spread over the LIBOR swap curve, the reduction to net income would be approximately $235 million, net of DAC and DSIC amortization and income taxes, based on December 31, 2008 credit spreads.
The nonperformance risk for our derivatives is managed and mitigated primarily through the use of master netting arrangements and collateral arrangements.
As of December 31, 2008, any deterioration in our derivative counterparties’ credit would not materially impact our financial statements.
Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview We maintained substantial liquidity during 2008.
At December 31, 2008, we had $6.2 billion in cash and cash equivalents compared to $3.8 billion at December 31, 2007.
Approximately $1.6 billion of the increase in cash and cash equivalents was from increases in collateral received from derivative counterparties as our living benefits hedge portfolio gained in value.
Excluding the collateral balances, cash and cash equivalents were $4.4 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
We have additional liquidity available through an unsecured revolving credit facility for $750 million that expires in September 2010.
Under the terms of the underlying credit agreement, we can increase this facility to $1.0 billion.
Available borrowings under this facility are reduced by any outstanding letters of credit.
We have had no borrowings under this credit facility and had $2 million of outstanding letters of credit at December 31, 2008.
We believe cash flows from operating activities, available cash balances and our availability of revolver borrowings will be sufficient to fund our operating liquidity needs.
The following table summarizes the ratings for Ameriprise Financial, Inc.  (‘‘Ameriprise Financial’’) and certain of its subsidiaries as of the date of this filing:
## Table 0 ##
On January 29, 2009, Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (‘‘S&P’’) and Moody’s Investors Service (‘‘Moody’s’’) affirmed the ratings of Ameriprise Financial, Inc.  and RiverSource Life citing excellent capitalization and solid financial flexibility.
At the same time, both S&P and Moody’s revised their outlook on Ameriprise Financial, Inc.  and RiverSource Life from stable to negative citing diminished earnings power resulting from the challenging equity and credit markets.
On July 10, 2008, S&P raised its counterparty credit rating on Ameriprise Financial, Inc.  to ‘A’ from ‘A-’ and indicated its ratings outlook on our company as stable, citing our strong balance sheet and strong cash coverage of our stable life insurance and asset management operations, supported by an innovative financial advisory distribution channel.
These positive factors are somewhat offset by sensitivity to equity-market and debt-market volatility and competitive pressure in our key segments.
At the same time, S&P affirmed its ‘AA-’ counterparty credit and financial strength ratings on our life insurance subsidiaries, RiverSource Life and RiverSource Life of NY.
Our capital transactions in 2008 and 2007 primarily related to the repurchase of our common stock, dividends paid to our shareholders and the repurchase of debt.
Dividends from Subsidiaries Ameriprise Financial is primarily a parent holding company for the operations carried out by our wholly owned subsidiaries.
Because of our holding company structure, our ability to meet our cash requirements, including the payment of dividends on our common stock, substantially depends upon the receipt of dividends or return of capital from our subsidiaries, particularly our life insurance subsidiary, RiverSource Life, our face-amount certificate subsidiary, Ameriprise Certificate Company (‘‘ACC’’), our retail introducing broker-dealer subsidiary, Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc.  (‘‘AFSI’’), our clearing brokerdealer subsidiary, American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc.  (‘‘AEIS’’), our auto and home insurance subsidiary, IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company (‘‘IDS Property Casualty’’), doing business as Ameriprise Auto & Home Insurance, Threadneedle, RiverSource Service Corporation and our investment advisory company, RiverSource Investments.
The
home business reflecting the impact of growth in exposures from an 11% increase in policies in force, an increase in catastrophe losses reflecting the growth in exposures and the extremely severe winter and spring weather during 2014, and adverse development in the 2013 and prior accident years auto liability coverage observed during the first quarter of 2014 resulting in a $30 million increase to prior accident year loss reserves.
Later in 2014, further adverse loss development was observed primarily in the 2014 auto book of business which resulted in a $60 million increase to loss reserves for estimated losses including IBNR.
Catastrophe losses were $66 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $42 million for the prior year.
Corporate & Other The following table presents the results of operations of our Corporate & Other segment on an operating basis:
## Table 1 ##
NM Not Meaningful.
Our Corporate & Other segment pretax operating loss excludes net realized investment gains or losses and the impact of consolidating CIEs.
Our Corporate & Other segment pretax operating loss was $230 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $229 million for the prior year.
Net investment income (loss) was a loss of $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to income of $8 million for the prior year due to a $13 million increase in losses associated with affordable housing partnerships.
Interest and debt expense decreased $12 million, or 36%, to $21 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $33 million for the prior year primarily due to $19 million in costs in 2013 related to the early redemption of our senior notes due 2015, partially offset by expenses in 2014 related to the early redemption of our senior notes due 2039.
General and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 included a provision for potential resolution of a regulatory matter regarding certain historical events and processes at one of our ongoing lines of business, which was partially offset by lower investment spending compared to the prior year.
Fair Value Measurements We report certain assets and liabilities at fair value; specifically, separate account assets, derivatives, embedded derivatives, properties held by our consolidated property funds, and most investments and cash equivalents.
Fair value assumes the exchange of assets or liabilities occurs in orderly transactions and is not the result of a forced liquidation or distressed sale.
We include actual market prices, or observable inputs, in our fair value measurements to the extent available.
Broker quotes are obtained when quotes from pricing services are not available.
We validate prices obtained from third parties through a variety of means such as: price variance analysis, subsequent sales testing, stale price review, price comparison across pricing vendors and due diligence reviews of vendors.
See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our fair value measurements.
Fair Value of Liabilities and Nonperformance Risk Companies are required to measure the fair value of liabilities at the price that would be received to transfer the liability to a market participant (an exit price).
Since there is not a market for our obligations of our variable annuity riders and indexed universal life insurance, we consider the assumptions participants in a hypothetical market would make to reflect an exit price.
As a result, we adjust the valuation of variable annuity riders and indexed universal life insurance by updating certain contractholder assumptions, adding explicit margins to provide for profit, risk and expenses, and adjusting the rates used to discount expected cash flows to reflect a current market estimate of our nonperformance risk.
The
20.
Regulatory Requirements Restrictions on the transfer of funds exist under regulatory requirements applicable to certain of the Company’s subsidiaries.
At December 31, 2016, the aggregate amount of unrestricted net assets was approximately $1.4 billion.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (‘‘NAIC’’) defines Risk-Based Capital (‘‘RBC’’) requirements for insurance companies.
