标题：亚暴注入
相关现象
作为最可靠的指标此现象普遍作为亚暴开始时刻的标志，几乎每个亚暴都可以观察到此现象的发生。
注入的粒子包括能量从数十到数百KeV的电子和质子等离子，尚未观测到有更低能量粒子的注入现象。（cutoff; e.g. Birn et al., 1997a）
无色散的注入如果所有能量的粒子同时增强，则把此注入称为无色散的注入（dispersionless injection，暂译），而这样的区域就称为注入区域（injection region，暂译），同时把此区域的内边界称为 “注入边界”（injection boundary，暂译） (McIlwain, 1974; Mauk and McIlwain, 1974; Reeves et al., 1991)
注入区域一般来说，注入区域从距离地心4.3个Re（地球半径）到15个Re(Friedel et al., 1996).。
经度范围此现象易发生于午夜前，局限于一个有限的经度范围内，与亚暴电流楔（Substorm current wedge ）所处区域相近。(see, e.g., the statistical results by Vagina et al., 1996). 一些观测显示，电子和质子的注入区域存在沿经度方向的分离，以整个区域的中心经度为准，质子偏西，电子偏东。（Birn et al., 1997a). 
散射在注入区域外，由于不同能量的粒子在磁场中有不同的漂移速度，因此会出现不同能量粒子的散射。除能量散射外，还观测到了投掷角散射。(Walker et al., 1978; Greenspan et al., 1985). 注意通过对粒子在磁场中漂移的反演，由能量散射导致的通量增加，可估计最初注入位置的经度和发生时间。(e.g., Reeves et al., 1991; Shukhtina and Sergeev, 1991)
磁场此现象常与本地磁场偶极化相关，尤其是无散射的注入。磁场的变化伴随着强烈的感应电场。（e.g., Aggson et al.,1983） 
精细结构与其他的亚暴现象一样，此现象显示了亚暴当时的精细结构。(e.g., Belian et al., 1984)
参考目录
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