In anyinvestigationof the origins of art,attentionfocuses on the cave paintings created in Europe during thePaleolithicera(c. 40,000-10,000 years ago) such as those depicting bulls and other animals in the Lascaux cave in France. Accepting that they are the best preserved and mostvisiblesigns of what was a globalcreativeexplosion, how do we start to explain theirappearance? Instinctively, we may want to update the earliest human artists by assuming that they painted for thesheerjoy of painting. The philosophers ofClassicalGreece recognized it as a definingtraitof humans to "delightin works of imitation"—to enjoy the very act andtriumphof representation. If we were close to a real lion or snake, we might feel frightened. But a well- executed picture of a lion or snake will give us pleasure. Whysupposethat ourPaleolithicancestors were any different?

This simple acceptance of art for art'ssakehas a certainappeal. To think of Lascaux as agalleryallows it to be asortofspecialviewing place where the handiwork ofaccomplishedartists might be displayed. Plausibly, dailyexistencein parts ofPaleolithicEurope may not have been so hard, with anabundanceof ready food andthereforetheleisuretime for art. The problems with this explanation, however, are various. In the first place, theproliferationofarchaeologicaldiscoveries—and this includes some of the world'sinnumerablerock art sites that cannot bedated—has served toemphasizearemarkablylimitedrepertoireof subjects. The images thatrecurare those of animals. Human figures are unusual, and when they do make anappearance, they arerarelydone with the sameattentionto form accorded to the animals. IfPaleolithicartists weresimplyseeking torepresentthe beauty of the world around them, would they not have left a far greater range of pictures—of trees, flowers, of the Sun and the stars?

A further question to thetheoryof art for art'ssakeis posed by the high incidence ofPaleolithicimages thatappearnot to be imitative of any reality whatsoever. These aregeometricalshapes or patterns consisting of dots or lines. Such marks may be foundisolatedor repeated over aparticularsurface but alsoscatteredacross more recognizable forms. A good example of this may be seen in the geologicallyspectaculargrotto of Pêche Merle, in the Lotregionof France. Here weencountersome favorite animals from thePaleolithicrepertoire—a pair of stout-bellied horses. But over and around the horses' outlines aremultipledark spots, daubed indisregardfor theotherwisenaturalistic representation of animals. What does such patterningimitate? There is also thefactorof location. The caves of Lascaux mightconceivablyqualifyasundergroundgalleries, but many other paintings have been found in recesses totally unsuitable for any kind of viewing—tight nooks and crannies that must have beenawkwardeven for the artists topenetrate, let alone for anyone else wanting to see the art.

Finally, we maydoubtthenotionthat the UpperPaleolithicperiod was a paradise in which food camereadily, leaving humansampletime toamusethemselves with art. For Europe it was still the Ice Age. Anestimateof thebasiclevelofsustenancethen necessary for humansurvivalhas been judged at 2200 calories per day. Thisconsideration, combined with thestarkemphasis upon animals in the cave art, has persuaded some archaeologists that theprimarymotivebehindPaleolithicimages must lie with theprimaryactivityofPaleolithicpeople: hunting.

Hunting is a skill. Tracking, stalking, chasing, and killing thepreyare difficult, sometimes dangerous activities. What if theprocesscould be made easier—by art? In the early decades of the twentiethcentury, Abbé Henri Breuil argued that the cave paintings were all about “sympatheticmagic. ” The artists strived diligently to make their animal images evocative andrealisticbecause they were attempting tocapturethe spirit of theirprey. What could have prompted their studiousattentionto making such naturalistic, recognizable images? According to Breuil, the artists may have believed that if a hunter were able to make a true likeness of some animal, then that animal wasvirtuallytrapped. Images,therefore, may have had the magicalcapacitytoconfersuccess or luck in the hunt.

