; LLVM IR from lolosssss/leetcode :: c (204_count_primes)

; Unoptimized IR (clang -disable-llvm-passes):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
define dso_local i32 @countPrimes(i32 noundef %0) #0 {
  %2 = alloca i32, align 4
  %3 = alloca i32, align 4
  %4 = alloca i32, align 4
  %5 = alloca i32, align 4
  %6 = alloca i32, align 4
  %7 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %8 = alloca i32, align 4
  store i32 %0, ptr %2, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %3) #4
  store i32 2, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %4) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %5) #4
  %9 = load i32, ptr %2, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %10 = sitofp i32 %9 to double
  %11 = call double @sqrt(double noundef %10) #4
  %12 = fptosi double %11 to i32
  store i32 %12, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %6) #4
  store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %7) #4
  %13 = load i32, ptr %2, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %14 = sext i32 %13 to i64
  %15 = call noalias ptr @calloc(i64 noundef %14, i64 noundef 4) #5
  store ptr %15, ptr %7, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %16 = load ptr, ptr %7, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %17 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %16, i64 0
  store i32 1, ptr %17, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %18

18:                                               ; preds = %64, %1
  %19 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %20 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %21 = icmp sle i32 %19, %20
  br i1 %21, label %22, label %65

22:                                               ; preds = %18
  %23 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %24 = icmp slt i32 %23, 463441
  br i1 %24, label %25, label %44

25:                                               ; preds = %22
  %26 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %27 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %28 = mul nsw i32 %26, %27
  store i32 %28, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %29

29:                                               ; preds = %39, %25
  %30 = load i32, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %31 = load i32, ptr %2, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %32 = icmp slt i32 %30, %31
  br i1 %32, label %33, label %43

33:                                               ; preds = %29
  %34 = load ptr, ptr %7, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %35 = load i32, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %36 = sub nsw i32 %35, 1
  %37 = sext i32 %36 to i64
  %38 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %34, i64 %37
  store i32 1, ptr %38, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %39

39:                                               ; preds = %33
  %40 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %41 = load i32, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %42 = add nsw i32 %41, %40
  store i32 %42, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %29, !llvm.loop !11

43:                                               ; preds = %29
  br label %44

44:                                               ; preds = %43, %22
  %45 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %46 = add nsw i32 %45, 1
  store i32 %46, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %47

47:                                               ; preds = %61, %44
  %48 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %49 = load i32, ptr %2, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %50 = icmp slt i32 %48, %49
  br i1 %50, label %51, label %59

51:                                               ; preds = %47
  %52 = load ptr, ptr %7, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %53 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %54 = sub nsw i32 %53, 1
  %55 = sext i32 %54 to i64
  %56 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %52, i64 %55
  %57 = load i32, ptr %56, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %58 = icmp ne i32 %57, 0
  br label %59

59:                                               ; preds = %51, %47
  %60 = phi i1 [ false, %47 ], [ %58, %51 ]
  br i1 %60, label %61, label %64

61:                                               ; preds = %59
  %62 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %63 = add nsw i32 %62, 1
  store i32 %63, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %47, !llvm.loop !13

64:                                               ; preds = %59
  br label %18, !llvm.loop !14

65:                                               ; preds = %18
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %8) #4
  store i32 2, ptr %8, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %66

66:                                               ; preds = %83, %65
  %67 = load i32, ptr %8, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %68 = load i32, ptr %2, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %69 = icmp slt i32 %67, %68
  br i1 %69, label %71, label %70

70:                                               ; preds = %66
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %8) #4
  br label %86

71:                                               ; preds = %66
  %72 = load ptr, ptr %7, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %73 = load i32, ptr %8, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %74 = sub nsw i32 %73, 1
  %75 = sext i32 %74 to i64
  %76 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %72, i64 %75
  %77 = load i32, ptr %76, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %78 = icmp ne i32 %77, 0
  br i1 %78, label %82, label %79

79:                                               ; preds = %71
  %80 = load i32, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %81 = add nsw i32 %80, 1
  store i32 %81, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %82

82:                                               ; preds = %79, %71
  br label %83

83:                                               ; preds = %82
  %84 = load i32, ptr %8, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %85 = add nsw i32 %84, 1
  store i32 %85, ptr %8, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %66, !llvm.loop !15

86:                                               ; preds = %70
  %87 = load ptr, ptr %7, align 8, !tbaa !9
  call void @free(ptr noundef %87) #4
  %88 = load i32, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %7) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %6) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %5) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %4) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %3) #4
  ret i32 %88
}

