Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Thyroidectomy is among the most commonly performed head and neck surgeries, however, limited existing information is available on topics of interest and concern to patients. Observational. Online. A search engine optimization tool was utilized to extract metadata on Google-suggested questions that "People Also Ask" (PAA) pertaining to "thyroidectomy" and "thyroid surgery." These questions were categorized by Rothwell criteria and topics of interest. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria enabled quality assessment. A total of 250 PAA questions were analyzed. Future-oriented PAA questions describing what to expect during and after the surgery on topics such as postoperative management, risks or complications of surgery, and technical details were significantly less popular among the "thyroid surgery" group (P < 0.001, P = 0.005, and P < 0.001, respectively). PAA questions about scarring and hypocalcemia were nearly threefold more popular than those related to pain (335 and 319 vs. 113 combined search engine response page count, respectively). The overall JAMA quality score remained low (2.50 ± 1.07), despite an increasing number of patients searching for "thyroidectomy" (r(77) = 0.30, P = 0.007). Patients searching for the nonspecific term "thyroid surgery" received a curated collection of PAA questions that were significantly less likely to educate them on what to expect during and after surgery, as compared to patients with higher health literacy who search with the term "thyroidectomy." This suggests that the content of PAA questions differs based on the presumed health literacy of the internet user.
TikTok is a popular social media site for connecting with others online where many users also access and share health-related information. Previous studies have characterized information shared about specific disabilities on TikTok, but descriptions of autism-related content are lacking. Understanding the information shared about autism on TikTok is important to understanding health communication in this space, the lived experiences of autistic people, and the role that social media platforms play in building community through connection, understanding, and inclusion. We used an open-source data scraper to identify and download videos with at least 1 million views and that used the hashtag #autism from TikTok. Using a joint inductive and deductive approach, we performed a content analysis of videos. We identified six content topics that described video content (e.g., positive social interactions and features of autism), and three categories that described video purpose (e.g., educational, experiential, and observational). We used descriptive statistics to describe characteristics of who was in the TikTok videos. We analyzed n = 678 videos. The most common content topic of TikTok videos was features of autism (39.7%), followed by marginalization (25.4%). Most videos were categorized as experiential (61.4%) or observational (31.4%) rather than educational (7.2%). Approximately 65.5% of videos featured an autistic adult and 22.6% featured an autistic child. Among videos featuring an autistic person (n = 594), most autistic people were perceived to be White (87.0%) with similar numbers of feminine (52.9%) and masculine (44.8%) presenting autistic people. Highly viewed #autism TikTok videos primarily share autistic people's individual experiences rather than providing general education about autism. However, autistic Black, Indigenous, and people of color may have difficulty finding others that represent them along both disability and racial dimensions. Future research should investigate autistic people's motivations for using TikTok, and how #autism content shapes social discourse about autism.
TikTok is increasingly becoming a source of health information, peer support, and validation regarding mental health. The goal of this study was to analyze the content of TikTok videos related to depression and anxiety. The sample included 100 videos, each with at least a million views, discussing either depression, anxiety, or both. The videos were retrieved from hashtag searches. The videos were coded for the type of mental health condition; specific content being discussed (e.g., symptoms or treatment); video presentation (i.e., personal experience, expert information, or general discussion), and more subcategories. Engagement statistics (i.e., likes, views, reposts, and number of comments) for each video were also recorded. The engagement statistics were higher for personal experience videos than for videos from healthcare professionals. Anxiety was the subject of 57% of the videos irrespective of the search hashtags, and over two-thirds of the videos were created by females. The most discussed topics included the description or enactment of depression/anxiety symptoms (e.g., emotional displays); mention of being diagnosed by a healthcare professional was the least prevalent. These results suggest that depression and anxiety videos featuring personal experiences are prevalent on TikTok with higher engagement compared to similar videos by health professionals. The attribution of generic symptoms to these mental health conditions may result in self-diagnosis. There is a need for more strategic efforts to ensure quality of health content on TikTok and increased focus on digital health literacy to make young social media users critical consumers of online content.
