Determining whatextinctdinosaurs ate is difficult, but we can infer some aspects of theirdietarypreferences. Traditionally, this information has been derived from directevidence, such as stomach contents, and indirectevidence, such as establishing a correlation betweenparticularbody characteristics and diets of living animals and then inferring habits for dinosaurs.

Animals such as house cats and dogs have large, stabbing canine teeth at the front of the mouth and smaller, equally sharp teeth farther back in their jaws. Many of these animals are also armed with sharp claws. Theadvantageof teeth and claws aspredatorytools isobvious. Nowconsideranimals like cows, horses, rabbits, andmice. These animals have flat teeth at the back of thejawthat areanalogousto and have the samefunctionas grindstones. Unlike the meat-slicing and stabbing teeth of carnivores, the teeth of these animalsgrindand shred plantmaterialbefore digestion.

More clues exist in other parts of theskull. Thejawjointof carnivores such as dogs and cats has themechanicaladvantageof being at the samelevelas the tooth row, allowing the jaws to close withtremendousspeed and forcing the upper teeth to occlude against thelowerteeth with great precision. Inherbivorousanimals, rapidjawclosure is less important. Because the flat teeth of herbivores work like grindstones, however, the jaws must move both side to side and front to back. Thejawjoints of manyadvancedherbivores, such as cows, lie at a differentlevelthan the tooth row, allowing transverse tearing, shredding, and compression of plantmaterial. If weextendsuch observations toextinctdinosaurs, we can inferdietarypreferences (such as carnivory andherbivory), even though we cannotdeterminetheexactdiet. The duck-billed dinosaurs known as hadrosaurs are a good example of a group whosejawjointis below thelevelof the tooth row, which probably helped themgrinduptough,fibrousvegetation.

Paleontologists would like to be much morespecificabout adinosaur’sdietthan simply differentiatingcarnivorefrom herbivore. This finerlevelofresolutionrequires directfossilevidenceofdinosaurmeals. Stomach contents are onlyrarelypreserved, but when present, allow us todetermineexactly what these animals were eating.

In the stomach contents of specimens of Coelophysis (a small, long-neckeddinosaur) are bones fromjuvenileanimals of the samespecies. At one time, these were thought torepresentembryonicanimals, suggesting that this smalldinosaurgave birth to live young rather than laying eggs. Further research indicated that the small dinosaurs were too large and too well developed to be prehatching young. Inaddition, the juveniles inside the bodycavitywere of different sizes. All theevidencepoints to the conclusion that these are the remains ofpreyitems and that, as an adult, Coelophysis was atleastin part a cannibal.

Fossilized stomach contents are notrestrictedtocarnivorousdinosaurs. In a fewrarecases, most of them “mummies” (unusually well preserved specimens), fossilized plant remains have been found inside the bodycavityof hadrosaurs. Some paleontologists have argued that theserepresentstreamaccumulations rather than final meals. The best known of these cases is the second Edmontosaurus mummy collected by the Sternbergs. In the chestcavityof thisspecimen, which is housed in the Senckenberg Museum in Germany, are thefossilremains ofconiferneedles, twigs, seeds, and fruits. Similarfinds in Corythosaurus specimens from Alberta, Canada, have also been reported, indicating that atleasttwo kinds of LateCretaceoushadrosaurs fed on the sorts of tress that arecommonin today’s boreal woodlands.

A second form of directevidencecomes from coprolites (fossilized bodilywaste). Severaldinosaurfossillocalitiespreservecoprolites. Coprolitesyieldunequivocalevidenceabout thedietaryhabits of dinosaurs. Many parts of plants and animals are extremelyresistantto thedigestivesystems of animals and pass completely through the body with little or noalteration. Study of coprolites has indicated that the diets of someherbivorousdinosaurs wererelativelydiverse, while other dinosaursappearto have been specialists, feeding onparticulartypes of plants. The problem with inferring diets from coprolites is the difficulty in accurately associating aparticularcoprolite with aspecificdinosaur.

