Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Mental health recovery is a critical concept that needs to be thoroughly understood and supported by nurses. Undergraduate nurse educators have the opportunity to clarify misconceptions and cultivate positive recovery attitudes. To assess the impact of an undergraduate nursing course on attitudes toward mental health recovery and the relationship between recovery attitudes and prejudice toward those who experience a mental illness. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest, nonequivalent-control group study was conducted using a sample of undergraduate nursing students in New York City (N = 126). The intervention group was assigned to an undergraduate mental health nursing course and the control group to a pediatric/maternal health nursing course. Attitudes toward mental health recovery and prejudice were measured at the beginning and end of the semester. Two-way mixed analyses of variance were used to determine the differences in students' attitudes. Pearson product-moment correlation analyses were used to assess the relationship between prejudice toward people who experience a mental illness and attitudes toward recovery. The mental health nursing course had no measurable impact on students' recovery attitudes. However, there was a moderate-to-strong inverse relationship between recovery attitudes and prejudice toward those who experience a general mental illness (r = -0.54), depression (r = -0.60), or schizophrenia (r = -0.43). Curriculum reform is needed to optimize the impact of undergraduate education on students' attitudes. Possible changes include a more holistic approach to mental health that does not over accentuate the biomedical model, the use of nontraditional clinical sites that provide students an opportunity to interact with those further along in their recovery, and the inclusion of those in recovery in curriculum development. As there was a moderate-to-strong inverse relationship between recovery attitudes and prejudice, educational interventions that positively impact one may also impact the other. Further research is needed to investigate if the relationship is causal.
Mental illness is a serious condition requiring early intervention. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice, and stigma toward mental illness among university students in Saudi Arabia. An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted during the academic year 2018-2019 in a university in Saudi Arabia. Stratified random sampling was adopted to select students (n = 778). A standardized self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The students had an adequate level of knowledge on mental illness (44.1%), and almost half of them had a positive attitude (52.2%) toward mental illness. The female students (55.9%) exhibited a significantly higher positive attitude than the males (48.4%) (P = 0.038). The students' knowledge level increased significantly with an increase in the academic year (P = 0.010). The students from urban places showed a significantly higher knowledge level (50.5%) than those from the rural areas (40.5%) (P = 0.007). The students from health-related colleges (59.7%) showed higher positive attitudes, but without statistical significance (P = 0.104) than those from other colleges. The female gender (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.88, P = 0.020) was an important factor associated with positive attitudes. The important independent predictors of adequate mental illness knowledge were living in urban places (OR = 1.47, 95% CI, 1.09-1.98, P = 0.012) and studying in the sixth year (OR = 2.1, 95% CI, 1.1-3.9, P = 0.028). Although students showed a favorable attitude toward mental illness, their knowledge level can be improved. Research outcomes can be used to design health educational interventions to enhance university students' mental health literacy.
Mental model (Johnson-Laird, 2001) and probabilistic theories (Oaksford & Chater, 2009) claim to provide distinct explanations of human reasoning. However, the dual strategy model of reasoning suggests that this distinction corresponds to different reasoning strategies, termed counterexample and statistical, respectively. There is clear evidence that most people have a preference for a given strategy, and that this predicts performance on a variety of forms of reasoning and judgment (Thompson & Markovits, 2021). To date, however, the evidence for this conclusion has been correlational in nature; in the current studies, we manipulated strategy use. To this end, we gave people (N = 885) explicit instructions to reason either using a counterexample strategy or a probabilistic strategy. In two studies, we observed that the ability to follow these instructions was constrained by people's spontaneous strategy use, and that the effect of instructions carried over to two subsequent forms of reasoning (a) belief-biased inferences and (b) base-rate judgments. Finally, the ability to follow instructions was correlated with reasoning accuracy on both tasks. These results provide strong evidence for the underlying reality of the dual strategy model and show that explicit instructions to reason differently can modify performance on different forms of reasoning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Mentored clinical practice is central to demonstrating achievement of International Educational Standards in advanced musculoskeletal physical therapy. While traditionally delivered face-to-face, telehealth e-mentoring is a novel alternative to offering this unique pedagogy to facilitate mentee critical reflection, deeper learning and enhanced knowledge translation to optimise patient care. With COVID-19 resulting in widespread adoption of telehealth and access to mentors often limited by geography or cost, the potential value of telehealth e-mentoring needs investigating. To investigate the experiences and outcomes of multiple stakeholders (student mentees, mentors and patients) engaged in musculoskeletal physical therapy telehealth e-mentoring across two universities (UK and Canada). Using case study design, we will use sequential mixed methods involving qualitative and quantitative components based on existing evidence. To examine the influence of telehealth e-mentoring on health outcomes in patients with musculoskeletal complaints, we will use patient-reported outcomes for satisfaction, patient empowerment and change in musculoskeletal health. We will conduct semistructured interviews to explore the development of critical thinking, clinical reasoning, communication skills and confidence of students engaged in telehealth e-mentoring. To explore the mentor acceptability and appropriateness of telehealth e-mentoring, we will conduct a focus group in each site. Finally, we will include a focus group of participants from each site to allow a cross-cultural comparison of findings to inform international stakeholders. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics (median and IQR) to describe changes in outcome data and qualitative data will be analysed following the Framework Method. This study has ethical approval from both institutions: the University of Birmingham (ERN_20-0695) and Western University (2020-116233-47832). Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to key stakeholders in musculoskeletal physical therapy education and practice.
