Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
The Woodcock-Johnson (fourth edition; WJ IV; Schrank, McGrew, & Mather, 2014a) was recently redeveloped and retains its linkage to Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory (CHC). Independent reviews (e.g., Canivez, 2017) and investigations (Dombrowski, McGill, & Canivez, 2017) of the structure of the WJ IV full test battery and WJ IV Cognitive have suggested the need for additional factor analytic exploration. Accordingly, the present study used principal axis factoring (PAF) followed by the Schmid and Leiman (SL; Schmid & Leiman, 1957) procedure with the 2 school-aged correlation matrices from the normative sample to determine the degree to which the WJ IV total battery structure could be replicated. Although 7 factors emerged across the 9 to 19 age range, the pattern of subtests loadings did not fully cohere with the structure presented in the Technical Manual, most notably for the academic fluency subtests. Also, the Fluid Reasoning (Gf) and Quantitative Reasoning (Gq) subtests coalesced to form a combined factor rather than 2 separate factors and the Long Term Retrieval (Gltr) subtests aligned with a variety of different factors. The results of this study indicated that the general intelligence factor variance far exceeded the variance attributed to the lower-order CHC factors. The combination of subtest migration and nominal total/common variance of the CHC lower-order factors suggests caution when interpreting the myriad CHC-related indices when making high stakes decisions. Implications for clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
The work of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has been fundamental to provide a conceptual framework of the social determinants of health. Based on this framework, this study assesses the relationship of income inequality as a determinant of neonatal mortality in the Americas and relates it to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal target 3.2 (reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 deaths per 1,000 live births). The rationale is to evaluate if income inequality may be considered a social factor that influences neonatal mortality in the Americas. Yearly data from 35 countries in the Americas during 2000-2019 was collected. Data sources include the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation for the neonatal mortality rate (measured as neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births) and the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research for the Gini index (measured in a scale from 0 to 100). This is an ecological study that employs a linear regression model that relates the neonatal mortality rate (dependent variable) to the Gini index (independent variable), while controlling for other factors that influence neonatal mortality. Coefficient estimates and their robust standard errors were obtained using panel data techniques. A positive relationship between income inequality and neonatal mortality is found in countries in the Americas during the period studied. In particular, the analysis suggests that a unit increase in a country's Gini index during 2000-2019 is associated with a 0.27 (95% CI [- 0.04, 0.57], P =.09) increase in the neonatal mortality rate. The analysis suggests that income inequality may be positively associated with the neonatal mortality rate in the Americas. Nonetheless, given the modest magnitude of the estimates and Gini values and trends during 2000-2019, the findings suggest a potential limited scope for redistributive policies to support reductions in neonatal mortality in the region. Thus, policies and interventions that address higher coverage and quality of services provided by national health systems and reductions in socio-economic inequalities in health are of utmost importance.
The workforce is an organization's most important asset, and ensuring their health and safety is crucial for achieving the organization's mission and goals. The objective of this study was to design and validate a health literacy tool for COVID-19 among Iranian workers. This cross-sectional study involved a total of 201 participants. A personal information questionnaire was administered, and The Health Literacy Assessment (HLA) Tool was used to collect data specifically related to COVID-19. The HLA for COVID-19 was designed and developed, and the validity of the tool was evaluated through face, content, convergent, and construct validity analyses. To examine convergent validity, the Perceived Stress Scale was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using internal consistency measures, such as Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The mean content validity index was 0.93, indicating high content validity. Confirmatory factor analysis results supported the five-dimensional structure of the tool. Significant correlations were found between the HLA for COVID-19 and perceived stress levels. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all items was 0.84, indicating high internal consistency. The HLA for COVID-19 is a concise, reliable tool for measuring health literacy related to COVID-19 among Iranian workers. Assessing COVID-19 health literacy in this population can be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of government officials, the media, and the medical and scientific community in providing necessary information. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2024;8(2):e62-e68. ].
The working memory system supports learning processes such as acquiring new information and the development of new skills. Working memory has been found to be related to both early literacy and early numeracy in kindergarten and to linguistic and mathematical academic skills at older ages, but the contribution of each of the memory components at these ages is not yet clear. The purpose of this study is to examine the unique connections among the various systems of WM, early literacy, and early numeracy using various assessment tests of simple WM and complex WM, as well as a variety of tasks in math and language skills administered to the same 250 children in kindergarten and 150 children in first grade. Consistent with the predictions, significant relations among all components of memory and mathematics and language knowledge at both ages were found, although these connections were differential for the different types of tasks and memory systems. The connection of complex WM was stronger in its contribution and more significant in first grade in both mathematics and language domains. Complex WM resources were more important in early literacy at kindergarten age, while simple WM seems to be important in early numeracy. The theoretical and educational implications of these results are discussed accordingly.
