Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Annotation Enrichment Analysis (AEA) is a widely used analytical approach to process data generated by high-throughput genomic and proteomic experiments such as gene expression microarrays. The analysis uncovers and summarizes discriminating background information (e.g. GO annotations) for sets of genes identified by experiments (e.g. a set of differentially expressed genes, a cluster). The discovered information is utilized by human experts to find biological interpretations of the experiments. However, AEA isolates and tests for overrepresentation only individual annotation terms or groups of similar terms and is limited in its ability to uncover complex phenomena involving relationship between multiple annotation terms from various knowledge bases. Also, AEA assumes that annotations describe the whole object of interest, which makes it difficult to apply it to sets of compound objects (e.g. sets of protein-protein interactions) and to sets of objects having an internal structure (e.g. protein complexes). We propose a novel logic-based Annotation Concept Synthesis and Enrichment Analysis (ACSEA) approach. ACSEA fuses inductive logic reasoning with statistical inference to uncover more complex phenomena captured by the experiments. We evaluate our approach on large-scale datasets from several microarray experiments and on a clustered genome-wide genetic interaction network using different biological knowledge bases. The discovered interpretations have lower P-values than the interpretations found by AEA, are highly integrative in nature, and include analysis of quantitative and structured information present in the knowledge bases. The results suggest that ACSEA can boost effectiveness of the processing of high-throughput experiments. mjiline@site.uottawa.ca.
Annually, 5.4 million children under five face mortality, with 2.5 million deaths in the first month, 1.6 million between one and eleven months, and 1.3 million aged one to four. Despite global strides, sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, grapples with persistent high child mortality. This study employs statistical methods to pinpoint factors driving under-five mortality in the Greater Accra Regional Hospital. The data was acquired from Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Ghana, spanning January to December 2020. The data comprised all under-five deaths recorded in the hospital in 2020. The statistical tools employed were the chi-square test of association and the multinomial logistic regression model. In 2020, there were 238 cases of under-five mortality recorded in the hospital, with males constituting the majority (55%). About 85% of these cases occurred within the first month of birth, primarily attributed to respiratory distress, prematurity, and sepsis. Notably, meconium aspiration was the least common among grouped diagnoses. The test of association and multinomial logistic model emphasised the child's age, birth type, and weight at birth as significant factors influencing child mortality. Conversely, attributes like sex, marital status, and mother's age displayed no notable association with the diagnosis of death. The study on child mortality at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital unveils key factors shaping child health outcomes, emphasising the role of age, birth type, and weight. While specific demographics show no significant association, identified predictors are vital for targeted interventions. Proposed strategies encompass education programs, improved care, birthing practices, and data-driven policies.
Antenatal breast milk expression (ABE) offers a host of benefits, including reduced formula consumption, support for breastfeeding success, and increased maternal satisfaction. Despite these advantages, experience with ABE differs significantly, often leading to anxiety over perceived inadequate milk supply and eventual breastfeeding cessation. This study comprehensively evaluates the knowledge, attitudes, and real-world experiences of individuals with gestational or pregestational diabetes concerning ABE, with a focus on total milk volume expressed prior to birth. Utilizing a convenience sampling method, we surveyed individuals with gestational or pregestational diabetes from three health care facilities who were trained in ABE. Knowledge and perceptions were gauged through presurvey statements, while postsurvey statements were employed to measure experiences, both using a 5-point Likert scale. In parallel, a retrospective study assessed both maternal and infant outcomes among the same participant pool. Statistical comparisons between individuals with and without reservations were made using the Wilcoxon signed rank sum, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. Of the 138 participants, 75% completed both survey segments, and 61% expressed reservations about ABE. Both groups were demographically similar and showed comparable newborn outcomes. However, individuals with reservations experienced heightened pain during ABE, reported lesser lactation support, and were less willing to repeat the process compared to those individuals without reservations. The median total ABE volume was significantly lower by 14 mL among those with reservations (7 vs. 21 mL, p = 0.009). Although both groups demonstrated improved attitudes toward the utility of ABE for individuals with gestational or pregestational diabetes, no significant shift occurred in the perception of ABE difficulty. Our results indicate that individuals with gestational or pregestational diabetes who have reservations about ABE face unique challenges and tend to express lower milk volumes. This underlines the need for specialized interventions and ongoing research to address antenatal lactation support and alleviate ABE-related concerns among individuals with gestational or pregestational diabetes. · Reservations of ABE were associated with reduced milk volumes.. · Regardless of reservations, ABE was felt to be beneficial.. · Our results underscore the need for more ABE education for those with reservations..