Questions:
question_stem: The word “Traditionally” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: typically

tag: B
text: naturally

tag: C
text: originally

tag: D
text: partly
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
以下与“传统”这个词意思最相近的选项是？
选项:
A:一般
B:自然
C:最初
D：部分地

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Traditionally”,定位到原句“Traditionally, this information has been derived from direct evidence, such as stomach contents, and indirect evidence, such as establishing a correlation between particular body characteristics and diets of living animals and then inferring habits for dinosaurs. ”

【词汇解析】：词汇“Traditionally”的意思是“传统上，一般而言”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“传统上，这一信息来自直接证据，如胃的内容，和间接证据，如建立特定的身体特征和现存动物的饮食之间的关系，然后推断恐龙的习性。”。

【选项分析】：（分析选项为什么对、为什么错）
A 选项 typically 表示“通常；一般地”，因此选 A。
B 选项自然，与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项最初，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项部分，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the teeth of carnivores?
choices: tag: A
text: Carnivores’ teeth for grinding and shredding are located in the front of their jaws

tag: B
text: Carnivore teeth are designed to break down food thoroughly before digestion

tag: C
text: Carnivores have teeth at the back of their jaws that are as sharp as their front teeth

tag: D
text: Carnivores have both sharp teeth for slicing meat and flat teeth for grinding meat
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】
根据第二款,下面哪个是真正的食肉动物的牙齿?
选项:
A:食肉动物的牙齿磨和分解位于前面的下巴
B:食肉动物的牙齿是用来分解食物前充分消化
C:食肉动物的牙齿在嘴里一样锋利的门牙
D:食肉动物有锋利的牙齿切肉和平坦的牙齿磨肉

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“carnivores”，定位到 Passage 2 最后1句，原句为“Unlike the meat-slicing and stabbing teeth of carnivores, the teeth of these animals grind and shred plant material before digestion.”，意思是“不像食肉动物的切肉和刺的牙齿，这些动物的牙齿在消化前会磨碎和切成碎片。”

【逻辑分析】：选项 C 所表达的意思与原文相符。

【选项分析】：
A 选项，与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项，与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项原文 Animals … house cats and dogs … teeth … front …, equally sharp teeth … back … jaws，说明食肉动物的后牙和前牙一样锋利，对应选项 C 中：Carnivores … teeth … back … as sharp as … front teeth。故选 C 选项。
D 选项，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: In paragraph 2, the author compares the teeth of cows, horses, rabbits, and mice to grindstones in order to explain
choices: tag: A
text: how certain kinds of teeth aid digestion

tag: B
text: how the teeth of some familiar mammals differ from those of dinosaurs

tag: C
text: why the back teeth of herbivores are larger than those of carnivores

tag: D
text: why the back teeth of carnivores are just as sharp as their front teeth
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
在第二段中,作者比较了牙齿的牛、马、兔子和老鼠磨石来解释
选项:
A:某些种类的牙齿如何帮助消化
B:一些熟悉的哺乳动物的牙齿是如何不同于那些恐龙
C:为什么后面食草动物都要比其他的食肉动物的牙齿
D:为什么后面的食肉动物的牙齿一样锋利的门牙

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目询问文中各类信息之间的关系，故判断本题为组织结构题。

【内容分析】：原文 Now … cows, horses, rabbits, and mice. … flat teeth … grindstones. …, … grind and shred … before digestion，说明作者比较这些动物
的牙齿是为了解释它们的牙齿如何帮助消化。

【选项分析】：
A 选项原文 Now … cows, horses, rabbits, and mice. … flat teeth … grindstones. …, … grind and shred … before digestion，说明作者比较这些动物的牙齿是为了解释它们的牙齿如何帮助消化，对应选项 A 中：how certain kinds of teeth aid digestion。故选 A 选项。
B 选项与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: The advantage of bringing the upper teeth directly against the lower teeth is a more precise bite

tag: B
text: Animals whose jaw joint is at the same level as their teeth can bite quickly and accurately

tag: C
text: The location of an animal’s jaw joint in respect to its teeth determines the speed at which it can close its jaws

tag: D
text: The carnivore jaw has the advantage of allowing the upper teeth to move with greater speed and precision than the lower teeth do
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】
下列句子最好的表达了在通道中突出显示的句子基本信息吗?不正确的选择在重要的方面改变了意思或者遗漏了重要的信息。
选项:
A:将上牙的优势直接下牙齿是一个更精确的咬人
B:动物的下颌关节是在同一水平上他们的牙齿可以咬迅速和准确
C:动物的下颌关节的位置对其牙齿决定的速度可以关闭其下巴
D:食肉动物下巴允许上牙移动的优势以更大的速度和精度比低的牙齿

