标题：替代
名词解释
含义替代（Substitution/rather than）是一种避免重复、连接上下文的手段。被替代的词语可以是名词词组或[1]其中心词，这是名词性替代（Nominal substitution）；被替代的词语可以是动词词组或其中心词，这是动词性替代（Verbal substitution）；被替代的词语可以是整个分句，这是分句性替代（Clausal substitution）；及其他替代方式。或以某人的身份，来为此人做一些其不愿意做的事。
释义形容事物的交换方式而本质相同。
1.代替。 唐·王梵志 《用钱索新妇》诗：“我老妻亦老，替代不得住。” 清·周亮工 《书影》卷二：“ 京口鹤林寺杜鹃花，春开最盛，仙人殷七七令九月重开，无异春日。此九月事，可替代东篱矣。” 王西彦《古屋》第一部七：“他们要他去替代兄弟服兵役。”
2.替身。《醒世恒言·黄秀才徼灵玉马坠》：“ 薛媪为去了女儿琼琼，正想没有个替代，见此女容貌美丽，喜不可言。” 清·翟灏 《通俗编·神鬼》：“《闲窗括异志》载荆南都头李遇病困，魂至阴司，方与一相识语，忽又一人曰‘追到李遇’， 遇遂苏，身下卧一画人，号为替代。然则替代之来久矣。” 鲁迅《朝花夕拾·琐记》：“只可惜那两个淹死鬼失了池子，难讨替代，总在左右徘徊。”  替代原装钱眼商机
替与代替 

替代 - 名词性替代
用于名词性替代的词语主要有one/ones, that/those, the same, the kind, the sort, either, neither, 等。
one, onesa. one/ones可以指人或物 
1）只能替代单数/复数可数名词。例如： 
--Give Joan the red cup and take the blue one for yourself. 
--I’m having a drink. Would you like one too ? 
--There are good films as well as bad ones. 
--A mortal blow is one that kills. 
2）one/ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词的“数”可以不一致；或在句法功能上也可能不一致。 例如： 
--If you want to buy an electric heater, you may be interested in this one in the window. 
--Compare the new edition with the old ones. 
--Have you any books on farming ? I want to borrow one. 
--Do you see those gentlemen over there ? The one with gray hair is my father. 
3) one/ones 一般带修饰语，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象，这是替代词one/ones用法上的一个重要特征。例如： 
--She bought a cotton dress and a silk one. 
--This chapter is much longer than the preceding ones. 
--There are only hard chocolates left; we’ve eaten all the soft ones. 
4) one/ones后面常跟有修饰语或形容词从句。例如： 
--Which poem ? The one they were talking about yesterday. 
--My shoes are similar to the ones you had on yesterday. 
--Compare this picture with the one painted by your brother. 
--This room and the one upstairs are well furnished. 
--This house built of bricks is more durable than the one over there made of wood. 
b. one/ones 的省略 
1）当this/those, that/those与one/ones连用，表达比较或选择的含义时，one/ones可以省略。 例如： 
--This chair is too low. I’ll sit in that (one). 
--I like this (one) best. 
但是，当this/those, that/those后跟有形容词，此时的one/ones不可以省略。如： 
--I like this blue one/these blue ones. 
2）替代词one/ones在形容词比较级或最高级以及某些限定词如this, which, 序数词等后面可省略。例如： 
--I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have. 
--Of all the boys in the class, John is the tallest (one). 
--Here are all the pictures. Which (one, ones) do you like best ? 
--Some of the answers were correct, but I don’t remember which (ones).
that, thosea. that/those 总是伴随着限制性的后置修饰语，分别等于the one 和the ones。that只能指物，those是复数替代形式，可以指人，也可指物。例如： 
--The paintings of Gauguin’s Tahiti period are more famous than those he painted in France. 
--The explorers wrote two very popular books: that on travels, and that on Arctic life. 
--His last two books are a great success as compared with those he wrote earlier. 
b. that 也可用于替代不可数名词（但是the one则不能）。例如： 
--The victim’s own blood was of a different blood group from that found on the floor. 
--The best coal is that from Newcastle. 
--His description didn’t answer to that of the thief. 
--Our tea is of a better quality than that which the buyers imported from other origins. 
注：that作为替代形式，它几乎不与关系代词that连用，但是，those that的结合是通用的。
the same, the kind, the sorta. kind, sort通常替代不可数名词。例如： 
--American food is not the same as the English kind. 
--Slang disappears quickly, especially the juvenile sort. 
b. the same 的替代用法 
1) the same可用作整个名词词组的替代词，通常指物，但与它所替代的名词词组并非共指同一对象。例如： 
--A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please ? 
