Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
The arts and humanities (A&H) play a fundamental role in medical education by supporting medical learners' development of core competencies. Like all medical curricula, those integrating the A&H are more likely to achieve the desired outcomes when the learning domains, goals, objectives, activities, and evaluation strategies are well-aligned. Few faculty development programs focus on helping medical educators design A&H curricula in a scholarly manner. The Prism Model, an evidence-based tool, supports educators developing A&H medical curricula in a rigorous way for maximum impact. The model posits that the A&H can serve four pedagogical functions for medical learners: 1) skill mastery, 2) perspective taking, 3) personal insight, and 4) social advocacy. Although this model has been described in the literature, no practical guidance exists for medical educators seeking to apply it to the development of a specific curriculum. This paper provides a step-by-step demonstration of how to use the Prism Model to design an A&H curriculum. Beginning with the first step of selecting a learning domain through the final step of curriculum evaluation, this paper helps medical educators apply the Prism Model to develop A&H curricula with intentionality and rigour to achieve the desired learning outcomes.
The arts offer a cost effective and appealing approach to healthy aging. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the development and implementation of three creative aging pilot programs led by professional teaching artists in multipurpose senior centers. The process of recruitment focused on professional teaching artists, senior center directors, and program participants. Data collection documented attendance, field note observations, participant demographics, self-reported health, and satisfaction. Open-ended interviews detailed individual experience, learning opportunities, dislikes, and both program and instructor feedback. Analysis involved descriptive statistics and apriori pattern coding. Outcomes are reported specific to each program developed, including: 1) readers theatre, 2) choir, and an 3) Improvisation/Movement class. A total of 35 older adults participated in all three programs. The choir had the highest average of regular attendance, while the improvisation/movement class struggled with recruitment. Overall satisfaction was high across all programs, with participants expressing enjoyment with courses that offer a challenge and desired that courses continue. This study emphasizes the importance in collaborating with centers to develop high quality programming and recommends strategies to facilitate program sustainability. Future program development and instruction may be improved through application of lessons learned.
The assessment of children's grammatical skills is a crucial component of diagnosing language disorders. Elicited production is a commonly used method for obtaining data on a child's productive language abilities. We introduce a new instrument developed as part of the third edition of a standardised test battery for German. This instrument utilises elicited production, wherein participants describe coloured pictures depicting everyday situations, in order to generate four test scores: mean length of utterances, completeness of utterances, and two grammar scores comprising relevant target structures. The construction of the grammar scores was inspired by the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn), modified for German and computerised. The detailed results provide a comprehensive profile of a child's syntactic and morphological strengths and weaknesses. Analysis of data collected from 348 monolingual German children who formed part of the norming sample, aged between 2;6 and 6;11 years of age, revealed age-related changes in these scores. Additionally, the age range was determined for both grammatical milestones and 'red flags', which may indicate potential problems in language development. In conclusion, the newly developed, time-efficient instrument allows for a detailed assessment of grammatical skills, identification of potential intervention targets, and facilitates various research objectives.
The assessment of flood risk and resilience has become increasingly important in recent years for effective urban flood management. While flood resilience and risk are two distinct concepts with unique assessment metrics, there is lack of quantitative analysis and understanding of the relationship between them. This study aims to investigate this relationship at the grid cell level in urban areas. To assess flood resilience for high-resolution grid cells, this study proposes a performance-based flood resilience metric, which is calculated using the system performance curve based on flood duration and magnitude. Flood risk is calculated as the product of maximum flood depth and probability, considering multiple storm events. The case study of Waterloo in London, UK is analyzed using a two-dimensional cellular automata-based model CADDIES, which consists of 2.7 million grid cells (5 m × 5 m). The results indicate that over 2 % of grid cells have risk values exceeding 1. Furthermore, there is a 5 % difference in resilience values below 0.8 between the 200-year and 2000-year design rainfall events, specifically 4 % for the former and 9 % for the latter. Additionally, the results reveal a complex relationship between flood risk and resilience, though decreasing flood resilience generally leads to increasing flood risk. However, this relationship varies depending on the land cover type, with building, green land, and water body cells showing higher resilience for the same level of flood risk compared to other land uses such as roads and railways. Classifying urban areas into four categories, including high risk vs. low resilience, high risk vs. high resilience, low risk vs. low resilience, and low risk vs. high resilience, is crucial in identifying flood hotspots for intervention development. In conclusion, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between risk and resilience in urban flooding, which could help improve urban flood management. The proposed performance-based flood resilience metric and the findings from the case study of Waterloo in London could be valuable for decision-makers in developing effective flood management strategies in urban areas.
