标题：Funk & Wagnalls
简介
  Gallery of Book Trade LabelsFunk & Wagnalls (芬克&瓦格诺） is a publisher based in New York City known for its reference works, including an encyclopedia, content from which became a part of Microsoft's Encarta digital encyclopedia.
历史
Isaac Kaufmann Funk （艾萨克考夫曼芬克）founded the business in 1876 as I.K. Funk & Company. The firm's first publication was the Metropolitan Pulpit. In 1877, Adam Willis Wagnalls, one of Funk's classmates at Wittenberg College, now Wittenberg University, joined the firm as a partner. The two changed the name of the firm to Funk & Wagnalls Company in 1890.Prior to 1890, F. & W. published only religious-oriented works. The publication of The Literary Digest in 1890 marked a change for the firm to a publisher of general reference dictionaries and encyclopedias. The firm followed in 1894 with its most memorable publication, The Standard Dictionary of the English Language . 1912 saw the publication of the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia .
In 1953, the firm began to sell its reference publications through a supermarket continuity marketing campaign, encouraging consumers to include the latest volume of the encyclopedia on their shopping lists.
In 1965, the company, known as Funk & Wagnalls, Inc., was bought by Reader's Digest Association. By 1971, it had been sold again to the firm Dun & Bradstreet. In subsequent years, the publication rights to the company's reference works (aside from the encyclopedia) were acquired by other firms. The publication rights to the encyclopedia were spun off by Dun & Bradstreet in 1983, and were bought up once more in 1990 by K-III Holdings Inc.
In 1984, Dun & Bradstreet sold Funk & Wagnalls to a group of Funk & Wagnalls executives.
In 1988, the company was purchased by Field Publications, a division of the Field Corporation.
In 1998, as part of the Information division of Primedia Inc. (renamed K-III Holdings), Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia became the web site. This short-lived venture was shut down in 2001. The encyclopedia exists today only as Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, an electronic reference provided to educational institutions by the World Almanac Education Group.
Funk & Wagnalls is now part of Weekly Reader, a Reader's Digest Company.
Some content from the encyclopedia became a part of Microsoft's Encarta digital encyclopedia.
流行文化
In the late 1960s through early 1970s, Funk and Wagnalls became part of one of the iconic jokes on the ground-breaking show Laugh-In, where a frequently-made reference was "Look that up in your Funk and Wagnalls", a play on the perceived profanity when speaking the word "funk".
Johnny Carson's Carnac the Magnificent sketches frequently made reference to the 'answers' being hidden from Carnac as "kept in a mayonnaise jar outside Funk & Wagnalls' porch since noon today".
In the South Park episode "Cancelled", Cartman asks: "What the Funk and Wagnalls are you talking about?"
In the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century 1979 episode "Planet of the Slave Girls," Buck, argues with fellow pilot Major Duke Danton in-flight, "If you call that interference, there's something wrong with your Funk & Wagnalls." Danton, unaware of the centuries-old origin of the statement, replies, "I don't know what you mean by that, but how'd you like to repeat that in the flight hangar?"
出版物
unknown - The Pulpit Commentary  
1890 – The Literary Digest  
