Yangiliklar

thumb|300px|Al Jazeera ingliz nashri, Doha, 2011-yil
 Yangiliklar – bu hozirda sodir boʻlgan yoki amalga oshirilayotgan voqea yoki hodisalalr haqida maʼlumot hisoblanadi. Bu juda koʻp turli xil ommaviy axborot vositalari orqali shakllantirilishi va taʼminlanishi mumkin, masalan: ogʻzaki soʻz, bosma nashr, pochta tizimlari, radioeshittirish, elektron aloqa yoki kuzatuvchilar va voqealar guvohlarining koʻrsatmalari orqali taqdim etiladi. Shuni ham, aytib oʻtish lozimki, Yangilik baʼzan yumshoq ommaviy axborot vositalaridan farqlash maqsadida „qattiq xabar“ deb ataladi.

Yangiliklar uchun umumiy mavzular urush, hukumat, siyosat, taʼlim, sogʻliqni saqlash, atrof- muhit, iqtisod, biznes, moda, oʻyin-kulgi va sport, shuningdek, noodatiy voqealarni oʻz ichiga oladi. Hukumatning qirollik marosimlari, qonunlar, soliqlar, sogʻliqni saqlash va jinoyatchilarga oid bayonotlari qadim zamonlardan beri yangilik deb atalgan. Koʻpincha hukumat aloqalari va turli ijtimoiy tarmoqlari tomonidan boshqariladigan texnologik va ijtimoiy oʻzgarishlar yangiliklarning tarqalish tezligini oshirdi, shuningdek, uning mazmuniga taʼsir qildi. Bilishimiz kerakki, bugun biz bilgan yangiliklar janri gazeta bilan chambarchas bogʻliq.

 Etimologiya 
Inglizcha „news“ soʻzi XIV asrda „yangi“ soʻzining koʻplik shaklining atama sifatida maxsus qoʻllanishi holatida rivojlangan. Oʻrta ingliz tilida ekvivalent soʻz fransuz nouvelles va nemis Neues kabi newes edi. Shunga oʻxshash oʻzgarishlar slavyan tillarida – chex va slovakcha noviny (nový, „yangi“ dan), qarindosh polshalik nowiny, bolgar novini va ruscha novosti – kelt tillarida : Wales newyddion (newydd dan) uchraydi.

Jessica Garretson Finch 1890-yillarda Barnard kollejida dars berganida „current events (joriy voqealar)“ iborasini yaratgan.

 Yangilik 
Nomidan koʻrinib turibdiki, „yangiliklar“ odatda yangi maʼlumotlarning taqdimotini anglatadiStephens, History of News (1988), p. 13.Smith,The Newspaper: An International History (1979), p. 7. „In the information which the newspaper chose to supply, and in the many sources of information which it took over and reorganized, it contained a bias towards recency or newness; to its readers, it offered regularity of publication. It had to be filled with whatever was available, unable to wait until information of greater clarity or certainty or of wider perspective had accumulated.“. Yangiliklarning yangiligi uni tarix yoki boshqa ilmiy fanlarni sinchiklab oʻrganishdagi maʼlumotlardan ajratib turadigan farqini bildiradiSalmon, The Newspaper and the Historian (1923), p. 10. Salmon quotes Théophraste Renaudot: „History is the record of things accomplished. A Gazette is the reflection of feelings and rumors of the time which may or may not be true.“Pettegree, The Invention of News (2014), p. 3. „Even as news became more plentiful in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the problem of establishing the veracity of news reports remained acute. The news market—and by the sixteenth century it was a real market—was humming with conflicting reports, some incredible, some all too plausible: lives, fortunes, even the fate of kingdoms could depend upon acting on the right information.“. Tarixchilar hodisalarni asosiy jarayonlarning sababiy bogʻliq koʻrinishlari sifatida koʻrishga moyil boʻlsa, yangiliklar voqealarni alohida-alohida tasvirlaydi va ular oʻrtasidagi munosabatlarni muhokama qilishni istisno qiladiPark, „News as a Form of Knowledge“ (1940), pp. 675-676. „News is not history because, for one thing among others, it deals, on the whole, with isolated events and does not seek to relate them to one another either in the form of causal or in the form of Teleological sequences.“. Yangiliklar hozirgi yoki yaqin oʻtmishdagi dunyoni aniq tasvirlaydi, hatto yangiliklarning eng muhim jihatlari oʻtmishda sodir boʻlgan yoki kelajakda sodir boʻlishi kutiladi. Yangilik qilish uchun davom etayotgan jarayonda qandaydir „qoziq“ boʻlishi kerak, bu voqea uni hozirgi kunga bogʻlab turadiSchudson, „When? Deadlines, Datelines, and History“; in Reading The News (1986), ed. Manoff & Schudson; pp. 81-82.. , yangiliklar koʻpincha haqiqatning, gʻayrioddiy yoki gʻayrioddiy koʻrinadigan jihatlariga murojaat qiladiShoemaker & Cohen, News Around the World (2006), pp. 13-14.. „It odamni tishlaydi“ degan mashhur gap yangilik emas, „Odam itni tishlaydi“ degan gap esa… shundan kelib chiqadiPark, „News as a Form of Knowledge“ (1940), p. 678..

