Stiks

Yunon mifologiyasida – stix (styks; yoqilgan. „Shuddering“West 2003, p. 53 n. 11.) Yer osti dunyosining maʼbudasi va daryosi edi. Uning ota-onasi Titanlar Okean va Tetis edi va u Titan Pallasning xotini va Zelus, Nike, Kratos va Biaʼning onasi edi. Titanlarga qarshi urushda u Zevsning yonini oladi va shuning uchun uni hurmat qilish uchun Zevs xudolarning tantanali qasamyodlarini Stiks suvi bilan ichishni buyurdiGrimal, s.v. Styx; Tripp, s.v. Styx; Parada, s.v. Styx; Smith, s.v. Styx..

 Oila 
Odatdagi maʼlumotlarga koʻra, Stiks Okeanlarning eng kattasi, Titan Okeanining koʻplab qizlari, dunyoni oʻrab turgan buyuk daryo va uning singlisi-xotini Titaness Tetis ediGrimal, s.v. Styx; Hesiod, Theogony 361–362, 775–776; Apollodorus, 1.2.2. Compare with Epimenides, fr. 7 Fowler = FGrHist F6B = Vorsokr. 3B9, and Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter (which both have Styx as the daughter of Oceanus without mentioning Tethys); Callimachus, Hymn to Zeus 33–36.. Garchi, Rim mifografisi Giginusning soʻzlariga koʻra, u Nox („Tun“, Nyxning Rim ekvivalenti) va Erebusning (Zulmat) qizi boʻlgan boʻlsa hamGrimal, s.v. Styx; Hyginus, Fabulae 1.2–1.5..

U Titan Pallasiga turmushga chiqdi va undan Zelus (Shon-sharaf, Oʻxshatish), Nike (Gʻalaba), Kratos (Kuch, Ustunlik) va Bia (Kuch, Zoʻravonlik) timsollarini tugʻdiGantz, pp. 25–26; Hesiod, Theogony 383–385; Apollodorus, 1.2.4; Compare with Hyginus, Fabulae 1.1–17.1–2, which gives the offspring of Pallas and Styx as Scylla, Force, Envy, Power, Victory, Fountains, and Lakes.. Geograf Pausaniasning aytishicha, Krit epimenidiga koʻra, Stiks nomaʼlum Perias tomonidan Yexidna yirtqich hayvonining onasi boʻlganGantz, p. 22; Fowler 2013, p. 9; Pausanias, 8.18.2 = Epimenides, fr. 7 Fowler = FGrHist F6B = Vorsokr. 3B9. Other authors give other parents for Echidna, see Hesiod, Theogony 270–300 (where, according to Athanassakis, p. 44, her parents are „likely“ Ceto and Phorcys); Apollodorus, 2.1.2 (Echidna is the daughter of Tartarus and Gaia)..

Odatda Demeter Zevs tomonidan yer osti maʼbudasi Persefonning onasi boʻlgan boʻlsa-da, mifograf Apollodorning soʻzlariga koʻra, bu Stiks ediGantz, p. 64; Apollodorus, 1.3.1. For Demeter as mother, see, for example, Hesiod, Theogony 912–913; Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter, 1–5; Pausanias, 8.37.9. Compare with Hyginus, Fabulae 26.1, which has Proserpina as the daughter of Jove and Ceres.. Biroq, Apollodor Persefonning oʻgʻirlab ketilishi haqidagi mashhur hikoyani va uni gʻazablangan va gʻazablangan onasi tomonidan izlash haqida gapirganda, odatdagidek, Demeter qidiriladiGantz, pp. 64–67; Apollodorus, 1.5..

