标题：无水乙醇
理化性质
物理性质外观与性状：无色液体，有酒香。
熔点(℃)：-114.1
相对密度（水=1）：0.79
沸点(℃)：78.3
相对蒸气密度（空气=1）：1.59
分子式：C2H6O
分子量：46.07
饱和蒸气压(kPa)：5.33(19℃)
燃烧热(kJ/mol)：1365.5
临界温度(℃)：243.1
临界压力(MPa)：6.38
辛醇/水分配系数的对数值：0.32
闪点(℃)：12
爆炸上限%(V/V)：19.0
引燃温度(℃)：363
爆炸下限%(V/V)：3.3
溶解性：与水混溶，可混溶于醚、氯仿、甘油等多数有机溶剂[1]　
化学性质1、消去反应
无水乙醇在浓硫酸条件下迅速加热升至170℃，生成乙烯，浓硫酸作为脱水剂、催化剂。
2、取代反应
无水乙醇与氢溴酸在加热条件下反应，生成溴乙烷和水。
3、分子内脱水
无水乙醇在浓硫酸条件下加热至140℃，生成乙醚和水。
4、酯化反应
无水乙醇与羧酸在浓硫酸存在下加热，可生成对应的酯类化合物。[2]
5、与金属钠反应
无水乙醇与金属钠反应，生成乙醇钠和氢气。
6、与强氧化剂反应
乙醇与酸性高锰酸钾溶液或酸性重铬酸钾溶液反应，可被氧化为乙酸。
光谱图
红外光谱图  红外光谱图[3]
谱峰列表 序号
峰位(cm-1)
透过率(%)
半峰宽(cm-1)
峰差(%)
1891382511210549126733125129874241396211115152920102118463702479548[3]　
质谱图  质谱图[4]
作用与用途
乙醇是重要的有机溶剂，广泛用于医药、涂料、卫生用品、化妆品、油脂等各个方法，占乙醇总耗量的50%左右。乙醇是重要的基本化工原料，用于制造乙醛、乙二烯、乙胺、乙酸乙酯、乙酸、氯乙烷等等，并衍生出医药、染料、涂料、香料、合成橡胶、洗涤剂、农药等产品的许多中间体，其制品多达300种以上，乙醇作为化工产品中间体的用途正在逐步下降，许多产品例如乙醛、乙酸、乙基乙醇已不再采用乙醇作原料而用其他原料代替。75%的乙醇水溶液具有强杀菌能力，是常用的消毒剂。经过专门精制的乙醇也可用于制造饮料。与甲醇类似，乙醇可作能源使用。有的国家已开始单独用乙醇作汽车燃料或掺到汽油（10%以上）中使用以节约汽油。
使用注意事项
危险性概述健康危害：该品为中枢神经系统抑制剂。首先引起兴奋，随后抑制。急性中毒：急性中毒多发生于口服。一般可分为兴奋、催眠、麻醉、窒息四阶段。患者进入第三或第四阶段，出现意识丧失、瞳孔扩大、呼吸不规律、休克、心力循环衰竭及呼吸停止。慢性影响：在生产中长期接触高浓度该品可引起鼻、眼、粘膜刺激症状，以及头痛、头晕、疲乏、易激动、震颤、恶心等。长期酗洒可引起多发性神经病、慢性胃炎、脂肪肝、肝硬化、心肌损害及器质性精神病等。皮肤长期接触可引起干燥、脱屑、皲裂和皮炎。
燃爆危险：该品易燃，具刺激性。[1]　
急救措施皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用流动清水冲洗。
眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。
吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。就医。
食入：饮足量温水，催吐。就医。[1]　
消防措施危险特性：易燃，其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物，遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。与氧化剂接触发生化学反应或引起燃烧。在火场中，受热的容器有爆炸危险。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方，遇火源会着火回燃。
灭火方法：尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。喷水保持火场容器冷却，直至灭火结束。
灭火剂：抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。[1]　
泄漏应急处理应急处理：迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防静电工作服。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。
小量泄漏：用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗，洗水稀释后放入废水系统。
大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。[1]　
操作处置与储存操作注意事项：密闭操作，全面通风。操作人员必须经过专门培训，严格遵守操作规程。建议操作人员佩戴过滤式防毒面具（半面罩），穿防静电工作服。远离火种、热源，工作场所严禁吸烟。使用防爆型的通风系统和设备。防止蒸气泄漏到工作场所空气中。避免与氧化剂、酸类、碱金属、胺类接触。灌装时应控制流速，且有接地装置，防止静电积聚。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。倒空的容器可能残留有害物。
储存注意事项：储存于阴凉、通风的库房。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过30℃。保持容器密封。应与氧化剂、酸类、碱金属、胺类等分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。[1]
物质毒性
毒性作用试验数据 编号
毒性类型
测试方法
测试对象
使用剂量
毒性作用
​1急性毒性口服人类——男性22500 mg/kg/4W-I 1.内分泌毒性——其他变化
2.血液毒性——其他变化​2急性毒性口服人类——婴儿11712 uL/kg 1.行为毒性general anesthetic
2.心脏毒性Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction)
3.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea​3急性毒性口服人类——女性1200 mg/kg/3H 1.内分泌毒性Endocrine - changess in gonadotropins
2.内分泌毒性——其他变化
3.血液毒性——其他变化​4急性毒性口服人类——男性3371 uL/kg 1.行为毒性altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)
2.行为毒性excitement
3.行为毒性coma​5急性毒性口服人类——儿童2 mg/kg 1.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
2.肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration
3.血液毒性——其他变化​6急性毒性口服人类——儿童14400 mg/kg/30M-I 1.行为毒性coma
2.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
3.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting​7急性毒性口服人类——男性700 mg/kg 1.行为毒性changes in psychophysiological tests​8急性毒性口服人类1400 mg/kg 1.行为毒性sleep
2.行为毒性headache
3.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting​9急性毒性口服人类——男性50 mg/kg 1.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - alteration in gastric secretion
2.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - other changes​10急性毒性口服人类——男性1430 ug/kg 1.行为毒性changes in motor activity (specific assay)
2.行为毒性ataxia
3.行为毒性antipsychotic​11急性毒性口服人类——女性256 mg/kg/12W 1.行为毒性hallucinations, distorted perceptions
2.内分泌毒性Endocrine - effect on menstrual cycle​12急性毒性皮下人类——婴儿19440 mg/kg 1.行为毒性convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
2.行为毒性coma
3.营养和代谢系统毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease​13急性毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠7060 mg/kg 1.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes​14急性毒性吸入啮齿动物——大鼠20000 ppm/10H 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​15急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠3600 ug/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​16急性毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠1440 mg/kg 1.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea​17急性毒性动脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠11 mg/kg 1.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - chronic pulmonary edema