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nounwind
declare double @sqrt(double noundef) #2

; Function Attrs: nounwind allocsize(0,1)
declare noalias ptr @calloc(i64 noundef, i64 noundef) #3

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nounwind
declare void @free(ptr noundef) #2

attributes #0 = { nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { nounwind "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { nounwind allocsize(0,1) "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { nounwind }
attributes #5 = { nounwind allocsize(0,1) }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C/C++ TBAA"}
!9 = !{!10, !10, i64 0}
!10 = !{!"any pointer", !7, i64 0}
!11 = distinct !{!11, !12}
!12 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}
!13 = distinct !{!13, !12}
!14 = distinct !{!14, !12}
!15 = distinct !{!15, !12}


; Optimized IR (opt -passes='default<O3>'):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

; Function Attrs: nounwind memory(readwrite, argmem: write) uwtable
define dso_local i32 @countPrimes(i32 noundef %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 {
  %2 = sitofp i32 %0 to double
  %3 = tail call double @sqrt(double noundef %2) #5
  %4 = fptosi double %3 to i32
  %5 = sext i32 %0 to i64
  %6 = tail call noalias ptr @calloc(i64 noundef %5, i64 noundef 4) #6
  store i32 1, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %.not34 = icmp slt i32 %4, 2
  br i1 %.not34, label %.preheader, label %.lr.ph36

.lr.ph36:                                         ; preds = %1
  %invariant.gep = getelementptr i8, ptr %6, i64 -4
  br label %19

.preheader:                                       ; preds = %.critedge, %1
  %invariant.gep37 = getelementptr i8, ptr %6, i64 -4
  %7 = icmp sgt i32 %0, 2
  br i1 %7, label %.lr.ph41.preheader, label %._crit_edge

.lr.ph41.preheader:                               ; preds = %.preheader
  %wide.trip.count = zext nneg i32 %0 to i64
  %8 = add nsw i64 %wide.trip.count, -2
  %min.iters.check58 = icmp ult i64 %8, 8
  br i1 %min.iters.check58, label %.lr.ph41.preheader72, label %vector.ph59

.lr.ph41.preheader72:                             ; preds = %middle.block56, %.lr.ph41.preheader
  %indvars.iv47.ph = phi i64 [ 2, %.lr.ph41.preheader ], [ %ind.end62, %middle.block56 ]
  %.02839.ph = phi i32 [ 0, %.lr.ph41.preheader ], [ %18, %middle.block56 ]
  br label %.lr.ph41

vector.ph59:                                      ; preds = %.lr.ph41.preheader
  %n.vec61 = and i64 %8, -8
  %ind.end62 = or disjoint i64 %n.vec61, 2
  br label %vector.body64

vector.body64:                                    ; preds = %vector.body64, %vector.ph59
  %index65 = phi i64 [ 0, %vector.ph59 ], [ %index.next69, %vector.body64 ]
  %vec.phi = phi <4 x i32> [ zeroinitializer, %vector.ph59 ], [ %15, %vector.body64 ]
  %vec.phi66 = phi <4 x i32> [ zeroinitializer, %vector.ph59 ], [ %16, %vector.body64 ]
  %offset.idx67 = or disjoint i64 %index65, 2
  %9 = getelementptr i32, ptr %invariant.gep37, i64 %offset.idx67
  %10 = getelementptr i8, ptr %9, i64 16
  %wide.load = load <4 x i32>, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %wide.load68 = load <4 x i32>, ptr %10, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %11 = icmp eq <4 x i32> %wide.load, zeroinitializer
  %12 = icmp eq <4 x i32> %wide.load68, zeroinitializer
  %13 = zext <4 x i1> %11 to <4 x i32>
  %14 = zext <4 x i1> %12 to <4 x i32>
  %15 = add <4 x i32> %vec.phi, %13
  %16 = add <4 x i32> %vec.phi66, %14
  %index.next69 = add nuw i64 %index65, 8
  %17 = icmp eq i64 %index.next69, %n.vec61
  br i1 %17, label %middle.block56, label %vector.body64, !llvm.loop !9

middle.block56:                                   ; preds = %vector.body64
  %bin.rdx = add <4 x i32> %16, %15
  %18 = tail call i32 @llvm.vector.reduce.add.v4i32(<4 x i32> %bin.rdx)
  %cmp.n70 = icmp eq i64 %8, %n.vec61
  br i1 %cmp.n70, label %._crit_edge, label %.lr.ph41.preheader72

