Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Study of temperament in first-degree relatives is an important line of inquiry to substantiate temperament as an etiological marker. This study aims to compare temperament in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their healthy siblings and to assess the association between ADHD symptoms and temperament dimensions in healthy siblings. The study was carried out in the outpatient department of psychiatry in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A cross-sectional design with nonprobabilistic sampling technique was used for data collection. A hundred children (50 children with ADHD and 50 siblings-one for each child with ADHD) were assessed retrospectively on temperament measurement schedule (TMS) and conners parent rating scale-revised: short form (CPRS-R: S). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation and frequency and percentage were computed for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Student's t-test was computed to compare means of the two groups and regression analysis was computed to see for the variance in ADHD subscale scores explained by temperament scores on TMS. Siblings scored highest on the intensity of reaction and lowest on threshold of responsiveness. Compared to probands, siblings scored significantly higher on persistence and lower on activity level, even after controlling for gender. Persistence trait had a significant negative correlation with and explained 7.4% to 21% of variance of all CPRS-R: S subscales. Persistence and distractibility together explained 23.2% of inattention scores. Higher persistence in siblings appears to offer protection to these at-risk individuals who do not have ADHD; favoring the dual pathway model of ADHD.
Studying at university involves demanding academic and clinical training requirements for students from Psychology and other health-allied fields, potentially having severe physical and mental health implications. Existing training programs for addressing burnout have focused thus far on specific areas (e.g., stress management, physical exercise, mindfulness meditation, etc.) with promising outcomes. However, no comprehensive programs have been developed to train students and staff in the early identification of burnout signs and characteristics as well as in self-assessing personal needs and habits (i.e., primary prevention), or in identifying community resources and evidence-based strategies to overcome burnout (i.e., secondary prevention). This paper describes the content development, refinement, and piloting process of the BENDiT-EU program as part of a European collaborative to address academic burnout for health-allied students. Piloting results showed that participants viewed the program positively and provided helpful suggestions for content improvement and training delivery. Future research directions should target experimental investigations of the program's effectiveness and the longitudinal interaction of burnout with other variables (e.g., resilience).
Studying some professions is so demanding that if not well managed it leads to severe stress, withdrawal, burnout, and other health-related problems. Hence, practical engagement and exhibition of catering, cooking, and home management are so tasking as they are time-consuming and very intensive. Many students in the specialties experience excess academic loads and internal and external demands. Given these, this study tested the impact of cognitive behavior coping strategy on school stress among adult learners enrolled in Home Economic and Indigenous Textile Education. A pretest-posttest randomized control group design was applied. Ninety-five students (43 [45.3%] males; 52 [54.7%] females) participated in the current study. Stress assessment was induced and then students were randomly allocated to the cognitive behavior coping strategy group and the waitlist conditions. Later, students on the waitlist received the cognitive behavior coping strategy contents. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Results showed that at pretest, there was no significant difference among the participants in the 2 groups as measured by Educational Stress Scale and Perceived Stress Scale scores. However, the post-intervention test result showed a long-term impact of cognitive behavior coping strategy in improving the management of school stress among students. This study suggests that cognitive behavior coping strategy has a long-term impact on modifying the students' perception of school stress in a sample of adult learners enrolled in Home Economic and Indigenous Textile Education.
Studying the gas-water distribution characteristics is essential in guiding the efficient development of gas fields. The relationship between gas and water in the Sudong 41-33 Block is complicated and has not been adequately researched. In recent years, gas wells have suffered from increased water/gas ratios and significant liquid loadings, which greatly affect the development of the block. A comprehensive analysis of formation water, log interpretation, and production data was conducted to determine the gas-water distribution characteristics and main controlling factors in the Sudong 41-33 Block. The findings indicate the following. (1) The formation water in the study area consists mainly of CaCl2 brine with high total dissolved solids (TDS) (with an average value of 36.06 g/L). The hydrochemical characteristics indicate that the formation water is typical sedimentary buried water under well-sealing conditions, which is markedly different from shallow river water and seawater. (2) The formation water can be categorized into three types: edge-bottom water under the gas layer (Type I), stagnant water in tight sandstone (Type II), and isolated lenticular water (Type III). The water layer distribution in the plane is mainly concentrated in the northwest region, whereas it is dispersed in other regions. On the vertical, the water layer mainly appears in P2x8-1, P2x8-2, and P1s2 Members. (3) The physical properties of the reservoir, hydrocarbon generation intensity (HGI), source rock-reservoir relationship, and mini-structure are the main factors affecting the gas-water distribution in the study area. Based on the clarification of the characteristics of gas and water distribution and its main controlling factors, it is of great importance to accurately identify the water layer, avoid the direct development of the water layer, adopt the proper production pressure differential, and carry out drainage gas production measures in time to ensure the effective development of the gas field.
