Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Previous research has suggested that engaging in regular physical activity (PA) can help to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in university students. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of reducing sedentary behavior (SB) and increasing light-intensity PA (LPA) on these symptoms. This study aims to address this gap by using isotemporal substitution (IS) models to explore how substituting SB with LPA or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) affects depression and anxiety symptoms among university students. The study recruited 318 university students with a mean age of 21.13 years. Accelerometers were used to objectively measure the time spent on SB, LPA, and MVPA, while depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). IS models using multivariable linear regression were employed to estimate the associations between different behaviors and depression and anxiety symptoms when 30 min of one behavior was substituted with another. In the single-activity model, less SB (β = 0.321, 95% CI: 0.089, 1.297) and more MVPA (β = -0.142, 95% CI: -1.496, - 0.071) were found to be significantly and negatively associated with depression scores, while less SB (β = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.057, 1.014), LPA (β = 0.132, 95% CI: 0.049, 1.023), and more MVPA (β = -0.077, 95% CI: -1.446, - 0.052) were significantly and negatively correlated with anxiety scores. The IS analysis revealed that substituting 30 min of SB with LPA (β = -0.202, 95% CI: -1.371, - 0.146) or MVPA (β = -0.308, 95% CI: -0.970, - 0.073) was associated with improvements in depressive symptoms. Substituting 30 min of SB with MVPA (β = -0.147, 95% CI: -1.863, - 0.034) was associated with reduced anxiety symptoms. Replacing 30 min of SB with MVPA may alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms in university students. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of PA interventions on the mental health disorders of this population.
Previous research indicates that reflection can foster medical communication competence. However, best practices for embedding reflection in online medical education are missing. This study examined how reflection processes can be promoted and embedded in an e-learning course on physician-patient communication to foster learning. We investigated three differently designed e-learning conditions featuring different proportions of reflection triggers and compared their effects on students' reflections. We had 114 medical students in their first clinical year complete one of the variants: video modelling (VM, n = 39), video reflection (VR, n = 39), or a variant merging both approaches (VMR, n = 36). Each student wrote a total of nine reflections based on the same guiding questions at three time points embedded in the course. The students' levels of reflection were measured using an adapted version of the REFLECT rubric (scale 0-18). Students of all course variants achieved good levels of reflection beyond the descriptive level at all three time points, with no significant differences between the variants. The mean reflection scores at the end of the course were M = 14.22 for VM (SD = 2.23), M = 13.56 for VR (SD = 2.48), and M = 13.24 for VMR (SD = 2.21). Students who completed VM showed significantly improved levels of reflection over the course, whereas we found no statistically significant development for those in VR or VMR. The reflection scores correlated significantly positively with each other, as did the text lengths of the written reflections. Reflection scores also correlated significantly positively with text length. Our study offers a teaching strategy that can foster good levels of reflection, as demonstrated in the three e-learning variants. The developed reflection prompts can be easily embedded in various e-learning environments and enable reflections of good quality, even in settings with limited available teaching time.
Previous research on the role of the basal ganglia in category learning has focused on patients with Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, neurodegenerative diseases frequently accompanied by additional cortical pathology. The goal of the present study was to extend this work to patients with basal ganglia lesions due to stroke, asking if similar changes in performance would be observed in patients with more focal pathology. Patients with basal ganglia lesions centered in the putamen (6 left side, 1 right side) were tested on rule-based and information-integration visual categorization tasks. In rule-based tasks, it is assumed that participants can learn the category structures through an explicit reasoning process. In information-integration tasks, optimal performance requires the integration of information from two or more stimulus components, and participants are typically unaware of the category rules. Consistent with previous studies involving patients with degenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, the stroke patients were impaired on the rule-based task, and quantitative, model-based analyses indicate that this deficit was due to the inefficient application of decision strategies. In contrast, the patients were unimpaired on the information-integration task. This pattern of results provides converging evidence supporting a role of the basal ganglia and, in particular, the putamen in rule-based category learning.
