In 334 B.C. Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and in only a few years completed his creation of anempireout of much of southwest Asia. In the newempire, barriers totradeand the movement of peoples were removed; markets were put in touch with one another. In the nextgenerationthousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes. Alexander’s actions had several important consequences for theregionoccupied by theempire.

The first of these was theexpansionof Greekcivilizationthroughoutthe Middle East. Greek became the great international language. Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons (militaryposts) but as centers for thediffusionof Greek language,literature, and thought, particularlythroughlibraries, as at Antioch (in modernTurkey) and the most famous of all, at Alexandria in Egypt, which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years.

Second, this internationalism spelled the end of theclassicalGreek city-state - the unit ofgovernmentinancientGreece - and everything it stood for. Most city-states had been quite small in terms of citizenry, and this was considered to be a good thing. Thefocusof life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as morefundamentaltopics such as the purpose ofgovernmentor the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. ThephilosopherPlato (428-348 B.C.) felt that theidealcity-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in thecommunityshould know each other. In decision making, the whole body of citizens together would have the necessary knowledge in order generally toreachthe right decision, even though theindividualmight not be particularly qualified to decide. ThephilosopherAristotle (384-322 B.C.), who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining, believed that apoliticalentity of 100,000 simply would not be able togovernitself.

This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens were not specialists but hadmultipleinterests and talents - each a so-called jack-of-all-trades who couldengagein many areas of life andpolitics. It implied arespectfor the wholeness of life and aconsequentdislike ofspecialization. It impliedeconomicandmilitaryself-sufficiency. But with thedevelopmentoftradeandcommercein Alexander'sempirecame the growth of cities; it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades. One now had tospecialize, and withspecializationcame professionalism. There were getting to be too many persons to know, an easily observablecommunityof interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests. The city-state was simply too "small-time".

Third, Greekphilosophywas opened up to thephilosophyandreligionof the East. At thepeakof the Greek city-state,religionplayed an important part. Its gods - such as Zeus, father of the gods, and his wife Hera - were thought of very much as being like human beings but with superhuman abilities. Their worship was linked to the rituals connected with one’s progressthroughlife - birth, marriage, and death -  and with invoking protection against danger, making prophecies, and promotinghealing, rather than to anycodeofbehavior. Nor was there much of atheoryof afterlife.

Even before Alexander’s time, a life spent in the service of their city-state no longer seemedidealto Greeks. The AthenianphilosopherSocrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece toproposeamoralitybased onindividualconsciencerather than the demands of thestate, and for this he was accused of not believing in the city’s gods and so corrupting the youth, and he was condemned to death. Greekphilosophy- or even afocusonconscience- mightcomplementreligionbut was nosubstitutefor it, and this made Greeks receptive to thereligioussystems of the Middle East, even if they never adopted them completely. Thecombinationof thereligiousinstinctof Asia with the philosophic spirit of Greecespreadacross the world in theeraafter Alexander’s death, blending thecultureof the Middle East with thecultureof Greece.

Questions:
question_stem: According to paragraph 1, Alexander the Great did which of the following?
choices: tag: A
text: Regulated the movement and resettlement in southwest Asia of thousands of Greek people

tag: B
text: Opened up opportunities in new markets for traders and artisans

tag: C
text: Created new restrictions on trade

tag: D
text: Encouraged Greek citizens to choose military careers over careers in trade
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第1段，亚历山大大帝做了以下哪一项？
A：规范了数千希腊人在南亚的流动和移民安置
B：为商人和工匠开拓新市场的机会
C：建立了新的贸易限制
D：鼓励希腊公民选择军事职业而不是贸易职业

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ Alexander the Great”,定位到 Passage 1 第3句，原句为“In the next generation thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes.”意思是“在下一代，成千上万的希腊商人和工匠将进入这个更广阔的世界去寻求财富。”

