Because ofindustrialization, but also because of avastincrease in agriculturaloutputwithout whichindustrializationwould have been impossible, Western Europeans by thelatterhalf of the nineteenthcenturyenjoyed higher standards of living and longer, healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples. In Europe as a whole, thepopulationrose from 188 million in 1800 to 400 million in 1900. By 1900,virtuallyevery area of Europe had contributed to thetremendoussurgeofpopulation, but each majorregionwas at a differentstageofdemographicchange.

Improvements in the foodsupplycontinued trends that had started in the late seventeenthcentury. New lands were put undercultivation, while the use of crops of Americanorigin, particularly the potato, continued toexpand. Setbacks didoccur. Regional agricultural failures were the mostcommoncause ofeconomicrecessions until 1850, and they couldleadto localizedfamineas well. A major potato blight (disease) in 1846-1847 led to the deaths of atleastone million persons in Ireland and theemigrationof another million, and Ireland never recovered thepopulationlevels the potato hadsustainedto that point. Badgrainharvests at the same time led to increased hardshipthroughoutmuch of Europe.

After 1850, however, theexpansionof foods more regularly kept pace withpopulationgrowth, though the poorer classes remainedmalnourished. Two developments werecrucial. First, theapplicationof science and new technology toagricultureincreased. Led by German universities, increasing research was devoted to improving seeds, developing chemical fertilizers, and advancinglivestock. After 1861, with thedevelopmentof land-grant universities in the United States that had huge agricultural programs, American crop-production research added to this mix. Mechanization included the use ofhorse-drawnharvesters and seed drills, many developedinitiallyin the United States. It also includedmechanicalcream separators and other food-processing devices that improvedsupply.

The seconddevelopmentinvolved industrially basedtransportation. With trains and steam shipping, it became possible to move foods toneedyregions within Western Europe quickly. Famine(asopposedtomalnutrition) became a thing of the past. Many Western European countries, headed by Britain, began also toimportincreasing amounts of food, not only from Eastern Europe, atraditionalsource, but also from the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand. Steam shipping, which improved speed andcapacity, as well as new procedures forcanningand refrigerating foods (particularly after 1870), wasfundamentalto these developments.

Europe'spopulationgrowth included oneadditionalinnovationby the nineteenth century: it combined with rapidurbanization. More and more Western Europeans moved from countryside to city, and big cities grew most rapidly of all. By 1850, over half of all the people in England lived in cities, a first in humanhistory. In onesense, thispatternseemsinevitablegrowing numbers of people pressedavailableresources on the land, even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing, so people crowded into cities seeking work or other resources. Traditionally, however, death rates in citiessurpassedthose in the countryside by a largemargin; cities had maintainedpopulationonlythroughsteadyin-migration. Thus rapidurbanizationshould have reducedoverallpopulationgrowth, but by the middle of the nineteenthcenturythis was no longer the case. Urbandeath rates remained high, particularly in the lower-class slums, but they began todeclinerapidly.

The greater reliability of food supplies was afactorin thedeclineofurbandeath rates. Even more important were the gains inurbansanitation, as well as measures such asinspectionof housing. Reformers, including enlightened doctors, began to study the causes of high death rates and tourgeremediation. Even before the discovery of germs, beliefs thatdiseasespreadby "miasmas" (noxiousforms of bad air) promptedattentionto sewers and opengarbage; Edwin Chadwick led anexemplaryurbancrusadeforundergroundsewers in England in the 1830s. Gradually, public health provisions began to cut into customaryurbanmortalityrates. By 1900, in some parts of Western Europe life expectancy in the cities began tosurpassthat of theruralareas. Industrialsocieties had figured out ways tocombinelarge and growing cities withpopulationgrowth, adevelopmentthat would soonspreadto other parts of the world.

