{ "paper_id": "O14-3004", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:04:39.734793Z" }, "title": "Salient Linguistic Features of Chinese Learners with Different L1s: A Corpus-based Study \u5f35\u8389\u840d +", "authors": [ { "first": "Li-Ping", "middle": [], "last": "Chang", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u570b\u8a9e\u6559\u5b78\u4e2d\u5fc3", "institution": "National Taiwan Normal University", "location": {} }, "email": "lchang@ntnu.edu.tw" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "The study aims to explore the salient linguistic features of Chinese lexical items from different L1s learners. The research method is corpus-based, including comparing the learner corpus and the native-speaker corpus, as well as sub-corpora for different L1s. The learner corpus which consists of more than 1.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "O14-3004", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "The study aims to explore the salient linguistic features of Chinese lexical items from different L1s learners. The research method is corpus-based, including comparing the learner corpus and the native-speaker corpus, as well as sub-corpora for different L1s. The learner corpus which consists of more than 1.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "\u5f35\u8389\u840d sub-corpora of Japanese, English, Korean, Vietnamese, Indonesia and Thai are observed. Japanese corpus is top 1, which occupies twenty four percent of the total data, followed by English, Korean, and etc. And the native corpus is from the Academia Sinica balanced corpus. Through the overuse or underuse linguistic forms and keyword-keyness analysis, some salient features are discovered. For examples, comparative to Chinese learners with other L1s, English language background learners show the unusual high frequency on pronouns and unusual low frequency on sentential final particles in Chinese writing. And Japanese as well as Korean background learners tend to overuse the post form 'de hua' instead of 'ruguo' when expressing the 'if' sentence, and overuse 'suoyi' instead of 'yinwei' when expressing the cause-effect relation. The article also provides possible explanations for these results from the aspects of learners' native language typology, linguistic structure, syntactic category and culture.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "54", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u65bc 20 \u4e16\u7d00 80 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u85c9\u7531\u8a9e\u6599\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u8490\u96c6\u53ca\u6a19\u8a18\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5ba2\u89c0\u3001\u771f \u5be6\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u7d66\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5206\u6790\u4ee5\u53ca\u505a\u70ba\u6559\u5b78\u7528\u4f8b\u3002\u540c\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u6216\u5916\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2 \u8005\u7522\u51fa\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u8996\uff0c\u6240\u5efa\u7f6e\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u7a31\u70ba\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab(learner corpora)\u6216\u4e2d\u4ecb \u8a9e\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab(interlanguage 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\u500b\u5b50\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5b50\u5eab\u9084\u5728\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u52a0\u4e2d\u3002\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u8a9e\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6216\u6559 \u5b78\u8005\u89c0\u5bdf\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u904b\u7528\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5c0d\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u7279\u5fb5\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u767c\u5c55\u9032\u884c\u5168\u9762\u800c\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684 \u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5c0d\u6bd4\u5206\u6790 1 (Granger, 1998; Granger, Hung & Petch-Tyson, 2002; Hawkins & Buttery, 2009 (Granger, 1998: 12) (Scott ,1997 (Scott , , 2008 \u6216 AntConc (Anthony, 2009) ", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 285, "end": 327, "text": "(D\u00edaz-Negrillo & Fern\u00e1ndez-Dom\u00ednguez, 2006", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" }, { "start": 498, "end": 513, "text": "(Granger, 1998;", "ref_id": "BIBREF6" }, { "start": 514, "end": 548, "text": "Granger, Hung & Petch-Tyson, 2002;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 549, "end": 572, "text": "Hawkins & Buttery, 2009", "ref_id": "BIBREF8" }, { "start": 573, "end": 592, "text": "(Granger, 1998: 12)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 593, "end": 605, "text": "(Scott ,1997", "ref_id": "BIBREF15" }, { "start": 606, "end": 621, "text": "(Scott , , 2008", "ref_id": "BIBREF16" }, { "start": 