Mentoring has become an important educational strategy in medical training. Peer mentoring (PM) can enhance student experience and support transition to higher education. This article documents the implementation of an online peer mentoring program for first year medical students at a newly founded medical school in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic and its development into in-person PM. We developed the program in close collaboration between students and teachers. Students were invited to apply as peer mentors via email; they received instructions and reflected on their role and experiences in meetings before, during and after the semester. One or more peer mentors were assigned randomly to a student group. We evaluated the program with an online survey inspired by the "Modified Mentorship Effectiveness Scale". After successful piloting PM was implemented into the core curriculum. In 2020 we assigned 17 peer mentors to 14 groups of 6-7 students. Groups met 3 or more times via Zoom®. Overall satisfaction was high. Both student groups reported benefits for their personal and professional identity formation. Atmosphere in online meetings was excellent. Most important topics were exams/learning strategies. In 2021 meetings were held in person. Overall satisfaction, perceived benefits and learning atmosphere were again rated very positively. Most students preferred many-to-many PM and random matching. The implementation of PM was successful and beneficial for the participating students. PM can help first-year medical students reduce anxiety, improve self-organization and orientation at university. It fosters identity formation and has positive effects on peer mentees as well as on peer mentors.
Mentorship has been widely recognized as an effective means to promote student learning and engagement in undergraduate research experiences. However, little work exists for understanding different mentors' perceived approaches to mentorship, including mentorship of students from backgrounds and educational trajectories not well represented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Transfer students, in particular, face unique trajectories in their pursuit of research opportunities, yet few studies investigate how mentors describe their approaches to supporting these students. Using semistructured interviews, this study examines how mentors approach mentoring students from diverse backgrounds as research trainees, with an emphasis on transfer students. First, using phenomenography as an analytical approach, we identified four categories describing variations in how mentors reflected upon or accounted for the transfer student identity in their approaches. We find that research mentors vary in their understanding and exposure to the transfer student identity and may have preconceived notions of the transfer student experience. Second, we present vignettes to illustrate how mentors' approaches to the transfer student identity may relate or diverge from their general approaches to mentoring students from different backgrounds and identities. The emerging findings have implications for developing effective mentorship strategies and training mentors to support transfer students.
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) comprises a rare malignant primary skin tumor presenting neuroendocrine differentiation. Recently, agents blocking the programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 pathway (PD-1/PD-L1) have demonstrated objective and durable tumor regressions in patients presenting advanced MCC. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and histopathological characteristics of MCC patients, also assessing the prevalence of PD-L1 expression and Merkel cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV), as well as their prognostic roles. Data from patients diagnosed with MCC between 1996 and 2019 at a reference cancer center in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, were evaluated in a retrospective study. Tumor samples were tested for MCPyV and PD-L1 employing immunohistochemistry. Survival analyses were carried out employing the Kaplan-Meier method and curves were compared using the log-rank test. A multiple semiparametric Cox model was used. Values p < 0.05 were considered significant. A total of 65 patients were included in the study, with a mean age at diagnosis of 72 (standard deviation 13.9). A total of 56.9% (37/65) of the patients were male, 86.2% (56/65) were white, and 56.9% (37/64) were illiterate or with incomplete elementary school. MCPyV immunohistochemistry was positive in 29 cases (44.6%) and PD-L1 positivity was ≥ 1% in 42 cases (64.6%). Significant associations between MCPyV and PD-L1 expression ≥ 1% (p = 0.003) and PD-L1 expression ≥ 5% (p = 0.005) were noted. Concerning the multivariate analysis, only education level and advanced MCC stage indicated statistically significant worse progression-free survival. Regarding overall survival (OS), being male, education level and advanced stage comprised risk factors. The estimated OS at 60 months for stages I to III was of 48.9% and for stage IV, 8.9%. This is the first large Brazilian cohort to assess the prevalence of MCPyV in MCC tumors, as well as PD-L1 expression and their associations. No correlations were noted between MCPyV infection or PD-L1 expression and survival rates.
