PyTorch: %matplotlib inline
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
T = 1000
time = torch.arange(1, T + 1, dtype=torch.float32)
x = torch.sin(0.01 * time) + torch.normal(0, 0.2, (T,))
d2l.plot(time, [x], 'time', 'x', xlim=[1, 1000], figsize=(6, 3))
tau = 4
features = torch.zeros((T - tau, tau))
for i in range(tau):
    features[:, i] = x[i: T - tau + i]
labels = x[tau:].reshape((-1, 1))
batch_size, n_train = 16, 600
train_iter = d2l.load_array((features[:n_train], labels[:n_train]), batch_size, is_train=True)
def init_weights(m):
    if type(m) == nn.Linear:
        nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight)
def get_net():
    net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(4, 10),
                        nn.ReLU(),
                        nn.Linear(10, 1))
    net.apply(init_weights)
    return net
loss = nn.MSELoss(reduction='none')
def train(net, train_iter, loss, epochs, lr):
    trainer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr)
    for epoch in range(epochs):
        for X, y in train_iter:
            trainer.zero_grad()
            l = loss(net(X), y)
            l.sum().backward()
            trainer.step()
net = get_net()
train(net, train_iter, loss, 5, 0.01)
onestep_preds = net(features)
d2l.plot([time, time[tau:]],
        [x.detach().numpy(), onestep_preds.detach().numpy()], 'time',
        'x', legend=['data', '1-step preds'], xlim=[1, 1000],
        figsize=(6, 3))
multistep_preds = torch.zeros(T)
multistep_preds[: n_train + tau] = x[: n_train + tau]
for i in range(n_train + tau, T):
    multistep_preds[i] = net(multistep_preds[i - tau:i].reshape((1, -1)))
d2l.plot([time, time[tau:], time[n_train + tau:]],
        [x.detach().numpy(), onestep_preds.detach().numpy(),
            multistep_preds[n_train + tau:].detach().numpy()], 'time',
        'x', legend=['data', '1-step preds', 'multistep preds'],
        xlim=[1, 1000], figsize=(6, 3))
max_steps = 64
features = torch.zeros((T - tau - max_steps + 1, tau + max_steps))
for i in range(tau):
    features[:, i] = x[i: i + T - tau - max_steps + 1]
for i in range(tau, tau + max_steps):
    features[:, i] = net(features[:, i - tau:i]).reshape(-1)
steps = (1, 4, 16, 64)
d2l.plot([time[tau + i - 1: T - max_steps + i] for i in steps],
        [features[:, tau + i - 1].detach().numpy() for i in steps], 'time', 'x',
        legend=[f'{i}-step preds' for i in steps], xlim=[5, 1000],
        figsize=(6, 3))

MXNet: %matplotlib inline
from mxnet import autograd, gluon, init, np, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
npx.set_np()
T = 1000
time = np.arange(1, T + 1, dtype=np.float32)
x = np.sin(0.01 * time) + np.random.normal(0, 0.2, (T,))
d2l.plot(time, [x], 'time', 'x', xlim=[1, 1000], figsize=(6, 3))
tau = 4
features = np.zeros((T - tau, tau))
for i in range(tau):
    features[:, i] = x[i: T - tau + i]
labels = x[tau:].reshape((-1, 1))
batch_size, n_train = 16, 600
train_iter = d2l.load_array((features[:n_train], labels[:n_train]), batch_size, is_train=True)
def get_net():
    net = nn.Sequential()
    net.add(nn.Dense(10, activation='relu'),
            nn.Dense(1))
    net.initialize(init.Xavier())
    return net
loss = gluon.loss.L2Loss()
def train(net, train_iter, loss, epochs, lr):
    trainer = gluon.Trainer(net.collect_params(), 'adam', {'learning_rate': lr})
    for epoch in range(epochs):
        for X, y in train_iter:
            with autograd.record():
                l = loss(net(X), y)
            l.backward()
            trainer.step(batch_size)
net = get_net()
train(net, train_iter, loss, 5, 0.01)
onestep_preds = net(features)
d2l.plot([time, time[tau:]],
        [x.asnumpy(), onestep_preds.asnumpy()], 'time',
        'x', legend=['data', '1-step preds'], xlim=[1, 1000],
        figsize=(6, 3))
multistep_preds = np.zeros(T)
multistep_preds[: n_train + tau] = x[: n_train + tau]
for i in range(n_train + tau, T):
    multistep_preds[i] = net(multistep_preds[i - tau:i].reshape((1, -1)))
d2l.plot([time, time[tau:], time[n_train + tau:]],
        [x.asnumpy(), onestep_preds.asnumpy(),
            multistep_preds[n_train + tau:].asnumpy()], 'time',
        'x', legend=['data', '1-step preds', 'multistep preds'],
        xlim=[1, 1000], figsize=(6, 3))
max_steps = 64
features = np.zeros((T - tau - max_steps + 1, tau + max_steps))
for i in range(tau):
    features[:, i] = x[i: i + T - tau - max_steps + 1]
for i in range(tau, tau + max_steps):
    features[:, i] = net(features[:, i - tau:i]).reshape(-1)
steps = (1, 4, 16, 64)
d2l.plot([time[tau + i - 1: T - max_steps + i] for i in steps],
        [features[:, tau + i - 1].asnumpy() for i in steps], 'time', 'x',
        legend=[f'{i}-step preds' for i in steps], xlim=[5, 1000],
        figsize=(6, 3))