Afluidis asubstance, such as aliquidor gas, in which thecomponentparticles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily andconformto theshapeof their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on aplanet's surface can completely resurface aplanetmany times. These processesderivetheir energy from the Sun and thegravitationalforces of theplanetitself. As these fluidsinteractwith surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them tomodifyor produce materials. On asolidplanetwith ahydrosphereand anatmosphere, only a tinyfractionof theplanetarymassflows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids candrasticallyalteraplanet. ConsiderVenusand Earth, bothterrestrialplanets with atmospheres.

Venusand Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but notidenticaltwins. They are about the same size, are composed ofroughlythe same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning withcarbondioxideand water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With asignificantamountofinternalheat,Venusmay continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of ahydrologicsystem (watercirculationanddistribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest thatVenusmay have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water inliquidform. BecauseVenusreceives more heat from the Sun, water released from theinteriorevaporated and rose to the upperatmospherewhere the Sun'sultravioletrays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freedhydrogenescaped into space, andVenuslost its water. Without water,Venusbecame less and less like Earth and kept anatmospherefilled withcarbondioxide. Thecarbondioxideacts as ablanket, creating anintensegreenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough tomeltleadand toprohibittheformationofcarbonateminerals. Volcanoes continually vented morecarbondioxideinto theatmosphere. On Earth,liquidwater removescarbondioxidefrom theatmosphereand combines it withcalcium, from rockweathering, to formcarbonatesedimentaryrocks. Withoutliquidwater to removecarbonfrom theatmosphere, thelevelofcarbondioxidein theatmosphereofVenusremains high.

LikeVenus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for itsgravitationalfieldto hold anatmosphere. UnlikeVenus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so thattemperatureranges allow water to exist as aliquid, asolid, and a gas. Water is thus extremelymobileand moves rapidly over theplanetin acontinuoushydrologiccycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to theatmosphere, over thelandscapein river systems, andultimatelyback to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded intodelicatesystems of river valleys - aremarkablecontrastto the surfaces of otherplanetarybodies whereimpactcratersdominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are thedominantfeature of itslandscape. Similarly, windactionhas scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere asvastsand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets ofloess(fine-grainedsoil deposits). Thesefluidmovements are caused bygravityflow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changesoccurwhen the gases in theatmosphereor water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of thisprocesswas theremovalof most of Earthscarbondioxidefrom itsatmosphereto formcarbonaterocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans wouldevaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans wouldfreezesolid. Becauseliquidwater was present, self-replicating molecules ofcarbon,hydrogen, andoxygendeveloped life early in Earth'shistoryand haveradicallymodified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on thisplanet, and it helped create theplanet's oxygen- and nitrogen-richatmosphereandmoderatetemperatures.

Questions:
question_stem: The word "modify" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: obtain

tag: B
text: change

tag: C
text: replace

tag: D
text: absorb
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“modify”一词最接近于
A 选项:obtain，意思是“获得”
B 选项：change,意思是“改变” 
C 选项：replace,意思是“代替”
D 选项：absorb，意思是“吸收”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“modify”,定位到原句单词在文中所在句 “As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“modify”的意思是“修改；改变”,带入到原句中，原句可以翻译为“当这些流体与表面物质相互作用时，它们的粒子发生交换或者发生化学反应以改变或者创造新的物质。”

【选项分析】
A 选项:obtain，意思是“获得”，意思不符，故排除。 
B 选项：change,意思是“改变”，意思最接近，故为正确答案。 
C 选项：replace,意思是“代替”，意思不符，故排除。 
D 选项：absorb，意思是“吸收”， 意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: The word "drastically" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: gradually

tag: B
text: permanently

tag: C
text: extensively

tag: D
text: possibly
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“drastically”一词最接近于
 A 选项：gradually，意思是“逐步地，渐渐地”
B 选项：permanently,意思是“永久地，长期不变地”
C 选项：extensively,意思是“广大地，广泛地”。 
D 选项：possibly,意思是“可能地”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“drastically”,定位到原句单词在文中所在句 “Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. ”
【词汇解析】：词汇“drastically”的意思是“彻底地；激烈地”,带入到原句中，这句话的意思是“然而，这些流体的运动可以极大地改变一颗行星。”

