; LLVM IR from HarshCasper/NeoAlgo :: C-Plus-Plus/other (n_string_concatenate)

; Unoptimized IR (clang -disable-llvm-passes):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%"class.std::basic_ostream" = type { ptr, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::basic_ios" = type { %"class.std::ios_base", ptr, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::ios_base" = type { ptr, i64, i64, i32, i32, i32, ptr, %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words", [8 x %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words"], i32, ptr, %"class.std::locale" }
%"struct.std::ios_base::_Words" = type { ptr, i64 }
%"class.std::locale" = type { ptr }
%"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string" = type { %"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider", i64, %union.anon }
%"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider" = type { ptr }
%union.anon = type { i64, [8 x i8] }
%"class.std::allocator.0" = type { i8 }

@.str = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [1 x i8], align 1
@_ZSt4cout = external global %"class.std::basic_ostream", align 8

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
define dso_local void @_Z10concat_strSt6vectorINSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEESaIS5_EEi(ptr noundef %0, i32 noundef %1) #0 personality ptr @__gxx_personality_v0 {
  %3 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %4 = alloca i32, align 4
  %5 = alloca %"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string", align 8
  %6 = alloca %"class.std::allocator.0", align 1
  %7 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %8 = alloca i32, align 4
  %9 = alloca i32, align 4
  store ptr %0, ptr %3, align 8, !tbaa !5
  store i32 %1, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !9
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 32, ptr %5) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 1, ptr %6) #4
  call void @_ZNSaIcEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %6) #4
  invoke void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2IS3_EEPKcRKS3_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %5, ptr noundef @.str, ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %6)
          to label %10 unwind label %16

10:                                               ; preds = %2
  call void @_ZNSt15__new_allocatorIcED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %6) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 1, ptr %6) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %9) #4
  store i32 0, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !9
  br label %11

11:                                               ; preds = %26, %10
  %12 = load i32, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !9
  %13 = load i32, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !9
  %14 = icmp slt i32 %12, %13
  br i1 %14, label %20, label %15

15:                                               ; preds = %11
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %9) #4
  br label %33

16:                                               ; preds = %2
  %17 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  %18 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %17, 0
  store ptr %18, ptr %7, align 8
  %19 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %17, 1
  store i32 %19, ptr %8, align 4
  call void @_ZNSt15__new_allocatorIcED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %6) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 1, ptr %6) #4
  br label %41

20:                                               ; preds = %11
  %21 = load i32, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !9
  %22 = sext i32 %21 to i64
  %23 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt6vectorINSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEESaIS5_EEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) %0, i64 noundef %22) #4
  %24 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6appendERKS4_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %5, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %23)
          to label %25 unwind label %29

25:                                               ; preds = %20
  br label %26

26:                                               ; preds = %25
  %27 = load i32, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !9
  %28 = add nsw i32 %27, 1
  store i32 %28, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !9
  br label %11, !llvm.loop !11

29:                                               ; preds = %20
  %30 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  %31 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %30, 0
  store ptr %31, ptr %7, align 8
  %32 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %30, 1
  store i32 %32, ptr %8, align 4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %9) #4
  br label %40

33:                                               ; preds = %15
  %34 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) @_ZSt4cout, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %5)
          to label %35 unwind label %36

35:                                               ; preds = %33
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %5) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr %5) #4
  ret void

36:                                               ; preds = %33
  %37 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  %38 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %37, 0
  store ptr %38, ptr %7, align 8
  %39 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %37, 1
  store i32 %39, ptr %8, align 4
  br label %40

40:                                               ; preds = %36, %29
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %5) #4
  br label %41

41:                                               ; preds = %40, %16
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr %5) #4
  br label %42

42:                                               ; preds = %41
  %43 = load ptr, ptr %7, align 8
  %44 = load i32, ptr %8, align 4
  %45 = insertvalue { ptr, i32 } poison, ptr %43, 0
  %46 = insertvalue { ptr, i32 } %45, i32 %44, 1
  resume { ptr, i32 } %46
}

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSaIcEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare dso_local void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2IS3_EEPKcRKS3_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32), ptr noundef, ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1)) unnamed_addr #0 align 2

declare i32 @__gxx_personality_v0(...)

