; LLVM IR from kokobd/leetcode-hs :: csrc/src (p12)

; Unoptimized IR (clang -disable-llvm-passes):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

@.str = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8], align 1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
define dso_local ptr @p12_intToRoman(i32 noundef %0) #0 {
  %2 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %3 = alloca i32, align 4
  %4 = alloca i64, align 8
  %5 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %6 = alloca i64, align 8
  %7 = alloca i32, align 4
  %8 = alloca ptr, align 8
  %9 = alloca i64, align 8
  %10 = alloca i64, align 8
  %11 = alloca i8, align 1
  %12 = alloca i8, align 1
  %13 = alloca i8, align 1
  %14 = alloca i32, align 4
  %15 = alloca [10 x i8], align 1
  %16 = alloca i64, align 8
  %17 = alloca i32, align 4
  %18 = alloca ptr, align 8
  store i32 %0, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %4) #6
  store i64 40, ptr %4, align 8, !tbaa !9
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %5) #6
  %19 = call noalias ptr @malloc(i64 noundef 40) #7
  store ptr %19, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !11
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %6) #6
  store i64 0, ptr %6, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %20 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !11
  call void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr align 1 %20, i8 0, i64 40, i1 false)
  %21 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %22 = icmp sgt i32 %21, 3999
  br i1 %22, label %26, label %23

23:                                               ; preds = %1
  %24 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %25 = icmp sle i32 %24, 0
  br i1 %25, label %26, label %28

26:                                               ; preds = %23, %1
  %27 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !11
  store ptr %27, ptr %2, align 8
  store i32 1, ptr %7, align 4
  br label %129

28:                                               ; preds = %23
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %8) #6
  store ptr @.str, ptr %8, align 8, !tbaa !11
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %9) #6
  %29 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %30 = call i64 @strlen(ptr noundef %29) #8
  store i64 %30, ptr %9, align 8, !tbaa !9
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %10) #6
  store i64 0, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !9
  br label %31

31:                                               ; preds = %120, %28
  %32 = load i64, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %33 = load i64, ptr %9, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %34 = icmp ult i64 %32, %33
  br i1 %34, label %35, label %38

35:                                               ; preds = %31
  %36 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %37 = icmp sgt i32 %36, 0
  br label %38

38:                                               ; preds = %35, %31
  %39 = phi i1 [ false, %31 ], [ %37, %35 ]
  br i1 %39, label %41, label %40

40:                                               ; preds = %38
  store i32 2, ptr %7, align 4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %10) #6
  br label %123

41:                                               ; preds = %38
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 1, ptr %11) #6
  %42 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %43 = load i64, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %44 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %42, i64 %43
  %45 = load i8, ptr %44, align 1, !tbaa !13
  store i8 %45, ptr %11, align 1, !tbaa !13
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 1, ptr %12) #6
  %46 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %47 = load i64, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %48 = add i64 %47, 1
  %49 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %46, i64 %48
  %50 = load i8, ptr %49, align 1, !tbaa !13
  store i8 %50, ptr %12, align 1, !tbaa !13
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 1, ptr %13) #6
  %51 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %52 = load i64, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %53 = add i64 %52, 2
  %54 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %51, i64 %53
  %55 = load i8, ptr %54, align 1, !tbaa !13
  store i8 %55, ptr %13, align 1, !tbaa !13
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %14) #6
  %56 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %57 = srem i32 %56, 10
  store i32 %57, ptr %14, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %58 = load i32, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %59 = sdiv i32 %58, 10
  store i32 %59, ptr %3, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 10, ptr %15) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %16) #6
  store i64 0, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %60 = load i32, ptr %14, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %61 = icmp eq i32 %60, 4
  br i1 %61, label %62, label %67

62:                                               ; preds = %41
  %63 = load i8, ptr %11, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %64 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  store i8 %63, ptr %64, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %65 = load i8, ptr %12, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %66 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 1
  store i8 %65, ptr %66, align 1, !tbaa !13
  store i64 2, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  br label %107