Questions:
question_stem: According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about Europe in the nineteenth century?
choices: tag: A
text: A large increase in food production led to industrialization.

tag: B
text: Population changes occurred at the same pace in the major regions.

tag: C
text: The standard of living rose to the level of that in most parts of the world.

tag: D
text: The tremendous rise in population led to greater agricultural output in every region.
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第1段，下列哪一项关于19世纪的欧洲是正确的？
A：粮食产量的大幅度增长导致了工业化。

B：主要地区的人口变化速度相同。

C：生活水平已经达到世界大部分地区的水平。

D：人口的巨大增长使每个地区的农业产量都增加了。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ in the nineteenth century”,定位到 Passage1。
意思是：19世纪下半叶，西方的欧洲人比世界上的大多数人享有更高的生活水平、活得更长久、更健康，这一切都离不开工业化，同时也离不开农业产出的大幅增长，因为农产品的增长才使工业化成为可能。在整个欧洲，人口从1800年的1.88亿增长到了1900年的4亿。到1900年为止，欧洲几乎每个地区的人口数量都在激增，但是每个主要地区都处于人口变化的不同阶段。


【逻辑分析】判断粮食和工业化之间的关系。

【选项分析】
A 选项：食物产量的增长导致了工业化。正确，因为第一段第一句话中说“a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible”，说明农业产出是工业化的先决条件，故 A 选项为正确答案。 
B 选项：主要地区的人口变化节奏一致。错误，对应第一段最后一句中说的“but each major region was at a different stage of demographic change”，所以 B 选项与原文完全矛盾，排除。 
C 选项：生活水平提高到和世界其他地方一样的水平。错误，对应第一段第一句话中说的“Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer, healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples.”通过这个比较级可以明显看出欧洲人民的生活水平更高，故 C 排除。 
D 选项：人口的大量增长导致了各个地区农业产值的增长。根据第一段内容可知，是农业的发展，推动了人口增长。故 D 选项逻辑颠倒。排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, which of the following caused the food supply to increase in most of Western Europe during the nineteenth century?
choices: tag: A
text: Replacement of seventeenth-century farming techniques with more modern ones

tag: B
text: Improved grain harvests in most European countries

tag: C
text: Reduced demand for food as a result of a decreased population

tag: D
text: Use of new land to grow crops
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，下列哪一项导致了十九世纪西欧大部分地区的粮食供应增加？
A：用更现代的农业技术取代十七世纪的农业技术

B：大多数欧洲国家的粮食收成都有所改善。

C：由于人口减少，对粮食的需求减少

D：利用新土地种植作物

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】关键词： the food supply to increase。定位于对应第二段第二句话“New lands were put under cultivation, while the use of crops of American origin, particularly the potato, continued to expand.”这句话说人们开辟新的土地用来耕种，种植本土作物的规模在不断扩大。

【逻辑分析】题目问19世纪西欧粮食产量增长的原因是什么？根据定位句可以针对：人们开辟新的土地用来耕种，种植本土作物的规模在不断扩大。

【选项分析】
A 选项：将17世纪的农场技术换成更先进的设备。错误，第二段只有第一句提到17世纪，“Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.”但这句话说的是食品供应的提升延续了自17世纪末开始的趋势，并没有提到技术，故 A 选项未提及，排除。 
B 选项：欧洲大部分地区粮食增收。题目问的就是19世纪西欧粮食产量增长的原因是什么？而 B 选项又把题目复述了一遍，答非所问，故排除。 
C 选项：由于人口下降，食品需求也下降了。错误，因为 C 选项属于农业失败所造成的结果，是第二段后半段的主要内容，与本题无关，属于无关干扰信息，故 C 选项排除。
D 选项：开辟新土地种植农作物，符合文意，故为正确答案。

question_stem: In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the potato blight that occurred in Ireland?
choices: tag: A
text: To identify a crop that was more successful in the United States than it was in Western Europe

tag: B
text: To support a claim about regional agricultural failures

tag: C
text: To give an example of a problematic trend that had started in the late seventeenth century

tag: D
text: To provide evidence that many countries in Europe experienced a loss of population in the nineteenth century
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第2段中，作者为什么提到在爱尔兰发生的马铃薯疫病？
A：鉴定一种在美国比在西欧更成功的作物。

B：支持关于地区农业失败的主张

C：举一个十七世纪末开始的问题化趋势的例子。

D：提供证据证明欧洲许多国家在十九世纪经历了人口减少。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“the potato blight that occurred in Ireland”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ the potato blight”,定位到 Passage 2 观点句“Setbacks did occur. Regional agricultural failures were the most common cause of economic recessions until 1850, and they could lead to localized famine as well.”