【选项分析】
A 选项：gradually，意思是“逐步地，渐渐地”,意思不符，故排除。 
B 选项：permanently,意思是“永久地，长期不变地”，意思不符，故排除。 
C 选项：extensively,意思是“广大地，广泛地”，意思最接近，故为正确答案。 
D 选项：possibly,意思是“可能地”,意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: Paragraph 1 supports all of the following statements about fluids EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: They can chemically react with particles on a planet’s surface.

tag: B
text: Most of their mass does not flow but remains in place.

tag: C
text: Their movement can reshape the surface of certain kinds of planets.

tag: D
text: Their movement is driven by the Sun and by gravity.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】第1段支持以下关于流体的所有陈述，除了哪一项？
A 它们可以与地球表面的粒子发生化学反应。

B 它们的大部分质量没有流动而是保持在原处。

C 它们的运动可以重塑某些行星的表面。

D 他们的运动是由太阳和重力驱动的。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“fluids”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 1 。

【选项分析】：
A 选项：流体可以与星球表面发生化学反应。根据选项中的关键词“chemically”,定位到第一段倒数第4句“As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials.”这句话提到了流体可以与别的物质发生化学反应，故 A 选项符合原文，排除。 
B 选项：流体的大部分物质是不会移动的，会留在原处。根据关键词“mass”定位到第一段倒数第3句“On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids.”这句话是说行星的物质中，只有一小部分物质是流体。而 B 选项说的是，在流体中，大部分的物质不会移动。所以2者所针对的对象不一样。其次，即使只看选项我们也能判断其不符合常识，因为第一段第1句就说流体的组成粒子会相互移动。因此，流体的所有组成部分都是会流动的。故 B 选项不符合原文，为正确答案。 
C 选项：流体的移动会重塑行星地表。对应第一段第3句“The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times.”选项中“reshape”一词正好是原文中“resurface”的同义替换。故 C 选项符合原文，排除。 
D 选项：流体的运动是由太阳和引力作用驱动的。对应第4句“These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself.”故 D 选项完全符合原文，排除。

question_stem: The word “prohibit” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: prevent

tag: B
text: speed up

tag: C
text: affect

tag: D
text: encourage
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“prohibit”一词最接近于
A 选项：prevent，意思是“预防；阻止”
B 选项：speed up，意思是“加速” 
C 选项：affect,意思是“影响”
D 选项：encourage,意思是“鼓励，鼓舞”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“prohibit”,定位到原句单词在文中所在句词汇在文中所在句“The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“prohibit”的意思是“禁止，阻止”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“二氧化碳起到毛毯的作用，产生强烈的温室效应，使金星的表面温度变得高到足以熔化铅，并阻止碳酸盐矿物的形成。”

【选项分析】
A 选项：prevent，意思是“预防；阻止”，意思符合，故为正确答案。 
B 选项：speed up，意思是“加速”，意思不符，故排除。 
C 选项：affect,意思是“影响”，意思不符，故排除。 
D 选项：encourage,意思是“鼓励，鼓舞”，意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, what is one difference between Earth and Venus?
choices: tag: A
text: Earth has less water in its atmosphere than Venus does.

tag: B
text: Earth has a hydrologic system but Venus does not.

tag: C
text: Earth is less geologically active than Venus is.

tag: D
text: Earth has more carbon dioxide than Venus does.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，地球和金星之间的一个区别是什么？
A：地球大气中的水比金星少。

B：地球有水文系统，但金星没有。

C：地球的地质活动不如金星活跃。

D：地球的二氧化碳比金星多。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】题目问以下哪一项是地球与金星的不同之处。因为第二段整段都在描写金星与地球的不同，所以无法通过题干关键词进行定位，只能逐一来看选项

