; LLVM IR from brpapa/algorithms :: solutions/spoj (TRT)

; Unoptimized IR (clang -disable-llvm-passes):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%"class.std::vector" = type { %"struct.std::_Vector_base" }
%"struct.std::_Vector_base" = type { %"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl" }
%"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl" = type { %"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl_data" }
%"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl_data" = type { ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::basic_istream" = type { ptr, i64, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::basic_ios" = type { %"class.std::ios_base", ptr, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::ios_base" = type { ptr, i64, i64, i32, i32, i32, ptr, %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words", [8 x %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words"], i32, ptr, %"class.std::locale" }
%"struct.std::ios_base::_Words" = type { ptr, i64 }
%"class.std::locale" = type { ptr }
%"class.std::basic_ostream" = type { ptr, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator" = type { ptr }

@A = external dso_local global %"class.std::vector", align 8
@N = external dso_local global i32, align 4
@memo = external dso_local global [2020 x [2020 x i32]], align 16
@_ZSt3cin = external global %"class.std::basic_istream", align 8
@_ZSt4cout = external global %"class.std::basic_ostream", align 8

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare dso_local noundef i32 @_Z2dpii(i32 noundef, i32 noundef) #0

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress norecurse uwtable
define dso_local noundef i32 @main() #2 {
  %1 = alloca i32, align 4
  %2 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %3 = alloca %"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator", align 8
  %4 = alloca %"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator", align 8
  %5 = alloca ptr, align 8
  store i32 0, ptr %1, align 4
  %6 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZNSirsERi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) @_ZSt3cin, ptr noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) @N)
  %7 = load i32, ptr @N, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %8 = sext i32 %7 to i64
  call void @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE6resizeEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) @A, i64 noundef %8)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %2) #8
  store ptr @A, ptr %2, align 8, !tbaa !9
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %3) #8
  %9 = call ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE5beginEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) @A) #8
  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
  store ptr %9, ptr %10, align 8
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %4) #8
  %11 = call ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE3endEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) @A) #8
  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
  store ptr %11, ptr %12, align 8
  br label %13

13:                                               ; preds = %20, %0
  %14 = call noundef zeroext i1 @_ZN9__gnu_cxxneIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEEbRKNS_17__normal_iteratorIT_T0_EESA_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %3, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %4) #8
  br i1 %14, label %16, label %15

15:                                               ; preds = %13
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %4) #8
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %3) #8
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %2) #8
  br label %22

16:                                               ; preds = %13
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %5) #8
  %17 = call noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) ptr @_ZNK9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEdeEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %3) #8
  store ptr %17, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %18 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %19 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZNSirsERi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) @_ZSt3cin, ptr noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) %18)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %5) #8
  br label %20

20:                                               ; preds = %16
  %21 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZN9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEppEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %3) #8
  br label %13

22:                                               ; preds = %15
  call void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr align 16 @memo, i8 -1, i64 16321600, i1 false)
  %23 = load i32, ptr @N, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %24 = sub nsw i32 %23, 1
  %25 = call noundef i32 @_Z2dpii(i32 noundef 0, i32 noundef %24)
  %26 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) @_ZSt4cout, i32 noundef %25)
  %27 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEPFRSoS_E(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %26, ptr noundef @_ZSt4endlIcSt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES6_)
  ret i32 0
}

declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZNSirsERi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16), ptr noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4)) #3

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare dso_local void @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE6resizeEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24), i64 noundef) #0 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE5beginEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24)) #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE3endEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24)) #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef zeroext i1 @_ZN9__gnu_cxxneIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEEbRKNS_17__normal_iteratorIT_T0_EESA_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) #5

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) ptr @_ZNK9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEdeEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZN9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEppEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write)
declare void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr nocapture writeonly, i8, i64, i1 immarg) #6

declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), i32 noundef) #3

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEPFRSoS_E(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef) #0 align 2

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZSt4endlIcSt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES6_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) #7

attributes #0 = { mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress norecurse uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #5 = { inlinehint mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #6 = { nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write) }
attributes #7 = { inlinehint mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #8 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C++ TBAA"}
!9 = !{!10, !10, i64 0}
!10 = !{!"any pointer", !7, i64 0}