Stunting (low height-for-age) is a marker of cumulative developmental disadvantage that can also contribute to impaired cognitive development and poor psychological wellbeing. Several interventions designed to preserve stunted children's developmental potential through increasing their cognitive stimulation have proven to be effective. However, their resource-intensive nature limits their sustainability and scalability in the low-and middle-income countries in which 98% of stunted children live. The current study had three aims: to identify the domains of developmental disadvantage associated with stunting at 5 years of age in the Vietnamese context; to examine the relationship between Vietnamese children's stunting status at 5 years of age, the dose of the national preschool program they received, and their cognitive skills and psychological well-being at 4 ages; and to determine whether some doses of the national preschool program were associated with the mitigation of adverse cognitive and wellbeing outcomes among stunted children. The Young Lives Study in Vietnam (n = 2,000; 31 sites) provided archival data that allowed calculation of the approximate dose (in hours) of the preschool program received by children, and longitudinal data on children's growth (1, 5, 8, 12, and 15 years), receptive vocabulary (5, 8, 12 and 15 years), reading skills, mathematics skills and life satisfaction (each at 8, 12, and 15 years). Stunting at 5 years of age was associated with diverse aspects of financial and social disadvantage, greater exposure to health risks, lower preventive health care, and constraints on maternal care. Scores for all cognitive variables at all ages were positively associated with preschool dose and negatively associated with stunted growth at 5 years of age. That is, effects associated with stunting and preschool dose at 5 years of age continued to be found during the subsequent 10 years. High doses of preschool education (3,000 h or more) were associated with the mitigation of adverse outcomes for most cognitive variables at most ages. The current findings raise the possibility that generic preschool programs delivered at high dose may provide a scalable and sustainable intervention to support the life opportunities of children who experience early stunting.
Stunting is associated with disorders of the small intestines caused by environmental factors and poor hygiene practices. Prevention of stunting should be conducted in the first 1,000 days of life; namely, from conception until the child is two years old. This research aimed to analyze the relationship between environmental risk factors and maternal personal hygiene with the incidence of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. This study was conducted using a case-control design, with a total sample of 212 (106 cases and 106 controls) enrolled purposively. Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire. The analysis used chisquare tests and multiple logistic regression. The results of multivariate analysis showed the independent variables that have a significant association on the incidence of stunting are access to safe drinking water and maternal hygiene practices. The external variables that have a significant relationship is birth length and feeding practice. Having no access to safe drinking water, not proper sanitation, and poor maternal hygiene practices have a higher risk of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. The implications of this research include the need for increased access to a safe environment and improvement of mother's behavior as essential efforts to prevent stunting.
Stunting was a significant public health problem for under-five in developing countries including Ethiopia. Globally, it was estimated 21.9% or 149 million (81.7 million in Asia and 58.8 million in Africa) under-five children stunted in 2018. In East Africa, 24 million are stunted which is the highest-burden from African regions. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of stunting and its association with Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in northwestern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 630 participants from December to mid-January 2019. From five kebeles, two were selected by a simple random sampling technique for the study. To reach study participants a systematic sampling technique was used. Data were collected by using an observational checklist, pretested questionnaire, and anthropometric measurement. Anthropometric indicator, height-for-age was determined using the current World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was computed to analyze the data. From the multivariable analysis the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and P-value < 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. The prevalence of stunting among under-five children was 35.6% (95%CI; 31.9-39.5%). The result from this study showed that having illiterate father and mother, give birth before marriage (single), large family size, short maternal height, unimproved drinking water source, unimproved sanitation, poor hygienic practice, having diarrhea in the previous 2 weeks before the data collection, method of child feeding, age at which complementary feeding started, frequency of feeding, not deworming and mothers who had antenatal care visit of fewer than three times were statistically associated with stunting. In this study, stunting was an important public health problem among under-five children. It remains the same as the national average prevalence of Ethiopia. To alleviate this problem proper family planning utilization, good dietary intake, maternal and paternal education, and WASH interventions are critical.