【判断题型】根据题目问法，根据题目要求选择和高亮句子意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】

解析: 原文 The jaw joint of carnivores … at the same level as the tooth row, … tremendous speed and … with great precision，说明食肉动物的额关节和牙齿在一个水平线上，可以让它们咬得更快更准确。
4.【选项分析】
A：将上牙的优势直接下牙齿是一个更精确的咬人，与文意不符，故排除。
B：原文 The jaw joint of carnivores … at the same level as the tooth row, … tremendous speed and … with great precision，说明食肉动物的额关节和牙齿在一个水平线上，可以让它们咬得更快更准确，对应选项 B 中：… jaw joint … same level as their teeth … quickly and accurately。故选 B 选项。
C：动物的下颌关节的位置对其牙齿决定的速度可以关闭其下巴，与文意不符，故排除。
D：食肉动物下巴允许上牙移动的优势以更大的速度和精度比低的牙齿，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: The word “compression” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: destruction

tag: B
text: crushing

tag: C
text: swallowing

tag: D
text: removal
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
问题:根据段落3和4,可以研究动物的生活帮助科学家确定个人恐龙呢?
选项:
A:如何给定的恐龙物种的整体颚大小与食物物种成员的类型
B:一般是否一个给定的恐龙吃植物或通常吃肉
C:给定的恐龙需要多少食物吃来保持健康
D:膳食不足可能会如何影响一个给定的恐龙的头骨和下颚

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“dinosaur ”,定位到 Passage 3、4，原句为“This finer level of resolution requires direct fossil evidence of dinosaur meals. ”意思是“这种更精细的分辨率需要恐龙餐的直接化石证据。”

【逻辑分析】：选项 B 与原文所表达的意思一致

【选项分析】：
A：如何给定的恐龙物种的整体颚大小与食物物种成员的类型，与文意不符，故排除。
B：原文 If we extend …, we can infer dietary preferences (such as carnivory and herbivory), …，说明可以推测某恐龙食肉还是食草，对应选项 B 中：… a given dinosaur … ate plants or … meat。故选 B 选项。
C：给定的恐龙需要多少食物吃来保持健康，与文意不符，故排除。
D:膳食不足可能会如何影响一个给定的恐龙的头骨和下颚，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraphs 3 and 4, what can studies of living animals help scientists determine about individual dinosaurs?
choices: tag: A
text: How the overall jaw size of a given dinosaur species relates to the type of food the species members ate

tag: B
text: Whether a given dinosaur generally ate plants or generally ate meat

tag: C
text: How much food a given dinosaur would have needed to eat to remain healthy

tag: D
text: How an inadequate diet may have affected a given dinosaur’s skull and jaw
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
问题:根据段落3和4,可以研究动物的生活帮助科学家确定个人恐龙呢?
选项:
A:如何给定的恐龙物种的整体颚大小与食物物种成员的类型
B:一般是否一个给定的恐龙吃植物或通常吃肉
C:给定的恐龙需要多少食物吃来保持健康
D:膳食不足可能会如何影响一个给定的恐龙的头骨和下颚

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“dinosaur ”,定位到 Passage 3、4，原句为“This finer level of resolution requires direct fossil evidence of dinosaur meals. ”意思是“这种更精细的分辨率需要恐龙餐的直接化石证据。”

