Incontrastto mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to producethermalenergythroughtheirmetabolicactivity, which would allow them toregulatetheir bodytemperatureindependentof the surrounding orambienttemperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their bodytemperaturehas been proven false because their bodytemperaturedoes not always correspond to the surroundingtemperature. While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they doexercisecontrol over their bodytemperatureto a limiteddegree.

Physiologicaladaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats whereextremeconditionsprevail. The tolerance range in bodytemperaturerepresents the range of temperatureswithinwhich aspeciescansurvive. Onespeciesof North Americannewtis still active when temperaturesdropto -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortableevenwhen temperatures measured to 41°C - the highest bodytemperaturemeasured in a free-rangingamphibian. Recently it has been shown that some North American frog andtoadspeciescansurviveup to five days with a bodytemperatureof -6°C withapproximatelyone-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because theycontainthe frost-protective agents glycerin orglucose. Additionally, in manyspeciesthe tolerance boundaries areflexibleand can change as a result of acclimatization (long-termexposuretoparticularconditions).

Frogspeciesthatremainexposedto the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperaturesexhibitsomefascinatingmodifications in the skin structure thatfunctionasmorphologicaladaptations. Mostamphibianskin is fully waterpermeableand isthereforenot abarrieragainstevaporationorsolarradiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to betterreflectsolarradiation, thus providing protection against overheating. The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds toevaporativelosses withglandsecretions that provide a greasyfilmover its entire body that helps preventdesiccation(dehydration).

However,behavioris by far the most importantfactorin thermoregulation. Theprincipalelements inbehavioralthermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heatexchangewith substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal andannualavoidance behaviors, which include moving toshelterduring the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducingactivityduring cold or hot weather,respectively). Heliothermy is especiallycommonamong frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their bodytemperatureby more than 10°C. The AndeantoadBufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise onmoistground and attains its preferred bodytemperatureby this means, long before either ground orairis correspondingly warmed. Apositiveside effect of thisapproachis that it accelerates the digestion of thepreyconsumedovernight, thus also accelerating growth. Thigmothermy is abehaviorpresent in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose: heatabsorptionbyconductivityand waterabsorptionthroughthe skin. The effect of thigmothermy is especiallyevidentin the Andeantoadduring rainfall: its bodytemperaturecorresponds to thetemperatureof the warm earth and not to the much coolerairtemperature.

Avoidancebehavioroccurs wheneverphysiologicalandmorphologicaladaptations areinsufficienttomaintainbodytemperaturewithinthevitalrange. Nocturnalactivityin amphibians with low tolerance for highambienttemperatures is atypicalthermoregulatorybehaviorof avoidance. Seasonalavoidancebehavioris extremely important in many amphibians. Specieswhosehabitatlies in thetemperatelatitudes are confronted bylethallow temperatures in winter, whilespeciesdwellinginsemiaridregions areexposedto long dry, hot periods in summer.

In amphibianshibernationoccurs in mud or deep holes away fromfrost. North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjacktoadoffers a good example ofhibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spainremainactive during themildwinterscommonto theregionand areinsteadforced into inactivity during the dry, hot summerseason. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses toavoiddesiccationandlethalambienttemperature. Amphibians arethereforehardlyatmercyofambienttemperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more thanexercisesome control over their bodytemperature.

Questions:
question_stem: According to paragraph 1, what indicates that amphibians have some control over their body temperature?
choices: tag: A
text: Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.

tag: B
text: Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.

tag: C
text: The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.

tag: D
text: The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第1段，什么表明两栖动物对体温有某种控制？
A：两栖动物可以通过调节新陈代谢率来产生能量。

B：两栖动物和哺乳动物和鸟类使用相同的体温调节方法。

C：两栖动物的体温有时与周围环境的温度不同。

D：两栖动物的体温与其代谢活动无关。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ have some control”,定位到 Passage1 第1句，原句为“n contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. ”，意思是与哺乳动物和鸟类相比，两栖类动物不能通过自身的代谢活动产生热能，这使得它们可以调节自身体温而不受周围环境温度的限制。。

