In the wake of the RomanEmpire'sconquestof Britain in the firstcenturyA.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had aconsiderableimpacton Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in thelocaleconomy. Assessing theimpactof the army on thecivilianpopulationstarts from therealizationthat the soldiers were always unevenly distributedacrossthe country. Areas rapidly incorporated into theempirewere not long affected by themilitary. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much moreinfluential. The imposition of amilitarybase involved the requisition of native lands for both thefortand theterritoryneeded to feed andexercisethe soldiers' animals. The imposition ofmilitaryrule also robbedlocalleaders of opportunities toparticipateinlocalgovernment, so socialdevelopmentwas stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that themilitaryhad toremaintosuppressrebellionand organizegovernment.

Economicexchangewas clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it verysubstantialspending power. Locallyaforthad two kinds ofimpact. Its largepopulationneeded food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands wereinevitablyplaced on thelocalarea. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probablystimulatedchanges in thelocaleconomy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied;otherwisethey represented a potentially dangeroussourceoffrictionand disloyalty. Hence a writing tabletdated25 April tells of 343 men at onefortengaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, diggingclay, and workinglead. Such activities had amajoreffect on thelocalarea, inparticularwith theconstructionofinfrastructuresuch as roads, which improvedaccesstoremoteareas.

Each soldier received hispay, but in regions without a developedeconomythere wasinitiallylittle on which it could be spent. The pool ofexcesscash rapidlystimulateda thrivingeconomyoutsidefortgates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was nodoubtfulfilled by people drawn from farafield, but somelocalpeople certainly became entwined in this neweconomy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for theartisanand trading populations.

The army also provided a means ofpersonaladvancement forauxiliarysoldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtainedhereditaryRoman citizenship on retirement after service in anauxiliaryregiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scalerecruitmentwithinBritain. The total numbers were atleast12,500 men up to the reign of theemperorHadrian (A.D. 117-138), with apeakaround A.D. 80. Although a smallproportionof the totalpopulation, this perhaps had amassivelocalimpactwhen a largeproportionof the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments werenormallytransferred to another province from whence it wasunlikelythatindividualrecruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the Europeancontinent, although one is recorded in Morocco. Thereverseprocessbrought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Romancharacterof thefrontierpopulation. By the later Roman period,frontiergarrisons (groups of soldiers) were onlyrarelytransferred, service in units became effectivelyhereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

Thisprocessof settling in as acommunityover several generations, combined withlocalrecruitment,presumablyaccounts for theapparentstabilityof the British northernfrontierin the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have anyformalauthorityin Britain, at the beginning of the fifthcenturyA.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustainingmilitarycommunityof thefrontierarea to become effectively British.

Questions:
question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.

tag: B
text: The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century as the local economy improved.

tag: C
text: Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.

tag: D
text: With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.
answer_key: A
explanation: A 原文 in 的部分是非主要的状语成分，主句的主要结构是并列：1）军队呆在新的省份；2）有影响。所以答案是 A，A 将主要逻辑展现出来，且涵盖了并列的两个部分内容。B 将原文的非重要成分 awake，C 将原文的非主要成分 fortification 变成了主要部分，改变了句子结构，都错；D 的 economic strength 原文没说，错。

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on those areas of Britain that were
choices: tag: A
text: conquered first

tag: B
text: near population centers

tag: C
text: used as military bases

tag: D
text: rapidly incorporated into the empire
answer_key: C
explanation: C 以 area 和 most influence 做关键词定位至第四句，说军队一直驻扎的地方，其影响最深远，所以答案是 C，作为军事基地的地方。B 和 D 都明显不靠谱，A 的 conquer first 最先占领并不一定是一直驻扎，军事基地才是

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the local population?
choices: tag: A
text: It encouraged more even distribution of the population and the settlement of previously undeveloped territory.

tag: B
text: It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary.

tag: C
text: It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exercise the soldiers’ animals.