The RBC requirements are used by the NAIC and state insurance regulators to identify companies that merit regulatory actions designed to protect policyholders.
These requirements apply to both the Company’s life and property casualty insurance companies.
In addition, IDS Property Casualty is subject to the statutory surplus requirements of the State of Wisconsin.
The Company’s life and property casualty companies each met their respective minimum RBC requirements.
The Company’s life and property casualty insurance companies are required to prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of their respective states of domicile, which vary materially from GAAP.
Prescribed statutory accounting practices include publications of the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules.
The more significant differences from GAAP include charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing annuity and insurance reserves using different actuarial methods and assumptions, valuing investments on a different basis and excluding certain assets from the balance sheet by charging them directly to surplus, such as a portion of the net deferred income tax assets.
State insurance statutes contain limitations as to the amount of dividends or distributions that insurers may make without providing prior notification to state regulators.
For RiverSource Life, dividends or distributions in excess of unassigned surplus, as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed by the State of Minnesota, require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, RiverSource Life’s primary regulator, and are subject to potential disapproval.
RiverSource Life’s statutory unassigned surplus aggregated $275 million and $954 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
In addition, dividends or distributions, whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of the previous year’s statutory net gain from operations or 10% of the previous year-end statutory capital and surplus are referred to as ‘‘extraordinary dividends.
’’ Extraordinary dividends also require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, and are subject to potential disapproval.
Statutory capital and surplus for RiverSource Life was $3.0 billion and $3.7 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Statutory capital and surplus for IDS Property Casualty was $800 million and $684 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Statutory net gain from operations and net income (loss) are summarized as follows:
## Table 2 ##
(1) Statutory net gain (loss) from operations and statutory net income (loss) are significantly impacted by changes in reserves for variable annuity guaranteed benefits, however, these impacts are substantially offset by unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives which are not included in statutory income but are recorded directly to surplus.
Government debt securities of $4 million and $5 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, held by the Company’s life insurance subsidiaries were on deposit with various states as required by law.
Ameriprise Certificate Company (‘‘ACC’’) is registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the ‘‘1940 Act’’).
ACC markets and sells investment certificates to clients.
ACC is subject to various capital requirements under the 1940 Act, laws of the State of Minnesota and understandings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (‘‘SEC’’) and the Minnesota Department of Commerce.
The terms of the investment certificates issued by ACC and the provisions of the 1940 Act also require the maintenance by ACC of qualified assets.
Under the provisions of its certificates and the 1940 Act, ACC was required to have qualified assets (as that term is defined in Section 28(b) of the 1940 Act) in the amount of $5.9 billion and $4.8 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
ACC had qualified assets of $6.3 billion and $5.1 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Ameriprise Financial and ACC entered into a Capital Support Agreement on March 2, 2009, pursuant to which Ameriprise Financial agrees to commit such capital to ACC as is necessary to satisfy applicable minimum capital requirements.
Effective April 30, 2014, this agreement was amended to revise the maximum commitment to $50 million.
For the years
Management anticipates that the effective tax rate in 2017 will be between 32% and 35%.
However, business portfolio actions, changes in the current economic environment, tax legislation or rate changes, currency fluctuations, ability to realize deferred tax assets, movements in stock price impacting tax benefits or deficiencies on stock-based payment awards, and the results of operations in certain taxing jurisdictions may cause this estimated rate to fluctuate.
Segment Information Arconic’s operations consist of three worldwide reportable segments: Global Rolled Products, Engineered Products and Solutions, and Transportation and Construction Solutions (see below).
Segment performance under Arconic’s management reporting system is evaluated based on a number of factors; however, the primary measure of performance is the after-tax operating income (ATOI) of each segment.
Certain items such as the impact of LIFO inventory accounting; metal price lag (the timing difference created when the average price of metal sold differs from the average cost of the metal when purchased by the respective segment—generally when the price of metal increases, metal lag is favorable and when the price of metal decreases, metal lag is unfavorable); interest expense; noncontrolling interests; corporate expense (general administrative and selling expenses of operating the corporate headquarters and other global administrative facilities, along with depreciation and amortization on corporate-owned assets); restructuring and other charges; and other items, including intersegment profit eliminations, differences between tax rates applicable to the segments and the consolidated effective tax rate, and other nonoperating items such as foreign currency transaction gains/losses and interest income are excluded from segment ATOI.
ATOI for all reportable segments totaled $1,087 in 2016, $986 in 2015, and $983 in 2014.
The following information provides shipment, sales and ATOI data for each reportable segment, as well as certain realized price data, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016.
See Note O to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.
Beginning in the first quarter of 2017, Arconic’s segment reporting metric will change from ATOI to Adjusted EBITDA.
Global Rolled Products(1)
## Table 3 ##
Excludes the Warrick, IN rolling operations and the equity interest in the rolling mill at the joint venture in Saudi Arabia, both of which were previously part of the Global Rolled Products segment but became part of Alcoa Corporation effective November 1, 2016.
(2) Generally, average realized price per metric ton of aluminum includes two elements: a) the price of metal (the underlying base metal component based on quoted prices from the LME, plus a regional premium which represents the incremental price over the base LME component that is associated with physical delivery of metal to a particular region), and b) the conversion price, which represents the incremental price over the metal price component that is associated with converting primary aluminum into sheet and plate.
In this circumstance, the metal price component is a pass-through to this segment’s customers with limited exception (e. g. , fixed-priced contracts, certain regional premiums).
The Global Rolled Products segment produces aluminum sheet and plate for a variety of end markets.
Sheet and plate is sold directly to customers and through distributors related to the aerospace, automotive, commercial transportation, packaging, building and construction, and industrial products (mainly used in the production of machinery and equipment and consumer durables) end markets.
A small portion of this segment also produces aseptic foil for the packaging end market.
While the customer base for flat-rolled products is large, a significant amount of sales of sheet