【逻辑分析】：选项 B 与原文所表达的意思一致

【选项分析】：
A：如何给定的恐龙物种的整体颚大小与食物物种成员的类型，与文意不符，故排除。
B：原文 If we extend …, we can infer dietary preferences (such as carnivory and herbivory), …，说明可以推测某恐龙食肉还是食草，对应选项 B 中：… a given dinosaur … ate plants or … meat。故选 B 选项。
C：给定的恐龙需要多少食物吃来保持健康，与文意不符，故排除。
D:膳食不足可能会如何影响一个给定的恐龙的头骨和下颚，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, all of the following support the claim that the adult Coelophysis sometimes ate young Coelophysis EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: Juveniles found in the body cavities of adults were too advanced in their development to be embryos

tag: B
text: Juveniles of different sizes were found in the body cavity of the same adult

tag: C
text: Juveniles found in the body cavities of adults were too large to be embryos

tag: D
text: Juveniles found in the body cavities of adults were in unhatched eggs
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
根据5段,以下所有支持声称成人 Coelophysis 有时年轻 Coelophysis 除了
选项:
A:青少年体内发现蛀牙的成年人也在其发展先进的胚胎
B:大小不一的少年被发现在体内腔相同的成人
C:青少年体内发现蛀牙的成年人被太大的胚胎
D:青少年体内发现蛀牙的成年人在未孵化的蛋

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“adult Coelophysis”，可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 5 。

【选项分析】：
D 选项：原文 At one time, these were thought to represent embryonic animals, suggesting that this small dinosaur gave birth to live young rather than laying eggs，说明在成年腔骨龙身体里发现的是有形的小恐龙而不是恐龙蛋，所以选项 D 错在：…in unhatched eggs。
C 选项：原文… the small dinosaurs … too large … developed to be prehatchling young，说明腔骨龙的后代太大不可能成在肚子里就成形，对应选项 C 中：Juveniles … were too large to be embryos，
A 选项：原文也说明在肚子里发现的小恐龙发育太完全不可能是胚胎，也对应选项 A 中：Juveniles … too advanced … development to be embryos。
B 选项：原文… the juveniles … were of different sizes，说明在肚子里发现的小恐龙大小不一，对应选项 B 中：Juveniles of different sizes … same adult。

question_stem: The word “restricted” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: related

tag: B
text: critical

tag: C
text: common

tag: D
text: limited
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
以下与“restricted”一词在文中意思最相近的选项是？
A:相关
B:关键
C:常见
D:有限

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“restricted”,定位到原句“Fossilized stomach contents are not restricted to carnivorous dinosaurs.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“restricted”的意思是“限制”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“胃内容物化石并不仅限于食肉恐龙”。

【选项分析】：
A 选项相关，意思不符，故排除。
B 选项关键，意思不符，故排除。
C 选项常见，意思不符，故排除。
D 选项限定，为同义替换，所以 D 选项正确。

question_stem: What explanation is given in paragraph 7 to support the idea that coprolites are a good source of information about what dinosaurs ate?
choices: tag: A
text: They are likely to be preserved because of their resistance to decay

tag: B
text: They contain some parts of plants and animals that are unchanged by the digestive process

tag: C
text: They are usually found in close proximity to other dinosaur fossils

tag: D
text: They are produced by both carnivores and herbivores
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：段7中给出的解释是支持粪化石的想法是一个很好的信息来源的恐龙吃什么?
选项:
A:他们可能会被保留下来,因为他们的抵抗腐烂
B:它们包含部分不变的植物和动物的消化过程
C:他们通常是发现在靠近其他恐龙化石
D:它们是由食肉动物和食草动物

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目询问某一段大意，故判断本题为组织结构题。

【内容分析】原文 Many parts of plants and animals … resistant to the digestive systems … and pass completely … with little or no alteration，说明许多粪化石有一些经过消化系统完全没有改变的部分。

【选项分析】：
A 选项：他们可能会被保留下来,因为他们的抵抗腐烂，与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项：原文 Many parts of plants and animals … resistant to the digestive systems … and pass completely … with little or no alteration，说明许多粪化石有一些经过消化系统完全没有改变的部分，对应选项 B 中：… contain some parts of plants and animals … unchanged … digestive process。
C 选项：他们通常是发现在靠近其他恐龙化，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项：:它们是由食肉动物和食草动物，与文意不符，故排除

question_stem: The word “diverse” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: healthy

tag: B
text: varied

tag: C
text: pure

tag: D
text: stable
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
下列选项与“diverse ”这个词意思最相近的选项是？
选项:
A:健康
B:不同
C:纯
D:稳定

