WeixiangYan/CodeTransOcean huggingface dataset:
Task: String case

C: 
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>


void str_toupper(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=toupper(*s);
        s++;
    }
}



void str_tolower(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=tolower(*s);
        s++;
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char t[255]="alphaBETA";
    str_toupper(t);
    printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
    str_tolower(t);
    printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
    return 0;
}











Ada: with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use  Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
   Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;
Task: String case


C++: #include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>



void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}



void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}










Ada: with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use  Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
   Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;
Task: String case




Go: package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "strings"
    "unicode"
    "unicode/utf8"
)

func main() {
    show("alphaBETA")
    show("alpha BETA")
    
    show("Ǆǈǌ")
    
    show("o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't")
}

func show(s string) {
    fmt.Println("\nstring:         ",
        s, " len:", utf8.RuneCountInString(s), "runes") 
    fmt.Println("All upper case: ", strings.ToUpper(s)) 
    fmt.Println("All lower case: ", strings.ToLower(s)) 
    fmt.Println("All title case: ", strings.ToTitle(s)) 
    fmt.Println("Title words:    ", strings.Title(s))   
    fmt.Println("Swapping case:  ",                     
        strings.Map(unicode.SimpleFold, s))
}








Ada: with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use  Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
   Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;
Task: String case





Java: String str = "alphaBETA";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());

System.out.println("äàâáçñßæεбế".toUpperCase());
System.out.println("ÄÀÂÁÇÑSSÆΕБẾ".toLowerCase()); 







Ada: with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use  Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
   Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;
Task: String case







Python: s = "alphaBETA"
print s.upper() 
print s.lower() 

print s.swapcase() 

print "fOo bAR".capitalize() 
print "fOo bAR".title() 

import string
print string.capwords("fOo bAR") 





Ada: with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use  Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
   Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;
Task: String case








VB: Sub Main()
Const TESTSTRING As String = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print "initial   =                                      " _
   & TESTSTRING
Debug.Print "uppercase =                                      " _
   & UCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "lowercase =                                      " _
   & LCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first letter capitalized =                       " _
   & StrConv(TESTSTRING, vbProperCase)
Debug.Print "length (in characters) =                         " _
   & CStr(Len(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "length (in bytes) =                              " _
   & CStr(LenB(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "reversed =                                       " _
   & StrReverse(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-sensitive) =    " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbBinaryCompare)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-insensitive) =  " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbTextCompare)
Debug.Print "concatenated with 
   & TESTSTRING & "123"
End Sub




Ada: with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use  Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
   Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;
Task: String case

C: 
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>


void str_toupper(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=toupper(*s);
        s++;
    }
}



void str_tolower(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=tolower(*s);
        s++;
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char t[255]="alphaBETA";
    str_toupper(t);
    printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
    str_tolower(t);
    printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
    return 0;
}
Task: String case



C#: using System;

namespace StringCase
{
  class Program
  {
    public static void Main()
    {
      String input = scope .("alphaBETA");
      input.ToUpper();
      Console.WriteLine(input);
      input.ToLower();
      Console.WriteLine(input);
    }
  }
}
Task: String case


C++: #include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>



void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}



void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}
Task: String case





Java: String str = "alphaBETA";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());

System.out.println("äàâáçñßæεбế".toUpperCase());
System.out.println("ÄÀÂÁÇÑSSÆΕБẾ".toLowerCase());
Task: String case







Python: s = "alphaBETA"
print s.upper() 
print s.lower() 

print s.swapcase() 

print "fOo bAR".capitalize() 
print "fOo bAR".title() 

import string
print string.capwords("fOo bAR")
Task: String case








VB: Sub Main()
Const TESTSTRING As String = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print "initial   =                                      " _
   & TESTSTRING
Debug.Print "uppercase =                                      " _
   & UCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "lowercase =                                      " _
   & LCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first letter capitalized =                       " _
   & StrConv(TESTSTRING, vbProperCase)
Debug.Print "length (in characters) =                         " _
   & CStr(Len(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "length (in bytes) =                              " _
   & CStr(LenB(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "reversed =                                       " _
   & StrReverse(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-sensitive) =    " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbBinaryCompare)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-insensitive) =  " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbTextCompare)
Debug.Print "concatenated with 
   & TESTSTRING & "123"
End Sub
Task: String case




Go: package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "strings"
    "unicode"
    "unicode/utf8"
)

func main() {
    show("alphaBETA")
    show("alpha BETA")
    
    show("Ǆǈǌ")
    
    show("o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't")
}

func show(s string) {
    fmt.Println("\nstring:         ",
        s, " len:", utf8.RuneCountInString(s), "runes") 
    fmt.Println("All upper case: ", strings.ToUpper(s)) 
    fmt.Println("All lower case: ", strings.ToLower(s)) 
    fmt.Println("All title case: ", strings.ToTitle(s)) 
    fmt.Println("Title words:    ", strings.Title(s))   
    fmt.Println("Swapping case:  ",                     
        strings.Map(unicode.SimpleFold, s))
}
Task: String case



C#: using System;

namespace StringCase
{
  class Program
  {
    public static void Main()
    {
      String input = scope .("alphaBETA");
      input.ToUpper();
      Console.WriteLine(input);
      input.ToLower();
      Console.WriteLine(input);
    }
  }
}








