TheIndustrialRevolutionhad several roots, one of which was acommercialrevolutionthat, beginning as far back as the sixteenthcentury, accompanied Europe’sexpansionoverseas. Both exports and imports showedspectaculargrowth, particularly in England and France. An increasingly largerportionof the stepped-upcommercialactivitywas the result oftradewithoverseascolonies. Imports included avarietyof new beverages, spices, and ship’s goods around the world and brought money flowing back. Europe’seconomicinstitutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealthavailablefor new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for sometechnologicalbreakthroughthat wouldexpandtheir profit-makingpotentialevenmore.

Thebreakthroughcame in Great Britain, where severaleconomicadvantages created aclimateespeciallyfavorableto the encouragement of new technology. One was its geographic location at the crossroads of internationaltrade. Internally, Britain was endowed with easily navigable natural waterway, which helped itstradeand communication with the world. Beginning in the 1770’s, it enjoyed aboomincanalbuilding, which helped make itsdomesticmarketmoreaccessible. Because watertransportationwas the cheapest means of carrying goods tomarket, canals reduced prices and thus increased consumer demand. Great Britain also had rich deposits ofcoalthat fed the factories springing up inindustrialand consumer goods.

Anotheradvantagewas Britain’s largepopulationofrural, agricultural wage earners, as well as cottage workers, who had thepotentialof being moremobilethan peasants of some other countries. Eventually they found their way to the cities orminingcommunities and provided the human power upon which theIndustrialRevolutionwas built. The British people were also consumers; theabsenceofinternaltariffs, such as those that existed in France or Italy or between the German states, made Britain the largest free-trade area in Europe. Britain’srelativelystablegovernmentalso helped create anatmosphereconducivetoindustrialprogress.

Great Britain’s better-developed banking andcreditsystem also helped speed theindustrialprogress, as did the fact that it was the home of animpressivearrayof entrepreneurs and inventors. Among them were a large number of nonconformists whosereligiousprinciples encouraged thrift andindustryrather than luxurious living and who tended to pour their profits back into their business, thus providing the basis for continuedexpansion.

Aprecursorto theIndustrialRevolutionwas arevolutionin agricultural techniques. Ideas about agriculturalreformdeveloped first in Holland, where as early as the mid-seventeenthcentury, such modern methods as croprotation, heavy fertilization, anddiversificationwere all in use. Dutch peasant farmers were knownthroughoutEurope for their agricultural innovations, but as British markets and opportunities grew, the English quickly learned from them. As early as the seventeenthcenturythe Dutch were helping themdrainmarshes and fens where, with the help ofadvancedtechniques, they grew new crops. By the mid-eighteenthcenturynew agricultural methods as well asselectivebreedingoflivestockhad caught onthroughoutthe country.

Much of the increased production was consumed by Great Britain’sburgeoningpopulation. At the same time, people were moving to the city,partlybecause of the enclosure movement; that is, the fencing ofcommonfields and pastures in order to provide morecompact,efficientprivately held agricultural parcels that would produce more goods and greater profits. In the sixteenthcenturyenclosures were usually used for creating sheep pastures, but by the eighteenthcenturynew farming techniques made itadvantageousfor large landowners to seek enclosures in order toimproveagricultural production. Between 1714 and 1820 over 6 million acres of English land were enclosed. As a result, many small,independentfarmers were forced to sell out simply because they could notcompete. Non-landholding peasants and cottage workers, who worked for wages and grazed cows or pigs on the villagecommon, were also hurt when thecommonwas no longeravailable. It was such people who began toflockto the cities seekingemploymentand who found work in the factories that wouldtransformthe nation and, the world.

