; LLVM IR from begeekmyfriend/leetcode :: 0144_binary_tree_preorder_traversal (bst_preorder)

; Unoptimized IR (clang -disable-llvm-passes):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%struct.TreeNode = type { i32, ptr, ptr }

@.str = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8], align 1
@.str.1 = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8], align 1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
define dso_local i32 @main(i32 noundef %0, ptr noundef %1) #0 {
  %3 = alloca i32, align 4
  %4 = alloca i32, align 4
  %5 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %6 = alloca %struct.TreeNode, align 8
  %7 = alloca %struct.TreeNode, align 8
  %8 = alloca %struct.TreeNode, align 8
  %9 = alloca i32, align 4
  %10 = alloca i32, align 4
  %11 = alloca ptr, align 8
  store i32 0, ptr %3, align 4
  store i32 %0, ptr %4, align 4, !tbaa !5
  store ptr %1, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !9
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 24, ptr %6) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 24, ptr %7) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 24, ptr %8) #3
  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %6, i32 0, i32 0
  store i32 1, ptr %12, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %13 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
  store i32 2, ptr %13, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %14 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %8, i32 0, i32 0
  store i32 3, ptr %14, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %15 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %6, i32 0, i32 1
  store ptr null, ptr %15, align 8, !tbaa !13
  %16 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %6, i32 0, i32 2
  store ptr %7, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !14
  %17 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 1
  store ptr %8, ptr %17, align 8, !tbaa !13
  %18 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 2
  store ptr null, ptr %18, align 8, !tbaa !14
  %19 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %8, i32 0, i32 1
  store ptr null, ptr %19, align 8, !tbaa !13
  %20 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.TreeNode, ptr %8, i32 0, i32 2
  store ptr null, ptr %20, align 8, !tbaa !14
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %9) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %10) #3
  store i32 0, ptr %10, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %11) #3
  %21 = call ptr @preorderTraversal(ptr noundef %6, ptr noundef %10)
  store ptr %21, ptr %11, align 8, !tbaa !9
  store i32 0, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %22

22:                                               ; preds = %33, %2
  %23 = load i32, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %24 = load i32, ptr %10, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %25 = icmp slt i32 %23, %24
  br i1 %25, label %26, label %36

26:                                               ; preds = %22
  %27 = load ptr, ptr %11, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %28 = load i32, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %29 = sext i32 %28 to i64
  %30 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %27, i64 %29
  %31 = load i32, ptr %30, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %32 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr noundef @.str, i32 noundef %31)
  br label %33

33:                                               ; preds = %26
  %34 = load i32, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %35 = add nsw i32 %34, 1
  store i32 %35, ptr %9, align 4, !tbaa !5
  br label %22, !llvm.loop !15

36:                                               ; preds = %22
  %37 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr noundef @.str.1)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %11) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %10) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %9) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 24, ptr %8) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 24, ptr %7) #3
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 24, ptr %6) #3
  ret i32 0
}

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
declare hidden ptr @preorderTraversal(ptr noundef, ptr noundef) #0

declare i32 @printf(ptr noundef, ...) #2

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

attributes #0 = { nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C/C++ TBAA"}
!9 = !{!10, !10, i64 0}
!10 = !{!"any pointer", !7, i64 0}
!11 = !{!12, !6, i64 0}
!12 = !{!"TreeNode", !6, i64 0, !10, i64 8, !10, i64 16}
!13 = !{!12, !10, i64 8}
!14 = !{!12, !10, i64 16}
!15 = distinct !{!15, !16}
!16 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Optimized IR (opt -passes='default<O3>'):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

%struct.TreeNode = type { i32, ptr, ptr }

@.str = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8], align 1
@.str.1 = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8], align 1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
define dso_local noundef i32 @main(i32 noundef %0, ptr nocapture noundef readnone %1) local_unnamed_addr #0 {
  %3 = alloca %struct.TreeNode, align 8
  %4 = alloca %struct.TreeNode, align 8
  %5 = alloca %struct.TreeNode, align 8
  %6 = alloca i32, align 4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 24, ptr nonnull %3) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 24, ptr nonnull %4) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 24, ptr nonnull %5) #4
  store i32 1, ptr %3, align 8, !tbaa !5
  store i32 2, ptr %4, align 8, !tbaa !5
  store i32 3, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !5
  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %3, i64 8
  store ptr null, ptr %7, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %3, i64 16
  store ptr %4, ptr %8, align 8, !tbaa !12
  %9 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %4, i64 8
  store ptr %5, ptr %9, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %4, i64 16
  store ptr null, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !12
  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %5, i64 8
  call void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr noundef nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(16) %11, i8 0, i64 16, i1 false)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr nonnull %6) #4
  store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !13
  %12 = call ptr @preorderTraversal(ptr noundef nonnull %3, ptr noundef nonnull %6)
  %13 = load i32, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !13
  %14 = icmp sgt i32 %13, 0
  br i1 %14, label %.lr.ph, label %._crit_edge

.lr.ph:                                           ; preds = %2, %.lr.ph
  %indvars.iv = phi i64 [ %indvars.iv.next, %.lr.ph ], [ 0, %2 ]
  %15 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %12, i64 %indvars.iv
  %16 = load i32, ptr %15, align 4, !tbaa !13
  %17 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr noundef nonnull dereferenceable(1) @.str, i32 noundef %16)
  %indvars.iv.next = add nuw nsw i64 %indvars.iv, 1
  %18 = load i32, ptr %6, align 4, !tbaa !13
  %19 = sext i32 %18 to i64
  %20 = icmp slt i64 %indvars.iv.next, %19
  br i1 %20, label %.lr.ph, label %._crit_edge, !llvm.loop !14

._crit_edge:                                      ; preds = %.lr.ph, %2
  %21 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr noundef nonnull dereferenceable(1) @.str.1)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr nonnull %6) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 24, ptr nonnull %5) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 24, ptr nonnull %4) #4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 24, ptr nonnull %3) #4
  ret i32 0
}

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
declare hidden ptr @preorderTraversal(ptr noundef, ptr noundef) local_unnamed_addr #0

; Function Attrs: nofree nounwind
declare noundef i32 @printf(ptr nocapture noundef readonly, ...) local_unnamed_addr #2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write)
declare void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr nocapture writeonly, i8, i64, i1 immarg) #3

attributes #0 = { nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { nofree nounwind "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write) }
attributes #4 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !7, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"TreeNode", !7, i64 0, !10, i64 8, !10, i64 16}
!7 = !{!"int", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"omnipotent char", !9, i64 0}
!9 = !{!"Simple C/C++ TBAA"}
!10 = !{!"any pointer", !8, i64 0}
!11 = !{!6, !10, i64 8}
!12 = !{!6, !10, i64 16}
!13 = !{!7, !7, i64 0}
!14 = distinct !{!14, !15}
!15 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Effective O3 passes: EarlyCSEPass,GlobalOptPass,IndVarSimplifyPass,InferFunctionAttrsPass,InstCombinePass,JumpThreadingPass,LoopRotatePass,LoopSimplifyPass,LoopUnrollPass,MemCpyOptPass,PostOrderFunctionAttrsPass,SROAPass,SimplifyCFGPass