After the RomanEmpire’sconquestof Britain in the firstcenturyA.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of theempire, had anenormousinfluence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, thetransferofcraftworkers, and theintroductionofmassivecivilarchitecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadestsenseand comprisedutilitarianitems of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should notunderestimatethe socialstatusassociated with suchmundanepossessions which had notpreviouslybeenavailable. The flooding of Britain with red-glosspotteryfrom Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes fromClassicalmythology, probably brought many intocontactwith the styles andartisticconcepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aestheticallyimpressiveobjects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their ownreligiousworship; others were then acquired by native leaders asdiplomaticgifts or bypurchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created afashionwhich rapidlyspreadthroughthe province.

In the mostextremeinstances, nativesliterallybought the whole package of Romanculture. The Fishbournevilla, built in the third quarter of the firstcenturyA.D., probably for the nativeclientking Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles andstylishmosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and otherClassicalobjects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as aparticipantin thecontemporarycultureof theempire, not at all provincial intaste. Even if those from thetraditionalfamilies looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Althoughexceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbolsboundprovincials to theidentifyof the Roman world.

Such examples established astandardto be copied. One result was aninfluxofcraftworker, particularly those skilled inartisticmedialike stone-carving which had not existed before theconquest. Civilianworkers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. Themagnificenttemplebuilt beside thesacredspringat Bath was constructed only about twenty years after theconquest. Itsdetailshows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In theabsenceof a tradition ofClassicalstone-carving and building, thedesireto develop Roman amenities would have been difficult tofulfill. Administrators thus used theirpersonalcontacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much tocraftworkers from that area. Localworkshops did develop and stylisticallysimilargroups ofsculptureshow how skills in this newmediumbecamewidespread. Likewise skills in the use ofmosaic, wall painting,ceramicdecoration, and metal-working developedthroughoutthe province with the eventualemergenceof characteristically Romano-British styles.

This art had amajorimpacton the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in thescaleof buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with peoplerarelytraveling beyond their ownregion. On occasion large groups amassed for war orreligiousfestivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architectureof thiserareflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses weremodest, and the use of rounded shapes andorganicbuilding materials gave buildings a humanscale. But the effect of Romancivilarchitecturewassignificant;thesheersize of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was anarchitectureof dominance in whichsubjectpeoples wereliterallymade to feel small by buildings that epitomizedimperialpower. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of bothindividualbuildings and planned settlements since these too provided amarkedcontrastwith the natural curvilinear shapesdominantin the nativerealm.

Questions:
question_stem: The word “mundane” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: material

tag: B
text: ordinary

tag: C
text: valued

tag: D
text: useful
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“mundane”一词的意思最接近于下列哪个选项？
A：材料的
B：普通的
C：有价值的
D：有用的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“mundane”,定位到原句“We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“mundane”的意思“普通的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“我们不应低估与这种世俗财产相关的社会地位，而这种财产以前是不可获得的。”。

【选项分析】
A：材料的，不符，错误
B：普通的，为同义替换，所以 B 选项正确
C：有价值的，不符，错误
D：有用的，不符，错误

question_stem: Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul was
choices: tag: A
text: improved quality of utilitarian items

tag: B
text: Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythology

tag: C
text: higher social standing

tag: D
text: Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】第1段指出，英国土著购买高卢红光陶器等物品的好处之一是
A：提高实用物品的质量
B：理解古典神话的象征意义
C：更高的社会地位
D：学习批量生产陶器有利可图

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“red-gloss pottery”,定位到 Passage 1 ，原句为“We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available.The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul.... Mass-produced goods.... Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase ”。

【逻辑分析】通过原文，可以说明这些大批量生产的商品诸如红色陶器，当地领导可以通过外交礼物获得，当地其他人可以通过购买获得，所以英国当地人购买这些商品是为了彰显更高的社会地位。

