One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system ofgovernmentthat wasappropriateto its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing ofpoliticalpower between the establishedaristocracyand the emerging other classes, and theadjustmentof aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was theharmoniousblending of all of these elements that was to produce theclassicalcultureof Athens.

Entering the polis age, Athens had thetraditionalinstitutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: anassemblyof adult males, an aristocraticcouncil, and annually elected officials. Within thistraditionalframeworkthe Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledgeddemocraticconstitution, though the right to vote wasgivento fewer groups of people than is seen in modern times.

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke thearistocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing theeconomicobligations of ordinary Athenians to thearistocracy, and allowing theassembly(of which all citizens wereequalmembers) to overrule the decisions oflocalcourts in certain cases. The strength of the Athenianaristocracywas further weakened during the rest of thecenturyby the rise of a type ofgovernmentknown as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by apopularstrongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of thetermsuggests to us). The Peisistratids, as thesuccessionof tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian centraladministrationat the expense of thearistocracyby appointing judgesthroughouttheregion, producing Athens’ first nationalcoinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended tofocusattentionon Athens rather than onlocalvillages of the surroundingregion. By the end of thecentury, the time wasripefor more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.

Cleisthenes'principalcontributionto the creation ofdemocracyat Athens was to complete the longprocessof weakening family andclanstructures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point ofentryfor all civic and mostreligiouslife in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10artificialtribes ofroughlyequalpopulation. From the demes, by either election orselection, came 500 members of a newcouncil, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. Theassemblywassovereignin all matters but in practice delegated its power tosubordinatebodies such as thecouncil, which prepared theagendafor the meetings of theassembly, and courts, which tookcareof most judicial matters. Various committees acted as anexecutivebranch, implementing policies of theassemblyand supervising, forinstance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in thegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticform of the Athenian polis from other less liberal forms.

The effect of Cleisthenes’ reforms was toestablishthe superiority of the Atheniancommunityas a whole overlocalinstitutions without destroying them. Nationalpoliticsrather thanlocalor demepoliticsbecame the focal point. At the same time,entryinto nationalpoliticsbegan at the demeleveland gavelocalloyalty a new focus: Athens itself. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited.

During the fifthcenturyB.C. thecouncilof 500 was extremelyinfluentialin shapingpolicy. In the nextcentury, however, it was thematureassemblythat took on decision-making responsibility. By anymeasureother than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by thesupposedlyinferior"people", the Atheniandemocracywas a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely thisopportunitytoparticipatein public life that provided astimulusfor thebrilliantunfolding ofclassicalGreekculture.

Questions:
question_stem: Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?
choices: tag: A
text: Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.

tag: B
text: Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.

tag: C
text: Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.

tag: D
text: By 500 B.C. the city-states were no longer powerful.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】第1段支持以下关于希腊城邦的哪些陈述？
A：大多数城市都遵循雅典提供的模式。

B：大多数城邦都是建立在贵族统治之上的。

C：不同的城邦使用不同类型的政府和组织。

D：到公元前500年，城邦不再强大。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Greek city-states”,定位到 Passage 1第1句，原句为“One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.”，意思是“从公元前800年到公元前500年，希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的兴起，或者说城市的兴起。每个城邦也都形成了适合自身情况的政府制度”。

【逻辑分析】可知每一个城邦都发展了一套适用于自己的政府系统。

【选项分析】
A.文章：每个城邦也都形成了适合自身情况的政府制度。故选项错误。
B.不是建立在贵族的统治之上的。故选项错误。
C.原文中，each polis 对应 C 选项中的 different city-states; was appropriate to its circumstances 对应 C 选项中的 different types of government and organization 所以 C 选项正确。
D.从公元前800年到公元前500年，希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的兴起。故选项错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, Athens had all of the following before becoming a city-state EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: a council made up of aristocrats

tag: B
text: an assembly made up of men

tag: C
text: a constitution that was fully democratic

tag: D
text: officials who were elected yearly
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，雅典在成为城邦之前有以下事件，除了以下哪个选项？
A：由贵族组成的议会

B：一个由男人组成的集会

C：完全民主的宪法

D：每年当选的官员

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“before”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 2。

【选项分析】
A.an aristocratic council 对应 A 选项。
B.an assembly of adult males 对应 B 选项。
C. C 选项原文说的是 Greeks 所认为的，但实际不是 fully democratic，所以 C 选项错误。
D.and annually elected officials 对应 D 选项。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, an important effect of making wealth the basis of office holding was to
choices: tag: A
text: make fewer people qualified to be members of the assembly

tag: B
text: make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold office

tag: C
text: help the aristocrats maintain power

tag: D
text: Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，将财富作为任职基础的一个重要影响是
A：减少有资格成为大会成员的人
B：让非贵族有可能任职
C：帮助贵族维持权力
D：增加雅典市民的经济机会