1892 - The Preacher's Homiletic Commentary on the Old Testament  
1894 – The Standard Dictionary of the English Language  
1896 - The Preacher's Homiletic Commentary on the New Testament  
1912 – Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia  
1927 – The World's One Hundred Best Short Stories (Ten Volumes)  
1949 – Funk & Wagnalls standard handbook of synonyms, antonyms, and prepositions  
1949 – Funk & Wagnalls standard dictionary of folklore, mythology and legend  
1958 – Standard Dictionary of the English Language (International Edition)  
1962 – Poetry handbook; a dictionary of terms  
1973 – Funk & Wagnalls Guide to modern world literature  
1983 – Funk & Wagnalls new encyclopedia  
1996 – Funk & Wagnalls new world encyclopedia (electronic database)  
1996 – Funk & Wagnalls world atlas  
FUNK音乐的相关理论知识
Funk舞曲起源于60年代，BPM约在120拍以下，中文翻译成：“放克音乐”。Funk舞曲也是一种原属于黑人的音乐种类。Funk舞曲中电贝司占了很重的比例，电贝司的和弦和节奏成为了Funk的主干线。Funk舞曲流行于70年代至80年代，由于和别的音乐融合，目前的Funk在速度及音乐构成上有了一些混血的变化。由于Funk的音乐口味太过典型和浓重，目前还没有流行趋势，只有在少数音乐作品中出现。  
Funk作为兴起繁盛于70年代的黑人音乐，对其他音乐门类做出了巨大的影响，也通过种种融合，形成了诸多新的音乐形式，如funk rock, jazz funk等等。fusion中更是时常出现funk的影子。 
Funk clavi是键盘手的必修课之一，其难点在于节奏，和充满blues色彩的音型。而前者比后者更为重要，甚至可以说，演奏funk键盘时，要像打击乐手那样戏剧化的运用两手的配合。"Think like the drummer"。甚至有乐手认为，演奏funk时，音符远没有节奏重要。 
Funk键盘的经典音色为hohner clavinet,是一种60，70年代旧式电子采音的机械键盘乐器(演奏者有时还要另外配以哇音等效果)，音色急具张力，成为演奏funk的专门乐器。目前新型键盘clavi比较出众的模仿有Nord Electro , Yamaha(motif, S, EX系列)的各类采样合成器等。另外，Fender rhodes, Hammond organ ，brass也是funk音乐中的常用音色。
当80年代街舞风行的时候,媒体经常不准确的使用术语"霹雳舞(breakdancing)",并且将它作为他们所见到其他街舞风格的一个总术语.然则很多人不知道还有那么多别的风格以及其他附属文化的存在,以及其他风格的特征. 准确的理解,霹雳舞(breakdancing)或B-boying才是媒体所谓的东西，它发源于美国西海岸并且深刻地被Break beats和hip hop影响。术语"Funk风格"指明了我们这个风格的特性已经从Hip-Hop中分离出来。Popping，Locking和Boogaloo是在FUNK时期在美国西海岸建立的。仍然应该被认为是纯Funk,因此是这个术语，"Funk风格" ( Popin Jay提示:Funk风格应包含Popping,Locking和Boogaloo ) ( Popin Jay:Boogaloo是美国西海岸叫法,东海岸叫"Boogie"，它们是一样的 ) Popping和Boogaloo风格的诞生 在加利福尼亚州一个叫Fresno的小城市,住着一个叫Sam的害羞的男孩。在看了电视上原始的Locker演示后得到灵感，在1975年Sam开始创新后来被称为boogaloo或boogie的动作。这个名字来自于老James Brown的歌“Do the boogalss”。当有一天Sam在房间里跳舞的时候，他的叔叔说: "Boy, do that boogaloo!(孩子,做那个Boogaloo)"迷惑的Sam问他的叔叔, "What s boogaloo?(什么是boogaloo)"。"That means you re gettin down(那是指你正在做的)" 他的叔叔答到.从那天开始他就被称作Boogaloo Sam. 没多少人是少什么是Boogaloo以及怎么做。 Boogaloo是使用身体每个部分的不固定的可改变的风格。它包括使用角度和一体化的动作让所有的 动作在一起流动。常常用卷动胯、膝、头。使你的腿做奇异的动作，并且在舞台上用WalkOuts和位到位的转换掩盖很多空间。尽管他被描述为流动, 但是请记住他和wave风格有区别！ Popping是Sam创建的另一个风格。人们从来都搞混它到底是什么风格。人们认为它是所有有来自于funk动作的风格综总合或总称（19世纪70年代加利福尼亚）。并不是的。批Popping是属于自己的一个风格（Popping is a style in itself），它包含腿部猛地吸住（leg pop)，并且不停紧收你的肌肉来产生一种急拉的猛地吸住的效果（jerky/snapping effect）Popping只是一个风格。他并不是funk风格的总称。如果你 pop,那么你就是个popper。如果你wave,那么你就是个waver。如果你 Boogaloo, 那么你就是个boogalooer, 等等。 当Sam跳舞肌肉爆破(肌肉爆破=Pop)时他会说“pop”,当他们模仿机器人时就好像有人制造机器噪音一样。Sam就会说"pop, pop, pop"。人们经常对他说 " Hey do that popping stuff! （嘿，模仿那个popping材料机器人）" 很多很多人问什么是Electric Boogaloo style（电boogaloo风格）。 Electric Boogaloo style就是popping加boogaloo风格。这两个风格互相补充然后成为了让EB风靡全球的杀手锏。 其他风格 当Sam创建popping和boogaloo的时候, 其他的风格也在用他们自己的方式被创立并且发展，美国西海岸的其他地区也因他们自己的风格为世人所知，它们也都有自己深远的历史没。这些地区包括奥克兰（美国加利福尼亚州西部港市）, 萨克拉曼多(美国加州首府)和旧金山。 尽管EB已经有了pop和boogaloo, 但是仍然鼓励人们混合这些风格，创新这些风格。。。 其他风格包括: Air posing Animation Boogaloo Bopping Centipede Crazy Legs Cobra Dime Stopping Filmore Floating/Gliding Hitting Popping Puppet Robot Saccin Scarecrow Snaking Spiderman Sticking Strobing Strutting Ticking Tutting Waving
关于FUNK音乐,一位朋友告诉我,是以前黑人们在送葬的时候边跳舞边敲打木鼓和铜罐子而得到的节奏.为了让参加人们的心情好转,所以节奏都相当的FUNNY,当尝试加上音高之后,就慢慢的演变成了FUNK.世界上有许多优秀的FUNK音乐家像Bootsy Collins,Larry Graham等,不过说到能够让整个乐坛都受到影响的却不多.而Rick做到了