标题：威尔士国民议会
议会历史
[4] 在1969年英国首相哈罗德·威尔逊的政府成立某皇室委员会研究给予苏格兰和威尔士权力放下的可能性；[5] 并在1974年检讨皇室委员会研究后，公布有关白皮书《Democracy and Devolution: proposals for Scotland and Wales》。 [5] 威尔士选民曾以四对一反对1979年公民投票。 [6][5] 现时威尔士议会由1997年九月十八日的威尔士权力放下公民投票，以50.3%通过而成立。 [7] [8] 在1997年白皮书《A Voice for Wales》中，出任的工党政府主张一个威尔士议会，将会比现有英国威尔士事务部，有更高的民主性问责。 直至1997年前的十一年内，担任英国威尔士事务大臣的内阁大臣并非是一位来自任何威尔士选区的国会议员。 [9]
位于邻近卡迪夫湾的新议会大楼“Senedd”在2006年三月一日，由女皇伊利沙伯二世剪彩开幕。[10] 威尔士议会大楼是由Richard Rogers设计。
权力及状况
Image:Welsh Assembly Building.jpg 
威尔士国民议会大楼成员组成威尔士国民议会由六十名议员组成。 [11] 每名议员(简称AM/AC；英文：Assembly Member； 威尔士文：Aelod y Cynulliad)选出威尔士国民议会的行政机关，威尔士议会政府。成立威尔士议会政府成立于1999年，随著威尔士国民议会第一次选举而产生成立；并为威尔士国民议会的行政机关。 现时仍由威尔士首席大臣莫洛蒂·摩根担任。
其余威尔士国民议员在议会大楼辨公。 威尔士议会政府大巨及其政府公务员队伍在卡迪夫市内Cathays Park辨公。 [12][13][14]
威尔士国民议会在法律和宪法上，并无行政立法两功能的分离；并不像其他英国境内权力下放议会的体制。 直至《2006年威尔士政府法》立法生效前，“Assembly Government”和“Assembly Parliamentary Service”两名词继续分别两功能组织。
Image:Senedd.JPG 
威尔士国民议会大楼，Senedd
权利
直至《2006年威尔士政府法》立法生效前，威尔士国民议会只能有限度行使立法功能，例如威尔士政府的财务预算仍是伦敦西敏寺国会的保留权力(Reserve Powers)。 威尔士国民议会暂时只在被权力下放的事务上立法。 Sometimes secondary legislation can be used to amend primary legislation; however, the scope of this up to now has been very limited; for example, the Government of Wales Act gave the Assembly power to amend primary legislation relating to the merger of certain public bodies.
It is important to note that most secondary powers were conferred on the executive by primary legislation to give the executive, (i.e., Ministers) more powers. By inheriting these powers from ministers, the Assembly has sometimes surprisingly wider legislative powers than appearances would suggest.
For example:
The Assembly delayed local elections due to be held in 2003 for a year by use of secondary powers, so that they would not correspond with Assembly elections. (In 2001 the UK parliament used primary legislation to delay for one month local elections in England during the Foot and Mouth Disease epidemic).
Whilst in theory the Assembly has no tax varying powers, the Assembly in reality has some very limited power over taxes. For example, in Wales, as in England, the rate of Council Tax is set by local authorities, however since the Assembly largely determines the level of grants to local councils, it can influence the level of local taxation indirectly.
In terms of charges for government services it also has some discretion. Notable examples where this discretion has been used and varies significantly to other areas in the UK include:-
Charges for NHS prescriptions in Wales - these are now considerably less than elsewhere in the UK.[15] 
Charges for University Tuition - are different for Welsh resident students studying at Welsh Universities, compared with students from or studying elsewhere in the UK.[16] 
Charging for Residential Care - In Wales there is a flat rate of contribution towards the cost of nursing care, (roughly comparable to the highest level of English Contribution) for those who require residential care.[17] 
This means in reality there is a wider definition of "nursing care" than in England and therefore less dependence on means testing in Wales than in England, meaning that more people are entitled to higher levels of state assistance. These variations in the levels of charges, may be viewed as de facto tax varying powers.
This model of more limited legislative powers is partly because Wales has had the same legal system as England since 1536, when it was annexed by England. Ireland and Scotland were never annexed by England, and so always retained some distinct differences in their legal systems. The Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly, (when it isn't suspended) have deeper and wider powers.
The Assembly inherited the powers and budget of the Secretary of State for Wales and most of the functions of the Welsh Office. It has power to vary laws passed by Westminster using secondary legislation. Peter Hain, whose principal UK cabinet role is as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and who represents a Welsh constituency in the Westminster Parliament, retains a vestigial role as Secretary of State for Wales.
Richard Commission
Some Plaid Cymru (the Welsh national party) politicians had argued that its powers were limited and confusing.[18] In July 2002, the Welsh Assembly Government established an independent commission, with Lord Richard (former leader of the House of Lords) as chair, to review the powers and electoral arrangements of the National Assembly in order to ensure that it is able to operate in the best interests of the people of Wales.[19] The Richard Commission reported in March 2004. It recommended that the National Assembly should have powers to legislate in certain areas, whilst others would remain the preserve of Westminster.[19] It also recommended changing the electoral system to the single transferable vote (STV) which would produce greater proportionality.[19]
Even though the Commission included a member of all 4 main parties, and reported unanimously in favour of legislative powers the UK government refused. In the White Paper, Better Government for Wales, published on 15 June 2005, the UK Government rejected Richard's recommendation to change the electoral system, whilst proposing a half-way house between the status quo and the National Assembly having full Scottish Parliament-style legislative powers.[20][21]
The Government of Wales Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 25th July 2006.