【逻辑分析】在段落内找地球和金星的不同。

【选项分析】
A 选项：地球大气层所含水分比金星大气层少。但是第二段中提到金星从太阳那里接收到更多热量，内部的水分被蒸发，所以失去了水。故 A 选项与原文信息矛盾，错误。 
B 选项：地球有水文系统，而金星没有。根据关键词“hydrologic system”，定位到这句话“However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers.”这句话提到金星上没有任何水文系统。再往下看，“Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form.”这句话说一开始金星和地球一样是有水的，但是金星无法将水分以液态形式保存。我们可以从侧面得出地球上有水。故 B 选项符合原文，正确。 
C 选项：地球的地质活跃度没有金星高。第二段中确实提到金星上火山、裂陷、折叠等地质活动一直很活跃。但没有将它与地球金星比较，故比较关系不存在，C 选项排除。 
D 选项：地球比金星有更多二氧化碳。根据第二段，我们只能知道金星的大气层“filled with carbon dioxide”，但无法知道地球和金星上二氧化碳总数谁多谁少，文中未提及比较关系，故 D 排除。

question_stem: It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Earth evolved differently than Venus did in part because
choices: tag: A
text: there was more volcanic activity on early Venus than on early Earth

tag: B
text: they received different amounts of solar energy

tag: C
text: their interiors contained different amounts of heat

tag: D
text: their early atmospheres contained different levels of oxygen and nitrogen
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】从第2段可以推断出，地球的进化与金星的不同部分是因为
A：早期金星上的火山活动比早期地球上的多。

B：它们收到了不同数量的太阳能。

C：它们的内部含有不同量的热量。

D：它们早期的大气含有不同水平的氧气和氮。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“imply”/“infer”/“suggest”等其他表示推断的词，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】根据题干中关键词“evolved differently”,定位到第二段中这句话“However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun.”

【逻辑分析】题目问地球与金星演变方式不同的其中一个原因是？由此得出，与太阳之间距离的不同，是导致它们演变方式不同的最主要原因。但是没有这个选项。那么我们就要推测，与太阳距离的不同，会导致什么结果？因为金星离太阳更近，所以它吸收更多热量，而地球与太阳距离适中，温度也较适宜。所以与太阳距离的不同，会导致2个星期温度的不同。而温度的不同，会直接决定行星上是否存在水，间接决定行星地貌。

【选项分析】
A 选项：金星早期的火山活动比地球早期要更多。文章只提到金星上火山活动频繁，没有将其和地球作比较，A 排除。
B 选项：它们吸收的太阳能量不同，是正确答案。
C 选项：它们所含的内部能量不同。文中未提及。C 选项排除。 
D 选项：它们早期含有不同水平的氧和氮。第二段只提到“Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but ……”金星和地球早期都含有水，但没提到氧气和氮气含量，故 D 选项未提及，排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, all of the following played a role in keeping carbon dioxide levels high in the atmosphere of Venus EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: the breaking apart of water molecules by ultraviolet rays

tag: B
text: the evaporation of water released from the planet's interior

tag: C
text: the escape of hydrogen into space

tag: D
text: the release of molecules from melting metals such as lead
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第2段，下列各项在保持金星大气中的高二氧化碳水平方面发挥了作用，但哪项除外？
A：用紫外线分解水分子。

B：从地球内部释放出来的水的蒸发。

C：氢气逸入太空

D:从熔化金属如铅中释放分子。

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”/"NOT" 等其他明显表示否定的词，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】我们根据选项中的关键词回到原文定位，用排除法来做题。

【选项分析】
A 选项：紫外线会分解水分子。根据关键词“ultraviolet rays”定位到这一句“Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart.”故 A 选项在原文中有所提及，一旦没有了水，二氧化碳量就会持续增加。故 A 排除。 
B 选项：从行星内部蒸发释放的水分会被蒸发。B 选项出处同 A 选项中的这句话。同理，B 选项排除。 
C 选项：氢会逃逸到宇宙中去。根据关键词“hydrogen”、“escape”定位到这句“Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water.”所以 C 选项符合原文，排除。 
D 选项：从熔融的金属（例如铅）中释放出的分子。根据关键词“lead”定位到这句“The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals.”但这句话说的是二氧化碳浓度上升后的影响——造成温室效应，使行星温度变得高到能熔化金属。故 D 选项不是造成二氧化碳量增加的原因，所以 D 是正确答案。

question_stem: The word "ultimately" in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: finally

tag: B
text: slowly

tag: C
text: repeatedly

tag: D
text: constantly
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】文章中的“ultimately”一词最接近于以下哪个选项？
A 选项：finally，意思是“最后” 
B 选项：slowly，意思是“慢慢地”
C 选项：repeatedly，意思是“重复地” 
D 选项：constantly,意思是“不断地，时常地”

