At the end of the nineteenthcentury, there were basically two kinds of buildings in the United States. On one hand were the buildings produced for the wealthy or for civic purposes, which tended toechothearchitectureof the past and to usetraditionalstyles of ornamentation. On the other hand were purelyutilitarianstructures, such as factories andgrainelevators, which employed modern materials such assteelgirders andplateglass in an undisguised andunadornedmanner. Such buildings, however, were viewed in acategoryseparatefrom "fine"architecture, and in fact were often designed by engineers and builders rather than architects. Thedevelopmentof modernarchitecturemight in large part be seen as anadaptationof thissortoffunctionalbuilding and itspervasiveapplicationfor daily use. Indeed, in thisinfluentialbook Toward a NewArchitecture, the SwissarchitectLe Corbusier illustrated his text with photographs of American factories andgrainstoragesilos, as well as ships, airplanes, and otherindustrialobjects. Nonetheless, modern architects did not simplyemploythese new materials in a strictlypracticalfashion—theyconsciouslyexploited theiraestheticpossibilities. For example, glass could be used to open up walls andeliminatetheir stone and brickmasonrybecause large spaces could now be spanned withsteelbeams.

Thefundamentalpremise of modernarchitecturewas that theappearanceof the building shouldexhibitthe nature of its materials and forms ofphysicalsupport. This often led to effects that lookedoddfrom atraditionalstandpoint but that became hallmarks of modernarchitecturefor precisely this reason. For example, intraditionalarchitecture, stone or brick walls served astructuralrole, but in a steel-beam building the walls wereessentiallyhung from theinternalskeletonofsteelbeams, which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to besolidbut could be opened up in unexpected ways. At the Fagus shoe factory in Germany, for example, GermanarchitectWalter Gropius placed glass walls in the corners, effectively breaking open the box oftraditionalarchitectureand creating a newsenseof light and openness. Similarly,steelbeams could be used toconstructbalconies that projected out from the building without any supportbeneaththem. Thesedramaticbalconies quickly became a signature of modern architects such asFrankLloyd Wright. Wright's mostdramaticresidence, Fallingwater, has balconies that thrust far out over astreamin a way that seems todefygravity.

The ways in which new technology transformed architectural design aredramaticallyillustratedthroughtheevolutionof the high-rise office building. After ten or twelve stories,masonryconstructionreaches amaximumpossible height, since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequatelateralstrength tocombatwind shear. Steelconstruction, on the other hand, can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty. Such buildings were so different from anypreviousform ofarchitecturethat they quickly acquired a new name—theskyscraper.

From the standpoint of realestatedevelopers, the purpose of skyscrapers was to increaserentalspaceinvaluableurbanlocations. But to create usable high-rise buildings, a number oftechnicalchallenges needed to be solved. One problem was getting people to the upper floors, since after five or six stories it becomesexhaustingto climb stairs. Updated andelectrifiedversions of thefreightelevator that had been introduced by Elisha Graves Otis in 1853 (several decades beforeskyscraperconstruction) solved this problem. Anotherissuewas fire safety. The metal supporting buildings became soft whenexposedto fire and collapsedrelativelyquickly. (They couldmeltat 2700Fahrenheit, whereasmajorfires achieve temperatures of 3000degrees). However, when the metal is encased in fire-retardant materials, itsvulnerabilityto fire is much decreased. In Chicago, a system was developed for surrounding the metal components withhollowtiles made from brick-like terra-cotta. Such tiles are impervious to fire. The terra-cotta tiles were used both toencasethe supporting members and as flooring. A structure built withsteelbeams protected by terra-cotta tiles was still three times lighter than a comparably sized building that usedmasonryconstruction, so the weight of the tiles was not a problem.

Questions:
question_stem: The word "pervasive" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: innovation

tag: B
text: skilled

tag: C
text: eventual

tag: D
text: widespread
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文中“pervasive”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 是创新
选项 B 是熟练的
选项 C 是最终的
选项 D 是广泛的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“pervasive”,定位到原句“The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its pervasive application for daily use.”