【选项分析】
A：提高实用物品的质量。不符，错误
B：理解古典神话的象征意义。不符，错误
C：更高的社会地位。符合，正确
D：学习批量生产陶器有利可图。不符，错误

question_stem: Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about contacts that existed between Britain and the Roman Empire before the Roman conquest of Britain?
choices: tag: A
text: They were sufficient for native Britons to become familiar with everyday Roman objects.

tag: B
text: They were not sufficient for even very basic aspects of the culture of the Roman Empire to find their way into British life.

tag: C
text: They were not sufficient for British to have heard of the power of the Roman Empire.

tag: D
text: They were sufficient for individual Britons to become very interested in trying to participate in the culture of the Roman Empire.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】第1段支持下列关于罗马征服英国之前英国与罗马帝国之间联系的观点中的哪一个？
A：他们足以让土生土长的英国人熟悉日常的罗马物品。

B：对于罗马帝国文化的最基本的方面来说，他们都不足以进入英国的生活。

C：这对于英国人来说还不足以听说罗马帝国的力量。

D：他们足以使每个英国人对参与罗马帝国的文化产生浓厚的兴趣。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】定位到 Passage1，原句为“The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery … probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood”。

【逻辑分析】根据原文：说明这些商品的涌入让英国当地人第一次接触到了希腊罗马文化，所以罗马征服英国之前，两国没有足够的接触，英国人甚至不了解最基本的罗马文化，对应选项 B 中：… not sufficient … basic … culture … Roman Empire … British life。

【选项分析】
A：这些东西足以让土生土长的英国人熟悉日常的罗马物品。并未提到熟悉物品，无中生有，错误。

B：对于罗马帝国文化的最基本的方面来说，它们都不足以进入英国的生活。其中… not sufficient … basic … culture … Roman Empire … British life 符合文章意思，正确。
C：这对于英国人来说还不足以听说罗马帝国的力量。文章未提及，错误。

D：他们足以使每个英国人对参与罗马帝国的文化产生浓厚的兴趣。文章未提及，错误。

question_stem: The word “lavishly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: exclusively

tag: B
text: additionally

tag: C
text: appropriately

tag: D
text: richly
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中“lavishly”一词的意思最接近于以下哪个选项？
A：独家地
B：另外地
C：适当地
D：丰富地

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“lavishly”,定位到原句“It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“lavishly”的意思是“奢华地”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“那里摆满了进口雕塑和其他古典物品。”。

【选项分析】
A：独家地。不符，错误
B：另外地。不符，错误
C：适当地。不符，错误
D：丰富地。同义替换，正确

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, the style and furnishings of the Fishbourne villa suggest that the person for whom it was built was
choices: tag: A
text: cultured according to the contemporary standards of the empire

tag: B
text: caught between native and Roman traditions

tag: C
text: originally a visitor from Rome

tag: D
text: a member of a socially inferior family
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，Fishbourne 别墅的风格和陈设表明，为之建造别墅的人是

A：按照帝国的当代标准培养

B：夹在本土和罗马传统之间

C：本来是来自罗马的游客

D：社会地位低下的家庭成员

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】定位到 Passage 2，原句为 The Fishbourne villa … probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions .… A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire….

【逻辑分析】原文说明 Fishbourne 别墅的主人，当地之王 Cogidubnus，已经完全被罗马同时代的文化标准所同化，对应选项 A 中：cultured … the contemporary standards of the empire。

【选项分析】
A：按照帝国的当代标准培养。符合文意，正确。
B：夹在本土和罗马传统之间。B 选项错在 native。
C：本来是来自罗马的游客。C 选项错在 visitor，别墅主人已经完全被罗马化。
D：社会地位低下的家庭成员。D 选项在文中没提到。

question_stem: The word “sacred” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: holy

tag: B
text: ancient

tag: C
text: natural

tag: D
text: Secret
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】这段经文中“sacred”一词的意思最接近于
A：神圣的
B：古老的
C：自然的
D：秘书的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“sacred”,定位到原句“The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“sacred”的意思是“神圣的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“这座宏伟的庙宇建于巴斯神圣的泉水旁，大约在征服后20年才建成。”。

