限于所研究的种系、肿瘤部位和暴露剂量水平。
致癌物分类
IARC根据对人类和对实验动物致癌性资料，以及在实验系统和人类其他有关的资料(包括癌前病变、肿瘤病理学、遗传毒性、结构—活性关系，代谢和动力学，理化参数及同类的生物因子)进行综合评价，将环境因子和类别、混合物及暴露环境与人类癌症的关系分为下列五类四组：第一类：致癌组1，对人类是致癌物。对人类致癌性证据充分者属于本组。如吸烟和二手烟。第二类：很可能致癌组2，对人类是很可能或可能致癌物。又分为两组，即组2A和组2B。 
组2A，对人类很可能(probably)是致癌物，指对人类致癌性证据有限。对实验动物致癌性证据充分。如生产艺术玻璃、常用电吹风的理发师。第三类：可能致癌组2B，对人类是可能(possible)致癌物，指对人类致癌性证据有限，对实验动物致癌性证据并不充分；或指对人类致癌性证据不足，对实验动物致癌性证据充分。第四类：未知组3，现有的证据不能对人类致癌性进行分类。第五类：很可能不致癌组4，对人类可能是非致癌物。
致癌物五类明细表
IARC专家组在2010年1月最新报告对834种环境因子和类别、混合物及暴露环境与人类癌症关系评价结果，
其中组1有100种，组1B有68种，组2B有246种，组3有516种，组4有1种。 
IARC对化学物质引起人类癌症危险性评价，是目前公认的权威性资料。在要了解某种化学物的致癌性时，应首先查阅IARC的资料(网址http：193．51．164．11/monoeval/crthgr01．html)。 
毒理学网 2010年1月12日 
Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans (100)
Agents and groups of agents
4-Aminobiphenyl [92-67-1] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Arsenic [7440-38-2] and arsenic compounds (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: 
This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not 
necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
Asbestos [1332-21-4] (Vol. 14, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Azathioprine [446-86-6] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Benzene [71-43-2] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Benzidine [92-87-5] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Benzo[a]pyrene [50-32-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 1 based on mechanistic and 
other relevant data)
Beryllium [7440-41-7] and beryllium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993)
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine) [494-03-1] (Vol. 
4, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Bis(chloromethyl)ether [542-88-1] and chloromethyl methyl ether [107-30-2] 
(technical-grade)
(Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987)
1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan; Myleran) [55-98-1] (Vol. 4, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cadmium [7440-43-9] and cadmium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993)
Chlorambucil [305-03-3] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU; 
Semustine) [13909-09-6] (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Chromium[VI] (Vol. 49; 1990)
Ciclosporin [79217-60-0] (Vol. 50; 1990)
Cyclophosphamide [50-18-0] [6055-19-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Diethylstilboestrol [56-53-1] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Epstein-Barr virus (Vol. 70; 1997)
Erionite [66733-21-9] (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined) (Vol. 72, Vol. 91; in 
preparation) 
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) (Vol. 72, Vol. 91; in 
preparation)
(NB: There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer 
a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary)
Estrogens, nonsteroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to 
the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual 
compounds within the group)
Estrogens, steroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to 
the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual 
compounds within the group)
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal (Vol. 72; 1999)
Ethylene oxide [75-21-8] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Etoposide [33419-42-0] in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin (Vol. 
76; 2000)
Formaldehyde [50-00-0] (Vol. 88; 2006)
Gallium arsenide [1303-00-0] (Vol. 86; 2006)
[Gamma Radiation: see X- and Gamma (g)-Radiation]
Helicobacter pylori (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994)
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with) (Vol. 67; 1996)
Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 
and 66 (Vol. 64, Vol. 90; in preparation) (NB: The HPV types that have 
been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of 
magnitude in risk for cervical cancer)
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (Vol. 67; 1996)
Melphalan [148-82-3] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) [298-81-7] plus ultraviolet A radiation 
(Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents (Suppl. 