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“making wealth the basis”,定位到 Passage 3 第1句，原句为“and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.”，意思是“允许大会（所有公民都是平等成员）在某些情况下否决地方法院的决定。”。

【逻辑分析】根据原文可知所有的公民在某些情况下都有权去否决地方法院的决定。

【选项分析】
A.文章未提及减少成员，故错误。
B.原文中 allowing 对应 B 选项中的 make it possible，所以 B 选项正确。
C.文章：减少了贵族的权利。故选项错误。
D.文章：增加了普通市民的任职机会。故选项错误。

question_stem: The word “abolishing” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: limiting

tag: B
text: eliminating

tag: C
text: revising

tag: D
text: supervising
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“abolishing”一词最接近于下列哪个选项？
A：Limiting, 限制，限定。
B：Eliminate, 消除，排除。
C：Revising, 校正。
D：Supervising, 监督，管理。

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“abolishing”,定位到原句“The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“abolishing”的意思是“废除，取消”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“梭伦在公元前594年发起了改革的第一步，他打破了贵族对选举的束缚，将任职资格建立在财富而不是血统上，废除普通雅典民众对贵族的经济义务，并允许公民大会（其中所有公民都是平等的成员）在某些情况下驳回地方法院的决定。@@@@在公元前6世纪剩余的时间里，专制政府的兴起进一步削弱了雅典贵族的实力。专制政府指的是政府被一个铁腕人物暂时管理（不是我们现在意义上所说的由一个无情的独裁者统治）”。

【选项分析】
A：Limiting, 限制，限定。不符，错误
B：Eliminate, 消除，排除。同义替换，正确
C：Revising, 校正。不符，错误
D：Supervising, 监督，管理。不符，错误

question_stem: In paragraph 3, the author's explanation of the word “tyranny” indicates that
choices: tag: A
text: most Athenians were opposed to rule by the Peisistratids

tag: B
text: the word had a somewhat different meaning for the Athenians than it does for people today

tag: C
text: the tyrants were supported by the aristocracy

tag: D
text: the word can be applied only to ruthless dictators
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第3段中，作者对“暴政”一词的解释表明
A：大多数雅典人反对庇西特拉替德的统治
B：这个词对雅典人的意义与今天的人们有所不同。
C：暴君得到贵族的支持
D：这个词只能用在残忍的独裁者身上。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“tyranny”,定位到 Passage 3，原句为“which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us)”。

【逻辑分析】可知，tyranny 的含义对于雅典人和当今的我们是不同的。庇西特拉替德，作为铁腕人物的继承者（由王朝创始人庇西特拉图而来），不惜牺牲雅典贵族的权利，加强了中央政府管理，在所有地区任命法官，创建雅典第一套国家货币制度，并且对于关注雅典，而非周边地区当地村庄的节日，增加数量并且注重装饰。

【选项分析】
A.文章未提及反对其的统治。故错误。
B.文中 as the modern use of the term suggests to us 对应 B 选项中的 it does for people today. 所以 B 选项正确。
C.未提及是否支持，故错误。
D.这个词对雅典人的意义与今天的人们有所不同。故错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the Peisistratids' rule EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: A national system of coins was created.

tag: B
text: Judges were appointed across the region.

tag: C
text: New festivals were added.

tag: D
text: Increased attention was focused on local villages.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段庇西特拉替德的规定，除下列情况外，以下所有情况都是正确的：
A：建立了一个国家的硬币制度。
B：整个地区都任命了法官。
C：增加了新的节日。
D：人们越来越关注当地的村庄。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】根据题干关键词“the Peisistratids' rule”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 3。

【选项分析】
A.producing Athens’ first national coinage 对应 A 选项。
B.by appointing judges throughout the region 对应 B 选项。
C.and adding and embellishing festivals 对应 C 选项。
D.原文说把重点放在了 Athens，rather than 而不是 local villages， 所以 D 选项错误。

question_stem: The word “embellishing” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: making more attractive

tag: B
text: providing support for

tag: C
text: duplicating

tag: D
text: controlling
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“embellishing”一词最接近于以下哪个选项?
A：使得更有吸引力
B：提供支持
C：复制
D：控制

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“embellishing”,定位到原句“strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“embellishing”的意思是“润色，修饰，装饰”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“通过在该地区任命法官，生产雅典第一批国家货币，增加和装饰节日，加强雅典中央管理，以牺牲贵族地位，这些节日倾向于关注雅典而不是周围地区的当地村庄。

【选项分析】
A：使得更有吸引力。同义替换，正确
B：提供支持。不符，错误
C：复制。不符，错误
D：控制。不符，错误

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Cleisthenes, a reformer who recognized that aristocratic control had been decreasing since the end of the previous century, finally drove the tyrants out of Athens in 508 B.C.

tag: B
text: The tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy.