2.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea​18急性毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠3450 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​19急性毒性吸入啮齿动物——小鼠39 gm/m3/4H 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​20急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠528 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​21急性毒性皮下啮齿动物——小鼠8285 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​22急性毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——小鼠1973 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​23急性毒性口服哺乳动物——狗5500 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​24急性毒性腹腔注射哺乳动物——狗3 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​25急性毒性皮下哺乳动物——狗6 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​26急性毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——狗1600 mg/kg 1.行为毒性ataxia
2.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
3.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea​27急性毒性口服哺乳动物——猫6 mg/kg 1.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - gastritis
2.肝毒性Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse
3.肾、输尿管和膀胱毒性Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - interstitial nephritis​28急性毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——猫3945 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​29急性毒性口服啮齿动物——兔6300 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​30急性毒性皮试啮齿动物——兔20 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​31急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——兔963 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​32急性毒性皮下啮齿动物——兔20 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​33急性毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——兔2374 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​34急性毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠5560 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​35急性毒性吸入啮齿动物——豚鼠21900 ppm 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​36急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——豚鼠3414 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​37急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——仓鼠5068 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​38急性毒性皮下鸟类——鸽子5 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​39急性毒性皮下鸟类——鸡5 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​40急性毒性静脉注射鸟类——鸡8216 mg/kg 1.血管毒性Vascular - other changes​41急性毒性皮下两栖动物——蛙 7100 mg/kg 详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值​42急性毒性胃肠外两栖动物——蛙 36 mg/kg 1.周围神经毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change
2.行为毒性somnolence (general depressed activity)​43急性毒性腹腔注射哺乳动物——未报告4300 mg/kg 1.行为毒性somnolence (general depressed activity)
2.行为毒性convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
3.行为毒性changes in motor activity (specific assay)​44多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠1825 mg/kg/1Y-C 1.肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration
2.肝毒性Liver - changes in liver weight
3.营养和代谢系统毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain​45多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠19 mg/kg/21D-C 1.生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)​46多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠280 mg/kg/5W-I 1.心脏毒性Cardiac - changes in heart weight
2.血液毒性Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
3.慢性病相关毒性Related to Chronic Data - changes in testicular weight​47多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠851 mg/kg/10W-C 1.生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)
2.生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - dehydrogenases​48多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠7 mL/kg/7D-I 1.肝毒性Liver - other changes
2.生化毒性Biochemical - Effect on specific coenzyme - B vitamins including folate​49多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠6300 mg/kg/9W-I 1.肝毒性Liver - other changes
2.肝毒性Liver - changes in liver weight
3.生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - other transferases​50多次剂量口服哺乳动物——狗560 mL/kg/10W-C 1.大脑毒性Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes
2.心脏毒性Cardiac - other changes
3.肝毒性Liver - other changes​51多次剂量口服灵长目动物——猴210 mg/kg/5W-I 1.肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration​52眼毒性皮试啮齿动物——兔400 mg 1.Mild​53眼毒性皮试啮齿动物——兔20 mg/24H 1.Moderate​54眼毒性入眼啮齿动物——兔500 mg 1.Severe​55眼毒性入眼啮齿动物——兔500 mg/24H 1.Mild​56眼毒性入眼啮齿动物——兔100 mg/4S 1.Moderate​57突变毒性​细菌——鼠伤寒沙门氏菌11 pph ​​58突变毒性​细菌—— 大肠杆菌140 gm/L ​​59突变毒性​细菌——大肠杆菌5 mg/well ​​60突变毒性口服昆虫——果蝇 10 pph ​​61突变毒性​酵母菌——酿酒酵母 24 pph ​​62突变毒性​酵母菌——酿酒酵母850 mmol/L ​​63突变毒性​Mold -构巢曲霉20 pph ​​64突变毒性​Mold -构巢曲霉5 pph ​​65突变毒性​Mold -构巢曲霉30 gm/L ​​66突变毒性​
昆虫——蝗虫500 mmol/L ​​67突变毒性​人淋巴细胞 220 mmol/L ​​68突变毒性​人淋巴细胞 1160 gm/L ​​69突变毒性​人成纤维细胞12000 ppm ​​70突变毒性​人的白细胞1 pph/72H (Continuous) ​​71突变毒性​人淋巴细胞 500 ppm/72H (Continuous) ​​72突变毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg ​​73突变毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠250 mg/kg/16D (Continuous) ​​74突变毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠3 mg/kg ​​75突变毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠2 mg/kg ​​76突变毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠1240 mg/kg/2D ​​77突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠40 mg/kg ​​78突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠420 mg/kg/3W ​​79突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠5 mg/kg ​​80突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠3720 mg/kg/3D ​​81突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠1500 mg/kg/50D ​​82突变毒性​啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢 100 ppm ​​83突变毒性​啮齿动物——仓鼠胚胎1 pph ​​84突变毒性​啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢 160 mmol/L ​​85突变毒性​啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢 3900 mg/L ​​86突变毒性​哺乳动物——狗淋巴细胞400 umol/L ​​87Tumorigenic 口服啮齿动物——小鼠320 mg/kg/50W-I 1.致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
