it had this really good implementation which has completely changed our technological world that's computation second part of the book i uh or argument in the book i have this two by two matrix with um science in the top row engineering in the bottom row left column is intelligence right column is life so in the bottom row the engineering there's artificial intelligence and there's artificial life in the top row there's neuroscience and abiogenesis how does living matter turn in how does non-living matter become living better yes four disciplines these four disciplines all um came into the current form in the period NUMBER_TOKEN to NUMBER_TOKEN. um that's interesting there was neuroscience before but it wasn't effective neuroscience it was you know these ganglia and there's electrical charges but no one knew knows what to do with it and furthermore there were a lot of players who are common across them i've identified common players except for artificial intelligence and habiogenesis i don't have but for any other pair i can point to people who work them and a whole bunch of them by the way we're at the research lab for electronics at mit um where uh warren mcculloch uh held held held forth and in fact mcculloch pitts um letven and maturana wrote the first paper on functional neuroscience called what the frog's eye tells the frog's brain where instead of it just being this bunch of nerves they sort of showed what different anatomical components were doing and telling other anatomical components and you know generating behavior in the front would you put them as basically the fathers or the one of the early pioneers of what are now called artificial neural networks yeah i mean mcculloch and pitts pitts was much younger than him in NUMBER_TOKEN had written a paper inspired by bertrand russell on a calculus for the ideas imminent in neural systems where they had tried to without any real proof they had tried to give a formalism for neurons basically in terms of logic and gates or gates and not gates with with no real evidence that that was what was going on but they they talked about it and that that was picked up by minsky for his NUMBER_TOKEN uh dissertation on which was a was a neural network we would call it today it was picked up by um john von neumann when he was designing the edvac computer in NUMBER_TOKEN he talked about its components being neurons based on and in references he's only got three references and one of them is the mcculloch pitts paper so all these people and then the ai people and the artificial live people which was john von neumann originally it was like overlap because you know they're all going around the same time and three of these four disciplines turn to computation as their primary metaphor so i i've got a couple of chapters in the book one is titled wait computers are people because that's where our computers came from yeah and you know from people who are computing stuff and then i've got another chapter wait people are computers which is about computational neuroscience yes so there's this whole circle here and that competition is it and you know i have talked to to people about well maybe it's not computation that goes on in the head of course it is yeah okay well when elon musk's rocket goes up is it computing is that how it gets into orbit by computing but we've got this idea if you want
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