【逻辑分析】可知两栖动物可以调节自身温度，使其与周围环境温度不同。

【选项分析】
A.文章：栖类动物不能通过自身的代谢活动产生热能。故选项错误。 
B.文章：与哺乳动物和鸟类相比，两栖类动物不能通过自身的代谢活动产生热能。说明两者的方式不同。故选项错误。
C.文中 independent of 对应 C 选项中的 differs from, 所以 C 选项正确。
D.文章：虽然调节体温的能力差，但是还是有一定的控制能力的。故选项错误。

question_stem: Why does the author mention a “South American frog” species in the passage?
choices: tag: A
text: To make the point that an amphibian’s temperature tolerance depends on a number of factors

tag: B
text: To indicate how precise the range of body temperatures is for certain amphibians

tag: C
text: To contrast its ability to adapt to that of the North American newt

tag: D
text: To help illustrate the range of environmental conditions to which amphibians have adapted
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】为什么作者在文章中提到“南美青蛙”物种？
A：强调两栖动物的耐温性取决于许多因素

B：说明某些两栖动物的体温范围有多精确。

C：对比一下它适应北美蝾螈的能力。

D：帮助说明两栖动物适应的环境条件的范围。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】根据 South American frog 定位至文章第二段第三句话，One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C。

【引用内容分析】可知一种北美蝾螈在气温降至零下2度时依然活跃，当一种南美青蛙在气温升至41度时依然觉得舒适。这个例子支持了前面的主旨句“The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive.”

【选项分析】
A.文章未提及“许多因素”是什么因素，故选项错误。
B.文章不是说的体温的精确范围，而是说明两栖动物适应的环境条件的范围。故选项错误。
C.文章是要说明说明两栖动物适应的环境条件的范围。而不是对比。故选项错误。
D. 文中阐明了一个两栖动物可以适应的环境条件变化范围，所以 D 选项正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, what allows some North American frog and toad species to survive in ambient temperatures well below freezing?
choices: tag: A
text: Their internal body temperatures never fall below -6°C.

tag: B
text: They do not remain at temperatures below freezing for very long periods of time.

tag: C
text: Their tolerance boundaries are flexible

tag: D
text: Some of their body tissues contain substances that prevent freezing.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，是什么让一些北美青蛙和蟾蜍物种在远低于冰点的环境温度下生存？
A：它们的体内温度永远不会低于-6°C。

B：它们不会在低于冰点的温度下停留很长时间。

C：它们的忍受度是灵活的。

D：他们的一些身体组织含有防止冰冻的物质。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“survive”,定位到 Passage 2 倒数第二句，原句为“The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose.”，意思是“其他组织会得到保护，因为它们含有抗冻保护剂甘油或葡萄糖。”

【逻辑分析】可知这些生物身体中的其他组织含有可以抵御寒冷的物质。

【选项分析】
A.文章未提及是否还能比-6°C 还低，故选项错误。
B.当温度降到零下2°C 时，北美蝾螈依然活跃；而一些北美的青蛙和蟾蜍物种可以在体温零下6°C 的情况下生存五天。故选项错误。
C.文章未提及，故选项错误。
D.原文其中 the frost-protective agents 对应 D 选项中的 prevent freezing. 所以 D 选项正确

question_stem: “Phyllomedusa sauvagei” is mentioned as an example of a frog with an adaptation that
choices: tag: A
text: protects its glandular system

tag: B
text: helps reduce its secretions

tag: C
text: increases the amount of solar radiation that its skin can reflect

tag: D
text: modifies its skin structure to protect against the drying effects of the sun
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】“树蛙”被提及作为一种例子：是一种适应环境的青蛙，它可以
A：保护其腺系统
B：有助于减少分泌物
C：增加皮肤能反射的太阳辐射量
D：修改皮肤结构，防止太阳晒干。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Phyllomedusa sauvagei”,定位到 Passage 3 最后一句，原句为“The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).”。