Yangiliklarning yangiligining yana bir natijasi shundan iboratki, yangi texnologiya yangi OAVga yangiliklarni tezroq tarqatish imkonini bergani sababli, muloqotning „sekinroq“ shakllari „yangilik“dan „tahlil“ga oʻtishi mumkinStephens, History of News (1988), p. 56. „It is axiomatic in journalism that the fastest medium with the largest potential audience will disseminate the bulk of a community’s breaking news. Today that race is being won by television and radio. Consequently, daily newspapers are beginning to underplay breaking news about yesterday’s events (already old news to much of their audience) in favor of more analytical perspectives on those events. In other words, dailies are now moving in the direction toward which weeklies retreated when dailies were introduced.“.

 Mahsulot 
Baʼzi nazariyalarga koʻra, „yangilik“ yangiliklar sanoati sotadigan narsadirHeyd, Reading newspapers (2012), pp. 35, 82. „… newspapers were defining what news was, categorizing and expanding their domain on the fly. Indeed, Somerville argues that 'news' is not an objective 'historical' concept but one that is defined by the news industry as it creates a commodity sold by publishers to the public.“. Xuddi shu yoʻnalishda keng tushuniladigan jurnalistika – bu yangiliklarni yigʻish va taqdim etish harakati yoki mashgʻulotidirStephens, History of News (1988), p. 3. „The term journalism is used broadly here and elsewhere in the book to refer to more than just the production of printed 'journals'; it is the most succinct term we have for the activity of gathering and disseminating news.“Shoemaker & Cohen, News Around the World (2006), p. 7. „… for the journalist the assessment of newsworthiness is an operationalization based on the aforementioned conditions. In other words, the practitioner typically constructs a method for fulfilling the daily job requirements. He or she rarely has an underlying theoretical understanding of what defining something or someone as newsworthy entails. To be sure, individual journalists may engage in more abstract musings about their work, but the profession as a whole is content to apply these conditions and does not care that the theory behind the application is not widely understood. Hall (1981, 147) calls news a 'slippery' concept, with journalists defining newsworthiness as those things that get into the news media.“. Tijorat nuqtai nazaridan qaraganda, yangiliklar yakuniy mahsulotni tarqatish maqsadida tayyorlash uchun zarur boʻlgan qogʻoz (yoki elektron server) bilan bir qatorda oddiygina homashiyoPettegree, The Invention of News (2014), p. 6. „News fitted ideally into the expanding market for cheap print, and it swiftly became an important commodity.“. Axborot agentligi ushbu resursni „ulgurji“ malumot bilan boyitadi va nashriyotlar uni chakana savdo uchun kengaytiradilarBoyd-Barrett & Rantanen, The Globalization of News (1998), p. 6. „News agency news is considered 'wholesaleʼ resource material, something that has to be worked upon, smelted, reconfigured, for conversion into a news report that is suitable for consumption by ordinary readers. It has also suited the news agencies to be thus presented: they have needed to seem credible to extensive networks of 'retail' clients of many different political and cultural shades and hues. They have wanted to avoid controversy, to maintain an image of plain, almost dull, but completely dependable professionalism.“Phil MacGregor, „International News Agencies: Global eyes that never blink“, in Fowler-Watt & Allan (eds.), Journalism (2013)..