Questions:
question_stem: Paragraph 2 suggests that the Lascaux cave paintings could have been created as art for art's sake only if which of the following were true?
choices: tag: A
text: Caves were often used as viewing places for handiwork of all kinds.

tag: B
text: Artists during the Paleolithic era were especially accomplished.

tag: C
text: Paleolithic people were able to satisfy their basic needs fairly easily.

tag: D
text: People in Paleolithic Europe learned about art from people living in other areas.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】第2段表示：拉斯科斯洞穴的绘画可以被认为是艺术的缘故，只有当在下列哪一个情况下时是正确的？
A：洞穴常被用来观赏各种手工艺品。
B：旧石器时代的艺术家尤其有成就。
C：旧石器时代的人能够相当容易地满足他们的基本需要。
D：旧石器时代的欧洲人从其他地区的人们那里学到了艺术。

【判定题型】题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“been created as art for art's sake”,定位到 Passage2：Plausibly, daily existence in parts of Paleolithic Europe may not have been so hard, with an abundance of ready food and therefore the leisure time for art.

【逻辑分析】定位句意思是：看似合理的是，旧石器时代欧洲的生活并没有那么困难，食物应该是充足的，所以人们才有进行艺术创作的休闲时间。题干问的是旧石器时代壁画艺术被单纯作为艺术而创作的前提是什么，因次这里有一个因果关系很明显：即只有当人们的基本需要可以十分容易地满足后，人们才会继续进行艺术创作。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是壁画被视为各种工艺品的观看的地方，不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是旧石器时代的艺术家均是有成就的人，不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是旧石器时代的人能够很容易地满足他们的基本需要，符合，正确
选项 D 的意思是旧石器欧洲的人从其他地区学习到了这种艺术，不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, what is significant about the paintings in the Lascaux caves?
choices: tag: A
text: They provide accurate depictions of the bulls and other animals living in Paleolithic France.

tag: B
text: They are the best available source of information about daily life during the Paleolithic era.

tag: C
text: They are some of the best surviving examples of what was possibly one of the world's earliest artistic movements.

tag: D
text: They are the only evidence of creative expression among Paleolithic human beings.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第1段，拉斯科斯洞穴中的绘画有什么重要意义？
A：它们提供了生活在旧石器时代的法国公牛和其他动物的准确描述。
B：它们是旧石器时代有关日常生活的最好信息来源。
C：它们是现存最好的例子，可能是世界上最早的艺术运动之一。
D：它们是旧石器时代人类创造性表达的唯一证据。

【判定题型】题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the paintings in the Lascaux caves”,定位到 Passage 1，原句为 Accepting that they are the best preserved and most visible signs of what was a global creative explosion…….

【逻辑分析】该定位句的意思是：承认它们是保存得最好的，也是全球最具创意的最明显的标志……所以从这些形容词中可以得知，这些绘画是世界上艺术运动的一种体现。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是它们提供了旧石器时代最精确的对于牛和其他动物的描绘信息。不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是它们是描述旧石器时代日常生活最有效的信息源。不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是它们是最早的世界上的艺术运动的最好的存在例子。符合，正确
选项 D 的意思是它们是旧石器时代人类的创造性表达的唯一证据。不符，错误

question_stem: In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the views of the philosophers of Classical Greece?
choices: tag: A
text: To show how explanations about the appearance of cave painting during the Paleolithic have changed over time

tag: B
text: To present a theory about humans and art that may be applicable to the Paleolithic era

tag: C
text: To argue that Paleolithic paintings were created for the joy of painting, while Classical art was created to accurately represent the natural world

tag: D
text: To demonstrate that the Greek philosophers were the first to accurately understand Paleolithic art
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第1段中，作者为什么提到古典希腊哲学家的观点？
A：为了说明关于旧石器时代洞穴绘画外观的解释是如何随时间变化的。
B：提出可以适用于旧石器时代的关于人类和艺术的理论。
C：认为旧石器时代的绘画是为了绘画的乐趣而创作的，而古典艺术是为了准确表现自然世界而创作的。
D：为了证明希腊哲学家是第一个准确理解旧石器时代艺术的人。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“the views of the philosophers of Classical Greece”的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the views of the philosophers of Classical Greece”,定位到 Passage 1，原句为 The philosophers of Classical Greece recognized it as a defining trait of humans to "delight in works of imitation"—to enjoy the very act and triumph of representation.

