Task: Class Definition Understanding (ontology: Arts_Media_Entertainment/CIDOC_CRM)

Which of the following definitions best describes 'E56 Language'?

A. Scope note:
This class comprises types that stand as the models for instances of E22 Human-Made Object that are produced as the result of production activities using plans exact enough to result in one or more series of uniform, functionally and aesthetically identical and interchangeable items. The the concept is the intended ideal form of the manufacture process. It is typical of instances of E22 Human-Made Object that conform to an instance of the concept that its component parts are interchangeable with component parts of other instances of E22 Human-Made Object made after the model of the same instance of the concept. Frequently, the uniform production according to a given instance of the concept is achieved by creating individual tools, such as moulds or print plates that are themselves carriers of the design of the the concept. Modern tools may use the flexibility of electronically controlled devices to achieve such uniformity. The the concept itself, i.e. the potentially unlimited series of aesthetically equivalent items, may be the target of artistic design, rather than the individual object. In extreme cases, only one instance of a the concept may have been produced, such as in a “print on demand” process which was only triggered once. However, this should not be confused with industrial prototypes, such as car prototypes, which are produced prior to the production line being set up, or test the production line itself.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 [Beetle] (Rieger, 2013)
- Dragendorff 54 samian vessel
- 1937 Edward VIII brass threepenny bit 
- Qin Crossbow trigger un-notched Part B (Bg2u) (Li, 2012)
- Nokia Cityman 1320 [The first Nokia mobile phone]

In First Order Logic:
- E99(x) ⇒ E55(x)
B. Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of the concept, e.g. “instances of Mandarin Chinese”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used to denote instances of the concept, such as those defined in ISO 639-3:2007 and later versions.

Examples:
- ell [Greek] 
- eng [English] 
- epo [Esperanto] 
- spa [Spanish] 
- fra [French]

In First Order Logic:
- E56(x) ⇒ E55(x)
C. Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc. 
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of the concept, e.g. “instances of cm”.
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.

Examples:
- cm [centimetre]
- km [kilometre]
- m [metre]
- m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999)
- A [ampere]
- GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014)
- C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)
D. Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials. 
Instances of the concept may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of the concept, e.g. “instances of gold”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used.

Examples:
- brick (Gurcke, 1987)
- gold (Watson, 1990)
- aluminium (Norman, 1986)
- polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011)
- resin (Barton, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- E57(x) ⇒ E55(x)

Answer: Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of the concept, e.g. “instances of Mandarin Chinese”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used to denote instances of the concept, such as those defined in ISO 639-3:2007 and later versions.

Examples:
- ell [Greek] 
- eng [English] 
- epo [Esperanto] 
- spa [Spanish] 
- fra [French]

In First Order Logic:
- E56(x) ⇒ E55(x)