The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy anddecorativedrawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, andluxurybooks are some of the mostcharacteristicexamples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from twomajordevelopments: paper becamecommon, replacingparchmentas themajormediumfor writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced theangularscripts of thepreviousperiod, which because of their angularity wereunevenin height. Books becamemajorvehicles forartisticexpression, and the artists who produced them,notablycalligraphers and painters, enjoyed highstatus, and their workshops were oftensponsoredby princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamicreligion)seemto have been the mostcommontype of book produced and decorated, but after thatdatea wide range of books were produced for abroadspectrumof patrons. These continued to include, ofcourse, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, butscientificworks, histories, romances, andepicandlyricpoetrywere also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the openmarket, and cities boastedspecialsouks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after theadjacentmarket. Some of the most luxurious books werespecificcommissions made at the order of aparticularprince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.

Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighthcentury.

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a

battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and thetechniqueof papermaking – in whichcellulosepulpextracted from any of several plants is firstsuspendedin water, caught on a finescreen, and then dried intoflexiblesheets – slowlyspreadwestward. Withinfifty years, thegovernmentin Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlikeparchment, could not easily be erased, andthereforepaper had theadvantagethat it was difficult toalterwhat was written on it. Papermakingspreadquickly to Egypt – andeventuallyto Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplantedparchmentfor copies of the Koran, probably because of theconservativenature ofreligiousart and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands,parchmentcontinued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.

Theintroductionof paper spurred a conceptualrevolutionwhose consequences havebarelybeen explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive thanparchment, andthereforemore people couldaffordto buy books, Paper is thinner thanparchment, so more pages could be enclosedwithina singlevolume. At first, paper was made inrelativelysmall sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenthcentury, very large sheets – as much as a meteracross– wereavailable. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had morespaceon which to work. Paintings became morecomplicated, giving the artist greater opportunities todepictspaceoremotion. The increasedavailabilityof paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easytransferofartisticideas and motifs over great distances from onemediumto another, and in a differentscalein ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in thepreviousperiod.

Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used forcorrespondenceand documents alongside theformalangularscripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was asecretaryand vizier at the Abbasidcourtin Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabicalphabet, and thendeterminedwhat the size andshapeof all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts knowncollectivelyas the Six Pens, became thestandardrepertoryof every calligrapher.

Questions:
question_stem: Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:
choices: tag: A
text: Books were an important form of artistic expression.

tag: B
text: A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.

tag: C
text: They were sold primarily near mosques.

tag: D
text: Most books were intended for sale on the open market.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】第一段对伊斯兰书籍提出了以下所有观点，除了下列哪个选项：
A：书籍是一种重要的艺术表现形式。

B：有各种不同风格和主题的书可供选择。

C：主要是在清真寺附近卖的。

D：大多数书都是在公开市场上出售的。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“Islamic books ”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage1 。

【选项分析】
定位文章第三句话 Books became major vehicles for artistic expression…，对应 A 选项；

文章第四句后半段和第五句话…but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations.对应 B 选项；

C 选项无对应，错误，所以选 C。

文章第六句话 Most were made for sale on the open market…对应 D 选项；

question_stem: The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: visited

tag: B
text: owned

tag: C
text: praised

tag: D
text: supported
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“sponsored”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
A：visited 是“参观/拜访”
B：owned 是“拥有”
C：praised 是“表扬”
D：supported 是“支持”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“sponsored”,定位到原句“Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“adjacent”的意思是“赞助/发起”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“书成为艺术表达的主要工具；制作书籍的艺术家，通常是书法家和绘画家，享有很高的地位。他们的作坊得到王子和宫廷的资助。”

【选项分析】
A：visited 是“参观/拜访”，不符，错误
B：owned 是“拥有”，不符，错误
C：praised 是“表扬”，不符，错误
D：supported 是“支持”，同义替换，正确

question_stem: The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: major

tag: B
text: nearby

tag: C
text: ancient

tag: D
text: well-known
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】单词“adjacent”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
A：major 是“主要的”
B：nearby 是“附近的”
C：ancient 是“古老的”
D：well-known 是“著名的”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“adjacent”,定位到原句“The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“adjacent”的意思是“毗邻的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“摩洛哥马拉喀什的清真寺以附近的集市命名，被称为库图比亚清真寺，也叫做书商的清真寺。”

【选项分析】
A：major 是“主要的”，不符，错误
B：nearby 是“附近的”，同义替换，正确
C：ancient 是“古老的”，不符，错误
D：well-known 是“著名的”，不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic world
choices: tag: A
text: included a wide range of subjects

tag: B
text: did not contain any calligraphy or decoration

tag: C
text: used rounded scripts

tag: D
text: were usually written on parchment
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据公元900年前第1段，伊斯兰世界的书籍
A：包括了广泛的主题