TikTok is one of the most-used and fastest-growing social media platforms in the world, and recent reports indicate that it has become an increasingly popular source of news and information in the United States. These trends have important implications for public health because an abundance of health information exists on the platform. Women are among the largest group of TikTok users in the United States and may be especially affected by the dissemination of health information on TikTok. Prior research has shown that women are not only more likely to look for information on the internet but are also more likely to have their health-related behaviors and perceptions affected by their involvement with social media. We conducted a survey of young women in the United States to better understand their use of TikTok for health information as well as their perceptions of TikTok's health information and health communication sources. A web-based survey of US women aged 18 to 29 years (N=1172) was conducted in April-May 2023. The sample was recruited from a Qualtrics research panel and 2 public universities in the United States. The results indicate that the majority of young women in the United States who have used TikTok have obtained health information from the platform either intentionally (672/1026, 65.5%) or unintentionally (948/1026, 92.4%). Age (959/1026, 93.47%; r=0.30; P<.001), education (959/1026, 93.47%; ρ=0.10; P=.001), and TikTok intensity (ie, participants' emotional connectedness to TikTok and TikTok's integration into their daily lives; 959/1026, 93.47%; r=0.32; P<.001) were positively correlated with overall credibility perceptions of the health information. Nearly the entire sample reported that they think that misinformation is prevalent on TikTok to at least some extent (1007/1026, 98.15%), but a third-person effect was found because the young women reported that they believe that other people are more susceptible to health misinformation on TikTok than they personally are (t1025=21.16; P<.001). Both health professionals and general users were common sources of health information on TikTok: 93.08% (955/1026) of the participants indicated that they had obtained health information from a health professional, and 93.86% (963/1026) indicated that they had obtained health information from a general user. The respondents showed greater preference for health information from health professionals (vs general users; t1025=23.75; P<.001); the respondents also reported obtaining health information from health professionals more often than from general users (t1025=8.13; P<.001), and they were more likely to act on health information from health professionals (vs general users; t1025=12.74; P<.001). The findings suggest that health professionals and health communication scholars need to proactively consider using TikTok as a platform for disseminating health information to young women because young women are obtaining health information from TikTok and prefer information from health professionals.
Time delays, modelling the process of intracellular gene expression, have been shown to have important impacts on the dynamics of pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems. In particular, past work has shown that such time delays can shrink the Turing space, thereby inhibiting patterns from forming across large ranges of parameters. Such delays can also increase the time taken for pattern formation even when Turing instabilities occur. Here, we consider reaction-diffusion models incorporating fixed or distributed time delays, modelling the underlying stochastic nature of gene expression dynamics, and analyse these through a systematic linear instability analysis and numerical simulations for several sets of different reaction kinetics. We find that even complicated distribution kernels (skewed Gaussian probability density functions) have little impact on the reaction-diffusion dynamics compared to fixed delays with the same mean delay. We show that the location of the delay terms in the model can lead to changes in the size of the Turing space (increasing or decreasing) as the mean time delay, [Formula: see text], is increased. We show that the time to pattern formation from a perturbation of the homogeneous steady state scales linearly with [Formula: see text], and conjecture that this is a general impact of time delay on reaction-diffusion dynamics, independent of the form of the kinetics or location of the delayed terms. Finally, we show that while initial and boundary conditions can influence these dynamics, particularly the time-to-pattern, the effects of delay appear robust under variations of initial and boundary data. Overall, our results help clarify the role of gene expression time delays in reaction-diffusion patterning, and suggest clear directions for further work in studying more realistic models of pattern formation.
Time to full enteral feeding is the time when neonates start to receive all of their prescribed nutrition as milk feeds. Delayed to achieve full enteral feeding had resulted in short- and long-term physical and neurological sequelae. However, there are limited studies to assess the time to full enteral feeding and its predictors among very low birth-weight neonates in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the time to full enteral feeding and its predictors among very low birth-weight neonates admitted to comprehensive specialized hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. A multi-center institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 409 VLBW neonates from March 1, 2019 to February 30, 2023. A simple random sampling method was used to select study participants. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.2 and then exported into STATA version 16 for analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve together with the log-rank test was fitted to test for the presence of differences among groups. Proportional hazard assumptions were checked using a global test. Variables having a p- value < 0.25 in the bivariable Cox-proportional hazard model were candidates for multivariable analysis. An adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) was computed to report the strength of association, and variables having a P-value < 0.05 at the 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant predictor variables. The median time to full enteral feeding was 10 (CI: 10-11) days. Very Low Birth-Weight (VLBW) neonates who received a formula feeding (AHR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.96), gestational age of 32-37 weeks (AHR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.23), without Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) (AHR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.65, 2.84), and single birth outcome (AHR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.88) were statistically significant variables with time to full enteral feeding. This study found that the median time to full enteral feeding was high. Type of feeding, Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), Gestational Age (GA) at birth, and birth outcome were predictor variables. Special attention and follow-up are needed for those VLBW neonates with NEC, had a GA of less than 32 weeks, and had multiple birth outcomes.
