{ "paper_id": "O12-1017", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:02:59.189657Z" }, "title": "Skip N-gram Modeling for Near-Synonym Choice", "authors": [ { "first": "Shih-Ting", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Yuan Ze University", "location": {} }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Wei-Cheng", "middle": [], "last": "He", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Yuan Ze University", "location": {} }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Kokoh", "middle": [], "last": "Philips", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Management University", "location": { "country": "Singapore" } }, "email": "philipskokoh@gmail.com" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Prasetyo", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Management University", "location": { "country": "Singapore" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Liang-Chih", "middle": [], "last": "Yu", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Yuan Ze University", "location": {} }, "email": "lcyu@saturn.yzu.edu.tw" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "O12-1017", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [], "body_text": [ { "text": ":arm weapon weapon arsenal arm weapon arsenal [1, 2] (Computer-Assisted Language Learning, CALL) [3, 4] (1) ____coffee [5] Near-Synonym {strong, powerful}", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 46, "end": 49, "text": "[1,", "ref_id": "BIBREF0" }, { "start": 50, "end": 52, "text": "2]", "ref_id": "BIBREF1" }, { "start": 97, "end": 100, "text": "[3,", "ref_id": "BIBREF2" }, { "start": 101, "end": 103, "text": "4]", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" }, { "start": 119, "end": 122, "text": "[5]", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "arm (weapon) (bodypart)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(2) ghastly____ [6] Near-Synonym {error, mistake}", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 16, "end": 19, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "arm (weapon) (bodypart)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(3) ____ under the bay [7] Near-Synonym {bridge, overpass, tunnel} ( ", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 23, "end": 26, "text": "[7]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6" }, { "start": 67, "end": 68, "text": "(", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "arm (weapon) (bodypart)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "( ) N N N N 0 5 Islam Inkpen 5 [12] N ( ) N (N-gram) N N N Google Web 1T 5-grams N (Unigram) 2 (Bigram) 3 (Trigram) 4 (Fourgram) 5 (Fivegram) 1. N : 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 ... ... i i i i i i i i i s w w w w ww w w w w i 5 1 4 ( ) i i i P w w , 1 3 ( ) i i i P w w 1 2 2 ( ) i i i P w w 2 3 1 ( ) i i i P w w 3 4 ( ) i i i P w w 5-gram : 5 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i i i n i i i i i n n i n i i n i i i i n n i n P s P w w C w M w P w w C w M w D D (1) 1 1 ( ) i i n M w 5 1 1 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) i i i i i n i n i n w M w C w C w \u00a6 (2) C( ) N Web 1T 5-gram N N N N N N ( ) (Skip N-gram) 5 N Web 1T 5-gram N N Skip4 Skip3 Skip2 6-8 Skip4 Skip3 Skip2 : Fi 1 Th D it", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "arm (weapon) (bodypart)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing(ROCLING 2012)", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "Using WordNet and Lexical Operators to Improve Internet Searches", "authors": [ { "first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Moldovan", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "R", "middle": [], "last": "Mihalcea", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2000, "venue": "IEEE Internet Computing", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "34--43", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "D. 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Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2012)
2(EIC)
:clean
:[10,11]
1 FITB <instance id=\"388\">(Skip N-gram)
N(N-gram) <context>Grace has the money to <head>clean</head> up .</context> (Skip) N
NWeb 1T 5-gram corpus </instance>N
N:N
Web 1T 5 gram corpusNN
has the money to cleanN
the money to clean up
money to clean up .