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ultimately”,单词在文中所在句“Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. ”

【词汇解析】：词汇“ultimately”的意思是“最后，最终”,带入到原句中，原句的意思
是“在太阳的加热作用下，水从海洋循环到大气中，经过河流系统后，又再次回到海洋中。”

【选项分析】
A 选项：finally，意思是“最后”，意思符合，故为正确答案。 
B 选项：slowly，意思是“慢慢地”，意思不符，故排除。 
C 选项：repeatedly，意思是“重复地”，意思不符，故排除。 
D 选项：constantly,意思是“不断地，时常地”，意思不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, Earth's surface is different from the surfaces of many other planetary bodies in which of the following ways?
choices: tag: A
text: It is more strongly marked by river valleys and erosion.

tag: B
text: It is more geologically active.

tag: C
text: It is covered by impact craters.

tag: D
text: It has an atmosphere.
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，地球表面与许多其他行星体的表面有以下哪种不同？
A：它以河谷和侵蚀为特征。

B：地质活动性更强。

C：它被撞击坑所覆盖。

D：有大气。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据题干中的关键词“other planetary bodies”可以直接定位到这一句“As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys-a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate.”原句意思是：结果，地球表面不断发生变化，侵蚀成细微的河谷系统，这与撞击坑占主导地位的其他行星体的表面形成了显著的对比。

【逻辑分析】根据段落和定位句，可以知道地球与其他星球的不同之处在于，地球的表面不断地发生变化，受到侵蚀，形成复杂的河谷系统。
A 选项：它以河谷和侵蚀为特征。与原文意思相符，正确。
B 选项：地球的地理活跃度更高。第三段只提到地球的地理活跃度高，但没有说它比其它星球地理活跃度更高。故比较关系不存在，B 排除。 
C 选项：地球表面被陨石坑覆盖。错误，因为文中说的是其他星球表面布满陨石坑。故 C 选项与原文信息矛盾。C 选项错误。 
D 选项：地球有大气。但根据前文内容我们知道，金星也有大气。所以这不是地球独一无二，能够将其与其他星球区分开的特征。故 D 选项排除。

question_stem: According to paragraph 3, why is water able to move so freely on Earth?
choices: tag: A
text: Earth's temperatures are such that water exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms.

tag: B
text: Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere.

tag: C
text: Earth’s surface allows river valleys to develop across the landscape.

tag: D
text: Earth has active winds that blow across seas and oceans causing fluid movements.
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】根据第3段，为什么水能在地球上如此自由地移动？
A：地球的温度使得水以固体、液体和气体形式存在。

B：地球足够大，地质活动性强，其重力场可以容纳大气。

C：地球表面允许河流峡谷横跨地形发展。

D：地球有活跃的风吹过海洋引起流体运动。

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】根据题干中的关键词“water”和“move”,可以定位到第三段第2、3句“Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle.”意思是：不像金星，它离太阳的距离恰到好处，所以温度范围允许水以液体、固体和气体的形式存在。因此，水极其移动，并以连续的水文循环在地球上快速移动。

【逻辑分析】第2句说地球适宜的温度范围能够使水以液体、固体和气体的形式存在。特别需要注意第3句中“thus”这个词，能体现明显的因果关系，所以地球上水能自由流动的原因，就是前面的第2句话。

【选项分析】
A 选项：地球的温度使得水以固体、液体和气体形式存在。正确。 
B 选项：地球很大、地质活动活跃、引力能维持大气。这是地球与金星的共同点，不是水能流动的原因，属于无关干扰信息，排除。 
C 选项：地球表面使河谷能够穿过。根据文意我们知道，是地球上的水造就了河谷的地貌，而 C 选项逻辑颠倒，将结果作为原因，故 C 选项排除。 
D 选项：地球的风力作用在吹过海洋时会造成流体运动。错误，因为文中只提到风力作用会带动细颗粒运动，形成沙漠。故 D 选项为无中生有，排除。

question_stem: Why does the author point out that on Earth "gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds"?
choices: tag: A
text: To explain why scientists believe that few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water.