--B: Give me the same, please. 
--A: I’ll have two poached eggs on toast, please. 
--B: I’ll have the same. 
注： 
i）the same一般不可以再带前置修饰语，但可以带表示保留或条件的后置修饰语，例如： 
--A: I’d like a cup of tea. 
--B: I’d like the same with milk but without sugar. 
--A: I’ll have two poached eggs on toast, please. 
--B: I’ll have the same but fried. 
ii）在规章等正式文体中，有时也可以和它所替代的词语共指同一对象。例如： 
--The society shall keep minutes of its proceedings, which shall be available for public inspection. From time to time it shall publish the same. 
2) the same还可以替代用作补语，表示当前特性的形容词短语、介词短语或比较结构等。例如： 
--Yesterday I felt under the weather, and today I feel the same 
--The soup smells delicious, and the turkey smells the same. 
--Charles is now an actor. Given half a chance I would have been the same. (the same = an actor) 
--A: John sounded rather regretful. 
--B: Yes, Mary sounded the same. (the same = rather regretful) 
3)the same 的另一个作用是替代一个名词性分句，尤其在say之后。例如： 
--A: (I say) Oxford is likely to win the next boat race. 
--B: I say the same. (= that Oxford is likely to win the next boat race, too) 
--A: John thought it was impossible. 
--B: Yes, I thought the same. (= that it was impossible) 
注：在另一些搭配中the same 可表示上下文中的某个过程。例如： 
--A: I lost my way in the galleries. 
--B: The same happened to me. (= I also lost my way in the galleries.) 
--A: That noise really unnerves me. 
--B: Yes, it does the same to me too. (does the same = unnerves me).
不定代词替代例如： 
--Many children learn to read quite quickly, but some (= some children) need special instruction. 
--You told me there were three pictures by Van Gogh in the exhibition. But I didn’t see any (of his 
pictures). 
--The boys applied for a scholarship. Each (of them) was able to present excellent references. 
--If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 
--Either (of them) will be satisfactory.
替代 - 动词性替代
作为替代用法的do叫作代动词(pro-verb)，其用法有二：一是替代动词词组即整个谓语，一是替代动词词组的中心词即谓语动词。
do替代动词词组的用法a. do的形式必须受主语人称和数的制约，并且有现在时和过去时的形式变化。例如： 
--She hoped that he would search the room carefully before her arrival but he didn’t do so. 
--Martin drives a car, and his sister does, too. 
--The door was falling to pieces. The windows were doing too. (doing =falling to pieces) 
--A: The children work very hard in the garden. 
--B: They must do. (do= work hard in the garden) 
b. do so既可以替代动-宾谓语结构，也可以替代动-状谓语结构；还可以采取非限定形式。例如： 
--He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so (= tell me the news.) 
--A: Jane is crying for some more cake in the kitchen. 
--B: Yes, but her little brother isn’t doing so (= crying for some more cake.) 
--The boys played doctors and nurses. We watched them doing that (= playing doctors and nurses), but they wanted us to do so (= to play doctors and nurses), too. 
--As no one else has succeeded in doing so, I shall attempt to solve the mystery myself. (= solving the mystery) 
c. do so与do the same, do it, do that交替使用。 
1) 有时，do so 与do the same可以交替使用。例如： 
--Mother cleaned the room and I did the same. (= …and I did so, too.) 
--He began to write science articles for the newspaper and told me to do the same (= …and told me to do so, too.) 
2) 当do so替代动宾结构时，it或this/that可以取代so。不过，it系指具体事物，that/this则口气 较重。例如： 
--John is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too. 
--They played cards after dinner and we wanted them to do that. 
3) 当do so, do that, do it, do the same 等用于疑问句、否定句，或用于强调口气时，它们可以与助动词（包括助动词do）配合使用。例如： 
--A: Do they go to work by train ? 
--B: Yes, but we don’t do so. 
--A: Mary is paying for her own ticket. 
--B: Yes, but Joan isn’t doing that/isn’t doing the same/isn’t doing so. 
d. do 与so用在一起，构成两个句型：“so + do + 主语”和“so + 主语 + do”。这两个句型常用于简短回答。 
1) 在“so + do + 主语”句型当中，so的意义相当于in the same way; 作简短回答表示同样看法时常用。例如： 
--My brother caught a cold, and so did my sister. (= My sister caught a cold, too.) 
--They play cards after dinner, and so do we. (= We also play cards after dinner.) 
--A: Moths fly about at night. 
--B: So do bats. (= Bats fly about at night, too.) 
2) 在“so + 主语 + do”句型当中，so的意义相当于indeed, certainly;对别人的话作出肯定反应时常用。例如： 
--A: The students work hard. 
