Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Joseph has written what purports to be a refutation of studies of Twins Reared-Apart (TRAs) with a singular focus on the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared-Apart (MISTRA). I show, in detail, that (a) his criticisms of previous TRA studies depend on sources that were discredited prior to MISTRA, as they all failed the test of replicability, (b) the list of biases he uses to invalidate MISTRA do not support his arguments, (c) the accusations of questionable research practices are unsubstantiated, (d) his claim that MISTRA should be evaluated in the context of psychology's replication crisis is refuted. The TRA studies are constructive replications. Like many other scholars, past and present, he has been misled by the variation introduced by small samples (sampling error) and the distortion created by walking in the garden of forking paths. His endeavor is a concatenation of elision and erroneous statistical/scientific reasoning.
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder caused by DNA mutations in KMT2D, a lysine methyltransferase that methylates histones and other proteins, and therefore modifies chromatin structure and subsequent gene expression. Ketones, derived from the ketogenic diet, are histone deacetylase inhibitors that can 'open' chromatin and encourage gene expression. Preclinical studies have shown that the ketogenic diet rescues hippocampal memory neurogenesis in mice with KS via the epigenetic effects of ketones. Single-cell RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry-based proteomics were used to explore molecular mechanisms of disease in individuals with KS (n = 4) versus controls (n = 4). Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that loss of function mutations in KMT2D are associated with ribosomal protein dysregulation at an RNA and protein level in individuals with KS (FDR <0.05). Cellular proteomics also identified immune dysregulation and increased abundance of other lysine modification and histone binding proteins, representing a potential compensatory mechanism. A 12-year-old boy with KS, suffering from recurrent episodes of cognitive decline, exhibited improved cognitive function and neuropsychological assessment performance after 12 months on the ketogenic diet, with concomitant improvement in transcriptomic ribosomal protein dysregulation. Our data reveals that lysine methyltransferase deficiency is associated with ribosomal protein dysfunction, with secondary immune dysregulation. Diet and the production of bioactive molecules such as ketone bodies serve as a significant environmental factor that can induce epigenetic changes and improve clinical outcomes. Integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and clinical data can define mechanisms of disease and treatment effects in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. This study was supported by the Dale NHMRC Investigator Grant (APP1193648) (R.D), Petre Foundation (R.D), and The Sydney Children's Hospital Foundation/Kids Research Early and Mid-Career Researcher Grant (E.T).
Keeping students engaged and motivated during online or class discussion may be challenging. Artificial intelligence has potential to facilitate active learning by enhancing student engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop, test usability of, and explore undergraduate nursing students' perceptions toward the Artificial Intelligence-Teaching Assistant System. The system was developed based on three main components: machine tutor intelligence, a graphical user interface, and a communication connector. They were included in the system to support contextual machine tutoring. A field-testing study design, a mixed-method approach, was utilized with questionnaires and focus group interview. Twenty-one undergraduate nursing students participated in this study, and they interacted with the system for 2 hours following the required activity checklist. The students completed the validated usability questionnaires and then participated in the focus group interview. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, and thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data from the focus group interviews. The results showed that the Artificial Intelligence-Teaching Assistant System was user-friendly. Four main themes emerged, namely, functionality, feasibility, artificial unintelligence, and suggested learning modality. However, Artificial Intelligence-Teaching Assistant System functions, user interface, and content can be improved before full implementation.
Keloids are lesions characterized by the growth of dense fibrous tissue extending beyond original wound boundaries. Research into the natural history of keloids and potential differences by sociodemographic factors in the USA is limited. This real-world, retrospective cohort study aimed to characterize a population of patients with keloids compared with matched dermatology and general cohorts. Patients with ≥ 2 International Classification of Diseases codes for keloid ≥ 30 days apart and a confirmed keloid diagnosis from clinical notes enrolled in the OM1 Real-World Data Cloud between 1 January 2013 and 18 March 2022 were age- and sex-matched 1:1:1 to patients without keloids who visited dermatologists ("dermatology cohort") and those who did not ("general cohort"). Results are presented using descriptive statistics and analysis stratified by cohort, race, ethnicity, household income, and education. Overall, 24,453 patients with keloids were matched to 23,936 dermatology and 24,088 general patients. A numerically higher proportion of patients with keloids were Asian or Black. Among available data for patients with keloids, 67.7% had 1 keloid lesion, and 68.3% had keloids sized 0.5 to < 3 cm. Black patients tended to have larger keloids. Asian and Black patients more frequently had > 1 keloid than did white patients (30.6% vs. 32.5% vs. 20.5%). Among all patients with keloids who had available data, 56.4% had major keloid severity, with major severity more frequent in Black patients. Progression was not significantly associated with race, ethnicity, income, or education level; 29%, 25%, and 20% of the dermatology, keloid, and general cohorts were in the highest income bracket (≥ US$75,000). The proportion of patients with income below the federal poverty line (< US$22,000) and patterns of education level were similar across cohorts. A large population of patients in the USA with keloids was identified and characterized using structured/unstructured sources. A numerically higher proportion of patients with keloids were non-white; Black patients had larger, more severe keloids at diagnosis.
Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive condition that usually affects young persons between their first and fourth decades. Myopia and irregular astigmatism are the common presentations which are proceeded by corneal steepening and thinning. Keratoconus is a progressive ectasia of the cornea that presents bilaterally, although often asymmetrical. To explore the experiences of KC patients attending public eye care facilities in Capricorn District of Limpopo province. Capricorn District, Limpopo province, South Africa. Descriptive qualitative phenomenology approach was used in the study to explore the lived experiences of patients diagnosed with KC, attending public eye care facilities. Purposive sampling was used to select 16 patients who were diagnosed with KC and referred for contact lens fitting. Data were collected through face-to-face, one-on-one interviews. Patients reported to have developed gradual vision loss which worsened when they grew older. There was lack of knowledge of KC amongst patients and this was exacerbated by limited health literacy and vocabulary barriers. Patients had difficulty performing daily activities where some had dropped out of school while others worked at a slower pace and reduced working distances. Patients with KC received inadequate information on their condition due to limited health literacy and vocabulary barriers. Programmes to promote practitioner and patient education are required to improve the perceived service level provided to KC patients.Contribution: The findings of this study will assist to improve the experiences of KC patients on perceived service quality received from public facilities.
Key topics related to risk communication and food safety were investigated by three different expert groups. In this study, the Delphi method was used to systematically and iteratively aggregate experts' opinions, and the topics to be communicated to consumers were expressed and prioritized. The opinions of three groups, consisting of 26 members of the expert committee (EC) from the Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ), 29 local government officials (LGOs) from their respective food safety departments, and 25 food safety monitors (FSM) appointed by the FSCJ, were obtained in the period of June through September 2017. "Safety and security concept" was identified and ranked high in all groups. This topic identified "Zero-risk" demand of consumers without understanding risks as the reverse side of safety. The EC group prioritized additional issues, such as "concept of risk" and "safety costs and relevant risk management". The LGO and FSM groups prioritized specific hazard items for food poisoning and preventive measures. With regard to the so-called "health foods", the EC and LGO groups indicated insufficient transmission of scientific evidence from the government to consumers, and the FSM group indicated insufficient understanding by consumers of the food labeling system for health and nutrition. Because consumers do not fully understand all concepts of food safety, governments are encouraged to disseminate the probability of risk and the knowledge of risk reduction directly to the consumers by using simple and easy-to-understand terms.
Khat, a green leafy plant grown in East Africa and throughout the Arabian Peninsula, is chewed for its psychoactive and amphetamine-like effects, serving as a significant aspect of culture, economic livelihood, and global trade. Khat consumption during pregnancy has been associated with adverse effects, including anemia, premature rupture of membranes, and low birth weight, among others. This cross-sectional, explanatory sequential mixed methods study was conducted in the Haramaya District of eastern Ethiopia using a questionnaire and focus group discussions. Questionnaires assessed socio-demographic information, pregnancy history, and diet, including khat use. Data were analyzed using SPSS v28 to include descriptive statistics, proportions, odds ratios, binary logistic regression, and chi-square analysis. FGDs expanded on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of khat in the region, including pregnant or lactating women from two different kebeles. Two independent reviewers conducted a qualitative content analysis to examine the qualitative findings from the FGDs. Transcripts from the focus groups were entered into NVivo 14 to aid in capturing salient themes. A total of 444 pregnant women with a median age of 25 years completed the questionnaire. Two-thirds of the women, 66.9%, reported currently consuming khat while pregnant, and 72.7% of them reported daily consumption. The FGD analysis resulted in the discovery of five themes: Economic Livelihood, Maternal Significance, Medicinal Implications of Khat, Pesticide Use, and Social and Cultural Applications. This study revealed an alarming high prevalence of khat consumption among pregnant women in the Haramaya District, highlighting the pressing need for long-term studies to assess the health consequences. The role of khat as both an economic staple and an energy source for daily activities underscores the challenges in curbing its use. The documented health risks associated with the chemicals used in khat cultivation, including cancer, call for interventions to enhance safe agricultural practices in households involved in khat farming.