【词汇解析】词汇“pervasive”的意思是“广泛的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“现代建筑的发展可能很大程度上被视为是功能性建筑以及其广泛日常应用的变种。”

【选项分析】
选项 A 是创新。不符，错误
选项 B 是熟练的。不符，错误
选项 C 是最终的。不符，错误
选项 D 是广泛的。同义替换，正确

question_stem: The word "eliminate" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: get rid of

tag: B
text: avoid

tag: C
text: minimize

tag: D
text: replace
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】文中“eliminate”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 是摆脱
选项 B 是避免
选项 C 是最小化
选项 D 是代替

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“eliminate”,定位到原句“For example, glass could be used to open up walls and eliminate their stone and brick masonry because large spaces could now be spanned with steel beams.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“eliminate”的意思是“消除”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“例如，玻璃可以被用在开放性的墙上，减少石头和砖块的使用，因为大的空间现在可以用钢条来搭建”。

【选项分析】
选项 A 是摆脱。同义替换，正确
选项 B 是避免。不符，错误
选项 C 是最小化。不符，错误
选项 D 是代替。不符，错误

question_stem: Why does the author mention that Le Corbusier included "photographs of American factories and grain storage silos, as well as ships, airplanes, and other industrial objects" in Toward a New Architecture?
choices: tag: A
text: To argue that Le Corbusier should be considered more of a builder or an engineer than an architect.

tag: B
text: To support the claim that modern architects was influenced by practical structures and the ways they were built.

tag: C
text: To provide evidence that modern architects were more concerned with practicality than with aesthetics.

tag: D
text: To document how architects moved from designing only buildings to designing vehicles and industrial objects.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】为什么作者提到勒•柯布西耶将“美国工厂和粮食仓库的照片，以及船只、飞机和其他工业物体”纳入到一个新的建筑中？
A：认为勒柯布西耶更应该被视为一个建设者或工程师，而不是建筑师。

B：支持现代建筑师受实际建筑及其建造方式影响的说法。

C：提供现代建筑师更注重实用性而不是美学的证据。

D：记录建筑师如何从只设计建筑转向设计车辆和工业对象。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】本题根据题干给出的关键词 Le Corbusier 定位到这几句话：The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its pervasive application for daily use. Indeed, in this influential book Toward a New Architecture, the Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated his text with photographs of American factories and grain storage silos, as well as ships, airplanes, and other industrial objects.

【引用内容分析】定位句第一句是说现代建筑借鉴了日常功能性建筑的设计，第二句就举了 Le Corbusier 这个人的观点来进行证实。

【选项分析】
选项 A 说这个人更应该被认为是工程师而不是建筑家。不选。
选项 B 说的 support the claim 可以。选择 B。
选项 C 说现代建筑更关心实用而不是美学，不选。
选项 D 说为了记录建筑师是怎么从设计房子转成设计车和工业用品的，不选。

question_stem: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as distinguishing the two kinds of buildings in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century?
choices: tag: A
text: Function

tag: B
text: Cost

tag: C
text: Material

tag: D
text: Ornamentation
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】下列哪一项在第1款中没有提到，作为区分十九世纪末美国的两种建筑物？
A：功能
B：成本
C：材料
D：装饰

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】本题题干的两个关键词是 the two kinds of buildings 和 at the end of the nineteenth century,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage1。

【选项分析】
On the one hand 那一句前半句讲到了选项 A 的 function。不选。
只有选项 B 的 cost 没有提到。选择 B。
On the other hand 那一句后半句提到了选项 C 的 materials。不选。
后半句讲到了选项 D 的 ornamentation。不选。

question_stem: The word "exhibit” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: show

tag: B
text: determine

tag: C
text: make attractive

tag: D
text: include
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】文中“exhibit”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 的意思展示
选项 B 的意思是决定
选项 C 的意思是使吸引人
选项 D 的意思是包括

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“exhibit”,定位到原句“The fundamental premise of modern architecture was that the appearance of the building should exhibit the nature of its materials and forms of physical support.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“exhibit”的意思是“展示”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“现代建筑的基本前景是建筑的外观应该展示它所用的原材料和物理支撑的形状。”

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思展示。同义替换，正确
选项 B 的意思是决定。不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是使吸引人。不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是包括。不符，错误

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: The structural role of steel beams made it possible to hang stone or brick walls instead of using them for support as traditional architecture had.

tag: B
text: Opening up walls and corners was unimportant in traditional architecture so walls and corners were solid until steel-beam buildings were designed.

tag: C
text: In steel-beam buildings, the beams provide the structural support, so walls and corners can be opened up in ways not possible in traditional architecture.

