标题：从句
从句的分类
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。根据引导从句为主不同大概可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句和时间状语从句。
1．主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
2．表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。
3．宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
4．同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。
5．定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
6．状语从句可分为：
(1)时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time) 
(2)地点状语从句：(adverbial clause of place) 
(3)原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause) 
(4)条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition) 
(5)目的状语从句：(adverbial clause of purpose) 
(6)让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession) 
(7)比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of comparison) 
(8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner) 
(9)结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result)
7.德语中的从句：状语从句和宾语从句均用 Dass 来引导
宾语从句的结构
定义宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后；
Tell him which class you are in. 
Do you know what he likes？ 
【注】宾语从句的分类
A 、作动词的宾语： 
eg．I heard the news
I 主语　heard 谓语动词　the news.名词作宾语
I 主语　heard 谓语动词　that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句
B 、作介词的宾语：
eg．He said nothing about this plan。
He主语　said 谓语动词　nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语
三要素：语序宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. 
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. 
【注】否定前移，及完成反意问句； 
在think/ believe/ suppose/ guess/ imagine/ expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注： 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称） 
I don't think you are right,are you 
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they 
【注】在表示建议suggest,advise；要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气） 
I suggested that you（should）study hard． 
He ordered that we should go out at once． 
【注】如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置 
You may think it strange that he would live there．
三要素：连接词带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how.
1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。
【注】that常在以下情况下不能省略 
（1. 当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时； 
（2．当宾语从句较长时；
（3．当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；
（4．当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；
（5．当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略；
（6．当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时；
（7．当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；
（8．当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；
（9．当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；
（10．当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；
（11．在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换。
【注】if/whether区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if
②少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. 
③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
④在不定式前只能用whether.
如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
⑤避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.
3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他
三要素：时态1．主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。 
He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. 
They know (that) he is working hard. 
2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。
He answered that he was listening to me.
3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）
4. 当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不是定理。
He told me that he was a boy. （虽然性别是客观存在的，但“男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第4种情况）
Father told me that practice makes perfect. （所叙述的事实为一个定理，用一般现在时）
例题1. The teacher told the children that the sun____ round.
A. was B. is C. were D. are 选B，因其陈述为无可争议的客观事实
2. I believe that our team____ the basketball match.
A. win B. won C. will win D. wins 选C ，这是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测
3.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. 
A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 
选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语。注：use sth. as译为“把…用作”　
注意A. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.　
Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
B.带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
C.False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
宾语从句的几类连接词①从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.
例句：
He told that he would go to the college the next year.
他告诉我他下一年上大学.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没人知道他是否会通过考试.
②连接代词
连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever ,whosever,whatever,whichever等.
连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述.
例句：
Do you know who has won Red Alert game.
你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗
③连接副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
例句：
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel.
你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
宾语从句的分类
动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win,for members of their team are stronger.
我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中，他都会帮忙的. 
★部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
例句：
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip
你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗
★动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有：make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
例句：
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
it的宾语从句①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
例句：
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 
我每天写日记成了习惯.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. 
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 
②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有：hate,take,owe,have,see to.
I hate it when they speak with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的.
When you start the engine,you must see to it that car is in neutral.
开启发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
③若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
★用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知.
形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有： sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
同位语从句
与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。 
同位语从句用法比较"固定",把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them． 
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1．同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。） 
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。） 
2．引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。） 
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
1) 非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前
Bruce Lee (姓名) 李小龙
Graf Schmidt (称号，浑名) 施密特伯爵
Doctor Wang (职称，头衔) 王博士
Uncel Liu (亲戚的称呼) 刘叔叔
die Stadt Shanghai (类属名称) 上海市
the Province Hebei (类属名称) 河北省
das Jahr 2000 (类属名称) 2000 年
three Kilo tomato (度量名称) 三公斤西红柿
the University Bremen (专有名词) 不来梅大学
国际上另一种分法为关系从句
关系从句（relative clause)
关系从句的理解与翻译
人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：
Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.
