标题：IT精英
简介
IT含义IT（Information Technology）实际上有三个层次：第一层是硬件，主要指数据存储、处理和传输的主机和网络通信设备；第二层是指软件，包括可用来搜集、存储、检索、分析、应用、评估信息的各种软件，它包括我们通常所指的ERP(企业资源计划）、CRM(客户关系管理）、SCM（供应链管理）等商用管理软件，也包括用来加强流程管理的WF（工作流）管理软件、辅助分析的DW/DM（数据仓库和数据挖掘）软件等；第三层是指应用，指搜集、存储、检索、分析、应用、评估使用各种信息，包括应用ERP、CRM、SCM等软件直接辅助决策，也包括利用其它决策分析模型或借助DW/DM等技术手段来进一步提高分析的质量，辅助决策者作决策（强调一点，只是辅助而不是替代人决策）。有些人理解的IT把前二层合二为一，统指信息的存储、处理和传输，后者则为信息的应用；也有人把后二层合二为一，则划分为前硬后软。通常第三层还没有得到足够的重视，但事实上却是唯有当信息得到有效应用时IT的价值才能得到充分发挥，也才真正实现了信息化的目标。信息化本身不是目标，它只是在当前时代背景下一种实现目标比较好的一种手段。卡尔所指的IT卡尔的IT是指什么呢？在那篇文章里面他并没有明确提出，不过他提到信息技术的核心功能--数据存储、处理和传输。从他推理的逻辑来看，即从蒸汽机、铁路、电报电话、电力等基础设施建设推过来的，还用摩尔定律来佐证主机和光纤的发展。如果他就此打住，只从这一点出发，他的逻辑论证是非常严谨的，后面对《IT不再重要》发表不管支持与反对评论的人，在这一点上都是基本认同的（除了那些硬件和网络厂商外），笔者也认同这一点。整个文章里他对物化的IT基础设施建设部分关注很多，基本没有关注应用层面。但后面他讲到大众化趋势时，又提到“信息技术极易复制”，则把IT又推到了商业软件，这里已经迈出了“危险”的一步。在2004年他出版同名书时开篇就定义了他研究、类比过来的IT，“我用的‘IT’是指通常意义上的，即所有被用来以数字形式存储、处理和传输信息的硬件和软件，特别强调的是，我只是指技术本身，我指的‘IT’并不包括技术中流动的信息和那些使用技术的人才技能”，所以他所指的IT是指前二层。如果就这次打住，可能还是不会有太大争议（这次又加上那些难受的软件厂商）。客观地分析软件本身的特征，的确不具备核心竞争力的四个判断标准中的三个即：稀缺性、不易复制性、不易替代性，卡尔本人也没有否认而且是在强调IT具备核心竞争力的第四个判断标准，即有价值。但他偏偏又把题目定成了“IT不再重要”，几欲把整个IT一棍子打死！ 
可惜他在IT这一概念上是经常含混不清：一会儿指主机网络，一会儿又跑到软件，在他后来出版的书里甚至经常“一不小心”就迈到了第三层，完全违背了他在书开头所界定的IT范围，如论述信息技术的应用、对CIO发出的诘问等。有很多读者、包括哈佛商业评论的编辑当时就指出了这一点。后面其它很多人也因为这一点来攻击他，甚至有人说卡尔干脆就不懂IT，有可能是真的，因为他毕竟本来就不是做IT的。这也给我们搞研究的人也给予很大的启示和警醒，对自己不太熟悉的领域套用其它方法来研究时要特别小心，否则会闹出很多笑话。
这里笔者要强调一点，经常有软件厂商（国内外的都有）宣称上了信息化就能如何如何，就能加强企业核心竞争力（反正多是现在流行什么就跟什么，“与时俱进”）。不知道他们是有意还是无意，且不按核心竞争力判断的四个标准来推断，试反问几个简单的问题：如果上了信息化就能如何，有多少上了信息化的企业已经亏损甚至倒闭？尤其是那些宣称有几十万家客户使用他们软件的软件企业该问问自己。如果上了信息化就能如何，那么我们假设入库、出库、销售、库存等信息全是准确的，就能自动提高销售、降低库存吗？如果说没有上信息化之前，老板可能还可因为看不见而糊涂但幸福地过过日子，那么现在呢？只是痛苦地知道有如此多的库存在仓库里呆了如此长的时间，如此多的商品长时间占据着柜台却没有带来任何销售额更不要说利润！分析一下软件厂商们宣传“信息技术是企业的核心竞争力”的现象，结论只有两个：要么这些企业不懂什么是核心竞争力（我想应该大多数还是懂的，既希望他们懂又希望他们不懂，希望结果是懂是因为至少软件企业还能懂一些管理理念而不是埋头纯粹一技术性公司，希望结果是不懂是因为这样可以少被别人攻击没有职业道德，不知者不为过嘛），要么是另有所图。一般企业客户与IT企业之间存在严重的信息不对称问题。IT企业与企业客户之间的博弈，最后的结果往往会是次优选择，即所谓的“柠檬效应”。在这点上，除了IT企业和从业人员要提高自身的职业操守外，政府或行业必须加强对信息化建设的培训教育，提高企业对信息化建设的认识，引进管理咨询公司、监理公司等来改变这一博弈结局，以达到新的平衡，促进IT业更健康的发展。信息技术信息技术本身只是一个工具，就象一柄利剑或一枝好笔，买了它并不能一定保证你武功增进多少、字写漂亮多少，还需要你不断地去练习如何舞剑、如何写字，信息化建设也需要你不断地提升运用信息的能力，这才是真正核心也是最难的地方。功夫全在题外！信息化（数字化）目的并不是上系统拿几个数字，它只是基础，其核心在一个“化”字，把各种资源相关的信息整合起来后进行“合理化”、“优化”的配置。譬如用历史信息来辅助做销售预测、采购计划、生产计划、配送计划、库存计划，并按照这些计划下达指令并根据实际运行情况滚动修正计划。美国哈林顿（Joseph Harrington）博士提出的计算机集成制造（Computer Integrated Manufacturing，CIM）包含两个基本观点：一是企业生产的各个环节包括市场分析、产品设计、加工制造、经营管理和售后服务等是一个不可分割的整体，必须紧密相连、统一考虑；二是整个运作过程实质上是一个数据的采集、传递和加工处理过程，最终产品可以看作是数据的物质表现。如果上了信息系统却不用它来辅助决策，还是按照原来的运作方式运作，则信息系统的作用可能只是限于解放某些岗位的某些工作，如统计报表等，且同时还会增加另外一些岗位的工作。大量经验表明，如果不用信息系统收集上来的数据，要实现用来辅助决策的准确、及时、完整的信息根本不可能，信息系统只有用它才可能逐步提高其准确性、及时性和完整性。按照核心竞争力的评价标准，要构造核心竞争力，本质上只有整合能力才是，而且越外显的能力越容易被模仿。冰山一角，露在外面的越少越不容易被模仿，越能构成核心竞争力。
