Task: Tree traversal

C: #include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

typedef struct node_s
{
  int value;
  struct node_s* left;
  struct node_s* right;
} *node;

node tree(int v, node l, node r)
{
  node n = malloc(sizeof(struct node_s));
  n->value = v;
  n->left  = l;
  n->right = r;
  return n;
}

void destroy_tree(node n)
{
  if (n->left)
    destroy_tree(n->left);
  if (n->right)
    destroy_tree(n->right);
  free(n);
}

void preorder(node n, void (*f)(int))
{
  f(n->value);
  if (n->left)
    preorder(n->left, f);
  if (n->right)
    preorder(n->right, f);
}

void inorder(node n, void (*f)(int))
{
  if (n->left)
    inorder(n->left, f);
  f(n->value);
  if (n->right)
    inorder(n->right, f);
}

void postorder(node n, void (*f)(int))
{
  if (n->left)
    postorder(n->left, f);
  if (n->right)
    postorder(n->right, f);
  f(n->value);
}


typedef struct qnode_s
{
  struct qnode_s* next;
  node value;
} *qnode;

typedef struct { qnode begin, end; } queue;

void enqueue(queue* q, node n)
{
  qnode node = malloc(sizeof(struct qnode_s));
  node->value = n;
  node->next = 0;
  if (q->end)
    q->end->next = node;
  else
    q->begin = node;
  q->end = node;
}

node dequeue(queue* q)
{
  node tmp = q->begin->value;
  qnode second = q->begin->next;
  free(q->begin);
  q->begin = second;
  if (!q->begin)
    q->end = 0;
  return tmp;
}

int queue_empty(queue* q)
{
  return !q->begin;
}

void levelorder(node n, void(*f)(int))
{
  queue nodequeue = {};
  enqueue(&nodequeue, n);
  while (!queue_empty(&nodequeue))
  {
    node next = dequeue(&nodequeue);
    f(next->value);
    if (next->left)
      enqueue(&nodequeue, next->left);
    if (next->right)
      enqueue(&nodequeue, next->right);
  }
}

void print(int n)
{
  printf("%d ", n);
}

int main()
{
  node n = tree(1,
                tree(2,
                     tree(4,
                          tree(7, 0, 0),
                          0),
                     tree(5, 0, 0)),
                tree(3,
                     tree(6,
                          tree(8, 0, 0),
                          tree(9, 0, 0)),
                     0));

  printf("preorder:    ");
  preorder(n, print);
  printf("\n");

  printf("inorder:     ");
  inorder(n, print);
  printf("\n");

  printf("postorder:   ");
  postorder(n, print);
  printf("\n");

  printf("level-order: ");
  levelorder(n, print);
  printf("\n");

  destroy_tree(n);

  return 0;
}






PHP: class Node {
    private $left;
    private $right;
    private $value;

    function __construct($value) {
        $this->value = $value;
    }

    public function getLeft() {
        return $this->left;
    }
    public function getRight() {
        return $this->right;
    }
    public function getValue() {
        return $this->value;
    }

    public function setLeft($value) {
        $this->left = $value;
    }
    public function setRight($value) {
        $this->right = $value;
    }
    public function setValue($value) {
        $this->value = $value;
    }
}

class TreeTraversal {

    public function preOrder(Node $n) {
        echo $n->getValue() . " ";
        if($n->getLeft() != null) {
            $this->preOrder($n->getLeft());
        }
        if($n->getRight() != null){
            $this->preOrder($n->getRight());
        }
    }

    public function inOrder(Node $n) {
        if($n->getLeft() != null) {
            $this->inOrder($n->getLeft());
        }
        echo $n->getValue() . " ";
        if($n->getRight() != null){
            $this->inOrder($n->getRight());
        }

    }

    public function postOrder(Node $n) {
        if($n->getLeft() != null) {
            $this->postOrder($n->getLeft());
        }
        if($n->getRight() != null){
            $this->postOrder($n->getRight());
        }
        echo $n->getValue() . " ";
    }

    public function levelOrder($arg) {
        $q[] = $arg;
        while (!empty($q)) {
            $n = array_shift($q);
            echo $n->getValue() . " ";
            if($n->getLeft() != null) {
                $q[] = $n->getLeft();
            }
            if($n->getRight() != null){
                $q[] = $n->getRight();
            }
        }
    }
}

$arr = [];
for ($i=1; $i < 10; $i++) {
    $arr[$i] = new Node($i);
}

$arr[6]->setLeft($arr[8]);
$arr[6]->setRight($arr[9]);
$arr[3]->setLeft($arr[6]);
$arr[4]->setLeft($arr[7]);
$arr[2]->setLeft($arr[4]);
$arr[2]->setRight($arr[5]);
$arr[1]->setLeft($arr[2]);
$arr[1]->setRight($arr[3]);

$tree = new TreeTraversal($arr);

echo "preorder:\t";
$tree->preOrder($arr[1]);
echo "\ninorder:\t";
$tree->inOrder($arr[1]);
echo "\npostorder:\t";
$tree->postOrder($arr[1]);
echo "\nlevel-order:\t";
$tree->levelOrder($arr[1]);