Think back to your childhood and try toidentifyyour earliest memory.How old were you?Most people are not able to recount memories for experiencespriorto the age of three years,

aphenomenoncalled infantileamnesia.The question of why infantileamnesiaoccurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light ofampleevidencethat infants and young

children candisplayimpressivememory capabilities.Many find that understanding the general nature of autobiographical memory, that is, memory for events that have occurred in one's own life,

can provide some important clues to this mystery.Between ages three and four, children begin to givefairlylengthyand cohesive descriptions of events in their past.What factors areresponsiblefor this developmental turning point? How old were you? Most people are not able to recount memories for experiencespriorto the age of three years,

aphenomenoncalled infantileamnesia. The question of why infantileamnesiaoccurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light ofampleevidencethat infants and young

children candisplayimpressivememory capabilities. Many find that understanding the general nature of autobiographical memory, that is, memory for events that have occurred in one's own life,

can provide some important clues to this mystery. Between ages three and four, children begin to givefairlylengthyand cohesive descriptions of events in their past. What factors areresponsiblefor this developmental turning point?

Perhaps the explanation goes back to some ideas raised byinfluentialSwiss psychologist Jean Piaget—namely, that children under age two yearsrepresentevents in a qualitatively different form than older children do. According to thislineof thought, theverbalabilities thatblossomin the two year old allow events to be coded in a formradicallydifferent from the action-based codes of theinfant. Verbalabilities of one year olds are, in fact, related to their memories for events one year later. When researchers had one year oldsimitateanactionsequenceone year after they first saw it, there was correlation between the children'sverbalskills at the time they first saw the event and their success on the later memory task. However,evenchildren with lowverbalskills showedevidenceof remembering the event; thus, memories may be facilitated by but are not dependent on thoseverbalskills.

Another suggestion is that before children can talk about past events in their lives, they need to have areasonableunderstanding of the self as a psychological entity. Thedevelopmentof an understanding of the self becomesevidentbetween the first andsecondyears of life and shows rapid elaboration insubsequentyears. Therealizationthat thephysicalself hascontinuityin time, according to thishypothesis, lays thefoundationfor theemergenceof autobiographical memory.

A third possibility is that children will not be able to tell their own "life story" until they understand something about the general form stories take, that is, the structure of narratives. Knowledge about narratives arises from social interactions, particularly the storytelling that children experience from parents and the attempts parents make to talk with children about past events in their lives. When parents talk with children about "what we did today" or "last week" or "last year," they guide the children'sformationof aframeworkfor talking about the past. They also provide children with reminders about the memory andrelaythe message that memories are valued as part of the cultural experience. It is interesting to note that some studies show Caucasian American children have earlier childhood memories than Korean children do. Furthermore, other studies show that Caucasian American mother-child pairs talk about past events three times more often than do Korean mother-child pairs. Thus, the types of social   experiences children have dofactorinto thedevelopmentof autobiographical memories.

A final suggestion is that children must begin to develop a "theoryof mind"—anawarenessof theconceptofmentalstates (feelings, desires, beliefs, and thoughts), their own and those of others—before they can talk about their own past memories. Once children becomecapableof answering such questions as "What does it mean to remember?" and "What does it mean to know something?" improvements in memoryseemtooccur.

It may be that the developments just described are intertwined with and influence one another. Talking with parents about the past mayenhancethedevelopmentof the self-concept, for example, as well as help the child understand what it means to "remember." Nodoubttheabilityto talk about one's past represents memory of a differentlevelofcomplexitythan simplerecognitionorrecall.

Questions:
question_stem: The word "ample" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: surprising

tag: B
text: convincing

tag: C
text: plentiful

tag: D
text: questionable
answer_key: C
explanation: C ample: 大量的，足够的。A 是令人惊讶的；B 是令人信服的；C 是分丰富的，大量的；D 是可疑的，有问题的。所以答案是 C 的 plentiful。

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, infantile amnesia has intrigued psychologists because
choices: tag: A
text: the ability to recount memories prior to three years of age seems to be connected to intelligence in adulthood

tag: B
text: psychologists do not understand why some people are able to recount memories from before the age of three years, while others are not able do so

tag: C
text: psychologists do not understand the connection between infantile amnesia and autobiographical memory

tag: D
text: although psychologists have evidence that infants have memory abilities, most people cannot remember life events that happened before the age of three years
answer_key: D
explanation: D 以 intrigue psychologists 做关键词定位至第三句，就是上题词汇题那句，说为什么会发生婴儿期健忘症这个问题已经困扰了人们很久，特别是考虑到存在孩子有了些记忆这一证据的存在，也就是说没法解释为什么有证据还 infantile amnesia，所以正确答案是 D。A 的 intelligence in adulthood，B 的 others are not able to 和 C 的 autobiographical memory 原文都没说。

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, what is the evidence that a child has developed autobiographical memory?
choices: tag: A
text: The child is able to remember past events from before the age of three years.

tag: B
text: The child is able to describe past events in a sufficiently lengthy and cohesive manner.

tag: C
text: The child is aware that he or she does not remember experiences from before the age of three years.

