Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
The patterns of variation within a molecular sequence data set result from the interplay between population genetic, molecular evolutionary and macroevolutionary processes-the standard purview of evolutionary biologists. Elucidating these patterns, particularly for large data sets, requires an understanding of the structure, assumptions and limitations of the algorithms used by bioinformatics software-the domain of mathematicians and computer scientists. As a result, bioinformatics often suffers a 'two-culture' problem because of the lack of broad overlapping expertise between these two groups. Collaboration among specialists in different fields has greatly mitigated this problem among active bioinformaticians. However, science education researchers report that much of bioinformatics education does little to bridge the cultural divide, the curriculum too focused on solving narrow problems (e.g. interpreting pre-built phylogenetic trees) rather than on exploring broader ones (e.g. exploring alternative phylogenetic strategies for different kinds of data sets). Herein, we present an introduction to the mathematics of tree enumeration, tree construction, split decomposition and sequence alignment. We also introduce off-line downloadable software tools developed by the BioQUEST Curriculum Consortium to help students learn how to interpret and critically evaluate the results of standard bioinformatics analyses.
The paucity of education and training on alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in nursing curricula is the main predictor of negative attitudes and results in limited knowledge access and delivery of health care for persons experiencing these problems. Although experts advocate increasing the time devoted to alcohol-related content in a crowded curriculum, didactic strategies for teaching about addiction in prequalifying nursing education have been discussed. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of an educational experience that integrated clinical practicum experience in addiction treatment facilities for nursing students' attitudes. A quasi-experimental one-group study with pre-and-post 3-month follow-ups was carried out with 108 nursing students who answered the Attitudes Scale toward Alcohol, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Patients with Alcohol Use Disorders. The effect of the clinical practicum was apparent, with statistically significant changes to more positive global attitude scores in all measures. Previous educational intervention for AUDs during nursing education was a predictor of positive attitudes (OR = 7.21, p < .04). Students' self-perceived skills and professional preparation to deliver and direct care for patients with AUDs improved after the intervention, suggesting that clinical practice influenced students' skills for AUD identification across nursing practice. Previous contact with this population with lack of training in substance use disorder seems to favor negative attitude development. Clinical practicum experience in addiction treatment facilities improved nursing students' attitudes toward AUDs and patients with AUDs, and its effects were sustained 3 months later.
The Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) Fellowship Directors, recent fellowship graduates, and senior leaders in PHM have long identified training in scholarly activities as a key educational priority for fellowship training programs. We led a 2-day conference funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to develop scholarship core competencies for PHM fellows. Participants included fellowship directors, national experts in PHM research, and representatives from key stakeholder organizations. Through engagement in large group presentations and small group iterative feedback and editing, participants created and refined a set of scholarship core competencies. After the conference, goals and objectives were edited and harmonized by conference leaders incorporating feedback from conference participants. Core competency development included 7 domains: (1) study design and execution, (2) data management, (3) principles of analytics, (4) critical appraisal of the medical literature, (5) ethics and responsible conduct of research, (6) peer review, dissemination, and funding, and (7) professionalism and leadership. Specific objectives for each goal were further organized into 3 levels to indicate core skills for all fellowship trainees (level 1), specialized and specific skills determined by fellow scholarly focus (level 2), and advanced skills for fellows interested in a clinical investigator career path (level 3). These newly developed scholarship core competencies provide a foundation for curricular development and implementation to ensure that the field continues to expand academically, given the 2-year training period and variable infrastructure across programs.
The pediatric inpatient discharge medication process is complicated, and caregivers have difficulty managing instructions. Authors of few studies evaluate systematic processes for ensuring quality in these care transitions. We aimed to improve caregiver medication management and understanding of discharge medications by standardizing the discharge medication process. An interprofessional team at an urban, tertiary care children's hospital trialed interventions to improve caregiver medication management and understanding. These included mnemonics to aid in complete medication counseling, electronic medical record enhancements to standardize medication documentation and simplify dose rounding, and housestaff education. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of discharge medication-related failures in each 4-week period. Failure was defined as an incorrect response on ≥1 survey questions. Statistical process control was used to analyze improvement over time. Process measures related to medication documentation and dose rounding were compared by using the χ2 test and process control. Special cause variation occurred in the mean discharge medication-related failure rate, which decreased from 70.1% to 36.1% and was sustained. There were significantly more complete after-visit summaries (21.0% vs 85.1%; P < .001) and more patients with simplified dosing (75.2% vs 95.6%; P < .001) in the intervention period. Special cause variation also occurred for these measures. A systematic approach to standardizing the discharge medication process led to improved caregiver medication management and understanding after pediatric inpatient discharge. These changes could be adapted by other hospitals to enhance the quality of this care transition.