67:                                               ; preds = %41
  %68 = load i32, ptr %14, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %69 = icmp eq i32 %68, 9
  br i1 %69, label %70, label %75

70:                                               ; preds = %67
  %71 = load i8, ptr %11, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %72 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  store i8 %71, ptr %72, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %73 = load i8, ptr %13, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %74 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 1
  store i8 %73, ptr %74, align 1, !tbaa !13
  store i64 2, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  br label %106

75:                                               ; preds = %67
  %76 = load i32, ptr %14, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %77 = icmp eq i32 %76, 10
  br i1 %77, label %78, label %81

78:                                               ; preds = %75
  %79 = load i8, ptr %13, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %80 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  store i8 %79, ptr %80, align 1, !tbaa !13
  store i64 1, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  br label %105

81:                                               ; preds = %75
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 4, ptr %17) #6
  %82 = load i32, ptr %14, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %83 = srem i32 %82, 5
  store i32 %83, ptr %17, align 4, !tbaa !5
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 8, ptr %18) #6
  %84 = load i32, ptr %14, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %85 = icmp sge i32 %84, 5
  br i1 %85, label %86, label %94

86:                                               ; preds = %81
  %87 = load i8, ptr %12, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %88 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  store i8 %87, ptr %88, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %89 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  %90 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %89, i64 1
  store ptr %90, ptr %18, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %91 = load i32, ptr %17, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %92 = add nsw i32 %91, 1
  %93 = sext i32 %92 to i64
  store i64 %93, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  br label %98

94:                                               ; preds = %81
  %95 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  store ptr %95, ptr %18, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %96 = load i32, ptr %17, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %97 = sext i32 %96 to i64
  store i64 %97, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  br label %98

98:                                               ; preds = %94, %86
  %99 = load ptr, ptr %18, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %100 = load i8, ptr %11, align 1, !tbaa !13
  %101 = sext i8 %100 to i32
  %102 = trunc i32 %101 to i8
  %103 = load i32, ptr %17, align 4, !tbaa !5
  %104 = sext i32 %103 to i64
  call void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr align 1 %99, i8 %102, i64 %104, i1 false)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %18) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %17) #6
  br label %105

105:                                              ; preds = %98, %78
  br label %106

106:                                              ; preds = %105, %70
  br label %107

107:                                              ; preds = %106, %62
  %108 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  %109 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  %110 = load i64, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %111 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %109, i64 %110
  call void @reverse(ptr noundef %108, ptr noundef %111)
  %112 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %113 = load i64, ptr %6, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %114 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %112, i64 %113
  %115 = getelementptr inbounds [10 x i8], ptr %15, i64 0, i64 0
  %116 = load i64, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  call void @llvm.memcpy.p0.p0.i64(ptr align 1 %114, ptr align 1 %115, i64 %116, i1 false)
  %117 = load i64, ptr %16, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %118 = load i64, ptr %6, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %119 = add i64 %118, %117
  store i64 %119, ptr %6, align 8, !tbaa !9
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %16) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 10, ptr %15) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 4, ptr %14) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 1, ptr %13) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 1, ptr %12) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 1, ptr %11) #6
  br label %120

120:                                              ; preds = %107
  %121 = load i64, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %122 = add i64 %121, 2
  store i64 %122, ptr %10, align 8, !tbaa !9
  br label %31, !llvm.loop !14

123:                                              ; preds = %40
  %124 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %125 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !11
  %126 = load i64, ptr %6, align 8, !tbaa !9
  %127 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %125, i64 %126
  call void @reverse(ptr noundef %124, ptr noundef %127)
  %128 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8, !tbaa !11
  store ptr %128, ptr %2, align 8
  store i32 1, ptr %7, align 4
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %9) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %8) #6
  br label %129

129:                                              ; preds = %123, %26
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %6) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %5) #6
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 8, ptr %4) #6
  %130 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
  ret ptr %130
}

