; LLVM IR from Lakhankumawat/LearnCPP :: P-Problem Statements & Solution/1-Level 1 (LowercaseToUppercase)

; Unoptimized IR (clang -disable-llvm-passes):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%"class.std::basic_istream" = type { ptr, i64, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::basic_ios" = type { %"class.std::ios_base", ptr, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::ios_base" = type { ptr, i64, i64, i32, i32, i32, ptr, %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words", [8 x %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words"], i32, ptr, %"class.std::locale" }
%"struct.std::ios_base::_Words" = type { ptr, i64 }
%"class.std::locale" = type { ptr }
%"class.std::basic_ostream" = type { ptr, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string" = type { %"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider", i64, %union.anon }
%"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider" = type { ptr }
%union.anon = type { i64, [8 x i8] }

@_ZSt3cin = external global %"class.std::basic_istream", align 8
@_ZSt4cout = external global %"class.std::basic_ostream", align 8

; Function Attrs: mustprogress norecurse uwtable
define dso_local noundef i32 @main() #0 personality ptr @__gxx_personality_v0 {
  %1 = alloca i32, align 4
  %2 = alloca %"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string", align 8
  %3 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %4 = alloca i32, align 4
  %5 = alloca i32, align 4
  store i32 0, ptr %1, align 4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 32, ptr %2) #5
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2) #5
  %6 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZStrsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_istreamIT_T0_ES7_RNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) @_ZSt3cin, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2)
          to label %7 unwind label %14

7:                                                ; preds = %0
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %5) #5
  store i32 0, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %8

8:                                                ; preds = %31, %7
  %9 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %10 = sext i32 %9 to i64
  %11 = call noundef i64 @_ZNKSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6lengthEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2) #5
  %12 = icmp ult i64 %10, %11
  br i1 %12, label %18, label %13

13:                                               ; preds = %8
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %5) #5
  br label %38

14:                                               ; preds = %38, %0
  %15 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  %16 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %15, 0
  store ptr %16, ptr %3, align 8
  %17 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %15, 1
  store i32 %17, ptr %4, align 4
  br label %42

18:                                               ; preds = %8
  %19 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %20 = sext i32 %19 to i64
  %21 = invoke noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2, i64 noundef %20)
          to label %22 unwind label %34

22:                                               ; preds = %18
  %23 = load i8, ptr %21, align 1, !tbaa !9
  %24 = sext i8 %23 to i32
  %25 = sub nsw i32 %24, 32
  %26 = trunc i32 %25 to i8
  %27 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %28 = sext i32 %27 to i64
  %29 = invoke noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2, i64 noundef %28)
          to label %30 unwind label %34

30:                                               ; preds = %22
  store i8 %26, ptr %29, align 1, !tbaa !9
  br label %31

31:                                               ; preds = %30
  %32 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %33 = add nsw i32 %32, 1
  store i32 %33, ptr %5, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %8, !llvm.loop !10

34:                                               ; preds = %22, %18
  %35 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  %36 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %35, 0
  store ptr %36, ptr %3, align 8
  %37 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %35, 1
  store i32 %37, ptr %4, align 4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %5) #5
  br label %42

38:                                               ; preds = %13
  %39 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) @_ZSt4cout, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2)
          to label %40 unwind label %14

40:                                               ; preds = %38
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2) #5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr %2) #5
  %41 = load i32, ptr %1, align 4
  ret i32 %41

42:                                               ; preds = %34, %14
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %2) #5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr %2) #5
  br label %43

43:                                               ; preds = %42
  %44 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
  %45 = load i32, ptr %4, align 4
  %46 = insertvalue { ptr, i32 } poison, ptr %44, 0
  %47 = insertvalue { ptr, i32 } %46, i32 %45, 1
  resume { ptr, i32 } %47
}

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZStrsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_istreamIT_T0_ES7_RNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) #3

declare i32 @__gxx_personality_v0(...)

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare noundef i64 @_ZNKSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6lengthEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32), i64 noundef) #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) #4

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

attributes #0 = { mustprogress norecurse uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { inlinehint mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #5 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C++ TBAA"}
!9 = !{!7, !7, i64 0}
!10 = distinct !{!10, !11}
!11 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Optimized IR (opt -passes='default<O3>'):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%"class.std::basic_istream" = type { ptr, i64, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::basic_ios" = type { %"class.std::ios_base", ptr, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::ios_base" = type { ptr, i64, i64, i32, i32, i32, ptr, %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words", [8 x %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words"], i32, ptr, %"class.std::locale" }
%"struct.std::ios_base::_Words" = type { ptr, i64 }
%"class.std::locale" = type { ptr }
%"class.std::basic_ostream" = type { ptr, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string" = type { %"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider", i64, %union.anon }
%"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider" = type { ptr }
%union.anon = type { i64, [8 x i8] }

@_ZSt3cin = external global %"class.std::basic_istream", align 8
@_ZSt4cout = external global %"class.std::basic_ostream", align 8

; Function Attrs: mustprogress norecurse uwtable
define dso_local noundef i32 @main() local_unnamed_addr #0 personality ptr @__gxx_personality_v0 {
  %1 = alloca %"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string", align 8
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 32, ptr nonnull %1) #5
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1) #5
  %2 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZStrsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_istreamIT_T0_ES7_RNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) @_ZSt3cin, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1)
          to label %.preheader unwind label %5

.preheader:                                       ; preds = %0
  %3 = call noundef i64 @_ZNKSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6lengthEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1) #5
  %.not = icmp eq i64 %3, 0
  br i1 %.not, label %._crit_edge, label %.lr.ph

._crit_edge:                                      ; preds = %.lr.ph, %.preheader
  %4 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) @_ZSt4cout, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1)
          to label %13 unwind label %5

5:                                                ; preds = %._crit_edge, %0
  %6 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1) #5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr nonnull %1) #5
  resume { ptr, i32 } %6

.lr.ph:                                           ; preds = %.preheader, %.lr.ph
  %indvars.iv = phi i64 [ %indvars.iv.next, %.lr.ph ], [ 0, %.preheader ]
  %7 = call noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1, i64 noundef %indvars.iv)
  %8 = load i8, ptr %7, align 1, !tbaa !5
  %9 = add i8 %8, -32
  %10 = call noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1, i64 noundef %indvars.iv)
  store i8 %9, ptr %10, align 1, !tbaa !5
  %indvars.iv.next = add nuw nsw i64 %indvars.iv, 1
  %11 = call noundef i64 @_ZNKSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6lengthEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1) #5
  %12 = icmp ugt i64 %11, %indvars.iv.next
  br i1 %12, label %.lr.ph, label %._crit_edge, !llvm.loop !8

13:                                               ; preds = %._crit_edge
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %1) #5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr nonnull %1) #5
  ret i32 0
}

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) ptr @_ZStrsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_istreamIT_T0_ES7_RNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) local_unnamed_addr #3

declare i32 @__gxx_personality_v0(...)

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare noundef i64 @_ZNKSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6lengthEv(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) local_unnamed_addr #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32), i64 noundef) local_unnamed_addr #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) local_unnamed_addr #4

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

attributes #0 = { mustprogress norecurse uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { inlinehint mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #5 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"omnipotent char", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"Simple C++ TBAA"}
!8 = distinct !{!8, !9}
!9 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Effective O3 passes: EarlyCSEPass,GlobalOptPass,IndVarSimplifyPass,InferFunctionAttrsPass,InstCombinePass,JumpThreadingPass,LoopRotatePass,LoopSimplifyPass,LoopUnrollPass,SROAPass,SimplifyCFGPass