Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Objective: Contemporary healthcare requires physicians to have well developed ethical judgment skills in addition to excellent clinical skills. However, no consensus has been reached on how to best teach ethical judgment skills during medical training. Previous studies revealed inconclusive results and applied varying theoretical frameworks. To date, the students' perspectives on their development in ethical judgment has received less attention. Better insights in the learners' experiences can help to improve educational interventions in medical ethics. Methods: A vignette featuring a challenging case with opposing views between a patient's parents and a physician followed by a questionnaire was presented to a cohort of medical students at a German medical school at three points in time during their medical training (Year 1, 2 and 5). The questionnaire included closed and open-ended questions addressing the participant's preferred, hypothetical actions, their reasoning as well as the resources informing their reasoning. Content analysis was used for qualitative data; frequencies and percentages were used to describe quantitative findings. Results: The response rate remained stable (28%) over the study period. Participants' responses changed overtime. Accepting parents' autonomy in the decision-making process was the majority standpoint of students in year 1 and 2 and became less often cited in year 5 (Year 1/2/5: 68/67/48%). On the contrary, not readily following the parents' decision for medical reasons was a minority standpoint in year 1 and became more prevalent over time (year 1/2/5: 12/17/42%). Judgments were only partly based on ethics training. Instead, participants drew on experiences from their clinical clerkships and their personal lives. Throughout the study, participants did not feel well-prepared to make a judgment in the case (Average 2.7 on a Likert-Scale; 1=very well prepared, 4=very poor). Conclusions: Over the course of their medical training, the participants seemed to increasingly frame the presented vignette as a medical problem. To optimize the development of ethical judgment teaching of ethics should be more integrated in clinical teaching. In addition to the analysis of rare and extreme cases, teaching ethics should also expand on challenges students and junior doctors commonly encounter themselves to promote ethical sensitivity and confidence in students.
Objective: Obesity is a significant risk factor for adverse outcomes following coronavirus infection (COVID-19). However, BMI fails to capture differences in the body fat distribution, the critical driver of metabolic health. Conventional statistical methodologies lack functionality to investigate the causality between fat distribution and disease outcomes. Methods: We applied Bayesian network (BN) modelling to explore the mechanistic link between body fat deposition and hospitalisation risk in 459 participants with COVID-19 (395 non-hospitalised and 64 hospitalised). MRI-derived measures of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and liver fat were included. Conditional probability queries were performed to estimate the probability of hospitalisation after fixing the value of specific network variables. Results: The probability of hospitalisation was 18% higher in people living with obesity than those with normal weight, with elevated VAT being the primary determinant of obesity-related risk. Across all BMI categories, elevated VAT and liver fat (>10%) were associated with a 39% mean increase in the probability of hospitalisation. Among those with normal weight, reducing liver fat content from >10% to <5% reduced hospitalisation risk by 29%. Conclusion: Body fat distribution is a critical determinant of COVID-19 hospitalisation risk. BN modelling and probabilistic inferences assist our understanding of the mechanistic associations between imaging-derived phenotypes and COVID-19 hospitalisation risk.
Objective: Online banking is becoming increasingly common among middle-aged and older adults, who may experience difficulties effectively navigating this sometimes complicated technology. This study examined age effects on a performance-based internet banking task and its association with neurocognitive, functional, and numerical abilities. Method: Thirty-five older adults (age 51-75) and 50 younger adults (age 18-32) completed an experimenter-controlled online banking measure in which they independently performed a series of naturalistic financial tasks (e.g., account transfers, bill paying). Participants also completed standardized tests of cognition, numeracy, and functional capacity. Results: Older adults were markedly slower and less accurate in completing the internet-based banking task, which was not confounded by other demographic, mood, or computer use factors. Higher scores on measures of neurocognition, numeracy, and financial functional capacity were both strongly associated with higher internet-based banking among older, but not younger adults. Conclusions: Findings suggest that older adults experience difficultly quickly and accurately navigating online banking platforms, which may be partly related to age-related declines in neurocognitive functions and basic financial capacity. Future studies might examine whether neurocognitive approaches to remediation and compensation can be used to improve online banking capacity in older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility of our developed intelligent cardiopulmonary training system (ICTS) and of the percentage of time spent within the target HR range (%time) as an indicator of adherence to training intensity. Methods: In this noncontrolled trial, nine participants with sedentary lifestyles were recruited from the outpatient rehabilitation department of a teaching hospital. All participants received twelve 30 min sessions of cycling ergometer exercises (5 min warm up, 20 min training phase, and 5 min cool down) with the ICTS three times per week. Training intensity was determined at 60−80% heart rate reserve using cardiopulmonary exercise (CPET) pretests. During training, pedaling resistance was automatically adjusted by the ICTS to keep the user’s heart rate at the predetermined intensity range. Workload-peak and peak oxygen uptake (VO2-peak) were measured during the pretests and post-tests. We recorded the percentage of time spent within the target heart rate range (%time) during the 20 min training phase for each training session as an indicator of adherence. The correlation between %time and gains in VO2-peak was assessed. Results: After 4 weeks of training on the ICTS, workload-peak and VO2-peak significantly improved by 13.6 ± 7.2 w (mean ± SD, p = 0.008) and 1.5 ± 1.1 mL/kg/min (p = 0.011), respectively. The 12-session average %time ranged from 10.6% to 93.1% among the participants, and five participants achieved an average %time >80%. A positive correlation between average %time and training efficacy was found (rs = 0.85, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Cardiopulmonary training with an ICTS is feasible, and the percentage of time spent within the target heart rate range seems to be a reasonable indicator for monitoring training-intensity adherence.
