Task: Class Definition Understanding (ontology: Arts_Media_Entertainment/CIDOC_CRM)

Which of the following definitions best describes 'E1 CRM Entity'?

A. Scope note:
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of the concept cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of the concept has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.
In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. the concept is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963)
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
- the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 to 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- E2(x) ⇒ E1(x)
B. Scope note:
This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of the concept constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries.
The instances of the concept are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A the concept can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame.
It is sometimes argued that instances of the concept are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the the concept at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this the concept in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.
Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of the concept. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).

Examples:
- the extent of the UK in the year 2003
- the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious)
- the the concept referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone”
- here -> <- [the the concept between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different the concept of this spot.]

In First Order Logic:
- E53(x) ⇒ E1(x)
C. Scope note:
This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless of their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of the concept, E53 Place, and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of the concept. An instance of the concept is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of the concept is its projection on time.

Examples:
- the extent in space and time of the Event of Caesar’s murder (Irwin, 1935)
- where and when the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 took place (Kouwenhoven, 1997)
- the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location (Goodwin, 2015)
- the extent in space and time defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6(th) and 9(th) August 2002

In First Order Logic:
- E92(x) ⇒ E1(x)
D. Scope note:
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. 
It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:
- Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier
- Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass to which an instance belongs 
- Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties
All other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of the concept.

Examples:
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- E1(x)

Answer: Scope note:
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. 
It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:
- Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier
- Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass to which an instance belongs 
- Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties
All other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of the concept.

Examples:
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- E1(x)