The assessment of the validity and reliability of measurement tools in research provides quality data. However, evidence of the validity and reliability of parental knowledge and attitude regarding childhood hearing loss and newborn hearing screening is scarce. To design a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) survey tool regarding childhood hearing loss and a Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Programme of the rural Amajuba district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and then test for validity and test-retest repeatability. Face validity was conducted with 20 mothers and a content validity index was determined by two rounds of assessments, the first by 7 experts and the second by 3 experts. The kappa statistic was used to measure the stability of the tool using data from 160 mothers where repeated measurements were applied at two-week intervals. The feasibility of developing a tool was assessed by applying the criteria of science, population and resources. The KAP tool was developed with twenty-nine items. For face validity, 97% of the participants reported that the items were clear, wording was appropriate and easy to read and the language was natural. Content validity produced excellent results with a scale and content validity index of 1. Test-retest repeatability for the KAP tool was good with a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.87). Individually, the knowledge scale had a kappa of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.95); the attitude scale had a kappa of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.99): the practice scale had a kappa of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.97) and the awareness scale had a kappa of 0.92 (0.83, 1.00). The development of a KAP tool was shown to be feasible, given sufficient time, funds, motivation and a study population. The study produced a valid and reliable tool that can be useful in generating quality evidence of a community's KAP with respect to childhood hearing loss and newborn hearing screening. Evidence gathered could be used to tailor health education and health promotion material for a Universal New-born Hearing Screening (UNHS) programme in a culturally sensitive manner to promote service uptake.
The assessment represents an elementary medical task. The medical assessment is the basis of a legal decision and is initiated by the client if medical expertise is required to assess a situation. A medical assessment is a scientifically based conclusion made by a physician about a person's state of health or functional limitations or other medical circumstances. The reports must be scientifically sound, medically conclusive, understandable and comprehensible. The ability to do this is acquired as part of medical further training after obtaining a license to practice medicine. With a systematic approach to the preparation of reports, one's own treatment processes can be improved and lessons can be learnt from mistakes. Expert opinions in the context of further training are of enormous importance for further professional life.
The assessment system for standardized resident training is crucial for developing competent doctors. However, it is complex, making it difficult to manage. The COVID-19 pandemic has also aggravated the difficulty of assessment. We, therefore, integrated lean thinking with App-based e-training platform to improve the assessment process through Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control (DMAIC) cycles. This was designed to avoid unnecessary activities that generate waste. Panels and online surveys were conducted in 2021-2022 to find the main issues that affect resident assessment and the root causes under the frame of waste. An online app was developed. Activities within the process were improved by brainstorming. Online surveys were used to improve the issues, satisfaction, and time spent on assessment using the app. A total of 290 clinical educators in 36 departments responded to the survey, and 153 clinical educators used the online app for assessment. Unplanned delay or cancellation was defined as the main issue. Eleven leading causes accounted for 87.5% of the issues. These were examiner time conflict, student time conflict, insufficient examiners, supervisor time conflict, grade statistics, insufficient exam assistants, reporting results, material archiving, unfamiliarity with the process, uncooperative patients, and feedback. The median rate of unplanned delay or cancellation was lower with use of the app (5% vs 0%, P < 0.001), and satisfaction increased (P < 0.001). The median time saved by the app across the whole assessment process was 60 (interquartile range 60-120) minutes. Lean thinking integrated with an App-based e-training platform could optimize the process of resident assessment. This could reduce waste and promote teaching and learning in medical education.
The association between early childhood psychosocial problems and poorer educational outcomes is well-documented, but the extent to which this association persists is less understood. The current study assessed the correlations between first-grade psychosocial functioning and educational outcomes through eighth grade in a large longitudinal sample of Chilean students. The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Chilean (PSC-CL) and Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation Re-Revised (TOCA-RR) assessed psychosocial functioning for 9736 students who were screened four times from first through eighth grade through the Skills for Life program. Adjusted linear mixed effects models assessed the association between first grade PSC-CL and TOCA-RR risk and third, sixth, and eighth grade GPA and school attendance. First-grade PSC-CL and TOCA-RR risk both significantly predicted lower third, sixth, and eighth grade GPAs; all p < .001. The relationships between first-grade psychosocial functioning and later school attendance rates were less consistent but still significant at certain time points. First-grade psychosocial risk was persistently associated with lower academic performance in a longitudinal sample of Chilean students followed through elementary and middle school. Early school-based psychosocial screening and follow-up interventions have the potential to improve students' long-term educational outcomes.
