Theprecursorof the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through alensin a small hole. Theimageof the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure. Thistechniquewas known as long ago as the fifthcenturyB.C. in China. Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourthcenturyB.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490. In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning "natural magic") instructions for adding aconvexlenstoimprovethequalityof theimagethrown against acanvasorpanelin the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. Later,portablecamera obscuras were developed, withinteriormirrors and drawing tables on which the artist couldtracetheimage. For the artist, thistechniqueallows forms andlinearperspectiveto be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint. Mirrors were also used toreversethe projected images to theiroriginalpositions.

Did some of the great masters of painting, then,tracetheir images using a camera obscura? Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer, who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the science of optics. Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous The Art of Painting. The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings, with lighting coming from a window on the left, the same roof beams, andsimilarfloor tiles, suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in theforeground. The map hung on theoppositewall was a real map in Vermeer'spossession, reproduced in such faithfuldetailthat some kind oftraceryis suspected. When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed, it did not have anypreliminarysketches on thecanvasbeneaththe paint, but rather the completeimagedrawn in black and white without anytrialsketches. Vermeer did not have any students, did not keep any records, and did notencourageanyone to visit hisstudio, facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.

In recent times the British artist David Hockney has published his investigations into the secret use of the camera obscura, claiming that for up to 400 years, many of Western art’s great masters probably used thedeviceto produce almost photographicallyrealisticdetails in their paintings. He includes in this group Caravaggio, Hans Holbein, Leonardo da Vinci, Diego Velazquez, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Agnolo Bronzino, and Jan van Eyck. From an artist’s point of view, Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses thecomplicatedforms of a three-dimensionalsceneinto two-dimensional shapes that can easily be traced and also increases thecontrastbetween light and dark, leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of these paintings. In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami, thecomplicatedforeshortening in the chandelier and theintricatedetailin the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.

So what are we toconclude? If these artists did use a camera obscura, does thatdiminishtheirstature? Hockney argues that the camera obscura does notreplaceartisticskill in drawing and painting. In experimenting with it, he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing, and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes.

Questions:
question_stem: What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Giovanni Battista Della Porta's contribution to the camera obscura?
choices: tag: A
text: He translated a Chinese description of the use of the camera obscura and made the technique available to artists.

tag: B
text: His convex lens made the projected image easier to trace.

tag: C
text: His version of the camera obscura allowed for the later addition of a mirror.

tag: D
text: His improvements relied heavily on design changes proposed earlier by Leonardo da Vinci.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】从第1段可以推断出乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔·德拉·波塔对暗箱照相机的贡献是什么？
A：他翻译了一篇关于照相机暗箱使用的中文描述，并将这项技术提供给了艺术家。

B：他的凸透镜使投影图像更容易被追踪。

C：他那型号的暗箱照相机允许后来加一面镜子。

D：他的改进很大程度上依赖于莱昂纳多·达芬奇之前提出的设计变更。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】通过关键词 Giovanni Battista Della Porta's 定位到第1段 In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning "natural magic") instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. 

【逻辑分析】从第一段可以知道这项技术使得景物的外表和线性透视能够被精准地描绘出来，可以看见更清楚的轮廓。

【选项分析】
A：文章中他直接介绍了这一现象，而不是翻译文章。故选项错误。
B：符合文章，正确。他的凸透镜 convex lens 使得投影图像更容易记录，与原文信息一致。
C：镜子本来就内置于暗箱内，故选项错误。
D：并不是依赖于达芬奇提出的变更，故选项错误。

question_stem: The word “portable” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: valuable

tag: B
text: practical

tag: C
text: moveable

tag: D
text: popular
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“portable”一词最接近于
A：有价值的
B：实用的
C：可移动的
D：流行的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“portable”,定位到原句“Later, portable camera obscuras were developed, with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“portable”的意思是便携的,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“后来，便携式相机暗箱被开发出来，里面有镜子和画台，艺术家可以在上面追踪图像。”。

【选项分析】
A：有价值的。不符，错误
B：实用的。不符，错误
C：可移动的。同义替换，正确。
D：流行的。不符，错误

question_stem: The word "projected" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: whole

tag: B
text: corrected

tag: C
text: enlarged

tag: D
text: shown
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“projected”一词最接近于以下哪个选项？
A：全部的
B：正确的
C：巨大的
D：展现的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“projected”,定位到原句“ Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“projected”的意思是“投影的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“镜子也被用来将投影的图像反转到原来的位置。”

【选项分析】
A：全部的。不符，错误
B：正确的。不符，错误
C：巨大的。不符，错误
D：展现的。同义替换，正确

question_stem: Paragraph 2 answers which of the following questions about paintings by Vermeer?
choices: tag: A
text: What characteristics of Vermeer’s paintings suggest that he may have used a camera obscura?

tag: B
text: Why did Vermeer produce only about 30 paintings?

tag: C
text: Do Vermeer's paintings in general suggest that he was unable to paint accurately without using a camera obscura?

tag: D
text: Why did Vermeer need to draw an image on the canvas of the painting that was X-rayed if he was using a camera obscura?
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】第2段回答了以下关于维米尔绘画的哪些问题？
A：维米尔的画有什么特点表明他可能用过相机暗盒？