【引用内容分析】作者举“potato blight”的例子是为了说明农业失败所造成的后果。

【选项分析】
A 选项：说明一种农作物在美国比在西欧的种植更加成功。错误，土豆的例子不是为了说明种植农作物成功，相反，这是一次农业的失败，造成了很多人的死亡，故 A 选项排除。
B 选项：支持关于地区农业失败的主张，与原文意思相符，正确。
C 选项：举例说明从17世纪末开始的趋势是有问题的。第三段开头的这句话“ Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.”只是为了说明食品供应自17世纪末以来一直在提升。而“potato blight”是农业失败的例子，与17世纪以来的食品供应趋势无关，故 C 选项排除。 
D 选项：提供证据证明欧洲的很多国家在19世纪人口下降。人口下降是“potato blight”导致的农业失败所造成的后果，是“potato blight”导致了“the loss of population”,它并不是用来证明人口下降，所以 D 选项逻辑错误，排除。

question_stem: The phrase "kept pace with" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: exceeded

tag: B
text: matched the increase in

tag: C
text: increased the rate of

tag: D
text: caused
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“kept pace with”这个短语的意思最接近于
A 选项：exceeded，意思是“超过” 
B 选项：matched the increase in, 意思是“与……的增长相匹配” 
C 选项：increased the rate of, 意思是“增加……率” 
D 选项：caused,意思是“造成，导致”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“kept pace with”,定位到原句把词汇带到原文中看，“After 1850, however, the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth, though the poorer classes remained malnourished.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“kept pace with”的意思是“跟上”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“然而，1850年后，食物的增加慢慢跟上了人口增长的节奏，尽管贫困阶层仍然营养不良。”

【选项分析】
A 选项：exceeded，意思是“超过”，意思不符，故排除。 
B 选项：matched the increase in, 意思是“与……的增长相匹配”，意思符合，故为正确答案。 C 选项：increased the rate of, 意思是“增加……率”，意思不符，故排除。 
D 选项：caused,意思是“造成，导致”，意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, all of the following factors helped the supply of food meet the needs of a growing population EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: increased agricultural research in Germany

tag: B
text: introduction of new crops

tag: C
text: development of food-processing devices

tag: D
text: agricultural programs in universities in the United States
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，以下所有因素都有助于粮食供应满足不断增长的人口的需要，除了哪一项？
A:德国农业研究的增加

B：新作物的引进

C：食品加工设备的发展

D:美国大学的农业项目

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】我们根据选项中的关键词定位，用排除法做题。

【选项分析】
A 选项：德国的农业研究。定位到第三段第4句“Led by German universities, increasing research was devoted to improving seeds, developing chemical fertilizers, and advancing livestock.” A 选项原文中有提及，故排除。 
B 选项：引入新农作物。该信息在第三段未提及，故为正确答案。 
C 选项：食品加工设备的发展。定位到第三段最后一句“It also included mechanical cream separators and other food-processing devices that improved supply.”提到了机械奶油分离器和其他提升供应水平的食品加工设备，故 C 选项原文中有提及，排除。 
D 选项：美国大学的农业项目。对应这句话“After 1861, with the development of land-grant universities in the United States that had huge agricultural programs, American crop-production research added to this mix.”这句中提到了赠地大学有庞大的农业项目，故 D 选项符合原文，排除。

question_stem: The word "capacity" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: variety of goods

tag: B
text: distance

tag: C
text: reliability

tag: D
text: available storage space
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“capacity”一词最接近于下列哪个选项？
A 选项：variety of goods，意思是“商品的种类” 
B 选项：distance,意思是“距离”。 
C 选项：reliability,意思是“可靠性” 
D 选项：available storage space,意思是“可以用来存储的地方”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“capacity”,定位到原句“Steam shipping, which improved speed and capacity, as well as new procedures for canning and refrigerating foods (particularly after 1870), was fundamental to these developments.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“capacity”的意思是“容量；性能”,带入到原句中，这句话的意思是“能够提高运输速度和运输容量的蒸汽船，以及装罐和冷藏食物的新工艺（特别是在1870年以后），都为这些发展奠定了基础。”

【选项分析】
A 选项：variety of goods，意思是“商品的种类”，意思不符，排除。 
B 选项：distance,意思是“距离”，意思不符，故排除。 
C 选项：reliability,意思是“可靠性”，意思不符，故排除。 
D 选项：available storage space,意思是“可以用来存储的地方”，意思最接近，故为正确答案。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, famine became less of a problem in Western Europe during the nineteenth century because of
choices: tag: A
text: the decline of malnutrition

tag: B
text: the construction of more food-storage facilities

tag: C
text: faster means of transportation

tag: D
text: improved agricultural methods in Eastern Europe
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，在十九世纪西欧，饥荒不再是一个问题是因为？
A：营养不良的下降

