Yoxas/statistical_literacy huggingface dataset:
Background Empathy is essential for effective doctor-patient communication. It enables doctors to understand patients' emotions and concerns, facilitating personalized care and support. Empathy can be cultivated through various methods and training programs. Objective The study aims to assess the effectiveness of a multimodal intervention involving interactive lectures, peer role-play, and guided reflection in enhancing empathy levels among second-year medical undergraduate students in India. Methods This study utilized a questionnaire-based, pre- and post-test interventional design. Seventy-nine second-year medical students were included after obtaining their informed consent. The students received the intervention through an interactive lecture on communication skills, role-play on selected case studies, and guided reflection. The empathy levels were assessed using the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) before and after the intervention. The Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to compare pre-test and post-test TEQ scores. A univariate analysis of variance was conducted to explore the relationship between demographic variables and post-test TEQ scores. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results The TEQ score improved significantly (p=0.009) after the intervention. The univariate analysis indicated that gender, style of education, and place of residence did not have a statistically significant impact on post-test scores. Conclusion The study demonstrates that a multimodal intervention significantly enhances the empathy level of medical students, highlighting the potential of focused interventions to reduce gender disparities in empathy levels. There were no significant differences in empathy scores based on gender, place of residence, or schooling, suggesting the intervention's benefits may apply to all medical students.
Background Endoscopy training has become increasingly emphasized during general surgery residency as reflected by introduction of the Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery (FES) examination, which includes testing of skills on virtual reality (VR) simulators. Although studies exist to assess the ability of the simulator to differentiate between novices and experienced endoscopists, it is not well understood how simulators can differentiate skills among resident cohort. Objective To assess the utility of the VR simulator, we evaluated the correlation between resident endoscopy experience and performance on two VR simulator colonoscopy modules on the GI-BRONCH Mentor (Simbionix Ltd, Airport City, Israel). Methods Postgraduate years 2 to 5 residents completed "easy" and "difficult" VR colonoscopies, and performance metrics were recorded from October 2017 to February 2018 at Rutgers' two general surgery residency programs. Resident endoscopy experience was obtained through Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case logs. Correlations between resident endoscopy experience and VR colonoscopy performance metrics were assessed using Spearman's rho (ρ) correlation statistic and bivariate logistic regression. Results Fifty-five residents out of 65 (84.6%) eligible participants completed the study. There were limited correlations found between resident endoscopy experience and FES performance metrics and no correlations were found between resident endoscopy experience and binary metrics of colonoscopy-ability to complete colonoscopy, ability to retroflex, and withdrawal time of less than 6 minutes. Conclusion The VR simulator may have a limited ability to discriminate between experience levels among resident cohort. Future studies are needed to further understand how well the VR simulator metrics correlate with resident endoscopy experience.
Background Exercise is crucial for the well-being of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although there are challenges to exercising with PD, mobile apps are seen as potential solutions, though their impact is not yet fully understood. We developed a mobile app and a home-based exercise program specialised for people with PD and investigated the effect of the mobile exercise app for the people with PD. Methods Participants from the Movement Disorder Clinic were prompted to download and actively use our app for a duration of 2 weeks. Before commencing, we assessed their self-rated smartphone proficiency. Both at the start and after the 2-week period, we employed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and the PD Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) to evaluate their physical activity and overall quality of life (QoL). Exercise metrics were quantified in terms of metabolic equivalent minutes per week (MET-min/week). Furthermore, we gathered feedback on user satisfaction with the app at the end of the study. Results Out of 41 recruited patients, 25 completed the 2-week program and 16 dropped out. Median MET-min/week rose from 1386.0 to 3210.0 (P = 0.009), primarily in moderate activities (P = 0.049) and walking (P = 0.002). Median PDQ-39 scores showed improvement from 17.2 to 8.5 (P = 0.005) after the program. Conclusion The mobile app holds potential to enhance exercise and QoL for people with PD. For optimal benefits, future studies should focus on e-health literacy education, app quality enhancements, and a broader exercise program variety.
