TensorFlow: %matplotlib inline
import tensorflow as tf
from d2l import tensorflow as d2l
n_train, n_test, num_inputs, batch_size = 20, 100, 200, 5
true_w, true_b = tf.ones((num_inputs, 1)) * 0.01, 0.05
train_data = d2l.synthetic_data(true_w, true_b, n_train)
train_iter = d2l.load_array(train_data, batch_size)
test_data = d2l.synthetic_data(true_w, true_b, n_test)
test_iter = d2l.load_array(test_data, batch_size, is_train=False)
def init_params():
    w = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal(mean=1, shape=(num_inputs, 1)))
    b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros(shape=(1, )))
    return [w, b]
def l2_penalty(w):
    return tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(w, 2)) / 2
def train(lambd):
    w, b = init_params()
    net, loss = lambda X: d2l.linreg(X, w, b), d2l.squared_loss
    num_epochs, lr = 100, 0.003
    animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epochs', ylabel='loss', yscale='log', xlim=[5, num_epochs], legend=['train', 'test'])
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        for X, y in train_iter:
            with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
                l = loss(net(X), y) + lambd * l2_penalty(w)
            grads = tape.gradient(l, [w, b])
            d2l.sgd([w, b], grads, lr, batch_size)
        if (epoch + 1) % 5 == 0:
            animator.add(epoch + 1, (d2l.evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss), d2l.evaluate_loss(net, test_iter, loss)))
def train_concise(wd):
    net = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
    net.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(wd)))
    net.build(input_shape=(1, num_inputs))
    w, b = net.trainable_variables
    loss = tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError()
    num_epochs, lr = 100, 0.003
    trainer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=lr)
    animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epochs', ylabel='loss', yscale='log', xlim=[5, num_epochs], legend=['train', 'test'])
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        for X, y in train_iter:
            with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
                l = loss(net(X), y) + net.losses
            grads = tape.gradient(l, net.trainable_variables)
            trainer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, net.trainable_variables))
        if (epoch + 1) % 5 == 0:
            animator.add(epoch + 1, (d2l.evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss), d2l.evaluate_loss(net, test_iter, loss)))


MXNet: %matplotlib inline
from mxnet import autograd, gluon, init, np, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
npx.set_np()
n_train, n_test, num_inputs, batch_size = 20, 100, 200, 5
true_w, true_b = np.ones((num_inputs, 1)) * 0.01, 0.05
train_data = d2l.synthetic_data(true_w, true_b, n_train)
train_iter = d2l.load_array(train_data, batch_size)
test_data = d2l.synthetic_data(true_w, true_b, n_test)
test_iter = d2l.load_array(test_data, batch_size, is_train=False)
def init_params():
    w = np.random.normal(scale=1, size=(num_inputs, 1))
    b = np.zeros(1)
    w.attach_grad()
    b.attach_grad()
    return [w, b]
def l2_penalty(w):
    return (w**2).sum() / 2
def train(lambd):
    w, b = init_params()
    net, loss = lambda X: d2l.linreg(X, w, b), d2l.squared_loss
    num_epochs, lr = 100, 0.003
    animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epochs', ylabel='loss', yscale='log', xlim=[5, num_epochs], legend=['train', 'test'])
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        for X, y in train_iter:
            with autograd.record():
                l = loss(net(X), y) + lambd * l2_penalty(w)
            l.backward()
            d2l.sgd([w, b], lr, batch_size)
        if (epoch + 1) % 5 == 0:
            animator.add(epoch + 1, (d2l.evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss), d2l.evaluate_loss(net, test_iter, loss)))
def train_concise(wd):
    net = nn.Sequential()
    net.add(nn.Dense(1))
    net.initialize(init.Normal(sigma=1))
    loss = gluon.loss.L2Loss()
    num_epochs, lr = 100, 0.003
    trainer = gluon.Trainer(net.collect_params(), 'sgd', {'learning_rate': lr, 'wd': wd})
    net.collect_params('.*bias').setattr('wd_mult', 0)
    animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epochs', ylabel='loss', yscale='log', xlim=[5, num_epochs], legend=['train', 'test'])
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        for X, y in train_iter:
            with autograd.record():
                l = loss(net(X), y)
            l.backward()
            trainer.step(batch_size)
        if (epoch + 1) % 5 == 0:
            animator.add(epoch + 1, (d2l.evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss), d2l.evaluate_loss(net, test_iter, loss)))