Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based programs (EBPs) for older adults effectively improve health outcomes. However, there is a limited understanding of the unique needs of service providers as they consider adopting, implementing, and maintaining programs for older minority adults in low-income communities with limited aging services. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key informants of community-based organizations (CBOs) to understand implementation and sustainability needs of CBOs within four racial and ethnically diverse Los Angeles County geographic areas. We performed thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Interviews were conducted with representatives from 25 senior-serving agencies providing aging-related EBPs. CBO representatives reported implementing EBPs in 8 domains: Falls Prevention (68%), Mental Health (64%), Caregiver Health (48%), Chronic Disease Management (48%), Diabetes Management (36%), Arthritis Management (28%), Physical Activity (24%), and Multiple Conditions Management (8%). Themes are presented using the six domains of the Bass and Judge framework for factors impacting successful and sustained EBP implementation. CBOs in low-income and diverse communities described unique challenges with tailoring interventions based on local community context (literacy, language), cultural context, and locally available resources (technology, safe community spaces, transportation) and faced resource-intensive administrative burdens through staff turnover, data collection, sustainable funding, and networking. Serving racial and ethnic communities has unique challenges that require tailored approaches and additional resources to ensure equitable access to EBPs for all communities. We describe suggestions for enhancing the effective adoption of EBPs among service agencies in under-resourced and diverse aging communities serving populations with aging-related health disparities.
Evidential reasoning (ER) rule has been widely used in dealing with uncertainty. As an important parameter to measure the inherent property of evidence, the evidence reliability makes the ER rule constitute a generalized reasoning framework. In current research of the ER rule, the evidence reliability tends to be expressed in the form of quantitative value by certain methods or expert knowledge. The single quantitative value lacks the ability to describe the statistical property of reliability, which leads to unreasonable results. In this article, a new ER rule with continuous probability distribution of reliability denoted by ERr-CR is proposed. The combination of two pieces of evidence is discussed in detail, where the reliability is profiled as random variables with specific probability distribution. To characterize the output of ERr-CR, a novel concept of expectation of the expected utility is proposed. In addition, the ERr-CR is expanded to multiple pieces of evidence to show its universality. Further, the basic performances of the ERr-CR are explored to illustrate the rationality. Moreover, a case study of safety assessment of natural gas storage tanks (NGSTs) is conducted to show the potential applications of ERr-CR, which makes the proposed method more practical.
Examine how disability status among adolescents is associated with the following domains of personal well-being: schooling, livelihoods, health, violence and psychosocial well-being. It is hypothesised that adolescents with a disability will have greater deficits in these areas of well-being compared with their healthier counterparts. Cross-sectional data from 2018 were obtained from the second round of an on-going study of adolescents living in poor households in two regions of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania (Iringa and Mbeya). We use the Washington Group (WG) Short Set indicators to measure disability and undertook logistic and linear multivariate regressions to understand the association between disability and the outcomes of interest. The sample included 2274 participants aged 15-20 years living in households participating in a government social protection programme targeted to households living in extreme poverty. Overall, 310 participants (14%) were classified as having disabilities. Outcomes not associated with disability status included literacy, schooling, livelihoods and self-efficacy. Adolescents with disabilities were less likely to report good or very good health (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.39, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.52) and had increased odds of reporting depressive symptoms in (aOR=1.46, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.90), emotional violence (aOR=2.18, 95% CI 1.49 to 3.20) and physical violence (aOR=1.71, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.59), compared with those without disabilities. Reports of depression were higher among men, and violence was more prevalent among women. Patterns of association were generally similar between men and women, although the association of disability with markers of well-being reached statistical significance more often among men. This study highlights areas where adolescents with disabilities are falling behind their peers in terms of personal well-being. These findings suggest that interventions may be needed to mainstream disability in programmes and policies aiming to improve well-being, mental health and violence prevention among adolescents. Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR201804003008116).
Examine how Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) can be used to manage patient safety and improve the standard of care for patients. In order to improve key medical training in areas like surgical safety management, blood transfusion closed-loop management, drug safety management and identity recognition, we apply the TeamSTEPPS teaching methodology. We then examine the effects of this implementation on changes in pertinent indicators. Our hospital's perioperative death rate dropped to 0.019%, unscheduled reoperations dropped to 0.11%, and defined daily doses fell to 24.85. Antibiotic usage among hospitalised patients declined to 40.59%, while the percentage of antibacterial medicine prescriptions for outpatient patients decreased to 13.26%. Identity recognition requirements were implemented at a rate of 94.5%, and the low-risk group's death rate dropped to 0.01%. Critical transfusion episodes were less common, with an incidence of 0.01%. The physician's TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire and Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire scores dramatically improved following the TeamSTEPPS team instruction course. An evidence-based team collaboration training programme called TeamSTEPPS combines clinical practice with team collaboration skills to enhance team performance in the healthcare industry and raise standards for medical quality, safety, and effectiveness.
