Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
To raise the syndrome sequence quantification, differentiation and classification algorithm based on data envelopment analysis for solving the modeling issue of syndrome differentiation and classification of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This algorithm has three steps: first, in order to obtain basic units for explaining pathogenesis, and establish a syndrome collection on this basis mechanisms of syndrome differentiation and classification were analyzed and classified according to TCM theory, mechanisms of syndrome differentiation and classification were analyzed and classified according to TCM theory; second, regularity and syndromes of corresponding prescriptions were sought according to the incidence and development progress of syndromes, and mathematical tools of data envelopment analysis were used to calculate state data of syndromes in each stage and obtain quantitative syndrome sequence; finally, syndrome sequence was taken as the measurement standard to quantify candidate syndromes and diagnostic information, and the similarity was calculated to obtain the matching degree between diagnostic information and candidate syndromes, so as to complete the syndrome differentiation and classification calculation. According to the results of model-based reasoning, the algorithm could indicate the regularity implied in prescription materials, and grasp the dynamic process of syndromes in an all-round way, and its results were verified through calculation and analysis on clinical cases. At least, it provides an idea for quantitative modeling of TCM.
To reassess the compliance with the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) in the member countries of the European Network of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ENTOG) and to investigate the impact of the EWTD on training. In this observational, cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire, containing multiple-choice questions and open questions, was distributed among Obstetrics and Gynaecology trainees in 33 ENTOG member countries. The questionnaire was designed as a follow-up of a similar survey conducted by ENTOG in 2009 and assessed the overall compliance with the EWTD, the adaptations needed to achieve this compliance, the impact of the EWTD on the quality of training and the well-being of trainees. The answers were analysed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel. 59 responses from 28/33 (84.8%) ENTOG member countries were collected. Only 5 out of 28 (17.9%) countries were found to be nationally compliant with EWTD. There were no clear differences in the compliance between different types of the hospitals (university/teaching/district), but a trend was observed towards higher rate of implementation in smaller hospitals (<1500 deliveries per year). Regarding the changes needed to become EWTD-compliant and yet maintain high-quality training, the most common suggestions were: hiring extra junior doctors, restructuring training, having less doctors on duty simultaneously, consultants performing more hands on work, dedicated training sessions, reduction of administrative tasks and simulation training for surgical skills. The majority of trainees, 7 out of 12, (58.3%) in the EWTD-compliant hospitals experienced a positive effect on their training, whereas the majority of trainees in non-compliant hospitals, 31 out of 47, (66%) were uncertain about the impact of the EWTD on the quality of training. Among the positive changes, better work-life balance and more consultants available out of the daily working hours were listed. Despite the introduction and implementation of the EWTD over two decades ago, the compliance rates across Europe remain low and seem not to have altered in the last ten years. In order to ensure the quality of training and, most importantly patient safety, we suggest that European nations keep striving to implement the EWTD for doctors in training. We also suggest for nations that have yet to implement this directive to use the strategies as an exemplar in countries that follow EWTD.
To reduce health inequities, it is important to identify intersections in characteristics of individuals subject to privilege or disadvantage. Different proposals for that have recently been published. One approach (1) considers models specified with first- and all second-order effects and another (2) the stratification based on multiple covariates; both categorize continuous covariates. A simulation study was conducted in order to review both methods with regard to identification of intersections showing true differences, rate of false-positive results, and generalizability to independent data compared to an established approach (3) of backward variable elimination according to Bayesian information criterion (BE-BIC) combined with splines. R software has been used to simulate the covariates age, sex, body mass index, education, and diabetes to examine their association with a continuous frailty score for osteoporosis using multiple linear regression. In setting 1, none of the covariates was associated with the frailty score, that is, only noise is present in the data. In setting 2, the covariates age, sex, and their interaction were associated with the frailty score, such that only females above 55 years formed an intersection associated with an increased frailty score. All approaches were compared under varying sample sizes (N = 200-3000) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs, 0.5-4) in 1000 replications. For model evaluation, bootstrap resampling was used. The models were fitted in internal learning data and then used to predict outcomes in the internal validation data. The mean squared error (MSE) was used for comparison and the frequency of false-positive findings calculated. In setting 1, approaches 1 and 2 generated spurious effects in more than 90% of simulations across all sample sizes. In a smaller sample size, approach 3 (BE-BIC) selected 36.5% of the correct model, in larger sample size in 89.8% and always had a lower number of spurious effects. MSE in independent data was generally higher for approaches 1 and 2 when compared to 3. In setting 2, approach 1 selected most frequently the correct interaction but frequently showed spurious effects (>75%). Across all sample sizes and SNR, approach 3 generated least often spurious results and had lowest MSE in independent data. Categorization of continuous covariates is detrimental to studies on intersectionality. Due to high and unrestricted model complexity, such approaches are prone to spurious effects and often lack interpretability. Approach 3 (BE-BIC) is considerably more robust against spurious findings, showed better generalizability to independent data, and can be used with most statistical software. For intersectionality research, we consider it most important to describe relevant differences between intersections and to avoid nonreproducible and spurious findings.
