Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Using claims data to identify a predominant prenatal care (PNC) provider is not always straightforward, but it is essential for assessing access, cost, and outcomes. Previous algorithms applied plurality (providing the most visits) and majority (providing majority of visits) to identify the predominant provider in primary care setting, but they lacked visit sequence information. This study proposes an algorithm that includes both PNC frequency and sequence information to identify the predominant provider and estimates the percentage of identified predominant providers. Additionally, differences in travel distances to the predominant and nearest provider are compared. The dataset used for this study consisted of 108,441 live births and 2,155,076 associated South Carolina Medicaid claims from 2015-2018. Analysis focused on patients who were continuously enrolled throughout their pregnancy and had any PNC visit, resulting in 32,609 pregnancies. PNC visits were identified with diagnosis and procedure codes and specialty within the estimated gestational age. To classify PNC providers, seven subgroups were created based on PNC frequency and sequence information. The algorithm was developed by considering both the frequency and sequence information. Percentage of identified predominant providers was reported. Chi-square tests were conducted to assess whether the probability of being identified as a predominant provider for a specific subgroup differed from that of the reference group (who provided majority of all PNC). Paired t-tests were used to examine differences in travel distance. Pregnancies in the sample had an average of 7.86 PNC visits. Fewer than 30% of the sample had an exclusive provider. By applying PNC frequency information, a predominant provider can be identified for 81% of pregnancies. After adding sequential information, a predominant provider can be identified for 92% of pregnancies. Distance was significantly longer for pregnant individuals traveling to the identified predominant provider (an average of 5 miles) than to the nearest provider. Inclusion of PNC sequential information in the algorithm has increased the proportion of identifiable predominant providers by 11%. Applying this algorithm reveals a longer distance for pregnant individuals travelling to their predominant provider than to the nearest provider.
Using longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,088), we examine changes in maternal perception of closeness and conflict in the mother-child relationship from the child's preschool to adolescent years, with attention to variation by maternal education. Analyses using individual growth models show that mother-child closeness increases, while mother-child conflict decreases from preschool to first grade. From first grade to age 15, mother-child closeness decreases, while mother-child conflict increases, both gradually. The decrease in mother-child conflict from preschool to first grade and the increases in mother-child conflict from first to fifth grade, sixth grade, and age 15 are less steep for mothers with a college degree than for mothers without a college degree. These findings underscore the importance of examining changes in parent-child relationships using longitudinal data across children's developmental stages and their variations by parental social and economic status.
Using prisoner height data, Moreno-Lázaro (2023) claims that Puerto Rican living standards declined after US annexation and stagnated for decades. This conclusion is not supported by the prisoner data and is inconsistent with other welfare measures that show dramatic improvement, such as per capita GDP, life expectancy, and literacy.
Using samples from three diverse populations, we test evolutionary hypotheses regarding how people reason about the inheritance of various traits. First, we provide a framework for differentiat-ing the outputs of mechanisms that evolved for reasoning about variation within and between (a) biological taxa and (b) culturally evolved ethnic categories from (c) a broader set of beliefs and categories that are the outputs of structured learning mechanisms. Second, we describe the results of a modified "switched-at-birth" vignette study that we administered among children and adults in Puno (Peru), Yasawa (Fiji), and adults in the United States. This protocol permits us to study perceptions of prenatal and social transmission pathways for various traits and to differentiate the latter into vertical (i.e., parental) versus horizontal (i.e., peer) cultural influence. These lines of evidence suggest that people use all three mechanisms to reason about the distribution of traits in the population. Participants at all three sites develop expectations that morphological traits are under prenatal influence, and that belief traits are more culturally influenced. On the other hand, each population holds culturally specific beliefs about the degree of social influence on non-morphological traits and about the degree of vertical transmission-with only participants in the United States expecting parents to have much social influence over their children. We reinterpret people's differentiation of trait transmission pathways in light of humans' evolutionary history as a cultural species.
