that these costs would be recovered from customers with no material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial position, or liquidity.
Ameren’s and Ameren Missouri’s earnings could benefit from increased investment to comply with environmental regulations if those investments are reflected and recovered on a timely basis in customer rates.
‰ The Ameren Companies have multiyear credit agreements that cumulatively provide $2.1 billion of credit through December 2022, subject to a 364-day repayment term for Ameren Missouri and Ameren Illinois, with the option to seek incremental commitments to increase the cumulative credit provided to $2.5 billion.
See Note 4 – Short-term Debt and Liquidity under Part II, Item 8, of this report for additional information regarding the Credit Agreements.
Ameren, Ameren Missouri, and Ameren Illinois believe that their liquidity is adequate given their expected operating cash flows, capital expenditures, and related financing plans.
However, there can be no assurance that significant changes in economic conditions, disruptions in the capital and credit markets, or other unforeseen events will not materially affect their ability to execute their expected operating, capital, or financing plans.
‰ Federal income tax legislation enacted under the TCJA will continue to have significant impacts on our results of operations, financial position, liquidity, and financial metrics.
The TCJA, among other things, reduced the federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018.
Customer rates were reduced to reflect the lower income tax rate, without a corresponding reduction in income tax payments because of our use of net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards until about 2020.
Customer rates were also reduced to reflect the return of excess deferred taxes.
The result of these customer rate reductions is a decrease in operating cash flows in the near term.
Over time, the decrease in operating cash flows will be offset as temporary differences between book and taxable income reverse, and by increased customer rates due to higher rate base amounts resulting from lower accumulated deferred income tax liabilities.
‰ Ameren Missouri expects a decrease in operating cash flows of approximately $100 million in 2019 compared with 2018, as a result of the TCJA.
Over time, the decrease in operating cash flows will be offset as temporary differences between book and taxable income reverse, and by increased customer rates due to higher rate base amounts, once approved by the MoPSC, resulting from lower accumulated deferred income tax liabilities.
‰ The following table presents the net regulatory liabilities associated with excess deferred taxes as of December 31, 2018, and the related amortization periods:
## Table 0 ##
‰ In 2018, our rate-regulated businesses began to amortize excess deferred taxes.
Ameren Illinois and ATXI’s 2018 income tax expense reflect a full year of amortization, while Ameren Missouri’s 2018 income tax expense reflects five months of amortization related to its electric business, in accordance with a MoPSC order received in July 2018.
The amortization of such balances related to Ameren Missouri’s gas business started in January 2019, in accordance with a MoPSC order received in December 2018.
These amortizations reduce our income tax expense and effective tax rates.
Due to formula ratemaking, Ameren Illinois Electric Distribution and Ameren Transmission have an offsetting reduction in revenue from customers, with no overall impact on earnings.
Ameren Missouri and Ameren Illinois Natural Gas 2019 interim period earnings may be affected by timing differences between income tax expense and revenue reductions based on their revenue patterns; however, no material impact to year-over-year earnings is expected.
‰ As of December 31, 2018, Ameren had $91 million in tax benefits from federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and $127 million in federal and state income tax credit carryforwards.
These carryforwards are expected to largely offset income tax obligations in 2019.
Ameren does not expect to make material federal or state income tax payments over the next five years based on planned capital expenditures and related income tax credits.
Consistent with the tax allocation agreement between Ameren (parent) and its subsidiaries, Ameren Missouri expects to make material income tax payments to Ameren (parent) in 2019 and 2020 and immaterial payments in 2021 through 2023 based on planned capital expenditures and related income tax credits, while Ameren Illinois expects to make material income tax payments to Ameren (parent) in 2020 through 2023.
‰ Ameren expects its cash used for currently planned capital expenditures and dividends to exceed cash provided by operating activities over the next several years.
To fund a portion of these cash requirements, beginning in the first quarter of 2018, Ameren began using newly issued shares, rather than market-purchased shares, to satisfy requirements under its DRPlus and employee benefit plans and expects to continue to do so over the next five years.
Ameren also plans to issue incremental common equity to fund a portion of Ameren Missouri’s wind generation investments.
