{
"paper_id": "Y17-1042",
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"date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:33:28.306614Z"
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"title": "Multi-dimensional Meanings of Subjective Adverbs -Case Study of Mandarin Chinese Adverb Pianpian",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Mi",
"middle": [],
"last": "Zhou",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University",
"location": {}
},
"email": "mimi.zhou@connect.polyu.hk"
},
{
"first": "Yao",
"middle": [],
"last": "Yao",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University",
"location": {}
},
"email": "ctyaoyao@polyu.edu.hk"
},
{
"first": "Chu-Ren",
"middle": [],
"last": "Huang",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University",
"location": {}
},
"email": "churenhuang@polyu.edu.hk"
}
],
"year": "",
"venue": null,
"identifiers": {},
"abstract": "The combination of strict scalar and exclusive components of focus particles has been considered to be exceptional and rare in the literature. In this study, we identify and analyze a frequently used multi-dimensional focus particle pianpian \u504f\u504f in Mandarin Chinese and claim that it is a strictly scalar exclusive focus particle (which accordingly show evaluative properties). The analysis is based on data from CCL corpus. Different from English only, the scalar feature of pianpian is non-optional and does not depend on the lexical specification of the focus. Furthermore, the negation of the more expected/positive alternatives by pianpian gives rise to interesting interactions with surprisal, modality and speaker-orientedness.",
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"text": "The combination of strict scalar and exclusive components of focus particles has been considered to be exceptional and rare in the literature. In this study, we identify and analyze a frequently used multi-dimensional focus particle pianpian \u504f\u504f in Mandarin Chinese and claim that it is a strictly scalar exclusive focus particle (which accordingly show evaluative properties). The analysis is based on data from CCL corpus. Different from English only, the scalar feature of pianpian is non-optional and does not depend on the lexical specification of the focus. Furthermore, the negation of the more expected/positive alternatives by pianpian gives rise to interesting interactions with surprisal, modality and speaker-orientedness.",
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"section": "Abstract",
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"text": "Cross-linguistically, focus can be broadly defined as information in a sentence which introduces alternative(s) of elements associated with meaning interpretation (Rooth, 1992; Krifka, 1999; Spalek, 2014) . Focus particles, like other kinds of focus-sensitive expressions, mark the focus of a sentence (K\u00f6nig, 1991; Gast, 2006) .",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 163,
"end": 176,
"text": "(Rooth, 1992;",
"ref_id": null
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{
"start": 177,
"end": 190,
"text": "Krifka, 1999;",
"ref_id": "BIBREF11"
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{
"start": 191,
"end": 204,
"text": "Spalek, 2014)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF18"
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"start": 302,
"end": 315,
"text": "(K\u00f6nig, 1991;",
"ref_id": "BIBREF9"
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"start": 316,
"end": 327,
"text": "Gast, 2006)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF1"
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"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "Usually, focus particles can be categorized along two dimensions, each with two levels, i.e. whether a focus particle is exclusive (restrictive) or additive (inclusive) and whether it is scalar and/or non-scalar. Exclusive means that the alternative(s) of the focus are not possible variables for interpreting the sentence, on the other hand, the additive indicates that the truth condition of the proposition remains true when alternative(s) are substituted for focus. Within the group of exclusives, often discussed examples include English only, merely and only-like expressions. The additive category is best exemplified by English also, even, and their counterparts in other languages. The component of scalar and/or non-scalar uses measures a kind of ordering property of alternative(s) and focus elements in the perspective of the related event in the context, with scalar reading having such an order and nonscalar use lacking it respectively (K\u00f6nig, 1991; Gast, 2006 etc.) . Among additives, even and even-like operators are usually utilized in the literature to exemplify scalar interpretation (Karttunen and Karttunen, 1977; Kay 1990; K\u00f6nig, 1991; Gast and van der Auwera, 2011 ; see Giannakidou and Yoon, 2016 for non-scalar use of even) (See (1) -(2) for examples of scalar and non-scalar uses of additives).",