Publicly it was stated that the lack of full legislative powers in the Bill was due to lack of support in Wales, although recent polls suggest that a large majority of the Welsh supported full legislative powers. It is commonly believed that the Bill is a compromise between the pro-devolution Labour AM's and the anti-devolution Welsh Labour MP's, who feared that their number would be culled if the Assembly became a Parliament. The Act will create a Welsh Assembly Government as a separate legal entity from 1st May 2007, and not (as at present) a committee of the Assembly.[22]
提高权力 - 2006年国会威尔士地方政府法
《2006年威尔士地方政府法》 was presented to the UK parliament and published on December 8 2005. It confers on the Assembly legislative powers akin to other devolved legislatures, although Assembly laws will be subject to the veto of the UK Secretary of State for Wales, House of Commons or House of Lords.
Image:Debating Chamber.JPG 
The debating chamber in the Senedd
The Bill contains provision to reform the assembly to a parliamentary-type structure, establishing the Assembly Government as an entity separate from, but accountable to the National Assembly. It will also enable the Assembly to legislate within its devolved fields as specified in schedule 5 of the Bill. Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom will retain the power to veto Assembly laws (to be known as Assembly Measures).
The bill also reforms the Assembly's electoral system. It will prevent individuals from standing as candidates in both constituency and regional seats. This aspect of the bill has been subject to a great deal of criticism, most notably by the UK Electoral Commission.
The bill has been heavily criticised. Plaid Cymru, the Official Opposition in the National Assembly, has attacked the bill for not delivering a fully-fledged Parliament. Many commentators have also criticised the Labour Party's allegedly partisan attempt to alter the electoral system. By preventing regional Assembly Members from standing in constituency seats the party has been accused of changing the rules to protect constituency representatives. Labour has 29 members in the Assembly all of whom hold constituency seats.
The Bill received Royal Assent on 25th July 2006 as the Government of Wales Act 2006. Changes to the Assembly's powers are expected to be in place by May 2007.[23]
Official Opposition party in the Welsh Assembly
The Official Opposition party in the National Assembly is Plaid Cymru - (English: The Party of Wales). The party's leader is Ieuan Wyn Jones.
威尔士议会政府
威尔士首席大臣是莫洛蒂·摩根。 另外七位大臣包括：
Minister for Finance, Local Government and Public Services: Sue Essex 
Minister for Assembly Business, Minister for Equalities and Minister for Children: Jane Hutt 
Minister for Social Justice and Regeneration: Edwina Hart 
Minister for Health & Social Services: Brian Gibbons 
Minister for Enterprise, Innovation & Networks: Andrew Davies 
Minister for Education, Lifelong Learning & Skills: Jane Davidson 
Minister for Environment, Planning and Countryside: Carwyn Jones 
[24]
威尔士议会政府常任秘书长
The Permanent Secretary is Sir Jon Shortridge. He and other civil servants support the Assembly Cabinet.
威尔士国民议会议长 / Llywydd
The Llywydd or Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the National Assembly for Wales is Lord Dafydd Elis Thomas AM. His Deputy is Dr. John Marek AM.
Electoral system
Under mixed member proportional representation a type of additional member system[25][26] 40 of the AMs are elected from single-member constituencies on a plurality voting system (or first past the post) basis, the constituencies being equivalent to those used for the House of Commons and 20 AMs are elected from regional closed lists (rather than Open lists) using an alternative party vote.[27] There are five regions Mid and West Wales, North Wales, South Wales Central, South Wales East and South Wales West (these are the same as the pre 1999 European Parliament constituencies for Wales), each of which returns four members.[27] The additional members produce a degree of proportionality within each region.[27] Whereas voters can choose any regional party list irrespective of their party vote in the constituency election, list AMs are not elected independently of the constituency element, rather elected constituency AMs are deemed to be pre-elected list representatives for the purposes of calculating remainders in the d'Hondt method.[27] Overall proportionality is limited by the low proportion of list members (33% of the Assembly compared to 43% in the Scottish Parliament and 50% in the German Bundestag) and the regionalisation of the list element.[28] Consequently the Assembly as a whole has a greater degree of proportionality (based on proportions in the list elections) than the plurality voting system used for UK parliamentary elections, but still deviates somewhat from proportionality.[28] The Single Transferable Vote system had been considered for the Assembly by the Labour Party as early as 1995-96, but according to the evidence given to the Richard Commission by Ron Davies, a former Welsh Secretary Had we done that of course we would have had to have had a Boundary Commission and that process would have taken forever and a day and that would have frustrated our overall political timetable. So we had to settle on the existing constituency arrangements, parliamentary constituencies and European Constituencies.[28]
To date there have been two elections to the Assembly, in 1999 and 2003.