tag: D
text: In a steel-beam buildings the walls are essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, which means that stone and brick masonry are not needed.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？错误的选择会以重要的方式改变意义，或者遗漏重要的信息。
A：钢梁的结构作用使人们可以悬挂石墙或砖墙，而不是像传统建筑那样使用它们作为支撑。

B：在传统建筑中，开放墙壁和墙角并不重要，所以在钢梁建筑设计之前，墙壁和墙角都是实心的。

C：在钢梁建筑中，梁提供了结构支撑，所以在传统建筑中，墙和转角可以以不可能的方式打开。

D：在钢梁建筑中，墙壁基本上是挂在钢梁的内部骨架上的，这意味着不需要石头和砖砌。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】本题先找到高亮的地方：For example, in traditional architecture, stone or brick walls served a structural role, but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways. 这句话主干的大致意思是：传统建筑中是石头和砖块的墙充当了支撑结构，但是在钢条支撑的建筑里，墙是由内部的钢结构撑起来的，这意味着墙壁和墙角再也不需要一定坚固，可以以一些出人意料的方式打开。

【选项分析】
选项 A 说钢架可以支撑起石头和砖块，不让它们作为传统结构中的支撑物，这句话是正确的，但缺少了原句后半句 which meant that 这一重要结构，错误；
选项 B 说开放的墙壁墙角是不重要的，这个原文里没有提到；
选项 C 是本句的同义转述，正确；选择 C。
选项 D 后半句说石头和砖块再也不需要了，应该是坚固的墙角墙壁不需要了。

question_stem: It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that all of the following features of modern architecture seemed odd from the standpoint of traditional architecture EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: the use of glass walls

tag: B
text: the sense of light and openness

tag: C
text: the construction of balconies with solid supports beneath them

tag: D
text: the hanging of walls from an internal structure of steel beams
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】从第2段可以推断，从传统建筑的角度来看，现代建筑的以下所有特征似乎都很奇怪，除了
A：玻璃墙的使用

B：光和开放的感觉

C：下面有坚固支撑的阳台的建造

D：从钢梁的内部结构上悬挂墙壁。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“modern architecture”,定位到 Passage2第1句，原句为“The fundamental premise of modern architecture was that the appearance of the building should exhibit the nature of its materials and forms of physical support.”。

【逻辑分析】：结合题目问法和出题句，进行逻辑分析（时间逻辑、因果逻辑、反向逻辑等）。

【选项分析】
选项 A 出现在 German architect Walter Gropius placed glass walls in the corners，正确；
选项 B 出现在 creating a new sense of light and openness，正确；
只有选项 C 出现在 steel beams could be used to construct balconies that projected out from the building without any support beneath them，without 说明 C 是错误的。选择 C。
选项 D 出现在 in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams，正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of steel-frame buildings?
choices: tag: A
text: They cannot be more than 50 stories high.

tag: B
text: They cannot successfully combat wind shear.

tag: C
text: They have greater lateral strength than masonry buildings.

tag: D
text: They are usually skyscrapers.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，以下哪项适用于钢架建筑？
A：它们不能超过50层楼高。

B：它们不能成功地对抗风切变。

C：它们的侧向强度比砖石建筑大。

D：它们通常是摩天大楼。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“steel-frame buildings”,定位到 Passage 3倒数第一第二句，原句为“Steel construction, on the other hand, can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty. Such buildings were so different from any previous form of architecture that they quickly acquired a new name—the skyscraper.”，意思是“然而，钢铁结构就可以毫不困难地支持50或者100层的高楼。这样的建筑与传统的建筑大相径庭，以至于它们很快就获得了一个新的名字——摩天大楼。”

【逻辑分析】：结合题目问法和出题句，进行逻辑分析。

【选项分析】
选项 A 在原文中 Steel construction, on the other hand, can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty，错误，是可以超过50楼高的；
选项 B 出现在 of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear，错误，也是可以成功抗风的；
只有选项 C 可以依据原文里 and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear，正确。选择 C。
选项 D 出现在最后 they quickly acquired a new name—the skyscraper，错误，原文中没有说明 usually 这么高的比例，只是说有的。

question_stem: The phrase “impervious to" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: hardened by

tag: B
text: transformed by

tag: C
text: manufactured with

tag: D
text: unaffected by
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“impervious”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 是加固
选项 B 是转化
选项 C 是制作
选项 D 是不受影响