就象哈佛商业评论编辑Hal Varian（加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校信息管理与系统系主任）指出的那样：“卡尔说IT正在商品化、不再提供竞争优势，这一点他是对的。但知道如何有效使用IT还是一种非常稀缺的技能。”“提供竞争优势的不是IT本身，而是那些知道如何有效利用它的人。”“公司在花成千上万的钱在数据存储和获取客户交易数据上，但一大堆数据就躺在那儿、没有经过分析、没有使用，但是在那些训练有素的分析人员手上同样的数据却能产生巨大的回报！”这是一个数据丰富的时代，但同时是一个知识贫乏的时代！
基本概念
波士顿大学管理学院信息系统管理学教授托马斯·H.达文波特要把“过去的40年，更确切地描述为‘数据时代’，而不是‘信息时代’”，“将数据转化为某种更有用的东西，需要相当多的人力投入和智慧，但大多数组织仅仅从技术的角度来看待这一问题。拥有一个数据库或数据挖掘系统，与拥有其它技术一样，是必要的，但对于高质量的信息和知识而言，则是不够的”。几个基本概念所以这里我们有必要明确一下一些经常混淆的基本概念。
数据(Data）=事实的记录，如上季度甲系列产品在华东地区销售额为120万。
信息(Information）=数据+ 意义，如上季度甲系列产品华东地区销售额比去年同期减少了25 %。
智能(Intelligence）=信息+理解（understanding）与推理（reasoning），如分析原因是华东地区销售单位不行，或甲系列产品进入了衰退期，还是公司整体营销活动落后，竞争者强力促销导致？或是其它原因。
知识(Knowledge) =解决问题的技能（skill），针对这一问题公司应对的策略是什么？ 
智慧(Wisdom) =知识的选择（Selection) 应对的行动方案可能有多种，但（战略）选择哪个*智慧。行动则又会产生新的交易数据。
数据、信息、智能、知识、智慧、行动与管理活动之间存在多重循环关系。
同样的高速公路、同样的高档车，开车的人不同将会开出完全不同的水平，这时更关键的因素--开车的本事就显得至关重要了。在初级阶段，竞争比较粗放，可能主要是看谁能修好道，买好车。到后面，大家硬件基础设施差不多，竞争日趋白热化，这个时候人的作用就突显出来了，光有好道好车还不行，还得有舒马赫这样的顶级选手才能赢得比赛。企业经营与赛车还不太一样，赛车有人制定规则，规定只能跑一样的道，企业之间的竞争是八仙过海各显神通，有钱的就可以买高档的服务器、小型机，没有钱的就只能买PC服务器；有钱的就可以用光纤宽带，没有钱的则只能用ADSL甚至拨号；有钱的可以花几千万去买SAP、Oracle，没有钱的则只能用用金蝶、用友，甚至只有一些基本功能的小的进销存或财务软件；有钱的可以请五大帮他们制定符合未来趋势的战略并进行培训，没有钱的则只能*企业家自己摸着石头过河……的确，这是一场不太公平的竞争。但网络经济来了，用卡尔的话说，就是IT技术已经变得“大众化”，已变成商品。更何况ASP模式的出现，将极大的降低了企业信息化的门槛，昂贵的服务器、网络、软件费用的门槛被一下子降低了。好比虽然你有私家的宝马、奔驰，可以很快地到达你想要到的地方。但我也可以坐出租车差不多也能实现同样的效果，再差点儿我有公共汽车、地铁，只要很低的成本也能基本实现我的目标。但同样的宽带、同样一套系统软件，但使用的人一样，效果却完全不一样，君不见同样是使用SAP、Oracle或者金蝶、用友，有很成功的，也有很失败的？还是那句话，功夫在诗外！IT的组成IT是信息技术的简称，Information Technology，指与信息相关的技术。不同的人和不同的书上对此有不同解释。但一个基本上大家都同意的观点是，IT有以下三部分组成：
-----传感技术 这是人的感觉器官的延伸与拓展，最明显的例子是条码阅读器； 
-----通信技术 这是人的神经系统的延伸与拓展，承担传递信息的功能； 
-----计算机技术 这是人的大脑功能延伸与拓展，承担对信息进行处理的功能。
所谓信息化是用信息技术来改造其他产业与行业，从而提高企业的效益。在这个过程中信息技术承担了一个得力工具的角色。
顺便说一句何谓IT产业，有一个大致的分类，可以供大家参考：
IT基础技术的提供 IC研发、软件编写 如INTEL、MS等 
IT技术产品化 元器件、部件、组件制造 如精英、大众等 
IT产品集成化 计算机及外设制造商 如联想、IBM 
IT产品系统化 解决方案、信息系统 如华为、HP 
IT产品流通 渠道、销售 如神州数码 
IT产品服务 咨询服务和售后服务 如蓝色快车 
IT产业舆论支持 IT类媒体 如CCW、CCID 
IT产业第三方服务 各种需要配套的服务 如法律咨询、PR服务 
IT后备人员培养 各种院校 如计算机专业 
IT产业合作组织 各种协会、集会
IT精英人物列表
Shawn Fanning （1980） invented p2p with Napster 
Larry Page （1973） co-founded the Google internet search engine,with Sergey Brin （1973） 
Miguel de Icaza （1972） is a Mexican free software programmer,
best known for starting the GNOME and Mono projects 
Marc Andreessen （1971） is best known as a cofounder of Netscape Communications 
Corporation and co-author of Mosaic,the first widely-used web browser 
Linus Torvalds （1969） is a Finnish software engineer best 
known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel 
Rasmus Lerdorf （1968） is the creator of the PHP programming language 
Alan Cox （1968） is a computer programmer heavily involved 
