The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in smallscatteredsettlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, andleisureactivities, their life is like that of other groups thatcontributeto thediversesocialfabricof North Americanculturein the twenty-firstcentury. At the same time, they have retained sometraditionalcultural practices that are associated withparticularart forms. For example, the most importanttraditionalNavajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable andmineralsubstances,pollen, and flowers inprecisepatterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters indiameterand cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materialsthroughtheir fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers whoenlistthe aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. Thesecomplexpaintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of theritualsongs, which can last up to nine days.

The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the mostbasicideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty orharmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces ofdynamismandstabilitycreateconstantchange. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather toperformrituals with songs and make sand paintings torestorebeauty andharmonyto the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, therestorationofharmonythroughaceremonycan be part of a curingprocess.

Men make sand paintings that areaccuratecopies of paintings from the past. The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past. By recreating these arts, whichreflecttheoriginalbeauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the present world. Asrelativenewcomers to the Southwest, a place where theirclimate, neighbors, and rulers could be equallyinhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms toaffectthe world around them, not justthroughthe recounting of the actions symbolized, butthroughthe beauty andharmonyof the artworks themselves. The paintings generallyillustrateideas and events from the life of amythicalhero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create thetraditionalform of theimageas accurately as possible.

The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, thespinning, and dyeing of thethread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the pastrepresenttheprincipleofstabilityin Navajo thought, womenembodydynamismand create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of thecreativityof a mythicancestornamedSpiderwoman who wove theuniverseas acosmicweb that united earth and sky. It was she who, according tolegend, taught Navajo women how toweave. As theypreparetheir materials andweave, Navajo womenimitatethe transformations that originally created the world.

Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create imagesthroughwhich they experienceharmonywith nature. It is their means of creating beauty andtherebycontributing to the beauty,harmony, andhealingof the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.

Questions:
question_stem: The word “precise” is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: colorful

tag: B
text: exact

tag: C
text: delicate

tag: D
text: complex
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】“precise”一词最接近下列哪个选项？
A：五颜六色的
B：精准的
C：微妙的，精美的，易碎的
D：复杂的，合成的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“precise”,定位到原句“These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“precise”的意思是“精确的，明确的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“它们实际上是通过将细细控制的彩色沙或粉碎的植物和矿物质、花粉和花朵以精确的方式倒在地上而制成的”。

【选项分析】
A：五颜六色的。不符，错误
B：精准的。同义替换，正确
C：微妙的，精美的，易碎的。不符，错误
D：复杂的，合成的。不符，错误

question_stem: The word “enlist" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: assist

tag: B
text: require

tag: C
text: describe

tag: D
text: recruit
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】“enlist”一词最接近于下列哪个选项？
A：Assist, 帮助，促进。
B：Require, 要求，命令。
C：Describe, 描述，形容。
D：Recruit, 聘用，征募

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“enlist”,定位到原句“The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“enlist”的意思是“使入伍，征募”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“仪式中使用的绘画和圣歌是由训练有素的艺术家和歌手指导的，这些艺术家和歌手需要蒙面演员扮演的灵魂的帮助”。

【选项分析】
A：Assist, 帮助，促进。不符，错误
B：Require, 要求，命令。不符，错误
C：Describe, 描述，形容。不符，错误
D：Recruit, 聘用，征募。同义替换，正确

question_stem: What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the Navajo ritual chants?
choices: tag: A
text: There is a large number of them.

tag: B
text: Each of them corresponds to a particular sand painting.

tag: C
text: They are difficult to remember.

tag: D
text: They do not take long to perform
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】关于纳瓦霍仪式圣歌，从第1段可以推断出什么？
A：它们有很多。

B：每个都对应于一幅特定的沙画。

C：它们很难记住。

D：表演时间不长。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the Navajo ritual chants”,定位到 Passage 1，原句为“The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.”；The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.

【逻辑分析】纳瓦霍圣歌可由多达500幅的沙画来表现，可知其复杂性。

【选项分析】
A.根据原文“ The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.”可看出，一共只有24首纳瓦霍人圣歌，数量并不是很多，所以 A 选项错误。
B.原文说这24首圣歌可以被多达500幅沙画所描绘表现出来，但是并没有说每首圣歌都分别对应一幅沙画，因此 B 选项错误。
C.然后定位到原文“These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days. ”证明 C 选项正确。
D.第一段最后一句话说“which can last up to nine days.”可看出整个表演时间会长达九天，而 D 选项说表演时间并不长，因此 D 选项错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of many important Navajo rituals EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: They involve the creation of large, detailed images.

tag: B
text: They include performers whose faces are covered.