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"start": 131,
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"text": "(restrictive)",
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"text": "(K\u00f6nig, 1991;",
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"start": 965,
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"text": "Gast, 2006 etc.)",
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"text": "(Karttunen and Karttunen, 1977;",
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"text": "Kay 1990;",
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"text": "K\u00f6nig, 1991;",
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"text": "Gast and van der Auwera, 2011",
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"text": "Giannakidou and Yoon, 2016",
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"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
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{
"text": "(1)",
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"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
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{
"text": "Even John came. a.\u2203x [(x=John) ",
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"start": 21,
"end": 30,
"text": "[(x=John)",
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"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "& came(x)] b.\u2203x[(x\u2260John) & came(x)] c.(\u2200y)[(y \u2260 John & came (y) \u2192 exceeds(unlikelihood(came(John),unlikelihood(ca me (y))]",
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"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "(2) John also came. a.\u2203x [(x=John) ",
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"start": 25,
"end": 34,
"text": "[(x=John)",
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"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "& came(x)] b.\u2203x[(x\u2260John) & came(x)]",
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"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "Note that (1c) has the scalar reading of John being less likely to come than other people; while there is no possible scalar reading for (2). For exclusives, only and its counterparts are the most frequently mentioned particles supporting scalar use. (See (3) for instance of scalar use of only) However, \"only sentences\" do not constantly express scalar meaning as the scale is derived from the context -both the existence of the scale and parameter of the dimension of the scale (See (4) as the example of non-scalar use of only) (K\u00f6nig, 1991; Horn, 1996; Gast, 2012) . 3John only ate three apples.",
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"start": 532,
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"text": "(K\u00f6nig, 1991;",
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"text": "Horn, 1996;",
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"text": "a.\u2203=3x[apple(x) & John_ate(x)] b.\u00ac\u2203>3x[apple(x) & John_ate(x) ] c.(\u2200>3y)[apple(y)",
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"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "& John_ate(y) \u2192 exceeds(cardinal number(John_ate(more than three(y))), cardinal number(three (y)) ]",
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"sec_num": "1"
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{
"text": "(4)",
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"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "Only John came. a.\u2203x [(x=John) ",
"cite_spans": [
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"start": 21,
"end": 30,
"text": "[(x=John)",
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"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "& came(x)] b.\u00ac\u2203x[(x\u2260John) & came(x)]",