【逻辑分析】定位句说明：成千上万的希腊商人和工匠会进入更广阔的世界寻求他们的机遇去赚钱，也就是他们有了更多的机会。

【选项分析】
A.第一段中未提到。故错误。
B.与定位句意思相符。正确。为商人和工匠创造了新市场中的机会。
C.第一段中未提到。故错误。
D.第一段中未提到。故错误。

question_stem: The word "diffusion" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: adoption

tag: B
text: spread

tag: C
text: teaching

tag: D
text: learning
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“diffusion”一词最接近于
A：收养
B：传播
C：教学
D：学习

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“diffusion”,定位到原句“Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons (military posts) but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought, particularly through libraries, as at Antioch (in modern Turkey) and the most famous of all, at Alexandria in Egypt, which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“diffusion”的意思是“扩散、传播”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“城镇和城市建立起来，不仅成为驻军之地（军事哨所），也是传播希腊语言、文学、思想的中心,这种传播尤其是在图书馆进行，比如在安提阿（今土耳其）的图书馆，其中最为著名的是埃及亚历山大的图书馆，该图书馆在接下来的一千年里都是世界一流的。”。

【选项分析】
A：收养。不符，错误。
B：传播。同义替换，正确。
C：教学。不符，错误。
D：学习。不符，错误。

question_stem: In paragraph 2, the author mentions the libraries at Antioch and Alexandria in order to
choices: tag: A
text: provide evidence that the library was a cultural institution in the East before it spread to the West

tag: B
text: explain why it was important for Greek to become the great international language

tag: C
text: identify two of the sources of Greek cultural influence within Alexander’s empire

tag: D
text: support the claim that the Greeks transformed Middle Eastern garrisons and military posts into cultural centers
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第2段中，作者提到了安提阿和亚历山大的图书馆，以便
A：提供证据证明图书馆在向西方传播之前是东方的一个文化机构。
B：解释为什么希腊语成为伟大的国际语言很重要
C：确定亚历山大帝国内希腊文化影响的两个来源
D：支持希腊人将中东驻军和军事哨所转变为文化中心的说法

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the libraries at Antioch”,定位到 Passage 2 最后一句，原句为“Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons (military posts) but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought, particularly through libraries, as at Antioch (in modern Turkey) and the most famous of all, at Alexandria in Egypt, which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years.”。

【引用内容分析】第二段最后一句提到 Antioch 的是最有名的图书馆，Alexandria 是之后几千年中世界上最好的图书馆，体现这是一种文化的传播。

【选项分析】
A 的 before it spread to the West 未提及，错误。
B 的 why it was important 未提及，错误。
C 选项符合定位句的意思，故正确。
D transformed …into cultural centers 未提及，错误。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Assemblies were held in the agora to discuss some issues of the day, but more fundamental questions were decided by key individuals.

tag: B
text: In a culture where philosophical discussions were frequent, some individuals questioned the value of a life focused on the marketplace.

tag: C
text: Life centered around the agora, an open marketplace and site for public debate, where individuals could participate in decision making.

tag: D
text: The focus of individuals was on fundamental topics such as the purpose of government and the connection between law and freedom.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？错误的选择会以重要的方式改变意义，或者遗漏重要的信息。
A：集会在该广场举行，讨论当天的一些问题，但更基本的问题是由关键个人决定的。
B：在一个哲学讨论频繁的文化中，一些人质疑以市场为中心的生活的价值。
C：以广场为中心的生活，一个开放的市场和公共辩论场所，在那里个人可以参与决策。
D：个人的重点是基本问题，如政府的目的和法律与自由之间的联系。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】原句核心：生活围绕着集市，在这里人们可以讨论政府的目的或法律与自由的关系，且可以自己做决定。

【选项分析】
A.原句中提到人们可以做决定的是“论政府的目的或法律与自由的关系”，而不是“更基本的问题”。故错误。
B.原句未提到“质疑”。故错误。
C.与原句语序一致，含义匹配, 因此 C 选项正确。
D.原句未提到基本问题是什么。故错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, Plato believed that the ideal city-state should be
choices: tag: A
text: governed by a ruling body of about 5,000 city leaders with a total population of no more than 100,000

tag: B
text: led by the most qualified individual

tag: C
text: governed by the group of citizens with the most knowledge about the issues of the day

tag: D
text: small enough so that everyone would know each other
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，柏拉图认为理想的城邦应该是
A：由大约5000名城市领导人组成的执政机构管理，总人口不超过10万
B：由最有资格的人领导
C：由对当时问题了解最多的公民团体管理
D：小到每个人都能认识对方