Mesothelioma is an incurable, asbestos-related cancer with a poor prognosis. There is scant evidence about the mental health and well-being impacts on patients and carers living with the illness. This study aimed to investigate mesothelioma's impact on mental health and well-being and the scale of mental health conditions in patients and informal carers. A mixed-methods design was used: a cross-sectional survey of mesothelioma patients and informal carers plus semi-structured interviews with patients and carers. The survey used validated scales collecting data on mental health aspects of mesothelioma: the EQ5D to assess health-related quality-of-life; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale; the PCL-5 to assess Posttraumatic Stress; and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. The datasets were integrated during analysis. 96 useable survey responses were received. A clinical level of depression was reported by 29 participants (30.21%), of anxiety by 48 (50%), of posttraumatic distress disorder by 32 (33.33%), and of posttraumatic growth by 34 (35.42%). Carers had worse scores than patients. Three main themes were developed from interviews with 10 patients and 11 carers: 'Prognosis', 'Support from services', and 'Social connections and communication'. Healthcare professionals delivering a mesothelioma diagnosis require regular training in communication skills plus updating in current treatment options, so they provide an appropriate mix of realism and hope. Better signposting to mental health support is needed for patients and carers. Our introduction of posttraumatic growth into the mesothelioma literature is novel. We recommend specialist nurses are trained to recognise, understand, and foster posttraumatic growth.
Meta-heuristic algorithms are usually employed to address a variety of challenging optimization problems. In recent years, there has been a continuous effort to develop new and efficient meta-heuristic algorithms. The Aquila Optimization (AO) algorithm is a newly established swarm-based method that mimics the hunting strategy of Aquila birds in nature. However, in complex optimization problems, the AO has shown a sluggish convergence rate and gets stuck in the local optimal region throughout the optimization process. To overcome this problem, in this study, a new mechanism named Fast Random Opposition-Based Learning (FROBL) is combined with the AO algorithm to improve the optimization process. The proposed approach is called the FROBLAO algorithm. To validate the performance of the FROBLAO algorithm, the CEC 2005, CEC 2019, and CEC 2020 test functions, along with six real-life engineering optimization problems, are tested. Moreover, statistical analyses such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, the t-test, and the Friedman test are performed to analyze the significant difference between the proposed algorithm FROBLAO and other algorithms. The results demonstrate that FROBLAO achieved outstanding performance and effectiveness in solving an extensive variety of optimization problems.
Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is safe and efficacious in treating adolescents with severe obesity. Behavioral/lifestyle programs can support successful preparation for surgery and post-MBS weight loss, but no standardized lifestyle intervention exists for adolescents. Here we describe the process of developing and adapting the Diabetes Prevention Program Group Lifestyle Balance (DPP/GLB) curriculum to support adolescents pre- and post-MBS. We collected both qualitative and quantitative data from a diverse group of adolescents (N = 19, mean age 15.2 years, range 13-17, 76% female, 42% non-Hispanic Black, 41% Hispanic, 17% other). Additionally, we included data from 13 parents, all of whom were mothers. These participants were recruited from an adolescent MBS program at Children's Health System of Texas. In an online survey, we asked participants to rank their preferences and interests in DPP/GLB content topics. We complemented these results with in-depth interviews from a subset of 10 participants. This qualitative data triangulation informed the development of the TeenLYFT lifestyle intervention program, designed to support adolescents who were completing MBS and described here. This program was adapted from adolescent and parent DPP/GLB content preferences, incorporating the social cognitive model (SCM) and the socioecological model (SEM) constructs to better cater to the needs of adolescent MBS patients. Adolescents' top 3 ranked areas of content were: (1) steps to adopt better eating habits and healthier foods; (2) healthy ways to cope with stress; and (3) steps to stay motivated and manage self-defeating thoughts. Nearly all adolescent participants preferred online delivery of content (versus in-person). Mothers chose similar topics with the addition of information on eating healthy outside the home. Key themes from the adolescent qualitative interviews included familial support, body image and self-confidence, and comorbidities as key motivating factors in moving forward with MBS. The feedback provided by both adolescents and parents informed the development of TeenLYFT, an online support intervention for adolescent MBS candidates. The adapted program may reinforce healthy behaviors and by involving parents, help create a supportive environment, increasing the likelihood of sustained behavior change. Understanding adolescent/parent needs to support weight management may also help healthcare providers improve long-term health outcomes for this patient population.