tag: D
text: It provided local leaders with opportunities to participate in governance.
answer_key: B
explanation: B, 以 local population 做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说军事驻扎剥夺了当地人参加政府的权力，使发展停滞，种下仇恨的种子，然后又说这种仇恨使军事驻扎持续，所以正确答案是 B。A 和 C 原文没说，D 与原文相反

question_stem: The word “suppress” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: respond to

tag: B
text: warn against

tag: C
text: avoid the impact of

tag: D
text: stop by force
answer_key: D
explanation: D suppress: 镇压，压制。A 是响应；B 是警告…不要；C 是防止…的影响；D 是用武力制止。所以 D 的 stop by force 是正确答案。

question_stem: The word “friction” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: rebellion

tag: B
text: conflict

tag: C
text: neglect

tag: D
text: crime
answer_key: B
explanation: B friction: 摩擦，冲突。A 是反抗；B 是矛盾，冲突；C 是忽视，疏忽；D 是犯罪。所以正确答案是 B 冲突。

question_stem: The author mentions “343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead” in order to
choices: tag: A
text: describe the kinds of tasks soldiers were required to perform as punishment for disloyalty or misdeeds

tag: B
text: illustrate some of the duties assigned to soldiers to keep them busy and well-behaved when not involved in military campaigns

tag: C
text: provide evidence that Roman soldiers had a negative effect on the local area by performing jobs that had been performed by native workers

tag: D
text: argue that the soldiers would have been better employed in the construction of infrastructure such as roads
answer_key: B
explanation: B 修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子只是单纯说出例子，所以不是答案，往前看，前面这句话上题已经读过，说士兵必须有事做，否则就会闹事儿，紧接着就给出343名士兵做这做那，所以343名士兵做事是士兵必须有事做的一个例子，所以答案是 B。

question_stem: The phrase “entitled to” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: given the right to

tag: B
text: able to afford to

tag: C
text: encouraged to

tag: D
text: required to
answer_key: A
explanation: A entitle: 赋予权力，授权。A 是给予全力；B 是有能力承担...；鼓励去做…；D 是被要求去…。所以正确答案是 A。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods and services?
choices: tag: A
text: Their needs were met by the army, and all of their economic transactions took place within the fort.

tag: B
text: Most of their needs were met by traveling tradespeople who visit the forts.

tag: C
text: During their days off, soldiers traveled to distant towns to make purchases.

tag: D
text: They bought what they needed from the artisans and traders in nearby towns.
answer_key: D
explanation: D 以 goods and services 做关键词定位至第三句，说远方来的人满足了士兵对于商品和服务的需求，正确答案是 D。A 的 army 和 C 的 soldiers travel 明显不对；B 有一定迷惑性，但原文说一些本地人也参与其中，没说谁满足的多，所以大部分的 need 都是 tradespeople 满足的是错的。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of Britain’s auxiliary regiments of the Roman army?
choices: tag: A
text: Membership in these regiments reached its highest point during the reign of the emperor Hadrian.

tag: B
text: Most of the units recruited in Britain were sent to Morocco and other stations outside Europe.

tag: C
text: Soldiers served in the regiments for many years and after retirement generally stayed where they had been stationed.

tag: D
text: Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were new units transferred from a neighboring province.
answer_key: C
explanation: C 选项定位到倒数第二句 many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service，符合原文，正确；A 选项通过关键词 Membership 和 the reign of the emperor Hadrian 定位到第三句，原文中 with a peak around A.D. 80，不是选项中的信息，故排除；
B 选项定位到倒数第三句 Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent，信息与原文相反，故排除；D 选项的 neighboring province 原文并未提及，排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in the frontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT:
choices: tag: A
text: Membership in the units passed from father to son.

tag: B
text: Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts.

tag: C
text: Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations.

tag: D
text: Frontier units became more effective and proficient.
answer_key: D
explanation: D EXCEPT 题，排除法，A 的 from father to son 做关键词定位至最后一句的 hereditary，正确，不选；B 的 fort 做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选；C 的 transfer to different location 做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选；D 原文完全没说，所以错，选。

question_stem: Why does the author mention that “some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain” ?
choices: tag: A
text: To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control

tag: B
text: To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so

tag: C
text: To support the claim that forts continued to serve an import economic function even after they ceased to be of any military use

tag: D
text: To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons’ becoming part of the local community over a long period
answer_key: D
explanation: D  修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子单纯说了一个例子，而且 it also explain 也说明英国往前看，前一句说定居在一个地方需要经过若干代人，这种行为能够解释英国北部边界的稳定性，所以答案是 D，其他的都没说。

question_stem: The word “circumstances” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: experiences

tag: B
text: communities

tag: C
text: conditions

tag: D
text: laws
answer_key: C
explanation: C，circumstance: 环境，情况。A 是经验，经历；B 是社区；C 是情况，条件；D 是法律。所以答案是 C 的 condition。