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

3、【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ the ideal city-state ”,定位到 Passage 3 第4句，原句为“The philosopher Plato (428-348 B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other. ”。
意思是“哲学家柏拉图（公元前428-348）认为一个理想的城邦应该有大约5000名公民，因为对希腊人来说，社区的每个人要互相认识是很重要的。在做决策的过程中，全体公民都得掌握必要的知识以做出正确的决定，即使这个人并非特别有资格做决定。”。

【逻辑分析】定位句哲学家柏拉图(公元前428 - 348)认为理想的城邦应该大约有5000个公民，因为对希腊人来说在社区的每个人对彼此相互了解是非常重要的。

【选项分析】
A.定位句是说“有5000名公民”，而不是5000名城市领导人。故错误。
B.定位句未提到有领导人。故错误。
C.定位句是说“全体公民都得掌握必要的知识”，而不是对当时问题了解最多的公民团体。故错误。
D.定位句对应选项 D：要足够小以至于大家都互相认识。正确。

question_stem: Why does the author mention "The philosopher Aristotle"?
choices: tag: A
text: To provide additional evidence that the ancient Greeks believed that political units must be small

tag: B
text: To demonstrate the accuracy of philosophers’ predictions about the end of the classical Greek city-state

tag: C
text: To show how changes in the city-state system from the fifth to the third century B C. were reflected in the ideas of its philosophers

tag: D
text: To support the claim that small city-states were ideally suited to produce philosophical inquiry
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，柏拉图认为理想的城邦应该是
A：由大约5000名城市领导人组成的执政机构管理，总人口不超过10万
B：由最有资格的人领导
C：由对当时问题了解最多的公民团体管理
D：小到每个人都能认识对方

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ the ideal city-state ”,定位到 Passage 3 第4句，原句为“The philosopher Plato (428-348 B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other. ”。
意思是“哲学家柏拉图（公元前428-348）认为一个理想的城邦应该有大约5000名公民，因为对希腊人来说，社区的每个人要互相认识是很重要的。在做决策的过程中，全体公民都得掌握必要的知识以做出正确的决定，即使这个人并非特别有资格做决定。”。

【逻辑分析】定位句哲学家柏拉图(公元前428 - 348)认为理想的城邦应该大约有5000个公民，因为对希腊人来说在社区的每个人对彼此相互了解是非常重要的。

【选项分析】
A.定位句是说“有5000名公民”，而不是5000名城市领导人。故错误。
B.定位句未提到有领导人。故错误。
C.定位句是说“全体公民都得掌握必要的知识”，而不是对当时问题了解最多的公民团体。故错误。
D.定位句对应选项 D：要足够小以至于大家都互相认识。正确。

question_stem: The word "declining" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: at its best

tag: B
text: rapidly expanding

tag: C
text: first being formed

tag: D
text: weakening
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“declining”一词最接近于
A：最好的
B：快速扩张
C：首先形成
D：削弱

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“declining”,定位到原句“The philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining, believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“declining”的意思是“下滑；衰退；倾斜”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“生活在城邦制度衰落时期的哲学家亚里士多德（公元前384-322）认为一个政治实体若是有100000人，那根本就无法自治。”。

【选项分析】
A：最好的。不符，错误
B：快速扩张。不符，错误
C：首先形成。不符，错误
D：削弱。同义替换，正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, Alexander's empire was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: decreased need for military control

tag: B
text: growing professionalism

tag: C
text: growth of cities

tag: D
text: specialization in trades
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，亚历山大帝国的特点是除了
A：军事控制需求减少
B：职业化程度不断提高
C：城市增长
D：贸易专业

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“Alexander's empire”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 