Sub-Saharan Africa has one of the poorest child health outcomes in the world. Children born in this region face significant health challenges that jeopardise their proper growth and development. Even though the utilisation of child healthcare services safeguards the health of children, the challenges encountered by nurses in the delivery of services, and caregivers in the utilisation of these services, especially in rural areas, have contributed to poor child health outcomes in this region. This study explored the experiences of nurses and caregivers in respect of the nursing human resource challenges to the delivery and utilisation of child healthcare services in a rural district in Ghana. Individual qualitative interviews were conducted with ten nurses, who rendered child healthcare services; nine caregivers, who regularly utilised the available child healthcare services; and seven caregivers, who were not regular users of these services. These participants were purposively selected for the study. Data were collected using individual semi-structured interview guides and analysed qualitatively using content analysis. Themes and sub-themes were generated during the data analysis. The Ghana Health Service Research Ethics Review Committee and the Nelson Mandela University's Research Ethics Committee approved the study protocol prior to data collection. Three main themes emerged from the data analysis. Theme One focused on the shortage of nurses, which affected the quality and availability of child healthcare services. Theme Two focused on inexperienced nurses, who struggled to cope with the demands related to the delivery of child healthcare services. Theme Three focused on the undesirable attitude displayed by nurses, which discouraged caregivers from utilising child healthcare services. Nurses contribute significantly to the delivery of child healthcare services; hence, the inadequacies amongst nurses, in terms of staff numbers and nursing expertise, affect the quality and availability of child healthcare services. Also, caregivers' perceptions of the quality of child healthcare services are based on the treatment they receive at the hands of nurses and other healthcare workers. In this respect, the bad attitude of nurses may disincentivise caregivers in terms of their utilisation of these services, as and when needed. There is an urgent need to comprehensively address these challenges to improve child healthcare outcomes in rural areas in Ghana. Relevant authorities should decentralise training workshops for nurses in rural areas to update their skills. Additionally, health facilities should institute proper orientation and mentoring systems to assist newly recruited nurses to acquire the requisite competences for the delivery of quality family-centred care child healthcare services.
Subcutaneous (SC) infliximab may provide multiple benefits over intravenous (IV) formulations. However, studies for efficacy and safety in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been constrained by small sizes that limit the interpretation of outcomes, especially for subgroups potentially at high-risk of disease relapse. We conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis up to January 2023 to evaluate the change in clinical remission after transitioning from IV to SC infliximab in patients with IBD in clinical remission. The primary outcome was measured using the relative risk for meta-analysis. 15 studies of patients established ≥3 months on IV infliximab were identified, consisting of 1371 patients and 840 patient-years of follow-up. There was no loss of clinical remission in the IBD cohort overall, Crohn's disease (CD), and perianal CD p=0.55 & p=0.11 at 9-12 months, and p=0.50 at 6 months respectively). Neither prior IV dose (≤10mg/kg 6-weekly) (p=0.48) nor IBD disease subtype was associated with an increased clinical relapse rate at 6 months (p=0.48 and p=0.45 (UC vs CD), respectively). Changing patients established on IV infliximab to an SC formulation is associated with a high ongoing clinical remission and low adverse event rate. Furthermore, there are no signals for adverse outcomes among different IBD disease subtypes, nor in those on escalated IV infliximab dosing schedules up to 10mg/kg 6-weekly. This data should provide patients and clinicians alike with confidence in SC infliximab use in IBD.
