In the open sea, animals can often find foodreliablyavailableinparticularregions or seasons (e g., in coastal areas in springtime). In these circumstances, animals are neither constrained to get the lastcalorieout of theirdietnor is energyconservationa highpriority. Incontrast, the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced, and the energy constraints on the animals are much moresevere. Tosurviveat those levels, animals must maximize their energy input, finding and eating whateverpotentialfoodsourcemay be present.

In the near-surface layers, there are many large, fast carnivores as well as animmensevarietyofplanktonicanimals, which feed onplankton(small, free-floating plants or animals) by filtering them from currents of water that passthroughaspecializedanatomicalstructure. These filter-feedersthrivein the well-illuminated surface waters because oceans have so many very small organisms, frombacteriato largealgaetolarvalcrustaceans. Even fishes can become successful filter-feeders in some circumstances. Although thevastmajorityofmarinefishes are carnivores, in near-surface regions of highproductivitythe concentrations of largerphytoplankton(the plantcomponentofplankton) aresufficientto support huge populations of filter-feeding sardines and anchovies. These small fishes use theirgillfilaments tostrainout thealgaethatdominatesuch areas. Sardines and anchovies provide the basis for hugecommercialfisheries as well as a foodresourcefor large numbers oflocalcarnivores, particularly seabirds. At a much largerscale, baleen whales and whale sharks are alsoefficientfilter-feeders inproductivecoastal orpolarwaters, although their filtered particlescomprisesmall animals such as copepods andkrillrather thanphytoplankton.

Filtering seawater for its particulate nutritionalcontentcan be an energeticallydemandingmethodof feeding, particularly when thecurrentof water to be filtered has to be generated by theorganismitself, as is the case for allplanktonicanimals. Particulateorganicmatter of atleast2.5 micrograms per cubicliteris required to provide a filter-feedingplanktonicorganismwith a net energy gain. This value is easily exceeded in most coastal waters, but in the deep sea, the levels oforganicmatter range from next to nothing to around 7 micrograms per cubicliter. Even though mean levels maymaskmuch higherlocalconcentrations, it is still the case that many deep-sea animals are exposed to conditions in which a normal filter-feeder would starve.

There are,therefore, fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water, and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with thescarcityof particles. Anothersolutionfor such animals is toforageinparticularlayers of water where the particles may be more concentrated. Many of the groups of animals thattypifythe filter-feeding lifestyle inshallowwater have deep-sea representatives that have becomepredatory. Their filtering systems, whichreachsuch a highdegreeofdevelopmentin shallow- waterspecies, are greatly reduced. Alternativemethods of active orpassivepreycapturehave been evolved, including trapping and seizingprey, entanglingprey, andstickytentacles.

In the deeper waters of the oceans, there is a much greatertendencyfor animals to await the arrival of food particles orpreyrather than to search them out actively (thus minimizing energy expenditure). This has resulted in a morestealthystyle of feeding, with theconsequentemphasis on lures and/or theevolutionofelongatedappendages that increase the activevolumeof water controlled or monitored by the animal. Anotherconsequenceof the limitedavailabilityofpreyis that many animals have developed ways of coping with much larger food particles,relativeto their own body size, than theequivalentshallowerspeciescanprocess. Among the fishes there is atendencyfor the teeth and jaws to becomeappreciablyenlarged. In such creatures, not only are the teeth hugely enlarged and/or the jawselongatedbut the size of the mouth opening may be greatly increased by making thejawarticulations soflexiblethat they can be effectively dislocated. Very large or long teeth provide almost no room for cutting thepreyinto aconvenientsize for swallowing, the fish mustgulpthepreydown whole.

Questions:
question_stem: The word "severe" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: extreme

tag: B
text: complex

tag: C
text: basic

tag: D
text: immediate
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“severe”一词最接近于下列哪个选项？
A 极端的
B 复杂的
C 基础的
D 马上的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“severe”,定位到原句“In contrast, the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced, and the energy constraints on the animals are much more severe.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“severe”的意思是“严峻的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“相比之下，海洋深层的食物水平大大降低，对动物的能量限制也更加严重。”。

【选项分析】
A 极端的.符合语境，故为正确答案。
B 复杂的.不符，错误
C 基础的.不符，错误
D 马上的.不符，错误

question_stem: What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about why energy conservation is not a high priority for ocean animals in coastal waters during the spring?
choices: tag: A
text: Those animals are least active during the spring

tag: B
text: Those animals have a plentiful supply of food

tag: C
text: Those animals have to expend energy to avoid predators.