【引用内容分析】古希腊的哲学家认为这种壁画证明，人们是因为单纯可以从作画过程中得到乐趣而进行这种绘画活动。因此由此是想说明，在旧石器时代，人类与作画（艺术）之间的关系。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是为了解释旧石器壁画随时间的变化。不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是为了证明旧石器时代一个关于人类和艺术的理论。符合，正确
选项 C 的意思是为了论证旧石器时代的绘画是因为单纯的乐趣而创造的，虽然古典艺术是为了精确再现自然世界而产生的。不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是为了证明古希腊的哲学家是第一批准确理解旧石器时代艺术的人。不符，错误

question_stem: The word “Plausibly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: Similarly

tag: B
text: Obviously

tag: C
text: Ideally

tag: D
text: Possibly
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“Plausibly”一词的意思最接近于
A：类似地
B：很明显地
C：理想地
D：可能地

【判定题型】题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Plausibly”,定位到原句 Plausibly, daily existence in parts of Paleolithic Europe may not have been so hard, with an abundance of ready food and therefore the leisure time for art.

【词汇解析】：词汇 Plausibly 的意思是“似是而非地”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是看似合理的是，旧石器时代欧洲的生活并没有那么困难，食物应该是充足的，所以人们才有进行艺术创作的休闲时间。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是相似的，不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是明显的，不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是理想地，不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是可能地，符合，正确

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: The limited variety in the subjects of rock art paintings has become increasingly evident in the many sites discovered.

tag: B
text: The limited repertoire of subjects found in rock art has made it difficult for archaeologists to determine when each painting was created.

tag: C
text: In the first place, there is little new archaeological information on the subject of rock art because of the limited number of recent discoveries.

tag: D
text: Because many rock art sites cannot be dated, archaeologists have limited information about how rock art varied from period to period.
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪个句子最能表达文章中突出句子的基本信息？不正确的选择会以重要方式改变含义，或者漏掉必要的信息。
A：在发现的许多遗址中，岩画题材的有限多样性日益明显。

B：在岩石艺术中发现的题材有限，考古学家很难确定每幅画是什么时候创作的。

C：首先，由于最近发现的岩画数量有限，有关岩画主题的考古学新资料很少。

D：因为许多岩画遗址无法确定年代，所以考古学家对岩画如何因时而异的了解有限。

【判定题型】根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】本题定位到原文：In the first place, the proliferation of archaeological discoveries—and this includes some of the world's innumerable rock art sites that cannot be dated—has served to emphasize a remarkably limited repertoire of subjects. 此处原文的大意是：首先，考古发现的繁荣发展——以及它包含了世界无数不可追溯时间的岩石艺术地点——证明了其绘画对象的有限性。说明的是考古和绘画对象的关系：考古是在越来越发展，而绘画对象则是有限的。

【选项分析】
选项 A 正确转述了原文的主要意思，正确。
选项 B 说作画对象的有限性导致了考古学家不好确定每一个画作创造的时间，这个因果关系是无中生有，不选；
选项 C 说因为最近的考古发现很少，所以岩石绘画的对象的信息也很少，也是无中生有，不选；
选项 D 说因为岩石绘画有很多不能被确定时间，所以考古学家对于岩石画作随时间的变化并不了解，也是无中生有，不选。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about human figures as subjects of rock art?
choices: tag: A
text: Human figures almost always appear alone and never appear with animals.

tag: B
text: Images of humans are both rarer and less accurately drawn than those of animals.

tag: C
text: Some of the most beautiful images in Paleolithic rock art are of human figures.

tag: D
text: There is more variety in how humans are depicted in cave art than in how animals are.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，下列哪一项关于作为摇滚艺术主题的人物是正确的？
A：人类的形象几乎总是独自出现，从来没有和动物一起出现。