 Mifologiya 

 Xudolarning qasami 
Stiks xudolarning qasami edi. Gomer Stiksni „qoʻrqinchli qasam daryosi“ deb ataydiIliad 2.755.. " Iliada "da ham, „ Odisseya“ da ham Stiks suvi bilan qasam ichish „muborak xudolar uchun eng katta va eng dahshatli qasam“ ekanligi aytiladi. Gomer Gera (Iliadada) Zevsga Stiks bilan qasamyod qilganida, Poseydonning Troya urushida yunonlar tomoniga aralashuvida aybdor emasligini aytadi va u Kalipso (Odisseyda) xuddi shu soʻzni ishlatadi. U Odisseyga Stiks bilan qasam ichganida, u unga qarshi fitna uyushtirishni toʻxtatadi. Shuningdek, Gipnos (Iliadada) Gerani unga „Stiksning daxlsiz suvi bilan“ qasamyod qiladiHomer, Iliad 15.36–42 (Hera to Zeus), 14.271–278 (Hera to Hypnos), Odyssey 5.184–187 (Calypso to Odysseus). Gantz, p. 29, calls such oaths in Homer „not overly common“, noting that for Zeus, at least, a nod of his head was sufficient, with Zeus once calling such a nod the most sure witness, see Iliad 1.524–527..

Stiks tomonidan qasamyod qilingan qasamyodlarning misollari Gomer madhiyalarida ham uchraydiGantz, p. 29.. Demeter Metaneyraga qasamyod qilar ekan, Stiksning „murosasiz“ suvini uning guvohi boʻlishini soʻraydiHomeric Hymn 2 to Demeter 259., Leto Delosga Stiks suvi bilan qasamyod qiladi va buni „muborak xudolar qasamyod qilishi mumkin boʻlgan eng kuchli va dahshatli qasam“ deb ataydi. "Homeric Hymn 3 to Apollo, 83–86., Apollon Germesdan Stiksning „qoʻrqinchli“ suvi haqida qasamyod qilishni soʻraydiHomeric Hymn 4 to Hermes, 518–520..

Hesiod, Teogoniyada, Stiks uchun bu rol qanday paydo boʻlgani haqida maʼlumot beradi. Uning soʻzlariga koʻra, Titanomaxiya davrida, Zevs va uning olimpiyachilarning Kron va uning tengdoshlari Titanlarga qarshi urushi paytida, Zevs „barcha oʻlimsiz xudolarni buyuk Olimpga“ chaqirgan va unga kim qoʻshilsa, Titanlarga qarshi jang qilishini vaʼda qilgan. Ularning har birida qanday huquq va mansablar boʻlishidan qatʼiy nazar saqlab qoling yoki agar ular Kronus qoʻl ostida boʻlmasa, ikkalasi ham uning hukmronligi ostida beriladi. Stiks otasi Okeanning maslahatiga koʻra, birinchi boʻlib Zevs tomoniga oʻtib, bolalarini Pallas bilan birga olib keladi. Va shuning evaziga Zevs Stiksni „xudolarning buyuk qasami va uning bolalari doimo u bilan yashashga“ tayinladiGantz, pp. 29, 45; Hesiod, Theogony 389–402. Compare with Apollodorus, 1.2.5. West 1966, p. 272, points out that this story of Styx being the first to come to Zeus' aid, by bringing her children, including Nike (Victory) and Kratos (Strength), to Zeus' side, is an aetiological myth explaining both why the gods swear by Styx, and why Victory and Strength reside for evermore with Zeus. West suggests that this myth can be imagined as having come about thought the following though process. „Why do the gods swear by Styx? Because Zeus so ordained. Why did he do so? In reward for some service performed for him by Styx. In what connexion? Most likely in connexion with the Titanomachy, for that was when Zeus most needed help. Then did she fight for him? Hardly in person: but she might have sent her children to fight for him. Then who can they have been, that he needed there help? Why, Victory and Strength; those were the gods he needed.“.