Using silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for caries management has raised dentists' interests in Southeast Asia (SEA). However, information about the teaching of SDF in dental schools in SEA is limited. Therefore, this survey aimed to describe the extent to which SDF had been introduced into the education of undergraduate students in the dental schools in SEA. An online questionnaire survey was conducted on the duration, method, contents, and barriers regarding the teaching of SDF. Teachers in charge of undergraduate program in pediatric dentistry and those in community dentistry in all the 90 dental schools in SEA were approached and we required each department to reply once only. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used to describe and assess the differences between the two departments in the teaching of SDF. A total of 81 responses from the departments of 49 schools were received, giving a school-level response rate of 54% (49/90). SDF was taught in the undergraduate program in 86% (42/49) of the respondent schools, and 50% (21/42) of these schools had included SDF in the teaching for five or more years. Almost all (98%) of the departments taught SDF through lectures. Furthermore, 55% of them adopted SDF in clinical practice. Regarding the teaching content, the use of SDF for arresting cavitated caries lesion was the most commonly covered (82-97%), followed by for arresting early noncavitated lesions (69-82%), for preventing new caries development (66-79%) and for treating dental hypersensitivity (77%). There were variations in the post-treatment instruction taught. For the departments not teaching SDF, the most common reason (10/19, 53%) was that SDF was not available. SDF is covered in the undergraduate program in most of the dental schools in SEA. The use of SDF to arrest cavitated caries lesions in primary teeth is usually taught. However, other applications of SDF, such as for prevention of caries and treatment of dental hypersensitivity, are less commonly mentioned in the teaching.
Using simulations or experiments performed at some set of temperatures to learn about the physics or chemistry at some other arbitrary temperature is a problem of immense practical and theoretical relevance. Here we develop a framework based on statistical mechanics and generative artificial intelligence that allows solving this problem. Specifically, we work with denoising diffusion probabilistic models and show how these models in combination with replica exchange molecular dynamics achieve superior sampling of the biomolecular energy landscape at temperatures that were never simulated without assuming any particular slow degrees of freedom. The key idea is to treat the temperature as a fluctuating random variable and not a control parameter as is usually done. This allows us to directly sample from the joint probability distribution in configuration and temperature space. The results here are demonstrated for a chirally symmetric peptide and single-strand RNA undergoing conformational transitions in all-atom water. We demonstrate how we can discover transition states and metastable states that were previously unseen at the temperature of interest and even bypass the need to perform further simulations for a wide range of temperatures. At the same time, any unphysical states are easily identifiable through very low Boltzmann weights. The procedure while shown here for a class of molecular simulations should be more generally applicable to mixing information across simulations and experiments with varying control parameters.
Using statistical methods to analyze and summarize the research data of the inclusion criteria, to provide a quantitative average effect size to interpret the influence of mindfulness yoga exercise on patients with different depressive symptoms, explain the therapeutic effect of mindfulness yoga therapy on depression and its possible mechanism of action, and provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of patients with depression. Review Manage 5.4 software was used to comprehensively evaluate the effect of yoga exercise on depression interventions to provide a reference for improving mental health. CNKI, PubMed, Web of science, EBSCO were searched for all case-control research articles on yoga for depression from 2000 to 2022. After screening, data extraction and quality evaluation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) by inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 22 studies with 2,216 patients were included, including 1,101 in the yoga intervention group and 1,115 in the control group. The results showed a large heterogeneity in the literature on the effect of yoga exercise on depression, with a combined total effect size [SMD = -1.53, 95%CI (-1.96, -1.10), p < 0.00001]. Mindfulness yoga exercise is effective in preventing and treating depression and improving mental health, and may be considered as a non-medical, low-cost intervention as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment.
Using survey data to calculate composite financial literacy (CFL), existed studies do not consider the geographical difference of the means of objectively-measured financial literacy and subjectively-perceived financial literacy, i.e., comparative benchmark. Taking the survey data of National Financial Capability Study (NFCS) for example, we explain why it is more reasonable to use the within-state average rather than the national average of financial literacy as the comparative benchmark to measure CFL. Then we use NFCS 2009, 2012, 2015 and 2018 dataset to comparatively analyze the difference between CFL measured with the two benchmarks. The results of statistical analysis show that there is a great difference among the four groups of CFL measured with the two benchmarks, and 10.7% of respondents are categorized as a particular group of CFL incorrectly for all datasets. Additionally, the findings of spatial distribution analysis unveils that 36, 19, 15, and 6 states have respondents miscategorized in the four groups of CFL for 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 respectively, in which the highest proportion of the population miscategorized in a state is up to 49.91%. Finally, we find that several groups of CFL measured with the two benchmarks have significantly different effects on stock market participation behavior. Using the national average as a benchmark to determine all the respondents' relative financial literacy levels for different states is not meaningful, and will lose the practical appeal to tackle the regional inequalities of financial literacy among the households. Therefore, we suggest that the within-state average of financial literacy, not the national average, should be taken as the comparative benchmark for identifying the more precise groups of CFL in survey.
