Increases inpopulationhave usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase intrade. In the Western experience,commerceprovided the conditions that allowedindustrializationto get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology,industry,transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under thebroadtermof “development.” However, themassiveincrease inpopulationthat in Europe was at first attributed toindustrializationstarting in the eighteenthcenturyoccurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was nocomparableindustrialization.

It is estimated that the Chinesepopulationby 1600 was close to 150 million. Thetransitionbetween the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenthcentury) may have seen adecline, but from 1741 to 1851 theannualfigures rose steadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with 432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinesepopulationdoubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, with greatercaution, weassumelowertotals in the early eighteenthcenturyand only 400 million in 1850, we still face astartlingfact: something like a doubling of thevastChinesepopulationin thecenturybefore Westerncontact, foreigntrade, andindustrializationcould have had much effect.

To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factorsconstantin Chinese society but must find conditions or acombinationof factors that were newlyeffectivein this period. Among these is the almost completeinternalpeace maintained under Manchu rule during the eighteenthcentury. There was also an increase in foreigntradethrough Guangzhou (southern China) and some improvement oftransportationwithin theempire. Control ofdisease, like the checking of smallpox by variolation may have been important. But of mostcriticalimportance was the foodsupply.

Confronted with amultitudeof unreliable figures, economists have compared thepopulationrecords with theaggregatedataforcultivatedland area andgrainproduction in the six centuries since 1368. Assuming that China’spopulationin 1400 was about 80 million, the economist Dwight Perkins concludes that its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by asteadyincrease in thegrainsupply, which evidently grew five or six times between 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965. This increase of foodsupplywasdueperhaps half to the increase ofcultivatedarea, particularly bymigrationandsettlementin the central and western provinces, and half to greaterproductivity- the farmers’ success in raising more crops per unit of land.

Thistechnologicaladvancetook many forms: one was thecontinualintroductionfrom the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from onefield). New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, forinstance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food,fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energyavailablein the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area.

Productivityinagriculturewas also improved by capital investments, first of all inirrigation. From 1400 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems to have increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools,draftanimals, andfertilizer, to say nothing of thepopulationgrowth itself, which increased half again as fast ascultivatedland area and so increased theratioof human handsavailableper unit of land. Thus the risingpopulationwas fed by a moreintensiveagriculture, applying more labor andfertilizerto the land.

Questions:
question_stem: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
choices: tag: A
text: Commerce, industrialization, and development are common features of the Western experience

tag: B
text: Trade, industrialization, and development accelerated social change in Western societies.

tag: C
text: Trade and industrialization brought about development in Western societies.

tag: D
text: In Western societies, social change provided the conditions for development in a number of areas.
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】
问题：下面哪个句子最能表达文章中高亮显示的句子的基本信息?不正确的选择在重要的方面改变了意思或者遗漏了重要的信息。
A：商业、工业化和发展是西方经验的共同特征
B：贸易、工业化和发展加速了西方社会的社会变革。
C：贸易和工业化促进了西方社会的发展。
D：在西方社会，社会变革为一些领域的发展提供了条件。

【判断题型】根据题目问法，根据题目要求选择和高亮句子意思逻辑都最为接近的句子，故判断本题为句子简化题。

【句子分析】划线句子意为西方社会商业让工业化开始，然后带来社会各个方面的发展，对应选项 C 中：Trade and industrialization brought about development in Western societies。

【选项分析】
A：商业、工业化和发展是西方经验的共同特征，与文意不符，故排除。
B：贸易、工业化和发展加速了西方社会的社会变革。与文意不符，故排除。
C：划线句子意为西方社会商业让工业化开始，然后带来社会各个方面的发展，对应选项 C 中：Trade and industrialization brought about development in Western societies。故选 C 选项。
D：在西方社会，社会变革为一些领域的发展提供了条件。与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: The word “attributed” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: accustomed

tag: B
text: credited

tag: C
text: exposed

tag: D
text: transformed
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：文中“attributed”一词的意思最接近于以下哪个选项？
A：习惯
B：认为
C：暴露
D：改变

