Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Background Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) improves prostate cancer (PCa) detection compared with systematic biopsy, but its interpretation is prone to interreader variation, which results in performance inconsistency. Artificial intelligence (AI) models can assist in mpMRI interpretation, but large training data sets and extensive model testing are required. Purpose To evaluate a biparametric MRI AI algorithm for intraprostatic lesion detection and segmentation and to compare its performance with radiologist readings and biopsy results. Materials and Methods This secondary analysis of a prospective registry included consecutive patients with suspected or known PCa who underwent mpMRI, US-guided systematic biopsy, or combined systematic and MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy between April 2019 and September 2022. All lesions were prospectively evaluated using Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2.1. The lesion- and participant-level performance of a previously developed cascaded deep learning algorithm was compared with histopathologic outcomes and radiologist readings using sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Results A total of 658 male participants (median age, 67 years [IQR, 61-71 years]) with 1029 MRI-visible lesions were included. At histopathologic analysis, 45% (294 of 658) of participants had lesions of International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group (GG) 2 or higher. The algorithm identified 96% (282 of 294; 95% CI: 94%, 98%) of all participants with clinically significant PCa, whereas the radiologist identified 98% (287 of 294; 95% CI: 96%, 99%; P = .23). The algorithm identified 84% (103 of 122), 96% (152 of 159), 96% (47 of 49), 95% (38 of 40), and 98% (45 of 46) of participants with ISUP GG 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 lesions, respectively. In the lesion-level analysis using radiologist ground truth, the detection sensitivity was 55% (569 of 1029; 95% CI: 52%, 58%), and the PPV was 57% (535 of 934; 95% CI: 54%, 61%). The mean number of false-positive lesions per participant was 0.61 (range, 0-3). The lesion segmentation DSC was 0.29. Conclusion The AI algorithm detected cancer-suspicious lesions on biparametric MRI scans with a performance comparable to that of an experienced radiologist. Moreover, the algorithm reliably predicted clinically significant lesions at histopathologic examination. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03354416 © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.
Background Nursing professionals, comprising the largest workforce engaged in the primary healthcare system, play a pivotal role in addressing population health needs. However, gaps in the training of nurses and midwives in lower-middle-income countries may undermine their performance and necessary skill development for fulfilling key population health needs. Substantial challenges exist in improving the regular curricular and refresher training of diplomate nurses and midwives working in primary care facilities and supporting both clinical care and health promotion functions. The study objective was to conduct a gap analysis in the present nursing curriculum and training profile of general duty midwives working in urban primary health facilities and understand their expectations and preferences from the planned refresher training course. Methods We conducted a qualitative explorative study among General Nursing midwives (GNMs) working in urban primary health facilities in the Gurugram district of Haryana, India to conduct a gap analysis in their present curriculum and training preferences. Results A total of 17 nurses with a mean (SD) age of 33.52 (4.75) years and an average nursing work experience of 5.35 (0.56) years were interviewed in-depth. Lack of practical applicability, complex study material, inexperienced tutors, and weak English language comprehension were key barriers in the existing nursing curriculum. The nurses expressed willingness to participate in refresher training with varied expectations, although there existed a distinct preference for short, flexible, and blended online-offline modes of training. Conclusions Strengthening GNM nursing education should be prioritized in Indian health settings with the focus on improving student comprehension through vernacular instruction when feasible, and capacity building of tutors, with avenues for continued training and education. There is also a need for strengthening the curriculum related to key emergent public health challenges related to non-communicable diseases and mental health, as also skills for client and patient counseling and communication.
Background Orthopedic surgery has become an increasingly competitive specialty. With a pass-fail Step 1, an even greater emphasis on research has been placed to allow candidates to better distinguish themselves. This study analyzes the scholarly activity of accepted orthopedic residency applicants during medical school, assessing what factors, including the novel altmetric attention score, may be associated with greater research productivity. Methods A list of orthopedic residency programs was obtained from the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS). A total of 688 orthopedic residents from 180 programs who matriculated in 2020 from allopathic medical schools were identified. Resident demographic information and bibliometric data (total publications, orthopedic-related publications, h-index, and altmetric score) of publications published from July 1, 2016, to September 1, 2020, were collected. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis tests analyzed the association between medical school characteristics and research productivity using Stata® 17.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas). Results Postgraduate-Year-3 orthopedic residents (N=688) published 2,600 articles during medical school, averaging 3.8 articles per resident. The residents from a top 25 medical school for research had publication counts, altmetric scores, and h-indices, on average, that were higher than those from non-top 25 medical schools for research. Over 150 residents had no publications, and ~10 residents had more than 30 publications. Conclusions The results illustrate that medical school research status influences the research productivity of applicants. Also, given the average number of publications, most research listed on applications are abstracts and presentations. Utilization of the altmetric score may not yet be the best way of examining research experience because orthopedic applicants do not appear to use social networks for academic research.
