It is becoming increasinglycommonfor conservationists to moveindividualanimals or entirespeciesfrom one site to another. This may be either toestablisha newpopulationwhere apopulationof conspecifics (animals or plants belonging to the samespecies) has becomeextinctor to add individuals to an existingpopulation. Theformeris termed reintroduction and thelatterreinforcement. In both cases, wild individuals are captured in one location and translocated directly to another.

Direct translocation has been used a wide range of plants and animals and was carried out tomaintainpopulations as asourceof food long beforeconservationwas afamiliarterm. The number of translocations carried out under thebannerofconservationhas increased rapidly, and this has led tocriticismof thetechniquebecause of thelackof evaluation of its efficacy and because of itspotentialdisadvantages. The nature of translocation ranges from highly organized and researched national or international programs to ad hoc releases of rescued animals by well- intentioned animal lovers. In a fragmentedlandscapewhere many populations and habitats areisolatedfrom others, translocations can play aneffectiverole inconservationstrategies; they can increase the number of existing populations or increase the size,geneticdiversity, anddemographicbalanceof a smallpopulation,consequentlyincreasing its chances ofsurvival.

Translocation clearly has a role in the recovery ofspeciesthat havesubstantiallydeclined and is the most likelymethodby which manysedentaryspeciescanrecoverall or part of theirformerrange. However, against this is thepotentialfor reinforcement translocations tospreaddiseasefrom onepopulationto another or to introduce deleterious or maladaptive genes to apopulation. Additionally, translocation of predators or competitors may havenegativeimpacts on otherspecies, resulting in anoverallloss ofdiversity. Last but notleastof these considerations is the effort and resources required in this type ofaction, which need to be justified byevidenceof the likely benefits.

Despite the large number of tranlocations that have taken place, there is surprisingly littleevidenceof the efficacy of such actions. This ispartlybecause many translocations have not been strictly forconservation; neither have they beenofficialnor legal, let alonescientificin theirapproach. Successful translocationsinevitablyget recorded and gainattention, whereas failures may never be recorded at all. This makesappraisalof themethodvery difficult. One key problem is adefinitionof success. Is translocation successful if the individualssurvivethe first week or a year, or do they need toreproducefor one or several generations? Whatever the answer, it isclearthat a generalframeworkis required to ensure that any translocation is justified, has arealisticchance of success, and will be properly monitored and evaluated for thebenefitof future efforts.

An example ofapparenttranslocation success involves the threatened Seychelles warbler. Thisspecieswas once confined to Cousin Island, one of the Seychelles islands, and reduced to 26 individuals. Carefulhabitatmanagementincreased this number to over 300 birds, but the singlepopulationremainedvulnerabletolocalcatastrophicevents. The decision was taken to translocate individuals to two nearby islands to reduce this risk. The translocations took place in 1988 and 1990, and both have resulted in healthybreedingpopulations. A successful translocationexercisealso appears to have been achieved with red howler monkeys in French Guiana. A howlerpopulationwas translocated from a sitedueto be flooded forhydroelectricpowergeneration. Thereleasesite was an area wherelocalhunting had reduced thedensityof theresidenthowlerpopulation. Released troops of monkeys were kept undervisualobservationand followed by radio tracking of 16 females. Although the troops appeared toundergoinitialproblems, causing them tosplitup, all the tracked females settled into normalbehavioralpatterns.

Unfortunately, the success stories are atleastmatched by accounts of failure. Reviewing translocation of amphibians and reptiles, researchers C.Kenneth Dodd and Richard A. Siegel concluded that most projects have not demonstrated success asconservationtechniques and should not be advocated as though they wereacceptablemanagementand mitigation practices.