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nounwind allocsize(0)
declare noalias ptr @malloc(i64 noundef) #2

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write)
declare void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr nocapture writeonly, i8, i64, i1 immarg) #3

; Function Attrs: nounwind willreturn memory(read)
declare i64 @strlen(ptr noundef) #4

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
declare hidden void @reverse(ptr noundef, ptr noundef) #0

; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.memcpy.p0.p0.i64(ptr noalias nocapture writeonly, ptr noalias nocapture readonly, i64, i1 immarg) #5

attributes #0 = { nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { nounwind allocsize(0) "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #3 = { nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write) }
attributes #4 = { nounwind willreturn memory(read) "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #5 = { nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #6 = { nounwind }
attributes #7 = { nounwind allocsize(0) }
attributes #8 = { nounwind willreturn memory(read) }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"int", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"omnipotent char", !8, i64 0}
!8 = !{!"Simple C/C++ TBAA"}
!9 = !{!10, !10, i64 0}
!10 = !{!"long", !7, i64 0}
!11 = !{!12, !12, i64 0}
!12 = !{!"any pointer", !7, i64 0}
!13 = !{!7, !7, i64 0}
!14 = distinct !{!14, !15}
!15 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Optimized IR (opt -passes='default<O3>'):
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
target triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"

@.str = external hidden unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8], align 1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
define dso_local noundef ptr @p12_intToRoman(i32 noundef %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 {
  %2 = alloca [10 x i8], align 1
  %calloc = tail call dereferenceable_or_null(40) ptr @calloc(i64 1, i64 40)
  %3 = add i32 %0, -4000
  %or.cond = icmp ult i32 %3, -3999
  br i1 %or.cond, label %34, label %4

4:                                                ; preds = %1
  %5 = tail call i64 @strlen(ptr noundef nonnull dereferenceable(1) @.str) #6
  %.not = icmp eq i64 %5, 0
  br i1 %.not, label %._crit_edge, label %.lr.ph

.lr.ph:                                           ; preds = %4
  %6 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %2, i64 1
  %.pre = load i8, ptr @.str, align 1, !tbaa !5
  br label %8

._crit_edge:                                      ; preds = %27, %4
  %.047.lcssa = phi i64 [ 0, %4 ], [ %30, %27 ]
  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %calloc, i64 %.047.lcssa
  call void @reverse(ptr noundef %calloc, ptr noundef %7)
  br label %34

8:                                                ; preds = %.lr.ph, %27
  %9 = phi i8 [ %.pre, %.lr.ph ], [ %15, %27 ]
  %.04653 = phi i32 [ %0, %.lr.ph ], [ %17, %27 ]
  %.04752 = phi i64 [ 0, %.lr.ph ], [ %30, %27 ]
  %.04851 = phi i64 [ 0, %.lr.ph ], [ %13, %27 ]
  %10 = or disjoint i64 %.04851, 1
  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr @.str, i64 %10
  %12 = load i8, ptr %11, align 1, !tbaa !5
  %13 = add i64 %.04851, 2
  %14 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr @.str, i64 %13
  %15 = load i8, ptr %14, align 1, !tbaa !5
  %16 = urem i32 %.04653, 10
  %17 = udiv i32 %.04653, 10
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 10, ptr nonnull %2) #7
  switch i32 %16, label %20 [
    i32 4, label %18
    i32 9, label %19
  ]

18:                                               ; preds = %8
  store i8 %9, ptr %2, align 1, !tbaa !5
  store i8 %12, ptr %6, align 1, !tbaa !5
  br label %27

19:                                               ; preds = %8
  store i8 %9, ptr %2, align 1, !tbaa !5
  store i8 %15, ptr %6, align 1, !tbaa !5
  br label %27

20:                                               ; preds = %8
  %.urem = add nsw i32 %16, -5
  %.cmp = icmp ult i32 %16, 5
  %21 = select i1 %.cmp, i32 %16, i32 %.urem
  %22 = icmp ugt i32 %16, 4
  br i1 %22, label %23, label %25