Gesiodning soʻzlariga koʻra, Stiks Gadesga kiraverishda, „har tarafi kumush ustunlar bilan osmonga koʻtarilgan“ gʻorda yashaganTripp, s.v. Styx; Smith, s.v. Styx; Hesiod, Theogony 775–779.. Gesiod, shuningdek, Zevs xudolarning xabarchisi Irisni xudolar qasamyod qilishlari uchun Stiksning „mashhur sovuq suvi“ ni olib kelish uchun yuborishini aytadiHesiod, Theogony 780–786. Gantz, p. 29 calls this description of the oath as „rather strange“, noting that elsewhere simply invoking Styx suffices. va bunday qasamni buzgandan keyin qanday jazolarni tasvirlaydiAlthough Hesiod does provide consequences for the breaking of such an oath, Gantz, p. 29, says that „one might have thought it unbreakable“.:

Rim shoiri Ovid Semelega vaʼda berganida Jove (Rimdagi Zevsning ekvivalenti) Stiks suvlari bilan qasamyod qilgan edi:

va keyin Semelening iltimosi uning oʻlimiga olib kelishini dahshatga tushganiga qaramay bajarishga majbur boʻldiCompare with Hyginus, Fabulae 179; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8.178–406, which relate the same story of Semeleʼs death, though with no mention of Zeus having sworn to grant anything Semele wished for.. Xuddi shunday , Feb (bu yerda Sol bilan aniqlangan, yunoncha Geliosning rim ekvivalenti) oʻgʻli Faytonga xohlagan narsasini vaʼda qildi, bu ham bolaning oʻlimiga olib keldiOvid, Metamorphoses 2.42–46..

 Daryo 
 
Stiks maʼbudasi, otasi Okean va uning oʻgʻillari Potamoi singari, daryo boʻlib, uning misolida Yer osti dunyosining daryosi edi. Gesiodning soʻzlariga koʻra, Stiksga otasining oʻndan bir qismi yer ostidan oqadigan suvning oʻndan bir qismi berilgan va u baland toshdan toʻkilish uchun yuzaga chiqqan:

Iliadada Stiks daryosi Yer osti dunyosida oʻliklarning turar joyi boʻlgan Gades chegarasini tashkil qiladiGantz, pp. 124–125; Hard, p. 109.. Afina Gerakl Serberni qoʻlga kiritib, Gadesdan qaytib kelganida, „Stiksning tiniq suvlari“ ni kesib oʻtish kerakligini eslatib oʻtadiHomer, Iliad 8.366–369. va Patroklusning soyasi Axillesdan „Gades darvozasidan oʻtib ketishi uchun jasadni tezda koʻmishni soʻradi“ va „daryoning narigi tomonidagi“ boshqa oʻliklarga qoʻshilingHomer, Iliad 23.71–74.. Virgiliyning Aeneidida ham, Stiks Gades chegaralarini toʻqqiz marta aylanib oʻtadi va qayiqchi Charon oʻliklarni u orqali olib oʻtish uchun javobgardirTripp, s.v. Styx; Virgil, Aeneid 6.317–326, 6.384–390, 6.434–439.. Odatda, Axeron – bu tiriklar dunyosini oʻliklar dunyosidan ajratib turadigan daryo (yoki koʻl)Hard, p. 109, p. 113; Gantz, pp. 124–125. The first mention of Acheron as the river the dead must cross is found in Alcaeus, fr. 38A Campbell = P. Oxy. 1233 fr. 1 ii 8-20 + 2166(b)1 = fr. 38A Lobel-Page = fr. 78 Diehl; compare with Sappho fr. 95 Campbell = fr. 95 Lobel-Page = fr. 97 Diehl where this is implied. See also for example Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 854–860; Sophocles, Antigone 806–816; Euripides, Alcestis 435–444; Pausanias, 10.28.1; Plato, Phaedo 113d etc..

Odisseyda Kirk Yer osti daryosi Kotsit Stiksning bir tarmogʻi ekanligini aytadiGantz, p. 29; Tripp, s.v. Styx; Homer, Odyssey 10.513–515.. Dantening „ Doʻzax“ asarida Flegiya Virjil va Danteni doʻzaxning beshinchi doirasini oʻz ichiga olgan botqoq sifatida tasvirlangan Stiks daryosining iflos suvlari orqali oʻtadi, bu yerda gʻazablangan va gʻamginlar jazolanadiDante, Inferno 7.106–130, 8.15–24..