 Neytrallik 
Garchi siyosiy tarafkashliksiz xabar berishning oʻziga xos qiyinligiga qaramay, koʻpchilik yangiliklar targʻibotchilari xolislik, betaraflik va ob’ektivlikni qadrlashadiHeyd, Reading newspapers (2012), pp. 36-37.. Bu qadriyatlar haqidagi tasavvur vaqt oʻtishi bilan keskin oʻzgardi, chunki shov-shuvli " tabloid jurnalistika " mashhur boʻlib ketdi. Michael Schudsonning taʼkidlashicha, Birinchi jahon urushi va u bilan birga tashviqot qilish kuchayishidan oldin, jurnalistlar uni faol ravishda tuzatish u yoqda tursin, xabar berishda tarafkashlik tushunchasini ham bilishmaganSchudson, Discovering the News (1978), p. 6. „Before the 1920s, journalists did not think much about the subjectivity of perception. They had relatively little incentive to doubt the firmness of the reality by which they lived. … After World War I, however, this changed. Journalists, like others, lost faith in the democratic market society had taken for granted. Their experience of propaganda during the war and public relations thereafter convinced them that the world they reported was one that interested parties had constructed for them to report. In such a world, naïve empiricism could not last.“. Yangiliklar, shuningdek, baʼzida haqiqatni tasvirlash uchun aytiladi, lekin bu munosabatlar qiyin boʻlganligi sababli yuqori malaka talab etadiAllan, News Culture (2004), pp. 46-47..

Ajablanarlisi shundaki, yangiliklarga xos boʻlgan yana bir xususiyat shov -shuvlilik, ommaviy isteʼmol uchun hissiy voqealarga nomutanosib ravishda eʼtibor berish va boʻrttirishdirStephens, History of News (1988), p. 2. „Sensationalism appears to be a technique or style that is rooted somehow in the nature of the news. News obviously can do much more than merely sensationalize, but most news is, in an important sense, sensational: it is intended, in part, to arouse, to excite, often—whether the subject is a political scandal or a double murder—to shock.“. Bu yangiliklar gʻiybat bilan bogʻliq emas aksincha insoniyat oʻzaro manfaatdor boʻlgan boshqa odamlar haqida maʼlumot almashish amaliyotidirStephens, History of News (1988), pp. 26, 105-106.. Umumiy shov-shuvli mavzu – zoʻravonlik; shuning uchun yana bir yangilik, „agar qon ketsa, u olib boradi“Allan, News Culture (2004), p. 202..

 Xabardorlik 
Yangilik saviyasi matbuot eʼtiborini yoki yoritilishini taʼminlash uchun jamoatchilik yoki maxsus auditoriya uchun etarli ahamiyatga ega boʻlgan mavzu sifatida aniqlanadi. Yangilik uchun malumot yigʻish turli madaniyatlarda keng tarqalgan jarayondir. Odamlar yangiliklarga qanchalik katta taʼsir koʻrsatadigan, mojarolarni tasvirlaydigan, yaqin atrofda sodir boʻladigan, taniqli odamlarni jalb qiladigan va kundalik hodisalar meʼyorlaridan chetga chiqadigan darajadagi xabarlarga qiziqadiStephens, History of News (1988), p. 33.. Shuni unutmasligimiz lozimki, urush umumiy yangiliklar mavzusidir, chunki u qisman shaxsiy xavf tugʻdirishi mumkin boʻlgan nomaʼlum voqealarni oʻz ichiga oladiStephens, History of News (1988), p. 31..