Kidney pathophysiology is often complex, nonlinear and heterogeneous, which limits the utility of hypothetical-deductive reasoning and linear, statistical approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled decision support systems - which use algorithms based on learned examples - may have an important role in nephrology. Contemporary AI applications can accurately predict the onset of acute kidney injury before notable biochemical changes occur; can identify modifiable risk factors for chronic kidney disease onset and progression; can match or exceed human accuracy in recognizing renal tumours on imaging studies; and may augment prognostication and decision-making following renal transplantation. Future AI applications have the potential to make real-time, continuous recommendations for discrete actions and yield the greatest probability of achieving optimal kidney health outcomes. Realizing the clinical integration of AI applications will require cooperative, multidisciplinary commitment to ensure algorithm fairness, overcome barriers to clinical implementation, and build an AI-competent workforce. AI-enabled decision support should preserve the pre-eminence of wisdom and augment rather than replace human decision-making. By anchoring intuition with objective predictions and classifications, this approach should favour clinician intuition when it is honed by experience.
Kidney transplantation (KT) improves clinical outcomes of patients with end stage renal disease. Little has been reported on the impact of early post-operative surgical complications (SC) on long-term clinical outcomes following KT. We sought to determine the impact of vascular complications, urological complications, surgical site complications, and peri-graft collections within 30 days of transplantation on patient survival, graft function, and hospital readmissions. We conducted a single-centre, observational cohort study examining adult patients (≥ 18 years) who received a kidney transplant from living and deceased donors between January 1st, 2005 and December 31st, 2015 with follow-up until December 31st, 2016 (n = 1,334). Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the outcomes of SC in the early post-operative period after KT. The cumulative probability of SC within 30 days of transplant was 25%, the most common SC being peri-graft collections (66.8%). Multivariable analyses showed significant relationships between Clavien Grade 1 SC and death with graft function (HR 1.78 [95% CI: 1.11, 2.86]), and between Clavien Grades 3 to 4 and hospital readmissions (HR 1.95 [95% CI: 1.37, 2.77]). Early SC following KT are common and have a significant influence on long-term patient outcomes.
Kids SIPsmartER is a 6-month behavioral and health literacy intervention effective at reducing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake among middle school students and their caregivers in the rural Appalachian region. This exploratory mixed methods study utilized a convergent parallel design to assess participant acceptability of a school-based curriculum for students and a text messaging program for caregivers. Acceptability was assessed using surveys (873 students and 453 caregivers), five focus groups (34 students) and telephone interviews (22 caregivers). Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, and qualitative data were content coded. On a 5-point scale, average quantitative survey acceptability ratings ranged from 2.7 to 3.3 among three student-rated questions and 4.1 to 4.2 among four caregiver-rated questions. Qualitative focus group findings suggested that students preferred curricular activities that were hands-on and involved social interaction, while caregiver interview results showed high acceptability of the text messaging program's design, including usability, content messages and personalization. Students and caregivers reported similar program benefits: increased knowledge of SSBs and health risks, increased awareness of SSB behaviors and support to make beverage behavior changes. Results from this study can be used to understand Kids SIPsmartER's effectiveness data, communicate the intervention's acceptability with stakeholders and plan for future implementation studies.
Kinesiophobia is a crucial factor influencing the rehabilitation process for individuals with musculoskeletal pathologies. Assessing kinesiophobia levels is crucial for personalized interventions. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of kinesiophobia in individuals with musculoskeletal pathology based on the pathology areas, demographic, physical, and clinical characteristics. A total of 210 participants with musculoskeletal pathologies were included in the study. All participants were assessed using a sociodemographic information form for demographic and physical characteristics, the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale for kinesiophobia level, and the McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire for pain location and intensity. There was no statistically significant difference observed in kinesiophobia level between patients in terms of pathology location and sex. However, a significant difference in kinesiophobia levels was found among patients based on the acute and chronic duration of the disease (p = 0.00), previous treatment history (p = 0.04), and exercise engagement (p = 0.00). When kinesiophobia levels were examined according to educational status, a significant difference was found between the primary education group and the undergraduate and above group (p = 0.00). According to the results of this study, kinesiophobia levels appear to be independent of pathology location and sex, but vary based on educational level, exercise habits, pain duration and history of previous treatment. Considering these findings, it is essential to take into account these factors in treatment programs in clinical practice and to provide support in exercise and physical activity training to individuals who have previously received treatment and individuals with low education levels.
