Life places us in acomplexweb of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in thecourseof socialinteraction. Moreover, our humanness must besustainedthroughsocialinteraction—andfairlyconstantlyso. When anassociationcontinues long enough for two people to become linked together by arelativelystableset of expectations, it is called a relationship.

People areboundwithinrelationships by two types of bonds:expressiveties andinstrumentalties. Expressiveties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in andcommitourselves to other people. Throughassociationwith people who aremeaningfulto us, we achieve asenseofsecurity, love, acceptance, companionship, andpersonalworth. Instrumentalties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working withinsteadof against competitors. More often, wesimplycooperate with others toreachsome end without endowing the relationship with any largersignificance.

Sociologists have built on thedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentalties todistinguishbetween two types of groups:primaryand secondary. Aprimarygroup involves two or more people who enjoy a direct,intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups; we view the people as ends in themselves andvaluablein their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in animpersonalrelationship and have come together for aspecific,practicalpurpose. Instrumentaltiespredominatein secondary groups; weperceivepeople as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimesprimarygroup relationshipsevolveout of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

A number of conditionsenhancethe likelihood thatprimarygroups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a betterchancetoinitiatecontactandestablishrapportwith them. Second, face-to-facecontactallows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in closephysicalproximitymakes possible asubtleexchangeof ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will developprimarygroup bonds increases as we have frequent andcontinuouscontact. Our ties with people often deepen as weinteractwith themacrosstime andgraduallyevolveinterlocking habits and interests.

Primarygroups arefundamentalto us and to society. First,primarygroups arecriticalto the socializationprocess. Withinthem, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are thebreedinggrounds in which weacquirethe norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists viewprimarygroups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because theytransmit,mediate, andinterpreta society's cultural patterns and provide thesenseof oneness socriticalfor social solidarity.

Second,primarygroups arefundamentalbecause they provide the settings in which we meet most of ourpersonalneeds.

Withinthem, we experience companionship, love,security,

and anoverallsenseof well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group'sprimaryties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger theprimarygroup ties of a sports team playing together, the better theirrecordis.

Third,primarygroups arefundamentalbecause they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their memberscommandanddispensemany of the rewards that are sovitalto us and that make our livesseemworthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those whodeviatefrom theprimarygroup's norms. Forinstance, some social groupsemployshunning (a person canremainin thecommunity, but others are forbidden tointeractwith the person) as adeviceto bring intolineindividuals whosebehaviorgoes beyond that allowed by theparticulargroup. Evenmore important,primarygroupsdefinesocial reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, theyelicitfrom ourbehaviorthat conforms to group-devised meanings. Primarygroups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

Questions:
question_stem: The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: delicate

tag: B
text: elaborate

tag: C
text: private

tag: D
text: common
answer_key: B
explanation: B complex: 复杂的。A 是微妙的，精美的；B 是复杂的，精心制作的；C 是私人的，私立的；D 是普通的。所以 B 的 elaborate 正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?
choices: tag: A
text: It is a structure of associations with many people.

tag: B
text: It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.

tag: C
text: It places great demands on people.

tag: D
text: It develops gradually overtime.
answer_key: D
explanation: 以 relationship 做关键词定位至最后一句，注意 relationships 不能做关键词，因为多次重复出现。原句说当这种 association 持续的时间足够长以至于两个人之间已经形成了稳定的 expectation，就叫 relationship，所以 D 说随时间 develop 正确。A 的 many people，B 的 study，C 的 demand 都没说

question_stem: The word "endowing" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: leaving

tag: B
text: exposing

tag: C
text: providing

tag: D
text: understanding
answer_key: C
explanation: endow 赋予，捐助，所以 provide 提供，供给正确。原句说有时候我们与其他人合作只是做完某事，却没有任何 significance，猜到这个词应该是有的意思，只有 provide 和 leave 表示有，但 leave 是剩下，所以不对。至于 B 暴露 D 理解完全不对。

question_stem: Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
choices: tag: A
text: Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.

tag: B
text: Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.

