Young children are trusting ofcommercialadvertisements in themedia, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of takingadvantageof this trusting outlook. TheIndependentTelevisionCommission, regulator of television advertising in the UnitedKingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrongimpressioneitherintentionallyor unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size,action, performance, orconstructionof a toy.

Generalconcernabout misleading tactics that advertisersemployis centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped torecognizesuch techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading;evenadults may be unsure as to their meaning. Theyrepresentthe advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products orbrandand, as aconsequence, are difficult toverify. Advertisers sometimesoffsetor counterbalance an exaggeratedclaimwith a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on theclaim. For example, theclaimthat breakfastcerealhas a healthbenefitmay be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionallybalancedbreakfast." However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children mayinterpretthe phrase "when part of a nutritionallybalancedbreakfast" to mean that thecerealis required as a necessary part of abalancedbreakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understoodstandarddisclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are morereadilycomprehended when presented in bothaudioandvisualformats.Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented inaudioformatonly.

Fantasyis one of the morecommontechniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a youngaudience.Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic

andfantasythan advertisements aimed at adults.In acontentanalysisof Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all

commercials forcharactertoys featuredfantasyplay.Children have strong imaginations and the use offantasybrings their ideas to life, but children may not beadeptenough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal.Fantasysituations and settings are frequently used toattractchildren'sattention, particularly in food advertising.Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond offantasytechniques, with almost nine out of ten including suchcontent.Generally,

there is uncertainty as to whether very young children candistinguishbetweenfantasyand reality in advertising.Certainly,rationalappeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements useemotionaland indirect appeals to psychological states or associations. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic

andfantasythan advertisements aimed at adults. In acontentanalysisof Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all

commercials forcharactertoys featuredfantasyplay. Children have strong imaginations and the use offantasybrings their ideas to life, but children may not beadeptenough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasysituations and settings are frequently used toattractchildren'sattention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond offantasytechniques, with almost nine out of ten including suchcontent. Generally,

there is uncertainty as to whether very young children candistinguishbetweenfantasyand reality in advertising. Certainly,rationalappeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements useemotionaland indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.

The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars iscommonin advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in theaudience'smind. In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animated figures frompopularcartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with theconceptofhostselling. Hostselling involves blending advertisements withregularprogramming in a way that makes it difficult todistinguishone from the other. Hostselling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfastcereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice ofhostselling reduced children'sabilitytodistinguishbetween advertising and programmaterial. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products inhostselling advertisements.

Regarding theappearanceof celebrities in advertisements that do not involvehostselling, theevidenceis mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used toadvertisebreakfast cereals areknowledgeableabout cereals, and children accept such characters ascrediblesources of nutritional information. This finding wasevenmoremarkedfor heavy viewers of television. Inaddition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negativelyaffectthe children's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.

Questions:
question_stem: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?
choices: tag: A
text: How big the toys are

tag: B
text: How much the toys cost

tag: C
text: What the toys can do

tag: D
text: How the toys are made
answer_key: B
explanation: B EXCEPT 题，排除法，所有答案都集中在最后一句，A 的 big 对应 size，正确，不选；B 的 cost 没有对应，错，选；C 的 do 对应 performance，正确，不选；D 的 made 对应 construction，正确，不选。

question_stem: The word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: establish the truth of

tag: B
text: approve of

tag: C
text: understand

tag: D
text: criticize
answer_key: A
explanation: A verify: 核实，证明。A 是确立…的事实；B 是同意；C 是理解；D 选项是批评。所以 A 的 establish the truth 正确。

question_stem: In paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?
choices: tag: A
text: They represent the opinions of adults, which are often different from those of children.

tag: B
text: They generally involve comparisons among only a small group of products.

tag: C
text: They reflect the attitudes of consumer protection groups rather than those of actual consumers.

tag: D
text: They reflect the advertiser’s viewpoint about the product.
answer_key: D
explanation: D, 因为下一句的 they 指代上句的 better than 和 best，所以往下看，说 best 和 better than 代表了生产商对于自己的产品和品牌的看法，结果其真实性难以判断，这就是 misleading 的原因，所以答案是 D.

question_stem: Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest that
choices: tag: A
text: the cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast

tag: B
text: the cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients

tag: C
text: cereal is a healthier breakfast than other foods are

tag: D
text: the cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal
answer_key: A
explanation: A 修辞目的题，修辞点所在的句子只是单纯在说一个例子，而且以一个 for example 开头，明显是为了证明前一句的，前句说广告商有时会用一句免责声明来平衡他们的夸张说法，然后就说比如 blabla，所以这个修辞点应该是一则免责声明，所以答案是 A，只有有了早饭这个麦片才有营养。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of disclaimers made in advertisements EXCEPT:
choices: tag: A
text: They are qualifications or conditions put on a claim.

