Urushlar oraligʻi davri

20-asr tarixida “Urushlar oralig‘i davri” ( — “urushlar orasida”) deb atalgan davr 1918-yil 11-noyabrdan 1939-yil 1-sentyabrgacha davom etgan (20 yil, 9 oy, 21 kun). Bu davr Birinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlanganigacha bo‘lgan oraliqni tashkil etadi. Nisbatan qisqa bo‘lishiga qaramay, bu davr butun dunyo bo‘ylab katta ijtimoiy, siyosiy, harbiy va iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlar bilan ajralib turadi. Neft asosidagi energiya ishlab chiqarish va unga bog‘liq mexanizatsiya jarayonlari “Shiddatli yigirmanchi yillar” deb atalgan farovon davrni boshlab berdi. Bu davrda o‘rta sinf uchun ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy harakatchanlik kuchaydi. Avtomobillar, elektr yoritgichlar, radio va boshqa texnologiyalar birinchi dunyo mamlakatlarida keng tarqaldi. Ammo bu davrning farovonligi keyinchalik dunyoning ko‘plab yirik iqtisodiyotlariga jiddiy zarar yetkazgan global iqtisodiy inqiroz — Buyuk Depressiya bilan almashdi.

Siyosiy jihatdan bu davr Rossiyada Oktyabr inqilobi va Rossiyada fuqarolar urushi (Birinchi jahon urushi yakunida) bilan yuzaga kelgan kommunizmning yuksalishi bilan boshlangan va fashizmning kuchayishi(ayniqsa Germaniya va Italiyada) bilan yakunlangan. Xitoy esa bu paytda yarim asr davom etgan beqarorlik va fuqarolar urushi ichida edi. Urush Kuomintang, Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi va turli qo’mondonlar o‘rtasida kechgan. Britaniya, Fransiya va boshqa imperiyalar esa yangi siyosiy bosimlarga duch keldi: imperializm tobora salbiy hodisa sifatida qaralib, ko‘plab mustamlakalarda mustaqillik harakatlari vujudga keldi. Yevropada esa uzoq davom etgan past darajadagi qurolli to‘qnashuvlardan so‘ng Irlandiyaning katta qismi mustaqillikka erishdi.

Bu davrda Rossiya, Usmonli, Avstriya-Vengriya va Germaniya imperiyalari parchalandi. Usmonli hududlari hamda Germaniya mustamlakalari ittifoqchi davlatlar, asosan Britaniya va Fransiya o‘rtasida qayta taqsimlandi. Rossiya imperiyasining g‘arbiy hududlari — Estoniya, Finlandiya, Latviya, Litva va Polsha — mustaqil davlatlar sifatida vujudga keldi. Bessarabiya (hozirgi Moldova va Ukrainaning bir qismi) esa Ruminiya bilan qayta birlashish yo‘lini tanladi.

Rossiyada bolsheviklar Belarus, Ukraina, Markaziy Osiyo va Kavkaz ustidan nazoratni qayta tiklab, Sovet Ittifoqini tuzdilar. Yaqin Sharqda esa Misr va Iroq mustaqillikka erishdi. Buyuk depressiya davrida Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlari o‘z iqtisodiyotini mustahkamlash maqsadida ko‘plab xorijiy (asosan AQShga tegishli) kompaniyalarni milliylashtirdilar. , Yaponiya, Italiya va Germaniyaning hududiy ekspansiya siyosati ularning o‘z ta’sir doiralarini kengaytirishiga olib keldi. Sovetlar ham bu davrda hududiy da’volarni saqlab qolgan holda, Birinchi jahon urushidan keyingi xalqaro kelishuvlarni qayta ko‘rib chiqishga intildi.

Harbiy sohada bu davr texnologik yuksalishning tezlashuvi bilan ajralib turdi. Birinchi jahon urushi tajribasi asosida yangi strategik va taktik yondashuvlar shakllandi. Ko‘plab sohalarda Birinchi jahon urushi davrida paydo bo‘lgan texnologiyalar takomillashtirilgan bo‘lsa-da, ularni qanday eng samarali qo‘llash masalasida jiddiy bahslar yuzaga keldi. Quruqlikdagi janglarda asosiy muhokama zirhli, mexanizatsiyalashgan va motorizatsiyalashgan qo‘shinlarni qanday ishlatish, xususan, ular oddiy piyoda qo‘shinlari, otliq qo‘shinlar va artilleriyaga nisbatan qanday o‘rin tutishi kerakligi haqida bo‘lgan. Havo kuchlarida esa asosiy bahs strategik bombardimonlar va front chizig‘ida yaqin havo yordami o‘rtasida resurs taqsimoti haqida kechdi. Ayrimlar qiruvchi samolyotlar bombardimonchilardan tezroq rivojlanmoqda, deb hisoblasa, boshqalar “bombardimonchi har doim o‘z nishoniga yetadi” degan qarashni himoya qilgan. Dengiz harbiy sohasida esa “linkorlar dengizlardagi hukmronligini saqlab qola oladimi yoki dengiz aviatsiyasi tufayli ular amalda ahamiyatini yo‘qotadimi?” degan savol dolzarb edi. 

Ikkinchi jahon urushi voqealari aynan shu urushlar oralig‘i davridagi harbiy bahslar va texnologik tajribalarning amaliy sinovi bo‘ldi; natijada ular zamonaviy urush doktrinalari, strategiyalari va taktikalarining shakllanishiga asos soldi. Umuman olganda, Birinchi jahon urushi va urushlar oralig‘i davrida yuz bergan yangiliklar an’anaviy front chizig‘iga asoslangan urushlardan voz kechish, buning o‘rniga harakatchan, mexanizatsiyalashgan va assimetrik jang uslublariga o‘tish davrini boshlab berdi.

 

 
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 Tarixshunoslik
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 Birlamchi 
 Keith, Arthur Berridale, ed. Speeches and Documents on International Affairs Vol-I (1938) online vol 1; all in English translation; also see volume 2

 
 Wide range of diplomatic documents from many countries. . Mount Holyoke College edition.
 "Britain 1919 to the present" Several large collections of primary sources and illustrations
 Primary source documents Archived

Turkum:Birinchi jahon urushi oqibatlari