Subcutaneous injections are an increasingly prevalent route of administration for delivering biological therapies including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Compared with intravenous delivery, subcutaneous injections reduce administration costs, shorten the administration time, and are strongly preferred from a patient experience point of view. An understanding of the absorption process of a mAb from the injection site to the systemic circulation is critical to the process of subcutaneous mAb formulation development. In this study, we built a model to predict the absorption rate constant (ka), which denotes how fast a mAb is absorbed from the site of administration. Once trained, our model (enabled by the XGBoost algorithm in machine learning) can predict the ka of a mAb following a subcutaneous injection using in silico molecular properties alone (generated from the primary sequence). Our model does not need clinically observed plasma concentration-time data; this is a novel capability not previously achieved in predictive pharmacokinetic models. The model also showed improved performance when benchmarked against a recently reported mechanistic model that relied on clinical data to predict subcutaneous absorption of mAbs. We further interpreted the model to understand which molecular properties affect the absorption rate and showed that our findings are consistent with previous studies evaluating subcutaneous absorption through direct experimentation. Taken altogether, this study reports the development, validation, benchmarking, and interpretation of a model that can predict the clinical ka of a mAb using its primary sequence as the only input.
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is considered a preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease. However, reliable prevalence estimates of SCD in the Chinese population are lacking, underscoring the importance of such metrics for policymakers to formulate appropriate healthcare strategies. To systematically evaluate SCD prevalence among older Chinese adults. PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, and Airiti Library databases were searched for studies on SCD in older Chinese individuals published before May 2023. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted the information, and assessed the bias risk of the included studies. A meta-analysis was then conducted using Stata 16.0 software via a random-effects model to analyze SCD prevalence in older Chinese adults. A total of 17 studies were included (n = 31,782). The SCD prevalence in older Chinese adults was 46.4% (95% CI, 40.6-52.2%). Further, subgroup analyzes indicated that SCD prevalence was 50.8% in men and 58.9% among women. Additionally, SCD prevalence in individuals aged 60-69, 70-79, and ≥ 80 years was 38.0, 45.2, and 60.3%, respectively. Furthermore, SCD prevalence in older adults with BMI <18.5, 18.5-24.0, and > 24.0 was 59.3, 54.0, and 52.9%, respectively. Geographically, SCD prevalence among older Chinese individuals was 41.3% in North China and 50.0% in South China. In terms of residence, SCD prevalence was 47.1% in urban residents and 50.0% among rural residents. As for retired individuals, SCD prevalence was 44.2% in non-manual workers and 49.2% among manual workers. In the case of education, individuals with an education level of "elementary school and below" had an SCD prevalence rate of 62.8%; "middle school, "52.4%; "high school, "55.0%; and "college and above, "51.3%. Finally, SCD prevalence was lower among married individuals with surviving spouses than in single adults who were divorced, widowed, or unmarried. Our systematic review and meta-analysis identified significant and widespread SCD prevalence in the older population in China. Therefore, our review findings highlight the urgent requirement for medical institutions and policymakers across all levels to prioritize and rapidly develop and implement comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies for SCD.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023406950, identifier: CRD42023406950.
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is recognized as a preclinical indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this stage provides a valuable time window for ultra-early intervention in AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurocognitive characteristics of SCD and its correlation with objective cognition, negative emotion and sleep quality in Chinese elderly. A total of 1200 volunteers aged 60 and older underwent Brief Elderly Cognitive Screening Inventory, Quick Cognitive Screening Scale for the Elderly, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Core Neuropsychological Test. According to the examination results, the participants were divided into healthy control (HC) and SCD groups. The neurocognitive function of SCD and its relationship with objective cognition, negative emotion and sleep quality were analyzed. Compared with the HC group, the SCD group had similar global cognitive function but slightly impaired neurocognitive function. After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, sex, marriage, education and chronic disease, neurocognitive function (Picture-Symbol Matching: OR=0.167, 95% CI: 0.105-0.266; Word Stem Completion: OR =0.260, 95% CI: 0.131-0.514; Trail Making Test: OR=0.315, 95% CI: 0.178-0.560; Picture Recall: OR =0.278, 95% CI: 0.122-0.636), negative emotion (sub-depressive symptoms: OR=2.287, 95% CI: 1.483-3.527; sub-anxiety symptoms: OR=1.663, 95% CI: 1.079-2.563), and poor sleep quality (OR=2.138, 95% CI: 1.571-2.909) were significantly correlated with the occurrence of SCD. The study illustrates that SCD is closely related to objective cognition, negative emotion and sleep quality. Clinical evaluation and follow-up of SCD should fully account for these factors.