tag: C
text: They take place indoors.

tag: D
text: They are performed without elaborate planning.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第1段，以下所有内容都适用于许多重要的纳瓦霍仪式，除了
A：它们涉及到创建大而详细的图像。

B：他们包括脸被遮住的表演者。

C：它们发生在室内。

D：他们是在没有详细计划的情况下进行的。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“ Navajo rituals”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage1 。

【选项分析】
A."precise patterns on the ground”对应 A 选项;
B.“The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.”中的“masked performers”对应 B 选项;
C.“Working from the inside of the design outward”对应 C 选项;
D."Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. "此句反驳了 D 说的 They are performed without elaborate planning，因而答案为 D。

question_stem: It can be inferred from the discussion of illness and curing in paragraph 2 that
choices: tag: A
text: the Navajo consider illness to always have a supernatural cause

tag: B
text: rituals involving songs and sand paintings may be used to treat an illness

tag: C
text: when a Navajo is ill, ugly and disorderly sand paintings are made

tag: D
text: after a serious illness, a Navajo will take part in a ceremony
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】从第2段中对疾病和治疗的讨论可以推断：
A：纳瓦霍人认为疾病总是有超自然的原因。

B：涉及歌曲和沙画的仪式可以用来治疗疾病。

C：纳瓦霍生病时，会画出丑陋无序的沙画。

D：大病过后，纳瓦霍人将参加一个仪式

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ illness and curing ”,定位到 Passage 2，原句为“the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony.”。

【逻辑分析】可看出，纳瓦霍人聚集在一起表演歌曲并制作沙画是为了使世界恢复美丽以及和平，一些疾病本身就被看作是一种不和谐。

【选项分析】：
A.文章未提及，故错误。
B.B 选项为同意替换，其中 Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony 对应 B 选项中的 treat an illness。所以 B 选项正确。
C.文章说的是“美丽的世界变得丑陋和无序”。故选项错误。
D.文章未说大病之后要参加仪式，故选项错误。

question_stem: The word “faithful” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: modern

tag: B
text: accurate

tag: C
text: wonderful

tag: D
text: simplified
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】“faithful”一词最接近于以下哪个选项？
A：Modern, 现代的，时髦的。
B：Accurate, 精确的。
C：Wonderful, 精彩的，奇妙的。
D：Simplified,简化了的。

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“faithful”,定位到原句“The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“faithful”的意思是“ 如实的，准确可靠的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“画中所唱的歌曲也是对过去歌曲的忠实再现”。

【选项分析】
A：Modern, 现代的，时髦的。不符，错误
B：Accurate, 精确的。同义替换，正确
C：Wonderful, 精彩的，奇妙的。不符，错误
D：Simplified,简化了的。不符，错误

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: The Navajo used the symbolism and beauty of their works of art to improve their life in an often inhospitable environment.

tag: B
text: The ideas the Navajo hold about symbolism and beauty were influenced by their inhospitable climate, neighbors, and rulers.

tag: C
text: When they first arrived in the Southwest, the Navajo produced symbolic art forms that promoted harmony.

tag: D
text: In their works of art, the Navajo emphasized beauty and harmony that can be found even under the most inhospitable circumstances.
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？错误的选择会以重要的方式改变意义，或者遗漏重要的信息。
A：纳瓦霍人利用他们的艺术作品的象征性和美感来改善他们在一个经常不友好的环境中的生活。

B：纳瓦霍关于象征和美的观点受到了他们不友好的气候、邻居和统治者的影响。

C：当他们第一次到达西南部时，纳瓦霍人创造了象征性的艺术形式，促进了和谐。

D：在他们的艺术作品中，纳瓦霍人强调美和和谐，即使在最不友好的环境下也能找到。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】Highlighted 部分意为，作为气候，邻居，和管理者都贫瘠荒凉的西南部的新来者，纳瓦霍人创造了这些艺术形式来影响他们周围的世界，而不仅仅是通过象征行为的叙述，而是通过艺术品自身的美以及和谐。

【选项分析】
A.句子中 the actions symbolized 对应 A 选项中的 symbolism，the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves 对应 A 选项中的 beauty of their works of art. 所以 A 选项正确。
B.原句中未提到不友好的气候、邻居和统治者的影响。故错误。
C.原句中没说是第一次，故错误。
D.原句中未说在最不友好的环境，故错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, which of the following is often the subject of Navajo sand paintings?
choices: tag: A
text: The landscape of the Southwest

tag: B
text: Traditional Navajo practices

tag: C
text: Historical events that occurred in the Southwest

tag: D
text: The lives of heroes in traditional Navajo stories
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，以下哪一个经常是纳瓦霍沙画的主题？
A：西南景观