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6appendERKS4_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) #0 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt6vectorINSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEESaIS5_EEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24), i64 noundef) #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) #3

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local void @_ZNSt15__new_allocatorIcED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

attributes #0 = { mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { inlinehint mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"any pointer", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C++ TBAA"}
!9 = !{!10, !10, i64 0}
!10 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!11 = distinct !{!11, !12}
!12 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Optimized IR (opt -passes='default<O3>'):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%"class.std::basic_ostream" = type { ptr, %"class.std::basic_ios" }
%"class.std::basic_ios" = type { %"class.std::ios_base", ptr, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr }
%"class.std::ios_base" = type { ptr, i64, i64, i32, i32, i32, ptr, %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words", [8 x %"struct.std::ios_base::_Words"], i32, ptr, %"class.std::locale" }
%"struct.std::ios_base::_Words" = type { ptr, i64 }
%"class.std::locale" = type { ptr }
%"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string" = type { %"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider", i64, %union.anon }
%"struct.std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>::_Alloc_hider" = type { ptr }
%union.anon = type { i64, [8 x i8] }
%"class.std::allocator.0" = type { i8 }

@.str = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [1 x i8], align 1
@_ZSt4cout = external global %"class.std::basic_ostream", align 8

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
define dso_local void @_Z10concat_strSt6vectorINSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEESaIS5_EEi(ptr noundef %0, i32 noundef %1) local_unnamed_addr #0 personality ptr @__gxx_personality_v0 {
  %3 = alloca %"class.std::__cxx11::basic_string", align 8
  %4 = alloca %"class.std::allocator.0", align 1
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 32, ptr nonnull %3) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 1, ptr nonnull %4) #4
  call void @_ZNSaIcEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %4) #4
  invoke void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2IS3_EEPKcRKS3_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %3, ptr noundef nonnull @.str, ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %4)
          to label %5 unwind label %8

5:                                                ; preds = %2
  call void @_ZNSt15__new_allocatorIcED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %4) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 1, ptr nonnull %4) #4
  %6 = icmp sgt i32 %1, 0
  br i1 %6, label %.lr.ph.preheader, label %._crit_edge

.lr.ph.preheader:                                 ; preds = %5
  %wide.trip.count = zext nneg i32 %1 to i64
  br label %.lr.ph

._crit_edge:                                      ; preds = %12, %5
  %7 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) @_ZSt4cout, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %3)
          to label %15 unwind label %16

8:                                                ; preds = %2
  %9 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  call void @_ZNSt15__new_allocatorIcED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1) %4) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 1, ptr nonnull %4) #4
  br label %19

.lr.ph:                                           ; preds = %.lr.ph.preheader, %12
  %indvars.iv = phi i64 [ 0, %.lr.ph.preheader ], [ %indvars.iv.next, %12 ]
  %10 = call noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt6vectorINSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEESaIS5_EEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24) %0, i64 noundef %indvars.iv) #4
  %11 = invoke noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6appendERKS4_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %3, ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %10)
          to label %12 unwind label %13

12:                                               ; preds = %.lr.ph
  %indvars.iv.next = add nuw nsw i64 %indvars.iv, 1
  %exitcond.not = icmp eq i64 %indvars.iv.next, %wide.trip.count
  br i1 %exitcond.not, label %._crit_edge, label %.lr.ph, !llvm.loop !5

13:                                               ; preds = %.lr.ph
  %14 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  br label %18

15:                                               ; preds = %._crit_edge
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %3) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr nonnull %3) #4
  ret void

16:                                               ; preds = %._crit_edge
  %17 = landingpad { ptr, i32 }
          cleanup
  br label %18

18:                                               ; preds = %16, %13
  %.pn = phi { ptr, i32 } [ %14, %13 ], [ %17, %16 ]
  call void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) %3) #4
  br label %19

19:                                               ; preds = %18, %8
  %.pn.pn = phi { ptr, i32 } [ %.pn, %18 ], [ %9, %8 ]
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 32, ptr nonnull %3) #4
  resume { ptr, i32 } %.pn.pn
}

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSaIcEC2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare dso_local void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEC2IS3_EEPKcRKS3_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32), ptr noundef, ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1)) unnamed_addr #0 align 2

declare i32 @__gxx_personality_v0(...)

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEE6appendERKS4_(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) local_unnamed_addr #0 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @_ZNSt6vectorINSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEESaIS5_EEixEm(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(24), i64 noundef) local_unnamed_addr #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: inlinehint mustprogress uwtable
declare noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8) ptr @_ZStlsIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES7_RKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIS4_S5_T1_EE(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(8), ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) local_unnamed_addr #3

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare void @_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nounwind uwtable
declare dso_local void @_ZNSt15__new_allocatorIcED2Ev(ptr noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(1)) unnamed_addr #2 align 2

attributes #0 = { mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { inlinehint mustprogress uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = distinct !{!5, !6}
!6 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Effective O3 passes: GlobalOptPass,IndVarSimplifyPass,InferFunctionAttrsPass,InstCombinePass,JumpThreadingPass,LoopRotatePass,LoopSimplifyPass,LoopUnrollPass,SROAPass,SimplifyCFGPass