Task: Class Definition Understanding (ontology: Arts_Media_Entertainment/CIDOC_CRM)

Which of the following definitions best describes 'E33 Linguistic Object'?

A. Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages. 
Instances of the concept can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of the concept independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of the concept by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.
In general, an instance of the concept may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of the concept can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base. 
In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of the concept may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.

Examples:
- the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019)
- the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008)
- the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)
- the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909)
- the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020)

In First Order Logic:
- E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)
B. Scope note:
This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form, or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity.
Instances of the concept can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others.
This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): the concept.
Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following:
1. A schema for the activities it describes
2. A schema of the products that result from their application
3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines
Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.

Examples:
- the ISO standardisation procedure
- the musical notation for Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” (Kershaw, 1999)
- the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral) in Cologne, Germany (Wolff, 1999)
- the drawing found on Folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486 to 1490, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan

In First Order Logic:
- E29(x) ⇒ E73(x)
C. Scope note:
This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, the concept can only be used when such a string is actually used as a the concept of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

Examples:
- “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)
- “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006)
- “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E35(x) ⇒ E33(x)
- E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)
D. Scope note:
This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.
This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a the concept, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation, and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.
The the concept class provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks, or images, etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and the depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows the concept (is shown by), the concept, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

Examples:
- the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
- the Chi-Rho (E37)
- the communist red star (E37)
- the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [There exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial the concept, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model.]

In First Order Logic:
- E36(x) ⇒ E73(x)

Answer: Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages. 
Instances of the concept can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of the concept independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of the concept by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.
In general, an instance of the concept may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of the concept can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base. 
In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of the concept may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.

Examples:
- the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019)
- the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008)
- the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)
- the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909)
- the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020)

In First Order Logic:
- E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)