Fortran:  program example
  
   implicit none
   
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
  
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
  
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower

 end program example
Task: String case


C++: #include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>



void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}



void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}









Fortran:  program example
  
   implicit none
   
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
  
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
  
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower

 end program example
Task: String case

C: 
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>


void str_toupper(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=toupper(*s);
        s++;
    }
}



void str_tolower(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=tolower(*s);
        s++;
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char t[255]="alphaBETA";
    str_toupper(t);
    printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
    str_tolower(t);
    printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
    return 0;
}










Fortran:  program example
  
   implicit none
   
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
  
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
  
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower

 end program example
Task: String case





Java: String str = "alphaBETA";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());

System.out.println("äàâáçñßæεбế".toUpperCase());
System.out.println("ÄÀÂÁÇÑSSÆΕБẾ".toLowerCase()); 






Fortran:  program example
  
   implicit none
   
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
  
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
  
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower

 end program example
Task: String case







Python: s = "alphaBETA"
print s.upper() 
print s.lower() 

print s.swapcase() 

print "fOo bAR".capitalize() 
print "fOo bAR".title() 

import string
print string.capwords("fOo bAR") 




Fortran:  program example
  
   implicit none
   
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
  
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
  
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower

 end program example
Task: String case








VB: Sub Main()
Const TESTSTRING As String = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print "initial   =                                      " _
   & TESTSTRING
Debug.Print "uppercase =                                      " _
   & UCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "lowercase =                                      " _
   & LCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first letter capitalized =                       " _
   & StrConv(TESTSTRING, vbProperCase)
Debug.Print "length (in characters) =                         " _
   & CStr(Len(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "length (in bytes) =                              " _
   & CStr(LenB(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "reversed =                                       " _
   & StrReverse(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-sensitive) =    " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbBinaryCompare)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-insensitive) =  " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbTextCompare)
Debug.Print "concatenated with 
   & TESTSTRING & "123"
End Sub



Fortran:  program example
  
   implicit none
   
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
  
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
  
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower

 end program example
Task: String case






PHP: $str = "alphaBETA";
echo strtoupper($str), "\n"; // ALPHABETA
echo strtolower($str), "\n"; // alphabeta

echo ucfirst($str), "\n"; // AlphaBETA
echo lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; // fOObar
echo ucwords("foO baR baZ"), "\n"; // FoO BaR BaZ
echo lcwords("FOo BAr BAz"), "\n"; // fOo bAr bAz





Fortran:  program example
  
   implicit none
   
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
  
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
  
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
  
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower

 end program example
Task: String case

C: 
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>


void str_toupper(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=toupper(*s);
        s++;
    }
}



void str_tolower(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=tolower(*s);
        s++;
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char t[255]="alphaBETA";
    str_toupper(t);
    printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
    str_tolower(t);
    printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
    return 0;
}









COBOL:        IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.

       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".

       01  result  PIC X(9).

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example

           
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)

           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)

           
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
               TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result

           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
               TO  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result

           GOBACK
           .
Task: String case



C#: using System;

namespace StringCase
{
  class Program
  {
    public static void Main()
    {
      String input = scope .("alphaBETA");
      input.ToUpper();
      Console.WriteLine(input);
      input.ToLower();
      Console.WriteLine(input);
    }
  }
}







COBOL:        IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.

       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".

       01  result  PIC X(9).

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example

           
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)

           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)

           
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
               TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result

           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
               TO  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result

           GOBACK
           .
Task: String case


C++: #include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>



void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}



void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}








COBOL:        IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.

       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".

       01  result  PIC X(9).

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example

           
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)

           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)

           
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
               TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result

           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
               TO  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result

           GOBACK
           .
Task: String case





Java: String str = "alphaBETA";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());

System.out.println("äàâáçñßæεбế".toUpperCase());
System.out.println("ÄÀÂÁÇÑSSÆΕБẾ".toLowerCase()); 





COBOL:        IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.

       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".

       01  result  PIC X(9).

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example

           
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)

           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)

           
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
               TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result

           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
               TO  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result

           GOBACK
           .
Task: String case







Python: s = "alphaBETA"
print s.upper() 
print s.lower() 

print s.swapcase() 

print "fOo bAR".capitalize() 
print "fOo bAR".title() 

import string
print string.capwords("fOo bAR") 



COBOL:        IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.

       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".

       01  result  PIC X(9).

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example

           
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)

           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)

           
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
               TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result

           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
               TO  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result

           GOBACK
           .
Task: String case








VB: Sub Main()
Const TESTSTRING As String = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print "initial   =                                      " _
   & TESTSTRING
Debug.Print "uppercase =                                      " _
   & UCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "lowercase =                                      " _
   & LCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first letter capitalized =                       " _
   & StrConv(TESTSTRING, vbProperCase)
Debug.Print "length (in characters) =                         " _
   & CStr(Len(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "length (in bytes) =                              " _
   & CStr(LenB(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "reversed =                                       " _
   & StrReverse(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-sensitive) =    " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbBinaryCompare)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-insensitive) =  " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbTextCompare)
Debug.Print "concatenated with 
   & TESTSTRING & "123"
End Sub


COBOL:        IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.

       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".

       01  result  PIC X(9).

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example

           
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)

           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)

           
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
               TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result

           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
               TO  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result

           GOBACK
           .