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“attributed”,定位到原句“However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no comparable industrialization.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“attribute ”的意思是“归因于”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“然而，欧洲人口的大规模增长最初被归因于始于18世纪的工业化，与此同时，在中国也出现了人口的大规模增长，尽管当时没有类似的工业化。”

【选项分析】：
A 选项习惯，与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项归功于，为同义替换，所以 B 选项正确。
C 选项暴露，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项改变，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is true of Chinese population growth between 1741 and 1851?
choices: tag: A
text: It coincided with the beginning of industrialization in China

tag: B
text: It prompted speculation about the actual number of people living in China in previous centuries

tag: C
text: It continued the steady growth in population of previous centuries

tag: D
text: It occurred in the absence of certain conditions generally associated with population growth
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：根据第1段和第2段，下列哪一项对1741年至1851年中国人口增长是正确的?
A：与此同时，中国开始了工业化
B：这引发了人们对过去几个世纪中国实际居住人口数量的猜测
C：它延续了前几个世纪人口的稳定增长
D：它是在缺乏通常与人口增长有关的某些条件下发生的

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“Chinese population growth”，定位到 Passage 2 第1句，原句为“It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million.”意思是“据估计，到1600年，中国人口接近1.5亿”。

【逻辑分析】：选项 D 所表达的意思与原文意思相符。

【选项分析】：
A:与此同时，中国开始了工业化，与文意不符，故排除。
B:这引发了人们对过去几个世纪中国实际居住人口数量的猜测，与文意不符，故排除。
C:它延续了前几个世纪人口的稳定增长，与文意不符，故排除。
D: 原文… increase in population … Europe … industrialization … and … China, … no … industrialization，以及原文… a doubling …Chinese population … before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect，说明中国人口增长与西方接触外贸以及工业化这些普遍因素无关，对应选项 D 中：It occurred in the absence of certain conditions generally associated with population growth。故选 D 选项。

question_stem: According to paragraph 2, the estimated population of China in the mid-1700s was?
choices: tag: A
text: 143 million

tag: B
text: 150 million

tag: C
text: 400 million

tag: D
text: 432 million
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
根据第2段，18世纪中期中国的人口估计是?
A：1.43亿
B:1.5亿
C:4亿
D:4.32亿

【判定题型】：题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息，故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the mid-1700s”,定位到 Passage 第2段，原句为“If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinese population doubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. ”意思是“如果我们接受这些总数，我们面临的情况是，中国人口在1790年至1840年的50年里翻了一番。”

【逻辑分析】：Mid 1700s 指的是1750年左右的时间，原文接近这个年份的数据说现在第二句，说了1741年是143million，而1851是423million，所以1750肯定比143多那么一点，但绝对比423少很多，所以最合理的推测应该是150million。

【选项分析】：
A：与文意不符，故排除。
B： Mid 1700s 指的是1750年左右的时间，原文接近这个年份的数据说现在第二句，说了1741年是143million，而1851是423million，所以1750肯定比143多那么一点，但绝对比423少很多，所以最合理的推测应该是150million。故选 B 选项。
C：与文意不符，故排除。
D：与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: The word “constant ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: unique

tag: B
text: dominant

tag: C
text: altered

tag: D
text: unchanging
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
问题:“constant ”这个词与下列哪个选项的意思最相近？
A:独特的
B:占主导地位
C:改变
D:不变的

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“contant ”,定位到原句“To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant in Chinese society but must find conditions or a combination of factors that were newly effective in this period. ”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“contant”的意思是“恒定的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“要解释这种突然的增长，我们不能指出中国社会的因素是恒定不变的，而必须找到在这一时期新产生作用的条件或因素的组合。”。