The workplace can play an important role in shaping the eating behaviors of U.S. adults. Unfortunately, foods obtained in the workplace tend to be low in nutritional quality. Questions remain about the best way to approach the promotion of healthy food purchases among employees and to what extent health promotion activities should be tailored to the demographic characteristics of the employees. The purpose of this study was to (1) assess the nutritional quality of lunchtime meal purchases by employees in cafeterias of a large organization, (2) examine associations between lunchtime meal quality selection and the demographic characteristics of employees, and (3) determine the healthfulness of foods and beverages offered in the cafeterias of this organization. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using secondary data from a food labeling study implemented in three worksite cafeterias. Demographic data was collected via surveys and meal data was collected using a photo capture system for 378 participants. The Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) was used to determine meal quality and a total score for the menu of options available in the cafeterias during the study period. Summary statistics were generated, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the HEI-2015 scores between groups. The mean HEI-2015 total score for the menu items offered (n = 1,229) in the cafeteria during the study period was 63.1 (SD = 1.83). The mean HEI-2015 score for individual lunchtime meal observations (n = 378) was 47.1 (SD = 6.8). In general, HEI-2015 total scores were higher for non-smokers, individuals who self-identified as Asian, had higher physical activity levels, scored higher on numeracy and literacy assessments, and reported higher education levels, incomes, and health status. The overall HEI-2015 scores indicate that the menu of options offered in the cafeterias and individual meal selections did not align with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and there were significant associations between average lunchtime meal quality scores and several demographic characteristics. These results suggest that healthy eating promotion activities in workplaces may need to be tailored to the demographic characteristics of the employees, and efforts to improve the food environment in the workplace could improve meal quality for all employees.
The world has been experiencing encouraging research in genetics, but current public knowledge, awareness, and perception of this area remain unknown for Brunei Darussalam. This study aimed to investigate the Brunei population's genetics and genetic testing literacy, and their attitude toward them. A cross-sectional study was carried out targeting public population in Brunei Darussalam. Questionnaires on knowledge and attitudes were randomly distributed in frequented venues in the Brunei-Muara district and uploaded online for distribution through social media. Responses were scored and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Overall, the sample population (n = 474) comprised 75.7% female, 64.3% aged 18-29 years old, 39.7% with a bachelor's degree, and 2.3% and 5.3% with a personal history and family history of genetic disease(s), respectively. Younger participants scored higher for disease-related questions and showed more concern on the impact of testing on employment but were more fearful of testing. Higher educational qualifications were associated with a higher knowledge score, a more optimistic view on DNA research, and less reluctance to take a genetic test for an untreatable disease. Participants with a personal history of genetic disease(s) were more knowledgeable and displayed higher curiosity. Participants with a family history of genetic disease(s) were also more knowledgeable and would want testing even for an untreatable disease. Significantly less was known about the social consequences of testing compared to the medical possibilities. Investigating the knowledge and attitudes of the population is vital preceding efforts toward national adaptation of genetic testing, keeping in mind the various obstacles and issues surrounding the subject.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) accepted the Integrated People-centred Health Services (IPCHS) framework in 2016 as an essential component for achieving universal health coverage in fragmented health systems. We aimed to examine the empirical applications of the WHO IPCHS framework to guide its use in strengthening health-service research. Academic databases and the IPCHS website were searched for relevant articles published between 2016 and July 2023. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data on the study design, setting, IPCHS framework components, and facilitators and barriers to implementing the IPCHS strategies. Descriptive and content analyses were conducted. Six studies were identified using the IPCHS framework. Studies have examined a combination of the five IPCHS strategies. All studies reported building strong primary care-based systems and coordinating care for individuals. Continued relationships and trust, co-production of health programmes, diversity of health care team, and technology were major facilitators, while low health literacy, lack of primary setting capacity and healthcare workforce were principal barriers to IPCHS implementation. This scoping review offers an overview of IPCHS strategies employed in healthcare research. Generally, the IPCHS framework remains underutilised in primary research. These results offer guidance for future research to support effective healthcare delivery.