Using US National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) data, we explore how parental education and primary students' perceptions of their teachers interact to impact students' self-efficacy in mathematics. Our results demonstrate that students tend to have higher self-efficacy if they perceive that their teacher promotes the importance of mathematics. This relationship holds regardless of parental education, though it is strongest for children of parents without a university education. Children of less educated parents also tend to have lower self-efficacy if they attend private schools, which typically have high average parental socio-economic status (SES). School type has no discernable impact on children of university-educated parents. These findings are highly relevant to the Canadian context, which is characterized by schools being stratified by SES and the high importance of STEM education for occupational outcomes.
Uterine rupture is an obstetric emergency associated with significant maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity, especially in resource-constraint countries such as Nigeria. To determine the incidence and feto-maternal outcome of uterine rupture in a Nigerian teaching hospital. This was a retrospective review of all cases of uterine rupture managed over 21 years. The case notes of all affected women were retrieved, and information on sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, clinical presentation, intraoperative findings, and fetal and maternal outcomes were extracted. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and descriptive statistics were computed. Factors associated with maternal deaths secondary to rupture of the gravid uterus were determined using binary logistic regression analyses. Statistical significance was reported at P<0.05. There were 31,616 deliveries during the review period, out of which were 182 cases of uterine rupture giving an incidence of 5.76 per 1,000 deliveries. Most of the cases of uterine rupture (65.2%) were treated by uterine repair. Maternal and fetal deaths were recorded in 8.1% and 82.7% of cases respectively. Women aged at least 35 years (P=0.035), women who had laboured at home or traditional birth attendant's (TBA) place (P=0.002), women who had multiple sites rupture (P=0.049) and those who developed hypovolemic shock (P=0.002) were more likely to die from uterine rupture. Ruptured uterus remains a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Strategies for prevention include effective health education of the masses, the conduct of labour in a well-equipped health facility, and prompt referral of at-risk women.
Utilization of evidence-based specialty guidelines is low in primary care settings. Early use of ankle-brachial index (ABI) testing and a validated wound classification system allows prompt referral of patients for specialty care. We implemented a program to teach providers ABI testing and the use of the Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification tool. Here, we report program outcomes and provider perceptions. Physicians and non-physicians from wound care centers, nursing and physician education programs, primary care offices, and federally qualified health centers were invited to participate in the educational program teaching ABI testing and the use of the WIfI tool. Pretest and posttest responses and intention to use content in the future were assessed with descriptive statistics. A total of 101 subjects completed the ABI module, and 84 indicated their occupation (59 physicians, 25 non-physicians). Seventy-nine subjects completed the WIfI module, and 89% indicated their occupation (50 physicians, 20 non-physicians). Physicians had lower pre-test knowledge scores for the ABI module than non-physicians (mean scores of 7.9 and 8.2, respectively). Both groups had improved knowledge scores on the post-test (physicians, 13.4; non-physicians, 13.8; P < .001). Non-physicians in practice longer than 10 years at wound care centers had the lowest baseline knowledge scores, whereas physicians in practice for over 10 years had the highest. In the ABI module, the largest knowledge gap included accurately calculating the ABI, followed by the correct use of the Doppler, and management of incompressible vessels. For the WIfI module, providers struggled to accurately score patients based on wound classification. The greatest barriers to the implementation of ABI testing were the availability of trained personnel, followed by limited time for testing. Barriers to the use of the WIfI tool for physicians included lack of time and national guideline support. For non-physicians, the most notable barrier was a lack of training. Provider understanding of ABI and WIfI tools are limited in wound care centers, primary care offices, and federally qualified health centers. Further barriers include a lack of training in the use of tools, limited potential for point-of-care testing reimbursement, and insufficient dissemination of WIfI guidelines. Such barriers discourage widespread adoption and result in delayed diagnosis of arterial insufficiency.