B：没有书法或装饰

C：使用的圆形符号

D：通常写在羊皮纸上

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“ books”,定位到 Passage 1 第1句，原句为“The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing.”意思是“在公元900至1500年，伊斯兰书籍的艺术造诣，如书法和装饰绘画，得到很大发展，奢侈书籍成为这个时期伊斯兰艺术的最典型代表。”

【逻辑分析】公元900-1500年大量的书籍出现，带来了两个主要的变化，其中一个就是纸张变得更普遍，替代了之前的羊皮纸，所以可以推出在公元900年前的书籍都是写在羊皮纸上的。

【选项分析】
A.文章未提及“主题”，故错误。
B.文章未提及，故错误。
C.第一段还没提到什么样子的 scripts，故错误。
D.与原文相符，正确。

question_stem: In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ Mosque
choices: tag: A
text: To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common people

tag: B
text: To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular prince

tag: C
text: To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets were

tag: D
text: To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic lands
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第1段中，作者为什么提到摩洛哥马拉喀什的清真寺被称为书商清真寺？
A：对苏克斯在向普通人提供书籍方面的重要性提出质疑

B：举一个例子，说明一个地方是按照某位王子的命令制作书籍的。

C：强调图书市场的影响力和知名度

D：证明伊斯兰国家对宗教文本的需求

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… mention”，题目询问“the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ Mosque”的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】根据关键词“the mosque in Marrakech”,定位到 Passage 1 倒数第二句，原句为“Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold.Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold.”。

【引用内容分析】例子修饰前句，表达大部分书都在公开市场上出售，城市都在促进市场的繁荣发展，后举例说明公开市场的影响力。

【选项分析】
A.并没有提出质疑，故错误。
B.文章：最奢侈昂贵的书是受某王子特别委托制作出来并有书法家和装饰者亲笔签名的作品。不是选项中说的按照某位王子的命令制作书籍。故错误。
C.符合文章，正确。
D.本段主要说了伊斯兰书籍的艺术造诣，与伊斯兰国家对宗教文本的需求无关。故错误。

question_stem: The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: taken out of

tag: B
text: produced using

tag: C
text: discovered in

tag: D
text: combined with
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】短语“extracted from”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
A：taken out of 是“取出”
B：produced using 是“生产使用”
C：discovered in 是“发现于”
D：combined with 是“结合”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“extracted from”,定位到原句“It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“extracted from”的意思是“从……中提取”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“据说是因为751年中国和穆斯林在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中，中国的造纸工匠被虏成为囚犯，造纸术才逐渐向西传播。造纸术这项技术是首先是将从植物中提取的纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，然后用筛选设备过滤，再烘干成柔软的纸张。”

【选项分析】
A：taken out of 是“取出”，同义替换，正确
B：produced using 是“生产使用”，不符，错误
C：discovered in 是“发现于”，不符，错误
D：combined with 是“结合”，不符，错误

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.

tag: B
text: Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.

tag: C
text: Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.

tag: D
text: Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？错误的选择会以重要的方式改变意义，或者遗漏重要的信息。
A：造纸技术在几个世纪前才传到遥远的地区，在那里羊皮纸很受欢迎，并在艺术中得到广泛应用。

B：尽管造纸术很快来到埃及，但抄写《古兰经》时，纸的使用时间要长得多，这可能是因为宗教艺术的保守性质。

C：造纸术在埃及、西西里岛和西班牙广泛传播，但几个世纪以来，艺术家们并没有广泛使用造纸术，这可能是因为这些国家的艺术具有保守的性质。

D：可能是在埃及、西西里岛和西班牙等地区的保守派实践者的要求下，纸取代了古兰经副本中的羊皮纸。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】这个长句的重点在后半句，我们明显可以看到后半句中的转折和原因的部分，前半句的破折号部分可以省略不看，意思是造纸术虽然快速传播到埃及，但是纸张替代羊皮纸却用了好几个世纪，可能是由于宗教艺术作品保守的本质。

【选项分析】
A 选项没有将原句的主要逻辑概述出来，而且内容也不完整；错误
B 选项，把这两部分逻辑关系都表达清楚了。正确
C 选项篡改原句的意思，原句并没有说 it was not widely used by artists 而是说 for copies of the Koran 没有被广泛使用。错误
D 选项和原文差异太大，完全不对。错误

question_stem: In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?
choices: tag: A
text: It was harder to erase or change what was written on paper.

tag: B
text: More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.

tag: C
text: Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights and thicknesses.

tag: D
text: More people could buy books made of paper because it was cheaper.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】在第2段和第3段中，下列哪一项未被提及为纸优于羊皮纸的优势？
A：纸上写的东西很难擦除或更改。

B：多页纸可以装订成一卷。

C：纸张可以制成不同重量和厚度的纸张。

D：更多的人可以买纸做的书，因为它比较便宜。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“advantage”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 2和3 。

【选项分析】
定位第二段倒数第三句话 Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it，对应 A 选项，纸上写过的内容不像羊皮纸那样可以轻易改变；