 Tarix 

 Xalq yangiliklari 
Dalillar shuni koʻrsatadiki, butun dunyo madaniyatlarida odamlar uchun qiziqarli yangi maʼlumotlar haqida hikoyalar almashish uchun joy topdilar. Zulus, moʻgʻullar, polineziyaliklar va amerikalik janubliklar orasida antropologlar sayohatchilarni yangiliklar uchun soʻroq qilish amaliyotini birinchi oʻringa qoʻyishganStephens, History of News (1988), pp. 14, 305. „The desire to pass on tales of current events could be found even in Cultures that did not have writing—let alone printing presses or computers—to whet or satisfy their thirst for news. Observers have often remarked on the fierce concern with the news that they find in preliterate or semiliterate peoples. … It is difficult, if not impossible, to find a society that does not exchange news and that does not build into its rituals and customs means for facilitating that exchange.“. Yetarli darajada muhim yangiliklar tez va tez-tez takrorlanadi va ogʻzaki nutq orqali katta geografik hududga tarqalishi mumkin ediStephens, History of News (1988), p 23.. Yevropada bosma mashinalar qoʻllanilganda ham, keng omma uchun yangiliklar koʻpincha rohiblar, sayohatchilar, shahar yigʻuvchilari va boshqalar orqali ogʻzaki ravishda tarqalar ediFang, History of Mass Communication (1997), p. 19..

Yangiliklar, shuningdek, Yunon forumi va Rim hammomlari kabi jamoat joylarida ham uzatiladi. Angliyadan boshlab, qahvaxonalar va telekommunikatsiyalar keng tarqalib ketganidan keyin ham yangiliklarni tarqatish uchun muhim manzil boʻlib xizmat qildi. Qahvaxonalar tarixi 16-asrda Angliyada paydo boʻlgan arab mamlakatlaridan kelib chiqqanStephens, History of News (1988), p. 8. „A particularly lively forum for the exchange of news by word of mouth—the coffeehouse—flourished in England well after the development of the newspaper, and in some countries, the Coffeehouse has survived even the introduction of television.“. Musulmon dunyosida odamlar masjidlarda va boshqa ijtimoiy joylarda toʻplanib, yangiliklar almashishgan. Makkaga ziyorat qilgan sayohatchilar anʼanaga koʻra yoʻl boʻylab karvonsaroylarda, yoʻl boʻyidagi mehmonxonalarda tunashadi va bu joylar tabiiy ravishda dunyo yangiliklarini olish uchun markaz boʻlib xizmat qilganAyalon, The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (1995), p. 5.. Oʻrta asrlarning soʻnggi Britaniyasida yirik voqealar haqidagi xabarlar („xabarlar“) jamoatchilikning katta qiziqishiga sabab boʻlgan, bu haqda Choserning 1380 -yilda yozilgan „Shon-sharaf uyi“ va boshqa asarlarida ham qayd etilganLim, „Take Writing“ (2006), pp. 1-6..
thumb|Tommaso Garzonining yogʻoch oʻymakorligi, karnay bilan shahar jarchisi tasvirlangan
17-asr boshlarida gazetalar ixtiro qilinishidan oldin, baʼzi markazlashgan imperiyalarda rasmiy hukumat byulletenlari va farmoyishlari vaqti-vaqti bilan tarqatilib turilgan. Yozma hujjatlarni tarqatish uchun uyushgan kurerlik xizmatidan birinchi hujjatlashtirilgan holatda foydalanish Misrda shaklangan boʻlib, u yerda fir’avnlar davlat hududida oʻz farmonlarini tarqatish uchun foydalanganlar (miloddan avvalgi 2400-yil). Yuliy Tsezar muntazam ravishda Galliyadagi qahramonliklarini eʼlon qildi va Rim diktatori boʻlgach, Acta Diurna deb nomlangan hukumat eʼlonlarini nashr eta boshladi. Ular metall yoki toshga oʻyib yozilgan va jamoat joylariga osib qoʻyilganStraubhaar and LaRose, Communications Media in the Information Society (1997), p. 390.. Oʻrta asrlarda Angliyada parlament deklaratsiyasi bozorda ommaviy namoyish qilish va oʻqish uchun sheriflarga topshirilganLim, „Take Writing“ (2006), p. 5..

Maxsus ruxsat etilgan xabarchilar Vetnam madaniyatida, Hindistondagi Xasi xalqi orasida va Amerikaning oʻrta gʻarbidagi Foks va Vinnebago madaniyatlarida tan olingan. Zulu qirolligi yangiliklarni tezda tarqatish uchun yuguruvchilardan foydalangan. Gʻarbiy Afrikada yangiliklarni griotlar tarqatishi mumkin. Aksariyat hollarda esa rasmiy xabar tarqatuvchilar siyosiy hokimiyat egalari bilan chambarchas bogʻlanganStephens, History of News (1988), p. 27-30..