632, "end": 647, "text": "(Anthony, 2009)", "ref_id": "BIBREF0" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "\u524d\u8a00", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "EQUATION", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [ { "start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "EQUATION", "ref_id": "EQREF", "raw_str": "\u8868 3. \u8207\u65e5\u8a9e\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7684\u524d 20 \u9ad8\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u8a5e \u5b50\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab \u524d 20 \u9ad8\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e(\u985e) \u82f1 \u6703 Nh \u5f35\u611b\u6587 \u548c \u7f8e\u570b \u500b \u53ef\u4ee5 Neu \u4ed6\u5011 \u8b93 Caa \u6211 \u4e00 \u5c31 \u5e6b D \u5feb Nb VL \u570b\u5bb6 \u5979 [\u8a71\u3001\u6240\u4ee5\u3001\u5427\u3001\u7684] \u97d3 \u97d3\u570b \u97d3\u570b\u4eba 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\u529f\u80fd\u3002
6 \u5206\u5225\u9078\u5b9a\u65e5\u8a9e\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u70ba\u53c3\u7167\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5169\u8005\u8a9e\u6599\u91cf\u662f\u524d\u4e8c\u540d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b50\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u7684\u91cf\u5247
\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u64da\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002
7 \u5beb \u4f5c\u6587 \u672c \u65b7\u8a5e \u662f \u63a1\u7528 \u4e2d \u592e\u7814 \u7a76 \u9662\u7684 \u81ea \u52d5\u65b7 \u8a5e \u8207\u8a5e \u6027 \u6a19\u8a3b \u7a0b \u5f0f\u9032 \u884c \u81ea\u52d5 \u8655 \u7406\u3002 \u53c3 \u8003\u7db2 \u5740\uff1a
http://ckipsvr.iis.sinica.edu.tw/
8 \u756b\u9762\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e5d\u500b\u8a5e\u8a9e\u300c\u770b\u96fb\u5f71\u300d\u662f\u81ea\u52d5\u65b7\u8a5e\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6578\u90fd\u65b7\u6210\u300c\u770b\u300d\u548c\u300c\u96fb\u5f71\u300d
\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u65b7\u8a5e\u7d50\u679c\u4e0d\u77e5\u70ba\u4f55\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5011\u5f8c\u9762\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002
" }, "TABREF3": { "text": "/mmc.sinica.edu.tw)\u3002\u5c0d\u8a71\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u662f\u7531 30 \u500b\u81ea\u7531\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c26 \u500b\u5730\u5716\u5c0e\u5f15\u5c0d\u8a71\u8207 29 \u500b\u4e3b\u984c \u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u6574\u7406\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u7d04\u8a08 40 \u842c\u8a5e\uff0c\u8a72\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u8a5e\u8868\u65bc 2012 \u5e74 4 \u6708\u516c\u958b\u3002\u5e73\u8861\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u5247\u662f\u53f0\u7063 \u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u5916\u958b\u653e\u7684\u5927\u578b\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f8\u9762\u8a9e\u6599\u5c45\u591a\uff0c1995 \u5e74\u958b\u653e 1.0 \u7248\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u662f 200 \u842c\u8a5e\uff0c\u672c\u7814 \u7a76\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f 3.0 \u7248 500 \u842c\u8a5e(http://app.sinica.edu.tw/kiwi/mkiwi/)\u3002", "num": null, "html": null, "type_str": "table", "content": "
66\u4e0d\u540c\u6bcd\u8a9e\u80cc\u666f\u83ef\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u7279\u5fb5\uff1a\u4ee5\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u70ba\u672c\u7684\u7814\u7a76 \u4e0d\u540c\u6bcd\u8a9e\u80cc\u666f\u83ef\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u7279\u5fb5\uff1a\u4ee5\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u70ba\u672c\u7684\u7814\u7a76 \u4e0d\u540c\u6bcd\u8a9e\u80cc\u666f\u83ef\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u7279\u5fb5\uff1a\u4ee5\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u70ba\u672c\u7684\u7814\u7a7661 \u5f35\u8389\u840d \u5f35\u8389\u840d \u5f35\u8389\u840d 67 \u5f35\u8389\u840d 69 \u5f35\u8389\u840d
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\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u4e94\u500b\u8a9e\u8a00\u80cc\u666f\u5b78\u7fd2 \u8005\u7279\u5225\u986f\u8457\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u9ad8\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7a2e\u985e\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u8207\u65e5\u8a9e\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u9019\u500b \u8a5e\u985e\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u97d3\u3001\u8d8a\u3001\u5370\u5c3c\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5247\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u500b\u7279\u8272\u3002 \u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u5728\u7bc7\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u8d77\u929c\u63a5\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6216\u8a9e\u8a00\u6559\u5e2b\u90fd\u6703\u6307\u51fa\u521d\u968e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u7279 \u5fb5\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u96f6\u4ee3\u8a5e (zero anaphora) \uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7bc7\u7ae0\u7d50\u69cb\u9b06\u6563\u3001\u9023\u8cab\u6027\u5dee (\u8096\u595a\u5f37, 2001: 54)\uff0c\u800c\u591a\u6578\u5be6\u8b49\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u90fd\u662f\u6b50\u7f8e\u6216\u897f\u65b9\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cJin (1994) \u5f9e\u8a9e\u8a00\u985e\u578b\u7684 \u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u6bcd\u8a9e\u70ba\u82f1\u8a9e\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u5c6c\u65bc\u4e3b\u984c\u986f\u8457\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00(\u83ef\u8a9e)\uff0c\u6709\u5c07\u82f1\u8a9e\u7684\u4e3b \u8a9e\u7d50\u69cb\u7279\u5fb5\u9077\u79fb\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff1b\u5468\u66c9\u82b3(2011)\u5247\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u6b50\u7f8e\u5b78\u751f\u6558\u8ff0\u8a9e\u7bc7\u4e2d\u7684\u56de \u6307\u7fd2\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5448\u73fe\u4ee3\u8a5e\u591a\u7528\u3001\u96f6\u4ee3\u8a5e\u56b4\u91cd\u5c11\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c0d\u6b50\u7f8e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4ee3 \u8a5e\u7fd2\u5f97\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5f9e\u82f1\u6f22\u8a9e\u8a00\u985e\u578b\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u767c\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6703\u5f9e\u4e3b\u984c\u986f \u8457\u8a9e\u8a00/\u4e3b\u8a9e\u986f\u8457\u8a9e\u8a00(Li & Thompson, 1976)\u3001\u4ee3\u8a5e\u812b\u843d (pro-drop) \u8a9e\u8a00/\u975e\u4ee3\u8a5e\u812b\u843d \u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u904e\u6e21\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u8a9e\u6599\u5206\u6790\u6578\u64da\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u6574\u9ad4\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u6709\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u591a\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u65e5\u8a9e\u505a\u70ba\u53c3 \u7167\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\uff0c\u5247\u53ea\u6709\u82f1\u8a9e\u548c\u6cf0\u8a9e\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u985e\u51fa\u73fe\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u6578\u503c\u3002\u8868\u793a\u82f1\u8a9e\u8207\u6cf0\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4ee3\u540d \u8a5e\u591a\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u662f\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u56db\u500b\u8a9e\u8a00\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4f86\u5f97\u986f\u8457\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u6240\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u9019\u516d\u500b\u8a9e\u8a00 \u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u82f1\u8a9e\u5c6c\u65bc\u975e\u4ee3\u8a5e\u812b\u843d/\u4e3b\u8a9e\u986f\u8457\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e94\u500b\u4e9e\u6d32\u8a9e\u8a00\u90fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u4ee3\u8a5e\u812b\u843d/ \u4e3b\u984c\u986f\u8457\u8a9e\u8a00 ( Chomsky, 1981: 284, footnote 47; Li and Thompson, 1976)\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u6cf0\u8a9e\u6bcd\u8a9e \u8005\u5728\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7a81\u51fa\u8868\u73fe\u5247\u986f\u5f97\u8207\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u4e9e\u6d32\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5617\u8a66\u5f9e \u524d\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u627e\u7dda\u7d22\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u6cf0\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5728\u56de\u6307\u504f\u8aa4\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u694a \u5e06(2011: 14)\u3001\u6797\u96ea\u9cf3(2008: 62)\u6307\u51fa\u6307\u7a31\u504f\u8aa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u96f6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u504f\u8aa4\u60c5\u5f62\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f \u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4e0d\u5584\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u96f6\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7bc7\u7ae0\u884c\u6587\u4e0d\u6d41\u66a2\uff1b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5f9e\u8a9e\u8a00\u985e\u578b\u6216\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86 \u5206\u6790\u504f\u8aa4\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u524d\u4eba\u5206\u6790\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u504f\u8aa4\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u90fd\u504f\u91cd\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u4e0a\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u6559\u6750\u6216\u6559\u5b78 \u6c92\u6709\u8457\u91cd\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u3002 