【引用内容分析】说明树蛙皮肤的特别性，帮助防止出现干燥（脱水）。

【选项分析】
A.不是保护其腺系统，而是防止水分蒸发。故选项错误。
B.不是减少分泌物，而是防止水分蒸发。故选项错误。
C.更好地反射太阳辐射，未提到增加皮肤能反射的太阳辐射量。故选项错误。
D.根据原文可知 D 选项为同义替换，改变自己的皮肤结构来使其避免脱水干燥。其中 prevent desiccation 对应 D 选项中的 protect against the drying effects of the sun, 所以 D 选项正确。

question_stem: Paragraph 4 mentions each of the following as an example of behavioral thermoregulation EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: pressing against the ground

tag: B
text: speeding up of the metabolism

tag: C
text: reducing activity during the summer

tag: D
text: adjusting exposure to the sun
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】第4段提到以下每一项作为行为体温调节的例子，除了以下哪个选项？
A：紧贴地面

B：加速新陈代谢

C：夏季减少活动

D：调整阳光照射

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“behavioral thermoregulation”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 4。

【选项分析】
A.原文 although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin 对应 A 选项。 
B.只有 B 选项未被提及，所以选择 B 选项。
C.原文 reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively 对应 C 选项。 
D.原文 which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating 对应 D 选项。

question_stem: The “Andean toad Bufo spinulosus” illustrates which of the following behavioral modifications?
choices: tag: A
text: Heliothermy and thigmothermy

tag: B
text: Diurnal avoidance behavior

tag: C
text: Absorbing heat from the air

tag: D
text: Moving to shelter during the summer
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】“安第斯蟾蜍 bufo spinulosus”指的是了以下哪一种行为改变？
A：日光疗法和接触热源
B：日间回避行为
C：吸收空气中的热量
D：在夏天来避雨

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“安第斯蟾蜍 bufo spinulosus”定位到 Passage 4，原句为 The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy). 意思是“行为热调节的主要因素是晒太阳（日光疗法）、与岩石或地球等基质的热交换（日光疗法）”。

【逻辑分析】根据原文可知 Andean toad Bufo spinulosus 指的就是 Heliothermy 和 thigmothermy. 

【选项分析】
A.符合原文，故正确。
B.根据原文可知 Andean toad Bufo spinulosus 指的就是 Heliothermy 和 thigmothermy. 故选项错误。
C.根据原文可知 Andean toad Bufo spinulosus 指的就是 Heliothermy 和 thigmothermy. 故选项错误。
D.根据原文可知 Andean toad Bufo spinulosus 指的就是 Heliothermy 和 thigmothermy. 故选项错误。

question_stem: The word “attains” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: raises

tag: B
text: lowers

tag: C
text: reaches

tag: D
text: regulates
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“attains”与下列哪一个意思最接近？
A.Raises, 提高，养育，筹集。
B.Lowers, 减弱，降低。
C.Reaches, 达到，延伸。
D.Regulates, 调节，规定。

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“attains”,定位到原句“The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. ”。

【词汇解析】词汇“attains”的意思是“达到，获得，实现”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是：安第斯蟾蜍在日出后立即暴露在潮湿的地面上，并在地面或空气相应变暖之前，通过这种方式达到其首选的体温。

【选项分析】
A.Raises, 提高，养育，筹集。不符，错误
B.Lowers, 减弱，降低。不符，错误
C.Reaches, 达到，延伸。同义替换，正确
D.Regulates, 调节，规定。不符，错误

question_stem: The phrase “this approach” in the passage refers to
choices: tag: A
text: gradually increasing body temperature by 10°C

tag: B
text: basking as soon as the sun comes up

tag: C
text: waiting for the ground and air to warm

tag: D
text: keeping body temperature above the temperature of the air
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】这段话中的“这种方法”是指
A：体温逐渐升高10°C
B：太阳一出来就晒太阳
C：等待地面和空气变暖
D：保持体温高于空气温度

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“refer to”，判定本题为指代题。

【关键词定位】：根据题干中的关键词“this approach”，找到该词所在的整句句子，以及上下文相关的句子“The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means。”

【分析句子语法】根据原文,可知稍后提到的 this approach 这种方法，指的就是当太阳升起时将其暴露在太阳下。

【选项分析】
A.指的是晒太阳，故选项错误。
B.符合文意，故正确。
C.指的是晒太阳，故选项错误。
D.指的是晒太阳，故选项错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, why is avoidance behavior important for some amphibians?
choices: tag: A
text: Amphibians’ habitats are areas where temperatures vary from day to day.

tag: B
text: Amphibians have less tolerance for high ambient temperatures than for low ambient temperatures.