Shahar jarchilarii shahar aholisiga maʼlumot etkazishning keng tarqalgan vositasi edi. XIII asrda Florensiyada jarchilari nomi bilan tanilgan. Ular muntazam ravishda bozorga kelib, siyosiy yangiliklarni eʼlon qilish, ommaviy yigʻilishlar chaqirish va xalqni qurollanishga chaqirish vazifalarini bajargan. 1307 va 1322—1325-yillarda ularni tayinlash, xulq-atvori va ish haqini tartibga soluvchi qonunlar oʻrnatildi. Bu qonunlarda necha marta boʻlishini belgilagan bir eʼlonni (qirq) necha marta takrorlash va shaharning qayerda oʻqishlari kerak ekanligi belgilanganMilner, „Fanno bandire“ (2013), pp. 110-112.. Turli deklaratsiyalar baʼzan qoʻshimcha protokollar bilan birga kelgan; Oʻlat haqidagi xabarlar ham shahar darvozalarida oʻqilishi kerak ediMilner, „Fanno bandire“ (2013), p. 120.. Bu eʼlonlarning barchasi eksordiumdan boshlangan standart formatdan foydalanilgan yaʼni – „Florensiya shahrining sakkizinchi palatasining va xavfsizlikning sajdakor va eng hurmatli janoblari buni kimga, qanday maqomga ega boʻlishidan qatʼi nazar, xabardor qiladilar, xabardor qiladilar va aniq buyuradilar., sifati va holati“ – va bayonot (narratio), tinglovchilarga qilingan soʻrov (petitio) va bajarmaganlardan undiriladigan jazo (peroratio) bilan davom etadiMilner, „Fanno bandire“ (2013), p. 121.. Asosiy deklaratsiyalarga qoʻshimcha ravishda, bandi (eʼlonlar) kichik jinoyatlar, maʼlumot soʻrovlari va yoʻqolgan qullar haqidagi xabarlarga tegishli boʻlishi mumkinMilner, „Fanno bandire“ (2013), pp. 122-123.. Nikkolo Makiavelli 1513-yilda Medicilar tomonidan qoʻlga olindi, uning zudlik bilan taslim boʻlishini talab qilgan eʼlonMilner, „Fanno bandire“ (2013), p. 124.. Baʼzi shaharlarda jarvhilarga yangiliklar bilan birga reklamani qoʻshish uchun ham haq toʻlanishi mumkinStraubhaar and LaRose, Communications Media in the Information Society (1997), p. 366. „Another ancient form of advertising was the town crier, who told the citizenry about the 'good deal' to be found 'just around the corner'. Unlike the signs, which contained only information regarding the merchant, the criers also informed the citizens of the news of the day. Because the crier, or his agent, was compensated for his assistance in getting the advertising message out in the context of the news, there are interesting parallels with the newspaper of today (Applegate, 1993; Roche, 1993; Schramm, 1988).“ boʻlgan

Usmonli imperiyasi davrida rasmiy xabarlar muntazam ravishda masjidlarda, sayohat qiluvchi muqaddas kishilar va dunyoviy jarchilar tomonidan tarqatilar edi. Bu jarchilar bozorlarda, magistral yoʻllarda va boshqa yaxshi sayohat qilinadigan joylarda rasmiy eʼlonlarni oʻqish uchun yuborilgan, baʼzida itoatsizlik uchun buyruqlar va jazolar berilganAyalon, The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (1995), p. 4..

 

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 Wenzlhuemer, Roland. Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization. Cambridge University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-02528-8
 Wolfe, Thomas C. Governing Soviet Journalism: The Press and the Socialist Person After Stalin. Indiana University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-253-34589-8
 Wood, James. History of International Broadcasting. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1992. ISBN 0-86341-281-5
 Zhang, Xiantao. The Origins of the Modern Chinese Press: The influence of the Protestant missionary press in late Qing China. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 0-415-38066-9
 Zhong, Bu. „Searching for Meaning: Multi-Level Cognitive Processing of News Decision Making Among U. S. and Chinese Journalists“. Dissertation accepted at University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.

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