B：建设更多的食品储存设施

C：更快的交通工具

D:东欧农业方法的改进

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】我们根据题干中的关键词“famine”定位到第3句“ Famine (as opposed to malnutrition) became a thing of the past.”意思是：饥荒（与营养不良相对）已成为过去。
4、【逻辑分析】第四段主要描述交通运输的影响。再往前看，前面一句话说，通过火车和蒸汽船运输，人们可以迅速地将食物运输到西欧贫困地区。这说明交通运输的进步可以解决饥荒的问题。再结合定位句与上下文。

【选项分析】
A 选项：营养不良的减少。“malnutrition”出现在这句话的括号内容里“Famine (as opposed to malnutrition) became a thing of the past.”是为了说明饥荒和营养不良是两个不同的概念，文中并没有提及营养不良情况的减少，故 A 选项为无关信息，排除。 
B 选项：建立更多的存储设施。第四段整段都没提及该信息，故排除。 
C 选项：更快的交通工具。交通运输的进步可以解决饥荒的问题。正确。
D 选项：东欧的农业方式进步。错误，根据关键词“Eastern Europe”我们找到这句话“Many Western European countries, headed by Britain, began also to import increasing amounts of food, not only from Eastern Europe, a traditional source, but also……”这句话其实是在说明交通运输有利于粮食的进口，可以从东欧进口粮食，但并没有提及东欧农业方式的进步，故 D 选项排除。

question_stem: The word "inevitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: unexplainable

tag: B
text: undesirable

tag: C
text: unavoidable

tag: D
text: unpredictable
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“Inevitable”一词最接近于
A 选项：unexplainable，意思是“无法解释的” 
B 选项：undesirable，意思是“不受欢迎的” 
C 选项：unavoidable，意思是“不可避免的”
D 选项：unpredictable，意思是“无法预测的”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“inevitable”,词在文中所在句“In one sense, this pattern seems inevitable.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“inevitable”的意思是“不可避免的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“从某种意义上说，这种模式看似是不可避免的。”

【选项分析】
A 选项：unexplainable，意思是“无法解释的”,意思不符，故排除。 
B 选项：undesirable，意思是“不受欢迎的”, 意思不符，故排除。 
C 选项：unavoidable，意思是“不可避免的”，意思符合，故为正确答案。 
D 选项：unpredictable，意思是“无法预测的”，意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, which of the following factors led to rapid urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century?
choices: tag: A
text: The destruction of many farms due to bad harvests

tag: B
text: The reduction in the amount of good-quality farmland

tag: C
text: The rise in death rates in the countryside

tag: D
text: The lack of jobs in the countryside
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第5段，下列哪些因素导致了十九世纪上半叶的快速城市化？
A：由于收成不好，许多农场遭到破坏。

B：减少优质农田的数量

C：农村的死亡率上升

D：农村缺乏工作

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“first half of the nineteenth century”,定位到这句话“By 1850, over half of all the people in England lived in cities, a first in human history.”意思是：到1850年，英国超过一半的人口居住在城市，这是人类历史上的第一次。

【逻辑分析】题目问：导致19世纪上半叶，快速城市化进程的原因是什么？根据关键词“first half of the nineteenth century”,定位到这句话“By 1850, over half of all the people in England lived in cities, a first in human history.”而后面紧接着的一句话就给出了原因，“In one sense, this pattern seems inevitable：growing numbers of people pressed available resources on the land, even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing, so people crowded into cities seeking work or other resources.”这种快速的城市化进程是不可避免的：因为人口变得越来越多了，很多的人压榨一片土地上一切可以利用的资源，显然资源是不够用的，所以人们只能涌入城市寻找工作或其他资源。

