List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Table columns:
№
Sultan
Portrait
Reigned from
Reigned until
Tughra
Notes

Table rows:
cells: Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
cells: 1
Osman I ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
c. 1299
1323
— [c]
Son of Ertuğrul[17] and Halime Hatun.[18] Reigned until his death.
cells: 2
Orhan ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
1323
1362
Son of Osman I and Malhun Hatun.[18] Reigned until his death.[19]
cells: 3
Murad I SULTAN-İ AZAM (The Most Exalted Sultan) HÜDAVENDİGÂR (The devotee of God) ŞEHÎD (Martyr) [20][b]
1362
15 June 1389
Son of Orhan and Nilüfer Hatun.[18] Reigned until his death. Killed on the battlefield at the Battle of Kosovo on June 15, 1389.[21]
cells: 4
Bayezid I SULTAN-İ RÛM (Sultan of the Roman Empire) YILDIRIM (Lightning)
15 June 1389
20 July 1402
Son of Murad I and Gülçiçek Hatun.[18] Captured on the battlefield at the Battle of Ankara (de facto end of reign); Died in captivity in Akşehir on 8 March 1403.[22]
cells: Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
cells: 5
Mehmed I ÇELEBİ (The Affable) KİRİŞÇİ (lit. The Bowstring Maker for his support)
5 July 1413
26 May 1421
Son of Bayezid I and Devlet Hatun.[18] Reigned until his death.[23]
cells: 6
Murad II KOCA (The Great)
25 June 1421
1444
Son of Mehmed I and Emine Hatun;[18] Abdicated of his own free will in favour of his son Mehmed II.[24]
cells: 7
Mehmed II FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror) فاتح‬
1444
1446
Son of Murad II and Hüma Hatun.[18] Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries.[24]
cells: —
Murad II KOCA (The Great)
1446
3 February 1451
Second reign; Forced to return to the throne following a Janissary insurgence;[25] Reigned until his death.
cells: Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
cells: —
Mehmed II KAYSER-İ RÛM (Caesar of the Roman Empire) FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror) فاتح‬
3 February 1451
3 May 1481
Second reign; Conquered Constantinople in 1453; Reigned until his death.[26]
cells: 8
Bayezid II VELÎ (The Saint)
19 May 1481
25 April 1512
Son of Mehmed II and Gülbahar Hatun.[18] Abdicated. Died near Didymoteicho on 26 May 1512.[27]
cells: 9
Selim I YAVUZ (The Strong) Hadim'ul Haramain'ish-Sharifain (Servant of Mecca and Medina)
25 April 1512
21 September 1520
Son of Bayezid II and Gülbahar Hatun. Reigned until his death.[28]
cells: 10
Suleiman I MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver) قانونى‬
30 September 1520
6 or 7 September 1566
Son of Selim I and Hafsa Sultan; Reigned until his death.[29]
cells: Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
cells: 11
Selim II SARI (The Blond)
29 September 1566
21 December 1574
Son of Suleiman I and Hürrem Sultan; Reigned until his death.[30]
cells: 12
Murad III
22 December 1574
16 January 1595
Son of Selim II and Nurbanu Sultan; Reigned until his death.[31]
cells: 13
Mehmed III ADLÎ (The Just)
27 January 1595
20 or 21 December 1603
Son of Murad III and Safiye Sultan; Reigned until his death;[32]
cells: 14
Ahmed I BAḪTī (The Fortunate)
21 December 1603
22 November 1617
Son of Mehmed III and Handan Sultan; Reigned until his death.[33]
cells: 15
Mustafa I DELİ (The Mad)
22 November 1617
26 February 1618
Son of Mehmed III and Halime Sultan; Deposed due to his mental instability in favour of his young nephew Osman II.[34]
cells: 16
Osman II GENÇ (The Young) ŞEHÎD (The Martyr) شهيد‬
26 February 1618
19 May 1622
Son of Ahmed I and Mahfiruz Hatun; Deposed in a Janissary riot on 19 May 1622; Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the Grand Vizier Kara Davud Pasha.[35]
cells: —
Mustafa I DELİ (The Mad)
20 May 1622
10 September 1623
Second reign; Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew Osman II; Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in Istanbul on 20 January 1639.[34]
cells: 17
Murad IV SAHİB-Î KIRAN The Conqueror of Baghdad ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) غازى‬
10 September 1623
8 or 9 February 1640
Son of Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan; Reigned until his death.[36]
cells: 18
Ibrahim DELİ (The Mad) The Conqueror of Crete ŞEHÎD
9 February 1640
8 August 1648
Son of Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan; Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the Sheikh ul-Islam; Strangled in Istanbul on 18 August 1648[37] at the behest of the Grand Vizier Mevlevî Mehmed Paşa (Sofu Mehmed Pasha).