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\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u300d\u7684\u983b\u7387\u548c\u672c\u570b\u4eba\u8f03\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u300d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u5247\u8981\u5230 B2(\u4ee5 \u4e0a)\u80fd\u529b\u6bd4\u8f03\u63a5\u8fd1\u672c\u570b\u4eba\u3002 14 Jarvis, Gastaneda-Jimenez and Nielsen (2012:61) \u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u4e0d\u5c11\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u6bcd\u8a9e\u5f71\u97ff\u5916\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u4f8b \u8b49\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82ac\u862d\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u660e\u986f\u8f03\u5176\u4ed6\u6bcd\u8a9e\u8005\u5c11\u7528\u82f1\u8a9e\u7684 a, the\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u82ac\u862d\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u51a0\u8a5e(articles) \u9019\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4f8b\u662f\uff0c\u82ac\u862d\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u5340\u5206\u6027\u5225\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5f9e\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u6578\u64da\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b \u5230\u4ee5\u82ac\u862d\u8a9e\u70ba\u6bcd\u8a9e\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5728\u82f1\u8a9e he, she \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u5176\u4ed6\u6bcd\u8a9e\u8005\u4f86\u5f97\u5c11\u3002 15 \u70ba\u514d\u983b\u7387\u8a0a\u606f\u53d7\u66f8\u9762\u6216\u6b63\u5f0f\u8a9e\u9ad4\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u983b\u7387\u662f\u540c\u6642\u5f15\u81ea\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u5e73\u8861\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u8a5e \u983b \u983b \u7387 ( http://elearning.ling.sinica.edu.tw/CWordfreq.html ) \u4ee5 \u53ca \u5c0d \u8a71 \u8a9e \u6599 \u5eab \u983b \u7387 \u8a0a \u606f A2 (%) B1 (%) B2 (%) C1 (%) \u6240\u4ee5 \u65e5 \u3060\u304b\u3089 1.4609 16 1.0139 0.5603 0.4166 \u97d3 1.4859 1.0445 0.3855 0.1543 \u82f1 0.9783 0.5923 0.2912 0.2419 \u65e5 \u306e\u3067 0.6598 0.5564 0.4854 0.2406 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\u53ef\u4ee5\u300d\u5177\u9ad8\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u65e5\u8a9e\u70ba\u53c3\u7167\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\uff0c\u5247\u5370\u5c3c\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c0d\u80fd\u9858\u52d5\u8a5e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u983b\u7387\u76f8\u5c0d\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u80fd\u9858\u52d5\u8a5e\u9019\u4e00\u985e\u7121\u8ad6\u5728\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u6216\u83ef\u8a9e\u6559\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u591a\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u5728\u83ef \u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u96e3\u9ede(\u9127\u5b88\u4fe1, 2009: 113)\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6559\u5e2b\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u591a\u5f9e\u80fd\u9858\u52d5\u8a5e \u6df7\u7528\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u5206\u6790\u539f\u56e0(\u8cf4\u9d6c, 2006)\uff0c\u8449\u4fe1\u9d3b(2009)\u5247\u5f9e HSK \u52d5\u614b\u4f5c\u6587\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\uff0c \u5be6\u969b\u7d71\u8a08\u300c\u6703\u3001\u80fd\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u3001\u60f3\u3001\u8981\u300d\u7b49\u4e94\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u80fd\u9858\u52d5\u8a5e\u7684\u504f\u8aa4\u985e\u578b\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u7f3a\u6f0f (omission) (3) *\u5e0c\u671b\u674e\u5148\u751f\u80fd\u5920\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u4e26\u76f8\u4fe1\u653f\u5e9c\u7576\u5c40 [\u6703] \u59a5\u5584\u8655\u7406\u3002 (B2 \u7a0b\u5ea6\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b 2 \u4f8b\u7686\u662f) (4) *\u5982\u679c\u88fd\u9020\u300c\u6709\u9322\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3 [\u6703] \u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u7a7a\u865b\u3002 (5) *\u800c\u4e14\u9577\u671f\u96fb\u8166\u4f7f\u7528 [\u6703] \u5c0d\u8eab\u9ad4\u5e36\u4f86\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8996\u529b\u4e0d\u826f\uff0c\u80a9\u8180\u9178\u75db \u7b49\u3002 \u97d3\u8a9e\u7684\u8a9e\u6c23\u8868\u73fe\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u65e5\u8a9e\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ee5\u7d42\u7d50\u8a5e\u5c3e\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u610f\u5716 (\u8b1d\u7469 2011: 26) 25 \uff0c\u8207\u6f22\u8a9e\u7684\u53e5\u672b\u8a9e\u6c23\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u8b1d\u7469(2011: 27)\u8a8d\u70ba\u97d3\u570b\u5b78\u751f\u51fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u65bc \u79ae\u8c8c\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u6703\u4e3b\u52d5\u9078\u64c7\u5728\u53e5\u672b\u6dfb\u52a0\u8a9e\u6c23\u8a5e\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u8868\u793a\u79ae\u8c8c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u51fa\u73fe\u8a9e \u6c23\u8a5e\u591a\u7528\u7684\u504f\u8aa4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u300c\u5427\u300d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c1a\u672a\u8003\u5bdf\u8a9e\u6c23\u8a5e\u504f\u8aa4\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c \u5f9e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65e5\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u9019\u6bb5\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u679c\u591a\u7528\u4e0d\u81f3\u65bc\u69cb\u6210\u504f\u8aa4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u65e5\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2 \u8005\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6771\u4e9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u8a9e\u9ad4\u98a8\u683c\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u591a\u7528\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u90a3\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6587\u5316\u6216\u8a9e\u7528\u56e0\u7d20\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78 \u7fd2\u8005\u9077\u79fb\u800c\u591a\u7528\u53e5\u5c3e\u8a9e\u6c23\u8a5e\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u5f9e\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7d50\u679c\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6771\u4e9e\u8a9e\u7cfb\u80cc\u666f\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u8a9e\u6c23\u8a5e \u8868 8. \u4e0d\u540c\u6bcd\u8a9e\u80cc\u666f\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u91cf\u8a5e\u300c\u500b\u300d\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u6cc1 \u82f1 \u65e5 \u97d3 \u8d8a \u6cf0 \u5370\u5c3c \u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u8a5e\u7a2e\u985e 112 135 84 97 64 84 \u300c\u500b\u300d\u4f7f\u7528\u6b21\u6578 2405 3164 1099 1289 486 1086 \u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u8a5e\u6b21\u6578 5256 8162 2973 3410 1342 2541 \u300c\u500b\u300d\u6240\u4f54\u6bd4\u4f8b 45.76% 38.77% 36.97% 37.80% 36.21% 42.74% \u7576\u7136\u9019\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u7531\u65bc\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u8a9e\u6599\u91cf\u4e0d\u5927(\u4e00\u767e\u4e03\u5341\u591a\u842c\u5b57)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7121\u6cd5\u5c07\u4e0d\u540c\u6bcd\u8a9e\u8005 \u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u518d\u4f9d\u4e0d\u540c\u80fd\u529b(\u7b49\u7d1a)\u5340\u5206\u4f86\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7b49\u5f85\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u65e5\u6f38\u8301\u58ef\u5f8c\uff0c\u53ef\u4f5c\u66f4\u7cbe\u7dfb\u7684 \u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u89c0\u5bdf\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u9019\u4e9b\u986f\u8457\u7279\u5fb5\u662f\u5426\u96a8\u8457\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u7522\u751f\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u9650 \u65bc\u6642\u9593\u8207\u4eba\u529b\uff0c\u50c5\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u524d 20 \u9ad8\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u8a5e\u8a9e\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u5f85\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7279\u5fb5\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5df2\u7d93\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u9650\u65bc\u7b46\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5916\u8a9e\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u8db3\u6216\u627e\u4e0d \u5230\u76f8\u95dc\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u737b\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6216\u505a\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5206\u6790\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u80fd\u9858\u52d5\u8a5e\u300c\u53ef\u4ee5\u300d \u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u983b\u526f\u8a5e\uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6295\u5165\u958b\u767c\u3002 (http:/\u8868 5. \u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u3001\u56e0\u70ba\u300d\u82f1\u3001\u65e5\u3001\u97d3\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u6cc1 \u56e0\u70ba \u97d3 0.7676 0.6017 0.3905 0.3305 \u82f1 0.8145 0.6282 0.5670 0.3892 \u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u53c8\u4ee5\u65e5\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u300d\u7684\u983b\u7387\u6700\u70ba\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u3001\u6240 \u4ee5\u300d\u9019\u7d44\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u7684\u50be\u5411\u548c\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u4eba\u58eb\u8f03\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u300d\u7684\u983b\u7387\u9ad8\u65bc\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u300d\uff1b\u97d3\u8a9e\u5b78 \u7fd2\u8005\u5247\u5230 B2 \u7b49\u7d1a\u624d\u6f38\u6f38\u6709\u9019\u500b\u50be\u5411(0.3905:0.3855)\uff1b\u65e5\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5247\u4e00\u76f4\u5448\u73fe\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u300d\u9ad8 \u65bc\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u300d\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002 \u5468\u525b(2001)\u5728\u3008\u6f22\u3001\u82f1\u3001\u65e5\u8a9e\u9023\u8a5e\u8a9e\u5e8f\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u5176\u8a9e\u8a00\u985e\u578b\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u3009\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u8209 \u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u76ee\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u9023\u8a5e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5982\u4e0b 17 \uff1a (1) \u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u6c7d\u8eca\u5728\u8def\u4e0a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e8b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f86\u665a\u4e86\u3002 (1') He came late because his car broke down on the way. (1'')a. \u5f7c \u306f \u81ea\u52d5\u8eca \u304c \u9014\u4e2d \u4e8b\u6545 \u306b \u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u6765\u308b \u306e \u304c \u9045\u308c\u305f\u3002 Kare wa zidousha ga tochu jiko ni attanode, kiru no ga okureta b. \u5f7c \u306f \u81ea\u52d5\u8eca \u304c \u9014\u4e2d \u4e8b\u6545 \u306b \u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002 \u3060\u304b\u3089 \u6765\u308b \u306e \u304c \u9045\u308c\u305f\u3002 Kare wa zidousha ga tochu jiko ni atta dakara kiru no ga okureta (\u5f15\u81ea\u5468\u525b, 2001: 46 \u4f8b\u53e5 20) \u8aaa\u660e\u65e5\u8a9e\u8868\u56e0\u679c\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u9023\u8a5e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u63a5\u7e8c\u52a9\u8a5e\uff0c\u5982(1\")a \u7684\u306e\u3067(\u56e0\u70ba)\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u63a5 \u7e8c\u8a5e\uff0c\u5982(1\")b \u7684\u3060\u304b\u3089(\u6240\u4ee5)\uff0c\u63a5\u7e8c\u52a9\u8a5e\u90fd\u662f\u5f8c\u7f6e\u5148\u884c\u7684 18 \uff1b\u63a5\u7e8c\u8a5e\u90fd\u662f\u524d\u7f6e\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7684\u3002 16 \u6578\u64da\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u662f\u5c07\u65e5\u8a9e\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u300d\u8a5e\u6578\u9664\u4ee5\u65e5\u8a9e\u8005\u7e3d\u8a5e\u6578(e.g. 403/271869)\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u6bcd\u8a9e\u70ba\u65e5\u8a9e \u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u300d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002 17 \u5f15\u7528\u4e4b\u539f\u6587\u4f8b\u5b50\u6c92\u6709\u9644\u9010\u5b57\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e4b\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\uff0c\u70ba\u5229\u95b1\u8b80\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u88dc\u5145\u65bc\u6b64\u3002\u5f8c\u9762\u4f8b\u53e5(2)\u540c\u6b64\u8655\u7406 \u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 18 \u8a72\u6587\u6240\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u8a9e\u5e8f\u6558\u8ff0\u5982\u53f3\uff1a\u300c\u9023\u8a5e\u7684\u8a9e\u5e8f\u61c9\u8a72\u5305\u62ec\u5169\u7a2e\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u662f\u6307\u9023\u8a5e\u8655\u65bc\u6240\u9023\u63a5\u7684\u6210\u5206\u7684 \u524d\u5f8c\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u524d\u7f6e\u548c\u5f8c\u7f6e\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u662f\u6307\u9023\u8a5e\u8655\u65bc\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e2d\u7684\u8a9e\u5e8f\uff0c\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u548c\u4e0d\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c \u6211\u5011\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u5b9a\u5e8f\u548c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b9a\u5e8f\u9023\u8a5e\u4e2d\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u70ba\u5148\u884c\u548c\u5f8c\u7e8c\u5169\u7a2e\u3002\u5148\u884c\u9023\u8a5e\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u8a5e\u7531\u65bc\u8a9e \u70ba)\u8a31\u591a\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7fd2\u6163\u9077\u79fb\u5230\u6f22\u8a9e\u4e2d 20 \uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u300d\u7684\u983b\u7387\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u6bcd\u8a9e\u80cc\u666f\u5b78 \u7fd2\u8005\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u90a3\u9ebc\u7a81\u51fa\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u50be\u5411\u9078\u64c7\u548c\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u4e00\u81f4\u7684 \u524d\u7f6e\u9023\u8a5e\u4f86\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u3060\u304b\u3089\u4f4d\u65bc(\u5c0f)\u53e5\u9996\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u540c\u6f22\u8a9e\u9023\u8a5e\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u54ea \u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7e8c\uff0c\u5728\u9ad8\u968e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u4ecd\u53ef\u898b\u3002\u97d3\u8a9e\u8868\u9054\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8207 \u5f62\u5f0f\u8207\u65e5\u8a9e\u5927\u540c\u5c0f\u7570\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u4e5f\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u9023\u8a5e\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6210\u5c0d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5448\u73fe\u5728\u6f22\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e0a\uff0c \u7528\u8a5e\u7279\u5fb5\u8207\u65e5\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u3002 3.2.2.2 \u300c\u5982\u679c\u2026\u7684\u8a71\u300d \u6f22\u8a9e\u8868\u793a\u5047\u8a2d\u689d\u4ef6\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u8a9e\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u5982\u679c\u2026(\u7684\u8a71)\u300d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u300c\u5982\u679c\u300d \u7684\u983b\u7387\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5728\u5e73\u8861\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u6216\u5c0d\u8a71\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u90fd\u9ad8\u65bc\u300c\u7684\u8a71\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u2026\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6f22\u8a9e\u5178\u578b \u7684\u9023\u63a5\u5f62\u5f0f 21 \uff0c\u6f22\u8a9e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u8a9e\u591a\u653e\u5728\u53e5\u9996\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u53e5\u5b50\u6216\u5f9e\u5c6c\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u4f46 \u95dc\u9375\u6027\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u8a9e\u3001\u97d3\u8a9e\u90fd\u5448\u73fe\u300c\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u7684\u9ad8\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u6211\u5011\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7be9\u9078\u7d71\u8a08\u4e86\u82f1\u3001 \u65e5\u3001\u97d3\u4e09\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u55ae\u7528\u300c\u5982\u679c\u300d\u3001\u55ae\u7528\u300c\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u5982\u679c\u2026\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u9019\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c \u7d50\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\u8868\uff1a \u8868 6. \u82f1\u3001\u65e5\u3001\u97d3\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u300c\u5982\u679c\u2026\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7d71\u8a08 \u5982\u679c\u2026\u7684\u8a71 \u5982\u679c\u2026 \u2026\u7684\u8a71 \u5c0f\u8a08 \u82f1 15.51% 71.62% 12.87% 100% \u65e5 45.45% 18.18% 36.36% 100% \u97d3 29.60% 25.37% 45.03% 100% \u672c\u570b\u4eba 6.51% 80.72% 12.77% 100% \u4e0d\u53ef\u5f8c\u79fb\u9023\u8a5e\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f8c\u7e8c\u9023\u8a5e\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u8a5e\u7531\u65bc\u8a9e\u7528\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u53ef\u8207\u6240\u9023\u63a5\u7684\u6210\u5206\u79fb\u52d5\u81f3\u5148\u884c\u5c0f\u53e5\u7684 \u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u4e0d\u80fd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u5b83\u5011\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u53ef\u524d\u79fb\u8207\u4e0d\u53ef\u524d\u79fb\u9023\u8a5e\u3002\u300d(\u5f15\u81ea\u5468\u525b, 2001: 42) 19 Tai (1985) \u89e3\u91cb\u300c\u5148\u8aaa\u56e0\uff0c\u5f8c\u8aaa\u679c\u300d\u662f\u6f22\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e\u5e8f(natural order)\uff1b\u300c\u5148\u8aaa\u679c\uff0c\u5f8c\u8aaa\u56e0\u300d\u5247 \u662f\u51f8\u986f\u8a9e\u5e8f(salient order)\u3002 20 \u95dc\u65bc L1 \u983b\u7387\u7684\u9077\u79fb\uff0c\u5728 Jarvis and Crossley (2012)\u4e3b\u7de8\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u8a9e \u8207\u82ac\u862d\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u82f1\u8a9e come \u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u983b\u7387\u9ad8\u65bc\u8461\u8404\u7259\u8a9e\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8a9e\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005(p.62)\uff0c\u662f\u53d7 \u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u6bcd\u8a9e\u4e2d\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u8a5e\u5f59\u983b\u7387\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u8461\u8a9e\u548c\u897f\u8a9e\u6bcd\u8a9e\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 llegar (arrive)\u8f03\u9ad8\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 \u82f1\u8a9e\u6642\uff0carrive \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u9ad8\u65bc come\u3002 21 \u300c\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73fe\u65bc\u5143\u671d(\u4f59\u5fd7\u9d3b, 1992; \u7956\u751f\u5229, 2002)\uff0c\u662f\u53d7\u963f\u723e\u6cf0\u8a9e\u8a00\u5f71\u97ff(\u611f\u8b1d\u66f9\u9022\u752b\u6559 (2) \u5982\u679c\u5979\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4f60\u600e\u9ebc\u8fa6\uff1f (2') In case she refuses, what will you do? (2'')\u3082 \u3057 \u5f7c\u5973 \u304c \u65ad\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001 \u3042\u306a\u305f \u306f \u3069\u3046\u3059\u308b \u306e \u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002 Moshi kanojo ga kotowaruttara anata wa dosuruno desu ka. (\u5f15\u81ea\u5468\u525b, 2001: 49 \u4f8b\u53e5 36) \u63a8\u6e2c\u65e5\u8a9e\u6bcd\u8a9e\u8005\u53d7\u65e5\u8a9e\u689d\u4ef6\u95dc\u4fc2\u8868\u9054\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u7528\u63a5\u7e8c\u52a9\u8a5e(\u5f8c\u7f6e\u9ecf\u8457\u8a5e)\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u50be \u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u6f22\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6027\u8cea\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u300c\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u5047\u8a2d\u8a9e\u7fa9\u3002\u97d3\u8a9e\u5728\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u8a9e\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u548c\u65e5\u8a9e\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c \u5927\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8a5e\u5c3e\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u63a5\u5728\u8a5e\u5e79\u6216\u6642\u9593\u8a5e\u5c3e\u5f8c 23 \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u65e5\u97d3\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u8f03\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8207\u82f1\u8a9e \u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u9078\u7528\u9023\u63a5\u6210\u5206(\u5f62\u5f0f)\u5dee\u7570\u8f03\u5927\u3002 \u7b46\u8005\u63a8\u6e2c\u65e5\u97d3\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u5f8c\u7f6e\u6210\u4efd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53e6\u5916\u89c0\u5bdf\u300c\u9664\u4e86\u2026\u4ee5\u5916/\u4e4b\u5916/\u5916\u300d \u9019\u53e5\u5f0f\uff0c\u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u64da\u986f\u793a\u65e5\u97d3\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4fdd\u7559\u4f7f\u7528\u5f8c\u7f6e\u6210\u4efd\u300c\u4ee5\u5916/\u4e4b\u5916/\u5916\u300d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9060\u9ad8\u65bc\u82f1\u8a9e \u80cc\u666f\u8005\uff1b\u65e5\u8a9e\u6709 93.65%\u3001\u97d3\u8a9e\u6709 89.23%\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u6709 69.23%\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u5f8c\u7f6e\u6210\u4efd\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u90fd \u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u80cc\u666f\u8005\u4e0d\u7528\u5f8c\u7f6e\u6210\u4efd\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u9084\u662f\u660e\u986f\u9ad8\u65bc\u65e5\u97d3\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u3002 \u5c0d\u8868\u9054\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7fa9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e5\u97d3\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u5fd7\u4e00\u540c\u7684\u9078\u7528\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u6bcd\u8a9e\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684 \u8868\u9054\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9078\u7528\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u4eba\u58eb\u8f03\u9ad8\u983b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u5169\u7d44\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u53ef \u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u65e5\u97d3\u8a9e\u8a00\u985e\u578b\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u5448\u73fe\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u6f22\u8a9e\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e5f\u63a5\u8fd1 24 \u3002 22 \u9019\u500b\u7d71\u8a08\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u6f22\u8a9e\u5e73\u8861\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab 4.0 \u7248(http://140.109.19.114/)\u6aa2\u7d22\u5f97\u4f86\u3002 23 \u90ed\u9e97\u5a1f(2011: 26)\u6307\u51fa\u6f22\u8a9e\u5047\u8a2d\u9023\u8a5e\u300c\u7684\u8a71\u300d\u548c\u97d3\u8a9e\u300c (\u7684\u8a71)\u300d \u90fd\u653e\u5728\u52d5\u8a5e\u7684\u5f8c\u9762\uff0c \u4f4d\u7f6e\u76f8\u540c\u3002 24 \u5f9e\u69cb\u8a5e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b(Lehmann, 1978: 219)\uff0c\u65e5\u8a9e\u3001\u97d3\u8a9e\u504f\u5411\u9ecf\u8457\u578b\u8a9e\u8a00 (agglutinative language)\uff0c\u662f\u900f\u904e\u8a5e\u7db4\u52a0\u5165\u8a5e\u5e79\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u610f\u7fa9\u6216\u6539\u8b8a\u8a9e\u6cd5\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u504f\u5411\u5c48\u6298\u578b\u8a9e\u8a00 (inflectional language) \uff0c \u900f \u904e \u8a5e \u5f62 \u8b8a \u5316 \u8868 \u793a \u610f \u7fa9 \u548c \u8a9e \u6cd5 \u529f \u80fd \u7684 \u6539 \u8b8a \u3002 \u6f22 \u8a9e \u504f \u5411 \u5b64 \u7acb \u578b \u8a9e \u8a00 \u8207\u8aa4\u52a0 (addition) \u9019\u5169\u985e\u9060\u8f03\u932f\u7528 (mis-selection) \u8207\u932f\u5e8f (mis-ordering) \u7b49\u985e\u578b\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4f86 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" } } } }