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“impervious”,定位到原句“Such tiles are impervious to fire.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“impervious”的意思是“防火的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“这种瓷砖是防火的。”

【选项分析】
选项 A 是加固，不符，错误
选项 B 是转化，不符，错误
选项 C 是制作，不符，错误
选项 D 是不受影响，同义替换，正确

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, who benefited from solving problems associated with skyscraper construction?
choices: tag: A
text: The inventor of the elevator, Elisha Graves Otis.

tag: B
text: Engineers and construction workers.

tag: C
text: People who used the lower floors of tall buildings.

tag: D
text: Real estate developers.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，谁从解决摩天大楼建设相关问题中受益？
A：电梯的发明者，伊莉莎•格雷夫斯•奥蒂斯。
B：工程师和建筑工人。
C：使用高层建筑较低楼层的人。
D：房地产开发商。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】本题根据 benefit 和 problems associated with skyscraper construction 定位到第四段第一句：From the standpoint of real estate developers, the purpose of skyscrapers was to increase rental space in valuable urban locations. 意思是“从房地产开发商的角度来看，摩天大楼的目的是增加有价值城市地区的出租空间”。

【逻辑分析】可知受益的是房地产商。

【选项分析】
A.选项 A 的是发明者，不符文意，故错误
B.选项 B 是工程师和建筑工人，不符文意，故错误
C.选项 C 是使用低楼层的人，不符文意，故错误
D.选项 D 符合文意，故正确。

question_stem: In paragraph 4, the author provides information about the melting point of metal in order to
choices: tag: A
text: explain why fire safety was a crucial issue for steel-frame buildings

tag: B
text: describe the process by which steel is molded into beams

tag: C
text: argue that there is no way to make steel buildings safe

tag: D
text: support the position that steel was not a good material for use in tall buildings
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第4段中，作者提供了有关金属熔点的信息，以便
A：解释为什么消防安全是钢架建筑的关键问题

B：描述将钢铸成梁的过程。

C：认为没有办法保证钢结构建筑的安全

D：支持钢不适合用于高层建筑的位置。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“provides information……  in order to”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】本题根据题干的 melting point 定位到这几句：Another issue was fire safety. The metal supporting buildings became soft when exposed to fire and collapsed relatively quickly. (They could melt at 2700 Fahrenheit, whereas major fires achieve temperatures of 3000degrees).

【引用内容分析】第一句就说明了为什么要考虑钢的熔点——因为钢与石头比起来熔点低，耐不住高温，所以防火对于钢架构的楼来说很重要。

【选项分析】
选项 A 正确，符合文意。
选项 B 说描述钢是怎么被铸成钢条的，不符文意，错误
选项 C 说证明没有钢架构建筑是安全的，不符文意，错误
选项 D 说钢铁在建筑里不是个好的材料，不符文意，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, why were terra-cotta tiles used in buildings with steel beams?
choices: tag: A
text: Terra-cotta is lighter than steel.

tag: B
text: Terra-cotta is a fire-retardant material.

tag: C
text: Terra-cotta tiles were as cheap as bricks.

tag: D
text: Terra-cotta tiles could be used for flooring.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，为什么在钢梁建筑中使用陶瓦？
A：赤土比钢轻。

B：兵马俑是一种阻燃材料。

C：红土瓦和砖一样便宜。

D：地砖可以用来铺地板。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】本题根据题干给的关键词 terra-cotta 定位到这一句：The terra-cotta tiles were used both to encase the supporting members and as flooring. A structure built with steel beams protected by terra-cotta tiles was still three times lighter than a comparably sized building that used masonry construction, so the weight of the tiles was not a problem. 意思是“红土瓦既用来包住支撑构件，又用作地板。用红土瓦保护的钢梁建造的建筑比同样大小的砖石建筑轻三倍，所以瓦片的重量不是问题”。

【逻辑分析】terra-cotta 这种材料既可以防火，又足够轻巧。

【选项分析】
选项 A 说 terra-cotta 比钢铁轻，这个原文里没有提；
选项 B 符合原文，正确。
选项 C 说这种材料跟砖块一样便宜，也没有提；
选项 D 说这种材料可以用来 flooring，原文里也没有提。