Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this "clawback"rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

"Short-termism," or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist,Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like "children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism."

In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,"said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism." In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance.

Much more could be done to encourage"long-termism," such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

Questions:
question_stem: According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to
choices: tag: A
text: enhance bankers' sense of responsibility.

tag: B
text: help corporations achieve larger profits.

tag: C
text: build a new system of financial regulation.

tag: D
text: guarantee the bonuses of top executives.
answer_key: A

question_stem: Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
choices: tag: A
text: the conditions for generating quick profits.

tag: B
text: governments' impatience in decision-making.

tag: C
text: the solid structure of publicly traded companies.

tag: D
text: "short-termism in economic activities.
answer_key: D

question_stem: It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
choices: tag: A
text: indirect.

tag: B
text: adverse.

tag: C
text: minimal.

tag: D
text: temporary.
answer_key: B

question_stem: The US and France examples are used to illustrate
choices: tag: A
text: the obstacles to preventing "short-termism".

tag: B
text: the significance of long-term thinking.

tag: C
text: the approaches to promoting "long-termism".

tag: D
text: the prevalence of short-term thinking.
answer_key: C

question_stem: Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
choices: tag: A
text: Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

tag: B
text: Patience as a Corporate Virtue

tag: C
text: Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

tag: D
text: Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
answer_key: B