若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句子就可能会被译为：
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。
译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以，例1应译为：
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院，在那里他很快就死了。
让我们再多看几个例子：
1． When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.
杰克·伦敦还是小孩时，他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏。
(不宜译为：……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文。)
2． I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.
我遇到了那位船夫，他将我渡到对岸。
(不宜译为：我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。)
3． While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.
他们正在那儿等时，从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止，直到有人出来喝住，它才停下来。
(不宜译为：……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠。)
4． In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.
借着电筒的亮光，他看见一个人影，马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯。
(不宜译为：……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子。)
我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子，对语序的依赖性极大，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：
5． The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.
遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子，汉语只有以简驭繁：断句。译为：
蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。
此外，读者也许注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只需在关系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复一下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句：
6． He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.
他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。
7 All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,for they were unlike any people had ever known.
这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：
8． In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed. (who… ≈ when he…)
1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。
9． Dr. Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once. (who was… ≈ though he was)
白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。
10． We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)
我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。
11． He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. (who… ≈ if he…)
(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。
12． There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that… ≈ so that the Plan…)
此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。
以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系，意义上相当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11、12两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。
传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全面的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思，尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。
定语从句
用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。
①引导定语从句的关联词有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整个句子，多用which.
例句：
The dog that/which was lost has been found.　（失踪的狗已经找到了。）
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.　（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）
There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.　（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）
The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.　（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.　（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）
This is the reason why he refused to help us.　（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）
He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country.　（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us.　（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）
② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,everything时，从句的引导词只能用that.

状语从句
用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、 条件、 原因、让步、目的、结果、 方式、比较状语从句等
1、时间状语从句：1) 常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when），while， as long as,as soon as…
例句：
As you look at yourself in a mirror,you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.
It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
It was not until…that
Not until…did he…
Not until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.
It was not until….
When I got to the airport,I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.
I was about to leave,when something occurred which attracted my attention.
Whenever we have difficulty,he’ll come to help us.
2) no sooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when: 刚做…就….
No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.
She had scarcely news when she fainted.
3) 还有 immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time etc
I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.
I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
2、地点状语从句：一般用where or wherever 引导
I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.
Wherever they went,they were warmly welcome.
3、条件状语从句：真实条件从句:if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that etc
I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.
I will not go to her party unless she invites me.
4、原因状语从句：从属连词有because,as,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鉴于，由于)
As the school regulations are written quite clearly,there is nothing more to be explained.
Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was not expensive.
Seeing that they are inexperienced,they are doing quite a good job.
5、让步状语从句：引导词分类：
1): even if,though,even though,while(尽管) no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.
He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.
Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.
However hard she tried to explain,nobody trusted her.
It has been the same result,whichever way you do it.
2) 由as 引起的让步从句，语气较强烈，被强调的词须放在句首.
Simple as the question may seem,it is not at all common in nature.
Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.
Much as I respect him,I can’t agree with him.
Object as you may,I will go on with my plan.
3) whether…or,不管…或…
whether you be a student or a teacher,you are required to obey the regulations of the school.
6、结果状语从句：引导词：so that,so…that,such…that
He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.
She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.
7、目的状语从句：引导词：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case
I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.
Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.
8、方式状语从句引导词：as,(just) as…so…，as if,as though。
1） as,(just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish,so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if,as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
9、比较状语从句：1) as…as,not so/as…as 
the film was not so exciting as we expected.这部电影没有我们期待的一样精彩
The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.
She likes them almost as much as Paul does.
2) 比较级+than,so much/a lot more than
She looks much younger than she is.
The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.
3) no more…than,not more…than,less…than
Jack is not more frightened than Mike is. 杰克不像马克那么害怕
Tom is no more rich than Black
3) the more…the more
The farther north you go,the severer the winter is.
The more I see of him,the less I like him.