19:                                               ; preds = %.lr.ph36, %.critedge
  %.02735 = phi i32 [ 2, %.lr.ph36 ], [ %.1.lcssa, %.critedge ]
  %20 = icmp slt i32 %.02735, 463441
  %21 = mul i32 %.02735, %.02735
  %22 = icmp slt i32 %21, %0
  %or.cond = and i1 %20, %22
  br i1 %or.cond, label %.lr.ph.preheader, label %..loopexit_crit_edge

..loopexit_crit_edge:                             ; preds = %19
  %.pre = sext i32 %.02735 to i64
  br label %.loopexit

.lr.ph.preheader:                                 ; preds = %19
  %23 = sext i32 %21 to i64
  %24 = sext i32 %.02735 to i64
  %25 = add nsw i64 %24, %23
  %smax55 = tail call i64 @llvm.smax.i64(i64 %25, i64 %5)
  %26 = icmp slt i64 %25, %5
  %umin.neg = sext i1 %26 to i64
  %27 = select i1 %26, i64 2, i64 1
  %28 = add i64 %smax55, %umin.neg
  %29 = sub i64 %28, %25
  %30 = udiv i64 %29, %24
  %31 = add i64 %27, %30
  %min.iters.check = icmp ugt i64 %31, 7
  %ident.check.not = icmp eq i32 %.02735, 1
  %or.cond71 = and i1 %min.iters.check, %ident.check.not
  br i1 %or.cond71, label %vector.ph, label %.lr.ph.preheader74

vector.ph:                                        ; preds = %.lr.ph.preheader
  %n.vec = and i64 %31, -8
  %ind.end = or disjoint i64 %n.vec, 1
  br label %vector.body

vector.body:                                      ; preds = %vector.body, %vector.ph
  %index = phi i64 [ 0, %vector.ph ], [ %index.next, %vector.body ]
  %32 = getelementptr i32, ptr %6, i64 %index
  %33 = getelementptr i8, ptr %32, i64 16
  store <4 x i32> <i32 1, i32 1, i32 1, i32 1>, ptr %32, align 4, !tbaa !5
  store <4 x i32> <i32 1, i32 1, i32 1, i32 1>, ptr %33, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %index.next = add nuw i64 %index, 8
  %34 = icmp eq i64 %index.next, %n.vec
  br i1 %34, label %middle.block, label %vector.body, !llvm.loop !13

middle.block:                                     ; preds = %vector.body
  %cmp.n = icmp eq i64 %31, %n.vec
  br i1 %cmp.n, label %.loopexit, label %.lr.ph.preheader74

.lr.ph.preheader74:                               ; preds = %middle.block, %.lr.ph.preheader
  %indvars.iv.ph = phi i64 [ %23, %.lr.ph.preheader ], [ %ind.end, %middle.block ]
  br label %.lr.ph

.lr.ph:                                           ; preds = %.lr.ph.preheader74, %.lr.ph
  %indvars.iv = phi i64 [ %indvars.iv.next, %.lr.ph ], [ %indvars.iv.ph, %.lr.ph.preheader74 ]
  %gep = getelementptr i32, ptr %invariant.gep, i64 %indvars.iv
  store i32 1, ptr %gep, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %indvars.iv.next = add nsw i64 %indvars.iv, %24
  %35 = icmp slt i64 %indvars.iv.next, %5
  br i1 %35, label %.lr.ph, label %.loopexit, !llvm.loop !14

.loopexit:                                        ; preds = %.lr.ph, %middle.block, %..loopexit_crit_edge
  %.pre-phi = phi i64 [ %.pre, %..loopexit_crit_edge ], [ %24, %middle.block ], [ %24, %.lr.ph ]
  %36 = add i32 %.02735, 1
  %smax = tail call i32 @llvm.smax.i32(i32 %0, i32 %36)
  %37 = add i32 %smax, -1
  br label %38

38:                                               ; preds = %40, %.loopexit
  %indvars.iv44 = phi i64 [ %indvars.iv.next45, %40 ], [ %.pre-phi, %.loopexit ]
  %indvars.iv.next45 = add nsw i64 %indvars.iv44, 1
  %39 = icmp slt i64 %indvars.iv.next45, %5
  br i1 %39, label %40, label %.critedge

40:                                               ; preds = %38
  %41 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %6, i64 %indvars.iv44
  %42 = load i32, ptr %41, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %.not32 = icmp eq i32 %42, 0
  br i1 %.not32, label %.critedge.split.loop.exit50, label %38, !llvm.loop !15