23:                                               ; preds = %20
  store i8 %12, ptr %2, align 1, !tbaa !5
  %24 = add nsw i32 %16, -4
  br label %25

25:                                               ; preds = %20, %23
  %.045.in = phi i32 [ %24, %23 ], [ %21, %20 ]
  %.0 = phi ptr [ %6, %23 ], [ %2, %20 ]
  %.045 = zext nneg i32 %.045.in to i64
  %26 = zext nneg i32 %21 to i64
  call void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr nonnull align 1 %.0, i8 %9, i64 %26, i1 false)
  br label %27

27:                                               ; preds = %19, %25, %18
  %.1 = phi i64 [ 2, %18 ], [ 2, %19 ], [ %.045, %25 ]
  %28 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %2, i64 %.1
  call void @reverse(ptr noundef nonnull %2, ptr noundef nonnull %28)
  %29 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %calloc, i64 %.04752
  call void @llvm.memcpy.p0.p0.i64(ptr align 1 %29, ptr nonnull align 1 %2, i64 %.1, i1 false)
  %30 = add i64 %.1, %.04752
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 10, ptr nonnull %2) #7
  %31 = icmp ult i64 %13, %5
  %32 = icmp ugt i32 %.04653, 9
  %33 = and i1 %31, %32
  br i1 %33, label %8, label %._crit_edge, !llvm.loop !8

34:                                               ; preds = %1, %._crit_edge
  ret ptr %calloc
}

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write)
declare void @llvm.memset.p0.i64(ptr nocapture writeonly, i8, i64, i1 immarg) #2

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: read)
declare i64 @strlen(ptr nocapture noundef) local_unnamed_addr #3

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0(i64 immarg, ptr nocapture) #1

; Function Attrs: nounwind uwtable
declare hidden void @reverse(ptr noundef, ptr noundef) local_unnamed_addr #0

; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite)
declare void @llvm.memcpy.p0.p0.i64(ptr noalias nocapture writeonly, ptr noalias nocapture readonly, i64, i1 immarg) #4

; Function Attrs: nofree nounwind willreturn allockind("alloc,zeroed") allocsize(0,1) memory(inaccessiblemem: readwrite)
declare noalias noundef ptr @calloc(i64 noundef, i64 noundef) local_unnamed_addr #5

attributes #0 = { nounwind uwtable "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #1 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #2 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: write) }
attributes #3 = { mustprogress nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: read) "no-trapping-math"="true" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+cmov,+cx8,+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "tune-cpu"="generic" }
attributes #4 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nounwind willreturn memory(argmem: readwrite) }
attributes #5 = { nofree nounwind willreturn allockind("alloc,zeroed") allocsize(0,1) memory(inaccessiblemem: readwrite) "alloc-family"="malloc" }
attributes #6 = { nounwind willreturn memory(read) }
attributes #7 = { nounwind }

!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3}
!llvm.ident = !{!4}

!0 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!1 = !{i32 8, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
!2 = !{i32 7, !"PIE Level", i32 2}
!3 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 2}
!4 = !{!"clang version 19.1.0 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git a4bf6cd7cfb1a1421ba92bca9d017b49936c55e4)"}
!5 = !{!6, !6, i64 0}
!6 = !{!"omnipotent char", !7, i64 0}
!7 = !{!"Simple C/C++ TBAA"}
!8 = distinct !{!8, !9}
!9 = !{!"llvm.loop.mustprogress"}


; Effective O3 passes: BDCEPass,CorrelatedValuePropagationPass,DSEPass,EarlyCSEPass,GVNPass,GlobalOptPass,IPSCCPPass,InferFunctionAttrsPass,InstCombinePass,InstSimplifyPass,JumpThreadingPass,LCSSAPass,LICMPass,LoopRotatePass,LoopSimplifyPass,LoopUnrollPass,PostOrderFunctionAttrsPass,ReassociatePass,SROAPass,SimplifyCFGPass,TailCallElimPass