Time-to-event analysis often relies on prior parametric assumptions, or, if a semiparametric approach is chosen, Cox's model. This is inherently tied to the assumption of proportional hazards, with the analysis potentially invalidated if this assumption is not fulfilled. In addition, most interpretations focus on the hazard ratio, that is often misinterpreted as the relative risk (RR), the ratio of the cumulative distribution functions. In this paper, we introduce an alternative to current methodology for assessing a treatment effect in a two-group situation, not relying on the proportional hazards assumption but assuming proportional risks. Precisely, we propose a new nonparametric model to directly estimate the RR of two groups to experience an event under the assumption that the risk ratio is constant over time. In addition to this relative measure, our model allows for calculating the number needed to treat as an absolute measure, providing the possibility of an easy and holistic interpretation of the data. We demonstrate the validity of the approach by means of a simulation study and present an application to data from a large randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of dapagliflozin on all-cause mortality.
Timely diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may improve clinical outcomes. Examine associations between time to diagnosis, patterns of prior healthcare use, and clinical outcomes in IBD. Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink we identified incident cases of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), diagnosed between January 2003 and May 2016, with a first primary care gastrointestinal consultation during the 3-year period prior to IBD diagnosis. We used multivariable Cox regression to examine the association of primary care consultation frequency (n=1, 2, >2), annual consultation intensity, hospitalisations for gastrointestinal symptoms, and time to diagnosis with a range of key clinical outcomes following diagnosis. We identified 2645 incident IBD cases (CD: 782; UC: 1863). For CD, >2 consultations were associated with intestinal surgery (adjusted HR (aHR)=2.22, 95% CI 1.45 to 3.39) and subsequent CD-related hospitalisation (aHR=1.80, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.50). For UC, >2 consultations were associated with corticosteroid dependency (aHR=1.76, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.41), immunomodulator use (aHR=1.68, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.26), UC-related hospitalisation (aHR=1.43, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.95) and colectomy (aHR=2.01, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.27). For CD, hospitalisation prior to diagnosis was associated with CD-related hospitalisation (aHR=1.30, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.68) and intestinal surgery (aHR=1.71, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.58); for UC, it was associated with immunomodulator use (aHR=1.42, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.81), UC-related hospitalisation (aHR=1.36, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.95) and colectomy (aHR=1.54, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.34). For CD, consultation intensity in the year before diagnosis was associated with CD-related hospitalisation (aHR=1.19, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.28) and intestinal surgery (aHR=1.13, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.23); for UC, it was associated with corticosteroid use (aHR=1.08, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13), corticosteroid dependency (aHR=1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.11), and UC-related hospitalisation (aHR=1.12, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.21). For CD, time to diagnosis was associated with risk of CD-related hospitalisation (aHR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.68); for UC, it was associated with reduced risk of UC-related hospitalisation (aHR=0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.98) and colectomy (aHR=0.59, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.80). Electronic records contain valuable information about patterns of healthcare use that can be used to expedite timely diagnosis and identify aggressive forms of IBD.
Timely initiating antenatal care (ANC) is crucial in the countries that have high maternal morbidity and mortality. However, in developing countries including Ethiopia, pregnant mother's time to initiate antenatal care was not well-studied. Therefore, this study aimed to assess time to first ANC and its predictors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 7,543 pregnant women in Ethiopia using the Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS), 2016 data. A two-stage stratified cluster sampling was employed. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) method was used to estimate time to first antenatal care visit. Cox-gamma shared frailty model was applied to determine predictors. Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) with 95% confidence interval was reported as the effect size. Model adequacy was assessed by using the Cox-Snell residual plot. Statistical significance was considered at p value <0.05. For data management and analysis Stata 14 was used. The median time to first ANC was 5 months with IQR (3,-). The independent predictors of time to first ANC visit were primary education [AHR: 1.24 (95%CI, 1.13-1.35)], secondary education [AHR: 1.28(95% CI, 1.11-1.47)], higher education [AHR: 1.43 (1.19-1.72)] as compared to women with no formal education. Having media exposure [AHR: 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03-1.24)], early initiation of ANC increases by 25% [AHR: 1.25 (95% CI, 1.12-1.40)] in poorer, 32% [AHR: 1.32 (95% CI, 1.17-1.49)] in middle, 37% [AHR: 1.37 (95% CI, 1.20-1.56)] in richer and 41% [AHR: 1.41 (95%CI, 1.1.19-1.67)] in richest households as compared to poorest household wealth index. Living in city administration, media exposure and community women literacy were also enabler factors, while, long distance from health facility and nomadic region residency were hindering factors of early ANC visit. The current study revealed that women's time to first antenatal care visit was by far late in Ethiopia as compared to the world health organization recommendation (WHO). The predictors of time to first ANC visit were education status of women, having media exposure, level of household wealth index, community women literacy ad distance to health facility. It is vital that maternal and child health policies and strategies better to be directed at women development and also designing and applying interventions that intended to increase timely initiation ANC among pregnant-women. Researchers also recommended conducting studies using a stronger design like a cohort to establish temporality and reduce biases.