Questions:
question_stem: The word “potential” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: rate

tag: B
text: dominance

tag: C
text: capacity

tag: D
text: method
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：文中“potential”一词的意思最接近
一下哪个选项？
A：比率
B：统治
C：能力
D：方法

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“potential”,定位到原句“Europe’s economic institutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealth available for new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for some technological breakthrough that would expand their profit-making potential even more.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“potential”的意思是“潜能”,带入到原句中“Europe’s economic institutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealth available for new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for some technological breakthrough that would expand their profit-making potential even more.”原句的意思是“欧洲的经济机构，尤其是英国的经济机构，实力雄厚，拥有可供新投资的财富，而且似乎几乎在等待某种技术突破，以进一步扩大它们的盈利潜力。”

【选项分析】：
A：rate,比率，与文意不符，故排除。
B：dominance,统治，与文意不符，故排除。
C：capacity,能力，为同义替换，所以 C 选项正确。
D：method,方法，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, all of the following conditions created a favorable environment for the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: An active overseas trade

tag: B
text: The stability of financial establishments

tag: C
text: A decline in the types of goods available for export

tag: D
text: The accessibility of money for investment
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：根据第1段，下列条件为工业革命创造了有利的环境除了哪个选项？
A：活跃的海外贸易
B：金融机构的稳定性
C：可供出口商品种类的减少
D：投资资金的可及性

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT” 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：由于本段均在讨论 industrial revolution 的背景，无法根据题干具体定位，所以使用选项定位。

【选项分析】：
A 选项根据 trade 定位到第三句：An increasingly …… overseas colonies.表明海上贸易是贸易活动的促成因素，所以 A 选项错误。
B 选项根据 financial establishment 定位到第五句：Europe’s economic …… new investment.表明欧洲的经济机构非常强大，并且由足够的资产能够进行投资，所以 B 选项错误，D 选项错误。
C 选项的意思是能够出口的商品类型的减少，这一点文中完全未提及，所以 C 选项正确。

question_stem: Paragraph 3 suggests that the Industrial Revolution did not originate outside Great Britain because
choices: tag: A
text: the labor force in other countries could not as easily relocate to cities

tag: B
text: workers in other countries preferred working independently rather than in groups

tag: C
text: there was a lack of cooperation between agricultural and cottage workers in other countries

tag: D
text: governments in other countries placed limits on economic gain
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：第3段指出工业革命并非起源于英国以外，因为
A：其他国家的劳动力也不容易迁移到城市
B：其他国家的工人更喜欢独立工作而不是集体工作
C：其他国家的农业工人和家庭工人之间缺乏合作
D：其他国家的政府限制经济收益

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“suggest”，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词 outside Great Britain 定位到本段前两句话
Another advantage was Britain’s large population of rural, agricultural wage earners, as well as cottage workers, who had the potential of being more mobile than peasants of some other countries. Eventually they found their way to the cities or mining communities and provided the human power upon which the Industrial Revolution was built.

【逻辑分析】：选项 A 与原文意思相符。

【选项分析】：
A 选项：根据题干关键词 outside Great Britain 定位到本段前两句话 Another advantage …… was built.另一个优势是英国农村农业雇佣劳动者和工人数量很大，他们比起其他国家的农民流动性更高。他们进入城市或者矿业集团，并提供了工业革命所以依赖的人力。反向思考可以得出，工业革命没有在其他国家发生是因为其他国家的劳动力不能轻易地转移到城市，对应 A 选项，所以 A 选项正确。
B 选项：说其他国家的人比起团体工作更喜欢独立工作，这种比较文中未提及。C 选项：agricultural and cottage workers 之间的合作文中未提及。
D 选项：placed limits on economic gain 表示限制经济增长，这一点文中未提及。

question_stem: The phrase "conducive to" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: controlled by

tag: B
text: favorable to

tag: C
text: restricted to

tag: D
text: dependent on
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：在这篇文章中，词组“conducive to”的意思最接近于以下哪个选项？
A：控制的
B：有利于
C：局限于
D：依赖

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“conducive to,”定位到原句“ Britain’s relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“conducive to”的意思是“有利于”,带入到原句中“ Britain’s relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress.”意为：英国相对稳定的政府也帮助创造了有利于工业进步的氛围。