Excessive meat consumption (MC) is associated with multiple health risks. Additionally, it can undermine environmental sustainability and affect the potential improvement of animal welfare. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of literacy interventions (LIs) in reducing MC. Studies assessing the efficacy of LIs addressing health risks, environmental sustainability and/or animal welfare in reducing MC were searched. We used random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the overall efficacy and conducted subgroup analyses to identify the most effective information contents. Additionally, meta-regression analyses investigated participants' age, LI duration, and follow-up length influence on LIs' efficacy. Fourteen studies involving more than ten thousand subjects were meta-analyzed. The pooled estimate showed that LIs had a small (Hedges's g = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.06-0.25) but statistically significant effect in reducing MC. Subgroup analysis showed that the highest efficacy was achieved when subjects were alarmed about health risks (g = 0.29; 95% CI: -0.02, 0.60), compared to informing about the risks for the environment (g = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.15, 0.51) and for animal welfare (g = 0.02; 95%CI: -0.08, 0.11). The meta-regression analysis indicated that LIs had greater efficacy in younger individuals and when the intervention duration was longer. Conversely, it was suggested that efficacy improves as the length of follow-up increases. Informing about health risks related to MC temporarily decreased its intake, while informing about the impact on environmental sustainability or animal welfare was ineffective. Furthermore, long-lasting LIs achieve long-term dietary change toward MC.
Excessive weight gain has led to increased obesity and mortality risk among college students. Issues with maintaining a healthy weight may be attributed to poor internal awareness and unhealthy eating behaviors. The study's purpose was to determine the longitudinal effects among interoception, self-regulation, nonpurposeful eating behaviors, and weight status (BMI) among college women. Data from 103 females were collected via Qualtrics over 3 timepoints (T1, T2, T3) during an academic semester. Repeated measures ANOVA and cross-lagged model analyses were used. Significant changes were found in interoceptive responsiveness, external, and uncontrolled eating throughout 3 timepoints. Longitudinally, significant causal effects were found among the study measures. Among all models, higher interoceptive responsiveness (T1) predicted increased self-regulation (T2). Higher non-purposeful eating behaviors (T1) predicted reduced self-regulation (T2). Higher BMI (T1) predicted reduced non-purposeful eating behaviors (T2), however higher BMI (T2) predicted increased non-purposeful eating (T3) and reduced interoceptive responsiveness (T3). Significant causal effects were found within each non-purposeful eating behavior models. Overall, the research study provided foundational evidence of the importance of self-regulatory skills to help prevent unhealthy eating behaviors and increased weight status in college women. Future interventions educating college women to become more internally aware and better self-regulate are needed.
Excessive, uncontrollable, and usually unjustified worry about certain things is a sign of the mental and behavioral disease known as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Genetic research suggests that numerous genes are likely implicated in the development of GAD, even if much is yet unclear about this. As a result, if someone in a family has GAD, there is a high likelihood that someone else will also suffer from the illness, as well as another anxiety disorder. Individuals with GAD are frequently overly bothered about workaday affairs like health, assets, demise, family, accord issues, or effort challenges. Worry frequently interferes with daily functioning. Excessive concern, restlessness, difficulty sleeping, tiredness, irritability, sweating, and trembling are a few symptoms that may be present. For a formal diagnosis of GAD, symptoms must be persistent for at least six months and consistent. Conversion in the amygdala's utilitarian congruence and how it processes fear and anxiety have been linked to generalized anxiety disorder. Neurotransmitters, and particularly the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) variant, have long been known to cause GAD through dysregulating amygdala activity in the brain. Anxiety, concern, or physical symptoms must significantly hinder social, academic, or occupational functioning in order to qualify for a GAD diagnosis. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V (DSM-V) provides explicit ethos to aid doctors in identifying this disorder. Psychological therapy based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) principles is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms for short-term treatment of GAD. In this, the patient's thinking ability and methods are focused. The main principle behind CBT is that your thought patterns affect your feelings, which in turn can affect your behavior. Drugs like antidepressants, buspirone, benzodiazepines, and can all be worn to goody GAD. Outside of therapy, patients with anxiety can learn to manage it by practicing relaxation methods, reframing unfavorable ideas, and adopting stress-relieving adjustments. Being socially active and setting aside time for proper self-care are crucial components of managing generalized anxiety disorder.
Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as the practice of providing infants with breast milk as their sole source of nourishment for the first six months of life. This study investigated the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Data gathered from 340 mothers attending the Maternity and Childhood Hospital in Makkah provided insights into the demographic profiles and postpartum practices of participants. The study revealed the significance of early breastfeeding initiation and the provision of pre-birth breastfeeding information in extending the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. There was a statistically significant difference between mothers who had Cesarean section deliveries and those who had natural deliveries in terms of exclusive breastfeeding duration. These findings have essential implications for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and future research endeavors, emphasizing the importance of healthcare education and timely support in promoting extended exclusive breastfeeding practices.
Executive dysfunction including impaired goal setting (i.e., planning, organization skills, strategic reasoning) is documented in children born very preterm (VP; <30 weeks/<1250 g), however the neurological basis for this impairment is unknown. This study sought to examine the relationship between brain abnormalities and brain volumes on neonatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and goal setting abilities of VP 13-year-olds. Participants were 159 children born VP in a prospective longitudinal study. Qualitative brain abnormality scores and quantitative brain volumes were derived from neonatal MRI brain scans (40 weeks' gestational age ± 2 weeks). Goal setting at 13 years was assessed using the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Systems Tower Test, the Rey Complex Figure, and the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive System for Children Zoo Map and Six Part Test. A composite score was generated denoting overall performance on these goal setting measures. Separate regression models examined the association of neonatal brain abnormality scores and brain volumes with goal setting performance. There was evidence that higher neonatal white matter, deep grey matter and cerebellum abnormality scores were associated with poorer goal setting scores at 13 years. There was also evidence of positive associations between total brain volume, cerebellum, thalamic and cortical grey matter volumes and goal setting performance. Evidence for the associations largely persisted after controlling for potential confounders. Neonatal brain abnormality and brain volumes are associated with goal setting outcome in VP 13-year-olds. Used in conjunction with other clinical indicators, neonatal MRI may help to identify VP children at risk for later executive dysfunction.
Executive function is the mental ability to modulate behavior or thinking to accomplish a task. This is developmentally important for children's academic achievements and ability to adjust to school. We classified executive function difficulties (EFDs) in longitudinal trajectories in Korean children from 7 to 10 years old. We found predictors of EFDs using latent class growth analysis and Bayesian network learning methods with Panel Study data. Three types of latent class models of executive function difficulties were identified: low, intermediate, and high EFDs. The modeling performance of the high EFD group was excellent (AUC = .91), and the predictors were the child's gender, temperamental emotionality, happiness, DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) anxiety problems, and the mother's depression as well as coparenting conflict recognized by the mother. The results show that using latent class growth analysis and Bayesian network learning are helpful in classifying the longitudinal EFD patterns in elementary school students. Furthermore, school-age EFD is affected by emotional problems in parents and children that continue from early life. These findings can support children's development and prevent risk by preclassifying children who may experience persistent EFD and tracing causes.