Previous research reports that patients with mental health conditions experience benefits, for example, increased empowerment and validation, from reading their patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs). In mental health care (MHC), PAEHRs remain controversial, as health care professionals are concerned that patients may feel worried or offended by the content of the notes. Moreover, existing research has focused on specific mental health diagnoses, excluding the larger PAEHR userbase with experience in MHC. The objective of this study is to establish if and how the experiences of patients with and those without MHC differ in using their PAEHRs by (1) comparing patient characteristics and differences in using the national patient portal between the 2 groups and (2) establishing group differences in the prevalence of negative experiences, for example, rates of errors, omissions, and offenses between the 2 groups. Our analysis was performed on data from an online patient survey distributed through the Swedish national patient portal as part of our international research project, NORDeHEALTH. The respondents were patient users of the national patient portal 1177, aged 15 years or older, and categorized either as those with MHC experience or with any other health care experience (nonmental health care [non-MHC]). Patient characteristics such as gender, age, education, employment, and health status were gathered. Portal use characteristics included frequency of access, encouragement to read the record, and instances of positive and negative experiences. Negative experiences were further explored through rates of error, omission, and offense. The data were summarized through descriptive statistics. Group differences were analyzed through Pearson chi-square. Of the total sample (N=12,334), MHC respondents (n=3131) experienced errors (1586/3131, 50.65%, and non-MHC 3311/9203, 35.98%), omissions (1089/3131, 34.78%, and non-MHC 2427/9203, 26.37%) and offenses (1183/3131, 37.78%, and non-MHC 1616/9203, 17.56%) in the electronic health record at a higher rate than non-MHC respondents (n=9203). Respondents reported that the identified error (MHC 795/3131, 50.13%, and non-MHC 1366/9203, 41.26%) and omission (MHC 622/3131, 57.12%, and non-MHC 1329/9203, 54.76%) were "very important," but most did nothing to correct them (MHC 792/3131, 41.29%, and non-MHC 1838/9203, 42.17%). Most of the respondents identified as women in both groups. About 1 in 2 MHC patients identified an error in the record, and about 1 in 3 identified an omission, both at a much higher rate than in the non-MHC group. Patients with MHC also felt offended by the content of the notes more commonly (1 in 3 vs 1 in 6). These findings validate some of the worries expressed by health care professionals about providing patients with MHC with PAEHRs and highlight challenges with the documentation quality in the records.
Previous research suggested that the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) may protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection or a severe course of COVID-19. These findings were however based on cohort studies, that are prone to confounding by indication. We examined the association between IIV and SARS-Cov-2 infection in a Dutch population using a test-negative design. This test-negative case-control study was conducted in adults (≥60) who tested because of COVID-19 like symptoms at community SARS-CoV-2 testing locations in the Netherlands during the period of November 8th 2021-March 11th 2022. Information on receipt of IIV in October-November 2021 was routinely collected at each visit. Logistic regression was used to calculate unadjusted, partially (sex, age, education level) and fully adjusted (COVID-19 vaccination, IIV 2020) odds ratios (ORs) for receipt of IIV in SARS-CoV-2 positive versus negative subjects. Differential effects on SARS-CoV-2 risk by time since IIV were investigated by including an interaction term for calendar time: November 2021-January 2022 vs February-March 2022. In total, 1,832 participants were included in the main analysis, of whom 336 (18.3 %) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. No significant association between IIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection was found; fully adjusted OR of 1.07 (95 % CI: 0.78-1.49). The interaction term for time periods was not significant (1.04 [95 % CI: 0.51-2.15], p = 0.91). Results were robust in sensitivity analyses. While earlier observational studies suggested a protective non-specific effect of IIV and SARS-CoV-2 infections, this smaller, but well controlled test-negative design study does not suggest an effect, either positive or negative. Larger test-negative design studies, or alternative designs such as the self-controlled case series design are needed to confirm these findings and provide more definite answers on the topic.
Previous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies on intracerebral hemorrhage patients have focused more on the static characteristics of brain activity, while the time-varying effects during scanning have received less attention. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the dynamic functional network connectivity changes of intracerebral hemorrhage patients. Using independent component analysis, the sliding window approach, and the k-means clustering analysis method, different dynamic functional network connectivity states were detected from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 37 intracerebral hemorrhage patients and 44 healthy controls. The inter-group differences in dynamic functional network connectivity patterns and temporal properties were investigated, followed by correlation analyses between clinical scales and abnormal functional indexes. Ten resting-state networks were identified, and the dynamic functional network connectivity matrices were clustered into four different states. The transition numbers were decreased in the intracerebral hemorrhage patients compared with healthy controls, which was associated with trail making test scores in patients. The cerebellar network and executive control network connectivity in State 1 was reduced in patients, and this abnormal dynamic functional connectivity was positively correlated with the animal fluency test scores of patients. The current study demonstrated the characteristics of dynamic functional network connectivity in intracerebral hemorrhage patients and revealed that abnormal temporal properties and functional connectivity may be related to the performance of different cognitive domains after ictus. These results may provide new insights into exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Previous studies have demonstrated that timely podiatric surgery consultation results in positive patient outcomes. However, there are limited studies focused on readmission rates in teaching community hospitals. The primary aim of this study is to determine if consulting podiatric services was associated with lower 30-day readmission rates and impact on length of stay in patients with lower extremity wounds. The secondary aim was to investigate medical and socio-economic factors associated with better outcomes. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A retrospective chart review utilizing the hospital's electronic medical record system identified patients with lower extremity wounds (based on ICD-10 codes) admitted between July 2018 and December 2020. The results showed a 3-fold decrease in 30-day readmission rates in patients with podiatric surgery consultation compared to patients without consultation with lower extremity wounds (4.2% vs 11.3%, p = .03). Multivariate regression models showed patients with gangrene (AOR = 7.61; p = .04) or osteomyelitis (AOR = 9.07; p = .013) had a higher likelihood of readmission than patients with venous ulcer (reference category) after controlling for podiatric consultation. Among the group of patients with podiatric consultation, earlier podiatric consultations resulted in decreased length of stay. This study identifies prior amputation history and lack of podiatric consultation increased 30-day readmission rates.