.critedge.split.loop.exit50:                      ; preds = %40
  %43 = trunc nsw i64 %indvars.iv44 to i32
  %44 = trunc nsw i64 %indvars.iv.next45 to i32
  br label %.critedge

.critedge:                                        ; preds = %38, %.critedge.split.loop.exit50
  %.1.in.lcssa = phi i32 [ %43, %.critedge.split.loop.exit50 ], [ %37, %38 ]
  %.1.lcssa = phi i32 [ %44, %.critedge.split.loop.exit50 ], [ %smax, %38 ]
  %.not.not = icmp slt i32 %.1.in.lcssa, %4
  br i1 %.not.not, label %19, label %.preheader, !llvm.loop !16

._crit_edge:                                      ; preds = %.lr.ph41, %middle.block56, %.preheader
  %.028.lcssa = phi i32 [ 0, %.preheader ], [ %18, %middle.block56 ], [ %spec.select, %.lr.ph41 ]
  tail call void @free(ptr noundef %6) #5
  ret i32 %.028.lcssa

.lr.ph41:                                         ; preds = %.lr.ph41.preheader72, %.lr.ph41
  %indvars.iv47 = phi i64 [ %indvars.iv.next48, %.lr.ph41 ], [ %indvars.iv47.ph, %.lr.ph41.preheader72 ]
  %.02839 = phi i32 [ %spec.select, %.lr.ph41 ], [ %.02839.ph, %.lr.ph41.preheader72 ]
  %gep38 = getelementptr i32, ptr %invariant.gep37, i64 %indvars.iv47
  %45 = load i32, ptr %gep38, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %.not31 = icmp eq i32 %45, 0
  %46 = zext i1 %.not31 to i32
  %spec.select = add nuw nsw i32 %.02839, %46
  %indvars.iv.next48 = add nuw nsw i64 %indvars.iv47, 1
  %exitcond.not = icmp eq i64 %indvars.iv.next48, %wide.trip.count
  br i1 %exitcond.not, label %._crit_edge, label %.lr.ph41, !llvm.loop !17
}

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree nounwind willreturn memory(write)
declare double @sqrt(double noundef) local_unnamed_addr #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree nounwind willreturn allockind("alloc,zeroed") allocsize(0,1) memory(inaccessiblemem: readwrite)
declare noalias noundef ptr @calloc(i64 noundef, i64 noundef) local_unnamed_addr #2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind willreturn allockind("free") memory(argmem: readwrite, inaccessiblemem: readwrite)
declare void @free(ptr allocptr nocapture noundef) local_unnamed_addr #3

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none)
declare i32 @llvm.smax.i32(i32, i32) #4

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none)
declare i64 @llvm.smax.i64(i64, i64) #4

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none)
declare i32 @llvm.vector.reduce.add.v4i32(<4 x i32>) #4

attributes #0 = { nounwind memory(readwrite, argmem: write) uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { mustprogress nofree nounwind willreturn memory(write) "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress nofree nounwind willreturn allockind("alloc,zeroed") allocsize(0,1) memory(inaccessiblemem: readwrite) "alloc-family"="malloc" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { mustprogress nounwind willreturn allockind("free") memory(argmem: readwrite, inaccessiblemem: readwrite) "alloc-family"="malloc" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none) }
attributes #5 = { nounwind }
attributes #6 = { nounwind allocsize(0,1) }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C/C++ TBAA"}
!9 = distinct !{!9, !10, !11, !12}
!10 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}
!11 = !{!"llvm.loop.isvectorized", i32 1}
!12 = !{!"llvm.loop.unroll.runtime.disable"}
!13 = distinct !{!13, !10, !11, !12}
!14 = distinct !{!14, !10, !11}
!15 = distinct !{!15, !10}
!16 = distinct !{!16, !10}
!17 = distinct !{!17, !10, !12, !11}


; Effective O3 passes: EarlyCSEPass,GVNPass,GlobalDCEPass,GlobalOptPass,IndVarSimplifyPass,InferFunctionAttrsPass,InstCombinePass,InstSimplifyPass,JumpThreadingPass,LCSSAPass,LICMPass,LoopLoadEliminationPass,LoopRotatePass,LoopSimplifyPass,LoopUnrollPass,LoopVectorizePass,PostOrderFunctionAttrsPass,ReassociatePass,SROAPass,SimplifyCFGPass,TailCallElimPass