MXNet: import collections
import math
from mxnet import autograd, gluon, init, np, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn, rnn
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
npx.set_np()
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqEncoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = rnn.GRU(num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
    def forward(self, X, *args):
        X = self.embedding(X)
        X = X.swapaxes(0, 1)
        state = self.rnn.begin_state(batch_size=X.shape[1], ctx=X.ctx)
        output, state = self.rnn(X, state)
        return output, state
encoder = Seq2SeqEncoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
encoder.initialize()
X = np.zeros((4, 7))
output, state = encoder(X)
output.shape
len(state), state[0].shape
class Seq2SeqDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = rnn.GRU(num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
        self.dense = nn.Dense(vocab_size, flatten=False)
    def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
        return enc_outputs[1]
    def forward(self, X, state):
        X = self.embedding(X).swapaxes(0, 1)
        context = state[0][-1]
        context = np.broadcast_to(context, (X.shape[0], context.shape[0], context.shape[1]))
        X_and_context = np.concatenate((X, context), 2)
        output, state = self.rnn(X_and_context, state)
        output = self.dense(output).swapaxes(0, 1)
        return output, state
decoder = Seq2SeqDecoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
decoder.initialize()
state = decoder.init_state(encoder(X))
output, state = decoder(X, state)
output.shape, len(state), state[0].shape
X = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
npx.sequence_mask(X, np.array([1, 2]), True, axis=1)
X = np.ones((2, 3, 4))
npx.sequence_mask(X, np.array([1, 2]), True, value=-1, axis=1)
class MaskedSoftmaxCELoss(gluon.loss.SoftmaxCELoss):
    def forward(self, pred, label, valid_len):
        weights = np.expand_dims(np.ones_like(label), axis=-1)
        weights = npx.sequence_mask(weights, valid_len, True, axis=1)
        return super(MaskedSoftmaxCELoss, self).forward(pred, label, weights)
loss = MaskedSoftmaxCELoss()
loss(np.ones((3, 4, 10)), np.ones((3, 4)), np.array([4, 2, 0]))
def train_seq2seq(net, data_iter, lr, num_epochs, tgt_vocab, device):
    net.initialize(init.Xavier(), force_reinit=True, ctx=device)
    trainer = gluon.Trainer(net.collect_params(), 'adam', {'learning_rate': lr})
    loss = MaskedSoftmaxCELoss()
    animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', ylabel='loss', xlim=[10, num_epochs])
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        timer = d2l.Timer()
        metric = d2l.Accumulator(2)
        for batch in data_iter:
            X, X_valid_len, Y, Y_valid_len = [
                x.as_in_ctx(device) for x in batch]
            bos = np.array([tgt_vocab['<bos>']] * Y.shape[0], ctx=device).reshape(-1, 1)
            dec_input = np.concatenate([bos, Y[:, :-1]], 1)
            with autograd.record():
                Y_hat, _ = net(X, dec_input, X_valid_len)
                l = loss(Y_hat, Y, Y_valid_len)
            l.backward()
            d2l.grad_clipping(net, 1)
            num_tokens = Y_valid_len.sum()
            trainer.step(num_tokens)
            metric.add(l.sum(), num_tokens)
        if (epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:
            animator.add(epoch + 1, (metric[0] / metric[1],))
def predict_seq2seq(net, src_sentence, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, num_steps, device, save_attention_weights=False):
    src_tokens = src_vocab[src_sentence.lower().split(' ')] + [
        src_vocab['<eos>']]
    enc_valid_len = np.array([len(src_tokens)], ctx=device)
    src_tokens = d2l.truncate_pad(src_tokens, num_steps, src_vocab['<pad>'])
    enc_X = np.expand_dims(np.array(src_tokens, ctx=device), axis=0)
    enc_outputs = net.encoder(enc_X, enc_valid_len)
    dec_state = net.decoder.init_state(enc_outputs, enc_valid_len)
    dec_X = np.expand_dims(np.array([tgt_vocab['<bos>']], ctx=device), axis=0)
    output_seq, attention_weight_seq = [], []
    for _ in range(num_steps):
        Y, dec_state = net.decoder(dec_X, dec_state)
        dec_X = Y.argmax(axis=2)
        pred = dec_X.squeeze(axis=0).astype('int32').item()
        if save_attention_weights:
            attention_weight_seq.append(net.decoder.attention_weights)
        if pred == tgt_vocab['<eos>']:
            break
        output_seq.append(pred)
    return ' '.join(tgt_vocab.to_tokens(output_seq)), attention_weight_seq

Paddle: import collections
import warnings
from d2l import paddle as d2l
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
import math
import paddle
from paddle import nn
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqEncoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        weight_ih_attr = paddle.ParamAttr(initializer=nn.initializer.XavierUniform())
        weight_hh_attr = paddle.ParamAttr(initializer=nn.initializer.XavierUniform())