【选项分析】：
A 选项 Controlled by，被控制。
B 选项 Favorable to，有利于，为同义替换，所以 B 选项正确。
C 选项 Restricted to 限制于。
D 选项 Dependent on，依赖于。

question_stem: According to paragraphs 3 and 4, British businessmen strengthened industrial growth by
choices: tag: A
text: finding new ways to diversify European trade

tag: B
text: encouraging consumers to buy luxury items

tag: C
text: reinvesting the money they made in their own business

tag: D
text: creating a tax on internationally traded goods
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：根据第3段和第4段，英国商人通过以下哪种方式加强了工业增长
A：寻找欧洲贸易多元化的新途径
B：鼓励消费者购买奢侈品
C：他们把赚来的钱再投资到自己的生意上
D：对国际贸易货物征税

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词 businessmen 定位到第四段，第二句 Among them were a large number of nonconformists whose religious principles encouraged thrift and industry rather than luxurious living and who tended to pour their profits back into their business, thus providing the basis for continued expansion.

【逻辑分析】：

【选项分析】：（分析选项为什么对、为什么错）
A 选项 diversify European trade 表示使欧洲贸易多样化，文中未提及，故排除。
B 选项鼓励购买奢侈品，与定位句信息矛盾，故排除。
C 选项根据题干关键词 businessmen 定位到第四段，第二句 Among them …… continued expansion.表明有大量的商人鼓励节俭和工业，会将利润投入生意，因此为持续扩张提供基础。所以 C 选项正确。
D 选项 Creating a tax 文中未提及。

question_stem: Why does the author mention Dutch farming methods in paragraph 5?
choices: tag: A
text: To emphasize that Great Britain was not the only country capable of rapid agricultural progress

tag: B
text: To demonstrate British resourcefulness in adopting economically profitable agricultural reforms

tag: C
text: To give an example of a European country with a powerful peasant workforce

tag: D
text: To suggest that the Dutch agricultural system was influenced by British farming methods
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：为什么作者在第5段提到荷兰的农业方法?
A：强调英国并不是唯一一个能够迅速发展农业的国家
B：展示英国在实施经济上有利可图的农业改革方面的足智多谋
C：举一个欧洲国家的例子，这个国家有强大的农民劳动力
D：表明荷兰的农业系统受到英国农业方法的影响

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“xxxxxx”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Dutch farming methods”， 定位到 Passage 5 第3句，原句为“Dutch peasant farmers were known throughout Europe for their agricultural innovations, but as British markets and opportunities grew, the English quickly learned from them.”

【引用内容分析】：原句为“Dutch peasant farmers were known throughout Europe for their agricultural innovations, but as British markets and opportunities grew, the English quickly learned from them.” 荷兰农民因其农业创新而闻名于整个欧洲，但随着英国市场和机会的增长，英国人很快从他们身上学到了东西。


【选项分析】：
A 选项是说为了强调英国不是唯一一个能够农业快速增长的国家，本文的主题是英国工业革命，所以提到荷兰是为英国服务的，不是为了 A 选项这个目的，故排除。
B 选项说为了阐述英国人在接受经济有利的农业改革上足多谋符合文意，所以 B 选项正确。
C 选项说为了给拥有强大农业劳动力的欧洲国家举个例子，powerful peasant workforce 未提及，故排除。
D 选项说为了暗示荷兰农业系统被英国农业方法影响，与文中信息矛盾，是荷兰影响英国，故排除。

question_stem: The word "consumed" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: wasted

tag: B
text: grown

tag: C
text: stored

tag: D
text: eaten
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：文章中“consumed ”一词的意思最接近于下列哪个选项？
A: 浪费
B：成长
C：存储
D：吃

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“consumed ”,定位到原句“Much of the increased production was consumed by Great Britain’s burgeoning population.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“consumed ”的意思是“消耗”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“英国迅速增长的人口消耗了大部分增加的产量”。

【选项分析】：
A 选项 wasted，浪费，与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项 grown，成长，与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项 stored，存储，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项 eaten，吃，为同义替换，所以 D 选项正确。

question_stem: The author uses the word "compact" in the passage to indicate that after the enclosure movement, agricultural parcels would be
choices: tag: A
text: smaller

tag: B
text: productive

tag: C
text: convenient

tag: D
text: numerous
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：作者在文章中使用了“compact ”一词来表示圈地运动之后，农业地块将会有？
A:更小的
B：多产的
C：方便的
D：许多的

