process of a particle getting through a barrier simply by teleportation and some shady quantum stuff the denser that force barrier is the less likely the particle is to tunnel through it in the case of matter in the cold and far future of the universe the chance of this happening is incredibly small but not equal to zero it is estimated that all matter will fuse into iron through cold fusion and quantum tunneling after NUMBER_TOKEN to the power of NUMBER_TOKEN years all these iron atoms would come together in clumps to make iron stars the last objects to exist inside the universe to put this giant amount of time in perspective if you replace every atom in the observable universe with another observable universe full of atoms and then you replace these atoms with another observable universes and repeat this cycle NUMBER_TOKEN times you'll have in total this many atoms if you counted one atom per year in the super universe it would still not be enough for all the elements to turn into iron during this process it is thought that some black dwarfs will explode into supernovas after ten to the power of one thousand one years because of the accumulating iron even though new elements will arise from nuclear fusion during the explosions they will transform into iron relatively fast these supernovas will be the last fireworks our universe will ever see but as we already know this will not happen soon at all but if you are as impatient as i am i have the perfect solution while we're waiting for the ionization of the universe blinkist our longtime sponsor it summarizes entire books in just NUMBER_TOKEN minute blinks you've got thousands of educational titles and NUMBER_TOKEN categories of the world's best knowledge to choose from if i ever spend the entire day being unproductive i listen to something that piques my interest and the day instantly doesn't feel wasted anymore or i can listen to full length audio books for my commute to the skynet headquarters they've recently introduced shortcasts summarized versions of your favorite podcasts all these combined provide you a great opportunity to broaden your knowledge and get new perspectives without having to spend hours on searching and researching it's all there for you ready the first NUMBER_TOKEN people to go to URL_TOKEN science file are going to get unlimited access for one week to try it out you'll also get NUMBER_TOKEN percent off if you want the full membership hurry up back to the video everything until now was just a minuscule fraction on the time scale of the universe for all it remains the iron stars will very slowly collapse into black holes whether through gravity or the aforementioned quantum tunneling and this process will take an inconceivable amount of time NUMBER_TOKEN to the power of NUMBER_TOKEN to the power of NUMBER_TOKEN years that's like writing a zero for each atom in the universe in order to make up the time frame eventually the newly formed black holes will evaporate through hawking radiation but this process only takes NUMBER_TOKEN to the power of NUMBER_TOKEN years at most for the most supermassive black holes which at this time period is nothing but an instance compared to the lifetime of the iron stars so you could say that at this time scale the iron stars will just disappear the moment they transform into black holes making them the actual winners of universe battle royale what happens next is very speculative as we don't know what the role of dark energy in all of this is but everything left after the death of the iron stars are just photons and leptons like electrons and positrons flying around for almost eternity
START_SPONSOR_TOKEN but if you are as impatient as i am i have the perfect solution while we're waiting for the ionization of the universe blinkist our longtime sponsor it summarizes entire books in just NUMBER_TOKEN minute blinks you've got thousands of educational titles and NUMBER_TOKEN categories of the world's best knowledge to choose from if i ever spend the entire day being unproductive i listen to something that piques my interest and the day instantly doesn't feel wasted anymore or i can listen to full length audio books for my commute to the skynet headquarters they've recently introduced shortcasts summarized versions of your favorite podcasts all these combined provide you a great opportunity to broaden your knowledge and get new perspectives without having to spend hours on searching and researching it's all there for you ready the first NUMBER_TOKEN people to go to URL_TOKEN science file are going to get unlimited access for one week to try it out you'll also get NUMBER_TOKEN percent off if you want the full membership hurry up back to the video END_SPONSOR_TOKEN