Questions:
question_stem: According to paragraph 1, what distinguishes reinforcement from reintroduction of animal species?
choices: tag: A
text: Only reinforcement involves capturing wild individuals.

tag: B
text: Only reinforcement involves adding individuals to an existing population.

tag: C
text: Only reinforcement requires the use of conspecifics.

tag: D
text: Only reinforcement can help once a population is extinct.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第1段，加强与重新引入动物物种有什么区别？
A：只有加强抓捕野生动物。
B：唯一的强化是在现有人口中增加个体。
C：只有加强才需要使用同种异体。
D：一旦一个种群灭绝，只有加强才能起作用。
	
【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“ reinforcement 和 reintroduction”,定位到 Passage 1倒数第二句，原句为“he former is termed reintroduction and the latter reinforcement.”，意思是“前者的术语是物种再引入，后者的术语是物种再强化”。

【逻辑分析】本题需要通读第一段。根据第一段第三句可以得知，第一句是 reintroduction 的定义，第二句是 reinforcement 的定义。reintroduce 指的是把一个物种迁移到另一个地区，reinforcement 指的是给一个原有物种已经灭绝或者还没灭绝的时候引入另一个物种群。

【选项分析】
对于选项 A 和 C，文章第一段最后一句说明捕捉动物和 conspecifics 这个概念是两者都有的。故选项错误。
选项 B 说的 reinforcement 涉及到在原有物种的基础上引进新物种正确。选择 B。
选项 D 根据两者的定义，它们都可以帮助物种灭绝的地区。故选项错误。

question_stem: The word "efficacy" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: effectiveness

tag: B
text: advantage

tag: C
text: motivation

tag: D
text: necessity
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“efficacy”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 的意思是效果
选项 B 的意思是好处
选项 C 的意思是动机
选项 D 的意思是必要性

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“efficacy”,定位到原句“The number of translocations carried out under the banner of conservation has increased rapidly, and this has led to criticism of the technique because of the lack of evaluation of its efficacy and because of its potential disadvantages.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“efficacy”的意思是“效果”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“以保护为名的物种迁移越来越多，这就导致人们批评迁移技术缺少效果的评估以及可能含有潜在危险”。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是效果。同义替换，正确
选项 B 的意思是好处。不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是动机。不符，错误
选项 D 的意思是必要性。不符，错误

question_stem: Paragraph 2 indicates all of the following about species translocation EXCEPT:
choices: tag: A
text: It was used to secure food sources before it was used for conservation purposes.

tag: B
text: Its disadvantages have led to a decline in its use for conservation purposes.

tag: C
text: It has been used successfully on a wide range of plants and animals.

tag: D
text: The way in which it is carried out varies greatly.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】第2段说明了以下关于物种迁移的所有内容，除了：
A：在用于保护之前，它被用来保护食物来源。
B：它的缺点导致了它用于保护目的的减少。
C：它已经成功地应用于各种动植物。
D：执行的方式差别很大。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】根据题干关键词“species translocation”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 3。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的依据是 and was carried out to maintain populations as a source of food long，正确；选项 B 的依据是 The number of translocations carried out under the banner of conservation has increased rapidly，对于 translocation 的使用是增加了而不是减少了，选项 B 错误；
选项 C 是根据 Direct translocation has been used a wide range of plants and animals，这个技术的确被广泛运用了；
选项 D 是根据 The nature of translocation ranges from highly organized and researched national or international programs to as hoc releases of rescued animals by well- intentioned animal lovers，translocation 的确有各种各样的形式方法，选项 D 正确。

question_stem: The word "substantially" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: temporarily

tag: B
text: considerably

tag: C
text: naturally

tag: D
text: suddenly
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“substantially”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 的意思是暂时的
选项 B 是巨大的
选项 C 是自然低
选项 D 是突然的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“substantially”,定位到原句“Translocation clearly has a role in the recovery of species that have substantially declined and is the most likely method by which many sedentary species can recover all or part of their former range.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“substantially”的意思是“极大的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是：物种迁移可以帮助那些物种极大消亡的地区恢复，以及帮助某些不能移动的物种恢复原来的规模。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是暂时的。不符，错误
选项 B 是巨大的。同义替换，正确
选项 C 是自然低。不符，错误
选项 D 是突然的。不符，错误

question_stem: Paragraph 3 answers all of the following questions about species translocation EXCEPT:
choices: tag: A
text: In what type of situation can species translocation be an effective strategy for species conservation?

