标题：乔治·克拉姆
个人履历
乔治·克拉姆（George Crumb 1929~    ），美国最杰出的先锋派作曲家之一。1929年l0月24日生于西弗吉尼亚州查尔斯顿。先后在梅森学院（Manson College）、伊利诺大学(1953年获文学硕士学位)和密执安大学(19599年获博士学位）学习。曾从作曲家R L．芬尼(Rose Lee Finney)学作曲。1959年起在科罗拉多大学任教，1965年起在宾西法尼亚大学任教，同时从事音乐创作。 
克拉姆的音乐擅长在传统乐器上使用特殊演奏技法成采用非西方乐器制造新颖独特的音响，同时追求深邃的理性，表现一定的思想和情感，既有抽象性的—面，又有标题性的特点，他的作品内涵比较好理解。其创作大多带有室内乐性质。声乐作品的歌词多取自西班牙诗人洛尔卡（Federico Garcia Lorca）的诗。
个人作品
Orchestral
“客西马尼”Gethsemane (1947), for small orchestra
《双连图画》Diptych (1955)《乐队变奏曲》Variazioni (1959), for large orchestra《河流与时间的回声》Echoes of Time and the River (Echoes II) (1967)《打猎风景》A Haunted Landscape (1984)Vocal Choral Orchestral
《星孩》Star-Child (1977, revised 1979), for soprano, antiphonal children's voices, male speaking choir, bell ringers, and large orchestraChamber/Instrumental
“两首二重奏”Two Duos (1944?), for flute and clarinet
“四首作品”Four Pieces (1945), for violin and piano
“小提琴奏鸣曲”Violin Sonata (1949)
《弦乐三重奏》String Trio (1952)
“三首田园诗作品”Three Pastoral Pieces (1952), for oboe and piano
《中提琴奏鸣曲》Viola Sonata (1953)
《弦乐四重奏》String Quartet (1954)
《独奏大提琴奏鸣曲》Sonata for Solo Cello (1955)
《四首夜曲—夜乐II》Four Nocturnes (Night Music II) (1964), for violin and piano
《秋天的十一个回声》Eleven Echoes of Autumn, 1965 (Echoes I) (1966), for violin, alto flute, clarinet, and piano
《黑天使》Black Angels (Images I) (1970), for electric string quartet
《鲸鱼之声》Vox Balaenae (Voice of the Whale) (1971), for electric flute, electric cello, and amplified piano
《为一个夏夜而作的音乐—大宇宙III》Music for a Summer Evening (Makrokosmos III) (1974), for two amplified pianos and percussion (two players).
《梦的序列》Dream Sequence (Images II) (1976), for violin, cello, piano, percussion (one player), and off-stage glass harmonica (two players)
《弦乐三重奏》String Trio (1982)
《田园低音》Pastoral Drone (1982), for organ
《蠢材的田园诗》An Idyll for the Misbegotten (Images III) (1986), for amplified flute and percussion (three players).
“复活节曙光”Easter Dawning (1991), for carillon
《探索》Quest (1994), for guitar, soprano saxophone, harp, double bass, and percussion (two players)“曼德斯的犬”Mundus Canis (A Dog's World) (1998), for guitar and percussion
Piano
《钢琴奏鸣曲》Piano Sonata (1945)
《前奏曲与托卡塔》Prelude and Toccata (1951)
“五首作品”Five Pieces (1962)
《大宇宙I》Makrokosmos, Volume I (1972), for amplified piano
《大宇宙II》Makrokosmos, Volume II (1973), for amplified piano
《天上的机械士——大宇宙IV》Celestial Mechanics (Makrokosmos IV) (1979), for amplified piano (four hands)
《1979年圣诞节小组曲》A Little Suite for Christmas, A.D. 1979 (1980)
《箴言变奏曲》Gnomic Variations (1981)
“游行圣歌”Processional (1983)
“时代精神”Zeitgeist (Tableaux Vivants) (1988), for two amplified pianosEine Kleine Mitternachtmusik (A Little Midnight Music) (2002)
“来世回响”Otherworldly Resonances (2003), for two pianos
Vocal
“四首歌曲”Four Songs (1945?), for voice, clarinet and piano
“七首歌曲”Seven Songs (1946), for voice and piano
“三首早期歌曲”Three Early Songs (1947), for voice and piano
“希腊歌词的循环”A Cycle of Greek Lyrics (1950?), for voice and piano
《夜乐I》Night Music I (1963, revised 1976), for soprano, piano/celeste, and two percussionists
《牧歌I》Madrigals, Book I (1965), for soprano, vibraphone, and double bass
《牧歌II》Madrigals, Book II (1965), for soprano, flute/alto flute/piccolo, and percussion
《死亡之正歌、吟唱与副歌》Songs, Drones, and Refrains of Death (1968), for baritone, electric guitar, electric double bass, amplified piano/electric harpsichord, and two percussionists
《四个月亮之夜》Night of the Four Moons (1969), for alto, alto flute/piccolo, banjo, electric cello, and percussion
《牧歌III》Madrigals, Book III (1969), for soprano, harp, and percussion
《牧歌IV》Madrigals, Book IV (1969), for soprano, flute/alto flute/piccolo, harp, double bass, and percussion
《远古童声》Ancient Voices of Children (1970), for mezzo-soprano, boy soprano, oboe, mandolin, harp, amplified piano (and toy piano), and percussion (three players)
《永恒的光》Lux Aeterna (1971) for soprano, bass flute/soprano recorder, sitar, and percussion (two players)
《女妖》Apparition (1979), for soprano and amplified piano
“睡美人”The Sleeper (1984), for soprano and piano
“为孩子们作的费德里克的短歌”Federico's Little Songs for Children (1986), for soprano, flute/piccolo/alto flute/bass flute, and harp
“美国歌谣集I：直上山岗”American Songbook I: Unto the Hills (2001), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
“美国歌谣集II：一个超越时空之旅”American Songbook II: A Journey Beyond Time (2003), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
“美国歌谣集III：生命之河”American Songbook III: River of Life (2003), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
美国歌谣集IV：命运之风”American Songbook IV: Winds of Destiny (2004), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
“美国歌谣集V：来自于一个被遗忘世界的声音”American Songbook V: Voices from a Forgotten World (2007), for soprano, baritone, percussion quartet and piano
“美国歌谣集VI：来自于大地早晨的声音”American Songbook VI: Voices from the Morning of the Earth (2008), for soprano, baritone, percussion quartet and piano
Choral
《哈利路亚》Alleluja (1948), for unaccompanied chorus