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"text": "Note that in (3), the numbers of apple is a scalar concept triggered by the numeral three in the con-text; while scalar meaning is not triggered in (4). Theoretically and logically it is possible for focus particles to integrate components of exclusive and scalar use. To our best knowledge, jupu in Gurindji is the only particle typologically reported to have both exclusive use and scalar use, without possilbe no non-scalar use. _Jupu_ is an invariant sentence adverb, which may often be translated_just_or_only (on the S-adverb sense). It modifies expectations about the whole sentence, the predicate or verb, but is never used in the sense of _only_qualifying an NP (McConvell, 1983:14) . This paper presents an analysis of the Chinese adverb pianpian \u504f\u504f as a strictly scalar and exclusive focus particle.",
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"start": 671,
"end": 691,
"text": "(McConvell, 1983:14)",
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"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
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"text": "This study focuses on Mandarin focus marker pianpian. Literature from perspectives of both Mandarin focus particles and evaluative adverbs pay no or little attention to focus particle function of pianpian (see for instance L\u00fc, 1980; Hou (ed.), 1998; Paris, 1998; Hole, 2004) . Liu (2008) and Zhang (2014) labeled pianpian as focus particle though without further analysis. We propose pianpian to be an exclusively scalar exclusive focus particle, which means: (i) it disallows the alternative(s) (explicit or implicit) to be possible answers for the open sentence (what the speaker takes as the Current Question) in the scope of the particle and displays only scalar reading of the sentence unlike only-like exclusive particles. (ii) The scale pianpian induces to the understanding of the sentence is constant in the direction of ordering and complex as to the parameter of dimension -ranking focus element at higher level of ordering with the scale of expectation disconfirmation or negativity (unfortunateness).",
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"start": 223,
"end": 232,
"text": "L\u00fc, 1980;",
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"start": 233,
"end": 249,
"text": "Hou (ed.), 1998;",
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"start": 250,
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"text": "Paris, 1998;",
"ref_id": "BIBREF15"
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"start": 263,
"end": 274,
"text": "Hole, 2004)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF6"
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"start": 277,
"end": 287,
"text": "Liu (2008)",
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"section": "Current Study",
"sec_num": "2"
},
{
"text": "The hypothesis of this research is as follows: a.",
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"section": "Corpus Data Analysis",
"sec_num": "3"
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"text": "Pianpian is an exclusive focus particle. (i.e. The proposition with focus is true and the proposition with focus substituted by alternative(s) is false.) b.",
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"section": "Corpus Data Analysis",
"sec_num": "3"
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{
"text": "Pianpian is a strictly scalar focus particle. The scales pianpian triggers are of unexpectedness and negativity. And the proposition with focus is evaluated as more unexpected and negative than the proposition with focus substituted by alternative(s). We retrieved 3740 pianpian sentences from the CCL contemporary Chinese corpus (This corpus contains 581,794,456 Chinese characters), among which we extracted 500 random sample sentences with context. We then precluded 68 sentences either because pianpian in those sentences mean intentionally or context information is missing. In total, we annotated 432 sentences for this study.",
"cite_spans": [],
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"section": "Corpus Data Analysis",
"sec_num": "3"
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"text": "The annotation criteria are as follows: -The focus in the pianpian sentence (Pianpian is very frequently left-adjoined to its scope within which focus can be identified. And focus is the phrase which has explicit or inferred alternative(s)); -Syntactic components of focus in pianpian sentence (subject, object, verb predicate, adjective predicate, adverbial, modifier of NP); -Alternative(s) of the focus; -Whether alternative is explicitly excluded in the context; -Whether unexpectedness is explicitly marked in the context; -Whether negativity is explicitly marked in the context.",
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"section": "Corpus Data Analysis",
"sec_num": "3"
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{