2.肝毒性Liver - tumors
3.血液毒性Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease​88Tumorigenic ​
啮齿动物——小鼠120 mg/kg/18W-I 1.致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
2.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - tumors
3.肝毒性Liver - tumors​89Tumorigenic 口服啮齿动物——小鼠400 mg/kg/57W-I 1.致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
2.胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - tumors​90生殖毒性口服人类——女性41 mg/kg,female 41 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - Apgar score (human only)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - drug dependence​91生殖毒性口服人类——女性250 mg/kg,female 37 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo​92生殖毒性静脉注射人类——女性8 mg/kg,female 32 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - Apgar score (human only)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects​93生殖毒性子宫人类——女性200 mg/kg,female 5 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)​94生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠78 mg/kg,female 7-19 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic​95生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 13 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material)​96生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠322 mg/kg,male 35 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct​97生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠12 mg/kg,female 9-12 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)​98生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠132 mg/kg,female 1-22 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral​99生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠24 mg/kg,female 14-16 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities​100生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠354 mg/kg,lactating female 10 day(s) post-birth 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic​101生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 6-15 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system​102生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠35295 mg/kg,female 1-15 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)​103生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠44 mg/kg,female 7-17 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system​104生殖毒性吸入啮齿动物——大鼠20000 ppm/7H,female 1-22 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities​105生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠15 mg/kg,female 8-13 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical​106生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠2240 mg/kg,female 9-12 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)​107生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠600 mg/kg,female 8-15 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)​108生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠600 mg/kg,female 8-15 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)​109生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠600 mg/kg,female 8-15 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system​110生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠3600 mg/kg,female 7-8 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral​111生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 6-7 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system​112生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠3 mg/kg,female 6-7 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)​113生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 6-7 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities​114生殖毒性入脑啮齿动物——大鼠5 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility​115生殖毒性未报告啮齿动物——大鼠60 mg/kg,female 9-14 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death​116生殖毒性睾丸啮齿动物——大鼠400 mg/kg,male 1 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)​117生殖毒性子宫啮齿动物——大鼠2400 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)​118生殖毒性未报告啮齿动物——大鼠642 mg/kg,female 1-21 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)​119生殖毒性未报告啮齿动物——大鼠373 mg/kg,lactating female 23 day(s) post-birth 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical​120生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠162 mg/kg,female 11-19 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)​121生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠21 mg/kg,female 1-21 