Ameren, Ameren Missouri, and Ameren Illinois expect their respective equity to total capitalization levels over the period ending December 2023 to remain in-line with their respective equity to total capitalization levels as of December 31, 2018.
Ameren Missouri
Table 44: Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
## Table 1 ##
As further described in the Consolidated Income Statement Review section of this Item 7, the provision for credit losses totaled $1.0 billion for 2012 compared to $1.2 billion for 2011.
For 2012, the provision for commercial lending credit losses declined by $39 million or 22% from 2011.
Similarly, the provision for consumer lending credit losses decreased $126 million or 13% from 2011.
At December 31, 2012, total ALLL to total nonperforming loans was 124%.
The comparable amount for December 31, 2011 was 122%.
These ratios are 79% and 84%, respectively, when excluding the $1.5 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, of allowance at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 allocated to consumer loans and lines of credit not secured by residential real estate and purchased impaired loans.
We have excluded consumer loans and lines of credit not secured by real estate as they are charged off after 120 to 180 days past due and not placed on nonperforming status.
Additionally, we have excluded purchased impaired loans as they are considered performing regardless of their delinquency status as interest is accreted based on our estimate of expected cash flows and additional allowance is recorded when these cash flows are below recorded investment.
See Table 33: Nonperforming Assets By Type within this Credit Risk Management section for additional information.
The ALLL balance increases or decreases across periods in relation to fluctuating risk factors, including asset quality trends, charge-offs and changes in aggregate portfolio balances.
During 2012, improving asset quality trends, including, but not limited to, delinquency status, improving economic conditions, realization of previously estimated losses through charge-offs and overall portfolio growth, combined to result in reducing the estimated credit losses within the portfolio.
As a result, the ALLL balance declined $311 million, or 7%, to $4.0 billion during the year ended December 31, 2012.
See Note 7 Allowances for Loan and Lease Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments and Letters of Credit and Note 6 Purchased Loans in the Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report regarding changes in the ALLL and in the allowance for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit.
CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS From a credit risk management perspective, we use credit default swaps (CDS) as a tool to manage risk concentrations in the credit portfolio.
That risk management could come from protection purchased or sold in the form of single name or index products.
When we buy loss protection by purchasing a CDS, we pay a fee to the seller, or CDS counterparty, in return for the right to receive a payment if a specified credit event occurs for a particular obligor or reference entity.
When we sell protection, we receive a CDS premium from the buyer in return for PNC’s obligation to pay the buyer if a specified credit event occurs for a particular obligor or reference entity.
We evaluate the counterparty credit worthiness for all our CDS activities.
Counterparty creditworthiness is approved based on a review of credit quality in accordance with our traditional credit quality standards and credit policies.
The credit risk of our counterparties is monitored in the normal course of business.
In addition, all counterparty credit lines are subject to collateral thresholds and exposures above these thresholds are secured.
CDSs are included in the “Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments under GAAP” section of Table 54: Financial Derivatives Summary in the Financial Derivatives section of this Risk Management discussion.
## Table 2 ##
(a) Includes balances held with the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland of $10.5 billion, $28.3 billion, $25.1 billion, $30.0 billion and $31.4 billion as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(b) Includes our equity interest in BlackRock.
On January 1, 2018, $.6 billion of trading and available for sale securities, primarily money market funds, were reclassified to Equity investments in accordance with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01.
See the Recently Adopted Accounting Standards portion of Note 1 Accounting Policies in Item 8 of this Report for additional detail on this adoption.
(c) Includes long-term borrowings of $37.4 billion, $43.1 billion, $38.3 billion, $43.6 billion and $41.5 billion for 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Borrowings which mature more than one year after December 31, 2018 are considered to be long-term.
(d) See capital ratios discussion in the Supervision and Regulation section of Item 1 and in the Liquidity and Capital Management portion of the Risk Management section in Item 7 of this Report for additional discussion on these capital ratios.
Additional information on the 2014-2016 fully phased-in ratios and Transitional Basel III ratios is included in the Statistical Information (Unaudited) section in Item 8 of this Report.
(e) All ratios are calculated using the regulatory capital methodology applicable to PNC during each period presented, except for the prior period Basel III Common equity Tier 1 ratios, which are fully phased-in Basel III ratios and are presented as pro forma estimates.
Ratios for all periods were calculated based on the standardized approach.