tag: B
text: To identify one of several ways in which the movement of fluids can affect the surface of a planet.

tag: C
text: To provide evidence that fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by the Sun.

tag: D
text: To identify an effect of wind scouring fine particles away from large areas.
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】为什么作者指出在地球上“大气中的气体或水与地表岩石反应形成新的化合物”？
A：解释为什么科学家认为地球上很少有区域没有被流动的水所影响。

B：确定流体运动影响行星表面的几种方法之一。

C：提供证据证明流体运动是由太阳提供的重力流系统引起的。

D：确定大面积风力冲刷细颗粒的效果

【判定题型】：根据题干问法“why …… point out”，题目询问"gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds"(文章引用内容)的修辞目的，可以判断本题为修辞目的题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“gases in the atmosphere or water”,定位到 Passage 3，原句为“Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. ”。

【引用内容分析】“Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties.”注意句首的逻辑词“other”,说明大气中的气体或水与岩石发生反应生成新的化合物，这是一种地理变化的方式。而另一种肯定在前文有提到，即“wind action”。前文中说了，风力作用导致的流体运动是由太阳热能作用下产生的重力流系统导致的，这是一种改变地球地貌的方式。而“Other……”这句话说的是另一种，流体运动通过化学方式改变地貌的方法。这两种改变地貌的方法是并列的。所以题干引号里的内容，很明显是在说明另一种流体作用改变地貌的方式。

【选项分析】
A 选项：解释为什么科学家相信地球上几乎到处都有液态水。错误，因为 A 选项与题干内容没有因果联系，故排除。
B 选项：确定流体运动影响行星表面的几种方法之一。正确。。
C 选项：证明由重力流系统导致的流体运动，其能量是来源于太阳。错误，因为题干内容并不是证明 C 选项的例子，两者不存在证明与被证明的关系，而是2个独立的、并列的要点。故 C 排除。 
D 选项：说明风力作用的影响。题干内容并不是风力作用所造成的影响，故排除。

question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Life on Earth is responsible for many changes to the planet's surface, including blankets of greenery.

tag: B
text: Self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen led to the development of life early in Earth's history.

tag: C
text: The presence of water made it possible for life to develop early in Earth's history and to significantly change its surface.

tag: D
text: Early in life's history on Earth, self-replicating molecules of carbon hydrogen, and oxygen began blanketing the surface in greenery.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】下面哪个句子最能表达文章中突出句子的基本信息？不正确的选择会以重要方式改变含义，或者漏掉必要的信息。
A：地球上的生命对地球表面的许多变化负有责任，包括绿色的覆盖物。

B：自我复制的碳、氢和氧分子导致了地球早期生命的发展。

C：水的存在使得生命有可能在地球历史的早期发展并显著地改变其表面。

D：在地球生命史的早期，自我复制的碳氢分子和氧气开始以绿色覆盖地表。

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目要求选择和高亮句意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】意思是，“因为液态水的存在，自我复制的碳、氢、氧分子形成了地球早期的生命，并从根本上改变了地表，使大片陆地被绿色覆盖。”句子结构是“and”并列结构，液态水的存在，一方面形成了地球早期的生命，另一方面改变了地表。

【选项分析】
A 选项强调了“地球生命”与“改变地表”之间的因果关系，“be responsible for”在这里是一个隐含的因果逻辑词，但原文中，“地球生命产生”和“改变地表”，是并列结构，都是液态水的存在造成的结果。故 A 逻辑错误。 
B 选项只提到了“地球生命产生”，而原文后半句的“改变地貌”成分缺失。故 B 选项缺失句子主干，排除。 
C 选项是原句的同义改写，并列结构清晰，句子主干完整，故为正确答案。 
D 选项将原句中重要的句子主干成分“developed life early in Earth's history”，胡乱编写成了一个时间状语“early in life’s history on Earth”,不仅逻辑错误，且缺失句子主干，故排除。