tag: C
text: Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.

tag: D
text: Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
answer_key: A
explanation: 以 competitor 做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说偶尔这意味着与竞争对手合作而非竞争，而这个 this 意味着这句话跟前一句有联系。前一句说 instrumental ties 是我们在与别人合作达到某种目的的时候形成的，这与 A 说的通常不合作的人也有形成 instrumental 完全一样。B 没说，C 与原文的第三句说反，D 与原文最后一句说反。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?
choices: tag: A
text: Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.

tag: B
text: In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.

tag: C
text: Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.

tag: D
text: Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.
answer_key: C
explanation: 分别以 primary group 和 secondary group 做关键词定位至第二句和第四句，分别说了两个 group，primary 的是比较亲密的，secondary 是因为事先某种共同的目的才形成的，所以答案是 C。A 错，不是用 work 来区分这两个 group 的；两者同样不是以人数区分的，所以 D 错；C 的 end 不 end 是原文在后面才说的，也不能区分这两个 group。

question_stem: Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?
choices: tag: A
text: Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.

tag: B
text: A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.

tag: C
text: Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.

tag: D
text: Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.
answer_key: D
explanation: 以 evolve out of 做关键词定位至倒数第三句，但这句话跟问题几乎是完全一样的，所以不是答案。往后看，this 标示着上下句之间有联系。下句说这种 evolve 发生在工作背景下，接着说同事之间可以通过 share 各种东西变成非常亲密的朋友，也就是 secondary 变 primary 的一个例子，所以正确答案是 D。A 说反；B 和 C 均没说而且 C 有违常识。

question_stem: The phrase “size up” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: enlarge

tag: B
text: evaluate

tag: C
text: impress

tag: D
text: accept
answer_key: B
explanation: B size up: 估量，估计。A 是扩大；B 是估计，评估；C 是给人印象，传送；D 是接受。所以正确答案是 B 的 evaluate。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.

tag: B
text: Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.

tag: C
text: Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.

tag: D
text: Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.
answer_key: C
explanation: C 原文的结构是 sociologist 把 primary group 看成 blabla，因为 blabla。主要逻辑是因果关系，只有 C 表达了正确了这样的因果关系。A 缺了原文的原因部分，错；B 的信息完全错乱，错；D 的因果和原文完全不匹配，所以错误。

question_stem: This passage is developed primarily by
choices: tag: A
text: drawing comparisons between theory and practice

tag: B
text: presenting two opposing theories

tag: C
text: defining important concepts and providing examples of them

tag: D
text: discussing causes and their effects
answer_key: C
explanation: C 问本文的组织结构，问全文的题应该多关注各段的开头。原文首先提出了两个关系，然后又说 expressive tie 和 instrumental tie，最后又说了 primary group 产生的条件。B 所说的 opposing 对立关系明显不对，原文只是在比较两者的关系，而且前者可能由后者产生；A 的理论和实践原文完全没说，而且也说到了对比，也不对；D 的因果是原文完全没说的。作者定义了两个 group 和两个 tie，所以 C 说定义概念是对的，而且作者在定义概念之后都有解释，所以 C 正确。

question_stem: The word “deviate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: detract

tag: B
text: advance

tag: C
text: select

tag: D
text: depart
answer_key: D
explanation: D deviate: 偏离，出轨。A 是贬低，减去，转移；B 是发展，前进；C 是挑选；D 是离开，远离。所以正确答案是 D 的 depart 偏离。

question_stem: According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?
choices: tag: A
text: To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group

tag: B
text: To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group

tag: C
text: To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group

tag: D
text: To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation
answer_key: A
explanation: 以 shunning 做关键词定位至第四句，说人们会用 shunning 吧离经叛道的人弄回来，但没给出原因。这句中的 for example 说明是上句的例子，前面一句说如果奖励不行，我们就排斥那些不守规矩的人，所以一切都是为了强化规则，答案是 A。B 说不鼓励冒犯 group 当中的人，原文没说冒犯人；C 的 reward 和 D 的 next generation 都没说。