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“indicate”，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“compact”,定位到 Passage 6第2句，原句为“ At the same time, people were moving to the city, partly because of the enclosure movement; that is, the fencing of common fields and pastures in order to provide more compact, efficient privately held agricultural parcels that would produce more goods and greater profits.”。

【逻辑分析】：

【选项分析】：
A 选项 smaller，更小的，为同义替换，所以 A 选项正确。
B 选项 productive，多产的,与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项 convenient，方便的，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项 numerous，许多的，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: Paragraph 6 suggests which of the following about land enclosure?
choices: tag: A
text: It entered a period of steady decline after 1820

tag: B
text: It was a farming reform caused by industrialization

tag: C
text: It included a range of agricultural activities by the eighteenth century

tag: D
text: It was primarily used to provide sheep pastures in the sixteenth century
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：第6段就土地圈地提出下列哪项?
A：1820年后进入了稳步下降的时期
B：这是工业化引起的农业改革
C：它包括了18世纪的一系列农业活动
D：在16世纪，它主要用于牧羊

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“land enclosure ”,定位到 Passage 6第3句，原句为“In the sixteenth century enclosures were usually used for creating sheep pastures, but by the eighteenth century new farming techniques made it advantageous for large landowners to seek enclosures in order to improve agricultural production.”

【逻辑分析】：选项 D 与原文意思相近。

【选项分析】：
A 选项 steady decline 文中未提及，故排除。
B 选项说这是由工业化引起的，文中未提及，故排除。
C 选项 a range of agricultural activities 文中未提及，故排除。
D 选项本段第三句 In the …… sheep pastures 与 D 选项完全对应，所以 D 选项正确。

question_stem: According to paragraph 6, the growth of the workforce in British factories was influenced by
choices: tag: A
text: The competition for jobs between established and new city inhabitants

tag: B
text: A decrease in the farming profits of large landowners

tag: C
text: The failure of small independent farms

tag: D
text: An attempt by large landowners to take control of the cities
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
问题：根据第6段，英国工厂的劳动力增长受到
选项：
A：既有城市居民和新城市居民之间的工作竞争
B：大地主农业利润的减少
C：小型独立农场的失败
D：大地主控制城市的企图

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据 factories 定位到最后一句 It was …… the world.

【逻辑分析】:选项 C 与原文意思相近。

【选项分析】：（分析选项为什么对、为什么错）
A 选项说城市原住民和新居民之间的竞争，文中未提及,故排除。
B 选项 A decrease in the farming profits 文中未提及，故排除。
C:选项根据 factories 定位到最后一句 It was …… the world.句中出现指代 such people，往前看两句发现 As a …… not compete. 表明许多独立的农户无法竞争，被迫出售，对应 C 选项，所以 C 选项正确。
D 选项 take control of the cities 文中未提及。

question_stem: The author presents information in the passage mainly by
choices: tag: A
text: contrasting the development of industrialism in different countries

tag: B
text: explaining a new theory about the origins of the Industrial Revolution

tag: C
text: analyzing the consequences of European industrialism

tag: D
text: explaining the reasons why industrialism began in Great Britain
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
作者主要通过以下方式介绍该段落中的信息
A：对比不同国家工业主义的发展
B：解释工业革命起源的新理论
C：分析欧洲工业主义的后果
D：解释工业主义起源于英国的原因

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“presents information”可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“presents information”,定位全文。

【引用内容分析】：The Industrial Revolution had several roots，比偶名英国工业革命有很多原因，第一段讲到了商业革命，第二段讲到英国的地理优势，第三段人口优势，第四段农业技术革命，第五段圈地运动

【选项分析】：
A 选项对比不同国家的工业化发展，different countries 未提及，故排除。
B 选项解释一种关于工业革命起源的新理论，a new theory 未提及，故排除。
C 选项分析英国工业化的结果，文中未讲结果，故排除。
Ｄ选项第一段讲到了商业革命，第二段讲到英国的地理优势，第三段人口优势，第四段农业技术革命，第五段圈地运动
，所以对应 D 选项解释工业化始于英国的原因，所以 D 选项正确。