"text": "Based on our annotation, in the following two graphs we show the syntactic position of foci pianpian associates (in Graph 1) and whether alternatives are marked or not marked (in Graph 2). From the Graph 1 we can see that the foci which pianpian associates with function mainly as predicate (35.41% as verb predicate and 3.24% as adjective predicate) and object (26.16%), while only 8.80% of the foci appear in the subject position. And Graph 2 shows that about half (47.22%) of the alternatives are explicitly marked, and among the rest, about half (24.77%) of the alternatives are implicitly inferred.",
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"section": "Corpus Data Analysis",
"sec_num": "3"
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"text": "Among the 204 sentences where alternatives are explicitly marked, 94 examples (48.04%) explicitly show that the proposition with the focus substituted by alternative(s) is false. . The sentence asserts the fact that the computer broke now and also implies that it did not break at any other time points. And the scale pianpian induces in this sentence is only of negativity as the computer is equally likely to break at any time points, however the speaker finds it very unfortunate that the computer stopped working now. The scalar expectation here is that this particular time point is the worst time for the computer to breakdown (compared with all the possible time points). (12)\u8fd9\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9762\u8bd5,\u4ed6\u504f\u504f\u641e\u7838\u4e86\u3002 zhemo_zhongyao_De_mianshi,ta_pianpian_gao_z a_TAM so_important_De_interview,ta_pianpian_do_bad_ TAM ' Of all the interviews, s/he blew this most important one.'. a. Sentence (12) exemplifies the focus being the predicate and the scalar reading being of both unexpec-tation and negativity. To be specific, \u641e \u7838 \u4e86 gaozale ' blow/mishandle (something) ' is the focus element in this sentence. The related alternatives are \"did great (in the interview)\" etc. Not doing well in a very important interview is evaluated as negative and unexpected by the speaker. It is also important to note that the scalar reading is also possible from \u8fd9\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9762\u8bd5' such an important interview' . That is, the expectation being that this interview is the one that the subject (he) can least affords to fail. And with a slightly different focus (and background information), the expectation can also be on the subject \u4ed6 he. That is, if the subject is sent by a bidding team to represent them at the important final interview (instead of other team members). Then this he is considered to be the least likely to fail, yet did fail. Of all possible readings, it is important to note that the focus must go handin-hand with a contextually specified scalar expectation.",
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"section": "Exclusive Component of Pianpian",
"sec_num": "3.1"
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"text": "(\u2203 x)[interview(x) & important(x) & he_mishandled(x)] b. \u00ac (\u2203 x)[interview(x) & important (x) & \u00ac(he_mishandled(x)) ] c.(\u2200 y)[interview(y) & important (y) & \u00ac(he_mishandled(y))] \u2192 exceeds(unexpectedness(interview(y) & important",
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"section": "Pianpian",
"sec_num": null
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"text": "The unexpectedness and negativity meanings of pianpian renders it as an evaluative adverb 2 which behaves like normal subjective adverbspositioning before modals, negations, time adverbs, degree adverbs etc., e.g. pianpianneng \u504f \u504f\u80fd\uff0cpianpianmeiyou \u504f\u504f\u6ca1\u6709\uff0cpianpianxian \u504f\u504f\u5148\uff0cpianpianhen \u504f\u504f\u6709\u4e9b.",
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"section": "Subjective (Evaluative) Adverb Component of Pianpian",
"sec_num": "3.4"
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"text": "(13) \"\u5929\u4e0a\u6389\u9985\u997c\"\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c11\u4e4b\u53c8\u5c11\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5bf9 \u4e8e\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u6c42\u5b66\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u800c\u8a00,\u5c31\u504f\u504f\u80fd\u78b0\u4e0a \u8fd9\u79cd\u597d\u4e8b--\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u91cc\u4e0d\u6536\u5b66\u8d39\u3002 It is so rare to see pennies from heaven, however, for college students studying in Germany, pianpian this kind of things could happen since they are not charged by tuition fee. (14) \u4eca\u5e74 5 \u6708,10 \u4f59\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u767b\u5c71\u5065\u513f\u5439\u54cd\u4e86\u5f81 \u670d\u73e0\u7a46\u6717\u739b\u5cf0\u7684\u53f7\u89d2\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e3a\u5e86\u795d\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65af \u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5efa\u4ea4 5 \u5468\u5e74\u800c\u7ec4\u5efa\u7684\u4e2d\u65af\u8054\u5408\u767b\u5c71\u961f\u3002 \u7136\u800c,\u8fde\u65e5\u6765\u6d8c\u5411\u5cf0\u9876\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d,\u504f\u504f\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a \u5b9e\u529b\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u961f\u5458\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\u3002 In May this year, mountain climbers from more than ten countries have started to climb Mount Qomolangma. One of the teams was China Slovak Joint Mountaineering Expedition, which was set up to celebrate the 5th anniversary of establishment of the diplomatic relationship between China and Slovak. For days, pianpian no Chinese was found in the mountain climbers who were thought as the strongest.",
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"sec_num": "3.4"
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"text": "(15)\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u4e86 4 \u5e74\u7684\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed,\u672c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a\u8be5 \u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898,\u53ef\u95ee\u9898\u5374\u504f\u504f\u5148\u51fa\u5728\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a \u3002 He has been learning Malay for four years before going to Malaysia and has thought language would not be a problem, pianpian, the problem comes first from the aspect of language.",
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"section": "Subjective (Evaluative) Adverb Component of Pianpian",
"sec_num": "3.4"
},
{
"text": "(16)\u738b\u8776\u559c\u6696,\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9633\u5149\u707f\u70c2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u624d\u9891\u7e41\u6d3b \u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u5929\u5374\u504f\u504f\u6709\u4e9b\u591a\u4e91,\u6211\u4e0d\u514d\u6709\u4e9b\u62c5\u5fc3\u3002 Monarch butterfly prefers warmth and only frequently moves around when the sun is shining. Pianpian, that day was a little cloudy, about which I was worried to some extent.",
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"section": "Subjective (Evaluative) Adverb Component of Pianpian",
"sec_num": "3.4"
},
{
"text": "Different form some subjective adverbs, pianpian is not limited to occur in veridical/realis sentences, it can occur in some interrogatives and conditionalsweishenmo pianpian \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u504f\u504f \u2026\u2026\uff0cif\u2026pianpian\u2026\u5982\u679c\u2026\u2026\uff0c\u504f\u504f\u2026\u2026\u3002 (17) \u65e2\u7136\u522b\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u56de\u53bb\u4e0e\u5bb6\u4eba\u56e2\u805a,\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u504f\u504f \u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u4eab\u53d7\u8fd9\u4efd\u6743\u5229\u5462? All the others can get together with their family, why pianpian he doesn't have this right?",
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"section": "Subjective (Evaluative) Adverb Component of Pianpian",
"sec_num": "3.4"
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"text": "(18)\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8425\u9500\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u504f\u504f\u6027\u683c\u53c8\u5f88\u5185 \u5411\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8feb\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6bcf\u5929\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u8054 \u7cfb\u3001\u6c9f\u901a\u3002 If you are a salesperson, pianpian you are controverted, then you need to force yourself to contact and communicate with the cooperating company.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Subjective (Evaluative) Adverb Component of Pianpian",
"sec_num": "3.4"
},