To reduce the motor imagery brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) illiteracy phenomenon and improve the classification accuracy, this paper proposed a novel method combining paradigm selection and Riemann distance classification. Firstly, a novel sensitivity-based paradigm selection (SPS) algorithm is designed for the optimization of classification to find the best classification pattern through a sensitive indicator. Then, a generalized Riemann minimum distance mean (GRMDM) classifier is proposed by introducing a weight factor to fuse the Log-Euclidean Metric classifier and the Riemannian Stein divergence classifier. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a better performance for multi-class motor imagery tasks. The average classification accuracy on the BCI competition IV dataset2a is 80.98%, which is 11.04% higher than Stein divergence classifier on the original two-class paradigm. Furthermore, the proposed method demonstrates its capacity on reducing MI-BCI illiteracy. Graphical abstract Here we investigate whether the BCI illiteracy phenomenon can be reduced through sensitivity-based paradigm selection (SPS) method and generalized Riemann minimum distance mean (GRMDM) classifier when performing motor imagery tasks.
To report the prevalence and risk factors for the fear of falling (FOF) among older individuals living in residential care facilities in India. Cross-sectional study. Homes for the aged centres in Hyderabad, India. The study included individuals aged ≥60 years from homes for the aged centres. The participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination in make-shift clinics setup in homes. Trained investigators collected the personal and demographic information of the participants and administered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Hearing Handicap Inventory for Elderly questionnaire in the vernacular language. FOF was assessed using the Short Falls Efficacy Scale. The presence of hearing and visual impairment in the same individual was considered dual sensory impairment (DSI). A multiple logistic regression analysis was done to assess the factors associated with FOF. FOF. In total, 867 participants were included from 41 homes for the aged centres in the analyses. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 74.2 (±8.3) years (range 60-96 years). The prevalence of FOF was 56.1% (95% CI 52.7% to 59.4%; n=486). The multivariate analysis showed that those with DSI had eleven times higher odds of reporting FOF than those with no impairment (OR 11.14; 95% CI 3.15 to 41.4.) Similarly, those with moderate depression had seven times higher odds (OR 6.85; 95% CI 3.70 to 12.70), and those with severe depression had eight times higher odds (OR 8.13; 95% CI 3.50 to 18.90) of reporting FOF. A history of falls in the last year was also associated with increased odds for FOF (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.26). FOF is common among older individuals in residential care in India. Depression, falling in the previous year and DSI were strongly associated with FOF. A cross-disciplinary approach may be required to address FOF among the older people in residential care in India.
To review available medical literature to elucidate the association between childhood sexual abuse and the development of irritable bowel syndrome later in life. This systematic review was conducted from January to August 2022 and comprised a literature search on Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for relevant studies published between 2001 and 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to determine the quality of the studies. Data on the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome were meta-analysed using a Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model in RevMan 5.4.1. Of the 7 observational studies analyzed in detail, 5 (71.4%) had a case-control design, and 2 (28.6%) were crosssectional studies. Overall, there were 3156 subjects. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the childhood sexual abuse group was 51.86% (334/644), while it was 36.74% (923/2512) in the non-childhood sexual abuse group. The pooled odds ratio, indicating the association between childhood sexual abuse and irritable bowel syndrome, was 1.87 (95% confidence interval: 1.56-2.26). The study quality was rated as good in 3 (42.8%) cases, fair in 3 (42.8%), and poor in 1 (14.3%). Childhood sexual abuse was found to be significantly associated with the development of irritable bowel syndrome later in life, further strengthening the argument that childhood sexual abuse can lead to long-term detriments extending into adulthood. However, there was no existing literature found that stratified other aspects of irritable bowel syndrome, including symptom severity and childhood sexual abuse being the exclusive cause of irritable bowel syndrome.