Background Generating radiologic findings from chest radiographs is pivotal in medical image analysis. The emergence of OpenAI's generative pretrained transformer, GPT-4 with vision (GPT-4V), has opened new perspectives on the potential for automated image-text pair generation. However, the application of GPT-4V to real-world chest radiography is yet to be thoroughly examined. Purpose To investigate the capability of GPT-4V to generate radiologic findings from real-world chest radiographs. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, 100 chest radiographs with free-text radiology reports were annotated by a cohort of radiologists, two attending physicians and three residents, to establish a reference standard. Of 100 chest radiographs, 50 were randomly selected from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) chest radiographic data set, and 50 were randomly selected from the Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center (MIDRC). The performance of GPT-4V at detecting imaging findings from each chest radiograph was assessed in the zero-shot setting (where it operates without prior examples) and few-shot setting (where it operates with two examples). Its outcomes were compared with the reference standard with regards to clinical conditions and their corresponding codes in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), including the anatomic location (hereafter, laterality). Results In the zero-shot setting, in the task of detecting ICD-10 codes alone, GPT-4V attained an average positive predictive value (PPV) of 12.3%, average true-positive rate (TPR) of 5.8%, and average F1 score of 7.3% on the NIH data set, and an average PPV of 25.0%, average TPR of 16.8%, and average F1 score of 18.2% on the MIDRC data set. When both the ICD-10 codes and their corresponding laterality were considered, GPT-4V produced an average PPV of 7.8%, average TPR of 3.5%, and average F1 score of 4.5% on the NIH data set, and an average PPV of 10.9%, average TPR of 4.9%, and average F1 score of 6.4% on the MIDRC data set. With few-shot learning, GPT-4V showed improved performance on both data sets. When contrasting zero-shot and few-shot learning, there were improved average TPRs and F1 scores in the few-shot setting, but there was not a substantial increase in the average PPV. Conclusion Although GPT-4V has shown promise in understanding natural images, it had limited effectiveness in interpreting real-world chest radiographs. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.
Background Generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems such as ChatGPT-3.5 and Claude-2 may assist in explaining complex medical science topics. A few studies have shown that AI can solve complicated physiology problems that require critical thinking and analysis. However, further studies are required to validate the effectiveness of AI in answering conceptual multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in human physiology. Objective This study aimed to evaluate and compare the proficiency of ChatGPT-3.5 and Claude-2 in answering and explaining a curated set of MCQs in medical physiology. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a set of 55 MCQs from 10 competencies of medical physiology was purposefully constructed that required comprehension, problem-solving, and analytical skills to solve them. The MCQs and a structured prompt for response generation were presented to ChatGPT-3.5 and Claude-2. The explanations provided by both AI systems were documented in an Excel spreadsheet. All three authors subjected these explanations to a rating process using a scale of 0 to 3. A rating of 0 was assigned to an incorrect, 1 to a partially correct, 2 to a correct explanation with some aspects missing, and 3 to a perfectly correct explanation. Both AI models were evaluated for their ability to choose the correct answer (option) and provide clear and comprehensive explanations of the MCQs. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare AI responses. The Fleiss multi-rater kappa (κ) was used to determine the score agreement among the three raters. The statistical significance level was decided at P ≤ 0.05. Results Claude-2 answered 40 MCQs correctly, which was significantly higher than the 26 correct responses from ChatGPT-3.5. The rating distribution for the explanations generated by Claude-2 was significantly higher than that of ChatGPT-3.5. The κ values were 0.804 and 0.818 for Claude-2 and ChatGPT-3.5, respectively. Conclusion In terms of answering and elucidating conceptual MCQs in medical physiology, Claude-2 surpassed ChatGPT-3.5. However, accessing Claude-2 from India requires the use of a virtual private network, which may raise security concerns.
Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition characterized by impaired glucose tolerance that develops during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM is increasing globally, including in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia. However, there needs to be more data on the awareness of women in this region regarding GDM and its associated risks. This research aimed to evaluate the level of awareness among women in the Al-Baha region regarding GDM. Methodology This study followed an observational cross-sectional design conducted from April 2023 to December 2023. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 457 participants from the resident women of reproductive age in the Al-Baha region. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire that assessed knowledge and awareness of GDM risk factors, assessment, therapy, and implications. The questionnaire included a 12-item section evaluating GDM awareness, with correct answers receiving a score of 1. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data with Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 28) (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). Results The majority of participants fell into the age group of more than 36 years (n=207, 45.3%), with a significant proportion having completed university/diploma education (n=282, 61.7%), and most of them worked outside the health sector (n=283, 61.9%). Approximately 27.8% correctly identified that the number of pregnancies does not increase the chance of developing GDM. Only (n=48, 10.5%) accurately identified the usual time for diagnosing GDM in the absence of risk factors, which is between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy. Similarly, 26.0% (119 participants) correctly recognized a history of a previous pregnancy with a child weighing more than 4.5 kg as a factor that increases the suspicion of developing GDM in the future. However, it is important to note that the majority of participants (n=311, 68.1%) had a poor level of awareness regarding GDM. Conclusion The findings revealed that the overall level of knowledge about GDM was poor, with less than 10% of participants demonstrating adequate awareness. The study also highlighted that over 80% of the participants were unaware of GDM.