cells: 19
Mehmed IV AVCI (The Hunter) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) غازى‬
8 August 1648
8 November 1687
Son of Ibrahim and Turhan Sultan; Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the Second Battle of Mohács; Died in Edirne on 6 January 1693.[38]
cells: 20
Suleiman II ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
8 November 1687
22 June 1691
Son of Ibrahim and Aşub Sultan; Reigned until his death.[39]
cells: 21
Ahmed II ḪĀN ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior Prince)
22 June 1691
6 February 1695
Son of Ibrahim and Muazzez Sultan; Reigned until his death.[40]
cells: 22
Mustafa II ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
6 February 1695
22 August 1703
Son of Mehmed IV and Gülnuş Sultan; Deposed on 22 August 1703 by a Janissary uprising known as the Edirne Event; Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.[41]
cells: Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
cells: 23
Ahmed III Tulip Era Sultan ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
22 August 1703
1 or 2 October 1730
Son of Mehmed IV and Gülnuş Sultan; Deposed in consequence of the Janissary rebellion led by Patrona Halil; Died on 1 July 1736.[42]
cells: 24
Mahmud I ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) KAMBUR (The Hunchback)
2 October 1730
13 December 1754
Son of Mustafa II and Saliha Sultan; Reigned until his death.[43]
cells: 25
Osman III SOFU (The Devout)
13 December 1754
29 or 30 October 1757
Son of Mustafa II and Şehsuvar Sultan; Reigned until his death.[44]
cells: 26
Mustafa III YENİLİKÇİ (The First Innovative)
30 October 1757
21 January 1774
Son of Ahmed III and Mihrişah Kadın; Reigned until his death.[45]
cells: 27
Abdülhamid I Abd ūl-Hāmīd (The Servant of God) ISLAHATÇI (The Improver) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
21 January 1774
6 or 7 April 1789
Son of Ahmed III and Şermi Kadın; Reigned until his death.[46]
cells: 28
Selim III BESTEKÂR (The Composer) NİZÂMÎ (Regulative - Orderly) ŞEHÎD (The Martyr)
7 April 1789
29 May 1807
Son of Mustafa III and Mihrişah Sultan; Deposed as a result of the Janissary revolt led by Kabakçı Mustafa against his reforms; Assassinated in Istanbul on 28 July 1808[47] at the behest of Ottoman Sultan Mustafa IV.
cells: 29
Mustafa IV
29 May 1807
28 July 1808
Son of Abdülhamid I and Sineperver Sultan; Deposed in an insurrection led by Alemdar Mustafa Pasha; Executed in Istanbul on 17 November 1808[48] by order of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II.
cells: Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
cells: 30
Mahmud II İNKILÂPÇI (The Reformer) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
28 July 1808
1 July 1839
Son of Abdülhamid I and Nakşidil Sultan (adoptive mother of Mahmud II); Disbanded the Janissaries in consequence of the Auspicious Event in 1826; Reigned until his death.[49]
cells: 31
Abdülmecid I TANZİMÂTÇI (The Strong Reformist or The Advocate of Reorganization) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
1 July 1839
25 June 1861
Son of Mahmud II and Bezmiâlem Sultan; Proclaimed the Hatt-ı Sharif (Imperial Edict) of Gülhane (Tanzimât Fermânı) that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization on 3 November 1839 at the behest of reformist Grand Vizier Great Mustafa Rashid Pasha; Accepted the Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict) (Islâhat Fermânı) on 18 February 1856; Reigned until his death.[50]
cells: 32
Abdülaziz I BAḪTSIZ (The Unfortunate) ŞEHĪD (The Martyr)
25 June 1861
30 May 1876
Son of Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Sultan; Deposed by his ministers; Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.[51]
cells: 33
Murad V
30 May 1876
31 August 1876
Son of Abdülmecid I and Şevkefza Kadın; Deposed due to his efforts to implement democratic reforms in the empire; Ordered to reside in Çırağan Palace where he died on 29 August 1904.[52]
cells: 34
Abdülhamid II Ulû Sultân Abd ūl-Hāmīd Khan (The Sublime Khan)
31 August 1876
27 April 1909
Son of Abdülmecid I and Tirimüjgan Kadın and later the adoptive son of Perestu Kadın). Reluctantly allowed the First Constitutional Era on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it and reverted to personal rule on 13 February 1878; Forced to restore the Second Constitutional Era on 3 July 1908; Deposed after the 31 March Incident (on 13 April 1909); Confined to Beylerbeyi Palace where he died on 10 February 1918.[53]
cells: 35
Mehmed V REŞÂD (Rashād) (The True Path Follower)
27 April 1909
3 July 1918
Son of Abdülmecid I and Gülcemal Kadın; Reigned as a figurehead of Mehmed Talat, İsmail Enver, and Ahmed Cemal Pashas until his death.[54]
cells: 36
Mehmed VI VAHDETTİN (Wāhīd ād-Dīn) (The Unifier of Religion (Islam) or The Oneness of Islam)
4 July 1918
1 November 1922
Son of Abdülmecid I and Gülüstü Hanım; Sultanate abolished; Left Istanbul on 17 November 1922; Died in exile in Sanremo, Italy on 16 May 1926.[55]
cells: Caliph of the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
Caliph of the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
Caliph of the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
Caliph of the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
Caliph of the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
Caliph of the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
Caliph of the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
cells: —
Abdülmecid II
18 November 1922
3 March 1924
— [c]
Son of Abdülaziz I and Hayranidil Kadın;[56] Elected caliph by the TBMM; Exiled after the abolition of the caliphate;[57] Died in Paris, France on 23 August 1944.[58]

Questions about this table:
originalText: who was the ruler of the ottoman empire in 1914
answer: answerTexts: Mehmed I