Antenatal care (ANC) is critical to reducing maternal and infant mortality. However, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues to have among the lowest levels of ANC receipt globally, with half of mothers not meeting the WHO minimum recommendation of at least four visits. Increasing ANC coverage will require not only directly reducing geographic and financial barriers to care but also addressing the social determinants of health that shape access. Among those with the greatest potential for impact is maternal education: past research has documented a relationship between higher educational attainment and antenatal healthcare access, as well as related outcomes like health literacy and autonomy in health decision-making. Yet little causal evidence exists about whether changing educational policies can improve ANC coverage. This study fills this research gap by investigating the impact of national-level policies that eliminate tuition fees for lower secondary education in SSA on the number of ANC visits. To estimate the effect of women's exposure to tuition-free education policies at the primary and lower secondary levels on their ANC visits, a difference-in-difference methodology was employed. This analysis leverages the variation in the timing of education policies across nine SSA countries. Exposure to tuition-free primary and lower secondary education is associated with improvements in the number of ANC visits, increasing the share of women meeting the WHO recommendation of at least four ANC visits by 6-14%. Moreover, the impact of both education policies combined is greater than that of tuition-free primary education alone. However, the effects vary across individual treatment countries, suggesting the need for further investigation into country-specific dynamics. The findings of this study have significant implications for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to improve ANC coverage. Removing the tuition barrier at the secondary level has shown to be a powerful strategy for advancing health outcomes and educational attainment. As governments across Africa consider eliminating tuition fees at the secondary level, this study provides valuable evidence about the impacts on reproductive health outcomes. While investing in free education requires initial investment, the long-term benefits for both human development and economic growth far outweigh the costs.
Antenatal care (ANC) is essential health care and medical support provided to pregnant women, with the aim of promoting optimal health for both the mother and the developing baby. Pregnant women should initiate ANC within the first trimester of pregnancy to access a wide range of crucial services. Early initiation of ANC significantly reduces adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet many women in Sub-Saharan Africa delay its initiation. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and determinants of delayed ANC initiation in Ethiopia. We conducted a secondary data analysis of the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS). The study involved women of reproductive age who had given birth within the five years prior to the survey and had attended ANC for their most recent child. A total weighted sample of 2,895 pregnant women were included in the analysis. Due to the hierarchical nature of the data, we employed a multi-level logistic regression model to examine both individual and community level factors associated with delayed ANC initiation. The findings of the regressions were presented with odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p-values. All the statistical analysis were performed using STATA-14 software. This study showed that 62.3% (95% CI: 60.5, 64.1) of pregnant women in Ethiopia delayed ANC initiation. Participants, on average, began their ANC at 4 months gestational age. Women with no education (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.0), poorest wealth status (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.8), from the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNP) region (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.3), and those who gave birth at home (AOR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7) were more likely to delay ANC initiation. The prevalence of delayed ANC initiation in Ethiopia was high. Enhancing mothers' education, empowering them through economic initiatives, improving their health-seeking behavior towards facility delivery, and universally reinforcing standardized ANC, along with collaborating with the existing local community structure to disseminate health information, are recommended measures to reduce delayed ANC initiation.