Background Globally billions of people have vision impairment (VI) or blindness, and at least half of the VI could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed. With the policies focused exclusively on treating ailments, we need to recognize the need to educate the country's population regarding diseases and their outcomes. This is evident in the poor eye donation rates, as documented by the Eye Bank Association of India (EBAI). The National Programme for Prevention of Blindness (NPCB) also advocates the need for active campaigning to promote eye donations and improve the corneal procurement rate by increasing health awareness. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and perception regarding eye diseases and eye donation among the rural population of Telangana, South India. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 150 participants who were randomly selected from non-triaged attendants in the outpatient queue at Mahavir institute of medical sciences (MIMS) was included. Trained enumerators used verbally administered, semi-structured questionnaires on their awareness and knowledge of cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and night blindness. The Chi-square test was applied to determine the statistical significance of the results obtained from the pre-test and post-test. The significance threshold of the p-value was set at <0.05. Results The population studied belonged to a mean age of 34.98 years. The study included 72 (48%) male and 78 (52%) female subjects, and the majority (48.6%) of them belonged to the age range of 21-30 years. More than 85% of subjects belonged to the middle and lower middle class, and the majority (74.7%) were Hindus by religion. Regarding cataracts, 64 (42.7%) did not know, and 86 (57.3%) had varied perceptions. The awareness regarding glaucoma was the least (88.7%) of all common ocular diseases. The study showed a significant association between knowledge of eye diseases and literacy status plus the population's socioeconomic status (p<0.05 ). A significant association was found to exist between willingness to eye donation and the religion of the study population (p<0.05). Conclusion This study identifies that the awareness regarding various ocular diseases was poor. Moreover, the participants had an alarmingly high misconception regarding different aspects of eye donation. Increasing public awareness is essential to minimize eye diseases, improve eye care, and encourage eye donations.
Background Google Gemini (Google, Mountain View, CA) represents the latest advances in the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) and has garnered attention due to its capabilities similar to the increasingly popular ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA). Accurate dissemination of information on common conditions such as hypertension is critical for patient comprehension and management. Despite the ubiquity of AI, comparisons between ChatGPT and Gemini remain unexplored. Methods ChatGPT and Gemini were asked 52 questions derived from the American College of Cardiology's (ACC) frequently asked questions on hypertension, following a specified prompt. Prompts included: no prompting (Form 1), patient-friendly prompting (Form 2), physician-level prompting (Form 3), and prompting for statistics/references (Form 4). Responses were scored as incorrect, partially correct, or correct. Flesch-Kincaid (FK) grade level and word count were recorded. Results Across all forms, scoring frequencies were as follows: 23 (5.5%) incorrect, 162 (38.9%) partially correct, and 231 (55.5%) correct. ChatGPT showed higher rates of partially correct answers than Gemini (p = 0.0346). Physician-level prompts resulted in a higher word count across both platforms (p < 0.001). ChatGPT showed a higher FK grade level (p = 0.033) in physician-friendly prompting. Gemini exhibited a significantly higher mean word count (p < 0.001); however, ChatGPT had a higher FK grade level across all forms (p > 0.001). Conclusion To our knowledge, this study is the first to compare cardiology-related responses from ChatGPT and Gemini, two of the most popular AI chatbots. The grade level for most responses was collegiate level, which was above average for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommendations, but on par with most online medical information. Both chatbots responded with a high degree of accuracy, with inaccuracies being rare. Therefore, it is reasonable that cardiologists suggest either chatbot as a source of supplementary education.