tag: B
text: What are the potential advantages of species translocation as conservation strategy?

tag: C
text: What are the potential problems that species translocation can cause?

tag: D
text: How can the negative impact of the translocation of predators or competitors on other species be prevented?
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】第3段回答了以下关于物种易位的所有问题，除了：
A：在何种情况下，物种易位能成为物种保护的有效策略？

B：作为保护策略，物种易位的潜在优势是什么？

C：物种易位会造成什么潜在的问题？

D：如何防止食肉动物或竞争对手易位对其他物种的负面影响？

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】本题解题依据分布在第五段各处。

【选项分析】
选项 A 和选项 B 依据本段第一句话：Translocation clearly has a role in the recovery of species that have substantially declined and is the most likely method by which many sedentary species can recover all or part of their former range. 这句话既说明了 translocation 在什么情况下使用，也说明了它能起到的作用。后文 However 后面则全是说的 translocation 的危害，选项 C 正确。然而选项 D 的怎么防止负面影响却整段都没有提到。选择 D。

question_stem: The word "appraisal" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: acceptance

tag: B
text: improvement

tag: C
text: evaluation

tag: D
text: application
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“appraisal”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 的意思是接受
选项 B 的意思是进展
选项 C 的意思是评估
选项 D 的意思是应用

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“appraisal”,定位到原句“his makes appraisal of the method very difficult.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“appraisal”的意思是“估价、评估”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“这让对于方法的评估很困难”。

【选项分析】
选项 A 的意思是接受。不符，错误
选项 B 的意思是进展。不符，错误
选项 C 的意思是评估。同义替换，正确
选项 D 的意思是应用。不符，错误

question_stem: The word "properly" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: appropriately

tag: B
text: externally

tag: C
text: frequently

tag: D
text: easily
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“properly”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
选项 A 是合适的
选项 B 是外部的
选项 C 是频繁的
选项 D 是简单的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“properly”,定位到原句“Whatever the answer, it is clear that a general framework is required to ensure that any translocation is justified, has a realistic chance of success, and will be properly monitored and evaluated for the benefit of future efforts.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“properly”的意思是“合适的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“不论答案是什么，我们需要一个总体的框架来确保任何的物种迁移是合法的、是实际上很可能可以成功的、能够被合适地监控并评估其未来的好处的”。

【选项分析】
选项 A 是合适的。同义替换，正确
选项 B 是外部的。不符，错误
选项 C 是频繁的。不符，错误
选项 D 是简单的。不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, why did conservationists decide to translocate the Seychelles warbler from Cousin Island to two other islands?
choices: tag: A
text: They were unsuccessful in increasing the population of warblers on Cousin Island.

tag: B
text: They warbles were originally native to all three islands.

tag: C
text: They wanted to ensure that the warbler species would survive a disaster on Cousin Island.

tag: D
text: They expected that human activity on Cousin Island would threaten the warblers.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第5段，为什么环保主义者决定把塞舌尔莺从表亲岛转移到另外两个岛上？
A：他们没有成功地增加堂兄岛上的莺的数量。

B：这三个岛都是土生土长的。

C：他们想确保莺类在表亲岛的灾难中幸存下来。

D：他们认为表亲岛上的人类活动会威胁到莺。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】本题题干给的关键词是 Seychelles warbler，Cousin Island 和 two other islands。根据这三个词定位到这一句：Careful habitat management increased this number to over 300 birds, but the single population remained vulnerable to local catastrophic events. The decision was taken to translocate individuals to two nearby islands to reduce this risk. 意思是“Seychelles warbler 这个物种一开始濒危，经过人类的管理增加到了300多只，但是这个种群还是对于当地的灾难性事件没什么防御能力。所以人们决定把它们引入到另外两个相邻的岛屿上，以降低绝种的风险”。