The pediatric medical device development (PMDD) process is highly complex, beset by a variety of financial, technical, medical, and regulatory barriers. Startup company innovators and academic investigators often struggle with accessing specialized knowledge relating to regulatory requirements, product development, research, and marketing strategies. The West Coast Consortium for Technology & Innovation in Pediatrics (CTIP) conducted an educational needs assessment to understand knowledge gaps and inform our educational strategy. We surveyed a total of 49 medical device startups and 52 academic investigators. Electronic surveys were developed for each group on Qualtrics and focused on manufacturing, regulatory, research, commercialization, and funding. Descriptive statistics were used. A larger proportion of academic investigator respondents had a clinical background compared to the startup respondents (45% vs. 22%). The biggest barriers for academic investigators were understanding regulatory and safety requirements testing (52%) and finding and obtaining non-dilutive funding was the most difficult (54%). Among startups, understanding clinical research methods and requirements was the biggest barrier (79%). Startup companies and academic investigators have similar, but not identical, educational needs to better understand the PMD development process. Investigators need more support in identifying funding sources, while startup companies identified an increased need for education on research regulatory topics. These findings can help guide curriculum development as well as opportunities for partnerships between academia and startups.
The Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) has been the most adopted physical literacy instrument designed for adults to date, having been already translated to 5 languages. Still, despite its popularity, there is limited evidence of its psychometric properties. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt cross-culturally the PPLI to the Portuguese language and to analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version in a sample of Portuguese-speaking adults. The study sample was composed of 434 participants (70% females) with a median age of 25 (18-39) years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess psychometric properties of the scale. In addition, instrument assumptions between sexes through invariance testing were examined. Finally, concurrent validity, test-retest reliability, and test-retest agreement analyses were performed to gather additional evidence. The results of the present study generally supported the measurement model. The 9-item, 3-factor model presented a good fit to the data and adequate construct validity (χ2 = 82.859 [24], P < .001, comparative-fit index = .948, Tucker-Lewis index = .922, standardized root mean square residual = .049, root mean square error of approximation = .075). In addition, the scale presented concurrent validity. Some issues arose with measurement invariance and overtime consistency. Considering the lack of validated instruments, we suggest a fair use of Portuguese version of PPLI to access physical literacy in adults. This study contributes to the validation of the PPLI by providing evidence of its psychometric properties in the Portuguese-speaking adult population and facilitates comparative analysis with previous and future studies utilizing the PPLI instrument.
The perceptions of teaching faculty toward pregnant general surgery residents have been overlooked despite the daily interactions amongst these groups. A 32-question survey designed to measure general surgery teaching faculty perceptions toward pregnant residents was distributed electronically from March 2022 to April 2022 to general surgery teaching faculty in the United States. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize responses and differences in perceptions, and qualitative analysis identified recurring themes from free-text responses. Among 163 respondents included in the final analysis, 58.5% were male and 41.5% were female. Despite 99.4% of surgeons feeling comfortable if a resident told them they were pregnant, 22.4% of surgeons disagreed that their institutions have supportive cultures toward pregnancy. Almost half (45.4%) have witnessed negative comments about pregnant residents and half (50.3%) believe that pregnant surgical residents are discriminated against by their coresidents. Nearly two-thirds of surgeons (64.8%) believe that someone should have a child whenever they wish during training. Given recent reports, 80.2% of surgeons recognized that female surgeons have increased risks of infertility and pregnancy complications. Recurring themes of normalizing pregnancy, improving policies, and creating a culture change were expressed. In this national survey, although there appears to be positive perceptions of pregnancy in surgical training amongst those surveyed, there is acknowledged necessity of further normalizing pregnancy and improving policies to better support pregnant residents. These data provide further evidence that though perceptions may be improving, changes are still needed to better support pregnancy during training.