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"text": "According to our data, the majority of examples express the scale formed by both dimensions of expectation reversing and negativity. The phenomenon that unexpectedness is usually found occurring with negativity (unfortunateness) is also supported by previous studies on emotion and language (see Gendolla and Koller, 2001 and Lin and Yao, 2016 for instance). To summarize, different from English only, the scalar property of pianpian is nonoptional and does not depend on the lexical specification of the focus, but must be associated with the contextually stipulated scale. Furthermore, the negation of the more expected/positive alternatives by pianpian gives rise to interesting interactions with the contrary to expectation modality and speakerorientedness. This study provides evidence for the exclusive and strict scalar focus particle category and shows one possible way of how subjective adverbs could have multi-dimensional meanings.",
"cite_spans": [],
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"section": "Conclusion",
"sec_num": "4"
},
{
"text": "F stands for the focus of the sentence.",
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"section": "",
"sec_num": null
},
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"text": "Evaluative adverbs concern with the speaker's evaluative comment/judgment of a proposition(Bonami, 2008).",
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"section": "",
"sec_num": null
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"ref_entries": {
"FIGREF0": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "Syntactic positions of foci pianpian associates Graph 2: Alternative(s) marked or unmarked",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF1": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "This is consistent with the frequent co-occurrence of surprise and negativity in the studies of language and emotion (Gendolla& Koller(2001)\uff0cLin, J., & Yao, Y. (2016). (11)\u4e0d\u65e9\u4e0d\u665a\uff0c\u7535\u8111\u504f\u504f\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u574f\u4e86\u3002 bu_zao_bu_wan,diannao_pianpian_zhe_shihou_hu ai_TAM not_early_not_late,computer_pianpian_this_time_ bad_TAM ' Neither one minute earlier, nor one minute later, the computer broke now right at this (critical) moment' . a.(\u2203 x)[computer(x) & (break(x))(now)] b.\u00ac(\u2203 x)[computer(y) & break(x)(at t) & t\u2260now] c.(\u2200 y)[computer(y)&break(y)(at t)&t \u2260 now] \u2192 exceeds(negativity(break(y)(now)), negativity(break(y)(at t)( t\u2260now)) Pianpian in this example is associated with the focus \u8fd9\u65f6\u5019 zheshihou'this (critical) moment'",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF2": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "(interview(y) & important (y) & (he_mishandled(y))), negativity(interview(y) & important (y) & \u00ac(he_mishandled(y)))",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"TABREF0": {
"html": null,
"text": "In those sentences where alternatives are not explicitly excluded, we can inter the exclusiveness from the contrary relation of focus and alternative(s). Even though alternative(s) are not excluded, it does not mean that they are included. .....keshi/danshi......\u6309\u7406\u8bf4......\u53ef\u662f/\u4f46\u662f ......, benlaiyinggai\u2026keshi/danshi......\u672c\u6765\u5e94\u8be5......\u53ef\u662f /\u4f46\u662f......",
"num": null,
"type_str": "table",
"content": "
| unexpectedly, out of one's expectation: |
| meixiangdao \u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\uff0c |
(7)\u664b\u6b66\u5e1d\u548c\u4ed6\u7956\u7236\u3001\u4f2f\u7236\u3001\u7236\u4eb2\u90fd\u662f\u5584\u4e8e\u73a9\u5f04 \u6743\u672f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50--\u592a\u5b50\u53f8\u9a6c\u8877\u504f\u504f \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a[\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c2\u7684\u4f4e\u80fd\u513f]F\u3002 jinwudi_he_tade_zufu_bofu_fuqin_dou_shi_shany u_wannong_quanshu_de_ren,keshi_tade_erzi_taizi _simazhong_pianpian_shi_yige_shenmo_ye_bu_d ong_de_dinenger Emperor Jinwu_and_his grandfather, his grandfather's brother and his father_all_are_good at_play_political_tricks_person,but_hisson_prince _simazhong_pianpian_is_a_what_also_not_unders tand_ imbecile | meicengxiangdao \u8c01\u66fe\u60f3\u5230\uff0c shichuyiwai \u4e8b\u51fa\u610f\u5916\uff0c buliaoxiang \u4e0d\u6599\u60f3\uff0c jingran \u7adf(\u7136)\uff0c juran \u5c45\u7136\u2026 it is supposed to\u2026,however\u2026: anlishuo.but,however: keshi \u53ef\u662f\uff0c |