Background Handoffs between medical providers serve a crucial patient safety function. While most published literature on the topic studies the handover process among physicians, robust literature is available on interdisciplinary medical communication. Little is known about the downstream effects of effective physician handover on subsequent physician and nursing interactions. Objective Our objective was to implement a handoff curriculum, SAFETIPS (Statistics, Assessment, Focused plan, pertinent Exam findings, To dos, If/thens, Pointers/pitfalls, and Severity of illness), for pediatric residents and to investigate its impact on nurses' perceptions of resident preparedness, efficiency, and competency. Methods Nurses were asked to score residents in five domains and describe the frequency of nurse-to-resident and resident-to-nurse interruptions. The survey was distributed before and after the SAFETIPS introduction. Results Statistical analysis revealed significant post-intervention mean score increases of one full point in four categories, namely organization and efficiency, communication, content, and clinical judgment. The percentage of nurses using the term "reasonable/relevant" to describe interactions with residents significantly increased from 45% to 76% (p = 0.004). The percentage of nurses reporting that residents gave "unsure response[s]," made decisions that differed from nurses' decisions, and made decisions without family/parental interests significantly decreased by 31 (p = 0.004), 22 (p = 0.034), and 30 (p = 0.002) percentage points, respectively. Conclusion The introduction of a structured handoff curriculum significantly improves communication among residents. This is then associated with improved interactions between residents and nurses.
Background Handoffs serve a critical patient safety function in the transition between caregivers. In 2006, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations strongly recommended the implementation of "a standardized approach to 'handoff' communications, including an opportunity to ask and respond to questions." Numerous studies have investigated the quality and efficacy of patient handoffs and the utility of structured handoff curriculums, particularly in the context of patient safety and outcomes. Objective The pediatric residents at Penn State Health (PSH) did not utilize a formal written or verbal handoff tool. Our study facilitated the design of a comprehensive handoff curriculum, including verbal and written components, and the implementation of faculty and multidisciplinary care team involvement coupled with resident training and observations. We investigate the impact of this curriculum longitudinally utilizing validated tools completed by external observers as well as the residents themselves. Methods Prior to SAFETIPS being implemented, residents at a mid-sized Pediatric program were observed giving handovers at various intervals to understand baseline habits. Residents were then educated with the SAFETIPS curriculum and again observed. Trained observers of the handover process completed a validated evaluation form concentrating on seven key domains necessary for effective handover and communication; residents involved in the handover also completed a validated evaluation form. Consent for the project was implied with the observer's presence during the process and our study was exempt from full IRB consideration given its quality improvement design. A mix of summary statistics, stacked dot plots, mixed effects regression, and joint F tests were used to analyze data. Results Mean values on all sections of the handover evaluation Likert scale completed by trained observers tended to increase over time; the variance in responses was likewise much smaller at later time periods. Similarly, all sections of the evaluation tools completed by the resident physicians themselves showed significantly increased scores from pre- to post-implementation of our curriculum. Data revealed a plateauing of results toward later time points suggestive of skills mastery and sustained improvements. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the introduction of a structured handoff curriculum correlated with improved communication among residents, and such improvements were sustained over time.
Background Headaches are a prevalent form of pain experienced in the skull, face, and facial structures, categorized into two types: primary and secondary. Primary headaches are more frequently observed in children and can be triggered by sleep disturbances, vision problems, malnutrition, and other medical conditions. Despite their prevalence among children, these headaches often go unrecognized and untreated, and there seems to be insufficient parental awareness regarding childhood headaches. This study aims to determine the prevalence of childhood headaches and assess awareness about this among parents of elementary school-aged children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, to enhance parental understanding of this issue. Methods Data were collected through an online survey created using Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States), distributed to parents residing in Makkah. The survey was disseminated in March 2023. Results A total of 499 parents completed the study questionnaire, comprising 399 mothers and 100 fathers, with a mean parental age of 37.1 ± 13.9 years. Of the participants, 89.2% were married, 91% were Saudi nationals, and 105 had secondary education. Parents reported that 13.2% of their children complained of headaches, with 55.3% describing them as occasional. Among the respondents, 178 parents sought medical care for their children's headaches primarily out of fear. It was found that 69.7% of parents with higher education had good knowledge regarding childhood headaches, while 59.8% of employed parents had good knowledge compared to 43.8% of others. Conclusion This study revealed a lack of adequate knowledge and awareness among parents regarding headaches in children residing in Makkah. Therefore, we recommend conducting further research and implementing educational initiatives to enhance parental understanding of childhood headaches in Makkah and other regions of Saudi Arabia.