{
    "paper_id": "O07-2011",
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                "text": "MINIPAR \u5206\u8a5e\u4e0a\uff0cMINIPAR \u4ee5\u89e3\u6790\u5176\u8a9e\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u64f7\u53d6\u6700\u5e38\u51fa\u73fe\u4e4b\u540d\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e (\u5373 NP \u6216 NPL)\u53ca\u52d5\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e(VP \u6216 VP+PP)\u53ca\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e(ADJP) \u3002 \u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\u6a94\u65b7\u8a5e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\uf906\u578b\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9664\uf9ba\u6309\u7167\u76f8\u9130\u7247\u8a9e\u505a\u641c\u5c0b\u5916\uff0c\uf9dd \u7528\"*\uff02\u4ee3\u8868\u4efb\u4e00 word\uff0c\"<>\uff02\u4ee3\u8868\u5de6\u53f3\u8a5e\u5f59\u9650\u5236\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u6240\u6709\u4e4b word\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\uf9dd\u7528\u8a72 \u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\u64f7\u53d6\u5176\u7247\u8a9e\u3002\u6545\u50cf\u8981\u6293\u53d6 \"pulse rate\uff02\u3001\"success rate\uff02\u3001\"\uff5erate\uff02\u7b49\u8907\u5408\u540d \u8a5e\uff0c\u53ef\uf9dd\u7528\"* rate\uff02\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6293\u53d6 rate \u524d\u4e00\u500b word \u7576\u505a\u8907\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\uff1b\uf974\u9700\u8981\u6293\u53d6 \"as \uff5e as possible\uff02\u6216\"as \uff5e as\uff02\u7b49\uf906\u578b\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\uf9dd\u7528\"as <> as possible\uff02\u53ca\"as <> as\uff02\u4e4b\u63cf \u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\uf92d\u6293\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\uf9d0\u4f3c\u7247\u8a9e\u3002\u60df\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684\uf906\u578b\uf974\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7d50\u69cb\u4f46\uf967\u540c\u9577\ufa01\u7684 \u5b57\uf905\u6a23\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u82f1\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u70ba\"\u2026the diagram shown below\u2026\uff02\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u6eff\u8db3\u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\u6a94\u5167 \u7684 \"the diagram shown\uff02\u548c \"the diagram shown below\uff02\u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\uff0c\u5247\u6211\u5011\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u9577\ufa01 \u8f03\u9577\u7684\"the diagram shown below\uff02\u800c\uf967\u662f\u9078\u64c7\"the diagram shown\uff02\u52a0\u4e0a\"below\uff02\u505a \u70ba\u5206\u8a5e\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002 ",
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            {
                "text": ") | Pr( * ) | Pr( ) , | Pr( 1 1 \u2212 \u2212 \u2245 i i i i i i i c c e c e c c \u516c\u5f0f(1)\u4e2d\u5b9a\u7fa9 c \u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0ce \u70ba\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\uf9dd\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c \u5373 ) | Pr( 1 \u2212 i i c c \uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u548c\u76ee\u524d\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e c i \u5171\u73fe\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\uf978 \u8005\u76f8\u4e58\u4e4b\u6700\u5927\u6a5f\uf961\u5206\uf969\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4f3c ) , | Pr( 1 i i i e c c \u2212 \u7684\uf969\u503c\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u9078\u64c7\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e c i \u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u503c\u3002 \uf967\u904e\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u516c\u5f0f(1)\u6240\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\uf92d\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u5206\uf969\uff0c\u50c5\u6c7a\u5b9a bi-gram \u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\uf974\u9700\u8981\u8a08 \u7b97\u6574\uf906\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u5206\uf969\uff0c\u5373\u8003\u616e\u4e2d\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u9577\ufa01\u70ba N \u6642\uff0c\u76f8\u4e58\u6240\u6709 bi-gram \u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f \uf961\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\u3002 \u220f \u220f = \u2212 = \u2212 \u2245 N i i i i i N i i i i c c e c e c c 1 1 1 1 ) | Pr( * ) | Pr( ) , | Pr( \u7d9c\u5408\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u7d71\u8a08\u8a5e\u983b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uf9dd\u7528\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\uf9be\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u503c\uff0c\u53ef \u4ee5\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u8861\uf97e\u8a5e\u5f59\u9078\u8a5e\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\ufa01\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7576\u505a\uf96b\uf969\uff0c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5b57\u5178\u539f\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59 