Task: Class Definition Understanding (ontology: Arts_Media_Entertainment/CIDOC_CRM)

Which of the following definitions best describes 'E12 Production'?

A. Scope note:
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. 
It specializes the notion of modification into the concept. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their the concept. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. 
This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. 
An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous the concept of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.

Examples:
- the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971)
- the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003)
- Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching “Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove”, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12, E65, E81) (Hind, 1923)

In First Order Logic:
- E12(x) ⇒ E11(x)
- E12(x) ⇒ E63(x)
B. Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.
Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of the concept results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of the concept and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.

Examples:
- the removal of the Porite coral specimen from the Cocos Islands by Charles Darwin in April 1836 (Natural History Museum, 2021, b)
- the removal of the engine from my car (fictitious)
- the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E80(x) ⇒ E11(x)
C. Scope note:
This class comprises the births of human beings. the concept is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being.) 
Twins, triplets, etc. are brought into life by the same instance of the concept. The introduction of the the concept event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood since the advent of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the the concept.

Examples:
- the the concept of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- E67(x) ⇒ E63(x)
D. Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the the concept of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation, or nation. 
the concept does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective.
The the concept of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of the concept. In order to express the joining of members at the time of the concept, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both the concept and E85 Joining.

Examples:
- the the concept of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group in 2000
- the the concept of the Soviet Union (Pipes, 1964)
- the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar (Irwin, 1935)

In First Order Logic:
- E66(x) ⇒ E7(x)
- E66(x) ⇒ E63(x)

Answer: Scope note:
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. 
It specializes the notion of modification into the concept. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their the concept. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. 
This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. 
An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous the concept of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.

Examples:
- the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971)
- the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003)
- Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching “Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove”, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12, E65, E81) (Hind, 1923)

In First Order Logic:
- E12(x) ⇒ E11(x)
- E12(x) ⇒ E63(x)