tag: C
text: By driving out the tyrants, Cleisthenes enabled the reforms that had been under way since the end of the century to reach their final form in 508 B.C.

tag: D
text: Toward the end of the century, the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. Cleisthenes saw that it was time to change the structures that had reduced aristocratic control.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？错误的选择会以重要的方式改变意义，或者遗漏重要的信息。

A：克莱斯特尼斯，一个改革者，他认识到贵族控制自上世纪末以来一直在下降，最后在公元前508年把暴君赶出雅典。

B：暴君被赶了出去，公元前508年，克利斯泰尼斯建立了完成贵族地位削弱的建筑。

C：通过驱逐暴君，克利斯滕斯使自本世纪末开始进行的改革在公元前508年达到了最终形式。

D：在本世纪末，暴君被赶了出去，公元前508年，克利斯泰尼斯认为是时候改变那些削弱了贵族控制的结构了。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】Highlighted 句子意为，在此世纪末，暴君已被驱逐出外，在公元前508年，一位新的改革家 Cleisthenes,给出了发展的最终结构，减少已经在削弱的贵族统治。

【选项分析】
A.顺序有错，故错误。
B.符合文意，所以 B 选项正确。
C.原句未提到改革，故错误。
D.D 选项错误，并不是看到改变的时机，而是最终实现了改变

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, one effect of making the demes the point of entry for civic life was to
choices: tag: A
text: ensure that every region had the same number of commissioners

tag: B
text: distribute the population more equally throughout the Athens region

tag: C
text: limit the number of aristocratic clans

tag: D
text: reduce the importance of family connections
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段的规定，使群落成为公民生活的切入点的一个效果是
A：确保每个地区都有相同数量的专员

B：在整个雅典地区，人口分布更加均匀

C：限制贵族宗族的数量

D：降低家庭关系的重要性

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“point of entry”,定位到 Passage 4 第1句，原句为“Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ”，意思是“克利斯提尼对于创造雅典民主的主要贡献，是他完成了弱化家族和宗族结构（尤其是贵族家族和宗族结构）的漫长历程，并且在他们所在地方设置基于位置的团体——称为群落，这成为了雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的切入点。”。

【逻辑分析】群落和家庭的关系。

【选项分析】：
A.【A 选项】的 same number 原文没提及。
B.【B 选项】原文没提及。
C.【C 选项】原文没提及。
D.这句话中的 weakening family and clan structures 和【D 选项】的 reduce the importance of family connections 直接呼应。所以 D 正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, one role of the new council was to
choices: tag: A
text: determine what issues came before the assembly

tag: B
text: prepare the agenda for the courts

tag: C
text: carry out the assembly’s policies

tag: D
text: oversee the distribution of food and water
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，新理事会的一个作用是
A：确定在大会之前出现了哪些问题

B：为法庭准备议程

C：执行大会的政策

D：监督食物和水的分配

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“new council”,定位到 Passage 4第4句，原句为“The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and courts, which took care of most judicial matters. ”，意思是“公民大会在所有问题上都是至高无上的，但在实际中其权力下放给了下属机构，如理事会为公民大会的会议制定会议议程，而法庭则是处理大多数司法事务的。”。

【逻辑分析】：结合题目问法和出题句，进行逻辑分析。

【选项分析】：
A.未提及，故错误。
B.根据原文 which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly 可知 B 选项正确，为同义替换。
C.该项是各委员会的事。故错误。
D.该项是各委员会的事。故错误。

question_stem: The word “exploited” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: separated

tag: B
text: understood

tag: C
text: utilized

tag: D
text: exported
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在文中“exploited”与以下哪一项意思最相近下列哪个选项？
A.Separated, 使分开。
B.Understood, 理解。
C.Utilized, 利用。
D.Exported, 出口。

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“exploited”,定位到原句“Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“exploited”的意思是“开发，利用”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“在接下来的两个世纪里，克利斯提尼改革的影响得到了充分利用。”。

【选项分析】
A.Separated, 使分开。不符，错误
B.Understood, 理解。不符，错误
C.Utilized, 利用。同义替换，正确
D.Exported, 出口。不符，错误

question_stem: The word “stunning” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: popular

tag: B
text: universal

tag: C
text: impressive

tag: D
text: continuing
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在文中“stunning”与以下哪一项意思最相近
A.Popular, 流行的。
B.Universal, 普遍的，全宇宙的。
C.Impressive, 令人钦佩的。
D.Continuing, 持续的。

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“stunning”,定位到原句“By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people", the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. ”。

【词汇解析】词汇“stunning”的意思是“极好的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“除了那些被所谓的低等“人民”抢先一步的贵族们，雅典的民主在任何方面都取得了惊人的成功”。

【选项分析】
A.Popular, 流行的。不符，错误
B.Universal, 普遍的，全宇宙的。不符，错误
C.Impressive, 令人钦佩的。同义替换，正确
D.Continuing, 持续的。不符，错误