Utilization of maternal healthcare services has a direct bearing on maternal mortality but is contingent on a wide range of socioeconomic factors, including the sex of the household head. This paper studies the role of the sex of the household head in the utilization of maternal healthcare services in India using data from the National Family Health Survey-V (2019-2021). The outcome variable of this study is maternal healthcare service utilization. To that end, we consider three types of maternal healthcare services: antenatal care, skilled birth assistance, and postnatal care to measure the utilization of maternal healthcare service utilization. The explanatory variable is the sex of the household head and we control for specific characteristics at the individual level, household-head level, household level and spouse level. We then incorporate a bivariate logistic regression on the variables of interest. 24.25% of women from male-headed households have complete utilization of maternal healthcare services while this proportion for women from female-headed households stands at 22.39%. The results from the bivariate logistic regression confirm the significant impact that the sex of the household head has on the utilization of maternal healthcare services in India. It is observed that women from female-headed households in India are 19% (AOR, 0.81; 95% CI: 0.63,1.03) less likely to utilize these services than those from male-headed households. Moreover with higher levels of education, there is a 25% (AOR, 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08,1.44) greater likelihood of utilizing maternal healthcare services. Residence in urban areas, improved wealth quintiles and access to healthcare facilities significantly increases the chances of maternal healthcare utilization. The interaction term between the sex of the household head and the wealth quintile the household belongs to, (AOR, 1.39; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.89) shows that the utilization of maternal healthcare services improves when the wealth quintile of the household improves. The results throw light on the fact that the added expenditure on maternal healthcare services exacerbates the existing financial burden for the economically vulnerable female-headed households. This necessitates the concentration of research and policy attention to alleviate these households from the sexual and reproductive health distresses. Not Applicable. D10, I12, J16.
Utilization of modern contraceptives increases over time but it was still low and varies across ages among married youth woman. This study revealed the prevalence of modern contraceptives and its associated factors among younger and older married youth women. A cross-sectional study design was applied to the sample of EMDHS 2019. Multilevel logistic regressions were carried out using STATA version 16 to identify the individual and community-level factors of modern contraceptive utilization. Adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered to be significant determinants of modern contraceptive utilization. In the EMDHS 2019, a total of 3290 married women between ages 15 and 34 were included. Among these 1210 (36.7%) and 2080 (63%) women, they were age groups of 15-24 and 25-34 years, respectively. Modern contraceptive utilization among women aged 15-24 and 25-34 years was 54.23% and 52.6%, respectively. Injection is a commonly used modern contraceptive method. In this study, factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization among women aged 15-24 years include women who had primary education [AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.02-4.83], who had three or more children in the household [AOR = 14.29; 95% CI: 1.61-126.25], Protestants [AOR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14-0.61], five to seven households [AOR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17-0.69], and region [AOR = 6.98; 95%:2.30-21.16]. On other hand, factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization among women aged 25-34 were women who had one or two under-five children in the household [AOR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.03-2.68] and region [AOR = 3.54; 95%CI: 1.79-6.97]. More than 50% of participants used modern contraceptives in both age groups and, the associated factor of modern contraceptive utilization varied among this age group. Health managers and policymakers need to consider age group, region, educational status, religion, and fertility level in planning of family planning program.
Utilizing Blended pedagogy (BP) in radiographic skills may prove to be an effective teaching strategy. However, studies on the use of BP in dentistry are quite limited in Pakistan, where teaching has mostly been via traditional Didactic Lectures (DL); and radiographic interpretation skills of undergraduate dental students are suboptimal. Therefore, this study aims to assess whether utilizing BP to teach radiographic interpretation skills is an effective teaching methodology in Pakistan. This mixed-method study was conducted on final year dental students at Jinnah Medical and Dental College (JMDC). Two groups of students were utilized for this study, one taught by traditional DL and the other taught by BP for the same module. BP was conducted over six weeks. A post-module test was conducted in both groups. Additionally, the BP group completed a modified Community of Inquiry (CoI) survey tool and volunteered to discuss their experiences through a focused group discussion (FGD). Descriptive statistics were computed and independent sample t-test was used to analyse the difference between the scores of the two groups. Thematic analysis was performed for the qualitative data. The mean post-test scores were found to be significantly higher in the BP group (61.0 ± 10.2) compared to the DL group (44.4 ± 12.3) (p = < 0.001, CI = 95%, Cronbach Alpha > 0.8). The mean scores for the modified CoI instrument were 4.0 ± 0.29 for the whole instrument; 4.25 ± 0.22 for Teaching Presence, 3.71 ± 0.23 for Social Presence and 3.97 ± 0.16 Cognitive Presence, with all three having a Cronbach's alpha > 0.75. Thematic analysis revealed that BP students mutually agreed that BP method was beneficial with the appreciation of strong support from the facilitator. However, challenges like interrupted power supply and increased effort requirement from students were pointed out. Students taught radiographic interpretation skills with BP in comparison to DL had higher test scores and expressed a positive experience demonstrated via a modified CoI survey and FGD. Considering the encouraging results found, dental schools should incorporate BP in their teaching methodology and follow-up studies are needed to further support the use of BP as an effective teaching methodology in Dentistry.