【逻辑分析】说了 Seychelles warbler 这个物种的拯救过程。

【选项分析】
选项 A 说人们没有成功地增加这种鸟的数量，错误，是成功增加了；
选项 B 说这种鸟对于三个岛来说都是土生土长的，错误，后面那两个相邻的岛屿是后来才人为引入的鸟；
选项 C 说他们想保证这种鸟可以活过 Cousin Island 上的灾害，对的；选择 C。
选项 D 说人类在 Cousin Island 上的行为会危害这种鸟，错误，是自然灾害会威胁它们的生存。

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, why were the howler monkeys in French Guiana translocated?
choices: tag: A
text: Local hunting had dramatically reduced their population density.

tag: B
text: Predators had significantly reduced the number of individuals.

tag: C
text: The females of the species had lost their normal behavioral patterns.

tag: D
text: Their original site was going to be significantly modified.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第5段，为什么法属圭亚那的吼猴会被转移？
A：当地狩猎大大降低了人口密度。

B：捕食者显著减少了个体数量。

C：这个物种的雌性已经失去了正常的行为模式。

D：他们原来的网站将被大幅修改。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】本题根据题干给出的关键词 howler monkeys 和 French Guiana 定位到原文中这两句：A successful translocation exercise also appears to have been achieved with red howler monkeys in French Guiana. A howler population was translocated from a site due to be flooded for hydroelectric power generation. 意思是“在法属圭亚那，红嚎猴似乎也成功地完成了易位运动。一个嚎叫者被从一个地方转移，由于水力发电被洪水淹没”。

【逻辑分析】第二句 due to 后面说明了原因：因为水力发电导致了洪水，淹了猴子的栖息地

【选项分析】
选项 A 说原因是捕猎，不对；
选项 B 说是因为捕食者大量捕食，不对；
选项 C 是说雌性猴子行为失常了，不对；
选项 D 符合，说猴子的栖息地被很大地改变了。选择 D。

question_stem: In paragraph 6, the author mentions Dodd and Siegel's review of the translocation of amphibians and reptiles in order to
choices: tag: A
text: help explain the strategies researches use to review translocation efforts.

tag: B
text: support the claim that the successes of translocation as a conservation technique have been matched by its failures.

tag: C
text: explain why the translocation of reptiles and amphibians is more difficult than that of other animals.

tag: D
text: emphasize that translocation techniques have been tried in a limited number of situations.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第6段中，作者提到了 Dodd 和 Siegel 对两栖动物和爬行动物易位的评论，以便
A：帮助解释研究者回顾易位努力的策略。

B：支持这样一种说法，即易位作为一种保护技术的成功与失败是一致的。

C：解释为什么爬行动物和两栖动物的易位比其他动物更困难。

D：强调易位技术在有限的情况下被尝试过。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】本题根据题干关键词 amphibians and reptiles 定位到第六段。原句为“ Reviewing translocation of amphibians and reptiles, researchers C.Kenneth Dodd and Richard A. Siegel concluded that most projects have not demonstrated success as conservation techniques and should not be advocated as though they were acceptable management and mitigation practices.”。

4、【引用内容分析】先看第六段结构：首句说 Unfortunately, the success stories are at least matched by accounts of failure.然后后文就开始拿 amphibians and reptiles 做例子，以证明第一句的观点。

【选项分析】
A.选项 A 说解释策略，不符，错误。
B.符合原文，故正确。
C.选项 C 说解释 amphibians and reptiles 为什么迁移起来更难，这个原文里也没有提；
D.选项 D 说强调了迁移技术在某些情景中被应用，也没有提到。