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“diverse”，定位到原句“Study of coprolites has indicated that the diets of some herbivorous dinosaurs were relatively diverse, while other dinosaurs appear to have been specialists, feeding on particular types of plants”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“diverse ”的意思是“多种多样的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx”。

【选项分析】：
 A 选项健康，意思不符，故排除
B 选项多变的，为同义替换，所以 B 选项正确。
C 选项纯，意思不符，故排除。
D 选项稳定，意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 7, what has the study of coprolites revealed about dinosaur eating habits?
choices: tag: A
text: Herbivores consumed much larger quantities of food than other dinosaurs did

tag: B
text: The diets of some dinosaurs were limited to relatively few kinds of foods

tag: C
text: Some herbivores experienced digestion problems as a result of eating certain plants

tag: D
text: The diets of some dinosaurs changed as different plants became available to eat
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
根据第7段,粪化石的研究显示恐龙饮食习惯呢?
选项:
A:食草动物消耗更大的数量比其他恐龙的食物
B:一些恐龙的饮食限制相对较少种类的食物
C:一些食草动物出现消化问题由于吃某些植物
D:一些恐龙的饮食改变随着不同的植物可以吃

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“dinosaur eating habits” ,定位到 Passage 7，原句为“Study of coprolites has indicated that the diets of some herbivorous dinosaurs were relatively diverse, while other dinosaurs appear to have been specialists, feeding on particular types of plants. ”意思是“对粪化石的研究表明，一些食草恐龙的饮食相对多样化，而其他恐龙似乎是专门以特定种类的植物为食的。”

【逻辑分析】：

【选项分析】：
A 选项：食草动物消耗更大的数量比其他恐龙的食物,与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项：Study of coprolites …, while other dinosaurs … specialists, feeding on particular types of plants，说明有些恐龙只吃某些特定食物，对应选项 B 中：The diets … dinosaurs … limited … few kinds of foods.故选 B 选项。
C 选项：一些食草动物出现消化问题由于吃某些植物，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项：一些恐龙的饮食改变随着不同的植物可以吃，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: Which of the following questions is NOT answered in the passage?
choices: tag: A
text: Why did paleontologists once believe that Coelophysis gave birth to live young

tag: B
text: Why is it unusual for the stomach contents of dinosaurs to be preserved

tag: C
text: What are some dinosaurs in which the fossilized remains of plants have been found

tag: D
text: What difficulty do scientists face in using coprolites to draw conclusions about dinosaur diet
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
问题:
下列哪一个问题在文章中没有回答?
A:古生物学家曾相信 Coelophysis 为什么生下了年轻的生活
B:为什么它不同寻常的恐龙胃内容被保留下来
什么是一些恐龙的化石遗迹被发现的植物
D:科学家面临什么困难在使用粪化石得出结论关于恐龙的饮食

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写"NOT"，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干,可以将出题范围锁定在全文。

【选项分析】：
B 选项：原文第四段 Stomach contents are only rarely preserved, but when present, allow us to determine exactly what these animals were eating，只是正面交代很难保存恐龙胃里的食物，但没有交代为什么难保存，对应选项 B 中：Why … unusual … stomach contents … preserved。故选 B 选项。
A 选项：原文第五段 … stomach contents … Coelophysis … are bones … the same species. At one time, … represent embryonic animals, … gave birth to live young …，对应选项 A 中：Why … paleontologists once believe … Coelophysis gave birth to live young。故排除。
C 选项：原文第六段…, …, fossilized plant remains have been found inside the body cavity of hadrosaurs，说明鸭嘴龙身体里有植物化石，对应选项 C 中：What are some dinosaurs … fossilized remains of plants … found。故排除。
D 选项：原文第七段 The problem with inferring diets from coprolites … accurately associating a particular coprolite with a specific dinosaur，对应选项 D 中：What difficulty … in using coprolites to draw conclusions …。故排除