tag: D
text: Those animals store energy during the colder seasons.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】从第1段可以推断出，为什么春季沿海水域的海洋动物不优先考虑节能？
A：那些动物在春天最不活跃

B：那些动物有充足的食物供应

C：这些动物必须消耗能量以避免捕食者。

D：那些动物在寒冷的季节储存能量。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“in coastal waters”,定位到 Passage 1 第1句，原句为“In the open sea, animals can often find food reliably available in particular regions or seasons (e g., in coastal areas in springtime). ”

【逻辑分析】根据原文 In the open sea, animals can often find food reliably available in particular regions or seasons (e g., in coastal areas in springtime). In these circumstances…由此可以推断， 在春季，沿海区域的动物有充足的食物供应，

【选项分析】
A：文章未提到是否活跃，错误。
B：文章有提到，正确。
C：未提到，错误。
D：需要储存能量的是深海中的动物，错误。

question_stem: What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about fish?
choices: tag: A
text: Most fish feed on plankton.

tag: B
text: Fish tend to avoid well-illuminated areas.

tag: C
text: Most fish species are not filter-feeders.

tag: D
text: Few fish species are successful in the near-surface layers.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】关于鱼，从第2段可以推断出什么？
A：大多数鱼以浮游生物为食。

B：鱼往往避开光线充足的地方。

C：大多数鱼类不是滤食者。

D：几乎没有鱼类能在近表层获得成功。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】直接定位到第二段。

【逻辑分析】根据原文 Even fishes can become successful filter-feeders in some circumstances. 可推断，多数的 fish 并不是 filter-feeders。

【选项分析】
A：文章说浮游动物以浮游生物为食（小的浮游植物或动物），故选项错误。
B：第二段未提到，故选项错误。
C：符合文意，正确。
D：滤食性沙丁油鱼和凤尾鱼靠吃海洋表面区域丰富大量的浮游植物（浮游生物的植物成分）而大量繁殖。故选项错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, how do sardines and anchovies obtain food near the surface of the ocean?
choices: tag: A
text: They rely on the large quantities of food resources also available to local carnivores.

tag: B
text: They capture the larvae of some crustaceans.

tag: C
text: They feed on the organisms left over by commercial fisheries.

tag: D
text: They obtain algae by using their gills as filters.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，沙丁鱼和凤尾鱼如何在海面附近获得食物？
A：它们依赖当地食肉动物也能获得的大量食物资源。

B：它们捕捉一些甲壳类动物的幼虫。

C：它们以商业渔业遗留下来的生物为食。

D：他们用鳃作为滤器获得藻类。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“sardines and anchovies”,定位到 Passage 2 第4、5句，原句为“Although the vast majority of marine fishes are carnivores, in near-surface regions of high productivity the concentrations of larger phytoplankton (the plant component of plankton) are sufficient to support huge populations of filter-feeding sardines and anchovies. These small fishes use their gill filaments to strain out the algae that dominate such areas. ”，意思是“然绝大多数海洋鱼类是食肉动物，但滤食性沙丁油鱼和凤尾鱼靠吃海洋表面区域丰富大量的浮游植物（浮游生物的植物成分）而大量繁殖。这些小鱼使用它们的鳃丝滤食他们生活区域内的藻类。”

【逻辑分析】根据原文可知，sardines 和 anchovies 是通过它们的腮获取食物的。

【选项分析】
A：它们是依靠自己捕食，故选项错误。
B：它们是靠吃海洋表面区域丰富大量的浮游植物（浮游生物的植物成分），故选项错误。
C：它们是靠吃海洋表面区域丰富大量的浮游植物（浮游生物的植物成分），故选项错误。
D：与文章相符，正确。

根据原文 Although the vast majority of …These small fishes use their gill filaments to strain out the algae that dominate such areas. 可知，sardines 和 anchovies 是通过它们的腮获取食物的。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, in which of the following ways are baleen whales and whale sharks different from smaller fitter-feeders like sardines and anchovies?
choices: tag: A
text: They are not found in coastal waters.

tag: B
text: They are caught by commercial fisheries.

tag: C
text: They fitter small animals instead of phytoplankton.