To review empirical evidence on character development among youth with chronic illnesses. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and PSYCHINFO from inception until November 2013 to find quantitative studies that measured character strengths among youth with chronic illnesses. Inclusion criteria were limited to English language studies examining constructs of character development among adolescents or young adults aged 13-24 years with a childhood-onset chronic medical condition. A librarian at Duke University Medical Center Library assisted with the development of the mesh search term. Two researchers independently reviewed relevant titles (n = 549), then abstracts (n = 45), and finally manuscripts (n = 3). There is a lack of empirical research on character development and childhood-onset chronic medical conditions. Three studies were identified that used different measures of character based on moral themes. One study examined moral reasoning among deaf adolescents using Kohlberg's Moral Judgement Instrument; another, investigated moral values of adolescent cancer survivors with the Values In Action Classification of Strengths. A third study evaluated moral behavior among young adult survivors of burn injury utilizing the Tennessee Self-Concept, 2(nd) edition. The studies observed that youth with chronic conditions reasoned at less advanced stages and had a lower moral self-concept compared to referent populations, but that they did differ on character virtues and strengths when matched with healthy peers for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Yet, generalizations could not be drawn regarding character development of youth with chronic medical conditions because the studies were too divergent from each other and biased from study design limitations. Future empirical studies should learn from the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature on character development among youth with chronic medical conditions.
To review qualitative studies on the experience of sudden cardiac arrest survival from the perspective of both survivors and their key supporters, including family/close friends. A seven-step meta-ethnography and synthesis of qualitative evidence was undertaken, informed by the Meta-Ethnography Reporting Guidelines (eMERGe). Four major databases were searched (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO; January 1995-January 2022, updated July 2023) for qualitative studies exploring survivors' and/or key supporters' experiences of cardiac arrest survival. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation - Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE-CERQual) were applied to evaluate the overall confidence in research findings. Constructs were identified from each paper, informing theme and sub-theme development. From 15,917 unique titles/abstracts and 196 full-text articles, 32 met the inclusion criteria. Three themes captured the survivors' experiences: 1) Making sense of my cardiac arrest; 2) Learning to trust my body and mind; and 3) Re-evaluating my life. A further three themes reflected key supporters' experiences: 1) Emotional turmoil; 2) Becoming a carer: same person but different me; and 3) Engaging with a new and unknown world. However, limited data and some methodological weaknesses in included studies reduced confidence in several themes. The findings were conceived within the overarching concept of 'negotiating a new normal'. The enduring psychosocial and physical sequelae of cardiac arrest survival substantially impacts the lives of survivors and their key supporters, requiring negotiation of their 'new normality'. The need for sense-making, physical and psychological recovery, and the new roles for key supporters should be strong considerations in the development of future interventions.
To review studies that have intervention in reading with impacts on phonological awareness in children with autism spectrum disorder. Searches took place until February 2021 in Cochrane, Embase, ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and gray literature databases. The review included experimental studies with preschoolers and schoolchildren with ASD. Two independent reviewers selected the studies and, in case of disagreement, a third reviewer was consulted. Joanna Briggs Institute checklists were used for risk of bias. A random effects meta-analysis was performed and the certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool. Eight studies with some impact on phonological awareness were reviewed. The risk of bias was low and moderate. The certainty of the evidence was low for randomized trials and very low for non-randomised trials. Comparison of pre- and post-therapy on the Preschool Literacy Test (TOPEL) showed that children with ASD improved phonological awareness, with a mean difference between baseline and post-therapy of 6.21 (95% CI = 3.75-8.67; I2 = 0%). Shared reading and software activities with words and phrases can alter phonological awareness. These results support further research with larger samples and a detailed description of the intervention to observe its effectiveness in phonological awareness.