The performance of two artificial intelligence (AI) platforms, ChatGPT 3.5 (OpenAI, California, United States) and Gemini (Google AI, California, United States) was assessed by answering 200 questions of microbiology drawn from validated sources. The questions were selected from topics such as General Microbiology, Immunology, and Microbiology Applied to Infectious Diseases. The study was conducted from December 2023 to March 2024, and the responses of the different AI platforms were compared with an answer key. Statistical analysis was performed to assess accuracy. ChatGPT 3.5 and Gemini had comparable accuracy with correct response scores of 71% and 70.5%, respectively. Their performance varied across different sections. Gemini performed better in General Microbiology and Immunology, and ChatGPT 3.5 had a better score in the Applied Microbiology section. The study's findings highlight that AI platforms such as ChatGPT and Gemini can be utilized in microbiology and medical education. The evolution and continuous updating of AI platforms are required to improve their performance.
The periodic evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of healthcare workers, including vaccinators, concerning expanded programs on immunization (EPI) is very crucial for a better healthcare system. This study was carried out to assess the KAP of vaccinators about the EPI, including cold storage of vaccines and their practices related to vaccine cold chain management. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 among registered vaccinators in the twin cities (Islamabad and Rawalpindi) of Pakistan. A structured self-administered questionnaire (English and Urdu) was developed as per the Pakistan national EPI policy and strategic guidelines 2022 and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, as well as from earlier studies (Cronbach's alpha value of 0.734). The final questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions in four sections, including sociodemographic information, knowledge (with dichotomous variables of yes/no), attitudes (with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree), and handling of vaccines and cold chain management. Completed questionnaires were entered into Microsoft Excel and then imported into SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis. A total of 186 vaccinators completely filled out their questionnaires, with a 97.9% response rate. More than half of the participants (57.5%) had no training related to EPI. Most of the respondents had a moderate to poor level of knowledge regarding EPI. The overall attitude was positive, and 57% of the participants strongly agreed that the national immunization programs can significantly contribute to the decrease in morbidity and mortality rates among children. In the current study, participants showed good practices toward EPI, vaccine storage, and cold chain management. The majority (93.5%) of the participants checked the expiry of vaccines at regular intervals to maintain the first expiry first out (FEFO) in their healthcare setting. In conclusion, most of the vaccinators had moderate to poor knowledge, a positive attitude, and good practices toward EPI, vaccine cold storage, and cold chain management. Lack of training among vaccinators on EPI was also observed. These findings have suggested that continuous training, education, and regular supervision of vaccinators in EPI are important for maximum immunization effectiveness and coverage.
The Peruvian basic education and its curriculum have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, certain trends and phenomena have emerged, which shape the new normality in society and have generated many effects on the mathematics curriculum. For this reason, it is necessary to pose the problem of sketching the orientations of mathematics curriculum for the new situation. In this position paper, I developed an outline based on a description of the problem situation, the demands that the world of work had already been making on the curriculum at the international level, and the research carried out by mathematics education. From these factors, I assert the significant role of critical mathematics education, particularly the motto of reading and writing the world with mathematics. I propose that orientations for the mathematics curriculum in basic education in the new normality should include ethical and political issues, statistical and financial literacy, digital skills as a part of a STEM approach, ethnomathematics from native people, and, finally, a problem-posing and problem-solving approach. In this list, ethical and political issues have primacy.
The PET/CT imaging technology combining positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) is the most advanced imaging examination method currently, and is mainly used for tumor screening, differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors, staging and grading. This paper proposes a method for breast cancer lesion segmentation based on PET/CT bimodal images, and designs a dual-path U-Net framework, which mainly includes three modules: encoder module, feature fusion module and decoder module. Among them, the encoder module uses traditional convolution for feature extraction of single mode image; The feature fusion module adopts collaborative learning feature fusion technology and uses Transformer to extract the global features of the fusion image; The decoder module mainly uses multi-layer perceptron to achieve lesion segmentation. This experiment uses actual clinical PET/CT data to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the accuracy, recall and accuracy of breast cancer lesion segmentation are 95.67%, 97.58% and 96.16%, respectively, which are better than the baseline algorithm. Therefore, it proves the rationality of the single and bimodal feature extraction method combining convolution and Transformer in the experimental design of this article, and provides reference for feature extraction methods for tasks such as multimodal medical image segmentation or classification.