tag: B
text: They may be used to balance exaggerations

tag: C
text: They are usually presented in both audio and visual formats.

tag: D
text: They are often difficult for children to understand.
answer_key: C
explanation: C 这道 EXCEPT 题用正选法明显更快。以 disclaimer 做关键词定位至第五句，答案 A 和 B 在第五句出现，都正确，不选；答案 D 在第七句(however 句)中出现，所以正确，不选；C 答案原文没说，错，选。

question_stem: The word “adept” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: responsible

tag: B
text: skillful

tag: C
text: patient

tag: D
text: curious
answer_key: B
explanation: B adept: 熟练的，老练的。A 是负责的，可靠的；B 是熟练的；C 是耐心地；D 是好奇的。所以答案 B 的 skillful 正确。

question_stem: Paragraph 3 indicates that there is uncertainty about which of the following issues involving children and fantasy in advertising?
choices: tag: A
text: Whether children can tell if what they are seeing in an advertisement is real or fantasy

tag: B
text: Whether children can differentiate fantasy techniques from other techniques used in advertising

tag: C
text: Whether children realize how commonly fantasy techniques are used in advertising aimed at them

tag: D
text: Whether children are attracted to advertisements that lack fantasy
answer_key: A
explanation: A 以 uncertainty 做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说我们不确定孩子能不能分清广告中看到的东西是真的还是假的，所以答案是 A。B 的 other techniques，C 的 commonly 和 D 的 lack fantasy 原文都没说。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Rational appeals in advertising are certainly limited by children's emotional immaturity and the indirect nature of their associations.

tag: B
text: Indirect appeals to children's psychological states or associations can limit the effectiveness of rational appeals in advertising.

tag: C
text: Rational appeals play a much smaller role in advertisements for children than emotional appeals and psychological associations do.

tag: D
text: Rational appeals in advertising aimed at children should certainly be limited until the children are emotionally and psychologically ready.
answer_key: C
explanation: C 原句的结构就是：rational 的少，不 rational 的多，所以答案明显是 C。A 的 emotional immaturity 原文没说；B 的谓语 limit 是偷换，而且也没有将两者比较；D 同样有说到 limit，但是用 until 表达出的意思和原文出入较大，所以错。

question_stem: The word "attributes" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: evaluations

tag: B
text: attitudes

tag: C
text: actions

tag: D
text: characteristics
answer_key: D
explanation: D attribute: 特色，特征。A 是评估；B 是态度；C 是行动；D 是特色。所以答案 D 正确。

question_stem: In paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?
choices: tag: A
text: To help explain what is meant by the term "host selling” and why it can be misleading to children

tag: B
text: To explain why the role of celebrities in advertising aimed at children has often been confused with host selling

tag: C
text: To compare the effectiveness of using animated figures with the effectiveness of using celebrities in advertisements aimed at children

tag: D
text: To indicate how Kunkel first became interested in studying the effects of host selling on children
answer_key: A
explanation: 功能目的题，修辞点所在的句子只是单纯在说一个例子，而且包含一个 for example，明显是为了证明前一句的，前句介绍了一个新概念叫做 host selling 的，所以答案是 A 介绍什么是 host selling。因为前句说 host selling 使孩子难以区分真实的电视节目和广告，所以是 misleading.

question_stem: The word "credible” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: helpful

tag: B
text: believable

tag: C
text: valuable

tag: D
text: familiar
answer_key: B
explanation: B credible: 可信的。（想想 credit card 信用卡，所以 cred 跟信有关。）A 是有帮助的；B 是可信的；C 是有价值的；D 是熟悉的，常见的。所以答案是 B 的 believable。

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, what did a study of children in Hong Kong show about the use of celebrities in advertisements aimed at children?
choices: tag: A
text: It is most effective with children who watch a lot of television.

tag: B
text: It has little effect if the celebrities are not familiar to most children.

tag: C
text: It is more effective in marketing cereals and food products than in marketing other kinds of products.

tag: D
text: It can have a negative effect if the celebrities are not popular with children.
answer_key: D
explanation: 用 Hong Kong 定位到最后一句： A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question. 正确答案明显是 D,D 是最后一句的同义改写。