2.1FITB3
( ) Web 1T 5-gram ( )3(EIC)
:Google Web 1T 5-gram corpusInkpen
Google PMI(Pointwise Mutual Information, 2006 clean.v 388 :: win 1;profit greatly 1;clear 1;prosper 1;accumulate 1;make a fortune 1; 1 ) [6] PMI 5 Web 1T 5-gram Google
Gardiner :Dras[8]Google PMI[11]
N[9]1 N :{win, profit greatly, clear , prosper, accumulate, make a fortune} Inkpen N Web 1T 5-gram N
3.1) (2)[12]PMI1 Web 1T 5-gram N(1) WSD Word sense disambiguation strong,
powerful [13] Daganstrong coffee 4 WSD Tokens 4strong WSD 1,024,908,267,229 powerful 24GB ghastly mistake (2) error, mistake [14] ( EIC)
mistake(3) :(5{bridge, overpass, tunnel} Sentences 95,119,665,584)
Unigramsunder the bay 13,588,391
tunnel has the money to clean tunnelBigrams314,843,401
:[7] Trigrams977,069,902
( ) has the money to winFourgrams1,313,818,354
Fivegrams has the money to profit greatly1,176,470,663
( ) has the money to clear
XML has the money to prosper 1. :FITB(fill-in-the-blank) XML5(5-gram)
FITB(fill-in-the-blank)2
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Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2012) Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2012)
( )15 16N5N4S3N2N1 176 Skip4 9 N39.16%11SemEval-2007: If this
5 * the money to clean : has the money to clean Skip4 has * money to clean 0 5-gram 950 N5N4S3N2N1 0 N 1. N-gram Skip 16 5 4 SemEval-2007 N5S4S3N2N1 243 0 stop pull N-gram 370 4-gram 404 11 ( :SemEval-2007[15]) N-gram Skip N-gram Skip N-gram N-gram pull 5-gram 4-gram 0 3-gram 2-gram ungram 4-gram 596 3-gram 352 591 1 2 3 4 5 N-gram 14: N-gram stop pull N-gram stopstop Skip
N-gram Skip4has the * to clean 2-gram duty bit 14 N-gram+Skip 158 responsibility pull stop1099 329 dutyrole
has the money * clean has the money to * 7 Skip3 5 : has the money to clean :1703 N=5 N=4 N=3 N=4 N=3 Skip4 Skip3 function job.n 433 :: duty 2;function 1;bit 1;responsibility 1;task 1;role 1; 0 0 task Recall Mode Recall N-gram 30.31 39.84 N5S4N3N2N1 31.55 39.84 N5N4S3N2N1 31.54 pull 17 5 0 3. N hand pass N hand 5 50 pass 0 N : Skip4 pass hand 39.67 ( ) N5N4N3S2N1 30.97 37.8 16 N-gram Skip N-gram NN=5 N=5 16 hand N N-gram 17 pass
Skip3 31.6 : I ____ over and made a U turn while Chris got out, ran over and took a picture. [15] N5S4S3N2N1 40.24
* * money to clean (Recall) N5N4S3S2N1 : pull30.91025 (Mode Recall) 37.48
* the * to clean * the money * clean * the money to * has * * to clean has * money * clean 8 Skip2 5 : has the money to clean has the * * * 10 pull over and * a 1172 stop over and * a 51774 652 243 5999 0 1435 201 12 Recall (Accuracy) pull over * made a 0 stop over * made a Skip2 SemEval-2007 SemEval-2007 SemEval-2007 10 [15] [15] -Sharoff English Internet Corpus(EIC) (Recall) 5 (Mode Recall) 12 : i i res res a a i T i i freq a H T \u00a6 N5S4N3S2N1 31.08 38.13 N5S4S3S2N1 30.88 36.99 14 \u00a6 N-gram Skip N5S4S3N2N1 2. Navigli ( ) R 5-gram Skip4 Skip3 2-gram ungram 2010 N5S4S3N2N1 2010 171 0 McCarthy Sharoff (Recall) (3) N5S4S3N2N1 N-gram Skip N-gram Skip N-gram Skip N=4 N=3 N5S4S3N2N1 pull SemEval-2007 10 [15] stop N-gram 5-gram pull over and made a 0 4-gram pull over and made 0 over and made a 0 N 5-gram stop over and made a N 0 0 N N 4-gram stop over and made N 0 over and made a SemEval-2007 0 Skip Skip4 pull * and made a 0 N Skip4 stop * and made a 0 N
has * money * * has * * to * has * * * clean * the money * * * the * to * 10 PoS 1 if original word ( i m i bg T bg pull over and made * 10 T H 1710 Accuracy 1703 \u00a6 All i res freq bg i originalword 7 :SemEval-2007[15]) 0 6071 21113 652 53074 0 # 0 stop over and made * : Java so that all of the clone( ) methods catch the CloneNotSupportedException 0 (6) NSC All 15 17 N-gram Skip N-gram 99-2221-E-155 -036 -MY3
* the * * clean Noun Verb Adjective 1 if i i m bg m 15 rather than ____ it to the caller. i m bg T Mode R \u00a6 System : pass T N-gram pass311100 Accuracy 497 440 468 30.30%hand(4)
6-8 * N-gram 5-gramhas the money to * Adverb 298 N5S4N3N2N1 34.66% 5-gramhas the money to
clean has the money to afford has the money to back has the money to cover... All 1703 13 Mode Recall N5N4S3N2N1 39.16% than pass it to the 0 than hand it to the50
SkipSkip 4has the money to N5N4N3S2N132.11% Skip 4has
the money to * ( ) -than pass * to the T m N5S4S3N2N1038.63% than hand * to the50
N than pass it * the N=2 3 4 5 N SemEval-2007 N [15] bg i N5N4S3S2N1 m i N5S4N3S2N1 than pass it to *157 05 34.42% than hand it * the 33.71% than hand it to *9171050 50
N5S4S3S2N133.83%
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