Task: Class Definition Understanding (ontology: Arts_Media_Entertainment/CIDOC_CRM)

Which of the following definitions best describes 'E20 Biological Object'?

A. Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. 
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen.

Examples:
- the Rosetta Stone (E22)
- LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] (Solomon, 2003)
- the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- E22(x) ⇒ E19(x)
- E22(x) ⇒ E24(x)
B. Scope note:
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms. 
Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of the concept and E22 Human-Made Object.

Examples:
- me (fictitious)
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
- petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

In First Order Logic:
- E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)
C. Scope note:
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. 
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real the concept (an instance of the concept), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of the concept does not imply that the concept comprises personae.

Examples:
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)

In First Order Logic:
- E21(x) ⇒ E20(x)
- E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)
D. Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a “named graph” also falls under this class, so that each “named graph” is an instance of the concept.
An instance of the concept does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of the concept of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of the concept of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of the concept, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.

Examples:
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- E. A. Poe's “The Raven” (Poe, 1869)
- the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002)
- the text of Huray describing the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010)
- the Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014

In First Order Logic:
- E73(x) ⇒ E89(x)
- E73(x) ⇒ E90(x)

Answer: Scope note:
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms. 
Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of the concept and E22 Human-Made Object.

Examples:
- me (fictitious)
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
- petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

In First Order Logic:
- E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)