["

A.M. Best Company	Standard & Poor's Rating Services	Moody's Investors Service	Fitch Ratings Ltd.
Claims Paying Ratings
RiverSource Life	A+	AA-	Aa3	AA-
IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company	A	N/R	N/R	N/R
Credit Ratings
Ameriprise Financial, Inc.	a-	A	A3	A-

", '

Years Ended December 31,
2014	2013	Change
(in millions)
Revenues
Distribution fees	$1	$1	$—	—%
Net investment income (loss)	-6	8	-14	NM
Other revenues	9	6	3	50
Total revenues	4	15	-11	-73
Banking and deposit interest expense	—	—	—	—
Total net revenues	4	15	-11	-73
Expenses
Distribution expenses	1	1	—	—
Interest and debt expense	21	33	-12	-36
General and administrative expense	212	210	2	1
Total expenses	234	244	-10	-4
Operating loss	$-230	$-229	$-1	—%

', '

Years Ended December 31,
2016	2015	2014
(in millions)
RiverSource Life
Statutory net gain from operations-1	$834	$1,033	$1,412
Statutory net income-1	322	633	1,154
IDS Property Casualty
Statutory net income (loss)	-8	-44	-25

', '

2016	2015	2014
Third-party aluminum shipments (kmt)	1,339	1,375	1,598
Average realized price per metric ton of aluminum-2	$3,633	$3,820	$3,970
Third-party sales	$4,864	$5,253	$6,344
Intersegment sales	118	125	185
Total sales	$4,982	$5,378	$6,529
ATOI	$269	$225	$224

']

Question: What's the average of distribution fees and other revenues in 2014? (in million)
Answer: 5.0