in the development of the Linux kernel since its early days 
哈康-维姆·莱（H&aring;kon Wium Lie） （1965） is best known for proposing the concept of Cascading Style Sheets 
Kevin Mitnick （1963） is a controversial computer hacker in the United States 
Steve Mann （1962） 
Steve McConnell （1962） was named as one of the three most influential people in the software 
industry by Software Development Magazine in 1998,along with Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds 
Gabe Newell （1962） was the program manager for Windows 1.0 and 2.0 
Michael Hawley （1961） 
Brendan Eich （1961） 
Jaron Lanier （1960） 
Nathan Myhrvold （1960） formerly Chief Technology Officer 
at Microsoft,is co-founder of Intellectual Ventures 
Guido van Rossum is best known as the author of the Python programming language 
Alan Cooper is sometimes called "the father of Visual Basic" 
Eric S. Raymond （1957） 
Tim Paterson （1956） is the original author of the popular MS-DOS operating system 
Danny Hillis （1956） is an American inventor,entrepreneur,and author. He co-founded Thinking Machines 
Corporation,a company that developed the Connection Machine,a parallel supercomputer designed by Hillis at MI 
Tim Bray （1955） is a major contributor to the XML and Atom web standards,and an entrepreneur 
Dave Winer （1955） 
Steve Jobs （1955） is the co-founder and CEO of Apple 
James Gosling （1955） is best known as the father of the Java programming language 
Grady Booch （1955） is best known for developing the 
Unified Modeling Language with Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh 
Tim Berners-Lee （1955） invented the World Wide Web and HTML 
Bill Gates （1955） is the Chairman of Microsoft 
Larry Wall （1954） created the Perl programming language 
蒂姆·奥莱利（Tim O'Reilly） （1954） is the founder of O'Reilly Media 
Scott McNealy （1954） is the Chairman of Sun Microsystems 
Bill Joy （1954） co-founded Sun Microsystems 
Sid Meier （1954） 
David Deutsch （1953） pioneer of quantum computing 
Andy Hertzfeld （1953） was a key member of the original Apple Macintosh development team during the 1980s 
Paul Allen （1953） formed Microsoft with Bill Gates 
Richard Stallman （1953） launched the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system 
Adi Shamir （1952） was one of the inventors of the RSA algorithm 
Philippe Kahn （1952） is the founder of Borland,a producer of software development tools 
Dan Bricklin （1951） is the co-creator,with Bob Frankston,of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program 
Bill Atkinson （1951） designed and implemented HyperCard,the first popular hypermedia system 
Bjarne Stroustrup （1950） developed the C++ programming language 
Mitch Kapor （1950） is the founder of Lotus Development Corporation and the designer of Lotus 1-2-3,