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral​122生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠5800 mg/kg,female 7 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear​123生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠75600 mg/kg,female 5-11 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)​124生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠5500 mg/kg,female 9 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)​125生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠1680 mg/kg,male 70 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)​126生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠5800 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system​127生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠5800 mg/kg,female 7 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)​128生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠5622 ug/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system​129生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠4 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material)​130生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠4300 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)​131生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——狗21600 mg/kg,female 1-60 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)​132生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——狗260 mg/kg,female 1-62 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)​133生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——狗221 mg/kg,female 1-47 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - abortion​134生殖毒性睾丸哺乳动物——狗100 mg/kg,male 1 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct​135生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴78 mg/kg,female 4-23 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - abortion​136生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴400 mg/kg,female 2-21 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)​137生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴206 mg/kg,female 90 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - menstrual cycle changes or disorders​138生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴32400 mg/kg,female 2-19 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)​139生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴43200 mg/kg,female 1-24 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)​140生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——兔3945 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)​141生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——兔3750 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility​142生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——兔15 mg/kg,female 15-29 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo​143生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——猪2648 mg/kg,female 78 week(s) pre-mating 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)​144生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠90 mg/kg,female 1-68 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral​145生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠240 mg/kg,female 2-61 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System​146生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠264 mg/kg,female 2-67 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
3.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical​147生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠72 mg/kg,female 45-62 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)​148生殖毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——非野生动物94 mg/kg,female 14-21 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)​149生殖毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——非野生动物40 mg/kg,female 14-17 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic​150生殖毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——非野生动物1 mg/kg,female 18 week(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - respiratory system​151生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——未报告31500 mg/kg,female 15-35 day(s) after conception 1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)​[5-61]
制备方法
合成方法20世纪30年代以前，发酵法是乙醇的唯一工业生产方法。随着石油化工的迅速发展，合成法乙醇的产量越来越大。但合成法乙醇中夹杂的异构高碳醇，对人的高级神经中枢的麻痹作用，不适宜用作饮料、食品、医药及香料等。因此，即使在石油化工发达的国家，发酵法乙醇仍然占有一定的比例。
【发酵法】
将富含淀粉的农产品如谷类、薯类等或野生植物果实经水洗、粉碎后，进行加压蒸煮，使淀粉糊化，再加入适量的水，冷却至60℃左右加入淀粉酶，使淀粉依次水解为麦芽糖和葡萄糖。然后加入酶母菌进行发酵制得乙醇。
【水合法】
以乙烯和水为原料，通过加成反应制取。水合法分为间接水合法和直接水合法两种。间接水合法也称硫酸酯法，反应分两步进行。先把95-98%的硫酸和50-60%的乙烯按2:1（重量比）在塔式反应器吸收反应，60-80℃、0.78-1.96MPa条件下生成硫酸酯。第二步是将硫酸酯在水解塔中，于80-100℃、0.2-0.29MPa压力下水解而得乙醇，同时生成副产物乙醚。烯直接与水反应生成乙醇。直接水合法即一步法。由乙烯和水在磷酸催化剂存在下高温加压水合制得。本法流程简单、腐蚀性小，不需特殊钢材，副产乙醚量少，但要求乙烯纯度高，耗电量大。无论用发酵法或乙烯水合法，制得的乙醇通常都是乙醇和水的共沸物，即浓度为95%的工业乙醇。　
纯化方法市售的无水乙醇一般只能达到99.5%纯度，在许多反应中需用纯度更高的无水乙醇，经常需自己制备。通常工业用的95.5%的乙醇不能直接用蒸馏法制取无水乙醇，因95.5%乙醇和4.5%的水形成恒沸点混合物。要把水除去，第一步是加入氧化钙（生石灰）煮沸回流，使乙醇中的水与生石灰作用生成氢氧化钙，然后再将无水乙醇蒸出。这样得到无水乙醇，纯度最高约99.5%。纯度更高的无水乙醇可用金属镁或金属钠进行处理。