Objective: Statistical literacy (SL) of physicians, i.e. the ability to use and interpret statistical numbers in the context of science, is an essential prerequisite for risk estimation and communication. Together with scientific reasoning and argumentation (SRA) skills, SL provides the basis for evidence-based practice. Several studies suggest that in medical students both skills are underdeveloped. The aim of the present study was to investigate these skills in practicing physicians and how these skills were acquired. Methods: Data collection in N=71 physicians was conducted online and as paper pencil. SL was assessed with multiple-choice items. SRA skills evidence evaluation and drawing conclusions were measured with a decision scenario. Results: Study results indicated that physicians have medium levels of SL (M=17.58, SD=6.92, max 30 pts.) and SRA (evidence evaluation: M=7.75, SD=1.85, max 10 pts. ; drawing conclusions: M=37.20, SD=5.35, max 60 pts.). Skills development via autodidactic learning activities (M=4.78, SD=1.13, range 1-6) was reported significantly more often than development during formal medical education (M=2.31, SD=1.46), t(71)=-9.915, p<.001, or in extracurricular activities (M=3.34, SD=1.87), t(71)=4.673, p<.001. The active involvement in research seemed decisive: The number of publications and time spent in research significantly correlated with SL, r(71)=.355, p=.002; respectively r(71)=.280, p=.018. SRA skills were predicted by the type of MD-thesis, β=-.380, p=.016, and working in research, β=3.355, p=.008. Conclusion: Active involvement in research activities seems to be a very important factor for the development of both SL and SRA skills. The implementation of systematic fostering of these skills during formal medical education seems warranted.
Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate associations between physical activity levels and emotional and behavioural problems in school-going adolescents aged 14 to 17 years in Uganda.Methods: Two-hundred and five adolescents [median (interquartile range) age = 16.0 (1.0) years; female = 61.9%] completed the interviewer-administered Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire (GAD-7), and the Physical Activity Vital Sign (PAVS) measure. Spearman's rho correlations and Mann-Whitney U-tests were applied.Results: Among 205 adolescents, 97.1% were physically inactive (PAVS < 420min/week), while 64.4% reported either mild depressive (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) or anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 5) symptoms. Higher PAVS scores correlated significantly with lower SDQ emotional problems (ρ = -0.23, p < 0.001), lower PHQ-9 (ρ = -0.26, p < 0.001), and lower GAD-7 (ρ = -0.22, p < 0.001) scores. Those with emotional problems (SDQ ≥ 5) (n = 86) were significantly less physically active than those without (n = 119) [30.0 (62.5) versus 60.0 (105.0) min/week, p < 0.001]. Those with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) were significantly less physically active than those without [35.0 (70.0) versus 60.0 (120.0) min/week, p < 0.001].Conclusion: Physical inactivity and mental health problems are related important public health concerns in school-going adolescents in low-income countries such as Uganda. The efficacy and effectiveness of school-based mental health literacy programs, including physical activity promotion, should be explored in these low-resource settings.
Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of suicide-related emergency calls in the city of Valencia (Spain) over a six-year period. To this end we first examined age and gender patterns and, second, the influence of neighborhood characteristics on general and gender-specific spatio-temporal patterns of suicide-related emergency calls. Method: Geocoded data on suicide-related emergency calls between 2017 and 2022 (N = 10,030) were collected from the 112 emergency service in Valencia. Data were aggregated at the census block group level, used as a proxy for neighborhoods, and trimesters were considered as the temporal unit. Two set of analyses were performed: (1) demographic (age and gender) and temporal descriptive analyses and (2) general and gender-specific Bayesian spatio-temporal autoregressive models. Results: Descriptive analyses revealed a higher incidence of suicide-related emergency calls among females and an increase in calls among the 18-23 age group from 2020 onwards. The general spatio-temporal model showed higher levels of suicide-related emergency calls in neighborhoods characterized by lower education levels and population density, and higher residential mobility, aging population, and immigrant concentration. Relevant gender differences were also observed. A seasonal effect was noted, with a peak in calls during spring for females and summer for males. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for comprehensive mental health targeted interventions and preventive strategies that account for gender-specific disparities, age-related vulnerabilities, and the specific characteristics of neighborhoods.
Objective: the aim of this study was to examine the perception of professionals from four European countries in charge of teaching Nutrition Education (NE) to children in primary schools or hospitals. Methods: this was achieved through an exploratory study that initiated with two focus groups, one with 5 elementary school teachers and another with 14 nutritionists. From the results of it an online survey was designed and distributed internationally to elementary schools and professional clinics in Spain, Italy, Norway, and Austria. The participants were 75 elementary school teachers and 98 nutritionists. It was measured the level of knowledge of teachers and nutritionists to teach NE, and the level of nutritional knowledge of the children in their respective country. Descriptive statistics were conducted, one-factor ANOVAs to analyze the effect of nationality, and when a significant interaction was found, a post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni adjustment was applied. Results: the results indicated that forty-one percent of the participants considered they have "adequate" theoretical knowledge to teach NE. Only 27 % considered they had "adequate" pedagogical training. A significant effect was found: F(3,168) = 17.37, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.24. Regarding the levels of NE knowledge of children, from lowest to highest, there were Spain, Italy, Austria, and Norway. Also, it was observed that professionals and children from Spain and Italy were more affected with less knowledge and training regarding NE. Conclusions: these results could help governments and educational organizations of the affected countries to take decisions to tackle this problematic.
Objective: The National Mental Health Services (N-MHSs) in Iran was integrated with Primary Health Care (PHC) in 1988. This study aimeds to analyze the policy of integrating N-MHSs in PHC, focusing on the analysis of the current situation, pathology, and the existing challenge. Method: This qualitative research was conducted in 2020 using a case study approach. This study used the policy triangle model to analyze the policy. The required data were collected via interviews, literature review, and document analysis. The interviews were conducted with 23 experts, stakeholders across the country who were selected through purposive sampling, and the data were analyzed using the content-analysis method. Results: The main goals of this policy were to raise mental health literacy among the people and eliminate its stigma in the society, while implementing the referral system for N-MHSs. Twenty weaknesses were extracted in eight areas, including negative views of mental health, weaknesses in human resource training, compensation for the service of psychologists, unfavorable working conditions of the workforce, inappropriate service delivery facilities, lack of meaningful communication between different levels of service delivery, poor inter-sectorial communication, and the challenging nature of mental health care. De-stigmatizing psychological disorders in the society and identifying hidden patients are some of the most significant achievements of this policy. Conclusion: Despite the successful implementation and significant achievements in integrating N-MHSs in PHC, the results of the present study indicate that there are many challenges in this field that require serious planning and attention from relevant authorities.
Objective: The price of pharmaceuticals is important from the economic and industrial perspectives but as well as patients' access to treatment. This study aimed to analyze the variables affecting the prices of new drugs in South Korea's pricing system. Methods: Data on 192 new drugs listed in South Korea from 2012 to 2022 were collected from the official website of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The independent variables included drugs for severe diseases, alternatives, number of patients, number of advanced 7 countries listed, budget impact, and listing period. The dependent variables included annual treatment cost and the price ratio to the advanced 7 country's average adjusted price. Descriptive statistics of variables, linear correlations between quantitative independent and dependent variables, and associations between independent and dependent variables were analyzed. Results: The mean annual treatment cost and price ratio to the advanced 7 country's average adjusted price were higher for drugs for severe diseases and those with no alternatives. Annual treatment cost and price ratio to the advanced 7 country's average adjusted price were negatively correlated with the number of patients and positively correlated with the number of advanced 7 countries listed. Annual treatment cost was affected by the variables drugs for severe diseases, alternatives, number of patients, number of advanced 7 countries listed, and budget impact. The price ratio to the advanced 7 country's average adjusted price was affected by drugs for severe diseases, alternatives, and the number of patients. Conclusion: This study revealed the effect of different variables on the prices of new drugs in South Korea, allowing for the development of a more effective assessment system to evaluate the prices of new drugs while ensuring profitability for pharmaceutical companies, sustainability of public insurance, and accessibility to drugs by patients.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to delineate the moderating roles of negative experiences related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the association between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and anxiety symptoms and internalizing behaviors during Fall 2020. Method: Participants were 200 college students. Using a moderated moderation model, researchers found that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms predicted anxiety symptoms for those who internalized behaviors and experienced COVID-19 more negatively. Results: Results suggested that ADHD symptoms were playing a role in the manifestation of anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and that college students who internalize behaviors experienced worsened ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: Clinical implications underscore the importance of providing mental health resources for students on campus, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specialized treatment may include help with developing time management skills and teaching interventions such as mindfulness exercises that may help alleviate anxiety and improve attention and concentration.