the "killer application" often credited with making the personal computer ubiquitous in the business world in the 1980s 
Bertrand Meyer （1950） developed the Eiffel programming language 
Doug Lenat （1950） is the CEO of Cycorp,Inc. of Austin,Texas,and has been a prominent researcher in 
artificial intelligence,especially machine learning (with his AM and Eurisko programs),knowledge 
representation,blackboard systems,and "ontological engineering" (with his Cyc program at MCC and at Cycorp) 
Steve Wozniak （1950） co-founded Apple Computer,with Steve Jobs in 1976 
and created the Apple I and Apple Ⅱ computers in the mid-1970s 
Bob Frankston （1949） is the co-creator with Dan Bricklin of the VisiCalc spreadsheet 
program and the co-founder of Software Arts,the company that developed it 
Ward Cunningham （1949） invented the wiki 
David Bradley （1949） was one of the twelve engineers who worked 
on the original IBM PC,developing the computer's ROM BIOS code 
Leonid Levin （1948） is well known for his work in randomness in computing,algorithmic 
complexity and intractability,foundations of mathematics and computer science,algorithmic 
probability,theory of computation,and information theory 
Charles Simonyi （1948） as head of Microsoft's application software 
group,oversaw the creation of Microsoft's flagship office applications 
Robert Tarjan （1948） is the discoverer of several important graph algorithms,including Tarjan's 
off-line least common ancestors algorithm,and co-inventor of both splay trees and Fibonacci heaps 
John Ousterhout is the creator of the Tcl scripting language and is well known for his work 
in distributed operating systems,high-performance file systems,and user interfaces 
Ronald Rivest （1947） is most celebrated for his work on public-key encryption 
with Len Adleman and Adi Shamir,specifically the RSA algorithm 
Ben Shneiderman （1947） 
Wayne Ratliff （1946） wrote the database program dBASE Ⅱ 
Andrew Yao （1946） received the Turing Award,in recognition of his fundamental contributions 
to the theory of computation,including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number 
generation,cryptography,and communication complexity 
Robert Metcalfe （1946） 
Whitfield Diffie （1944） 
Larry Ellison （1944） is the co-founder and CEO of Oracle Corporation 
Andy Tanenbaum （1944） is best known as the author of Minix,a free Unix-like operating system 
for teaching purposes,and for his computer science textbooks,regarded as standard texts in the field 
Jim Gray （1944-2007） has contributed to the building of several major database and transaction processing 
systems,including the groundbreaking System R while at IBM,Terraserver,and Skyserver for Microsoft. 