Previous studies have explored the interrelationship among learning motivation, personality traits, and academic performance, but little is known about the role of personality traits in the relationship between foreign language learners' motivation and academic performance, especially in the Chinese setting, where English is taken as a compulsory course in universities. This study aimed to fill the gap by investigating the relationship between English learning motivation and academic performance among English majors in China and identifying the moderating role of certain personality traits, sequentially providing some implications for improving college English teaching strategies in China. English majors (N=273) from different types of universities in China were recruited to complete the revised version of the English learning motivation scale and big five personality traits scales via an online survey platform. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to explore the relationships among the three variables. Results demonstrated that English learning motivation and openness both significantly influenced academic performance and significant interaction effects were found between English learning motivation and agreeableness. Specifically, agreeableness partially moderated the relationship between English learning motivation and academic performance, and English learning motivation had a positive effect on academic performance only for learners with lower levels of agreeableness. These findings not only addressed the gap of the moderating role of personality traits in the motivation-performance relationship but also extended our knowledge of the roles of English learning motivation and certain personality traits in English learning within the context of China, where English is taken as a foreign language, thus providing practical suggestions for college English teachers and researchers in China to improve students academic performance.
Previous studies have highlighted the importance of promoting health literacy and minimizing misinformation to encourage higher adherence to key public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explores how one's self-reported understanding of information and types of sources used to get information regarding COVID-19 can hinder adherence to public health measures implemented by the Canadian government. Data was collected following a longitudinal design of 11 time points for April 2020 to April 2021. The sub-sample used for this study included 2659 Canadians who completed the survey for at least four time points. Using Latent Class Growth Analysis, we modelled typical trajectories of adherence to three key public health measures: staying home, social distancing and mask wearing. Overall, a lower level of understanding was associated with lower adherence trajectories to public health measures, and vice-versa. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) showed that the higher the level of understanding, the higher were the chances of following a high adherence trajectory. The type of used sources also showed a significant statistical association with adherence trajectories for social distancing and staying home (AOR: between 1.1 and 3.4). These results are discussed considering future policy implications.
Previous studies have identified areas of cognitive weakness in children diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), in the areas of working memory and processing speed in particular. In adulthood, this literature is still scant, and no studies have compared the cognitive profile of university students with dyslexia (DD) with that of students with Mixed-type SLD. Thus, in this study, the WAIS-IV was used to examine the cognitive functioning of three groups of university students: students with DD, with Mixed-type SLD, and typical students. Statistical analyses were performed to examine differences in WAIS-IV FSIQ, main, and additional indexes and subtests. The results showed strengths in perceptual reasoning and good verbal comprehension abilities in both the DD and Mixed-type SLD group, with weaknesses in working memory and processing speed, leading to a pattern of a better General Ability Index (GAI) than Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI) in both clinical groups. Thus, discrepancies between GAI and CPI, well documented in children with SLD, still manifest in adulthood in university students. Our findings also revealed worse cognitive performance in university students with mixed learning disorder relative to students with only a reading deficit. The cognitive features and distinctive subtest profiles that emerged should guide the assessment and the definitions of intervention programs, special educational needs, and strategies of compensation.