Antenatal care is directed toward ensuring healthy pregnancy outcomes. Quality antenatal care increases the likelihood of receiving an effective intervention to maintain maternal, fetal, and neonatal well-being, while poor quality is linked to poor pregnancy outcomes. However, owing to the complex nature of quality, researchers have followed several approaches to systematically measure it. The evidence from these variable approaches appears inconsistence and poses challenges to programmers and policymakers. Hence, it is imperative to obtain a pooled estimate of the quality of antenatal care. Therefore, considering the scarcity of evidence on the quality of antenatal care, this study aimed to review, synthesize, and bring pooled estimates of accessible evidence. This study aimed to estimate the pooled magnitude and predictors of quality of antenatal care services and compare regional disparity. We conducted a comprehensive systematic three-step approach search of published and unpublished sources from 2002 to 2022. The methodological quality of eligible studies was checked using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies. Meta-analysis was carried out using STATA version 16. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test. In the presence of moderate heterogeneity (I2 more than 50%), sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted and presented in a forest plot. Effect size was reported using standardized mean difference and its 95% confidence interval. Funnel plots and Egger's regression test were used to measure publication bias at the 5% significance level. A trim-and-fill analysis was conducted to adjust for publication bias. Pooled estimates were computed using random-effects models and weighted using the inverse variance method in the presence of high heterogeneity among studies. A 95% CI and 5% significance level were considered to declare significance variables. The global pooled poor-quality antenatal care was 64.28% (95% CI: 59.58%-68.98%) (I2 = 99.97%, p = 0.001). The identified pooled predictors of good-quality antenatal care service were: number of antenatal care visits (fourth and above antenatal care visit) (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.37-3.84), family wealth index (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.89-3.55), maternal education attainment (AOR = 3.03, 95% CI: 2.24-3.82), residence (urban dwellers) (AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: 0.95-7.17), and confidentiality antenatal care (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: -0.36 to -4.82). The study found regional and country-level disparities in the quality of antenatal care services for pregnant women, where poor-quality antenatal care services were provided for more than two-thirds to three-fourths of antenatal care attendants. Therefore, policymakers and health planners should put a great deal of emphasis on addressing the quality of antenatal care services.
anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) continue increasing in frecuency in the general population and sportmen who practice soccer and american football where we can locate 53% of the total of cases, the annual incidence is 70 per 100,000 persons. The incidence of this injuries has being increasing in women probably of the increase of the participation in such sports. to document the causes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plasty failure, as well as the diagnosis, surgical technique, and postoperative care of a revision ACL plasty surgery. a search for relevant information, original research articles, clinical trials, and reviews in indexed journals was performed. anterior cruciate ligament injuries continue to increase among the general population and athletes who play soccer and American soccer mainly, in this population group we found 53% of the total cases. The gold standard for treatment is arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligament. ACL reconstruction surgery has good results, with an estimated 75-90% success rate. Long-term failures of anterior cruciate ligament repair represent 5-25%. Among the factors associated with this failure are technical errors, traumatic antecedents, biological factors, among others. in ACL revision surgery good results can be achieved with respect to graft stability, return to play and functional stability of the knee, but the results are generally inferior to those of primary ACL reconstruction.
Anthelmintic resistance in sheep parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes is widespread and a severe health and economic issue but prevalence of resistance and involved parasite species are unknown in Germany. Here, the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed on eight farms using fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin and on four farms using only moxidectin. A questionnaire was used to obtain data on management practices to potentially identify risk factors for presence of resistance. All requirements of the recently revised WAAVP guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the FECRT were applied. Nematode species composition in pre- and post-treatment samples was analysed with the nemabiome approach. Using the eggCounts statistic package, resistance against fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin was found on 7/8, 8/8 and 8/12 farms, respectively. No formal risk factor analysis was conducted since resistance was present on most farms. Comparison with the bayescount R package results revealed substantial agreement between methods (Cohen's κ = 0.774). In contrast, interpretation of data comparing revised and original WAAVP guidelines resulted in moderate agreement (Cohen's κ = 0.444). The FECR for moxidectin was significantly higher than for ivermectin and fenbendazole. Nemabiome data identified 4 to 12 species in pre-treatment samples and treatments caused a small but significant decrease in species diversity (inverse Simpson index). Non-metric multidimensional scaling and k-means clustering were used to identify common patterns in pre- and post-treatment samples. However, post-treatment samples were scattered among the pre-treatment samples. Resistant parasite species differed between farms. In conclusion, the revised FECRT guideline allows robust detection of anthelmintic resistance. Resistance was widespread and involved multiple parasite species. Resistance against both drug classes on the same farm was common. Further studies including additional drugs (levamisole, monepantel, closantel) should combine sensitive FECRTs with nemabiome data to comprehensively characterise the anthelmintic susceptibility status of sheep nematodes in Germany.