Among his more well known achievements are granular database locking,two-tier transaction commit semantics,
and the data cube operator for data warehousing applications. 
Butler Lampson （1943） was one of the founding members of Xerox PARC in 1970,where he worked in the 
Computer Science Laboratory (CSL). His now-famous vision of a personal computer was captured in the 1972 
memo entitled "Why Alto?". In 1973,the Xerox Alto,with its three-button mouse and full-page-sized monitor 
was born,and is now considered to be the first actual personal computer 
Peter Norton （1943） produced a popular tool to retrieve erased data from DOS disks,
which was followed by several other tools which were collectively known as the Norton Utilities 
Vint Cerf （1943） is commonly referred to as one of the "founding fathers of the Internet" for his key technical 
and managerial role,together with Bob Kahn,in the creation of the Internet and the TCP/IP protocols which it uses 
Ken Thompson （1943） is an American pioneer of computer science notable for his work with 
the B programming language and his shepherding the UNⅨ and Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating systems 
Michael Stonebraker （1943） 
Nolan Bushnell （1943） founded Atari 
Nicholas Negroponte （1943） 
Jef Raskin （1943-2005） was an American human-computer interface expert best-known 
for starting the Macintosh project for Apple Computer in the late 1970s 
Jon Postel （1943-1998） is principally known for being the Editor of the Request for Comment 
document series,and for serving as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority until his death 
Edward Tufte （1942） 
Dave Cutler （1942） is a noted software engineer,designer and developer of several operating systems including the 
RSX-11,VMS and VAXELN systems of Digital Equipment Corporation and Windows NT from Microsoft 
Ed Roberts （1942） was the founder and president of Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry 
Systems (MITS) which built the Altair 8800,one of the very first hobbyist personal computers 
Brian Kernighan （1942） 
Gary Kildall （1942-1994） created the CP/M operating system and founded Digital Research,Inc. 
Leslie Lamport （1941） his research contributions have laid the foundations of the theory of distributed systems 
Federico Faggin （1941） received a patent for the first computer microprocessor 
Alfred Aho （1941） 
Amir Pnueli （1941） received the Turing Award in 1996 for seminal work introducing temporal logic 
into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification 
Dennis Ritchie （1941） is an American computer scientist notable for his influence on ALTRAN,B,BCPL,C,Multics,and Unix 
David Parnas （1941） 
Ray Tomlinson （1941） 
Clive Sinclair （1940） 
William Yeager （1940） is best-known for his development of the first multiple-protocol router 
software during his 20 year tenure at Stanford University's Knowledge Systems Laboratory 
John Warnock （1940） is best known as the co-founder with Charles 
Geschke of Adobe Systems Inc.,the graphics and publishing software company 
Alan Kay （1940） is known for his early work on object-oriented programming and user interface design 
Barbara Liskov （1939） became the first woman in the United States to be awarded a PhD in Computer Science,in 1968 
from Stanford University. She has led many significant projects,including the design and implementation of CLU,the first 
programming language to support data abstraction; Argus,the first high-level language to support implementation of 
distributed programs; and Thor,an object-oriented database system. With Jeannette Wing,she developed a particular 
definition of subtyping,commonly known as the Liskov substitution principle 
Rudolf Bayer （1939） is famous for inventing two data sorting structures: the 
B-tree with Edward M. McCreight,and later the UB-tree with Volker Markl 
Ivar Jacobson （1939） 
John Hopcroft （1939） received the Turing Award "for fundamental 
achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures" 
Donald Knuth （1938） is the author of the seminal multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming 
Per Brinch Hansen （1938） 
Stewart Brand （1938） 
Ivan Sutherland （1938） received the Turing Award in 1988 for the invention of Sketchpad,
an early predecessor to the graphical user interface that became ubiquitous in personal computers 
Bob Kahn （1938） invented the TCP protocol,and along with Vinton G. Cerf created 
the IP protocol,the technologies used to transmit information on the Internet 
Raj Reddy （1937） is a world-renowned researcher in Artificial Intelligence,Robotics,and Human-Computer Interaction 
Ted Nelson （1937） coined the term "hypertext" in 1963 and published it in 1965. He also is 
credited with first use of the words hypermedia,transclusion,virtuality,intertwingularity and teledildonics 
Don Estridge （1937-1985） led development of the original IBM 
Personal Computer (PC),and thus is known as "father of the IBM PC" 
Robert Floyd （1936-2001） his contributions include the design of Floyd's algorithm,which efficiently finds all shortest paths 
in a graph,and work on parsing. In one isolated paper he introduced the important concept of error diffusion for rendering 
images,also called Floyd-Steinberg dithering (though he distinguished dithering from diffusion) 
Jon Hall 
Edward Feigenbaum （1936） is often called the "Father of expert systems." 