【选项分析】
选项 A 的减少军事控制未被提及，因此正确答案为 A。
选项 B 对应原文中的 One now had to specialize, and with specialization came professionalism. 现在人们不得不专攻事物，从而变得职业化。符合原文，不选。
选项 C 和 D 对应原文中的 But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexander’s empire came the growth of cities; it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades. 但是随着贸易和商业的发展，在亚历山大帝国也在发展，人们再也不可能是万事通。即在帝国发展的情况下人们要专攻贸易变得更为职业化。符合原文，不选。

question_stem: The word ”peak” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: end

tag: B
text: command

tag: C
text: high point

tag: D
text: beginning
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“peak”一词最接近于
A：结束
B：命令
C：最高点
D：开始

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“peak”,定位到原句“The philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining, believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“peak”的意思是“山峰；最高点；顶点”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“生活在城邦制度衰落时期的哲学家亚里士多德（公元前384-322）认为一个政治实体若是有100000人，那根本就无法自治。”。

【选项分析】
A：结束。不符，错误
B：命令。不符，错误
C：最高点。同义替换。正确
D：开始。不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, religion in the Greek city-state involved
choices: tag: A
text: a set of rules governing behavior

tag: B
text: a detailed conception of life after death

tag: C
text: rituals related to significant life events

tag: D
text: worship of gods who were not like humans
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第5段，希腊城邦的宗教
A 管理行为的一套规则
B 关于死后生活的详细概念
C 与重大生活事件相关的仪式
D 崇拜与人类不同的神

【判定题型】题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“religion”,定位到 Passage 5 第2句，原句为“At the peak of the Greek city-state, religion played an important part. ”。意思是“在希腊城邦的繁盛时期，宗教发挥了重要的作用。”

【逻辑分析】定位句的逻辑很明显就是：宗教很重要。

【选项分析】
A 选项的 governing behavior 与原文 rather than to any code of behavior 相反，排除； 
B 选项的 life after death 与原文 Nor was there much of a theory of afterlife 相反，排除； 
C 选项与原文意思相符，正确；
D 选项的 not like humans 与原文 very much as being like human beings 相反，排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 6, what was the basis for the accusation against Socrates?
choices: tag: A
text: He encouraged people to be guided by their own consciences instead of by the state

tag: B
text: He stated that people had a duty to fight against the corruption of their leaders

tag: C
text: He reasoned that the needs of the youth were more important than the needs of the state

tag: D
text: He argued that people’s behavior should be guided by the religious systems of the Middle East
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第6段，指控苏格拉底的依据是什么？
A：他鼓励人们接受自己的良心而不是国家的引导。
B：他说，人民有责任打击他们领导人的腐败。
C：他认为青年的需要比国家的需要更重要。
D：他认为人们的行为应该以中东的宗教制度为指导。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“xx”,定位到 Passage 6 第2句，原句为“The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state…”，意思是“雅典哲学家苏格拉底（公元前470-399）是希腊第一个提出道德要基于个人良心而不是国家要求的人，为此他被指控亵渎神明和腐蚀青年，所以被判了死刑。”

【逻辑分析】雅典的哲学家苏格拉底是希腊人中第一个提出道德应基于个人良心而并非基于国家的要求…

【选项分析】
A.选择中 guided by their own consciences instead of by the state 与原文相对应，故正确。
B.原文未提及“领导的腐败”，故错误。
C.原文未提及“青年的需要和国家的需要”，故错误。
D.原文未提及行为和宗教制度的关系，故错误。

question_stem: The word "propose" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: suggest

tag: B
text: deny

tag: C
text: consider

tag: D
text: question
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“propose”一词最接近于
A：建议
B：否认
C：考虑
D：问题

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“propose”,定位到原句“The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state, and for this he was accused of not believing in the city’s gods and so corrupting the youth, and he was condemned to death. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“propose”的意思是“打算，计划”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“雅典哲学家苏格拉底（公元前470-399）是希腊第一个提出道德要基于个人良心而不是国家要求的人，为此他被指控亵渎神明和腐蚀青年，所以被判了死刑。”。

【选项分析】
A：建议。同义替换，正确
B：否认。不符，错误
C：考虑。不符，错误
D：问题。不符，错误