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) causes not only pain, stiffness, and dysfunction of the knee, but also the reduction of the joint range of motion (ROM). This study explored the demographic and radiographic factors for knee symptoms and ROM in patients with symptomatic KOA. The demographic variables, Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) of patients with symptomatic KOA recruited in Beijing were collected. The knee ROM of all patients were also measured. We analyzed the influencing factors for WOMAC and ROM using a generalize linear model, respectively. This study included a total of 2034 patients with symptomatic KOA, including 530 males (26.1%) and 1504 females (73.0%), with a mean age of 59.17 (± 10.22) years. Patients with advanced age, overweight or obesity, a family history of KOA, a moderate-to-heavy manual labor job and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) had significantly higher WOMAC and lower ROM (all P < 0.05). The more the comorbidities, the higher the WOMAC (all P < 0.05). Patients with higher education had better ROM than those with only an elementary education(β = 4.905, P < 0.05). Compared with those KL = 0/1, the WOMAC of patients whose KL = 4 were higher (β = 0.069, P < 0.05), but the WOMAC of those KL = 2 were lower (β = -0.068, P < 0.05). ROM decreased with the increase of KL grade (all P < 0.05). KOA patients with advanced age, overweight or obesity, a family history of KOA in first-degree relatives, a moderate-to-heavy manual labor job tended to have more severe clinical symptoms and worse ROM. Patients with more severe imaging lesions tend to have poorer ROM. Symptom management measures and regular ROM screening should be taken early to these people.
Knowledge construction in the context of children's science education is an important part of fostering the development of early scientific literacy. Nevertheless, children sometimes struggle to comprehend scientific knowledge due to the presence of abstract notions. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of augmented reality (AR) games as a teaching tool for enhancing children's understanding of optical science education. A total of 36 healthy Chinese children aged 6-8 years were included in this study. The children were randomly divided into an intervention group (n=18, 50%) and a control group (n=18, 50%). The intervention group received 20 minutes of AR science education using 3 game-based learning modules, whereas the control group was asked to learn the same knowledge for 20 minutes with a non-AR science learning app. Predict observe explain tests for 3 topics (animal vision, light transmission, and color-light mixing) were conducted for all participants before and after the experiment. Additionally, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, which measures levels of interest-enjoyment, perceived competence, effort-importance, and tension-pressure, was conducted for children after the experiment. There was a statistically significant difference in light transmission (z=-2.696; P=.008), color-light mixing (z=-2.508; P=.01), and total predict observe explain test scores (z=2.458; P=.01) between the 2 groups. There were also variations between the groups in terms of levels of interest-enjoyment (z=-2.440; P=.02) and perceived competence (z=-2.170; P=.03) as measured by the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory. The randomized controlled trial confirmed that the AR-based science education game we designed can correct children's misconceptions about science and enhance the effectiveness of science education.
Knowledge is limited on associations between social disconnectedness (i.e. loneliness and social isolation), health literacy and perceived treatment burden in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, understanding these associations may be important for clinical practice. This study used cross-sectional self-reported data from the 2017 Danish health and morbidity survey entitled 'How are you? ', investigating the associations of loneliness and social isolation with low health literacy and high treatment burden in individuals with CVD (n = 2521; mean age = 65.7 years). Logistic regression analysis showed that loneliness and social isolation were associated with low health literacy in terms of difficulties in 'understanding health information' (loneliness: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.32, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [1.16, 1.50]; social isolation: AOR = 1.47, 95% CI [1.24, 1.73]) and 'engaging with healthcare providers' (loneliness: AOR = 1.53, 95% CI [1.37, 1.70]; social isolation: AOR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.06, 1.40]) and associated with high treatment burden (loneliness: AOR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.35, 1.65]; social isolation: AOR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.06, 1.37]). Our findings show that loneliness and social isolation coexisted with low health literacy and high treatment burden in individuals with CVD. These findings are critical as socially disconnected individuals experience more health issues. Low health literacy and a high treatment burden may potentially exacerbate these issues.