 Boshqa 
Gomer madhiyasi 2-da Demeter Persefon Stiksni Gades tomonidan oʻgʻirlab ketilganida, uning „oʻyin-kulgi“ okeani hamrohlaridan biri deb ataydiGantz, p. 29; Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter, 418–423..

Milodiy 1-asrda Rim shoiri Statiy tomonidan yozilgan Axilleidga koʻra, Axilles tugʻilganda onasi Tetis uni Stiks daryosiga botirib, oʻlmaslikka harakat qilgan; Biroq, ayol uni ushlab turgan tananing qismi yaʼni chap tovoni zararlanadiBurgess, p. 9; Statius, Achilleid 1.133–134, 269–270, 480–481; compare with Hyginus, Fabulae 107 which says that Achilles' heel „was said to be vulnerable“ but with no mention of him being dipped in the river Styx.. Shunday qilib , Paris Troya urushi paytida Axillesning tovoniga oʻq otib oʻldirishga muvaffaq boʻldi.

Ikkinchi asrda Apuleyning Metamorfozalarida Venera Psixikaga qoʻygan imkonsiz sinovlardan biri Stiksdan suv olish ediTripp, s.v. Psyche; Frazer on Pausanias 8.17.6; Apuleius, Metamorphoses 6.13.. Apuley suvni shafqatsiz ajdaholar (drakonlar) qoʻriqlaydi va suvning oʻzidan oʻlik ogohlantirishning dahshatli qichqiriqlari keladi. Uning vazifasini qirqishning mumkin emasligi Psixiyani xuddi toshga aylangandek bemaʼni boʻlib qoldiApuleius, Metamorphoses 6.14.. Yupiter burguti Psixiyaga shunday deb nasihat qiladi:

 Arkadian stiks 
Stiks mifologik daryosi haqiqiy suv yoʻllari bilan bogʻlangan. Masalan, Gomerning fikriga koʻra, Fesaliyadagi Peney daryosining irmogʻi boʻlgan Titaress daryosi Stiksning bir tarmogʻidirTripp, s.v. Styx; Homer, Iliad 2.751–755; Pausanias, 8.18.2; Strabo, 7 fr. 15..

Stiks shuningdek, Chelmos togʻining shimoliy yuzidagi jarlikdan oqib oʻtadigan va Kratis daryosiga oqib oʻtadigan oqim va sharshara bilan bogʻliqGrimal, s.v. Styx; Herodotus, 6.74 n.1; Frazer on Pausanias 8.17.6 (which gives a detailed description of Frazer’s visit to the fall of the Styx in 1895).. Miloddan avvalgi 5-asr tarixchisi Gerodot bu oqimni — uni „Stiks suvi“ deb ataydi — Nonakris yaqinidagi shahar (oʻsha paytda qadimgi Arkadiya va hozirgi Axeyada) Feneusdan unchalik uzoq boʻlmagan joyda joylashganligini va Sparta shohi ekanligini aytadi. Kleomen, odamlarni uning suvi bilan qasamyod qilishga majbur qiladi. Gerodot buni „qoyadan hovuzga tushadigan kichik koʻrinishdagi oqim; hovuz atrofida toshlardan yasalgan devor“ deb taʼriflaydiHerodotus, 6.74. See also Pliny, Natural History 31.26; Plutarch, Alexander 77.2.. Pausanias Nonakris yaqinidagi „Stiks suvi“ ga tashrif buyurganligi haqida xabar beradi (u tashrif buyurgan paytda, eramizning II asrida u allaqachon qisman koʻmilgan xaroba boʻlgan) shunday dedi:

Aelianning soʻzlariga koʻra, Demeter bu Stiks suvining „Feneus mahallasida koʻpayishiga“ sabab boʻlganAelian, De Natura Animalium 10.40.. Qadimgi afsona Demeterni ushbu Stiks bilan bogʻlagan. Fotiusning soʻzlariga koʻra, maʼlum bir Ptolemey Gefestion (ehtimol Ptolemey Chennusga ishora qiladi) „Arkadiyadagi Styx suvi haqida“ hikoyani bilar edi, unda gʻazablangan Demeter Stiks suvini qora rangga aylantirganPhotius, Bibliotheca codex 190.. Jeyms Jorj Freyzerning soʻzlariga koʻra, bu „fable“ uzoqdan turib sharsharaning qora koʻrinishini tushuntirib berdiFrazer on Pausanias 8.17.6. Frazer says that, although the water of the this Styx is „crystal clear“, its black appearance is due to a „dark incrustation which spreads over the smooth face of the rock wherever it is washed by the falling water“..

Ushbu Arkadian Stiksning suvi zaharli va koʻpgina moddalarni eritishga qodir ekanligi aytilganGrimal, s.v. Styx.. Birinchi asrning tabiat faylasufi Pliniy uning suvini ichish darhol oʻlimga olib kelishiniPliny, Natural History 2.231, 31.26–27. va urgʻochi xachirning tuyogʻi uning suvi bilan „chirilmagan“ yagona material ekanligini yozganPliny, Natural History 30.149. Compare with Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 7.27.. Plutarxning soʻzlariga koʻra, zaharli suvni faqat eshakning tuyogʻi ushlab turishi mumkin edi, chunki boshqa barcha idishlar „sovuqligi va oʻtkirligi tufayli u tomonidan yeyiladi“Plutarch, Alexander 77.2.. Pausaniasning soʻzlariga koʻra, Stiks suvini (odamlar va hayvonlar uchun zaharli) ushlab turadigan yagona idish otning tuyogʻi ediPausanias, 8.17.6, 8.18.4–6, 8.19.3. Compare with Aelian, De Natura Animalium 10.40.. Iskandar Zulqarnaynning oʻlimiga ushbu Stiks suvi bilan zaharlangani sabab boʻlgan degan qadimiy shubhalar mavjud ediMayor, pp. 54, 57–58. As Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 7.27, and Plutarch, Alexander 77.2 tell us, there were some who claimed that Aristotle had provided the poisonous water. See, for example, Pliny, Natural History 30.149, which also claims that Aristotle had „discovered“ the poisonous nature of the water of Styx..

Ushbu Arkadian Stiks mifologik Stiks uchun naʼmuna boʻlishi mumkinSee for example Reclus, p. 230.. Bu Apuleyning Metamorfozalaridagi Stiksga tegishli boʻlib koʻrinadi, u Veneraga ega boʻlib, Psixikaga murojaat qilib, quyidagi tavsifni beradiFrazer on Pausanias 8.17.6.:

Apuleyning „qora buloq“ ajdaholar tomonidan qoʻriqlanishi, shuningdek, uning Stiksi va sharsharaning ikkita zamonaviy mahalliy nomi: Qora suv (Mavro Neron) va Ajdaho suvi (Drako Neron) oʻrtasidagi bogʻliqlikni koʻrsatadiFrazer on Pausanias 8.17.6; Reclus, p. 230. From the „fable“ of Demeter turning the Styx black, and Apuleius’s description, Frazer concludes that the names Black Water and Dragon Water, probably predate Styx as the name of the fall..

 Oy 
2013-yil 2-iyulda „Stiks“ rasman Plutonning yoʻldoshlaridan birining nomiga aylandi. Plutonning boshqa yoʻldoshlari (Charon, Nix, Hydra va Kerberos) ham yer osti dunyosi bilan bogʻliq boʻlgan yunon-rim mifologiyasidan nomlarga ega.

 Galereya 

 Shuningdek qarang 

 Gjöll – Skandinaviya mifologiyasi
 Xitpun – Manda mifologiyasi
 Hubur – Mesopotamiya mifologiyasi
 Sanzu daryosi – yapon buddizmi
 Vaitarna daryosi (mifologik) – hinduizm va buddizm

 Eslatmalar 

 

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