tag: D
text: They are not carnivores.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，长须鲸和鲸鲨与沙丁鱼和凤尾鱼等体型较小的进食者有哪些不同？
A：在沿海水域没有发现。

B：它们被商业渔业捕捞。

C：它们更适合小型动物而不是浮游植物。

D：它们不是食肉动物。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“baleen whale”,定位到 Passage 3 最后一句，原句为“Even though mean levels may mask much higher local concentrations, it is still the case that many deep-sea animals are exposed to conditions in which a normal filter-feeder would starve.”，意思是“即使平均水平可能忽略了局部可能有机物密度很高这一点，但依然说明很多深海动物面临的条件很恶劣，一般的滤食动物可能会饿死。”

【逻辑分析】根据段落最后一句话：须鲸和鲸鲨也是有效的滤食动物，虽然它们过滤包含小动物（如桡足类、磷虾，而不是浮游植物）的颗粒,这就描述出了他们和 sardines,anchoviesa 的区别。

【选项分析】
A：原文也说他们会在 coastal 和 polar 海域，那么 A 选项就错，和原文矛盾。错误。
B：原文未提及商业捕捞。故正确。
C：选项 C 和第三段最后一句话相对应，故正确。
D：原文没说它们不是 carnivores。故错误。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: An organism may obtain food particles from seawater when currents generated by the organism cause water to pass through its fitter

tag: B
text: The nutritional content of the food particles in seawater is sufficient to meet the energy demands of most planktonic animals.

tag: C
text: As planktonic animals require a lot of energy, they have to generate a current strong enough to bring them sufficient particles of food.

tag: D
text: Organisms that filter seawater to meet their nutritional needs expend a lot of energy, especially those organisms that have to create their own currents.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪个句子最能表达文章中突出句子的基本信息？不正确的选择会以重要方式改变含义，或者漏掉必要的信息。
A：当生物体产生的电流使水通过其装配工时，生物体可能从海水中获取食物颗粒。

B：海水中食物颗粒的营养含量足以满足大多数浮游动物的能量需求。

C：由于浮游动物需要大量的能量，它们必须产生足够强的电流来给它们带来足够的食物颗粒。

D：过滤海水以满足营养需求的生物体消耗大量能量，特别是那些必须产生自己水流的生物体。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】原文这句话有两层内容：1.过滤需要很大能量 2.尤其当水流可能需要生物自己去 generate。

【选项分析】
【A 选项】完全没有将第一层意思表达出来，而且 cause 后面的内容原文也没有。故错误。
【B 选项】和原句的意思完全无关。故错误。
【C 选项】strong enough 和原文无关，原文指示说需要自己 generate 水流，没说 strong enough。故错误。
【D 选项】符合文章，正确。

question_stem: The word "scarcity" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: speed

tag: B
text: variety

tag: C
text: lack

tag: D
text: size
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“scarcity”一词最接近于
A.速度
B.多样性
C.缺乏
D.尺寸

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“scarcity”,定位到原句“There are, therefore, fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water, and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with the scarcity of particles. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“scarcity”的意思是“不足，缺乏”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“因此，在深水中，成功的滤水器较少，有些滤水器有更大的过滤系统来处理颗粒的稀缺性。”

【选项分析】
A.速度。不符，正确
B.多样性。不符，正确
C.缺乏。同义替换，正确
D.尺寸。不符，正确

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, deep-water filter-feeders have adopted all of the following ways to obtain food EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: developing larger filtering systems

tag: B
text: capturing prey using sticky tentacles

tag: C
text: swimming up to the surface at feeding time

tag: D
text: searching in ocean layers that contain a substantial amount of particles
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，深水过滤给料机采用以下所有方法获得食物，除了
A：开发更大的过滤系统
B：用粘性触角捕捉猎物
C：喂食时游到水面
D：在含有大量微粒的海洋层中搜索

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】据题干关键词 deep-water filter-feeders 可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 4。

【选项分析】
A 选项对应原文…there have larger filtering systems. 正确
B 选项对应原文 Alternative methods of…. and sticky tentacles.  正确
C 选项原文没有提到。错误
D 选项对应原文 Another solution for… forage in particular layers of water where the particles may be more concentrated. 正确

question_stem: Why does the author include the information that animals in the deep ocean place an "emphasis on lures" and have evolved "elongated appendages" ?
choices: tag: A
text: To argue against the view that animals in the deep ocean use more energy to find food than do animals in shallow waters

tag: B
text: To emphasize the importance of an am mars ability to control a large volume of water

tag: C
text: To identify some feeding strategies that animals have developed to minimize their energy expenditure

tag: D
text: To give examples of body structures that help those animals move quickly in deep ocean waters
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】为什么作者会提到这两个信息：深海动物的“重点放在诱饵上”和进化出“细长的附属物”？
A：反对深海动物比浅水动物利用更多的能量寻找食物的观点。