The association between periodontitis (PD) and Parkinson's disease (PK) is discussed due to the inflammatory component of neurodegenerative processes. PK severity and affected areas were determined using the following neuropsychological tests: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Score (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr; non-motoric symptoms by Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), and cognitive involvement by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Neuroinflammation and the resulting Glucose-6-Phosphatase-Dehydrogenase (G6PD) dysfunction are part of the pathophysiology of PK. This study aimed to evaluate these associations in periodontal inflammation. Clinical data and saliva-, serum-, and RNA-biobank samples of 50 well-characterized diametric patients with PK and five age- and sex-matched neurologically healthy participants were analyzed for G6PD function, periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Filifactor alocis), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1, and interleukin (IL) 1-beta. Regression analysis was used to identify associations between clinical and behavioral data, and t-tests were used to compare health and disease. Compared with PK, no pathogens and lower inflammatory markers (p < 0.001) were detectible in healthy saliva and serum, PK-severity/UPDRS interrelated with the occurrence of Prevotella intermedia in serum as well as IL1-beta levels in serum and saliva (p = 0.006, 0.019, 0.034), Hoehn and Yahr correlated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, RNA IL1-beta regulation, serum, and saliva IL1-beta levels, with p-values of 0.038, 0.011, 0.008, <0.001, and 0.010, while MMSE was associated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, serum MCP 1 levels, RNA IL1-beta regulation and G6PD serum activity (p = 0.036, 0.003, 0.045, <0.001, and 0.021). Cognitive and motor skills seem to be important as representative tests are associated with periodontal pathogens and oral/general inflammation, wherein G6PD-saliva dysfunction might be involved. https://www.bfarm.de/DE/Das-BfArM/Aufgaben/Deutsches-Register-Klinischer-Studien/_node.html, identifier DRKS00005388.
The association of frailty based on the accumulation of deficits with postoperative delirium (POD) has been poorly examined. We aimed to analyze this association in older patients undergoing elective surgery. Preoperative data was used to build a 30-item frailty index (FI) for participants of the PAWEL-study. Delirium was defined by a combination of I-CAM and chart review. Using logistic regressions models we analysed the association between frailty and POD adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, education and type of surgery. Among 701 participants (mean age 77.1, 52.4% male) median FI was 0.27 (Q1 0.20| Q3 0.34), with 528 (75.3%) frail participants (FI ≥ 0.2). Higher median FI were seen in orthopedic than cardiac surgery patients (0.28 versus 0.23), and in women (0.28 versus 0.25 in men). Frail participants showed a higher POD incidence proportion (25.4% versus 17.9% in non-frail). An increased odds for POD was observed in frail versus non-frail participants (OR 2.14 [95% CI 1.33, 3.44], c-statistic 0.71). A 0.1 increment of FI was associated with OR 1.57 [95% CI 1.30, 1.90] (c-statistic 0.72) for POD. No interaction with sex or type of surgery was detected. Adding timed-up-and-go-test and handgrip strength to the FI did not improve discrimination. Our data showed a significant association between frailty defined through a 30-item FI and POD among older adults undergoing elective surgery. Adding functional measures to the FI did not improve discrimination. Hence, our preoperative 30-item FI can help to identify patients with increased odds for POD. PAWEL and PAWEL-R (sub-) study were registered on the German Clinical Trials Register (number DRKS00013311 and DRKS00012797).
The association of periodontal disease and diabetes is a subject of intense research in terms of etiopathology and treatment options. This research aimed to evaluate the modulation of the local inflammatory status by two natural extracts, curcumin (Cu) and rutin (R), in an experimentally induced diabetes and periodontal disease in Wistar rats. Fifty Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups: Control (C), Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease (DP), Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease treated with Curcumin (DPCu), Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease treated with Rutin (DPR), and Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease treated with both Curcumin and Rutin (DPCuR). Gingival samples were collected from all rats, and immunohistochemical markers CD3, CD20, and CD34 were evaluated to assess the local inflammatory infiltrate. Descriptive statistics were applied (SPSS24 Software, Armonk, NY, USA). Rutin, alone or combined with Curcumin, reduced CD3-positive cell levels. Curcumin demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing CD20-positive cells. The combination of Curcumin and Rutin had the most important impact on both markers. Curcumin notably increased immature CD34-positive cell levels. Curcumin and Rutin, either alone or together, hold potential for reducing local inflammation in diabetes-induced periodontal disease in Wistar rats.