B：为什么维米尔只画了30幅画？

C：维米尔的画一般来说是不是意味着如果不使用相机暗盒，他就无法准确地绘画？

D：如果维米尔用的是照相机暗盒，他为什么要在画的画布上画一个 X 光的图像？

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“xx”,定位到 Passage x 第 x 句，原句为“One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the science of optics. ”，意思是“从这个角度分析绘画的艺术家之一是伟大的荷兰大师简·维米尔，他生活在荷兰艺术和科学的繁荣时期，从1632年到1675年，包括光学科学。”。

【逻辑分析】定位句是对此段开篇问句的解释 Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. 接下去的信息都是在讲 Vermeer 使用 camera obscura 制作的画作的特点。

【选项分析】
A:与文章意思一致，正确。
B:未提及，错误。
C:未提及，错误。
D:文章只说：当用 X 射线检测这幅画时，颜料下的帆布上并没有任何草图的痕迹。并未提及暗箱和 X 光的图像之间的关系。错误。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: One artist with a particularly interesting point of view about the use of the camera obscura in painting was Jan Vermeer, who lived in the Netherlands from 1632 to 1675.

tag: B
text: Historical analyses suggest that Dutch masters were interested in the science of optics, so they may have used the camera obscura to trace images.

tag: C
text: The use of the camera obscura is being analyzed in the paintings of Jan Vermeer, who lived in the Netherlands when art and science were flourishing there.

tag: D
text: One view held by historians is that most Dutch masters were as interested in art as they were in science, and that provides clues about the techniques used in their paintings.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？错误的选择会以重要的方式改变意义，或者遗漏重要的信息。
A：一位对相机暗箱在绘画中的使用有着特别有趣的观点的艺术家是 JanVermeer，他从1632年到1675年居住在荷兰。

B：历史分析表明，荷兰的大师们对光学科学很感兴趣，所以他们可能用相机暗盒来追踪图像。

C：JanVermeer 的画作中分析了相机暗箱的使用，他生活在荷兰，当时艺术和科学在那里蓬勃发展。

D：历史学家持有的一种观点是，大多数荷兰大师对艺术的兴趣和对科学的兴趣一样大，这就为他们的绘画技术提供了线索。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】这句话理解：其中一位艺术家他的作品被分析，是从（艺术历史学家寻求艺术家们使用 camera obscura 的线索） 这个角度出发，这位艺术家是荷兰巨匠-Jan Vermeer ,他生活是在1632年到1675年在艺术和科学欣欣向荣的年代，这种科学包括了视觉科学。需要注意的是该句子中出现指代的时候，一定要往前看一句把该指代明确化。

【选项分析】
A.错误。有这种 point of view 不是艺术家，是用 point of view 去分析艺术家的作品。 
B.错误。Dutch masters 没有发出 interest in 这个动作。 
C.正确。谈到原句中两个重点，一个是 camera obscure 被分析，一个是 Jan Vermeer 生活在荷兰，当时科学和艺术繁荣。 
D.错误。文章中 masters 没有发出 interest in 这个动作。

question_stem: What does paragraph 2 indicate about Vermeer’s The Art of Painting?
choices: tag: A
text: It is the first in a series of about 30 paintings that he created.

tag: B
text: It may have been painted by one of his students.

tag: C
text: it was in his possession until his death in 1675.

tag: D
text: It has the same setting as several other works of his.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】关于弗米尔的《绘画艺术》，第2段说明了什么？
A：这是他创作的大约30幅绘画系列中的第一幅。

B：可能是他的一个学生画的。

C：这是他的财产，直到1675年他去世。

D：和他的其他几部作品一样。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】通过关键词 The Art of Painting 在第2段可以很容易定位到 Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous The Art of Painting. 原句为“维米尔只创作了大约30幅著名的绘画作品，包括他著名的绘画艺术。”。

【逻辑分析】《绘画艺术》只是拒了一个例子，并无特殊含义。

【选项分析】
选项 A 中的30幅画中所创作的 first 在原文中并未被提及；错误
选项 B 中由他学生之一所创作的与原文中 Vermeer did not have any students 意思相悖；错误选项 C 此画是他的财产直到1675年，原文中并没有提及此细节；错误
选项 D 此画与他其他的画作有同样的摆设，与原文信息一致。正确

question_stem: The word "faithful" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: unusual

tag: B
text: extensive

tag: C
text: exact

tag: D
text: historical
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“faithful”一词最接近于以下哪个选项？
A 不寻常的
B 广泛的
C 准确的
D 历史性的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“faithful”,定位到原句“The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeer's possession, reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind of tracery is suspected. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“faithful”的意思是“准确的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“挂在对面墙上的那张地图是维米尔手中的一张真正的地图，复制得如此逼真，以至于怀疑有某种花饰。”。