7; 1987)
Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard) [505-60-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Naphthylamine [91-59-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Neutrons (Vol. 75; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 1 
with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Nickel compounds (Vol. 49; 1990)
N‘-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) [16543-55-8] and 
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)- 1-butanone (NNK) [64091-91-4] 
(Vol. 37, Suppl. 7, Vol. 89; in preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data)
[Oestrogen: see Estrogen]
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
[Oral contraceptives, combined estrogen-progestogen: see 
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)]
Oral contraceptives, sequential (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phosphorus-32, as phosphate (Vol. 78; 2001)
Plutonium-239 and its decay products (may contain plutonium-240 and other 
isotopes), as aerosols (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic 
reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during 
childhood) (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radionuclides, a-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Vol. 78; 2001)
(NB: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for 
carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
Radionuclides, b-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Vol. 78; 2001)
(NB: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for 
carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
Radium-224 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radium-226 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radium-228 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radon-222 [10043-92-2] and its decay products (Vol. 43, Vol. 78; 2001)
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
Silica [14808-60-7], crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or 
cristobalite from occupational sources) (Vol. 68; 1997)
Solar radiation (Vol. 55; 1992)
Talc containing asbestiform fibres (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Tamoxifen [10540-29-1] (Vol. 66; 1996) (NB: There is also conclusive 
evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin [1746-01-6] (Vol. 69; 1997) (NB: 
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from 
other relevant data)
Thiotepa [52-24-4] (Vol. 50; 1990)
Thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a 
colloidal dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide (Vol. 78; 2001)
Treosulfan [299-75-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Vinyl chloride [75-01-4] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987)
X- and Gamma (g)-Radiation (Vol. 75; 2000)
Mixtures
Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of) [1402-68-2] (Vol. 56, Vol. 
82; 2002)
Alcoholic beverages (Vol. 44; 1988)
Areca nut (Vol. 85; 2004) (NB: Overall evaluation based on human data, 
animal data, and mechanistic and other relevant data)
Betel quid with tobacco (Vol. 85; 2004)
Betel quid without tobacco (Vol. 85; 2004)
Coal-tar pitches [65996-93-2] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Coal-tars [8007-45-2] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Herbal remedies containing plant species of the genus Aristolochia (Vol. 
82; 2002)
Household combustion of coal, indoor emissions from (Vol. 95; in 
preparation)
Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated (Vol. 33, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Salted fish (Chinese-style) (Vol. 56; 1993)
Shale-oils [68308-34-9] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Soots (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Tobacco烟草, smokeless (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7, Vol. 89; in preparation)
Wood dust (Vol. 62; 1995)
Exposure circumstances
Aluminium production (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Arsenic in drinking-water (Vol. 84; 2004)
Auramine, manufacture of (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Chimney sweeping (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Coal gasification (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Coal-tar distillation (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Coke production (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Furniture and cabinet making (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Haematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 
1987)
Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or ‘environmental‘ tobacco 
smoke) (Vol. 83; 2004)
Iron and steel founding (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture (strong-acid process) (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Magenta, manufacture of (Vol. 57; 1993)
Painter (occupational exposure as a) (Vol. 47; 1989)
Paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Rubber industry (Vol. 28, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid (occupational 
exposure to) (Vol. 54; 1992)
Tobacco smoking 吸烟and tobacco smoke 二手烟(Vol. 83; 2004)
Last updated: 13 December 2006 
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans(68)
Agents and groups of agents
Acrylamide [79-06-1] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Adriamycin [23214-92-8] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Androgenic (anabolic) steroids (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Aristolochic acids (naturally occurring mixtures of) (Vol. 82; 2002)
Azacitidine [320-67-2] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Benzidine-based dyes (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) [154-93-8] (Vol. 26, Suppl.7; 1987)
1,3-Butadiene [106-99-0] (Vol. 71; 1999)
Captafol [2425-06-1] (Vol. 53; 1991) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Chloramphenicol [56-75-7] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
a-Chlorinated toluenes (benzal chloride [98-87-3], benzotrichloride 
[98-07-7], benzyl chloride [100-44-7]) and benzoyl chloride [98-88-4] 
(combined exposures) (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) [13010-47-4](Vol. 26, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence 
from other relevant data)
4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine [95-69-2] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Chlorozotocin [54749-90-5] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Cisplatin [15663-27-1] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene [27208-37-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in 
preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with 
supporting evidence from other relevant data) 
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene [53-70-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in 
preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with 
supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene [191-30-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation) 
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence 
from other relevant data) 
Diethyl sulfate [64-67-5] (Vol. 54, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride [79-44-7] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) 
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence 
from other relevant data)
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine [540-73-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: 
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from 
other relevant data)
Dimethyl sulfate [77-78-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: 