tag: D
text: The child is able to give a basic description of the nature of autobiographical memory.
answer_key: B
explanation: B, 以 developed autobiographical memory 做关键词定位至倒数第二句和倒数第三句，说三四岁的时候，孩子能给出过去事情的 lengthy and cohesive description，这是个 developmental turning point，所以答案是 B。A 说 remember，C 说孩子知道 blabla，D 描述的东西不对。

question_stem: In paragraph 2, why does the author provide the information that children with low verbal skills showed evidence of remembering a past event?
choices: tag: A
text: To provide evidence that memories do not depend only upon verbal skills

tag: B
text: To challenge the idea that one year olds are too young to form memories

tag: C
text: To argue that the memory of one year olds depends only on action-based codes

tag: D
text: To suggest that Piaget later revised his findings on the correlation between memory and verbal ability
answer_key: A
explanation: A 修辞目的题，先读例子所在句，说语言能力不行的孩子也能记住东西，因此语言能力能帮忙形成 autobiographical memory 而不是决定其形成，所以答案是 A，不仅依靠 verbal，B 和 C 的 one year olds，D 的人名原文都没说，都不选。

question_stem: The word "reasonable" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: consistent

tag: B
text: sufficient

tag: C
text: apparent

tag: D
text: deep
answer_key: B
explanation: B reasonable: 较多的，相当大的。注意原文中的 reasonable 并不是“合理的”意思。A 是始终如一的；B 是充足的；C 是明显的；D 是深的。所以正确答案是 B 的 sufficient。

question_stem: The word "elaboration" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: development

tag: B
text: specialization

tag: C
text: use

tag: D
text: transformation
answer_key: A
explanation: A elaboration: 详细阐述，精心制作，精致。在文中，词意发生略微的改变，有（良好）发展的意思。A 是发展；B 是专门化，特殊化；C 是使用；D 是转变。所以答案是 A 的 development。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, what is the relationship between autobiographical memory and the development of an understanding of the self?
choices: tag: A
text: Autobiographical memory aids in the development of an understanding of the self.

tag: B
text: Children possess an understanding of the self when they can talk about past events in their lives.

tag: C
text: The realization that the self continues through time may aid in the onset of autobiographical memory.

tag: D
text: The development of autobiographical memory helps children gain an understanding of their roles in their social relationships.
answer_key: C
explanation: C 问两者的关系，找 understanding of the self 和 autobiographical memory 双关键词定位至最后一句，说自我认识为 autobiographical memory 的发生打下基础，所以答案是 C，onset 开端，A 和 B 都没说到两者的关系，D 说反了。

question_stem: All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as ways in which parents help their children understand the structure of narratives EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: talking with their children about past events

tag: B
text: telling stories to their children

tag: C
text: having their children repeat stories back to them

tag: D
text: showing their children that they think memories are important
answer_key: C
explanation: D EXCEPT 题，排除法。A 的 past events 和 B 的 telling stories 做关键词都定位至第二句，说父母在 storytelling 和讲过去的事的过程中向孩子传授了知识，所以 A 和 B 都是对的，不选；C 选项原文没说，错，选；D 选项不好找，通过 memories are important 定位至第四句，memories are valued as part of the cultural experience，D 正确，不选。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, the studies of Caucasian American and Korean children suggest which of the following?
choices: tag: A
text: Autobiographical memories develop similarly across all cultures.

tag: B
text: Parents from different cultures tell their children different kinds of stories about the past.

tag: C
text: Children's pleasure in hearing stories varies from culture to culture.

tag: D
text: The kinds of interactions children have with their parents affect the development of autobiographical memories.
answer_key: D
explanation: D 推断题，问题问到的例子在本段倒数第二和第三句，整个句子都是例子，所以按常理应该向前看，但前一句说父母告诉孩子 memories 很重要，不是中心，本段第一句也没有答案支持，所以应该向后看，而且最后一句的 thus 摆明了就是个中心，所以答案是 D，注意 factor 的名词动用，B 和 C 相似都不对，A 太绝对，而且剩余的三个答案都是单纯地讲例子，不符合修辞目的题的选项特点。

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, what evidence is there that a "theory of mind" is a factor in the development of autobiographical memory?
choices: tag: A
text: Even children who are not aware of their mental states are still able to talk about past events.

tag: B
text: Autobiographical memory decreases when a child’s feelings and mental state are upset.

tag: C
text: Older children who are unable to achieve awareness of mental states lack autobiographical memory.

tag: D
text: Children's memory of past events grows once children can answer questions about what it means to know and remember.
answer_key: D
explanation: D 以引号引用的部分做关键词定位至本段第一句，但是这句话除了把题目重复一遍之外什么都没讲，而且这段只有两句话，快速看完第二句，原文说一旦孩子能回答这样的问题，memories 就开始发展了，所以得到答案是 D。A 与第一句说反； B 的 decrease 和 C 的 lack 原文都没说。

question_stem: The organization of the passage can best be described as
choices: tag: A
text: the presentation of an argument followed by the evidence for and against it

tag: B
text: a description of a phenomenon followed by several possible theories about how it develops

tag: C
text: the definition of a psychological term followed by a history of its usage

tag: D
text: an explanation of a process followed by a discussion of its practical applications
answer_key: B
explanation: B : 问全文，看各段开头，第一段提出问题，第二段到第五段提出了四种可能的原因，第六段说几种原因可能是相互交错的，只有 B 提到了 several possible theories，所以答案是 B。

question_stem: The passage supports which of the following statements about the development of autobiographical memory?
choices: tag: A
text: It is unlikely that a single factor is responsible for the development of autobiographical memory.

tag: B
text: Jean Piaget was the first psychologist to understand the development of autobiographical memory.

tag: C
text: Understanding the development of autobiographical memory will help psychologists eliminate infant amnesia

tag: D
text: Understanding what it means to remember is the most important factor in the development of autobiographical memory.
answer_key: A
explanation: A 问全文，看各段开头，但其实这道题已经不用看开头了，接着上题做就可以，因为上题已经说了 several possible theories，所以答案明显是 A，不可能是单一因素。B 的 JP 是第一个 psychologist，C 的 eliminate 和 D 的 most important factor 原文都没说。