Task: Faulhaber's formula


C++: #include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>

class Frac {
public:
	Frac(long n, long d) {
		if (d == 0) {
			throw new std::runtime_error("d must not be zero");
		}

		long nn = n;
		long dd = d;
		if (nn == 0) {
			dd = 1;
		} else if (dd < 0) {
			nn = -nn;
			dd = -dd;
		}

		long g = abs(std::gcd(nn, dd));
		if (g > 1) {
			nn /= g;
			dd /= g;
		}

		num = nn;
		denom = dd;
	}

	Frac operator-() const {
		return Frac(-num, denom);
	}

	Frac operator+(const Frac& rhs) const {
		return Frac(num*rhs.denom + denom * rhs.num, rhs.denom*denom);
	}

	Frac operator-(const Frac& rhs) const {
		return Frac(num*rhs.denom - denom * rhs.num, rhs.denom*denom);
	}

	Frac operator*(const Frac& rhs) const {
		return Frac(num*rhs.num, denom*rhs.denom);
	}

	bool operator==(const Frac& rhs) const {
		return num == rhs.num && denom == rhs.denom;
	}

	bool operator!=(const Frac& rhs) const {
		return num != rhs.num || denom != rhs.denom;
	}

	bool operator<(const Frac& rhs) const {
		if (denom == rhs.denom) {
			return num < rhs.num;
		}
		return num * rhs.denom < rhs.num * denom;
	}

	friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Frac&);

	static Frac ZERO() {
		return Frac(0, 1);
	}

	static Frac ONE() {
		return Frac(1, 1);
	}

private:
	long num;
	long denom;
};

std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Frac &f) {
	if (f.num == 0 || f.denom == 1) {
		return os << f.num;
	}

	std::stringstream ss;
	ss << f.num << "/" << f.denom;
	return os << ss.str();
}

Frac bernoulli(int n) {
	if (n < 0) {
		throw new std::runtime_error("n may not be negative or zero");
	}

	std::vector<Frac> a;
	for (int m = 0; m <= n; m++) {
		a.push_back(Frac(1, m + 1));
		for (int j = m; j >= 1; j--) {
			a[j - 1] = (a[j - 1] - a[j]) * Frac(j, 1);
		}
	}

	
	if (n != 1) return a[0];
	return -a[0];
}

int binomial(int n, int k) {
	if (n < 0 || k < 0 || n < k) {
		throw new std::runtime_error("parameters are invalid");
	}
	if (n == 0 || k == 0) return 1;

	int num = 1;
	for (int i = k + 1; i <= n; i++) {
		num *= i;
	}

	int denom = 1;
	for (int i = 2; i <= n - k; i++) {
		denom *= i;
	}

	return num / denom;
}

void faulhaber(int p) {
	using namespace std;
	cout << p << " : ";

	auto q = Frac(1, p + 1);
	int sign = -1;
	for (int j = 0; j < p + 1; j++) {
		sign *= -1;
		auto coeff = q * Frac(sign, 1) * Frac(binomial(p + 1, j), 1) * bernoulli(j);
		if (coeff == Frac::ZERO()) {
			continue;
		}
		if (j == 0) {
			if (coeff == -Frac::ONE()) {
				cout << "-";
			} else if (coeff != Frac::ONE()) {
				cout << coeff;
			}
		} else {
			if (coeff == Frac::ONE()) {
				cout << " + ";
			} else if (coeff == -Frac::ONE()) {
				cout << " - ";
			} else if (coeff < Frac::ZERO()) {
				cout << " - " << -coeff;
			} else {
				cout << " + " << coeff;
			}
		}
		int pwr = p + 1 - j;
		if (pwr > 1) {
			cout << "n^" << pwr;
		} else {
			cout << "n";
		}
	}
	cout << endl;
}

int main() {
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
		faulhaber(i);
	}

	return 0;
}






Python: from fractions import Fraction

def nextu(a):
    n = len(a)
    a.append(1)
    for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
        a[i] = i * a[i] + a[i - 1]
    return a

def nextv(a):
    n = len(a) - 1
    b = [(1 - n) * x for x in a]
    b.append(1)
    for i in range(n):
        b[i + 1] += a[i]
    return b

def sumpol(n):
    u = [0, 1]
    v = [[1], [1, 1]]
    yield [Fraction(0), Fraction(1)]
    for i in range(1, n):
        v.append(nextv(v[-1]))
        t = [0] * (i + 2)
        p = 1
        for j, r in enumerate(u):
            r = Fraction(r, j + 1)
            for k, s in enumerate(v[j + 1]):
                t[k] += r * s
        yield t
        u = nextu(u)

def polstr(a):
    s = ""
    q = False
    n = len(a) - 1
    for i, x in enumerate(reversed(a)):
        i = n - i
        if i < 2:
            m = "n" if i == 1 else ""
        else:
            m = "n^%d" % i
        c = str(abs(x))
        if i > 0:
            if c == "1":
                c = ""
            else:
                m = " " + m
        if x != 0:
            if q:
                t = " + " if x > 0 else " - "
                s += "%s%s%s" % (t, c, m)
            else:
                t = "" if x > 0 else "-"
                s = "%s%s%s" % (t, c, m)
                q = True
    if q:
        return s
    else:
        return "0"

for i, p in enumerate(sumpol(10)):
    print(i, ":", polstr(p))