Executive functions (EF) are domain-general cognitive skills that predict foundational academic skills such as literacy and numeracy. However, less is known about the relation between EFs and science achievement. The nature of this relation might be explained by the theory of mutualism, which states that development is the result of complex and interacting processes, in which growth in one domain influences growth in another domain. The present study examined the bidirectional associations between science achievement and children's cognitive flexibility and working memory in a nationally representative sample of children in the United States (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 [ECLS-K:2011]; N = 18,174). Using random intercepts cross-lagged panel modeling, results revealed a heterogeneous pattern of associations between EF and science achievement, consistent with mutualism theory. Trait-like and construct stability emerged in the between-person and within-person estimates of EF and science. Cognitive flexibility and working memory in kindergarten each predicted science achievement in first grade. Science achievement at the beginning of first grade predicted cognitive flexibility at the end of first grade. There were also bidirectional associations between working memory and science achievement from the beginning to the end of the first grade year. Although effect sizes were small, findings reveal the complex interplay between EF and science achievement during early childhood and highlight a core tenet of mutualism theory-that small gains in academic and cognitive domains are positively associated with future skills and abilities within and across domains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Executive functions (EFs) are linked to children's overall math performance, although few studies have considered the joint role of prior math abilities for specific math subskills, such as arithmetic. The current study examined the longitudinal contributions of preschool EFs and early math abilities to children's accuracy and reaction time on arithmetic problems. Two hundred and eighty-three children completed EF and numeracy assessments at 5.25 years old. Children completed an arithmetic problem task in first (Mage = 7.14), second (Mage = 8.09), and third grade (Mage = 9.08). Results indicated that preschool EFs and math abilities are uniquely linked to children's accuracy and reaction time at age 7, whereas preschool EFs alone continue to predict accuracy at age 8 and reaction time at age 9, even after accounting for intervening arithmetic performance. The study highlights the sustained, unique importance of early EFs for children's arithmetic acquisition.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. The work of the 2021-2022 AACP Research and Graduate Affairs Committee (RGAC) focused on barriers to graduate education and research-related careers in pharmacy education. AACP President Stuart Haines charged the RGAC with identifying the critical barriers that hinder current PharmD students/recent graduates as well as under-represented groups (e.g., Black and Latino) from pursuing advanced degrees and research-related career paths in the pharmaceutical, social & behavioral, and clinical sciences and recommending changes that might address these barriers - this may include recommendations to change the fundamental structure of graduate education.The committee began its work with a literature review to survey current perspectives on these barriers and assess the supporting evidence for effective solutions and programs, including their relevance to pharmacy education. Based on the review, the committee was able to identify numerous obstacles to entry into and progression through research training, for both underrepresented learners and student pharmacists. Obstacles are individual, e.g., lack of exposure to and self-efficacy in research, financial constraints, structural, e.g., lengthy training time, programmatic rigidity, and institutional, e.g., implicit and explicit bias. The committee found evidence of effective approaches and programs to address these barriers that could be applied in pharmacy schools. These approaches include improvements to existing practices in recruitment, admissions and hiring practices as well as creation of new programs and structural changes to existing programs to increase accessibility to learners. The committee also recognized a need for more research and development of additional approaches to address these barriers.The committee makes a series of recommendations that AACP develop resource guides and programs to address key issues in the recruitment and retention of underrepresented students and student pharmacists into graduate education and research careers, including as faculty. The committee also proposes new AACP policies to support innovative graduate programs and early, longitudinal engagement of learners from elementary school onward to increase access to graduate education and to support environments and cultures of commitment to accessibility, diversity, equity, inclusiveness, antiracism in pharmacy education.
Exercise and physical activity (EPA) are recommended for people with chronic musculoskeletal disease; however, lower levels of engagement with EPA has been consistently reported in people from the South Asian community across a range of diseases. As language can pose a significant barrier in healthcare, this study aimed to understand the enablers and barriers to the acceptance of EPA among non-English speaking South Asian people who attended rheumatology clinics. 12 non-English speaking individuals from the South Asian community who had chronic musculoskeletal disease with significant pain scores were interviewed via telephone or face-to-face in their spoken languages. The audio recordings of the interviews were translated into English and transcribed verbatim. Data was analysed using thematic analysis implemented in the NVivo 12 Pro software program. The mean age was 52 years (9 women and 2 men). One main theme was identified: 'Enablers and barriers to exercise and physical activity'. Enablers to EPA were having knowledge about the benefits of EPA, being given resources in a language that they understood, and supportive environments such as having access to community facilities for those who could not undertake EPA in their houses. Barriers included physical health such as pain and fatigue, lack of time, difficulties with transportation to exercise venues, dislike of group exercises and lack of understanding of what and how to do exercise and be physically active. Participants' beliefs about EPA and whether they impacted their physical health seemed to influence whether they were undertaken or not. There was a perception that their culture shaped their compatriots' beliefs about EPA, and it was not normal practice for people from their country of birth to engage in it. This is the first qualitative study to explore the barriers and enablers to engagement in EPA in non-English speaking South Asian people with chronic musculoskeletal disease. Modifiable factors such as addressing the level of knowledge on the benefits of EPA in the management of chronic joint and muscle pain; aiding the development of the skills required to exercise safely and confidently despite chronic pain and providing information and services in the native language could promote the EPA engagement of non-English speaking South Asian individuals with chronic musculoskeletal disease. The findings may inform improvements within clinical services to promote the benefits, impact and self-efficacy of engagement with EPA as part of chronic musculoskeletal disease management. The West Midlands-Edgbaston Research Ethics Committee (reference:20/WM/0305).