(f) The 2018 Basel III ratios for Common equity Tier 1 capital and Tier 1 risk-based capital reflect the full phase-in of all Basel III adjustments to these metrics applicable to PNC.
The 2018 Basel III Total risk-based capital ratio includes $80 million of nonqualifying trust preferred capital securities that are subject to a phase-out period that runs through 2021.

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Amortization Period	Ameren Missouri	Ameren Illinois	ATXI	Total
30–60 years	$947	$796	$84	$1,827
7–10 years	524	-4	2	522
Total	$1,471	$792	$86	$2,349

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Dollars in millions	2012	2011
January 1	$4,347	$4,887
Total net charge-offs	-1,289	-1,639
Provision for credit losses	987	1,152
Net change in allowance for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit	-10	-52
Other	1	-1
December 31	$4,036	$4,347
Net charge-offs to average loans (for the year ended)	.73%	1.08%
Allowance for loan and lease losses to total loans	2.17	2.73
Commercial lending net charge-offs	$-359	$-712
Consumer lending net charge-offs	-930	-927
Total net charge-offs	$-1,289	$-1,639
Net charge-offs to average loans (for the year ended)
Commercial lending	.35%	.86%
Consumer lending	1.24	1.33

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At or for the year ended December 31
Dollars in millions, except as noted	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014
Balance Sheet Highlights
Assets	$382,315	$380,768	$366,380	$358,493	$345,072
Loans	$226,245	$220,458	$210,833	$206,696	$204,817
Allowance for loan and lease losses	$2,629	$2,611	$2,589	$2,727	$3,331
Interest-earning deposits with banks (a)	$10,893	$28,595	$25,711	$30,546	$31,779
Investment securities	$82,701	$76,131	$75,947	$70,528	$55,823
Loans held for sale	$994	$2,655	$2,504	$1,540	$2,262
Equity investments (b)	$12,894	$11,392	$10,728	$10,587	$10,728
Mortgage servicing rights	$1,983	$1,832	$1,758	$1,589	$1,351
Goodwill	$9,218	$9,173	$9,103	$9,103	$9,103
Other assets	$34,408	$27,894	$27,506	$26,566	$28,180
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$73,960	$79,864	$80,230	$79,435	$73,479
Interest-bearing deposits	$193,879	$185,189	$176,934	$169,567	$158,755
Total deposits	$267,839	$265,053	$257,164	$249,002	$232,234
Borrowed funds (c)	$57,419	$59,088	$52,706	$54,532	$56,768
Total shareholders’ equity	$47,728	$47,513	$45,699	$44,710	$44,551
Common shareholders’ equity	$43,742	$43,530	$41,723	$41,258	$40,605
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	$-725	$-148	$-265	$130	$503
Period-end common shares outstanding (millions)	457	473	485	504	523
Loans to deposits	84%	83%	82%	83%	88%
Client Assets(billions)
Discretionary client assets under management	$148	$151	$137	$134	$135
Nondiscretionary client assets under administration	124	131	120	119	123
Total client assets under administration	272	282	257	253	258
Brokerage account client assets	47	49	44	43	43
Total	$319	$331	$301	$296	$301
Capital Ratios (d) (e)
Basel III (f)
Common equity Tier 1	9.6%	9.8%	10.0%	10.0%	10.0%
Tier 1 risk-based	10.8%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total capital risk-based	13.0%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Transitional Basel III
Common equity Tier I	N/A	10.4%	10.6%	10.6%	10.9%
Tier 1 risk-based capital	N/A	11.6%	12.0%	12.0%	12.6%
Other Selected Ratios
Dividend payout	31.5%	24.7%	29.0%	27.0%	25.3%
Common shareholders’ equity to total assets	11.4%	11.4%	11.4%	11.5%	11.8%
Average common shareholders’ equity to average assets	11.3%	11.3%	11.5%	11.5%	12.1%
Selected Statistics
Employees	53,063	52,906	52,006	52,513	53,587
Retail Banking branches	2,372	2,459	2,520	2,616	2,697
ATMs	9,162	9,051	9,024	8,956	8,605

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Question: Does Interest-earning deposits with banks (a) keeps increasing each year between 2018 and 2017?
Answer: No