第三段第三句话 Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume.对应 B 选项；

选项 C 中说可生产不同重量和厚度的纸，原文只说了纸张大小可以多变了，从而使艺术家书法家有更大空间作画。见原文：paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available.因此选 C。

第三段第二句话 Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books，对应 D 选项；

question_stem: Why does the author include the following information: “At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available.”?
choices: tag: A
text: To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slow

tag: B
text: To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become today

tag: C
text: To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complex

tag: D
text: To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】为什么作者要包括以下信息：“起初，纸是用相对较小的纸贴在一起的，但到了14世纪初，可以得到非常大的纸——一米宽的纸。”？
A：提供造纸技术发展非常缓慢的证据

B：解释为什么纸从来没有像今天这么便宜

C：为了说明这一点，纸可以让艺术家们发展出更具表现力和复杂性的绘画

D：为了证明纸在使用大张纸的艺术家中比在使用小张纸的书商中更受欢迎

【判定题型】根据题干问法“why …… include”，题目询问引号中信息的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据题目，定位到 Passage 3 第4句，原句为“At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. ”。

【引用内容分析】此句为细节句，往前看，二、三句均为细节，描述了纸张的优势，而此段的主题句也只表达了纸张的引入给各个领域带来了影响，无对应。所以此题较特殊往后看，并且例子句后的 these large sheets meant…更能帮助我们判断，这是非常紧密的指代关系，表示了这些大纸张的作用就是使得艺术家的创作更复杂，能给予他们更多的创作空间和情绪。

【选项分析】
A.文章没有要说其发展过程很慢，故错误。
B.文章没有提到纸张便宜与否，故错误。
C.与原文相符，正确。
D.文章没有比较大艺术家和小书商使用纸张，故错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representation
choices: tag: A
text: encourage more people to make their own drawings

tag: B
text: made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easier

tag: C
text: made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to read

tag: D
text: allowed artists to create paintings that were smaller in scale
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，纸张增加的可获得性和模型系统的发展
A：鼓励更多的人自己画画

B：让艺术思想向远方的人和地方转移更容易了

C：使建筑规划更复杂，因此更难阅读

D：允许艺术家创作规模较小的绘画作品

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】通过 the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representation 定位到此段倒数第二句话，原句为“The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. ”，意思是“特别是在1250年以后，纸张可用性增加鼓励人们发展了模型系统，比如说建筑平面图和绘画。”

【逻辑分析】本段本句话只有这两个信息点，他们带来的影响在最后一句，This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.可以使得艺术家们进行远距离的创意上的沟通。

【选项分析】
A.文章未提到，故错误。
B.符合文章意思，故正确。
C.文章：绘画变得更复杂，艺术家有更多机会去描绘空间表达情感。而不是更难阅读了，故错误。
D.文章未提及，故错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around the year 900?
choices: tag: A
text: He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens into rounded scripts appropriate for correspondence.

tag: B
text: He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional to the size of the first letter of the alphabet.

tag: C
text: He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the use of rounded letters in religious texts.

tag: D
text: He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles instead of more angular scripts in their documents.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，Ibn Muqla 在900年左右取得了什么成就？

A：他把一套正式的六支笔剧本修改成适合通信的圆形剧本。

B：他创建了一套与字母表第一个字母大小成比例的标准化的圆形脚本。

C：他提倡书法作为一种艺术形式，并鼓励在宗教文本中使用圆形字母。

D：他说服巴格达法院在文件中使用圆形字体，而不是更棱角分明的字体。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】通过人名和时间双定位至第二句话，定位到 Passage 4，原句为“Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing.”，意思是“大约在900年，伊本穆格来，巴格达阿巴斯法院的秘书和大臣，发明了一套匀称的书写体系。”

【逻辑分析】通过人名和时间双定位至第二句话，但是此句只说了 IM 这个人发明了一种新的 writing system，往后看第三句话 He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif.他创造一份新的字母表，后面的字母都是由第一个字母的尺寸和形状决定的。

【选项分析】
A.文章未说把什么改成什么，故错误。
B.符合原文，故正确。
C.文章未提及，故错误。
D.不是说服去使用什么，而是“发明了一套匀称的书写体系”。故错误。

question_stem: The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: made up of

tag: B
text: developed from

tag: C
text: in addition to

tag: D
text: similar to
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】短语“composed of”与下列哪一个意思最相近？
A.由……组成
B.来自于
C.另外
D.与……相似

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“composed of”,定位到原句“Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.”。

【词汇解析】词汇“composed of”的意思是“由……组成”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“最终，书写的六个圆形符号，包括三组大小写法，伊本穆格来被称为 Six Pens，成为了每个书法家的标准配置。”

【选项分析】
A.由……组成。同义替换，正确
B.来自于。不符，错误
C.另外。不符，错误
D.与……相似。不符，错误