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = nn.GRU(embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout, time_major=True, weight_ih_attr=weight_ih_attr, weight_hh_attr=weight_hh_attr)
    def forward(self, X, *args):
        X = self.embedding(X)
        X = X.transpose([1, 0, 2])
        output, state = self.rnn(X)
        return output, state
encoder = Seq2SeqEncoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
encoder.eval()
X = paddle.zeros((4, 7), dtype=paddle.int64)
output, state = encoder(X)
output.shape
state.shape
class Seq2SeqDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        weight_attr = paddle.ParamAttr(initializer=nn.initializer.XavierUniform())
        weight_ih_attr = paddle.ParamAttr(initializer=nn.initializer.XavierUniform())
        weight_hh_attr = paddle.ParamAttr(initializer=nn.initializer.XavierUniform())
        self.rnn = nn.GRU(embed_size + num_hiddens, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout, time_major=True, weight_ih_attr=weight_ih_attr,weight_hh_attr=weight_hh_attr)
        self.dense = nn.Linear(num_hiddens, vocab_size,weight_attr=weight_attr)
    def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
        return enc_outputs[1]
    def forward(self, X, state):
        X = self.embedding(X).transpose([1, 0, 2])
        context = state[-1].tile([X.shape[0], 1, 1])
        X_and_context = paddle.concat((X, context), 2)
        output, state = self.rnn(X_and_context, state)
        output = self.dense(output).transpose([1, 0, 2])
        return output, state
decoder = Seq2SeqDecoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8, num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
decoder.eval()
state = decoder.init_state(encoder(X))
output, state = decoder(X, state)
output.shape, state.shape
def sequence_mask(X, valid_len, value=0):
    maxlen = X.shape[1]
    mask = paddle.arange((maxlen), dtype=paddle.float32)[None, :] < valid_len[:, None]
    Xtype = X.dtype
    X = X.astype(paddle.float32)
    X[~mask] = float(value)
    return X.astype(Xtype)
X = paddle.to_tensor([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
sequence_mask(X, paddle.to_tensor([1, 2]))
X = paddle.ones([2, 3, 4])
sequence_mask(X, paddle.to_tensor([1, 2]), value=-1)
class MaskedSoftmaxCELoss(nn.CrossEntropyLoss):
    def forward(self, pred, label, valid_len):
        weights = paddle.ones_like(label)
        weights = sequence_mask(weights, valid_len)
        self.reduction='none'
        unweighted_loss = super(MaskedSoftmaxCELoss, self).forward(pred, label)
        weighted_loss = (unweighted_loss * weights).mean(axis=1)
        return weighted_loss
loss = MaskedSoftmaxCELoss()
loss(paddle.ones([3, 4, 10]), paddle.ones((3, 4), dtype=paddle.int64), paddle.to_tensor([4, 2, 0]))
def train_seq2seq(net, data_iter, lr, num_epochs, tgt_vocab, device):
    optimizer = paddle.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=lr, parameters=net.parameters())
    loss = MaskedSoftmaxCELoss()
    net.train()
    animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', ylabel='loss', xlim=[10, num_epochs])
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        timer = d2l.Timer()
        metric = d2l.Accumulator(2)
        for batch in data_iter:
            optimizer.clear_grad()
            X, X_valid_len, Y, Y_valid_len = [paddle.to_tensor(x, place=device) for x in batch]
            bos = paddle.to_tensor([tgt_vocab['<bos>']] * Y.shape[0]).reshape([-1, 1])
            dec_input = paddle.concat([bos, Y[:, :-1]], 1)
            Y_hat, _ = net(X, dec_input, X_valid_len.squeeze())
            l = loss(Y_hat, Y, Y_valid_len.squeeze())
            l.backward()
            d2l.grad_clipping(net, 1)
            num_tokens = Y_valid_len.sum()
            optimizer.step()
            with paddle.no_grad():
                metric.add(l.sum(), num_tokens)
        if (epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:
            animator.add(epoch + 1, (metric[0] / metric[1],))
def predict_seq2seq(net, src_sentence, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, num_steps, device, save_attention_weights=False):
    net.eval()
    src_tokens = src_vocab[src_sentence.lower().split(' ')] + [src_vocab['<eos>']]
    enc_valid_len = paddle.to_tensor([len(src_tokens)], place=device)
    src_tokens = d2l.truncate_pad(src_tokens, num_steps, src_vocab['<pad>'])
    enc_X = paddle.unsqueeze(paddle.to_tensor(src_tokens, dtype=paddle.int64, place=device), axis=0)
    enc_outputs = net.encoder(enc_X, enc_valid_len)
    dec_state = net.decoder.init_state(enc_outputs, enc_valid_len)
    dec_X = paddle.unsqueeze(paddle.to_tensor([tgt_vocab['<bos>']], dtype=paddle.int64, place=device), axis=0)
    output_seq, attention_weight_seq = [], []
    for _ in range(num_steps):
        Y, dec_state = net.decoder(dec_X, dec_state)
        dec_X = Y.argmax(axis=2)
        pred = dec_X.squeeze(axis=0).astype(paddle.int32).item()
        if save_attention_weights:
            attention_weight_seq.append(net.decoder.attention_weights)
        if pred == tgt_vocab['<eos>']:
            break
        output_seq.append(pred)
    return ' '.join(tgt_vocab.to_tokens(output_seq)), attention_weight_seq