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from 
other relevant data)
Epichlorohydrin [106-89-8] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: 
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from 
other relevant data)
Ethylene dibromide [106-93-4] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: 
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from 
other relevant data)
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea [759-73-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Etoposide [33419-42-0] (Vol. 76; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Glycidol [556-52-5] (Vol. 77; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Indium phosphide [22398-80-7] (Vol. 86; 2006) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 2A)
IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [76180-96-6] (Vol. 56; 1993) 
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence 
from other relevant data)
Kaposi‘s sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (Vol. 70; 1997)
Lead compounds, inorganic (Vol. 87; 2006)
5-Methoxypsoralen [484-20-8] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
4,4′-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) [101-14-4] (Vol.57; 1993) 
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence 
from other relevant data)
Methyl methanesulfonate [66-27-3] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) 
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence 
from other relevant data)
N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) [70-25-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 
1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting 
evidence from other relevant data)
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea [684-93-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Nitrate or nitrite (ingested) under conditions that result in endogenous 
nitrosation (Vol. 94; in preparation)
Nitrogen mustard [51-75-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosodiethylamine [55-18-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
N-Nitrosodimethylamine [62-75-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Phenacetin [62-44-2] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Procarbazine hydrochloride [366-70-1] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: 
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from 
other relevant data)
Styrene-7,8-oxide [96-09-3] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Teniposide [29767-20-2] (Vol. 76; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Tetrachloroethylene [127-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)
ortho-Toluidine [95-53-4] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Trichloroethylene [79-01-6] (Vol. 63; 1995)
1,2,3-Trichloropropane [96-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate [126-72-7] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 
71;1999) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting 
evidence from other relevant data)
Ultraviolet radiation A (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Ultraviolet radiation B (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Ultraviolet radiation C (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation 
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Vinyl bromide [593-60-2] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: 
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from 
other relevant data)
Vinyl fluoride [75-02-5] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Mixtures
Creosotes [8001-58-9] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Diesel engine exhaust (Vol. 46; 1989)
High-temperature frying, emissions from (Vol. 95; in preparation) 
Hot mate (Vol. 51; 1991)
Household combustion of biomass fuel (primarily wood), indoor emissions 
from (Vol. 95; in preparation)
Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and 
application of) (Vol. 53; 1991)
Polychlorinated biphenyls [1336-36-3] (Vol. 18, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Exposure circumstances
Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of) (Vol. 58; 
1993)
Carbon electrode manufacture (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Cobalt metal with tungsten carbide (Vol. 86; 2006)
Hairdresser or barber (occupational exposure as a) (Vol. 57; 1993)
Petroleum refining (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 45; 1989)
Sunlamps and sunbeds (use of) (Vol. 55; 1992)
Last updated: 29 November 2006
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (246)
Agents and groups of agents
A-a-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [26148-68-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 
1987)
Acetaldehyde [75-07-0] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Acetamide [60-35-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (Vol. 71; 1999)
AF-2 [2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] [3688-53-7] (Vol.31, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Aflatoxin M1 [6795-23-9] (Vol. 56; 1993)
para-Aminoazobenzene [60-09-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
ortho-Aminoazotoluene [97-56-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole [712-68-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 
7; 1987)
Amsacrine [51264-14-3] (Vol. 76; 2000)
ortho-Anisidine [90-04-0] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Antimony trioxide [1309-64-4] (Vol. 47; 1989)
Aramite? [140-57-8] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Auramine [492-80-8] (technical-grade) (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Azaserine [115-02-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Aziridine [151-56-4] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Benz[j]aceanthrylene [202-33-5] (Vol. 92; in preparation) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting mechanistic and other 
relevant data)
Benz[a]anthracene [56-55-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Benzo[b]fluoranthene [205-99-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in 
preparation)
Benzo[j]fluoranthene [205-82-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in 
preparation)
Benzo[k]fluoranthene [207-08-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in 
preparation)
Benzofuran [271-89-6] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Benzo[c]phenanthrene [195-19-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in 
preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with 
supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Benzyl violet 4B [1694-09-3] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol [3296-90-0] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Bleomycins [11056-06-7] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Bracken fern (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Bromodichloromethane [75-27-4] (Vol. 52, Vol. 71; 1999)
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) [25013-16-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7;1987)
b-Butyrolactone [3068-88-0] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Caffeic acid [331-39-5] (Vol. 56; 1993)
Carbon black [1333-86-4] (Vol. 65, Vol. 93; in preparation)
Carbon tetrachloride [56-23-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Catechol [120-80-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Chlordane [57-74-9] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Chlordecone (Kepone) [143-50-0] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Chlorendic acid [115-28-6] (Vol. 48; 1990)
para-Chloroaniline [106-47-8] (Vol. 57; 1993)
3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone [77439-76-0] (Vol. 