B：人类的图像比动物的图像更稀少，画得也不准确。

C：旧石器时代岩石艺术中一些最美的形象是人物。

D：洞穴艺术中描绘人类的方式比描绘动物的方式更多样化。

【判定题型】题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“human figures as subjects of rock art”,定位到 Passage2，原句为 Human figures are unusual, and when they do make an appearance, they are rarely done with the same attention to form accorded to the animals. 意思是：人物画像不常见，当人物画像出现的时候，我们也会发现它们很少能达到和动物画像一样符合动物实物的情况。

【逻辑分析】定位句说明的是2点。1、人物画像出现得很少；2、人物画像画得不准确。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是人物画像一直单独出现，几乎不和动物画像一起出现；不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是人物画像很少见，并且不如动物画像精确；符合，正确
选项 C 的意思是一些最漂亮的旧石器岩石壁画是画的人物；不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是人物画像的多样性强于动物画像的多样性。不符，错误

question_stem: The word “spectacular” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: unique

tag: B
text: impressive

tag: C
text: isolated

tag: D
text: sheltered
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“spectacular”一词的意思最接近于
A：独特的
B：令人印象深刻
C：隔离
D：庇护

【判定题型】题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“spectacular”,定位到原句 A good example of this may be seen in the geologically spectacular grotto of Pêche Merle, in the Lot region of France. 

【词汇解析】：词汇“spectacular”的意思是“壮观的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是这个现象的一个好例子可能会被发现于法国 Lot 地区 Pêche Merle 的一处壮观的洞穴里。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是独特的，不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是印象深刻的，符合，正确
选项 C 的意思是隔绝的，不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是受保护的。不符，错误

question_stem: In paragraph 3, why does the author include a description of a painting of horses from the grotto of Pêche Merle?
choices: tag: A
text: To emphasize that stout-bellied horses were the most commonly found animals in that region at the time the painting was made

tag: B
text: To provide evidence that Paleolithic artists created realistic images more often than they created paintings of dots or lines

tag: C
text: To give an example of a cave painting that contains elements that do not imitate reality

tag: D
text: To demonstrate that Paleolithic artists captured many details of the animals they painted, such as the spots on the horses' coats
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第3段中，作者为什么要包括描述一幅来自 Pche Merle 石窟的马的画呢？
A：为了强调这幅画作制作时，在那个地区最常发现的动物是肚子结实的马。

B：提供证据，证明旧石器时代的艺术家创作逼真的图像比创作点画或线画更频繁。

C：举一个洞穴画的例子，它含有不模拟现实的元素。

D：为了证明旧石器时代的艺术家捕捉到了他们画的动物的许多细节，比如马皮上的斑点。

【判定题型】根据题干问法“why …… include”，题目询问“a description of a painting of horses from the grotto of Pêche Merle”的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“a description of a painting of horses from the grotto of Pêche Merle”,定位到 Passage3，原句为 Here we encounter some favorite animals from the Paleolithic repertoire—a pair of stout-bellied horses. But over and around the horses' outlines are multiple dark spots, daubed in disregard for the otherwise naturalistic representation of animals.

【引用内容分析】定位句的大意是：我们可以在岩壁上看到一些旧石器时代人们最喜欢的动物的画像，比如大肚子的两匹马的画像。但是在马身上和周围有乱画的小黑点，算不上是自然主义的对于动物形象的呈现。 该句说明：岩壁上的画和自然主义动物之间的关系。这个关系不强烈，现实意义也不大。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是为了说明大肚子的马是当时最常见的动物，不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是为了说明旧石器的人比起画点和线条外更倾向于创造现实主义的图画，不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是为了说明岩壁画包含一些并不是模仿现实的内容，符合，正确
选项 D 的意思是为了证明旧石器的艺术家捕捉到了很多细节，比如说马皮上的斑点。不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of the paintings located in the Lascaux caves?
choices: tag: A
text: They are all found in recesses that are difficult for viewers to reach

tag: B
text: They fill every nook and cranny of a large underground gallery

tag: C
text: Their location was probably more convenient for viewers than for the artists

tag: D
text: They are easier to view than cave paintings at other locations.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，对于拉斯科斯洞穴的画作下列哪一个是正确的？
A：它们都是在观众难以触及的凹处找到的。