tag: C
text: Amphibians lack adequate physiological adaptations for dealing with ambient temperatures.

tag: D
text: Amphibians cannot protect themselves from the extreme summer heat by being active only at night.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第5段，为什么回避行为对某些两栖动物很重要？
A：两栖动物的栖息地是温度日复一日变化的地区。

B：两栖动物对高环境温度的耐受性低于对低环境温度的耐受性。

C：两栖动物对环境温度缺乏足够的生理适应能力。

D：两栖动物只有在夜间活动才能保护自己免受酷暑的侵袭。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据 avoidance behavior 定位至第三句话，根据后面的内容 Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.意思是：栖息在温带地区的物种在冬季面临致命的低温，而居住在半干旱地区的物种则在夏季暴露在长期干旱、炎热的环境中。

【逻辑分析】可知两栖动物缺少足够的生理适应性来调节周围的温度。

【选项分析】
A.文章提到的动物都是有它们生存的温度较恒定的地区。故选项错误。
B.文章未提及相比较，故选项错误。
C.符合文意，故正确。
D.不是所有的两栖动物都这样，故选项错误。

question_stem: The word “dwelling” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: arriving

tag: B
text: originating

tag: C
text: evolving

tag: D
text: living
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“dwelling”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
A.Arriving, 到达。
B.Originating, 发源。
C.Evolving, 发展，进化。
D.Living, 居住，生存。

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“dwelling”,定位到原句“Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semiarid regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“dwelling”的意思是“居住，存在于”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“栖息地在温带地区的物种在冬季会面临致命的低温，而半干旱地区的物种在夏季会暴露于干燥、炎热的环境中”。

【选项分析】
A.Arriving, 到达。不符，错误
B.Originating, 发源。不符，错误
C.Evolving, 发展，进化。不符，错误
D.Living, 居住，生存。同义替换，正确

question_stem: In paragraph 6, which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of the natterjack?
choices: tag: A
text: Amphibians have greater tolerance for heat than for cold.

tag: B
text: Desiccation is not a threat to amphibians

tag: C
text: Both hibernation and estivation may serve as avoidance behaviors depending on the climate

tag: D
text: Some species of amphibians are active only in the spring and in the fall
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第6段中，从 natterjack 的讨论中可以推断出以下哪一项？
A：两栖动物对热的耐受性比对冷的耐受性强。

B：干燥对两栖动物没有威胁。

C：冬眠和惊厥都可以作为逃避行为，这取决于气候。

D：有些两栖动物只在春天和秋天活动。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词 natterjack 定位至第一句话，根据后面的内容 Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature.

【逻辑分析】可知，对于黄条蟾蜍来讲，冬眠和夏眠都可依据气候调节来充当回避行为。

【选项分析】
A.文章未进行比较，故选项错误。
B.西班牙南部的黄条蟾蜍在该地区常见的暖冬依然活跃，但却不得不在干燥炎热的夏季夏眠。说明是有威胁的。故选项错误。
C.文中 avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature 对应 C 选项中的 depending on the climate, 所以 C 选项正确。
D.文章未提及，故错误。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Thus, although amphibians use the various mechanisms described above, they have hardly any control of their body temperature

tag: B
text: Thus, by the mechanisms described above, amphibians are quite capable of controlling their body temperature to survive extreme ambient temperatures.

tag: C
text: Thus, unless they can use the mechanisms described above, amphibians are at the mercy of ambient temperatures.

tag: D
text: Thus, the mechanisms described above give amphibians control over much more than just their body temperature
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？错误的选择会以重要的方式改变意义，或者遗漏重要的信息。
A：因此，尽管两栖动物使用上述各种机制，但它们几乎无法控制体温。

B：因此，根据上述机制，两栖动物能够很好地控制它们的体温，以在极端环境温度下生存。

C：因此，除非它们能使用上述机制，否则两栖动物会受到环境温度的影响。

D：因此，上述机制使两栖动物不仅能控制体温，还能控制更多。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】highlighted 句子大意为，两栖类动物是很难受环境温度影响的，因为通过上述机制它们会控制自身的体温。

【选项分析】
A.它们是可以控制体温的，故选项错误。
B.符合句子大意，故正确。
C.“除非”一词使用不当，故选项错误。
D.机制就可以控制体温，故选项错误。