For more than a hundred years, it has been known that cities are generally warmer than surroundingruralareas. Thisregionof city warmth, known as theurbanheat island, can influence theconcentrationof air pollution. However, before we look at its influence, let’s see how the heat island actually forms.

Theurbanheat island isduetoindustrialandurbandevelopment. Inruralareas, a large part of theincomingsolarenergy is used in evaporating water fromvegetationand soil. In cities, where lessvegetationandexposedsoil exist, themajorityof the Sun’s energy is absorbed byurbanstructures and asphalt. Hence, during warmdaylighthours, lessevaporativecooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than inruralareas. The cause of theurbanheat island is quiteinvolved. Depending on the location, time of year, and time of day, any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important:albedo(reflectivityof the surface), surface roughness, emissions of heat, emissions ofmoisture, and emissions of particles thataffectnetradiationand the growth of cloud droplets.

At night, thesolarenergy (stored asvastquantities of heat in city buildings and roads) is slowly released into the city air. Additionalcity heat is given off at night (and during the day) by vehicles and factories, as well as byindustrialanddomesticheating and cooling units. Thereleaseof heat energy is retarded by the tallverticalcity walls that do not allowinfraredradiationtoescapeasreadilyas does therelativelylevel surface of the surrounding countryside. The slowreleaseof heat tends to keep nighttime city temperatures higher than those of the faster-coolingruralareas. Overall, the heat island is strongest (1) at night when compensating sunlight is absent; (2) during the winter, when nights are longer and there is more heat generated in the city; and (3) when theregionis dominated by a high-pressure area with light winds, clear skies, and lesshumidair. Over time, increasingurbanheat islandsaffectclimatologicaltemperaturerecords, producingartificialwarming inclimaticrecords taken in cities. This warming,therefore, must be accounted for in interpretingclimatechange over the past century.

Theconstantoutpouring of pollutants into the environment may influence theclimateof the city. Certain particlesreflectsolarradiation,therebyreducing the sunlight that reaches the surface. Some particles serve asnucleiupon which water and ice form. Watervaporcondenses onto these particles when therelativehumidityis as low as 70 percent, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. Moreover, the addednucleiincrease thefrequencyof city fog.

Studies suggest thatprecipitationmay be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside; thisphenomenonmay beduein part to the increased roughness of cityterrain, brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow andgraduallyconverge. This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises, much like toothpaste does when itstubeis squeezed. At the same time, city heat warms the surface air, making it more unstable, which enhances risings air motions, which, in turn, aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms. Thisprocesshelps explain why bothtendto be more frequent over cities.

On clear still nights when the heat island ispronounced, a smallthermallow-pressure area forms over the city. Sometimes a lightbreeze—called a countrybreeze—blows from the countryside into the city. If there are majorindustrialareas along the outskirts, pollutants are carried into the heart of town, where theytendtoconcentrate. Such an event is especially probable ifverticalmixing and dispersion of pollutants are inhibited. Pollutants fromurbanareas may evenaffectthe weather downwind from them.

Questions:
question_stem: The word “involved” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: uncertain

tag: B
text: complicated

tag: C
text: common

tag: D
text: clear
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
以下与 “involed”这个词意思最相近的是哪个选项？
选项:
A:不确定
B:复杂
C:常见
D:清晰

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“involved”,定位到原句“The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved。”

【词汇解析】：词汇“involved ”的意思是“复杂的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“城市热岛的成因是相当复杂的。”

【选项分析】：
A 选项不确定，词义不符，故排除。
B 选项复杂的，为同义替换，所以 B 选项正确。
C 选项常见，词义不符，故排除。
D 选项清晰，词义不符，故排除

question_stem: Paragraph 2 mentions all of the following as varying the importance of albedo and other factors EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: seasons

tag: B
text: soil depth

tag: C
text: geographic location

tag: D
text: the time of day
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
第二段提到以下所有不同反射率的重要性和其他因素除外
选项:
A:季节
B:土壤深度
C:地理位置
D:一天中不同的时间

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“albedo and other factors”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 2 。

【选项分析】：
C 选项：原文 Depending on the location, time of year, and time of day, any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important: ...，说明地点是一个因素，对应选项 C 中：geographic location，故排除。
A 选项：原文说明一年中的时间是一个因素，对应选项 A 中：seasons，故排除。
D 选项：还说明每天的时间点也是一个因素，对应选项 D 中：the time of day，故排除。
B 选项：只有土地深度没有提及，所以选择 B。

question_stem: The word “retarded” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: disguised

tag: B
text: added to

tag: C
text: made possible

tag: D
text: slowed down
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
以下与“retarded ”这个词意思最相近的是哪个选项？
选项:
A:伪装
B:添加到
C:成为可能
D:减慢