84; 2004)
Chloroform [67-66-3] (Vol. 73; 1999)
1-Chloro-2-methylpropene [513-37-1] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Chlorophenoxy herbicides (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987)
4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine [95-83-0] (Vol. 27, Suppl.7; 1987)
Chloroprene [126-99-8] (Vol. 71; 1999)
Chlorothalonil [1897-45-6] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Chrysene [218-01-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
CI Acid Red 114 [6459-94-5] (Vol. 57; 1993)
CI Basic Red 9 [569-61-9] (Vol. 57; 1993)
CI Direct Blue 15 [2429-74-5] (Vol. 57; 1993)
Citrus Red No. 2 [6358-53-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cobalt [7440-48-4] and cobalt compounds (Vol. 52; 1991) (NB: Evaluated 
as a group)
Cobalt sulfate [10026-24-1] and other soluble cobalt(II) salts (Vol. 86; 
2006)
para-Cresidine [120-71-8] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cycasin [14901-08-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dacarbazine [4342-03-4] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) [117-10-2] (Vol. 50; 1990)
Daunomycin [20830-81-3] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
DDT [p,p‘-DDT, 50-29-3] (Vol. 53; 1991)
N,N‘-Diacetylbenzidine [613-35-4] (Vol. 16, Suppl.7; 1987)
2,4-Diaminoanisole [615-05-4] (Vol. 79; 2001)
4,4‘-Diaminodiphenyl ether [101-80-4] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2,4-Diaminotoluene [95-80-7] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dibenz[a,h]acridine [226-36-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dibenz[a,j]acridine [224-42-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987)
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole [194-59-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl.7; 1987)
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene [189-64-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene [189-55-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane [96-12-8] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol [96-13-9] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Dichloroacetic acid [79-43-6] (Vol. 84; 2004)
para-Dichlorobenzene [106-46-7] (Vol. 73; 1999)
3,3‘-Dichlorobenzidine [91-94-1] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
3,3‘-Dichloro-4,4‘-diaminodiphenyl ether [28434-86-8] (Vol. 16,Suppl. 7; 
1987)
1,2-Dichloroethane [107-06-2] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) [75-09-2] (Vol. 71; 1999)
1,3-Dichloropropene [542-75-6] (technical-grade) (Vol. 41, Suppl.7, Vol. 