B：传统纳瓦霍实践

C：西南地区发生的历史事件

D：传统纳瓦霍故事中英雄的生活

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“subject”,定位到 Passage 3，原句为“The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings.”，意思是“这些画一般都描绘了神话英雄的生活中的想法和事件，他在被神灵治愈后，赠送了歌曲和绘画礼物。”。

【逻辑分析】可看出，沙画中的主题是神话英雄的生活。

【选项分析】
A.原文未明确指出，故错误。
B.原文是说：沙画通常讲述神话英雄一生的思想和事迹。故错误。
C.原文是说：沙画通常讲述神话英雄一生的思想和事迹。故错误。
D.文章中 the life of a mythical hero 对应 D 选项中的 The lives of heroes. 所以 D 选项正确

question_stem: Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about Navajo weavers and weaving?
choices: tag: A
text: Navajo women oversee all aspects of wool production and weaving.

tag: B
text: The wool used for blankets comes from different sheep than does the wool used for other purposes.

tag: C
text: Navajo weavers have used some of the same designs for hundreds of years.

tag: D
text: Weaving is done primarily for use in rituals.
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】第4段支持以下关于纳瓦霍织布机和编织的陈述中的哪一个？
A：纳瓦霍妇女负责监督羊毛生产和纺织的各个方面。

B：毛毯用的羊毛与其他用途的羊毛不同。

C：纳瓦霍织布工已经用了几百年的相同的设计。

D：编织主要用于仪式。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“Navajo weavers and weaving”,定位到 Passage 4第2句，原句为“Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dyeing of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. ”，意思是“纳瓦霍族妇女拥有家族的羊群，她们控制着羊的剪毛、梳理、纺纱、染色以及织物的编织”。

【逻辑分析】整个第四段都在介绍纳瓦霍人编织的历史和过程。

【选项分析】
A：符合原文。所以 A 选项正确。
B：B 选项的“ comes from different sheep”没有提到。错误
C：根据原文“ women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make.”可知 C 选择说有些设计已经被用了几百年并不正确。错误
D：D 选项在文章中也并未提及。错误

question_stem: The word “ancestor” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: relative from an earlier generation

tag: B
text: person who established a particular tradition in a society

tag: C
text: hero from ancient times

tag: D
text: person who once made important contributions to a social group or culture
answer_key: A
explanation: ancestor 是“祖先”的意思，对应 A 选项。

question_stem: Why does the author discuss “a mythic ancestor”?
choices: tag: A
text: To show how Navajo ideas of weaving have changed over time

tag: B
text: To explain why the Navajo principle of stability is more clearly represented in their weavings than in their sand paintings

tag: C
text: To emphasize the role of naturally occurring weaving materials in the creative weavings of the Navajo

tag: D
text: To help explain the significance of weaving in Navajo culture
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】为什么作者要讨论“神话的祖先”？
A：展示纳瓦霍的织布观念是如何随着时间而改变的。

B：解释为什么纳瓦霍稳定原则在他们的织布上比在他们的沙画上更清楚地表现出来。

C：强调自然产生的纺织材料在纳瓦霍人的创意编织中的作用。

D：帮助解释纳瓦霍文化中编织的意义

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… discuss”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ancestor”,定位到 Passage 4最后一句，原句为“As they prepare their materials and weave, Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.”。

【引用内容分析】可看出，作者提及这个神秘的祖先 Spider Woman 是为了向我们介绍在纳瓦霍文化中，编织的重要性。

【选项分析】
A.不是编织观念，而是编织很重要。故错误。
B.并不是要解释，而是在说编织的重要性。故错误。
C.主体搞错了，主体是编织。故错误。
D.编织很重要，表现出了编织的意义。故正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, Navajo weavers imitate
choices: tag: A
text: traditional weaving patterns

tag: B
text: patterns used in sand paintings

tag: C
text: the activities through which the world was created

tag: D
text: images from nature
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第四段，纳瓦霍织工款模仿
A：在传统的纺织模式
B：运用在沙画里的模式
C：创造世界的活动
D：来自自然的图像

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Navajo weavers”,定位到 Passage 4，原句为“Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.”，意思是“Navajo 妇女模仿了最初创造的世界”。

【逻辑分析】：结合题目问法和出题句，进行逻辑分析。

【选项分析】
A.不符文意，错误。应是模仿最初创造的世界。
B.不符文意，错误。应是模仿最初创造的世界。
C.C 选项为同意转换，因此选项 C 正确。
D.不符文意，错误。应是模仿最初创造的世界。