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“retarded ”,定位到原句“The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside. ”

【词汇解析】：词汇“retarded ”的意思是“延迟”，带入到原句中，原句的意思是“热量的释放受到高大的垂直城墙的阻碍，这些城墙不允许红外辐射像周围乡村相对水平的表面一样轻易地逃逸。”

【选项分析】：
A 选项伪装，词义不符，故排除。
B 选项添加剂，词义不符，故排除。
C 选项成为可能，词义不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, how do pollutants reduce the distance it is possible to see?
choices: tag: A
text: They increase the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground

tag: B
text: They increase the relative humidity

tag: C
text: They form particles that irritate the eye

tag: D
text: They serve as nuclei around which water condenses
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
根据段落4,如何减少污染物的距离可以看到了吗?
A：他们到达地面的太阳光量增加
B：他们增加了相对湿度
C：它们形成粒子刺激眼睛
D：他们作为凝结核的水

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“pollutants reduce”，定位到 Passage 4 第 x 句，原句为“The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may influence the climate of the city. Certain particles reflect solar radiation, thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface. ”，意思是“不断向环境中排放污染物可能会影响城市的气候。某些粒子会反射太阳辐射，从而减少到达地表的阳光。”

【逻辑分析】：选项 D 与原文所表达的意思相近

【选项分析】：
A 选项：他们到达地面的太阳光量增加，与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项：他们增加了相对湿度，与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项：它们形成粒子刺激眼睛，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项原文 Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form，说明污染物可以让水集中起来，从而挡住视线，对应选项 D 中：They … nuclei … water condenses。
故选 D 选项。

question_stem: Paragraph 3 supports which of the following claims about the interpretation of temperature records?
choices: tag: A
text: The climate may not be warming as much as the increase of temperatures recorded in cities appears to suggest

tag: B
text: Records show that the increase in urban heat islands has had a significant warming effect on the global climate

tag: C
text: During most of the past century, temperature records have been misinterpreted

tag: D
text: Scientists will not be able to account for climate change over the past century until they learn more about the urban heat island
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
段落3支持下面哪个关于温度记录的解释吗?
A:气候可能不会变暖增加的温度记录在城市似乎暗示
B:记录显示,城市热岛效应有显著的增加对全球气候变暖的影响
C:在过去一个世纪的大部分时间里,温度记录都被误解了
D:科学家无法解释气候变化在过去一个世纪,直到他们了解更多关于城市热岛

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：本题为细节题。根据题干定位词“temperature record”定位到这一段的最后2句话。

【逻辑分析】：这两句话的意思是，随着时间的流逝，加剧的城市热岛影响气象温度记录，在城市中造成了人工气候变暖。因此，这种人工气候变暖，在解释过去气候变化的时候，必须要被解释清楚。由此可知，人工气候变暖因素，在测量城市气温的时候，是要被排除在外的（但是过去测量的时候并没有排除在外）。真正的气温上升的程度可能没有像测量结果那么严重（因为把人工气候变暖算在内了）。

【选项分析】：
A 选项：根据题干定位词“temperature record”定位到这一段的最后2句话。这两句话的意思是，随着时间的流逝，加剧的城市热岛影响气象温度记录，在城市中造成了人工气候变暖。因此，这种人工气候变暖，在解释过去气候变化的时候，必须要被解释清楚。由此可知，人工气候变暖因素，在测量城市气温的时候，是要被排除在外的（但是过去测量的时候并没有排除在外）。真正的气温上升的程度可能没有像测量结果那么严重（因为把人工气候变暖算在内了）。故 A 选项正确。
B 选项：记录显示,城市热岛效应有显著的增加对全球气候变暖的影响，与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项：在过去一个世纪的大部分时间里,温度记录都被误解了，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项：科学家无法解释气候变化在过去一个世纪,直到他们了解更多关于城市热岛，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as contributing to an increase in the amount of heat within a city EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: home air conditioners

tag: B
text: cars and trucks

tag: C
text: streetlights

tag: D
text: factory buildings
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
第3段中提到以下所有内容均有助于增加城市内的热量，除了下列哪个选项？
A：家用空调
B：汽车和卡车
C：路灯
D：厂房

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“contributing to an increase in the amount of heat within a cit”，可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 3 。