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) imposes a significant burden on Westernized regions. The Western diet, high in salt intake, significantly contributes to disease development. However, there are a lack of data on salt literacy and salt intake among MASLD patients in Germany. Our study aims to analyze daily salt intake and salt-intake-related behavior in MASLD patients. 234 MASLD patients were prospectively included. Daily salt intake and salt-intake-related behavior were assessed via a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-DEGS) and a salt questionnaire (SINU). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Mean daily salt intake was higher in men than in women (7.3 ± 5 g/d vs. 5.3 ± 4 g/d; p < 0.001). There was significant agreement between increased daily salt intake (>6 g/d) and the behavioral salt index (SI) (p < 0.001). Men exhibited higher SI scores compared to women, indicating lower awareness of salt in everyday life. Multivariate analysis identified specific salt-intake-related behaviors impacting daily salt consumption. Our study reveals a strong link between daily salt intake and salt-intake-related behavior, highlighting sex-specific differences in an MASLD cohort. To enhance patient care in high-cardiovascular-risk populations, specific behavioral approaches may be considered, including salt awareness, to improve adherence to lifestyle changes, particularly in male patients.
Metabolic rate is one of the most widely measured physiological traits in animals and may be influenced by both endogenous (e.g. body mass) and exogenous factors (e.g. oxygen availability and temperature). Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) are two fundamental physiological variables providing the floor and ceiling in aerobic energy metabolism. The total amount of energy available between these two variables constitutes the aerobic metabolic scope (AMS). A laboratory exercise aimed at an undergraduate level physiology class, which details the appropriate data acquisition methods and calculations to measure oxygen consumption rates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, is presented here. Specifically, the teaching exercise employs intermittent flow respirometry to measure SMR and MMR, derives AMS from the measurements and demonstrates how AMS is affected by environmental oxygen. Students' results typically reveal a decline in AMS in response to environmental hypoxia. The same techniques can be applied to investigate the influence of other key factors on metabolic rate (e.g. temperature and body mass). Discussion of the results develops students' understanding of the mechanisms underlying these fundamental physiological traits and the influence of exogenous factors. More generally, the teaching exercise outlines essential laboratory concepts in addition to metabolic rate calculations, data acquisition and unit conversions that enhance competency in quantitative analysis and reasoning. Finally, the described procedures are generally applicable to other fish species or aquatic breathers such as crustaceans (e.g. crayfish) and provide an alternative to using higher (or more derived) animals to investigate questions related to metabolic physiology.
Metabolic surgery is a sustainable intervention for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Preoperative education optimizes weight loss and glycemic control outcomes. This study aimed to determine the effect of a generalized preoperative evaluation process (PEP) in patients who underwent bariatric surgery on weight loss and glycemic control pre- and post-surgery. Data were retrospectively collected and analyzed for patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery between 2010 and 2016. Patients were categorized into two groups determined by participation in the PEP. The groups were named the PEP group and non-PEP group. The correlation among engagement in the PEP was determined using the chi-square test and t-test. Statistical analysis with p < 0.05 was deemed significant. 129 patients were included in the study; 86 females (67%) and 43 males (33%). Fifty-nine patients (46%) engaged in the PEP and 70 (54%) patients did not engage in the PEP. A greater reduction in weight loss was observed in the PEP group versus the non-PEP group from initial enrollment to pre-surgery (14.3 ± 9.2 kg vs. 11.6 ± 9.2 kg; p = 0.11), and from pre-surgery to 2-years post-surgery (20.6 ± 14.8 kg vs. 16.9 ± 15.6 kg; p = 0.17). A greater reduction in HbA1c from initial enrollment to pre-surgery was seen in the PEP group versus the non-PEP group (0.90 ± 1.28% vs. 0.63 ± 1.07%); however, this was not maintained from pre-surgery to 2-year post-surgery (0.51 ± 1.18% vs. 0.70 ± 1.73%). In both cases, the statistical difference was insignificant. The PEP was not associated with improvements in short-term weight loss or glycemic control pre-surgery and a 2-years post-surgery. Patients may benefit from individually tailored preoperative weight management strategies.