Objective: Theory of mind (ToM) denotes the ability to understand the mental state of others and perceive their unique beliefs and emotions. In this study, we compared ToM between individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and stimulant-induced depressive disorder (SIDD). Method: This cross-sectional, causal-comparative study included patients with MDD or SIDD admitted to Ostad Moharary Neuropsychiatric Hospital between January and June 2022. Each diagnosis was confirmed through a semi-structured interview conducted by a single attending psychiatrist according to the DSM-5 criteria. After consecutive sampling of 110 individuals, 51 patients completed the study in each group. Demographic characteristics were recorded, and the Persian version of the revised Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) was used to evaluate ToM. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.25, employing the t-test, chi-squared test, linear regression, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Our analysis included 102 subjects (65.7% male) with a mean age of 35.17 ± 7.54 years. The two groups were similar in age, gender, marital status, working status, occupation, economic class, and ethnicity (P > 0.05). The RMET scores were 12.94 ± 4.03 and 11.86 ± 3.15 in the MDD and SIDD groups, respectively (P = 0.135). Almost all patients had low RMET scores (< 22); only two individuals in the MDD group achieved normal scores (22-30). ANCOVA revealed no significant confounding effects between the independent variables. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that the level of education had a significant linear relationship (β = 0.249) with the RMET score (P = 0.021). Conclusion: Hospitalized patients with MDD and SIDD have similar ToM deficits, as measured by the RMET.
Objective: This research aimed to explore the science of population intervention in the rational medication treatment of hyperuricemia patients in China. The research model was designed to determine interventions from three dimensions of science propylitization (empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and skeptical attitude). Methods: The data for this research was collected from hyperuricemia patients in China with a survey-based questionnaire. A partial least square-structural equation modeling statistical method was used for data evaluation. Results: The research investigated that science popularization can strongly influence hyperuricemia patients' rational medication with empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and a skeptical attitude. Furthermore, the research asserted that more focus on scientific knowledge of hyperuricemia patients can improve their health further. Conclusion: Theoretically, this research would have wider implications. First, the research model was based on science popularization interventions which is a novel contribution to the relationship with rational medication. Second, the practical implications of this study would lie in science population interventions improving the rational medications for hyperuricemia patients. Besides, this research asserted a few future directions for scholars to contribute and determine the impact of further variables to enhance the model of science popularization in relationship with rational medication.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the quality and readability of information generated by ChatGPT versions 3.5 and 4 concerning platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy in the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA), exploring whether large language models (LLMs) could play a significant role in patient education. Design: A total of 23 common patient queries regarding the role of PRP therapy in knee OA management were presented to ChatGPT versions 3.5 and 4. The quality of the responses was assessed using the DISCERN criteria, and readability was evaluated using six established assessment tools. Results: Both ChatGPT versions 3.5 and 4 produced moderate quality information. The quality of information provided by ChatGPT version 4 was significantly better than version 3.5, with mean DISCERN scores of 48.74 and 44.59, respectively. Both models scored highly with respect to response relevance and had a consistent emphasis on the importance of shared decision making. However, both versions produced content significantly above the recommended 8th grade reading level for patient education materials (PEMs), with mean reading grade levels (RGLs) of 17.18 for ChatGPT version 3.5 and 16.36 for ChatGPT version 4, indicating a potential barrier to their utility in patient education. Conclusions: While ChatGPT versions 3.5 and 4 both demonstrated the capability to generate information of moderate quality regarding the role of PRP therapy for knee OA, the readability of the content remains a significant barrier to widespread usage, exceeding the recommended reading levels for PEMs. Although ChatGPT version 4 showed improvements in quality and source citation, future iterations must focus on producing more accessible content to serve as a viable resource in patient education. Collaboration between healthcare providers, patient organizations, and AI developers is crucial to ensure the generation of high quality, peer reviewed, and easily understandable information that supports informed healthcare decisions.