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Previous studies of infectious diseases showed that infectious diseases not only cause physical damage to infected individuals but also damage to the mental health of the public. Therefore this study aims to analyze the factors that affected depression in the public during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide evidence for COVID-19-related mental health policies and to emphasize the need to prepare for mental health issues related to potential infectious disease outbreaks in the future. This study performed the following statistical analyses to analyze the factors that influence depression in the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, to confirm the level of depression in the public in each country, the participants' depression was plotted on a Boxplot graph for analysis. Second, to confirm personal and national factors that influence depression in individuals, a multi-level analysis was conducted. As a result, the median Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score for all participants was 6. The median was higher than the overall median for the Philippines, Indonesia, and Paraguay, suggesting a higher level of depression. In personal variables, depression was higher in females than in males, and higher in participants who had experienced discrimination due to COVID-19 than those who had not. In contrast, depression was lower in older participants, those with good subjective health, and those who practiced personal hygiene for prevention. In national variables, depression was higher when the Government Response Stringency Index score was higher, when life expectancy was higher, and when social capital was higher. In contrast, depression was lower when literacy rates were higher. Our study reveals that depression was higher in participants living in countries with higher stringency index scores than in participants living in other countries. Maintaining a high level of vigilance for safety cannot be criticized. However, in the current situation, where coexisting with COVID-19 has become inevitable, inflexible and stringent policies not only increase depression in the public, but may also decrease resilience to COVID-19 and compromise preparations for coexistence with COVID-19. Accordingly, when establishing policies such as social distancing and quarantine, each country should consider the context of their own country.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the dapivirine vaginal ring, and long-acting intramuscular injectable cabotegravir (CAB-LA) for HIV prevention in populations at substantial risk of HIV infection. Pregnancy is a period of elevated risk of maternal HIV infection and transmission to the infant. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among HIV-negative pregnant women with exposure to any PrEP modality. We conducted a systematic review by searching Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Global Health, the Cochrane Library, WHO ICTR, ISRCTN, PACTR, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies published between 1 January 2000 and 29 August 2023. We included studies reporting on the association of antenatal exposure to any PrEP modality with 13 perinatal outcomes: preterm birth (PTB), very PTB, spontaneous PTB, spontaneous very PTB, low birthweight (LBW), very LBW, term LBW, preterm LBW, small for gestational age (SGA), very SGA, miscarriage, stillbirth, or neonatal death (NND). Quality assessments of included studies were performed. Fixed-effect meta-analyses were conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The protocol is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022339825. Of 18,598 citations identified, 13 studies (eight randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and five cohort studies), assessing 8712 pregnant women in Africa, were included. Oral PrEP, compared to no PrEP, was not associated with PTB in meta-analyses of six RCTs (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.43-1.26; I2 = 0.0%) or five unadjusted cohort studies (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.69-1.03; I2 = 0.0%), but was associated with a reduced risk of PTB in three adjusted cohort studies (aOR 0.67; 95% CI 0.52-0.88, I2 = 0.0%). There was no association of oral PrEP with LBW, vLBW, SGA, or NND, compared to no PrEP. There was no association with PTB when oral TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) PrEP, oral TDF PrEP, and tenofovir vaginal gel were compared to each other. There was no association of the dapivirine vaginal ring with PTB or NND, compared to placebo or oral TDF/FTC PrEP. We found no data on CAB-LA. We found no evidence of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with PrEP exposure during pregnancy. Our findings support the WHO recommendation to provide oral PrEP to women of reproductive age and pregnant women. More data is needed to assess the safety of all PrEP modalities in pregnancy. None.
The World Health Organization as part of the goal of universal vaccination coverage by 2030 for all individuals. The global under-five mortality rate declined from 59% in 1990 to 38% in 2019, due to high immunization coverage. Despite the significant improvements in immunization coverage, about 20 million children were either unvaccinated or had incomplete immunization, making them more susceptible to mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to identify predictors of incomplete vaccination among children under-5 years in East Africa. An analysis of secondary data from six east African countries using Demographic and Health Survey dataset from 2016 to the recent 2021 was performed. A total weighted sample of 27,806 children aged (12-35) months was included in this study. Data were extracted using STATA version 17 statistical software and imported to a Jupyter notebook for further analysis. A supervised machine learning algorithm was implemented using different classification models. All analysis and calculations were performed using Python 3 programming language in Jupyter Notebook using imblearn, sklearn, XGBoost, and shap packages. XGBoost classifier demonstrated the best performance with accuracy (79.01%), recall (89.88%), F1-score (81.10%), precision (73.89%), and AUC 86%. Predictors of incomplete immunization are identified using XGBoost models with help of Shapely additive eXplanation. This study revealed that the number of living children during birth, antenatal care follow-up, maternal age, place of delivery, birth order, preceding birth interval and mothers' occupation were the top predicting factors of incomplete immunization. Thus, family planning programs should prioritize the number of living children during birth and the preceding birth interval by enhancing maternal education. In conclusion promoting institutional delivery and increasing the number of antenatal care follow-ups by more than fourfold is encouraged.