Anti-fat attitudes and weight-based discrimination are prevalent in healthcare settings and among healthcare practitioners and clinical trainees, and can result in immense harm to patients. There is increasing recognition that anti-fat bias in healthcare is a critical issue that must be addressed, but there is a dearth of evidence demonstrating sustained attitude and behavioural change among clinicians, illustrating a need for more innovative educational approaches and rigorous evaluation. We describe the co-design and delivery of a narrative-based continuing professional development curriculum aimed at raising awareness of weight-based bias and stigma. Our research team of lived experience educators, clinicians and researchers collaboratively developed a series of seven podcast episodes comprised of narrative descriptions of lived experiences with and impacts of weight bias, stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings, as well as a post-podcast workshop to facilitate reflection and discussion between participants. The curriculum was piloted among 20 clinicians practicing at a large urban hospital in Mississauga, Canada. We explored feasibility, acceptability and learning impact by analyzing responses to questionnaires completed following each podcast episode and responses shared during the workshops and follow-up feedback sessions. We observed high acceptability and feasibility of the curriculum. Participants experienced the podcast as a practical and convenient learning format and the workshop as a valuable opportunity to collectively debrief and reflect. The learning impact of the curriculum was strong; participants described a range of emotions elicited by the podcasts, engaged in self-reflection, and expressed a desire to modify clinical approaches. Barriers to the application of learnings identified by participants include pervasiveness of the use of body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of risk and a criterion for referral; discomfort with difficult conversations; prevalent biomedical understandings about the association between weight and health; and clinicians' defensiveness. This pilot study yielded promising findings and demonstrated potential impact on weight bias and stigma among healthcare providers. Necessary next steps include conducting larger scale, rigorous evaluations of the curriculum among broader populations, both health professions trainees and current healthcare providers.
Antibiotic overuse is a serious health issue. It has been demonstrated that improper antibiotic use is linked to a lack of knowledge in the public. To encourage judicious antibiotic use in the COVID-19 ERA, it is critical to provide accessible and secure therapies. This study aimed to assess the effects of instructional video and community radio broadcasting interventions on knowledge and behavior of antibiotic use. Adults over the age of 20 were enrolled in a quasi-experimental study. A total of 369 representatives were divided into two groups: 185 participants in the control group and 184 participants in the intervention group. Data were collected twice, before and after the educational program by community health workers. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The participants' average age was 56.4 ± 0.6 years. Most of the respondents were female (264, 71.5%) and had only received an elementary education (186, 50.4%). A mean difference score was produced for the control and intervention groups. Both groups experienced a statistically significant gain in mean difference score of knowledge following the educational program (3.42 ± 4.18, [95% CI 2.81-4.02] vs 5.42 ± 4.97, [95% CI 4.69-6.14]) (P < 0.001). A mean difference score was produced with behavior (1.78 ± 3.45, [95% CI 1.28-2.28] vs 2.77 ± 3.06, [95% CI 2.28-3.27]) (P < 0.001). A mean difference in knowledge score between the groups was greater, with the intervention group scoring higher; all significant variables were controlled by multivariable regression analysis (1.31 [95% CI 0.53-2.09]) (P = 0.001). Similarly, a mean difference behavior score (1.34 [95% CI 0.82-1.86]) (P < 0.001). The integration of an educational poster, instructional video, and community radio broadcasting interventions about antibiotic use through CHWs in local communities is beneficial. This program should be implemented at the national level to promote rational drug use. Future studies should investigate how the educational program affects antibiotic use rates in the long term.
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major public health issue, associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality globally, with significantly higher rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Assessment of contextual factors, such as information, education, infrastructure and regulations are important for developing local solutions against ABR. To determine the knowledge and practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) towards ABR in hospitals in Sudan. A survey was conducted in three different hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan from February to December 2020. HCWs of different specialties and expertise were invited to participate. Data were descriptively analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). ABR was identified as a big challenge by 89% of 345 HCWs who participated. The results show that 79% of doctors don't rely on the clinical microbiology laboratory (CML) results for antibiotic prescription or clinical decision-making. Sixty percent of HCWs agreed there are infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines in their hospital, but 74% of them don't have access to them, and infrequently receive relevant IPC training. Furthermore, HCWs obtain ABR information from other colleagues informally, not through local data or reports. Despite adequate knowledge of ABR locally, there are significant contextual technical challenges facing HCWs in Sudan, such as availability of policies and accurate data from CMLs. The results indicate a poor link between HCWs and the CMLs for infection management and it is essential to improve communication between the different hospital departments with regard to ABR transmission, and ensure the effectiveness of local IPC policies based on locally available data.