【选项分析】：
A 选项独特的，与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项占主导地位，与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项改变，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项不变的，为同义替换，所以 D 选项正确。

question_stem: Paragraph 3 supports all of the following statements about eighteenth-century Chinese society EXCEPT
choices: tag: A
text: It was troubled by frequent conflicts with foreign nations

tag: B
text: It improved its transportation system

tag: C
text: It experienced growth in international commerce

tag: D
text: It managed to prevent the spread of certain diseases
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
第3段支持以下所有关于十八世纪中国社会的陈述，除了下列哪个
选项:
A:这是困扰与外国国家频繁的冲突
B:它改善交通系统
C:它有经验的国际贸易的增长
D:它设法防止某些疾病的传播

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写“EXCEPT”，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“eighteenth-century Chinese society”,可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 3。

【选项分析】：
A：与文意不符，故排除。
C：原文… an increase in foreign trade …，说明外贸增长，对应选项 C 中：… growth in international commerce；
B：原文 and … improvement of transportation …，说明交通进步，对应选项 B 中：It improved its transportation system；
D：原文 Control of disease … important，说明防控疾病，对应选项 D 中：… prevent … diseases；

question_stem: Paragraph 4 answers which of the following questions about China’s population growth between 1400 and 1965?
choices: tag: A
text: Which figures relating to China’s population growth were unreliable

tag: B
text: Why did Dwight Perkins assume that China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million

tag: C
text: Where in China did most of the population increase take place

tag: D
text: What factors made China’s population growth between 1400 and 1965 possible
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
问题:4款下面哪个问题的答案对中国人口增长在1400年和1965年之间?
选项:
A：哪一个数据有关中国的人口增长是不可靠的
B:为什么德怀特·帕金斯认为1400年中国人口约为8000万
C:在中国大部分的人口增长
D:什么因素使中国的人口增长在1400年和1965年之间

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目询问某一段在全文中所起的作用，故判断本题为组织结构题。

【内容分析】：原文… China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million, … its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by a steady increase in the grain supply, which evidently grew five or six times between 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965，说明人口增长的原因是粮食供应增长

【选项分析】：
A：与文意不符，故排除。
B：与文意不符，故排除。
C：与文意不符，故排除。
D：人口增长的原因是粮食供应增长，所以第四段回答了中国人口增长的因素，对应选项 D 中：… factors … China’s population growth …

question_stem: The word “aggregate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: available

tag: B
text: reliable

tag: C
text: combined

tag: D
text: recorded
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
与“aggregate ”这个词在意思最相近的选项是以下哪一个:
A:可用
B:可靠
C:结合
D:记录

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“aggregate ”,定位到原句“Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368.”

【词汇解析】：词汇“aggregate ”的意思是“合计的”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“面对大量不可靠的数据，经济学家将人口记录与1368年以来6个世纪的耕地面积和粮食生产总量数据进行了比较。”

【选项分析】：
A 选项与文意不符，故排除。
B 选项与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项加在一起的，为同义替换，所以 C 选项正确。
D 选项与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the introduction of corn and sweet potatoes in China?
choices: tag: A
text: These crops required much more care than other crops

tag: B
text: These crops were consumed in limited quantities

tag: C
text: These crops permitted an expansion of the area used for farming

tag: D
text: These crops became available all over China within a short period of time
answer_key: C
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
从段落5我们可以推断出在中国引进玉米和红薯吗?
A:这些作物需要比其他作物更多的关心
B:这些作物的消耗数量有限
C:这些作物允许扩大该地区用于农业
D:这些作物成为全中国在很短的时间内

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的关键词“infer”，判定本题为推理题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“the introduction of corn and sweet potatoes in China”,定位到 Passage 5 第句，原句为“This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field).”