【选项分析】
A：神圣的。符合，正确
B：古老的。不符，错误
C：自然的。不符，错误
D：秘书的。不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, one factor contributing to success of the earliest Roman-style construction projects in Britain was
choices: tag: A
text: the fact that long before the conquest many civilian workers from Gaul and Germany had settled in Britain

tag: B
text: the rapid development of characteristically Romano-British styles

tag: C
text: the availability, in northeast Gaul, of structures that could serve as standards to be copied

tag: D
text: the use, by administrators, of personal connections to bring craft workers form Gaul into contact with Britons
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，促成英国最早的罗马式建筑项目成功的一个因素是
A：早在征服之前，许多来自高卢和德国的平民工人就已经在英国定居了。

B：具有罗马-英国特色风格的迅速发展

C：高卢东北部有可作为复制标准的建筑物。

D：管理人员利用个人关系使高卢的工匠与英国人接触。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the earliest”,定位到 Passage 3，原句为“Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area”，意思是“因此，管理员们利用他们的个人联系方式使英国人与建筑师和泥瓦匠保持联系。由于许多英国官员与高卢有着密切的联系，早期罗马的英国欠高卢地区的手工艺工人很多也就不足为奇了。”。

【逻辑分析】原文说明最早罗马风格的建筑之所以成功是因为管理者利用个人关系让许多 Gaul 的建筑师和石匠来到英国。

【选项分析】
A：早在征服之前，许多来自高卢和德国的平民工人就已经在英国定居了。无中生有，错误。
B：具有罗马-英国特色风格的迅速发展。未提及，错误。
C：高卢东北部有可作为复制标准的建筑物。并不是可复制，而是高卢的民间匠人很多。不符文意，错误。
D 选项：其中：the use, by administrators, of personal connections to bring craft workers form Gaul into contact with Britons。对应原文，正确。

question_stem: In paragraph 4, why does the author mention that “Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region”?
choices: tag: A
text: To suggest that the Roman conquest of Britain increased the standard of living for natives

tag: B
text: To indicate that pre-Roman Britain was more interested in festivals and community life than conquering other regions

tag: C
text: To explain why architecture during this period was not built to be particularly large

tag: D
text: To illustrate how the traditional roundhouse evolved under the influence of Roman civil architecture
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第4段中，作者为什么提到“前罗马时期的英国是高度本土化的，人们很少走出自己的地区”？
A：建议罗马征服英国提高当地人的生活水平。

B：表明前罗马时代英国对节日和社区生活比征服其他地区更感兴趣。

C：解释为什么这个时期的建筑不是特别大的。

D：说明传统圆屋在罗马民用建筑的影响下是如何演变的。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“Pre-Roman Britain”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Pre-Roman Britain ”,定位到 Passage 4 第2句，原句为“Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region.On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities.”。

【引用内容分析】原文 On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities，说明当时建筑比较小的原因是人们活动范围比较小。

【选项分析】
A：建议罗马征服英国提高当地人的生活水平。未提到征服，不符合文意，错误。

B：表明前罗马时代英国对节日和社区生活比征服其他地区更感兴趣。未提到节日和生活地区，不符文意，错误。

C：解释为什么这个时期的建筑不是特别大的。其中：To explain why architecture … not built … large 与文章意思相同，正确。

D：说明传统圆屋在罗马民用建筑的影响下是如何演变的。段落主题不是演变过程，不符文意，错误。

question_stem: The word “modest” in the passage in closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: comfortable

tag: B
text: limited in number

tag: C
text: poorly lit

tag: D
text: not large
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“Modest”一词最接近于
A：舒适的
B：有限的
C：照明不好的
D；不大的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“modest”,定位到原句“The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale.”。
【词汇解析】：词汇“modest”的意思是“适中的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“即使是最大的圆屋内部空间也很小，使用圆形形状和有机建筑材料使建筑具有了人类的规模。”。