; Optimized IR (opt -passes='default<O3>'):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%"class.std::vector" = type { %"struct.std::_Vector_base" }
%"struct.std::_Vector_base" = type { %"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl" }
%"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl" = type { %"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl_data" }
%"struct.std::_Vector_base<int, std::allocator<int>>::_Vector_impl_data" = type { ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::basic_istream" = type { ptr, i64, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::basic_ios" = type { %"class.std::ios_base", ptr, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::ios_base" = type { ptr, i64, i64, i32, i32, i32, ptr, %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words", [8 x %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words"], i32, ptr, %"class.std::locale" }
%"struct.std::ios_base::_Words" = type { ptr, i64 }
%"class.std::locale" = type { ptr }
%"class.std::basic_ostream" = type { ptr, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator" = type { ptr }

@A = external dso_local global %"class.std::vector", align 8
@N = external dso_local global i32, align 4
@memo = external dso_local local_unnamed_addr global [2020 x [2020 x i32]], align 16
@_ZSt3cin = external global %"class.std::basic_istream", align 8
@_ZSt4cout = external global %"class.std::basic_ostream", align 8

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare dso_local noundef i32 @_Z2dpii(i32 noundef, i32 noundef) local_unnamed_addr #0

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress norecurse uwtable
define dso_local noundef i32 @main() local_unnamed_addr #2 {
  %1 = alloca %"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator", align 8
  %2 = alloca %"class.__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator", align 8
  %3 = tail call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZNSirsERi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) @_ZSt3cin, ptr noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) @N)
  %4 = load i32, ptr @N, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %5 = sext i32 %4 to i64
  tail call void @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE6resizeEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) @A, i64 noundef %5)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr nonnull %1) #8
  %6 = tail call ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE5beginEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) @A) #8
  store ptr %6, ptr %1, align 8
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr nonnull %2) #8
  %7 = tail call ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE3endEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) @A) #8
  store ptr %7, ptr %2, align 8
  %8 = call noundef zeroext i1 @_ZN9__gnu_cxxneIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEEbRKNS_17__normal_iteratorIT_T0_EESA_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %1, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %2) #8
  br i1 %8, label %.lr.ph, label %._crit_edge

._crit_edge:                                      ; preds = %.lr.ph, %0
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr nonnull %2) #8
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr nonnull %1) #8
  call void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr noundef nonnull align 16 dereferenceable(16321600) @memo, i8 -1, i64 16321600, i1 false)
  %9 = load i32, ptr @N, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %10 = add nsw i32 %9, -1
  %11 = call noundef i32 @_Z2dpii(i32 noundef 0, i32 noundef %10)
  %12 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) @_ZSt4cout, i32 noundef %11)
  %13 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEPFRSoS_E(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %12, ptr noundef nonnull @_ZSt4endlIcSt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES6_)
  ret i32 0

.lr.ph:                                           ; preds = %0, %.lr.ph
  %14 = call noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) ptr @_ZNK9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEdeEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %1) #8
  %15 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZNSirsERi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) @_ZSt3cin, ptr noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) %14)
  %16 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZN9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEppEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %1) #8
  %17 = call noundef zeroext i1 @_ZN9__gnu_cxxneIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEEbRKNS_17__normal_iteratorIT_T0_EESA_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %1, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) %2) #8
  br i1 %17, label %.lr.ph, label %._crit_edge
}

declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZNSirsERi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16), ptr noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4)) local_unnamed_addr #3

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare dso_local void @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE6resizeEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24), i64 noundef) local_unnamed_addr #0 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE5beginEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24)) local_unnamed_addr #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local ptr @_ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE3endEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24)) local_unnamed_addr #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef zeroext i1 @_ZN9__gnu_cxxneIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEEbRKNS_17__normal_iteratorIT_T0_EESA_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) local_unnamed_addr #5

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef nonnull align 4 dereferenceable(4) ptr @_ZNK9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEdeEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) local_unnamed_addr #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZN9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPiSt6vectorIiSaIiEEEppEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) local_unnamed_addr #4 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write)
declare void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr nocapture writeonly, i8, i64, i1 immarg) #6

declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEi(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), i32 noundef) local_unnamed_addr #3

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZNSolsEPFRSoS_E(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef) local_unnamed_addr #0 align 2

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZSt4endlIcSt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES6_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8)) #7

attributes #0 = { mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress norecurse uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #5 = { inlinehint mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #6 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write) }
attributes #7 = { inlinehint mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #8 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C++ TBAA"}


; Effective O3 passes: EarlyCSEPass,GlobalOptPass,InferFunctionAttrsPass,InstCombinePass,JumpThreadingPass,LoopRotatePass,LoopSimplifyPass,LoopUnrollPass,SROAPass,SimplifyCFGPass,TailCallElimPass