Richard Stearns （1936） with Juris Hartmanis,received the 1993 ACM Turing Award "in recognition of 
their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory" 
Richard Karp （1935） is a computer scientist and computational theorist,notable for 
research in the theory of algorithms,for which he received a Turing Award in 1985 
Gordon Bell （1934） is a leading computer engineer and manager,an early employee of Digital 
Equipment Corporation (DEC) who designed several of their PDP machines and later rose to 
Vice President of Engineering and oversaw the development of the VAX 
James Fergason （1934） invented liquid crystal display or LCD 
Niklaus Wirth （1934） was the chief designer of the programming 
languages Euler,Algol W,Pascal,Modula,Modula-2,and Oberon 
Robin Milner （1934） developed LCF,one of the first tools for automated theorem proving. The language he developed 
for LCF,ML,was the first language with polymorphic type inference and type-safe exception handling. In a very different area,
Milner also developed a theoretical framework for analyzing concurrent systems,the Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS),
and its successor,the pi-calculus 
Tony Hoare （1934） is probably best known for the development of Quicksort,the world's most widely used sorting algorithm. 
He also developed Hoare logic,and the formal language Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) used to specify the 
interactions of concurrent processes (including the Dining philosophers problem) and the inspiration for the Occam programming language 
William Kahan （1933） was the primary architect behind the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point computation 
（and its radix-independent follow-on,IEEE 854） and developed the Kahan summation algorithm,an important 
algorithm for minimizing error introduced when adding a sequence of finite precision floating point numbers 
Dana Scott （1932） his work on automata theory earned him the Turing Award in 1976,while his collaborative work with 
Christopher Strachey in the 1970s laid the foundations of modern approaches to the semantics of programming languages 
Fran Allen （1932） her achievements include seminal work in compilers,code optimization,and parallelization 
Jay Miner （1932-1994） 
James Russell （1931） invented the compact disc 
Michael Rabin （1931） received the Turing award with Dana Scott for their joint paper 
"Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem," which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines 
Fred Brooks （1931） is a software engineer and computer scientist,best-known for managing the development 
of OS/360,then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book The Mythical Man-Month 
Ole-Johan Dahl （1931-2002） is considered to be one of the fathers 
of Simula and object-oriented programming along with Kristen Nygaard 
Edsger Dijkstra （1930-2002） among his contributions to computer science is the shortest path-algorithm,
also known as Dijkstra's algorithm,the THE multiprogramming system,and the semaphore construct,for 
coordinating multiple processors and programs 
Gordon Moore （1929） is the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation and the author of Moore's law 
Juris Hartmanis （1928） with Richard E. Stearns,received the 1993 Turing Award "in recognition 
of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory" 
Thomas Eugene Kurtz （1928） co-developed the BASIC programming language in 1963/64,together with John George Kemeny 
Jean E. Sammet （1928） 
Peter Naur （1928） his last name is the N in the BNF notation (Backus-Naur form),used in the description of the 
syntax for most programming languages. He contributed to the creation of the ALGOL 60 programming language 
Seymour Papert （1928） is one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence,
as well as an inventor of the Logo programming language 
Marvin Minsky （1927） is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence 
（AI),co-founder of MIT's AI laboratory,and author of several texts on AI and philosophy 
John McCarthy （1927） was responsible for the coining of the term "Artificial Intelligence" in his 
1955 proposal for the 1956 Dartmouth Conference and invented the Lisp programming language 
Allen Newell （1927-1992） contributed to the Information Processing Language （1956） and two of the earliest 
AI programs,the Logic Theory Machine （1956） and the General Problem Solver （1957） (with Herbert Simon) 
Robert Noyce （1927-1990） 
Fernando Corbató （1926） is a prominent computer scientist,notable 
as a pioneer in the development of time-sharing operating systems 
Ken Olsen （1926） 
Paul Baran （1926） was one of the developers of packet-switched 
networks along with Donald Davies and Leonard Kleinrock 
John Diebold （1926-2005） 
Kristen Nygaard （1926-2002） is acknowledged as the co-inventor of object-oriented 