Timely intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is crucial for improving outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Acute Stroke Care Map (ASCaM) initiative in Shenyang, aimed at reducing door-to-needle times (DNT) and thus improving the timeliness of care for AIS patients. An retrospective cohort study was conducted from April 2019 to December 2021 in 30 hospitals participating in the ASCaM initiative in Shenyang. The ASCaM bundle included strategies such as EMS prenotification, rapid stroke triage, on-call stroke neurologists, immediate neuroimaging interpretation, and the innovative Pre-hospital Emergency Call and Location Identification feature. An interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) was used to assess the impact of ASCaM on DNT, comparing 9 months pre-intervention with 24 months post-intervention. Data from 9,680 IVT-treated ischemic stroke patients were analyzed, including 2,401 in the pre-intervention phase and 7,279 post-intervention. The ITSA revealed a significant reduction in monthly DNT by -1.12 min and a level change of -5.727 min post-ASCaM implementation. The ASCaM initiative significantly reduced in-hospital delays for AIS patients, demonstrating its effectiveness as a comprehensive stroke care improvement strategy in urban settings. These findings highlight the potential of coordinated care interventions to enhance timely access to reperfusion therapies and overall stroke prognosis.
Tinnitus is a complex and heterogeneous disease that has been identified as a common manifestation of COVID-19. To gain a comprehensive understanding of tinnitus symptoms in individuals following COVID-19 infection, we conducted an online survey called the China Ear Nose and Throat Symptom Survey in the COVID-19 Pandemic (CENTSS) among the Chinese population. Our objective was to investigate tinnitus and ear-related symptoms after COVID-19 infection in the Chinese population, with the aim of providing a solid empirical foundation for improved health care. The findings from CENTSS can contribute to the development of enhanced management strategies for tinnitus in the context of long COVID. By gaining a better understanding of the factors contributing to tinnitus in individuals with COVID-19, health care providers can tailor interventions to address the specific needs of affected patients. Furthermore, this study serves as a basis for research on the long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection and its associated tinnitus symptoms. A quantitative, online, cross-sectional survey study design was used to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on experiences with tinnitus in China. Data were collected through an online questionnaire designed to identify the presence of tinnitus and its impacts. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze individuals' demographic characteristics, COVID-19 infection-related ear symptoms, and the cognitive and emotional implications of tinnitus. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to model the cross-sectional baseline associations between demographic characteristics, noise exposure, educational level, health and lifestyle factors, and the occurrence of tinnitus. Between December 19, 2022, and February 1, 2023, we obtained responses from 1262 Chinese participants representing 24 regions, with an average age of 37 years. Among them, 540 patients (42.8%) reported experiencing ear-related symptoms after COVID-19 infection. Only 114 (9%) of these patients sought medical attention specifically for their ear symptoms, while 426 (33.8%) did not seek hospital care. Tinnitus emerged as the most prevalent and impactful symptom among all ear-related symptoms experienced after COVID-19 infection. Of the respondents, female participants (688/888, 77.78%), younger individuals (<30 years), individuals with lower education levels, participants residing in western China, and those with a history of otolaryngology diseases were more likely to develop tinnitus following COVID-19 infection. In summary, tinnitus was identified as the most common ear-related symptom during COVID-19 infection. Individuals experiencing tinnitus after COVID-19 infection were found to have poorer cognitive and emotional well-being. Different ear-related symptoms in patients post-COVID-19 infection may suggest viral invasion of various parts of the ear. It is therefore crucial to monitor and manage hearing-related changes resulting from COVID-19 as clinical services resume.