Twospeciesof deer have beenprevalentin the PugetSoundarea of WashingtonStatein thePacificNorthwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, alowland, west-sidecousinof the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the mostcommon. The otherspecies, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times wascommonin the openprairiecountry; it is nowrestrictedto the low,marshyislands and flood plainsalongthelowerColumbia River.

Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstorycan be part of a deer'sdiet.

Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and othermeadowplants,

the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any othershruborherb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecayanddormancy? Onecompensationfor not hibernating is the built-inurgetomigrate. Deer may move from high-elevationbrowseareas in summer down to thelowlandareas in late fall. Evenwith snow on the ground, the high bushyunderstoryisexposed;

also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, redalder, and otherarborealfodder.

The numbers of deer have fluctuatedmarkedlysince theentryof Europeans into PugetSoundcountry.

The early explorers and settlers told ofabundantdeer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned thelackof this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north Americanfrontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until thesecondof December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,

they consumedapproximately150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in earlyspring, theexpeditiondecided to return east rather than face possiblestarvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenthcentury, whenFortVancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's BayCompany, deer populations continued tofluctuate. David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around thefortduring the period between his first visit in 1825 and his finalcontactwith thefortin 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around thefortwere gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

Reductionin numbers of game should have boded ill for theirsurvivalin later times. A worsening of theplightof deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing,eventuallyreplacing a wildernesslandscapewith roads, cities, towns, and factories. Nodoubtthe numbers of deer declined still further. Recallthe fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protectedstatus. But for the black-tailed deer, humanpressurehas had just theoppositeeffect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washingtonthroughrecorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, thestatehas had more deer than at any other time in itshistory, the winterpopulationfluctuating aroundapproximately320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which willyieldabout 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

The causes of thispopulationrebound are consequences of other human actions. First, themajorpredators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second,conservationhas been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the mostprofoundreasonfor therestorationof highpopulationnumbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts oflowlandcountry deforested by logging, fire, or both have becomeidealfeeding grounds of deer. Inadditionto finding an increase ofsuitablebrowse, like huckleberry andvinemaple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in thePacificNorthwest, foundqualityofbrowsein the open areas to besubstantiallymore nutritive. Theproteincontentof shade-grownvegetation, for example, was muchlowerthan that for plants grown in clearings.

Questions:
question_stem: According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
choices: tag: A
text: It is native to lowlands and marshes.

tag: B
text: It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

tag: C
text: It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

tag: D
text: It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
answer_key: D
explanation: 以 White-tailed deer 做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以 D 不再在原来的地方生活正确。A 说反，white-tailed deer 现在生活在 lowlands 和 marshes，而不是 A 说的来源于；B 的比较关系原文无提及；C 的 replace 没有提及。

question_stem: It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
choices: tag: A
text: cause some deer to hibernate

tag: B
text: make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

tag: C
text: make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

tag: D
text: prevent deer from migrating during the winter
answer_key: B
explanation: 段落倒数第二句“Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.”意思是：深秋时，鹿可能会从夏天高海拔吃草地区迁移到低地地区。深秋也就是快到冬天了，因为高地食物不够了，所以才去低地。对应 B 选项。很多同学会错选 C，这部分同学应该是定位到了最后一句话：Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.说即使有雪覆盖地面，高的 understory 会暴露（understory 指的是林下植被），而且还说风会 leafy branches 吹下来。C 虽然提到了 understory，但是 easier 说法和原文不符，原文说的是高的 understroy 在会曝露出来，有一定局限性，也没体现出比起以前更简单。A 在原文物体及；D 说冬天迁徙与上文的 late fall 冲突，也错。

question_stem: The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: consists of

tag: B
text: combines

tag: C
text: restricts

tag: D
text: establishes
answer_key: C
explanation: inhibit: 阻止，阻拦。A 是组成；B 是结合；C 是限制，约束；D 是建立。根据词意，C 正确。对应原文：Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是阻止，A 组成 B 结合意思差不多，都不对。D 建立完全不靠谱。

question_stem: The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: impatiently

tag: B
text: humorously

tag: C
text: continuously

tag: D
text: immediately
answer_key: D
explanation: in the same breath 从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应该是同时或者立刻之意，所以 D 的 immediately 对。A 是没有耐心的；B 是幽默的；C 是连续不断地；D 是立即地。对应原文：The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.带回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A 没耐心 B 不幽默都不靠谱，C 持续不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，不对。

question_stem: The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?
choices: tag: A
text: The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.

tag: B
text: Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.

tag: C
text: There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

tag: D
text: Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.
answer_key: A
explanation: 功能目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有很多鹿的但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，往前看本段中心句：
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.
本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，对应 A 选项的 varied，所以 A 正确。BCD 都没有提及。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?
choices: tag: A
text: The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.

tag: B
text: Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.

tag: C
text: Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.

tag: D
text: Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.
answer_key: C
explanation: 以人名和时间做关键词定位至最后一句：A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops." 说那些鹿 gone 了，还有被 hunt 了，所以应该是没有鹿了，B 说反，C 对；作者只是说把鹿打死为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D 不对；A 没说。

question_stem: Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?
choices: tag: A
text: To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline

tag: B
text: To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment

tag: C
text: To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

tag: D
text: To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status
answer_key: A
explanation: 功能目的题，往前看，前句说 the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者 recall 哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案 A 正确。

question_stem: The phrase “indefinite period” in the passage is closest in meaning to period
choices: tag: A
text: whose end has not been determined

tag: B
text: that does not begin when expected

tag: C
text: that lasts only briefly

tag: D
text: whose importance remains unknown
answer_key: A
explanation: A indefinite: 不定的。indefinite period: 没有限制的时间段。B 没有如期开始，C 非常短，D 不重要都和不定没关系，不靠谱，A 答案说这段时间的末端还没定下来，含有不定的意思，正确。

question_stem: Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?
choices: tag: A
text: Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.

tag: B
text: The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.

tag: C
text: The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.

tag: D
text: Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.
answer_key: B
explanation: B  问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说 reduction in numbers，与问题中的 deer population 重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有 B 说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是 B。当然也可以排除法，A 选项关于1940s 原文说 early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s 不一样，错；C 说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错；原文没有冬夏对比，D 错。

question_stem: The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: decline

tag: B
text: recovery

tag: C
text: exchange

tag: D
text: movement
answer_key: B
explanation: B rebound: 反弹。A 是下降；B 是恢复；C 是交换；D 是移动。根据词意，正确答案就是 B。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

tag: B
text: Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

tag: C
text: Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

tag: D
text: According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.
answer_key: B
explanation: B : in addition 那部分和后面 like 举的那两个例子，都是非常次要的信息，可以忽略不看。主干部分缩略一下，去掉一些修饰成分后就变成：AE 发现了 browse in open areas 更加有营养。longtime 那里是对这个人的一个修饰（同位语成分）。B 选项将主要内容复述了出来。A 错在随意篡改语句的注意，原句根本没提到这个人的 family；C 错在 biologist like E，这改变了原文的主语，而且 it is important 原句没有说；D 把原文的非主干部分提升成改写之后句子的主干，结构改变，而且遗漏了主干内容，错。

question_stem: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?
choices: tag: A
text: A reduction in the number of predators

tag: B
text: Restrictions on hunting

tag: C
text: The effects of logging and fire

tag: D
text: Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer
answer_key: D
explanation: D，排除法，原文第一句就说这段主要就在说鹿群数量增加的原因，然后分别用 first，second 和 but the most 表明了三个原因，分别对应选项 A/B/C 选项，所以 D 是没说的，选 D。