--B: So they do. (= Certainly they work hard.) 
--A: He looks very pale. 
--B: So he does. (= He looks very pale indeed.) 
--A: Father, you promised. 
--B: Well, so I did! (= Certainly I promised.)
do替代动词词组中心词的用法do作这种用法时通常都是实义动词，若及物，需跟宾语；也可以与情态助动词连用；在疑问和否定结构中，应引入助动词do的适当形式。例如： 
--The production increases as it has done (= increased) for the last few Years. 
--She plays the piano better than she does (= plays) the guitar. 
--A: Mary studies modern history and doesn’t do (= study) modern languages. 
--B: Does she do (= study) ancient history, too ? 
注: 
i) 动词性替代在口语中比在书面语中用得多，在英国英语中比在美国英语中用得多。 
ii) doing so的组合可倒置为so doing。如： 
--Roberts was rounding up the cattle. When asked why he was so doing, he replied: “Orders are orders.” 
iii) 在带to的不定式结构中，do和so可以倒置（少见，属于正式语体）。如： 
--To do so (= So to do) is to betray the confidence of their readers. 
iv)so还可以作补足语，替代形容词、形容词短语或者名词短语。如： 
--Prices at present are reasonably stable, and will probably remain so. 
--If he’s a criminal, it’s his parents who have made him so. 
v) 还有too much so, so much so, more so和less so的替代形式。如： 
--Although the poor girl was exhausted, she was less so than we feared. 
--The weather was hot in Cairo---so much so, that we stayed indoors all day.
替代 - 分句性替代so和not替代that-从句 
a. 在believe, expect, suppose, think, guess, imagine, reckon, suspect, presume 和it appears/ seems之后，既可以用so也可以用not来替代that-从句。 

1) so替代肯定从句。例如： 
--A: Oxford is likely to win the next boat race. 
--B: All my friends say so. 
--A: Many people believe that the international situation will deteriorate. 
--B: My father thinks so, but I believe not. 
--A: Will Tom be at the party ? 
--B: I expect so/ suppose so/ think so./ I think he will. 
2) 这里的否定式有两种：一是动词的否定式 + so构成；一是动词的肯定式 + not构成。例如： 
--A: Will the scheme be a success ? 
--B: I don’t believe so/ expect so/ suppose so/ think so. 
--A: Are they making good progress ? 
--B: It doesn’t seem so. 
--A: It won’t take long, will it? 
--B: No, I suppose not. / I don’t suppose so. 
注： 
i) so和not一般不能用于诸如agree, know, (be) sure等词之后。例如，不可以说*I’m sure so.// 
*I doubt so.// *I know so.// *Why do you ask so ?// *He said not.// *He told me not. 
ii) So it appears 和So it seems很常见。 
b. hope和be afraid (= be sorry to say)之后能用so或not。例如： 
--A: Has the news reached home yet ? 
--B: I’m afraid so./ I’m afraid not. 
--A: Is Peter coming with us ? 
--B: I hope so. 
但是，这里的否定式是动词的肯定式 + not构成。例如： 
--A: Have you got a work permit ? 
--B: I’m afraid not. 
--A: Will it rain tomorrow ? 
--B: I hope not. 
c. say和tell + 宾语之后能用so和not。例如：
--A: Jack hasn’t found a job yet. 
--B: He told me so yesterday. 
--A: John is leaving next week. 
--B: So I’ve been told.” 
--A: How do you know there is going to be a demonstration ? 
--B: Jack said so. / Jack told me so. 
至于tell的否定形式，只有否定式 + so这一种结构。例如： 
--Tom didn’t tell me so. 
至于say的否定形式可以有两种，但是含义不同。例如： 
--Tom didn’t say so. (= Tom didn’t say that there would be a demonstration.) 
--Tom said not. (= Tom said there wouldn’t be a demonstration.) 
d. if + so/not通常代表一个条件从句。例如： 
--If so, I had quite misjudged him. 
--Will you be staying another night ? If so (= If you are), we can give you a better room. If not 
(= If you aren’t), could you be out of your room by 12:00 ? 
--A: I hope Bill won’t come. 
--B: If so(= If you hope he won’t come), why did you invite him ? 
e. so替代分句时偶尔也出现在句首，主语倒装与否均可。例如：
--A: Oxford will win the boat race; at least, so all my Oxford friends say. 
--B: And so say most of the sports writers, too. 
--So most of the sports writers say, too. 
但是，当主语为代词时，不能倒装。例如： 
--A: Most people are backing the Oxford crew. 
--B: So I believe; but that doesn’t mean they’ll win.