Background Pacifier use has been popular for ages. They are prevalent all over the world because of their various perceived benefits. On the other hand, there is a common belief that they do carry health risks as well. Due to these contradicting belief systems, the frequency of their use, and the factors that determine them, need to be thoroughly evaluated. Since Pakistan is a developing country with a low literacy rate, it can be implied that a vast majority of the country's population may lack awareness regarding the advantages and disadvantages of pacifier use, making them incapable of weighing associated risks versus benefits. The data evaluating these factors in this region are however scarce in the published literature. We, therefore, aimed to highlight the frequency and predictors of pacifier use in the low socioeconomic group of Karachi, Pakistan. Materials and methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 300 mothers visiting a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. We included mothers who had at least one child under the age of two years, and whose child did not have any oro-nasal anomaly that could prevent them from sucking a pacifier. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US). Frequencies were calculated and presented in the form of tables. The chi-square test was used to determine the significance of all categorical variables. A P-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results Almost half of our respondents (49%) gave pacifiers to their children. A significant number (59%) of these mothers were uneducated. Almost all (97%) of the users had annual household income less than 15,000 Pakistani rupees (PKR); 34% were primiparous and more than two-thirds (71%) had a normal vaginal delivery. Out of all the factors, maternal age less than 20, annual household income less than 15,000 PKR, and primiparity were significantly associated with pacifier use in mothers (P<0.05). Only a half of the users (51%) cleaned the pacifiers by boiling; one-fourth (25%) washed it with water only; while 18% washed it with soap and water. The majority (84%) of the mothers used the pacifier to soothe the baby when upset. Among mothers who did not use a pacifier, about a third (30%) did not do so as they believed it's a bad practice. About one-fourth (27%) believed it was unhygienic. Conclusions Our study highlights the gap in the awareness of mothers regarding pacifier use. Using this data, we can target to disseminate specific information to this population to integrate safe and healthy child care habits in society.
Background Parents often access online resources to educate themselves on their child's condition. In-toeing, also referred to as pigeon toeing, is a common paediatric condition that has a variety of causes and is often a cause of concern for parents. With the increasing usage of the internet, parents of children with this condition may look to the web for answers. However, to be understood by the average adult, online health information must be written at an elementary school reading level. We hypothesised that currently available online resources regarding in-toeing would score poorly on objective measures of readability and understandability. Methods Patient education materials were identified via three commonly used online search engines (Google.com, Yahoo.com, and Bing.com). The terms "intoeing" and "pigeon toeing" were used for the search. From the top 50 search results, websites were included if directed at educating patients and their families regarding in-toeing. News articles, non-text material (video), industry websites, and articles not related to in-toeing were excluded. The readability was analysed using a specialised website www.readable.com to produce the following three scores: Gunning Fog Index (GFI), Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), and Flesch-Kincaid Grade (FKG). Understandability was calculated using the 19-point Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Results After removing duplicates, 84 unique websites were assessed for inclusion. A total of 48 websites and articles (57.14%) met the inclusion criteria. Of note, 23 articles out of 84 (27.38%) were excluded as they were intended for healthcare professionals. The means for the FRE, FKG, and GFI were 57.92 (±12.26), 7.92 (±1.91), and 9.35 (±2.36), respectively. Less than half of online resources had an FRE score at or higher than the recommended reading level for the general population. Mean understandability scores were 69.63% (±11.55%), with only 45.83% of articles being greater than the 70% requirement of adequate understandability. Conclusion Overall, online in-toeing educational materials scored poorly with respect to readability and understandability. Given the popularity of online resources in patient education, we should seek to improve this situation. Articles that are easier to read are thus more accessible to the general public and will aid in the shared decision-making process. Improved patient and parent satisfaction and overall standard of care can be expected.