【选项分析】：
A 不寻常的。不符，错误
B 广泛的。不符，错误
C 准确的。同义替换，正确
D 历史性的。不符，错误

question_stem: Why does the author provide the information that "When one of Vermeer's paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches"?
choices: tag: A
text: To provide an example of a way to learn about the practices of artists who did not keep good records

tag: B
text: To emphasize Vermeer’s confidence and skill as an artist

tag: C
text: To provide evidence that Vermeer may have traced the image using a camera obscura

tag: D
text: To argue that Vermeer did his preliminary sketching on paper, rather than on canvas
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】为什么作者提供了这样的信息：“当维米尔的一幅油画被 X 光透视时，它在油画下面的画布上没有任何初步的草图，而是用黑白绘制的完整图像，而没有任何尝试性的草图”？
A：举一个例子，说明如何了解那些没有做好记录的艺术家的做法。

B：强调维米尔作为艺术家的自信和技巧

C：提供证据，证明维米尔可能使用相机暗箱追踪图像。

D：说维米尔是在纸上而不是在画布上画的初步草图。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“X-rayed”,定位到 Passage 2 倒数第二句，原句为“When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches. ”。

【逻辑分析】此句意思是当 Vermeer 其中的画作被 X 光拍时，在帆布画作下面没有任何草图，而是完整的黑白素描，没有尝试的图样。此句是为了解释此段的第一句 Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? 

【选项分析】
A：文章中没有提到“没做记录的艺术家”，故选项错误。
B：文章中未提到他的自信，故选项错误。
C：符合文意，正确。
D：文章未提及他是在哪里进行初步草图的。故选项错误。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, Hockney believes that all of the following indicate use of a camera obscura EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: very detailed, realistic work

tag: B
text: increased contrast between light and dark

tag: C
text: oversimplification of forms when the image is traced

tag: D
text: complicated foreshortening of objects
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，霍克尼认为，以下所有情况都表明使用了摄像机暗箱，除了
A：非常详细，现实的工作

B：增加了明暗对比度

C：图像跟踪时形式过于简单化

D：物体的复杂投影缩短

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】根据题干关键词 use of a camera obscura，可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 3。

【选项分析】
选项 A 非常详尽的、逼真的作品。与原文细节 used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings 一致；正确
选项 B 增加光和暗色之间的对比，与原文细节信息 also increases the contrast between light and dark 一致；正确 
选项 C 中的 oversimplification 过于简化与原文信息相悖；错误
选项 D 物体复杂的投影缩减法，与原文细节信息 the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura 一致。正确

question_stem: The word "intricate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: surprising

tag: B
text: complex

tag: C
text: beautiful

tag: D
text: clear
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“intricate”一词最接近于
A 令人惊讶的
B 复杂的
C 美丽的
D 清晰的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“intricate”,定位到原句“In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami, the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“intricate”的意思是“复杂的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“在简·范·艾克的《乔瓦尼·阿诺菲尼和乔瓦娜·塞纳米的婚礼》中，枝形吊灯中复杂的缩短和新娘服装中复杂的细节都是霍克尼认为暗箱照相机使用的线索之一。”。

【选项分析】
A 令人惊讶的。不符，错误
B 复杂的。同义替换，正确。
C 美丽的。不符，错误
D 清晰的。不符，错误

question_stem: The word “diminish" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: reduce

tag: B
text: affect

tag: C
text: reflect

tag: D
text: determine
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】段落中的“diminish”一词最接近于
A 减少
B 影响
C 反映
D 决定

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“diminish”,定位到原句“If these artists did use a camera obscura, does that diminish their stature? ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“diminish”的意思是“减少”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“如果这些艺术家真的使用相机暗箱，那会降低他们的身份地位吗？”

【选项分析】
A 减少。同义替换，正确
B 影响。不符，错误
C 反映。不符，错误
D 决定。不符，错误

question_stem: According to paragraph 4, what does Hockney argue about the use of the camera obscura in producing art?
choices: tag: A
text: Works produced using a camera obscura do not deserve as much respect as those produced without it.

tag: B
text: The camera obscura was probably used primarily as a training device, rather than used in producing finished works.

tag: C
text: Use of the camera obscura by Western art’s great masters was probably relatively rare.

tag: D
text: While the use of the camera obscura may have helped artists, they still needed to have significant artistic ability.
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第4段，霍克尼对相机暗箱在艺术创作中的使用有什么看法？
A：使用相机暗箱制作的作品不应该受到像没有暗箱制作的作品那样的尊重。

B：相机暗箱可能主要用作训练设备，而不是用来制作成品。

C：西方艺术大师们使用暗箱照相机的情况可能比较少见。

D：虽然使用相机暗盒可能对艺术家有所帮助，但他们仍然需要有很强的艺术能力。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Hockney”,定位到 Passage 4第3句：Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting. 意思是“霍克尼认为照相机暗箱并不能取代绘画的艺术技巧。”。

【逻辑分析】Hockney 认为 camera obscura 不会取代绘画的艺术技能。

【选项分析】
A：第四段并未提到对2种作画方式画出的作品的尊重与否。故选项错误。
B：未提及“设备训练”。故错误。
C：未提及东西方大师比较，故错误。
D：选项 D 意思是虽然使用 camera obscura 可以帮助艺术家，但他们还是需要具备重要的艺术技能。与原文表达意思一致。正确。