The pH of Mount Ijen crater water is 0-2, resulting in water that is acidic and sulfurous. A fault near the Mount Ijen Crater causes seepage so that acidic water flows into the Banyupait River. Chemical elements and heavy metals originating from the river pollute groundwater and plants. As a result, people around the river consume heavy metals. This research aims to determine the quality of river water and groundwater, as well as determine community factors that are susceptible to dental fluorosis. The methodology used is field mapping and laboratory analysis. For water samples, the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method is used. The pH of river water at the research location exceeds the quality standard, namely pH 4-5.5. Meanwhile, groundwater fluorine and sulfate elements exceed quality standards, namely fluorine of 0.6171 mg/L and 0.6870 mg/L, and sulfate ranging from 325-683 mg/L. These two elements cause symptoms of dental fluorosis. Meanwhile, the community factors most susceptible to dental fluorosis are people in the adult age category, and the last level of education is elementary school. This is because the Banyupait River water and groundwater are exposed to fluorine and sulfate water originating from seepage from the Mount Ijen Crater.
The pharmaceutical analysis course is a three-dimensional knowledge network that connects several courses to form a new comprehensive knowledge node involving a large knowledge system and flexible knowledge structure. In this course, the subject of chromatography covers a wide range of topics. However, because accurate content is challenging to present, the teaching effect of this subject is poor. In this work, we sought to achieve the educational purpose of establishing morality and cultivating talent, as well as the goal of training highly skilled professionals, by taking the teaching of chromatography in the pharmaceutical analysis course as an example of transforming scientific research results into teaching resources. The resources obtained are integrated into the teaching process to provide innovative and scientific research ideas to students with the aim of not only helping them understand and master technical knowledge but also exercise their ability to raise and solve problems. Furthermore, we expound on how to introduce scientific development frontiers and formulate scientific problems through curriculum design. We also describe how our strategy can promote the teaching effect and achieve teaching objectives. Based on the characteristics of rapid knowledge update and equal emphasis on theory and practice in pharmaceutical analysis, the course is designed by introducing new advances in scientific development, formulating scientific problems, and adopting question- and problem-based learning methods for teaching. The teaching effect is then evaluated through diversified assessment, student feedback, and self-evaluation. The results show that the transformation of scientific research results into teaching resources plays a significant role in stimulating students' interest in learning, improving students' ability to solve problems, and achieving curriculum objectives, all of which greatly improve the teaching effect.
The pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing industry has become the largest industrial sector for the employment of chemists, indicating a need for experiments with a pharmaceutical sciences context in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. In the pharmaceutical industry, testing drug dissolution is a key analytical task for solid oral dosage forms that is performed in different phases of drug development to test the release behavior of new formulations, ensure consistency between manufacturing lots, and help predict the in vivo absorption of the drug substance after administration. However, there are a limited number of laboratory experiments in dissolution testing developed for the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. To help students obtain hands-on experience in dissolution testing, a protocol has been developed for an undergraduate chemistry laboratory course for students to build a dissolution apparatus, monitor dissolution processes, model the dissolution to extract kinetic parameters, and evaluate the consistency between dissolution curves with FDA regulated methods. Students successfully collected dissolution curves and completed the modeling analysis with nonlinear least-squares fitting. The designed dissolution protocol has been evaluated to have consistency and reproducibility to be implemented in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory curriculum.
The pharmaceutical industry is plagued with long, costly development and high risk. Therefore, a company's effective management and optimisation of a portfolio of projects is critical for success. Project metrics such as the probability of success enable modelling of a company's pipeline accounting for the high uncertainty inherent within the industry. Making portfolio decisions inherently involves managing risk, and statisticians are ideally positioned to champion not only the derivation of metrics for individual projects, but also advocate decision-making at a broader portfolio level. This article aims to examine the existing different portfolio decision-making approaches and to suggest opportunities for statisticians to add value in terms of introducing probabilistic thinking, quantitative decision-making, and increasingly advanced methodologies.