71; 1999)
Dichlorvos [62-73-7] (Vol. 53; 1991)
1,2-Diethylhydrazine [1615-80-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Diglycidyl resorcinol ether [101-90-6] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Dihydrosafrole [94-58-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Diisopropyl sulfate [2973-10-6] (Vol. 54, Vol. 71; 1999)
3,3‘-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-Dianisidine) [119-90-4] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 
1987)
para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene [60-11-7] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole 
[25962-77-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine) [87-62-7] (Vol. 57; 1993)
3,3‘-Dimethylbenzidine (ortho-Tolidine) [119-93-7] (Vol.1, Suppl. 7; 1987)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine [57-14-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene [105735-71-5] (Vol. 65; 1996)
3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene [22506-53-2] (Vol. 65; 1996)
1,6-Dinitropyrene [42397-64-8] (Vol. 46; 1989)
1,8-Dinitropyrene [42397-65-9] (Vol. 46; 1989)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene [121-14-2] (Vol. 65; 1996)
2,6-Dinitrotoluene [606-20-2] (Vol. 65; 1996)
1,4-Dioxane [123-91-1] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Disperse Blue 1 [2475-45-8] (Vol. 48; 1990)
1,2-Epoxybutane [106-88-7] (Vol. 47, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other 
relevant data)
Ethyl acrylate [140-88-5] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Ethylbenzene [100-41-4] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Ethyl methanesulfonate [62-50-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
[Foreign bodies: see Surgical implants and other foreign bodies] 
2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole [3570-75-0] (Vol. 7, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Fumonisin B1 [116355-83-0] (Vol. 82; 2002)
Furan [110-00-9] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3‘,2‘-d]imidazole) [67730-11-4] 
(Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3‘,2‘-d]imidazole)[67730-10-3] (Vol. 40, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Glycidaldehyde [765-34-4] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Griseofulvin [126-07-8] (Vol. 79; 2001)
HC Blue No. 1 [2784-94-3] (Vol. 57; 1993)
Heptachlor [76-44-8] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Hexachlorobenzene [118-74-1] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Hexachloroethane [67-72-1] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Hexamethylphosphoramide [680-31-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with) (Vol. 67; 1996)
Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 (Vol. 90; in preparation)
Human papillomavirus genus beta (some types) (Vol. 90; in preparation)
Hydrazine [302-01-2] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
1-Hydroxyanthraquinone [129-43-1] (Vol. 82; 2002)
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene [193-39-5] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in 
preparation)
Iron-dextran complex [9004-66-4] (Vol. 2, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Isoprene [78-79-5] (Vol. 60, Vol. 71; 1999)
Lasiocarpine [303-34-4] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Lead [7439-92-1] (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Magenta [632-99-5] (containing CI Basic Red 9) (Vol. 57; 1993)
Magnetic fields (extremely low-frequency) (Vol. 80; 2002)
MeA-a-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [68006-83-7] (Vol. 40, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate [71-58-9] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987)
MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [77094-11-2] (Vol. 56; 
1993)
MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) [77500-04-0] (Vol. 
56; 1993)
Merphalan [531-76-0] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine) [75-55-8] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 
1999)
Methylazoxymethanol acetate [592-62-1] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
5-Methylchrysene [3697-24-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
4,4‘-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline) [838-88-0] (Vol. 4, Suppl.7; 1987)
4,4‘-Methylenedianiline [101-77-9] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Methylmercury compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) (NB: Evaluated as a group)
2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone [129-15-7] (uncertain purity) (Vol.27, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane [615-53-2] (Vol. 4, Suppl.7; 1987)
Methylthiouracil [56-04-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Metronidazole [443-48-1] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Microcystin-LR [101043-37-2] (Vol. 94; in preparation) (NB: Overall 
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B based on mechanistic and other relevant 
data)
Mirex [2385-85-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Mitomycin C [50-07-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Mitoxantrone [65271-80-9] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Monocrotaline [315-22-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone 
[3795-88-8] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Nafenopin [3771-19-5] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Naphthalene [91-20-3] (Vol. 82; 2002)
Nickel, metallic [7440-02-0] and alloys (Vol. 49; 1990)
Niridazole [61-57-4] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Nitrilotriacetic acid [139-13-9] and its salts (Vol. 73; 1999) (NB: 
Evaluated as a group)
5-Nitroacenaphthene [602-87-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Nitroanisole [91-23-6] (Vol. 65; 1996)
Nitrobenzene [98-95-3] (Vol. 65; 1996)
6-Nitrochrysene [7496-02-8] (Vol. 46; 1989)
Nitrofen [1836-75-5] (technical-grade) (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Nitrofluorene [607-57-8] (Vol. 46; 1989)
1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone [555-84-0] (Vol.7, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide [531-82-8] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 
1987)
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide [126-85-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7;1987)
Nitromethane [75-52-5] (Vol. 77; 2000)
2-Nitropropane [79-46-9] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
1-Nitropyrene [5522-43-0] (Vol. 46; 1989)
4-Nitropyrene [57835-92-4] (Vol. 46; 1989)
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine [924-16-3] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987)
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine [1116-54-7] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7, Vol. 77; 2000)
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine [621-64-7] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987)
3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile [60153-49-3] (Vol. 85; 2004)
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine [10595-95-6] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine [4549-40-0] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosomorpholine [59-89-2] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosopiperidine [100-75-4] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine [930-55-2] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrososarcosine [13256-22-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Ochratoxin A [303-47-9] (Vol. 56; 1993)
Oil Orange SS [2646-17-5] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Oxazepam [604-75-1] (Vol. 66; 1996)
Palygorskite (attapulgite) [12174-11-7] (long fibres, > 5 micrometres) 
(Vol. 68; 1997)
Panfuran S [794-93-4] (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)
(Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride [136-40-3] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenobarbital [50-06-6] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Phenolphthalein [77-09-8] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [63-92-3] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenyl glycidyl ether [122-60-1] (Vol. 47, Vol. 71; 1999)
Phenytoin [57-41-0] (Vol. 66; 1996)
PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) [105650-23-5] (Vol. 