B：他们把地下大美术馆的每个角落都填满了。

C：对于观众来说，他们的位置可能比艺术家们更方便。

D：比起其他地方的洞穴画，它们更容易观赏。

【判定题型】题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the paintings located in the Lascaux caves”,定位到 Passage3，原句为 The caves of Lascaux might conceivably qualify as underground galleries, but many other paintings have been found in recesses totally unsuitable for any kind of viewing...... 意思是 Lascaux 的岩画质量好到可以被视为是地下画廊，其他地区的壁画状态则很差，差到则不适合被观察。

【逻辑分析】定位句把 Lascaux 的岩画和其他地区的岩画进行了比较，突出了 Lascaux 的岩画的好，因此对于人们来说更加看得清，更加易欣赏。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是它们质量在逐渐变差，以至于不能被观察，不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是它们铺满了一处地下画廊的每一处裂隙和角落，不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是它们的位置更适合观察者去观察而不是适合研究者去观察，不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是它们比其他地区的壁画更容易观察，符合，正确

question_stem: The word “diligently” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: with no success

tag: B
text: with talent and skill

tag: C
text: with mixed results

tag: D
text: with persistence and hard work
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“diligently”一词的意思最接近于
A：没有成功

B：有才华和技能

C：结果参差不齐

D：坚持不懈，努力工作

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“diligently”,定位到原句 The artists strived diligently to make their animal images evocative and realistic because they were attempting to capture the spirit of their prey. 

【词汇解析】：词汇“diligently”的意思是“勤奋地”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是因为艺术家在尝试着去捕捉笔下事物的灵魂，所以他们一直致力于让他们的动物形象有感染力且真实。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是不成功的，不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是通过天赋和能力，不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是带有混杂结果的，不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是通过坚持和勤奋。符合，正确

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, Breuil proposed which of the following theories about the purpose of cave paintings?
choices: tag: A
text: They were used to teach young hunters the skills they needed to hunt.

tag: B
text: They were images created to help people forget about the dangers and difficulties of their daily lives.

tag: C
text: They were used in magic rituals to increase people's understanding of the natural world.

tag: D
text: They were meant to capture the spirits of animals and thus bring success in the hunt.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第5段，布鲁伊尔提出了以下关于洞穴绘画目的的理论中的哪一种？
A：他们用来教年轻的猎人打猎所需的技能。

B：这些图像是为了帮助人们忘记日常生活中的危险和困难而创作的。

C：它们被用于魔术仪式，以提高人们对自然界的理解。

D：它们用来捕捉动物的灵魂，从而在狩猎中取得成功。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Breui；the purpose of cave paintings”,定位到 Passage 5，原句为 According to Breuil, the artists may have believed that if a hunter were able to make a true likeness of some animal, then that animal was virtually trapped. 意思是根据 Breuil 的说法，古代的绘画者可能相信如果猎手可以画出很像猎物的图像，他就可以真的捕获这个动物。 

【逻辑分析】定位句说明了只要画出图像，就可以捕获这个猎物，那么就以为了是先捕获了猎物的灵魂和本质，而不是因为魔法和现实。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是它们被用来教年幼的猎人应该学习什么样子的捕猎技能，不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是它们是为了帮助人们忘记生活中的困难和危险，不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是它们被用在魔法仪式里，以增加人们对于自然世界的理解，不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是它们意味着捕捉动物的灵魂，以成功狩猎。符合，正确

question_stem: The word “prompted” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: brought about

tag: B
text: interfered with

tag: C
text: increased

tag: D
text: transformed
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“prompted”这个词的意思最接近于
A；带来了
B：受干扰
C：增加
D:转换

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“prompted”,定位到原句 What could have prompted their studious attention to making such naturalistic, recognizable images?

【词汇解析】：词汇“prompted”的意思是“促进”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是是什么让他们用心地去创作如此自然的、可辨认的图画？

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是带来，符合，正确
选项 B 的意思是干涉，不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是增加，不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是改变。不符，错误