【选项分析】
A：舒适的。不符，错误
B：有限的。不符，错误
C：照明不好的。不符，错误
D；不大的。同义替换，正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, people in pre-Roman Britain lived, for the most part, in
choices: tag: A
text: architecture that seemed imperial in size

tag: B
text: small communities

tag: C
text: large roundhouses

tag: D
text: fortified towns
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，前罗马时代的英国人大部分生活在哪里
A：建筑规模似乎很宏伟

B：小社区

C：大圆房

D：防御工事城镇

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“pre-Roman”,定位到 Passage 4第2、3句，原句为“Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. ”，意思是“前罗马时期的英国是高度本土化的，人们很少出国旅游。“有时，为了战争或宗教节日聚集了大批人，但社会仍然以小社区为中心。”。

【逻辑分析】说明罗马征服英国之前，人们都住在小的社区里。

【选项分析】
A：建筑规模似乎很宏伟。小的社区规模不是宏伟的。错误。

B：小社区。符合，正确

C：大圆房。不符合，错误

D：防御工事城镇。不符合，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, why did straight lines in buildings and settlements emphasize the dominance of those who introduced them ?
choices: tag: A
text: Because straight lines were in contrast to the shapes found in pre-Roman architecture

tag: B
text: Because unlike curved lines, which are shaped in all sorts of different ways, straight lines do no differ

tag: C
text: Because the dominant lines in entire settlements were the same as those in individual buildings

tag: D
text: Because building and settlements were easier to construct when the dominant lines were straight lines
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，为什么建筑物和定居点中的直线强调那些引入直线的人的主导地位？
A：因为直线和前罗马建筑中的形状形成对比。

B：因为不同于各种不同形状的曲线，直线没有区别。

C：因为整个定居点的主线和单独建筑物的主线是一样的。

D：因为当主线是直线时，建筑和住区更容易建造。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“straight lines”,定位到 Passage 4，原句为“Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm. ”，意思是“由于各个建筑物和计划的定居点的不屈服的直线也与占统治地位的自然曲线形状形成鲜明对比，所以这些建筑物和计划的定居点的优势更加突出。

【逻辑分析】说明直线之所以体现罗马权威是因为英国当地建筑都是曲线型的

【选项分析】
A：因为直线和前罗马建筑中的形状形成对比。中：Because straight lines were in contrast to the shapes found in pre-Roman architecture。符合，正确

B：因为不同于各种不同形状的曲线，直线没有区别。不符，错误

C：因为整个定居点的主线和单独建筑物的主线是一样的。不符，错误

D：因为当主线是直线时，建筑和住区更容易建造。不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, buildings from the pre-Roman period differed sharply from buildings reflection Roman civil architecture in each of the following respects EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: their outside and inside dimensions

tag: B
text: the impact they had on people

tag: C
text: the geometric shapes in which they were built

tag: D
text: the positioning of buildings in clusters
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，前罗马时期的建筑与反映罗马民用建筑的建筑在以下各个方面都有很大不同，除了？
A：它们的内外尺寸

B：他们对人们的影响

C：它们形成的几何形状

D：建筑群中的定位

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】根据选项的关键词在 Passage 4 找答案。

【选项分析】
A：它们的内外尺寸。原文 The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing，说明建筑尺寸变大，对应选项 A 中：dimensions；

B：他们对人们的影响。原文… subject peoples … made to feel small by buildings … imperial power，说明建筑对人的影响不同，对应选项 B 中：impact。

C：它们形成的几何形状。原文 Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines … since … a marked contrast with … curvilinear shapes … native realm，说明几何形状不同，对应选项 C 中：the geometric shapes；

D：建筑群中的定位。没有提到位置，所以选择 D 选项。