B：强调 AM 火星控制大量水的能力的重要性

C：确定一些动物为尽量减少能量消耗而制定的喂养策略。

D：举例说明帮助这些动物在深海中快速移动的身体结构。

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why ……include”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】Passage 5 最第一句，原句为“In the deeper waters of the oceans, there is a much greater tendency for animals to await the arrival of food particles or prey rather than to search them out actively (thus minimizing energy expenditure). ”

【引用内容分析】根据第五段可知，深海动物这么做的目的就是 minimizing energy expenditure。

【选项分析】
A：文章是说：猎物数量有限的另外一个后果是，很多动物经过进化都可以处理相对于自身体积来讲更大的食物，比相应的浅海区动物能处理的食物要大得多。并没有反对任何观点。故选项错误。
B：文章未提及，故错误。
C：符合文意，正确。
D：身体结构不是重点，这是它们生长的一个趋势。故选项错误。

question_stem: The phrase "coping with" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: Absorbing

tag: B
text: finding

tag: C
text: approaching

tag: D
text: managing
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“coping with”一词最接近于
A 吸收
B 发现
C 接近
D 处理，管理

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“coping with”,定位到原句“ Another consequence of the limited availability of prey is that many animals have developed ways of coping with much larger food particles, relative to their own body size, than the equivalent shallower species can process. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“coping with”的意思是“处理，解决”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“另一个结果是，由于猎物的可利用性有限，许多动物已经发展出对付比同等的较浅物种能处理的更大的食物颗粒（相对于它们自身的体型）的方法。”。

【选项分析】
A 吸收。不符，错误
B 发现。不符，错误
C 接近。不符，错误
D 处理，管理。同义替换，正确

question_stem: The word "flexible" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: huge

tag: B
text: adaptable

tag: C
text: powerful

tag: D
text: precise
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“flexible”一词最接近于
A 巨大的
B 能适应的
C 有力量的
D 精确的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“flexible”,定位到原句“In such creatures, not only are the teeth hugely enlarged and/or the jaws elongated but the size of the mouth opening may be greatly increased by making the jaw articulations so flexible that they can be effectively dislocated. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“flexible”的意思是“灵活的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“在这种生物中，不仅牙齿大得很大和/或下颌拉长，而且可以通过使下颌关节变得如此灵活，从而有效地错位，从而大大增加口腔开口的大小”。

【选项分析】
A 巨大的。不符，错误
B 能适应的。同义替换，正确
C 有力量的。不符，错误
D 精确的。不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 5, why do some fish swallow their prey whole?
choices: tag: A
text: Their teeth are too large to allow for cutting prey.

tag: B
text: They have no jaw muscles to allow chewing.

tag: C
text: Swallowing prey whole results in a higher net energy gain.

tag: D
text: Chewing can cause their jaws to dislocate.
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第5段，为什么有些鱼会把猎物整个吞下去？
A：它们的牙齿太大了，切不动猎物。

B：他们没有下颌肌肉可以咀嚼。

C：吞食整个猎物会导致更高的净能量增益。

D：咀嚼会导致他们的下巴脱臼。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“swallow”,定位到 Passage 5 第 x 句，原句为“Very large or long teeth provide almost no room for cutting the prey into a convenient size for swallowing, the fish must gulp the prey down whole.”，意思是“非常大或很长的牙齿几乎没有空间将猎物切成便于吞咽的大小，鱼必须把猎物整个吞下。”

【逻辑分析】根据原文可知：fish 吞下整个 prey 的原因是它们的牙齿太大了，无法将猎物咬、切。

【选项分析】
A：符合，正确。
B：它们有下颌骨，但是文章没有说有没有下颌肌肉。不符，错误。
C：只是因为它们牙齿太大，没有足够的空间去把猎物咀嚼成合适的大小，只能把猎物整个地吞下去。故错误。
D：它们的下颌关节可以随意的脱臼，所以嘴巴能够张得很大。因此不会脱臼。故选项错误。