programming and the programming language Simula with Ole-Johan Dahl in the 1960s 
John George Kemeny （1926-1992） is best known for co-developing 
the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas Eugene Kurtz 
Douglas Engelbart （1925） is best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English); as a 
pioneer of human-computer interaction whose team developed hypertext,networked computers,and precursors to GUIs 
John Cocke （1925-2002） is considered by many to be "the father of RISC architecture" 
David A. Huffman （1925-1999） is best known for his legendary 
Huffman code,a compression scheme for lossless variable length encoding 
Seymour Cray （1925-1996） was a U.S. electrical engineer and 
supercomputer architect who founded the company Cray Research 
Friedrich Ludwig Bauer （1924） together with Klaus Samelson invented the stack 
machine,a fundamental device for both theory and practice of programming 
Donald D. Chamberlin （1924） 
Charles Bachman （1924） developed the IDS (Integrated Data Store),one of the first database management systems 
John Backus （1924-2007） led the team that invented the first widely used high-level programming language (FORTRAN) 
and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form (BNF),the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax 
Jack Kilby （1923-2005） invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working 
at Texas Instruments,as well as the handheld calculator and thermal printer 
Edgar F. Codd （1923-2003） made seminal contributions to the theory of relational databases 
Gene Amdahl （1922） 
Alan Perlis （1922-1990） was awarded the first Turing Award in 1966,according to the citation,for his 
influence in the area of advanced programming techniques and compiler construction. This is a reference 
to the work he had done as a member of the team that developed the ALGOL programming language 
Kenneth E. Iverson （1920-2004） developed the APL programming language,was honored with the 
Turing Award in 1979 for his contributions to mathematical notation and programming language theory 
Bob Bemer （1920- 2004） 
John Presper Eckert （1919-1995） 
James H. Wilkinson （1919-1986） discovered many significant algorithms 
Herb Grosch （1918） 
Jay Forrester （1918） 
Clifford Berry （1918-1963） helped John Vincent Atanasoff create the 
first digital electronic computer in 1939,the Atanasoff-Berry Computer 
Betty Holberton （1917-2001） was one of the programmers for the ENIAC computer 
Claude Shannon （1916-2001） has been called "the father of information theory",
and was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory 
Herbert Simon （1916-2001） was among the founding fathers of several of today's most important scientific 
domains,including Artificial Intelligence,information processing,decision-making,problem-solving,attention 
economics,organization theory,complex systems,and computer simulation of scientific discovery 
Christopher Strachey （1916-1975） 
John Tukey （1915-2000) 
Richard Hamming （1915-1998） was an American mathematician whose work had many implications for 
computer science and telecommunications. His contributions include the Hamming code (which makes use 
of a Hamming matrix),the Hamming window (described in section 5.8 of his book Digital Filters),Hamming 
numbers,Sphere-packing (or hamming bound) and the Hamming distance 
J. C. R. Licklider （1915-1990） 
Maurice Vincent Wilkes （1913） developed the concept of microprogramming from the 
realisation that the Central Processing Unit of a computer could be controlled by a 
miniature,highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM 
William Hewlett （1913-2001） 
David Packard （1912-1996） William Hewlett founded HP,the company that grew 
into the world's largest producer of electronic testing and measurement devices 
Alan Turing （1912-1954） is often considered to be the father of modern computer science. Turing provided 
an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine,formulating 
the now widely accepted "Turing" version of the Church–Turing thesis,namely that any practical computing model 
has either the equivalent or a subset of the capabilities of a Turing machine. With the Turing test,he made a 
significant and characteristically provocative contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence 
Konrad Zuse （1910-1995） created the first functional program-controlled machine,the Z3,in 1941 
William Shockley （1910-1989） co-invented the transistor 
Stephen Cole Kleene （1909-1994） was best known for founding the branch of mathematical logic known 
as recursion theory together with Alonzo Church,Kurt G&ouml;del,Alan Turing,Emil Post,and others; and for inventing 
regular expressions. By providing methods of determining which problems are solvable,Kleene's work led to the 