Previous studies have identified the antecedents of the lifestyle of many patients with chronic diseases. However, the mechanism of social support affecting the lifestyle of patients with chronic diseases is unclear, and the role of health literacy in social support affecting the lifestyle of patients with chronic diseases has not been found. Therefore, this study aims to explore the status quo of social support, health literacy and healthy lifestyle of patients with chronic diseases in China and the relationship among them. Through convenient sampling, 356 patients with chronic diseases were surveyed using a health promoting lifestyle scale, a chronic disease patients' health literacy scale and a social support scale. There was a pairwise positive correlation between social support, health lifestyle and health literacy (R = 0.397,0.356,0.556, P < 0.01). After controlling gender, age and education level, it is found that social support has a positive impact on health lifestyle, and health literacy plays an intermediary role between social support and health lifestyle, accounting for 45.78 % of the total effect. To promote the healthy lifestyle of patients with chronic diseases and delay the development of the disease, we should strengthen social support for patients with chronic diseases; We should simultaneously take various measures to improve their health literacy.
Previous studies have predominantly focused on smartphone overdependence among adolescents and young adults. However, as smartphone usage has recently surged among South Korean middle-aged and older adults, the risk of smartphone overdependence cannot be overlooked among this population. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the smartphone usage pattern and the associated risk of overdependence in this specific age group. The data for individuals who aged 50 or older were extracted from the dataset of a nationwide survey, "The Survey on Smartphone Overdependence, 2021," and the usage of each type of smartphone content and risk of smartphone overdependence among individuals in their 50 s and 60 s were investigated. Age-group-based differences in demographic characteristics, Smartphone Overdependence Scale scores, self-awareness of smartphone overdependence, digital literacy, and psychosocial factors were analyzed. Additionally, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors associated with the potential-to-high risk of smartphone overdependence in both age groups. Individuals in their 50s had significantly higher digital literacy, social relations, life satisfaction, and smartphone overdependence scores than those in their 60s, and the percentage of individuals in the high-risk group was also higher in the 50s age group. For both age groups, the most used content was "messenger," "news," and "movies/TV/videos," whereas the least used content was e-learning, gambling, and adult content. The multivariable analysis indicated that, for individuals in their 50s, having a lower educational level was associated with significantly higher odds, whereas having a job and utilizing e-commerce-related contents on smartphone were associated with significantly lower odds of potential-to-high risk for smartphone overdependence. Concerning individuals in their 60s, having a lower educational level and using adult content or gambling were significantly associated with higher odds of potential-to-high risk for smartphone overdependence. This study reveals the risk of smartphone overdependence among middle-aged and older adults in South Korea as well as the associated risk factors. This will assist policymakers in developing policies for the appropriate use of smartphones by these age groups.
Previous studies have shown that individuals with similar mean glucose levels (MG) or percentage of time in range (TIR) may have different HbA1c values. The aim of this study was to further elucidate how MG and TIR are associated with HbA1c. Data from the randomised clinical GOLD trial (n=144) and the follow-up SILVER trial (n=98) of adults with type 1 diabetes followed for 2.5 years were analysed. A total of 596 paired HbA1c/continuous glucose monitoring measurements were included. Linear mixed-effects models were used to account for intra-individual correlations in repeated-measures data. In the GOLD trial, the mean age of the participants (± SD) was 44±13 years, 63 (44%) were female, and the mean HbA1c (± SD) was 72±9.8 mmol/mol (8.7±0.9%). When correlating MG with HbA1c, MG explained 63% of the variation in HbA1c (r=0.79, p<0.001). The variation in HbA1c explained by MG increased to 88% (r=0.94, p value for improvement of fit <0.001) when accounting for person-to-person variation in the MG-HbA1c relationship. Time below range (TBR; <3.9 mmol/l), time above range (TAR) level 2 (>13.9 mmol/l) and glycaemic variability had little or no effect on the association. For a given MG and TIR, the HbA1c of 10% of individuals deviated by >8 mmol/mol (0.8%) from their estimated HbA1c based on the overall association between MG and TIR with HbA1c. TBR and TAR level 2 significantly influenced the association between TIR and HbA1c. At a given TIR, each 1% increase in TBR was related to a 0.6 mmol/mol lower HbA1c (95% CI 0.4, 0.9; p<0.001), and each 2% increase in TAR level 2 was related to a 0.4 mmol/mol higher HbA1c (95% CI 0.1, 0.6; p=0.003). However, neither TIR, TBR nor TAR level 2 were significantly associated with HbA1c when accounting for MG. Inter-individual variations exist between MG and HbA1c, as well as between TIR and HbA1c, with clinically important deviations in relatively large groups of individuals with type 1 diabetes. These results may provide important information to both healthcare providers and individuals with diabetes in terms of prognosis and when making diabetes management decisions.