The Association of Social Work Boards (2022a) released a report evidencing test-taker demographics as the strongest predictor of professional licensure exam pass-rates. The purpose of this study was to examine statistical predictors of social work professional licensure exam pass rate disparities between first-time Black/African American and White test-takers. The study addressed the following research question: To what extent do institutional and state licensure characteristics predict race-based disparities in social work licensure exam pass rates? To answer this question, the authors built a data set in an Excel spreadsheet comprised of institutional and state licensure variables using publicly available and reliable sources. States requiring more clinical supervision hours and imposing higher licensure fees tended to report higher overall pass rates on the ASWB exam. Additionally, a notable correlation was found between states with a higher proportion of Black/African American residents and increased pass rates. Conversely, states that had established a larger number of licensure tiers typically saw lower overall pass rates. Furthermore, it was noted that schools located in the Southern U.S. demonstrated significantly lower ASWB pass rates compared to schools in other regions of the country. Recommendations are made regarding future research efforts and professional licensure and regulation standards. Pass rate disparities have implications for individual exam-takers and their families; for clients and constituencies; and for social work practice, research, ethics, and education.
The associations between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of osteoarthritis (OA) remain unknown. This study was to examine the effect of UPF consumption, genetic susceptibility, and their interactions on hip/knee OA. Cohort analyses included 163,987 participants from the UK Biobank. Participants' UPF consumption was derived from their 24-h dietary recall using a questionnaire. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) of 70 and 83 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for hip and knee OA were constructed. After 1,461,447 person-years of follow-up, 11,540 patients developed OA. After adjustments, compared to participants in the low quartile of UPF consumption, those in the high quartile had a 10 % (hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.18) increased risk of knee OA. No significant association was found between UPF consumption and hip OA. Replacing 20% of UPF diet weight with an equivalent proportion of unprocessed or minimally processed food caused a 6% (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.98) decreased risk of knee OA, respectively. A significant interaction was found between UPF consumption, genetic predisposition, and the risk of knee OA (P = 0.01). Participants with lower OA-GRS scores experienced higher knee OA risks due to UPF consumption. UPF consumption was associated with a higher risk of knee OA but not hip OA, particularly in those with lower genetic susceptibility. These results highlight the importance of reducing UPF consumption to prevent knee OA.
The associations of sitting, standing, physical activity and sleep with cardiometabolic health and glycaemic control markers are interrelated. We aimed to identify 24 h time-use compositions associated with optimal metabolic and glycaemic control and determine whether these varied by diabetes status. Thigh-worn activPAL data from 2388 participants aged 40-75 years (48.7% female; mean age 60.1 [SD = 8.1] years; n=684 with type 2 diabetes) in The Maastricht Study were examined. Compositional isometric log ratios were generated from mean 24 h time use (sitting, standing, light-intensity physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] and sleeping) and regressed with outcomes of waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h plasma glucose, HbA1c, the Matsuda index expressed as z scores, and with a clustered cardiometabolic risk score. Overall analyses were adjusted for demographics, smoking, dietary intake and diabetes status, and interaction by diabetes status was examined separately. The estimated difference when substituting 30 min of one behaviour with another was determined with isotemporal substitution. To identify optimal time use, all combinations of 24 h compositions possible within the study footprint (1st-99th percentile of each behaviour) were investigated to determine those cross-sectionally associated with the most-optimal outcome (top 5%) for each outcome measure. Compositions lower in sitting time and with greater standing time, physical activity and sleeping had the most beneficial associations with outcomes. Associations were stronger in participants with type 2 diabetes (p<0.05 for interactions), with larger estimated benefits for waist circumference, FPG and HbA1c when sitting was replaced by LPA or MVPA in those with type 2 diabetes vs the overall sample. The mean (range) optimal compositions of 24 h time use, considering all outcomes, were 6 h (range 5 h 40 min-7 h 10 min) for sitting, 5 h 10 min (4 h 10 min-6 h 10 min) for standing, 2 h 10 min (2 h-2 h 20 min) for LPA, 2 h 10 min (1 h 40 min-2 h 20 min) for MVPA and 8 h 20 min (7 h 30 min-9 h) for sleeping. Shorter sitting time and more time spent standing, undergoing physical activity and sleeping are associated with preferable cardiometabolic health. The substitutions of behavioural time use were significantly stronger in their associations with glycaemic control in those with type 2 diabetes compared with those with normoglycaemic metabolism, especially when sitting time was balanced with greater physical activity.