Background Parents serve a fundamental role in monitoring developmental milestones and identifying potential delays during early childhood, enabling timely interventions. However, previous studies in Saudi Arabia have shown limited awareness among parents regarding age-specific norms and red flags across developmental domains. This knowledge gap can severely impact the detection and management of abnormalities. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of Saudi parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning childhood developmental trajectories is imperative. Methodology This cross-sectional study assessed developmental milestone awareness, beliefs, and behaviors among Saudi parents. A sample of 1,052 parents completed a validated 38-item questionnaire covering knowledge, attitudes, practices, and demographics. Knowledge was assessed across developmental domains using 22 multiple-choice questions, with scores categorized as excellent (≥75%), good (50%-75%), fair (40%-50%), or poor (≤39%). Attitudes and practices were captured on five-point Likert scales. Descriptive and chi-square analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The majority of participants were females (844, 80.2%), with a mean age of 38.8 years. Serious knowledge inadequacies existed regarding developmental timelines across domains, especially motor milestones like crawling (93, 29.4% correct), sitting unsupported (45, 27.6%), pointing at objects (278, 26.4%), and responding to names (440, 41.8%). Overall, 2 (0.2%) participants showed excellent and 281 (26.7%) showed good understanding, while 490 (46.6%) had poor knowledge. Significant sociodemographic variations were observed, with women and experienced parents demonstrating greater awareness (P < 0.001). Despite knowledge gaps, 542 (51.5%) actively sought developmental information themselves, and over 50% trusted pediatric guidance. Most participants expressed a willingness to undergo screenings if risk factors existed and reported spending a considerable amount of daily interaction time with their children, focusing on developmental needs. Conclusions Critical developmental milestone knowledge shortfalls and selective attitudes persist among Saudi parents, warranting public education and physician-parent communication that enhance interventions to enable impactful developmental monitoring and prompt responses to abnormalities in a timely manner.
Background Patient satisfaction is the top priority of health care facilities in addition to the quality of health care delivery services. The convenience of health care receivers, be it temporal or monetary, fall in this domain. Hospitals should be equipped with dealing with all kinds of emergencies no matter how trivial or catastrophic. Aim To improve the provision of emergency care equipment (1 c.c. syringes) in the examination room of our ophthalmology department by 50% in two months' time. Materials and methods This quality improvement project (QIP) was conducted in the ophthalmology department of a teaching hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This QIP was conducted over a period of two months in the form of three cycles. All cooperative patients with embedded and superficial corneal foreign bodies who presented to the eye emergency were included in the project. The provision of 1 c.c. syringes in the emergency eye care trolley of the eye examination room was ensured at all times after the first cycle survey. A record was maintained of the percentage of patients receiving syringes from the department as well as the percentage of patients purchasing them from the pharmacy. The progress was measured every 20 days, following the approval of this QI project. Results A total of 49 patients were included in this QIP. This QIP shows that the provision of syringes was improved to 92.8% and 88.2% in cycles 2 and 3 from the previous statistics of 16.6% in the first cycle. Conclusions It is concluded that this QIP achieved its target. The provision of emergency equipment, such as a 1 cc syringe costing less than 1/20th of a dollar, is a simple act that saves resources and improves patient satisfaction.
Background Peer teaching is a well-acknowledged method to facilitate teaching and learning among medical students. The objective of the study was to assess the merits and effectiveness of peer teaching in small groups using a student-centered approach through the employment of different learning media. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among a group of 34 students from third professional year. Purposive sampling was used, wherein students were subdivided into five small groups. At the beginning, a pretest consisting of 10 multiple-choice questions was conducted on the topic "Epidemiology of Hypertension." This topic was further subdivided into five subtopics, and five separate learning media (viz., video, PowerPoint, white board, chalk-and-talk, and chart) were allocated using the lottery method. Each group discussed the allotted topic and then presented their findings in the large group using the assigned learning media, while other groups gave feedback, and the best group was decided through multivoting. Posttest was administered and the results were compared with the pretest. Data entry was done in Microsoft Excel and analysis was done using SPSS 16. Descriptive statistics and paired t -test was used to compare the results in pretest and posttest at p level < 0.05. Results This innovative session of peer teaching featured 34 students, with a mean age of 22 ± 1.3 years. While carrying out the Kirkpatrick Level 1 evaluation, almost 90% students liked the role of the facilitator in stimulating interest in the topic. There was a mean average increase of 1.7 marks on comparing the scores of posttest with pretest (Kirkpatrick Level 2), and the reported difference was statistically significant. Joyful learning 24 (66.7%) and group discussion 23 (63.9%) emerged as the most liked aspects of the session. Conclusion In conclusion, peer teaching through learning media is an effective method as it promotes active learning, improves communication skills, and improves the academic performance of students. Peer teaching using different learning media proved to be quite effective in improvement of knowledge about epidemiology of hypertension, the pros and cons of different learning media, and encouraged creativity among students.