56; 1993)
Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts (mixed exposures) (Vol. 41, 
Suppl. 7, Vol. 53, Vol. 71; 1999)
Ponceau MX [3761-53-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Ponceau 3R [3564-09-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Potassium bromate [7758-01-2] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Progestins (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Progestogen-only contraceptives (Vol. 72; 1999)
1,3-Propane sultone [1120-71-4] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
b-Propiolactone [57-57-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Propylene oxide [75-56-9] (Vol. 60; 1994)
Propylthiouracil [51-52-5] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Refractory ceramic fibres (Vol. 43, Vol. 81; 2002)
Riddelliine [23246-96-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7, Vol. 82; 2002)
Safrole [94-59-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Schistosoma japonicum (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
Sodium ortho-phenylphenate [132-27-4] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Special-purpose fibres such as E-glass and ‘475‘ glass fibres (Vol. 81; 
2002)
Sterigmatocystin [10048-13-2] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Streptozotocin [18883-66-4] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Styrene [100-42-5] (Vol. 60, 82; 2002)
Sulfallate [95-06-7] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Surgical implants and other foreign bodies (Vol. 74; 1999):
- Polymeric implants prepared as thin smooth film (with the exception of 
poly(glycolic acid))
- Metallic implants prepared as thin smooth films
- Implanted foreign bodies of metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an 
alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron
Tetrafluoroethylene [116-14-3] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Tetranitromethane [509-14-8] (Vol. 65; 1996)
Thioacetamide [62-55-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
4,4‘-Thiodianiline [139-65-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] (Vol. 47, Vol. 93; in preparation)
Thiouracil [141-90-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Toluene diisocyanates [26471-62-5] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride) [817-09-4] (Vol. 50; 1990)
Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)[62450-06-0] (Vol. 
31, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)[62450-07-1] (Vol. 31, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Trypan blue [72-57-1] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Uracil mustard [66-75-1] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Urethane [51-79-6] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Vanadium pentoxide [1314-62-1] (Vol. 86; in preparation)
Vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)
4-Vinylcyclohexene [100-40-3] (Vol. 60; 1994)
4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide [106-87-6] (Vol. 60; 1994)
Zalcitabine [7481-89-2] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Zidovudine (AZT) [30516-87-1] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Mixtures
Bitumens [8052-42-4], extracts of steam-refined and air-refined (Vol. 35, 
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Carrageenan [9000-07-1], degraded (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length C12 and average 
degree of chlorination approximately 60% (Vol. 48; 1990)
Coffee (urinary bladder) (Vol. 51; 1991) (NB: There is some evidence of 
an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the large 
bowel; coffee drinking could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity 
to other organs)
Diesel fuel, marine (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded 
from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Engine exhaust, gasoline (Vol. 46; 1989)
Fuel oils, residual (heavy) (Vol. 45; 1989)
Gasoline (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B 
with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia) (Vol. 56; 1993)
Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6, 59536-65-1] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 
1987)
Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) [8001-35-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme: fumonisin B1 and B2 and fusarin 
C (Vol. 56; 1993)
Welding fumes (Vol. 49; 1990)
Exposure circumstances
Carpentry and joinery (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cobalt metal without tungsten carbide (Vol. 86; 2006)
Dry cleaning (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 63; 1995)
Printing processes (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 65; 1996)
Talc-based body powder (perineal use of) (Vol. 93; in preparation)
Textile manufacturing industry (work in) (Vol. 48; 1990)
Last updated: 20 December 2006
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (516)
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans (1)