study of which functions are computable 
John Bardeen （1908-1991） invented the transistor,along with William Bradford Shockley and Walter Brattain 
Paul Eisler （1907-1995） was an Austrian inventor born in Vienna. Among his innovations 
were printing techniques which later became important in electrical and electronics manufacturing 
John Mauchly （1907-1980） 
Kurt G&ouml;del （1906-1978） is best known for his two incompleteness theorems 
Grace Hopper （1906-1992） was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I 
calculator,and she developed the first compiler for a computer programming language 
Tommy Flowers （1905-1998） 
Alonzo Church （1905-1995） created lambda calculus,formulated Church's thesis and Church's theorem 
George Stibitz （1904-1995） was a Bell Labs researcher known for his 1930s and 1940s work on 
the realization of Boolean logic digital circuits using electromechanical relays as the switching element 
John Vincent Atanasoff （1903-1995） was the inventor of the first automatic electronic digital 
computer,a special-purpose machine that has come to be called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer 
William Ross Ashby （1903-1972） was widely influential 
within cybernetics,systems theory and complex systems 
John von Neumann （1903-1957） described a computer architecture in which data and program memory 
are mapped into the same address space. This architecture became the de facto standard 
Walter Houser Brattain （1902-1987） was a physicist at Bell Labs who,
along with John Bardeen and William Shockley invented the transistor 
Howard Aiken （1900-1973） was a pioneer in computing,being the primary engineer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I computer 
Emil Leon Post （1897-1954） developed,independently of Alan Turing's Turing machine model,an essentially equivalent model 
Norbert Wiener （1894-1964） is perhaps best known as the founder of cybernetics,a field that formalizes 
the notion of feedback and has implications for engineering,systems control,computer science,biology,
philosophy,and the organization of society 
Vannevar Bush （1890-1974） introduced the concept of what he called the memex in the 1930s,
a microfilm-based "device in which an individual stores all his books,records,and communications,
and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility." 
Thomas J. Watson （1874-1956） was the president of International Business Machines (IBM),
who oversaw that company's growth into an international force from the 1920s to the 1950s 
莱昂·波利（Léon Bollée） （1870-1913） designed three calculating machines: 
the Direct Multiplier,the Calculating Board and the Arithmographe 
Herman Hollerith （1860-1929） was an American statistician who developed a mechanical 
tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data 
Theophil Wilgodt Odhner （1845-1903） is the inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer,a mechanical calculator 
William Stanley Jevons （1835-1882） constructed a logical machine,called the Logic Piano 
Christopher Latham Sholes （1819-1890） designed the QWERTY keyboard 
George Boole （1815-1864） is the inventor of Boolean algebra,the basis of all modern computer arithmetic 
Ada Lovelace （1815-1852） is mainly known for having written a description of 
Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer,the analytical engine 
Joseph Henry （1797-1878） invented the electromechanical relay in 1835 
Charles Babbage （1791-1871） designed the first programmable computer 
Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar （1785-1870） designed and patented the Arithmometer,in 1820. 
It was the first successful mechanical calculator that could add,subtract,and multiply 
Joseph Fourier （1768-1830） 
Joseph Marie Jacquard （1752-1834） improved on the original punched card design of 
Jacques de Vaucanson's loom of 1745,to invent the Jacquard loom mechanism in 1804-1805 
Mathieus Hahn （1739-1790） designed the first functional mechanical calculator 
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz （1646-1716） discovered the binary number system,anticipated Lagrangian interpolation,
algorithmic information theory,and invented the calculus ratiocinator as well as a machine that could execute all four 
arithmetical operations,the Stepped Reckoner 
Blaise Pascal （1623-1662） constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction,called the Pascaline 
Wilhelm Schickard （1592-1635） built the first automatic calculator in 1623 
William Oughtred （1575-1660） is credited as the inventor of the slide rule 
John Napier （1550-1617） invented Napier's bones,a multiplication aid 
Al-Khawarizmi （780-850） the word algebra is derived from al-jabr,one of the two operations used to solve 
quadratic equations,as described in his book. The word algorithm stems from algoritmi,the Latinization of his name.