TensorFlow: import tensorflow as tf
from d2l import tensorflow as d2l
def masked_softmax(X, valid_lens):
    if valid_lens is None:
        return tf.nn.softmax(X, axis=-1)
    else:
        shape = X.shape
        if len(valid_lens.shape) == 1:
            valid_lens = tf.repeat(valid_lens, repeats=shape[1])
        else:
            valid_lens = tf.reshape(valid_lens, shape=-1)
        X = d2l.sequence_mask(tf.reshape(X, shape=(-1, shape[-1])), valid_lens, value=-1e6)
        return tf.nn.softmax(tf.reshape(X, shape=shape), axis=-1)
masked_softmax(tf.random.uniform(shape=(2, 2, 4)), tf.constant([2, 3]))
masked_softmax(tf.random.uniform(shape=(2, 2, 4)), tf.constant([[1, 3], [2, 4]]))
class AdditiveAttention(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, key_size, query_size, num_hiddens, dropout, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.W_k = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=False)
        self.W_q = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=False)
        self.w_v = tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, use_bias=False)
        self.dropout = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(dropout)
    def call(self, queries, keys, values, valid_lens, **kwargs):
        queries, keys = self.W_q(queries), self.W_k(keys)

        features = tf.expand_dims(queries, axis=2) + tf.expand_dims(keys, axis=1)
        features = tf.nn.tanh(features)
        scores = tf.squeeze(self.w_v(features), axis=-1)
        self.attention_weights = masked_softmax(scores, valid_lens)
        return tf.matmul(self.dropout(self.attention_weights, **kwargs), values)
queries, keys = tf.random.normal(shape=(2, 1, 20)), tf.ones((2, 10, 2))
values = tf.repeat(tf.reshape(tf.range(40, dtype=tf.float32), shape=(1, 10, 4)), repeats=2, axis=0)
valid_lens = tf.constant([2, 6])
attention = AdditiveAttention(key_size=2, query_size=20, num_hiddens=8, dropout=0.1)
attention(queries, keys, values, valid_lens, training=False)
d2l.show_heatmaps(tf.reshape(attention.attention_weights, (1, 1, 2, 10)), xlabel='Keys', ylabel='Queries')
class DotProductAttention(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, dropout, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.dropout = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(dropout)

    def call(self, queries, keys, values, valid_lens, **kwargs):
        d = queries.shape[-1]
        scores = tf.matmul(queries, keys, transpose_b=True)/tf.math.sqrt(tf.cast(d, dtype=tf.float32))
        self.attention_weights = masked_softmax(scores, valid_lens)
        return tf.matmul(self.dropout(self.attention_weights, **kwargs), values)
queries = tf.random.normal(shape=(2, 1, 2))
attention = DotProductAttention(dropout=0.5)
attention(queries, keys, values, valid_lens, training=False)
d2l.show_heatmaps(tf.reshape(attention.attention_weights, (1, 1, 2, 10)),  xlabel='Keys', ylabel='Queries')


MXNet: import math
from mxnet import np, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
npx.set_np()
def masked_softmax(X, valid_lens):
    if valid_lens is None:
        return npx.softmax(X)
    else:
        shape = X.shape
        if valid_lens.ndim == 1:
            valid_lens = valid_lens.repeat(shape[1])
        else:
            valid_lens = valid_lens.reshape(-1)
        X = npx.sequence_mask(X.reshape(-1, shape[-1]), valid_lens, True, value=-1e6, axis=1)
        return npx.softmax(X).reshape(shape)
masked_softmax(np.random.uniform(size=(2, 2, 4)), np.array([2, 3]))
masked_softmax(np.random.uniform(size=(2, 2, 4)), np.array([[1, 3], [2, 4]]))
class AdditiveAttention(nn.Block):
    def __init__(self, num_hiddens, dropout, **kwargs):
        super(AdditiveAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.W_k = nn.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=False, flatten=False)
        self.W_q = nn.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=False, flatten=False)
        self.w_v = nn.Dense(1, use_bias=False, flatten=False)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
    def forward(self, queries, keys, values, valid_lens):
        queries, keys = self.W_q(queries), self.W_k(keys)

        features = np.expand_dims(queries, axis=2) + np.expand_dims(keys, axis=1)
        features = np.tanh(features)
        scores = np.squeeze(self.w_v(features), axis=-1)
        self.attention_weights = masked_softmax(scores, valid_lens)
        return npx.batch_dot(self.dropout(self.attention_weights), values)
queries, keys = np.random.normal(0, 1, (2, 1, 20)), np.ones((2, 10, 2))
values = np.arange(40).reshape(1, 10, 4).repeat(2, axis=0)
valid_lens = np.array([2, 6])
attention = AdditiveAttention(num_hiddens=8, dropout=0.1)
attention.initialize()
attention(queries, keys, values, valid_lens)
d2l.show_heatmaps(attention.attention_weights.reshape((1, 1, 2, 10)), xlabel='Keys', ylabel='Queries')
class DotProductAttention(nn.Block):
    def __init__(self, dropout, **kwargs):
        super(DotProductAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

    def forward(self, queries, keys, values, valid_lens=None):
        d = queries.shape[-1]
        scores = npx.batch_dot(queries, keys, transpose_b=True) / math.sqrt(d)
        self.attention_weights = masked_softmax(scores, valid_lens)
        return npx.batch_dot(self.dropout(self.attention_weights), values)
queries = np.random.normal(0, 1, (2, 1, 2))
attention = DotProductAttention(dropout=0.5)
attention.initialize()
attention(queries, keys, values, valid_lens)
d2l.show_heatmaps(attention.attention_weights.reshape((1, 1, 2, 10)), xlabel='Keys', ylabel='Queries')