To review the Computed Tomography( CT )features of pediatric oncological patients with abdominal and pelvic tumours and correlate these findings with their histopathological diagnosis. This was a retrospective cross-sectional facility-based study. This study was conducted in the Pediatric Oncology Unit and Radiology Department of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. Fifty-six pediatric oncology patients with contrast-enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT scans. The abdominal and pelvic CT scans findings, patient biodata, and histopathology reports of oncology patients over four years were reviewed. Simple descriptive statistics using frequency distribution, percentages, means, and standard deviation were used to describe the various variables and presented tables. The four commonest tumours were nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, and hepatoblastoma. The mean age at diagnosis was 4.8 years, with a slightly higher male predominance. The majority of the tumours were extremely large at presentation. Overall, the CT - histopathology concordance was 79.2%. Abdominal and pelvic CT scans play an important role in the diagnostic workup of pediatric malignancies by ensuring early and accurate diagnosis of these tumours. None declared.
To review the implementation drivers of competency-based pharmacy education (CBPE) and provide recommendations for enablers. Competency-based education is an emerging model in the health professions, focusing on time-variable competency development and achievement compared with a time-bound, course-based, traditional model. CBPE is an outcomes-based organized framework of competencies enabling pharmacists to meet health care and societal needs. However, challenges need to be recognized and overcome for the successful implementation of CBPE. Competency drivers include defining the competencies and roles of stakeholders, developing transparent learning trajectories and aligned assessments, and establishing lifetime development programs for stakeholders. Organization drivers include developing support systems for stakeholders; facilitating connections between all educational experiences; and having transparent assessment plans, policies, and procedures that align with core CBPE precepts, including the sustainability of time-variability. Leadership drivers include establishing growth mindset and facilitating a culture of connection between workplace and educational environments, program advocacy by institutional leaders, accepting failures as part of the process, shifting the organizational culture away from learner differentiation toward competence, and maintaining sufficient administrative capability to support CBPE. The successful implementation of CBPE involves enabling the competency, organization, and leadership drivers that will lead to program success. More research is needed in the areas of creation, implementation, and assessment of CBPE to determine success in this model. We have reviewed and provided recommendations to enable the drivers of successful implementation of CBPE.
To safeguard the most vulnerable individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous governments enforced measures such as stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and self-isolation. These social restrictions had a particularly negative effect on older adults, as they are more vulnerable and experience increased loneliness, which has various adverse effects, including increasing the risk of mental health problems and mortality. Chatbots can potentially reduce loneliness and provide companionship during a pandemic. However, existing chatbots do not cater to the specific needs of older adult populations. We aimed to develop a user-friendly chatbot tailored to the specific needs of older adults with anxiety or depressive disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine their perspectives on mental health chatbot use. The primary research objective was to investigate whether chatbots can mitigate the psychological stress of older adults during COVID-19. Participants were older adults belonging to two age groups (≥65 years and <65 years) from a psychiatric outpatient department who had been diagnosed with depressive or anxiety disorders by certified psychiatrists according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5) criteria. The participants were required to use mobile phones, have internet access, and possess literacy skills. The chatbot's content includes monitoring and tracking health data and providing health information. Participants had access to the chatbot for at least 4 weeks. Self-report questionnaires for loneliness, depression, and anxiety were administered before and after chatbot use. The participants also rated their attitudes toward the chatbot. A total of 35 participants (mean age 65.21, SD 7.51 years) were enrolled in the trial, comprising 74% (n=26) female and 26% (n=9) male participants. The participants demonstrated a high utilization rate during the intervention, with over 82% engaging with the chatbot daily. Loneliness significantly improved in the older group ≥65 years. This group also responded positively to the chatbot, as evidenced by changes in University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale scores, suggesting that this demographic can derive benefits from chatbot interaction. Conversely, the younger group, <65 years, exhibited no significant changes in loneliness after the intervention. Both the older and younger age groups provided good scores in relation to chatbot design with respect to usability (mean scores of 6.33 and 6.05, respectively) and satisfaction (mean scores of 5.33 and 5.15, respectively), rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The chatbot interface was found to be user-friendly and demonstrated promising results among participants 65 years and older who were receiving care at psychiatric outpatient clinics and experiencing relatively stable symptoms of depression and anxiety. The chatbot not only provided caring companionship but also showed the potential to alleviate loneliness during the challenging circumstances of a pandemic.