游戏
网络游戏替代：精灵星 拥有自身招唤的元素生物代替主人承受伤害的技能。
游戏内容游戏名称：替代
英文名称：Alternativa
制作厂商：Centauri Production
游戏发行：IDEA Games, Bohemia Interactive
游戏语种：中文汉化
游戏类型：Point & Click Adventure
游戏版本：完整硬盘版
游戏简介这是一款有着科幻复古风格的传统点击式冒险解密游戏，在游戏里，玩家可以看到当代与未来元素相结合的游戏世界(可以参照电影《第五元素》)。配合游戏使用的是CPAL3D引擎，呈现给玩家一个风格独特的世界。只是不同于一般的叙事方式，在这款游戏中，采用的是多线性的叙述方式，故事情节跌宕起伏，并且处处都可以感受到游戏里毛骨悚然的气氛。推理元素、充满历史感和科幻情节的游戏会让玩家大呼过瘾。
游戏中，玩家可以通过故事逐渐了解这个叫Alterniva的世界。它的历史、社会环境、人们的生活状况。同样，如果玩家玩游戏的时候够仔细，会发现诸如此类的细节。主角可以见识到其他被战争毁坏的地区，然而新的问题同样会接踵而至。
游戏里的单一故事并不长，而是借助多个短篇故事通过各方面来集中描述。大量的故事中，玩家会看到当时人们的生活状况和其中存在的各种问题。这样的故事比如强奸案的调查、夜行停尸房、黑客攻击数据库等内容会让玩家们兴奋不已。
游戏截图替代 硬盘版 牛游戏网(4张)
同名电影
基本信息  剧照中文片名:替代
英文片名:The Exchange
导演:艾伦·科勒林 
主演:多夫·纳文/罗腾·凯南/莎朗·塔尔 
类型:剧情 
地区:以色列 
上映:2010年11月30日
剧情简介这部影片讲述的是男主人公回到家里后，以一种感性的眼光看待自己的家庭和生活，涉及到许多人生感悟，恍惚如隔世，不知是庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶，还是蝴蝶晓梦迷庄生。
幕后花絮3年前，科勒林拍了一部名叫《乐队造访》的电影，这部电影在全世界掀起一股爱的浪潮。与其他作品不一样，《乐队造访》不仅是一部眼泪伴随着欢笑的电影，也为我们展现了一位伟大的天才，他发掘细微之处的能力与他精湛的写作能力相媲美。《乐队造访》的制片人曾经说过自从这部电影上映以后，许多人都向科勒林伸出橄榄枝，他不仅与美国著名演员朱迪·福斯特合作过，就连法国常青树凯瑟琳·德纳芙也说过想跟科勒林合作。但是科勒林并没有因此而飘飘然，而是继续执导一部更小成本也更晦涩的电影。关于这部电影的剧情虽然没有被公布太多，但是有人已经评断科勒林的这部新影片会再次让世人目睹他拍《乐队造访》时的天赋以及创造奇迹的才华。
什么是替代品
替代品是指两种产品存在相互竞争的销售关系，即一种产品销售的增加会减少另一种产品的潜在销售量，反之亦然（如牛肉和猪肉）。替代品与互补品是相互对立的概念。对替代品的判别亦可根据交叉弹性系数的正负号来进行。显然，当交叉弹性系数为正值时，即一种产品价格的提高（销售减少）会引起另一种产品需求量的增加，这时两种产品是替代品。
替代品对产品的压力（1） 替代品的赢利能力。若替代品具有较大的赢利能力则会对本行业的原有产品形成较大压力，它把本行业的产品价格约束在一个较低的水平上，使本行业 企业 在竞争 中处于被动位。 
（2） 生产替代品的企业所采取的经营战略。若它采取迅速增长的积极发展战略，则它对本行业构成威胁。 
（3） 用户的转换成本。用户改用替代品的转换成本越小，则替代品对本行业的压力越大。
替代产品价格策略替代产品是指基本用途相同的产品。替代产品价格策略即指营销企业有意识地安排本企业消费替代性产品间的价格比例，用以实现某种营销目标。 
具有替代关系的产品，降低一种产品的价格，不仅会使该产品的销售量增加，而且会同时降低替代产品的销售量。例如，一个企业生产不同型号的汽车，不同型号的电冰箱、不同型号的照相机就属这种情况。企业可以利用这种效应调整产品结构。如企业为了把需求转移到某些产品上去，它可以提高那些准备淘汰的产品价格，或者用相对价格诱导需求，以牺牲某一品种，稳定和发展另一些品种；企业也可以利用这种效应，提高某一知名产品的价格，突出它的豪华、高档、创造一种声望，从而利用其在消费者心目中的良好形象而增加其他型号产品的销售量。