Emperor Jinwu and his grandfather, his grandfather's brother and his father are all skillful in playing political tricks, but his son -Prince Sima Zhong is an imbecile who knows nothing. a.(\u2203x)[(x=Sima Zhong) & being_an_imbecile(x)] b.\u00ac(\u2203x)[(y\u2260Sima Zhong) & being_an_imbecile (x)] (8)\u56e2\u9886\u5bfc\u51e0\u6b21\u8c03\u4ed6\u5230\u9a7b\u5728\u67d0\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u673a\u5173\u4efb\u804c\uff0c \u53ef\u4ed6\u504f\u504f\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00[\u68a6\u9b42\u8426\u7ed5\u7684\u5bfc\u5f39\u7ad6\u4e95]F\u3002 tuan_lingdao_ji_ci_diao_ta_dao_zhuzai_mouchen gshi_de_jiguan_renzhi,ke_ta_pianpian_libukai_hu nqianmengraode_daodanshujing The official from the League has tried to transfer him to an organization in the city, but he would not like to leave missile silos which he cares a lot. | danshi \u4f46\u662f\uff0c (5)\u7b97\u4f60\u4eec\u8fd0\u6c14\uff0c\u4eba\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5f53\u5175\uff0c\u4e00\u832c\u4e00\u832c\u7684\u590d\u5458 que \u5374... \u4e86\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8d76\u4e0a\u6253\u4ed7\uff0c\u504f\u504f\u8ba9[\u4f60\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u832c\u7684 ]F 1 \u8d76\u4e0a\u4e86\u3002 suan_nimen_yunqi,renjia_ye_dangbing,yichayicha it is unbelievable\u2026: lingrenbujiede \u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u89e3\u7684\uff0c lingrenfeijiede \u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\u7684\uff0c de_fuyuan_le,dou_meiyou_ganshang_dazhang,pia guaishi \u602a\u4e8b\u2026 npian_rang_nimen_zheyichade_ganshang_le count_you_luck,others_also_being soldier_,year by year_demobilized_TAM, all_not_encouter_war,pianpian_let_you_encouter It is so unlucky of you. Other people also served in the army. Year after year, they have all been demobilized and have not encountered any war; (10)\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u6bd4\u8d5b\uff0c\u504f\u504f\u6211\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u7b49\u5956\u3002 namo_duo_ren_canjia_bisai,pianpian_wo_de_le_y idengjiang so_many_people_participate_competition,pianpian _I_got_TAM_first award you have to participant in the war. ' I, of all the people who participated in the a.(\u2203x)[(x=you) & participant_in _war(x)] competition, won the first prize.' b.\u00ac(\u2203x)[(x\u2260you) & participant_in _war (x)] a.(\u2203x)[(x=me) & got_first _place(x)] |
a.(\u2203x)[(x= he_would_not_leave(x)] missile b.\u00ac(\u2203x)[(x\u2260missile silos) & he_would_not_leave silos) & (x)] | (6)\u5979\u6068\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u80fd\u62a4\u7406\u597d\u533b\u9662\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u75c5\u4eba b.\u00ac(\u2203x)[(x\u2260me) & got_first_place(x)] c.(\u2200y)[(y\u2260me) & participated_in_compitition(y) & \uff0c\u504f\u504f\u5c31\u62a4\u7406\u4e0d\u597d[\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2]F\u3002 got_first_place(y) \u2192 Ta_hen_ziji_weishenmo_neng_huli_hao_yiyuande _mei_yige_bingren,pianpian_jiu_huli_bu_hao_ziji exceeds(surprise(got_first_place(me), |
(9)\u773c\u770b\u8be5\u4e0a\u73ed\u4e86\uff0c\u53ef\u8001\u5929\u504f\u504f[\u4e0b\u8d77\u4e86\u96ea]F\u3002 yankan_gai_shangban_le, ke laotian_pianpian_xiaqi_le_xue It is time to go to work, but, it has started to snow. a.snow b.\u00ac[ \u00acsnow] 3.2 Based on the corpus data, we can see that the | de_muqin She blames herself for not having taken good care surprise(got_first_place(y))] Pianpian marks \u6211 wo' I' as the focus as well of her mother while she can take good care of as the maximal level of expectation every other patient in the hospital a.(\u2203x)[(x=mother) disconfirma-tion of the fact that the speaker won. & It renders the alternatives (a person other than me I_did_not_take_good_care_of(x)] b.\u00ac(\u2203x)[(x\u2260mother) winning) ranked as more likely (or less & I_did_not_take_good_care_of (x)] improbable). This is a case showing only-unexpectedness-dimension scale. |
events pianpian evaluates are unexpected: 377 | |
tokens (87.27%) | |
Markers for unexpectedness: strong to weak | |
"
},
"TABREF1": {
"html": null,
"text": "The events pianpian evaluates are negative: 236 tokens (54.63%) \uff1a",
"num": null,
"type_str": "table",
"content": "Markers for negativity: |
negative emotion words: |
taiyihanle \u592a\u9057\u61be\u4e86 regretful\uff0c |
buxingde \u4e0d\u5e78\u7684 miserable\uff0c |
kebeide \u53ef\u60b2\u7684 pathetic\uff0c |
zhenkexi \u771f\u53ef\u60dc unfortunate\uff0c |
daomeide \u5012\u9709\u7684 unlucky |
\u2026 |
nouns with negative meaning\uff1a |
beiju \u60b2\u5267 tragic\uff0c |
sunshi \u635f\u5931 loss\uff0c |
weihai \u5371\u5bb3 harm\uff0c |
mafan \u9ebb\u70e6 trouble |
\u2026 |
negative events\uff1a |
shengbing \u751f\u75c5 being sick\uff0c |
chushi \u51fa\u4e8b something terrible happens\uff0c |
shiqujihui \u5931\u53bb\u673a\u4f1a losing a chance\uff0c |
niangchengzhezhongjieju \u917f\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u5c40 rendering |
into such a negative consequence |
Most of the pianpian sentences show both |
unexpectedness and negativity evaluations. |
"
}
}
}
}