【选项分析】：
原文… heat … by vehicles and factories, … industrial and domestic heating and cooling units，说明汽车工厂和空调都是因素，对应选项 ABD。只有路灯没有提到，所以选择选项 C。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Until more studies are done, suggestions about the causes of precipitation in cities will focus on the roughness of terrain rather than on surface air and convergence

tag: B
text: Certain phenomena of city landscapes, such as large structures, cause surface air to slow and converge, which brings a change in weather patterns to cities and rural areas

tag: C
text: One reason why precipitation may be greater in cities than in the countryside is that large buildings that are found in cities cause surface air to slow and converge

tag: D
text: Studies that focus on large structures, which are only partly responsible for the increased roughness of city terrain, are incomplete in their explanation of increased precipitation
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】
下列句子最好的表达了在通道中突出显示的句子基本信息吗?错误的选择以重要的方式改变了意义，或者遗漏了重要的信息。
选项:
A:直到做更多的研究,建议对降水的原因将集中在城市地形而不是表面的粗糙度空气和收敛
B:某些城市景观的现象,如大型建筑物内,导致表面空气缓慢而收敛,这让改变天气模式在城市和农村地区
C:降水的原因之一可能是在城市比在乡下是大型建筑在城市造成表面空气缓慢而收敛
D:研究集中在大型结构,仅部分负责城市地形粗糙度的增加,降水增加的不完整的解释

【判断题型】根据题目问法，根据题目要求选择和高亮句子意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】
句子意为研究表明城市降雨量大于郊区，因为城市有许多高大建筑让空气缓慢逐渐聚合

【选项分析】
句子意为研究表明城市降雨量大于郊区，因为城市有许多高大建筑让空气缓慢逐渐聚合，对应选项 C 中：… reason why precipitation may be greater in cities … large buildings … cities cause … air to slow and converge。

question_stem: Why does the author mention “toothpaste” being squeezed from a tube?
choices: tag: A
text: To compare the movement of toothpaste from a tube to the movement of precipitation from clouds

tag: B
text: To suggest that the process of cloud formation is a simple, everyday experience

tag: C
text: To help the reader visualize the process of air movement over a city

tag: D
text: To contrast the slow rising of air currents with the rapid squeezing of toothpaste
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
为什么作者提到“牙膏”被挤压管吗?
A:比较运动的牙膏管从云降水的运动
B:表明云的形成是一个简单的过程,日常经验
C:帮助读者想象空气流动的过程在一个城市
D:对比的缓慢上升气流的快速挤压牙膏

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“toothpaste”,定位到 Passage 5。

【引用内容分析】：原文 This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises, much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed，说明积累的空气慢慢上升，就好像牙膏从管中挤出

【选项分析】：
原文 This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises, much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed，说明积累的空气慢慢上升，就好像牙膏从管中挤出，对应选项 C 中：To help the reader visualize the process of air movement over a city。

question_stem: The word “both” in the passage refers to
choices: tag: A
text: piling up and warming of air

tag: B
text: clouds and thunderstorms

tag: C
text: warm surface air and rising air motions

tag: D
text: heat and instability
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
文中:“both ”这个词是指？
选项:
A:堆积和气候变暖的空气
B:云层和雷暴
C:温暖的表面空气和上升气流运动
D:热量和不稳定

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“refer to”，判定本题为指代题。

【关键词定位】：根据题干中的关键词“both ”，找到该词所在的整句句子，以及上下文相关的句子。

【分析句子语法】：原文 At the same time, …, which …, aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms. This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities，说明 both 指代前面的 clouds and thunderstorms

【选项分析】：
原文 At the same time, …, which …, aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms. This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities，说明 both 指代前面的 clouds and thunderstorms，对应选项 B。

question_stem: The word “pronounced” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: examined

tag: B
text: relative

tag: C
text: strongest

tag: D
text: darkest
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
以下与“pronounced”这个词意思最相近的选项是？
选项
A:检查
B:相对
C:最强
D:黑暗

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“pronounced”,定位到原句“On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city. ”

【词汇解析】：词汇“pronounced”的意思是“显著的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“在天气晴朗的夜晚，当热岛出现时，城市上空会形成一个小的热低压区”。

【选项分析】：
A 选项检查，词义不符，故排除。
B 选项相对，词义不符，故排除。
C 选项最强的，为同义替换，所以 C 选项正确。
D 选项黑暗，词义不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 6, the highest concentration of pollutants is likely to be found
choices: tag: A
text: in the center of the city

tag: B
text: over industrial areas outside the city

tag: C
text: in rural areas downwind of the city

tag: D
text: high in the atmosphere during daylight hours
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
问题:
根据第6段，可能会发现污染物浓度最高
选项:
A：在这座城市的中心
B:在城外工业区
C:在农村地区城市的顺风
D:高在白天在大气中

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the highest concentration of pollutants,”定位到 Passage 6 。

【逻辑分析】：

【选项分析】：
原文… a light breeze … from the countryside into the city. … industrial areas along the outskirts, pollutants … into the heart of town, where they tend to concentrate，说明污染物会往城市最热的中心聚集，对应选项 A 中：in the center of the city。