Background Plastic surgery has developed to benefit in a variety of challenging areas formerly handled by other disciplines. Medical students do not have a clear picture of plastic surgery as a career due to lacking scope, clinical practice, and understanding of plastic surgery as a clinical area of expertise, including general practitioners, nursing staff, medical trainees, and the general public, and misconceptions about the extent of reconstructive and plastic surgery. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on Kuwait University Medical students (2nd-7th Years) over a period of 1 month. A questionnaire and a consent form were provided to eligible students. The inclusion criteria were Kuwait University Medical students from 2nd to 7th Years with signed consent form. The response was collected via email sent in coordination with the Vice Dean of Student Affairs in the Faculty of Medicine. Using statistical package for the social sciences, responses were statistically analyzed. Pearson's chi-square test was used to calculate p -values, where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 244 eligible medical students, 121 males and 123 females, were included in the study, with a mean age of 21 (±2) years. Similarly, 126 (51.6%) were preclinical students (2nd-4th-year students), while 118 (48.4%) were clinical students (5th-7th-year students). About 79.8% of medical students believed that plastic surgery plays an essential role in trauma management, whereas 9.2% did not consider plastic surgery significant for trauma management. This study found that only 15.5% of medical students were interested in enrolling in plastic surgery residency after graduation, while 47.1% of students did not consider plastic surgery residency after graduation. However, 37.4% were uncertain. The two most driving factors in deciding on plastic surgery residency were expected income (61.8%) and lifestyle (14.3%). Conclusion Improving medical students' education quality can enhance their perception and awareness of plastic surgery. Students should be taught the broader scope of plastic surgery. The inclusion of formal training during undergraduation is the essence of time and should be added to or improved during plastic surgery rotations with more emphasis on reconstructive and hand/peripheral nerve surgery. Student-led interest groups can be a useful tool for educating students about their specialty.
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women, often associated with metabolic issues like obesity and insulin resistance. Lifestyle changes, including weight loss, healthy eating, and regular exercise, are recommended for PCOS management. Studies have explored women's perspectives on these changes, revealing misconceptions and adherence challenges. Recognizing the importance of individualized interventions, particularly addressing knowledge gaps, is vital for improving the quality of life for women with PCOS, especially in cultural contexts like Saudi Arabia. Methodology This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Saudi Arabia from May to August 2023 including PCOS patients. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using IBM SPSS 29 (IBM Corp. Released 2020. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and principles outlined by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Taif University (no.44-359). All participants provided informed consent, and the study protocols, including data collection, analysis, and publication, adhered to the relevant ethical standards. Results Our study included a majority aged 18-29 (27.4%), married individuals (55.6%) and those with a Bachelor's degree (72%). About 46.9% were medically diagnosed with PCOS. A notable proportion (70.2%) reported no family history of PCOS. Doctors were the primary information source (40.7%). Knowledge about PCOS was generally high, with correct recognition of various PCOS characteristics and treatment options. Attitudes were positive, especially among medically diagnosed individuals, and 91% believed weight reduction could improve PCOS symptoms. Lifestyle modification knowledge, attitude, and practices showed significant associations with demographic factors like age, place of residence, education, marital status, working in healthcare sectors, and PCOS diagnosis status. Conclusions Knowledge about PCOS is generally high among women with positive attitudes toward its management through lifestyle modifications. Women generally show positive practices of lifestyle modifications in PCOS, and they are associated with sociodemographic features.