【逻辑分析】：文中原句子所表达的意思与选项 C 相符

【选项分析】：
A：与文意不符，故排除。
B：与文意不符，故排除。
C：原文 Corn … the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, …. The sweet potato, … sandy soil … South China rice area，说明玉米和甘薯让许多并不肥沃的土壤也能产出粮食，拓宽了可种地的范围，对应选项 C 中：These crops … expansion … farming。故选 C 选项。
D：与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: The word “ratio” in the passage is closest in meaning to
choices: tag: A
text: proportion

tag: B
text: availability

tag: C
text: importance

tag: D
text: cost
answer_key: A
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
 与“ratio”这个词意思最相近的是下列哪个选项？
选项:
A：比例
B:可用性
C:重要性
D:成本

【判定题型】：题目要求选出与高亮单词意思最接近的选项，故判断本题为词汇题。

【关键词定位】：根据关键词“ratio”,定位到原句“There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of land.”。

【词汇解析】：词汇“ratio ”的意思是“比例”,带入到原句中，原句的意思是“农业工具、牲畜和肥料也有了增长，更不用说人口增长本身了。人口增长的速度是耕地面积的一半，因此每单位土地上可用人手的比例也增加了一半”。

【选项分析】：
A 选项比例，为同义替换，所以 A 选项正确。
B 选项可用性，与文意不符，故排除。
C 选项重要性，与文意不符，故排除。
D 选项成本，与文意不符，故排除。

question_stem: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraphs 5 and 6 as one of the strategies the Chinese applied in agriculture?
choices: tag: A
text: The growing of two crops on the same field during the same year

tag: B
text: The improvement of systems to supply crops with water

tag: C
text: The application of increasing amounts of fertilizer to the land

tag: D
text: The reduction in the amount of human labor per unit of land
answer_key: D
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
下列哪一项不是段落5和6中提到的策略中国农业应用?
选项:
A:两种作物在同一领域的增长
B:系统的改进,为作物提供水
C:肥料的应用越来越多
D:减少人类劳动的数量单位的土地

【判定题型】：根据题干中出现的大写"NOT" ，可以判定本题为否定事实信息题，需要找出与原文信息不符的那个答案。

【关键词定位】：根据题干关键词“the strategies the Chinese applied in agriculture”可以将出题范围锁定在 Passage 5、6 。

【选项分析】：
A 选项：原文… one was … earlier-ripening varieties of rice, … double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field)，说明引进了一年两熟的庄稼，对应选项 A 是被提到过的：… two crops on the same field during the same year。故排除。
B 选项：原文… improved by … irrigation，说明灌溉系统改进了，对应选项 B 是被提到过的：… improvement of systems to supply crops with water。故排除。
C 选项：在：… reduction … human labor …，对应选项 C 是被提到过的：…increasing…fertilizer…。故排除。
D 选项：原文… a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land，说明劳动力和肥料都增多，说明选项 D 错

question_stem: What purpose does paragraph 5 serve in the larger discussion about China’s population growth?
choices: tag: A
text: It provides evidence of China’s emerging foreign trade relations

tag: B
text: It illustrates how the Chinese increased their food supply

tag: C
text: It provides evidence of why population growth was most noticeable in the south

tag: D
text: It shows how foreign crops gradually gained greater acceptance in China
answer_key: B
explanation: 【题目翻译】：
在关于中国人口增长的更大讨论中，第5段的目的是什么？
A:它提供了中国新兴的对外贸易关系的证据
B:这说明了中国增加了他们的粮食供应
C:它提供的证据,为什么在南方人口增长最明显
D:它显示了外国作物逐渐在中国得到更大的接受

【判定题型】：根据题目问法，题目询问某一段在全文中所起的作用，故判断本题为组织结构题。

【内容分析】原文首先说中国人口增长和工业化无关，然后再逐渐揭开原因是粮食增长，然后再说粮食增长是因为科技进步投资增长，说明第五段的作用就是为了说明中国粮食是如何增长的，对应选项 B 是被提到过的：… illustrates how the Chinese increased their food supply。

【选项分析】：
A:文中未提及，故排除。
B:原文首先说中国人口增长和工业化无关，然后再逐渐揭开原因是粮食增长，然后再说粮食增长是因为科技进步投资增长，说明第五段的作用就是为了说明中国粮食是如何增长的，对应选项 B 是被提到过的：… illustrates how the Chinese increased their food supply。
C:与文意不符，故排除。
D:与文意不符，故排除。