on the planet but still this doesn't mean the rate of colonization is necessarily zero and as we can see from examples like the galapagos penguins there is a fair amount of incentive for penguins to push forward and find new fishing grounds to take advantage of but doing this penguins run into another problem you see colonizing across an east-west axis is relatively easy as it's possible to stay within the same climate zone meaning a minimal number of adaptations need to take place when moving from one area to the next but thanks to their geography the north south direction penguins need to move in means migrating from polar to subpolar to temperate to subtropical to tropical back to subtropical back to temperate back to subpolar and finally back to polar each step along the way requiring adaptations to the changing environment now to be fair we can see that penguins have actually been moving in this direction but adapting to literally every single climate zone takes time and so by this point they've only managed to make it into the tropics but you see evolution is always an exchange and so each time a penguin adapts to a new climate this means it partially loses adaptations to the climate of the ant arctic in order to cope with the intense heat of the tropics for example galapagos penguins have developed feed flippers that are good at exchanging heat with the air and ground so that when they shade their feet with their bodies they help discharge excess body heat while this surely makes living near the equator more tolerable it'd make living at the poles more intolerable and could even lead to their feet getting frostbite ultimately killing them so as penguins climb closer and closer to the arctic they end up losing what would have allowed them to thrive in the arctic in the first place a problem i think i'm gonna call the penguin paradox and so unless two penguins a male and a female can make the NUMBER_TOKEN NUMBER_TOKEN kilometer long trip across the ocean directly from antarctica to the arctic then the north pole will remain off limits for the time being but okay besides the incredible distance and multiple climate zones that need to be crossed both of which being obstacles to colonization there are also forces present at the north pole that makes survival here much harder than in the south namely predators or what would more broadly be described as vectors for extinction here animals like arctic fox arctic wolves and polar bears take advantage of any animal not fast enough to escape their pursuit which pretty much would be every single penguin that ever managed to make its way here these two factors a low colonization rate thanks to geography and a high rate of extinction thanks to biology make the arctic virtually untouchable greeting any and all incoming penguins with a swift and immediate death okay so believe it or not that was the happy answer if you're satisfied with that hey don't feel like you gotta stick around just like the video subscribe support me on patreon and i'll see you next time but if you want to know the real reason why there are no penguins in the arctic then let me ask you what makes you so sure there isn't already a northern equivalent to the penguin that's right allow me to introduce you to the great oak while the arctic and northern atlantic are home to numerous birds within the
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