The World Health Organization has called for addressing the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) by promoting healthy lifestyles among the population. Regarding patient health, primary care professionals (PCPs) are the first line of care who can positively influence patients' behavior and lifestyle habits. However, a significant percentage of PCPs do not lead a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, addressing their health behaviors may be the key to substantially increasing health promotion advice in general practice. The Mediterranean diet has been extensively studied, and there is strong evidence of it being a dietary pattern for the prevention of NCDs, in addition to its significant environmental, sociocultural, and local economics benefits. This study focused only on the dietary aspect of the PCPs' lifestyle. The primary objective was to evaluate the effect of using the Electronic 12-Hour Dietary Recall (e-12HR) smartphone app to improve diet, specifically to promote adherence to the Mediterranean diet (AMD), among PCPs. The secondary objectives were to establish the usability of the e-12HR app and to determine AMD among PCPs. An individual-level randomized, controlled, and single-blind clinical trial was conducted with 2 parallel groups: a control group (CG), using the nonfeedback version of the e-12HR app, and an intervention group (IG), using the feedback version of the e-12HR app. The level of human involvement was fully automated through the use of the app. There was a 28-day follow-up period. Participants were PCPs (medicine or nursing) recruited offline at one of the selected primary care centers (Andalusia, Spain, Southern Europe), of both sexes, over 18 years old, possessing a smartphone, and having smartphone literacy. The study response rate was 73% (71 of 97 PCPs), with 27 (38%) women and 44 (62%) men: 40 (56%) PCPs in the CG and 31 (44%) in the IG. At baseline, AMD was medium (mean Mediterranean Diet Serving Score [MDSS] index 9.45, range 0-24), with 47 (66%) PCPs with a medium/high MDSS index. There were significant statistical improvements (CG vs IG, in favor of the IG) at week 4 (no significant statistical differences at baseline): +25.6% for the MDSS index (P=.002) and +213.1% for the percentage with a medium/high MDSS index (P=.001). In relation to specific food groups, there were significant statistical improvements for fruits (+33.8%, P=.02), vegetables (+352%, P=.001), nuts (+184%, P=.02), and legumes (+75.1%, P=.03). The responses to the usability rating questionnaire were satisfactory. The results support recommending the use of the e-12HR app as a tool to contribute to improving diet and preventing NCDs among PCPs, while positively influencing patient dietary behavior and preventing diet-related NCDs among patients. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05532137; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05532137.
The World Health Organization proposed the Robson's classification system as a global standard for assessing and comparing cesarean section (CS) rates within health-care facilities over time and between facilities. This study aims to assess the frequency and indications of CS and to identify the groups within the obstetric population contributing to CS using Robson's classification. A retrospective chart review was conducted in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Imphal, Manipur. All women who delivered between January and December 2019 were classified using the Robson's Ten Group Classification System. The overall CS rate and the CS rate in each Robson's group were calculated. The indications for CS were also recorded. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, was used. A total of 10,282 births were reported. The overall CS rate was 35.2%. Group 3 (multiparous women without previous CS in spontaneous labor) (27.6%) and Group 1 (nulliparous women in spontaneous labor) (23.7%) contributed to most of the obstetric populations. The majority of CS belonged to the women in Group 5 (multiparous women with previous lower segment CS) (11%), followed by Group 2 (nulliparous women with labor induced or prelabor CS) (8.6%) and Group 4 (multiparous women without previous CS were induced or taken for prelabor CS) (5.5%). The study revealed that Groups 5, 2, and 4 contributed to the high CS rate. Efforts to reduce the overall CS rate should be directed at increasing vaginal births after CS, performing effective pelvic examinations, and encouraging obstetricians to perform versions when indicated.