【选项分析】
A 选项：因为粮食歉收导致很多农场被破坏。这属于无中生有的信息，直接排除。 
B 选项：高质量的农耕用地的减少。本段中并没有提到农耕用地的减少，只提到“even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing”，即使农耕与制造业相结合时，乡村的资源还是不能满足人口需求。故 B 选项未提及，排除。 
C 选项：乡村人口死亡率的上升。错误，因为文中提到“Traditionally, however, death rates in cities surpassed those in the countryside by a large margin”，这句话说传统意义上，城市的死亡率远远超过了农村，但是人们还是不断涌入农村。所以乡村人口死亡率在当时其实低于城市。故 C 选项与原文矛盾，排除。
D 选项：农村缺乏工作。人们只能涌入城市寻找工作或其他资源。正确。

question_stem: The word "surpass" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: exceed

tag: B
text: influence

tag: C
text: equal

tag: D
text: differ from
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“surpass”一词最接近于
A 选项：exceed,意思是“超过”
B 选项：influence，意思是“影响”
C 选项：equal,意思是“等于;比得上”
D 选项：differ from，意思是“与……不同”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“surpass”,定位到原句单词在文中所在句“Traditionally, however, death rates in cities surpassed those in the countryside by a large margin”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“surpass”的意思是“超过;优于”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“然而，传统上来说，城市的死亡率远远超过了农村。”

【选项分析】：
A 选项：exceed,意思是“超过”，意思符合，故为正确答案。 
B 选项：influence，意思是“影响”，意思不符，故排除。 
C 选项：equal,意思是“等于;比得上”，意思不符，故排除。 
D 选项：differ from，意思是“与……不同”, 意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about underground sewers?
choices: tag: A
text: They became common in most of Western Europe in the 1830s.

tag: B
text: They helped reduce deaths caused by disease in cities.

tag: C
text: They led to the discovery that disease could be caused by germs.

tag: D
text: They encouraged people to leave rural areas and move to the cities.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】从关于地下排水道的第6段中可以推断出以下哪一个？
A：19世纪30年代，它们在西欧的大部分地区变得很普遍。

B 他们帮助减少了城市因疾病造成的死亡。

C 他们导致发现疾病可能由细菌引起。

D 他们鼓励人们离开农村搬到城市。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】根据题干中的关键词“underground sewers”定位到最后一段中这段内容“Even before the discovery of germs, beliefs that disease spread by "miasmas" (noxious forms of bad air) prompted attention to sewers and open garbage；Edwin Chadwick led an exemplary urban crusade for underground sewers in England in the 1830s.”

【逻辑分析】定位句这段话是在说，即使在细菌被发现之前，人们也已经意识到下水道的清洁和垃圾清理很重要，而查德威克还在英国引领了模范性的城市运动，要求对城市下水道进行改革。从第六段整体来看，“underground sewers”提高城市卫生设施的一个范例，而这有助于降低疾病发生率，从而降低人口死亡率。这道题是一个正向推理的过程。

【选项分析】
A 选项：19世纪30年代下水道在西欧大部分地区很普及，但根据文意我们知道，当时查德威克还在英国引领了模范性的整治下水道的运动，说明当时下水道并没有普及，故 A 与文章内容矛盾，排除。 
B 选项：他们帮助减少了城市因疾病造成的死亡。正确。
C 选项：下水道的存在使得人们发现细菌可以引起疾病。错误，因为文章没有提到该信息，只是说在细菌被发现之前，人们已经开始注重下水道的清洁了。 
D 选项：鼓励人们离开农村，迁往城市。错误，因为文章中并没有提到这两者存在逻辑关联性。

question_stem: Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as factors that contributed to the rapid decline of urban death rates EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: the greater reliability of food supplies

tag: B
text: improvements in sanitation

tag: C
text: advances in the treatment of disease

tag: D
text: provisions for inspecting houses
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】第6段提到了导致城市死亡率迅速下降的因素，但除哪一项外
A：食品供应的可靠性更高

B：改善卫生条件

C；疾病治疗的进展

D：检查房屋的规定

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】题目问以下哪一项不是导致城市人口死亡率下降的原因，我们用排除法来做题。 

【选项分析】
A 选项：食物供应的可靠性。该信息在第六段首句中就提到“The greater reliability of food supplies was a factor in the decline of urban death rates.”故 A 选项符合文意，排除。 
B 选项：卫生水平的提高。该信息在第2句中提到“Even more important were the gains in urban sanitation”故 B 选项在文中有所提及，故排除。 
C 选项：疾病治疗方法的提升。在第3句中提到“Reformers, including enlightened doctors, began to study the causes of high death rates and to urge remediation.”但是只是说一些革新者，包括一些医生，开始进行医学研究，没提到实质性的医疗提升，故为正确答案。 
D 选项：关于检查房屋的规定。该信息对应到第2句中的“as well as measures such as inspection of housing”,符合原文，故排除。