e \u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f \u9078\u9805\u70ba w 1 , w 2 ,\u2026w i \uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u7d71\u8a08\u8a5e\u983b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u70ba W f (w i )\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969 G f (w i ) \u4ee5\u53ca\u6839\u64da\u516c\u5f0f(2)\uf9dd\u7528\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\uf9be\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u503c P(w i )\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u539f\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59 e \u4e4b\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e00\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805 (1) (2) w i \u8f38\u5165\u81f3\u4e09\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u51fd\uf969\u540d\u7a31\uff0c\u5176\u76f8\u52a0\u7684\u5206\uf969\u5b9a\u7fa9 S(w i )\u70ba\u9078\u8a5e\u8a08\u5206\u51fd\uf969\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\uff0c \u5982\u4e0b\u8868\u793a\u3002 S(w i ) =\u03b1W f (w i ) + \u03b2G f (w i ) + \u03b3P(w i ) \u5176\u4e2d\uff0cS(w i )\u6240\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684 \u03b1\u3001\u03b2\u3001\u03b3 \u70ba\u5404\u5225\u6c7a\u5b9a W f (w i )\u3001G f (w i )\u548c P(w i )\u8a08\u7b97\u4e4b\u6b0a\u91cd\uff0c\u7531\u65bc \u76ee\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u7121\u6cd5\u6c7a\u5b9a \u03b1\u3001\u03b2\u3001\u03b3 \u7684\u6700\u4f73\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8a2d\u5b9a",
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                "text": ") \uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6839\u64da\u516c\u5f0f(3) S(w i )\u4e4b\u9078\u8a5e\u8a08\u5206\u516c\u5f0f\u8abf \u6574\uff0c\u8a08\u6709\uf9dd\u7528\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u7d71\u8a08\u8a5e\u983b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u70ba W f (w i )\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969 G f (w i )\u4ee5\u53ca\u6839\u64da\u516c\u5f0f(2) \uf9dd\u7528\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\uf9be\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u503c P(w i )\u7b49\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u8a55\u4f30\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\uf967 \u540c\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7d93\u7531\u548c\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u5404\u5225\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\uff0c\u6216\uf967\u540c\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56 \uf976\u7684\u642d\u914d\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6c34\u6e96\u7684\u5dee\uf962\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u85c9\u7531\u5404\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u5be6\u9a57\u51fa\uf92d\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6392\u540d\u7684\u65b9 \u5f0f\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u627e\u51fa\u5c0d\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6700\u6709\uf9dd\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u7d44\u5408\u3002 \u6709\u9452\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u4ee5\u4e0b\uf967\u540c\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u7684\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f9d\u7167\u9019\u4e9b\u7d44\u5408\u5171\u53ef\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u3002 i. \u96a8\u6a5f\u9078\u8a5e\uff1a\u5373\u7cfb\u7d71\uf967\u8003\u616e\u4efb\u4f55\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\uff0c\u4ee5\u4efb\u610f\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8f38\u51fa\u5176\u9078\u8a5e\u7d50\u679c\uff0c \u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u85c9\u7531\u6b64\u65b9\u5f0f\u8a55\u4f30\u4e26\u5be6\u8b49\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u6700\u5dee\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6c34\u6e96\u3002 ii. \u8003\u616e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4fee\u6b63\u968e\u6bb5\u9078\u8a5e W f (w i )\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u5373\u8003\u616e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969\uff0c\uf92d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u9078\u8a5e\u9806 \u5e8f\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969\u9700\u8981\u7d93\u7531\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u9577\u6642\u9593\u4f7f\u7528\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u9032\ufa08\u5be6\u6e2c\uff0c\u6545 \u5728\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u91dd\u5c0d W f (w i )\u90e8\u5206\u9032\ufa08\u5be6\u8b49\u3002 iii. \u8003\u616e\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u983b\u9078\u8a5e G f (w i )\uff1a\u5373\u900f\u904e\u6536\u96c6\uf92d\u7684\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u983b\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u9078\u8a5e \u9806\u5e8f\u3002 iv. \u8003\u616e\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b P(w i )\uff1a\u5373\uf9dd\u7528 GIZA++\u53ca SRILM \u5de5\u5177\u5b8c\u6210 \u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\u548c\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\u7b49\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u7d93\u7531\u516c\u5f0f(2)\u8a08\u7b97 \u6700\u4f73\u9078\u8a5e\uf937\u5f91\u3002 v. \u540c\u6642\u8003\u616e G f (w i ) + P(w i )\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u5728\u7121\u6cd5\u5f97\u77e5 W f (w i )\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e4b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97 S(w i )= G f (w i ) + P(w i )\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\u8a08\u5206\u7d50\u679c\u3002 \u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6548\u679c\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63a1\u7528\u76ee\u524d\u4ee5 n-gram \u5339\u78ba\u6b63\u78ba\uf961\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684 BLEU \u548c NIST \u8a55\u5206\u7b56\uf976\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5176\u8a55\u4f30\u65b9\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\u3002 i. BLEU \u90e8\u5206\uff1a score=BP*exp( n N n n p W log 1 \u2211 = ) BP=min{1,exp(1- )}",
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                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Franz Josef Och, Hermann Ney, Improved Statistical Alignment Models, Proceedings of the Thirty-eightth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 440-447, 2000.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF6": {
                "ref_id": "b6",
                "title": "BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "K",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Papineni",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "S",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Roukos",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "T",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Ward",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "W",
                        "middle": [
                            "J"
                        ],
                        "last": "Zhu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "Fourtyth Annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "311--318",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., and Zhu, W. J., BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation, Fourtyth Annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 311-318, 2002.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF7": {
                "ref_id": "b7",
                "title": "A Study of Semantic Disambiguation Based on HowNet",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Yang",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Xiaofeng",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Li",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Tangqiu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing",
                "volume": "7",
                "issue": "1",
                "pages": "47--78",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Yang Xiaofeng and Li Tangqiu, A Study of Semantic Disambiguation Based on HowNet, International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing, 7:1, 47-78, 2002.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF11": {
                "ref_id": "b11",
                "title": "MXPOST",
                "authors": [],
                "year": null,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "MXPOST, http://ccc.kmit.edu.tw/wiki/advanceprogramming/index.htm",
                "links": null
            }
        },
        "ref_entries": {
            "TABREF0": {
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\u65b7\u8a5e\u8655\uf9e4\u53ca\u8a5e\u7d44\u7ffb\u8b6f</td></tr><tr><td>\u6a5f\u4e92\u52d5\u5f0f\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u7cfb\u7d71\u8a2d\u8a08\u91cd\u5fc3\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0b\u627e\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c\u5c07\u8a66\u984c\u5167 ii. \u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\u6a94\uff1a\u70ba\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u53ca\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u7b49\u8a5e\u7d44\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5c0d\u7167\u6a94\u3002 \u82f1\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u542b\u55ae\u5b57(word) \u3001\u8a5e\u7d44(term)\u53ca\u6a19\u9ede\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a5e\u7d44\u5373\u70ba\uf969\u500b\u55ae\u5b57</td></tr><tr><td>\u5bb9\u7d93\u7531\u65b7\u8a5e\u53ca\u6587\u6cd5\u5206\u6bb5\uff0c\uf9dd\u7528\u67e5\u8a62\u8a5e\u5178\uff0c\u8f14\u4ee5\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u578b[1]\u627e\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9069\u5408\u539f the original English item \u548c\u898f\u5247\u8a5e\u5178\u6a94\uf967\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u898f\u5247\u8a5e\u5178\u6a94\u6240\u8a18\uf93f\u7684\u8a5e\u7d44\u662f\uf99a\u7e8c\u7684\u8a5e\u7d44\uff0c\u5982 in order to(\u70ba \u7684\u7d44\u5408\u3001\u7247\u8a9e(phrase\uff0c\u5982\u540d\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e)\u6216\u8907\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4ecb\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u7de8\u8f2f\u6216\u534a\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u4e2d\u6587\uf906\u578b\u8207 \uf9ba)\u6216 build up(\u5efa\uf9f7\uff0c\u69cb\u6210) \uff0c\u800c\u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\u6a94\u6240\u8a18\uf93f\u7684\u8a5e\u7d44\u5247\u70ba\u975e\uf99a\u7e8c\u7684\u8a5e\u7d44\uff0c\u5982 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\u52d9\u3001\u56de\u9867\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf9d0\u4f3c\uf906\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a0\u6e1b\u8a5e\u5f59\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u70ba\uf9ba\u80fd\u63d0\u6607\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011 \u8a18\uf93f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8b93\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u80fd\u56de\u9867\u904e\u53bb\u66fe\u8655\uf9e4\u904e\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf9d0\u4f3c\uf906\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6309\u7167\u7cfb\u7d71\u63d0\u4f9b \u4e4b\u9078\u8a5e\u983b\uf961\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u7684\u671f\u520a\u8a9e\uf9be\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uf9dd\u7528\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u548c\u8a9e \u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\uf901\u6539\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u512a\u5148\u9806\u5e8f\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5617\u8a66\u4ee5\u904e\u53bb\u8a66\u984c\u70ba\u5be6\u9a57\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u6309\uf98e\u7d1a\u53ca\u5b78\u79d1\u5340\u5206 6 \u57fa\u65bc\u7dd2\uf941\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e4b\u554f\u984c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u53ca\u7cfb\u7d71\u8a2d\u8a08\u91cd\u5fc3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5728\u57f7 select the translations (concordance)\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5448\u73fe\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4ecb\u9762\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u70ba\u4e3b\u8981\u4e4b\u6aa2\uf96a\u57f7\ufa08\uf9ca\u7a0b\u3002 \u5b57\u8a5e\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\uf92d\u624d\u80fd\u627e\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u7d44\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002 post-editing area i. \u5f9e\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94\u5efa\uf9f7\u5012\u8f49\u6a94(inverted file) \uff1a\u7576\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\uf9dd\u7528\u6aa2\uf96a\u8996\u7a97\u8f38\u5165\u82f1\u6587\u6aa2 \uf96a\u55ae\u5b57\u6216\uf99a\u7e8c\u6027\u7247\u8a9e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u5f9e\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u5012\u8f49\u6a94\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u627e\u5c0b\u6240\u6709\u548c\u6aa2\uf96a\u55ae\u5b57\u6216\u7247\u8a9e\u6709 \u95dc\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94\u4e4b\u5b58\u653e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u518d\u9010\u4e00\u641c\u5c0b\u6a94\u6848\u4e4b\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u6aa2\u67e5\u6a94\u6848\u5167\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d \u7167\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5176\u82f1\u6587\u55ae\u5b57\u7247\u8a9e\u662f\u5426\u548c\u6aa2\uf96a\u8a5e\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\uf974\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u76ee\u524d\u6bd4\u5c0d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2d \u5728\u65b7\u8a5e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\uf906\u5b50\uff0c\uf9dd\u7528\u5b57\u548c\u5b57\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u505a\u57fa\u790e\u65b7\u5b57\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u9019 \u6642\u8981\u5148\u8003\u616e\u6a19\u9ede\u7b26\u865f\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6a19\u9ede\u7b26\u865f\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u6587\uf906\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u662f\uf99a\u5728\u55ae\u5b57\u53f3\u65b9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5148 \u6aa2\u67e5\u6587\uf906\u6709\u6a19\u9ede\u7b26\u865f\u6642\u518d\u63d2\u5165\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u5143\uff0c\u518d\uf9dd\u7528\u7a7a\u767d\u65b7\u8a5e\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\uf92d\u9032\u5165\u8a5e\u7d44\u65b7\u8a5e\u90e8\u5206\uff0c \u6211\u5011\u5206\u5225\uf9dd\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u5668 MINIPAR[14]\u53ca\u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\u6a94\u65b7\u8a5e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u5167\u7247\u8a9e\u6216\u8a5e \ufa08\u7684\uf9ca\u7a0b\u4e3b\u8981\u5340\u5206\u70ba 3 \u7528\u8f49\u6a94\u7684\u7f3a\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u7576 PDF \u6a94\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e14\u539f\u5148\u6587\u66f8\u6a94\u4e4b\u5b58\u6a94\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4ee5\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57 \u578b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u6a94(\u5982\uf9dd\u7528 LaTeX \u6587\u66f8\u7de8\u8f2f\u5de5\u5177\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5b57\u578b) \uff0c\u9019\u6642\u4e2d\u6587\u6a94\u6848\u6703\u7531\u65bc\u7de8\u78bc\u9084 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\u7167\u8a9e\u5883\u6e96\u78ba\u9078\u51fa\u9069\u7576\u8868\u9054\u8a9e\u610f\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u7d44\uff0c\u4e26\u9084\u539f\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u900f\u904e\u5176 \u5176\u6587\u5b57\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f9d\u984c\u865f\u3001\u8a66\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\u53ca\u8a98\u7b54\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u4e26\u8f38\u51fa\u984c\u76ee\u9078\u55ae\u65bc\u984c\u76ee\u9078\u64c7\u53ca\u65b0\u589e\u4fee\u6539\u9762 \u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u7d50\u69cb\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u53ca\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u5132\u5b58\u65bc\u4e00\u7de9\u885d\u5340(buffer) \u3002 \u7d44\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u627e\u51fa\u5176\u7247\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5b57\u5178\u90e8\u5206\u6211\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u725b\u6d25\u73fe\u4ee3\u82f1\u6f22\u96d9\u89e3\u8a5e\u5178[29] \u5716\u4e8c\uff0e\u5b57\u5178\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ecb\u9762 ii. \u7522\u751f\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u5c0d\u9f4a(concordance)\u7d50\u679c\uff1a\u5f9e\u7de9\u885d\u5340\u5132\u5b58\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u6aa2\uf96a (Concise Oxford English Dictionary\uff0c\u6536\uf93f 39429 \u500b\u8a5e\u5f59) \u3002\u5728\u5b57\u5178\u67e5\u8a62\u5b8c\uf978\u7a2e\u5c0b\u627e\u7247\u8a9e \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5e8f\u548c\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u672c\u8eab\uf92d\uf96f\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5de5\u6aa2\u67e5 \u8a5e\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u628a\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u53ca\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6aa2\uf96a\u8a5e\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u7684\u5c0d \u6216\u8a5e\u7d44\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5f8c\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u9032\u5165\u9577\u8a5e\u8a5e\u7d44\u7be9\u9078\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u91cd\u8986\u627e\u5230\u7684\u8a5e\u7d44\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c \u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u70ba\u589e\u9032\u9078\u8a5e\u548c\u8abf\u6574\u8a5e\u5e8f\u7684\u6548\uf961\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u8db3\u5920\u591a\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c \u7167\u7d50\u69cb\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u53ca\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\ufa00\u6210\u5de6\u53f3\uf978\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u6839\u64da\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005 \u518d\uf92d\u6aa2\u67e5\uf974\u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\u6a94\u5206\u8a5e\u6216 MINIPAR \u5206\u8a5e\u4e4b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7247\u8a9e\u7d50\u69cb\uf9d0\u4f3c\uff0c\u7247\u8a9e\u9577\ufa01\uf967\u540c\u7684 \uf9dd\u7528\u6a5f\u5668\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a66\u984c\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u548c\u6587\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u95dc\uf99a\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c IEA \u6bcf\u9694\u56db\uf98e \u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u53ca\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u76f8\u540c\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u6700\u591a\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u70ba\u524d\u7684 \u6392\u5e8f\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8f38\u51fa\u81f3\u7d50\u679c\u8996\u7a97\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u4e09\u6240\u793a\u3002 \u8209\ufa08\u4e00\u6b21 \uf98e\u53ca 2003 \uf98e\u6240\u51fa\u984c\u4e4b\u6e2c\u9a57\u984c\u76ee) \uff0c\u5728\u8a66\u984c\u8cc7\uf9be\u90e8\u5206\u4e26\uf967\u8db3\u4ee5\u80fd\uf9dd\u7528\u6a5f\uf961\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f9d \u6240\u8f38\u5165\u7684\u8cc7\uf9be\u7b46\uf969\uff0c\u6aa2\u67e5\u7de9\u885d\u5340\u7b26\u5408\u6aa2\uf96a\u8a5e\u7684\uf906\u5b50\uf969\u76ee\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6aa2\u67e5\u6240\u6709\u6aa2\uf96a\u8a5e\u4e2d\u6587 \u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5247\u9078\u64c7\u8f03\u9577\u7684\u7247\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u8f38\u51fa\u5b8c\u6210\u7247\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e4b\uf906\u5b50\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>i. \u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u8c37\u6b4c\u6240\u63a8\u51fa\u7684 Google Translate[12]\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c5\u864e\u7dda\u4e0a \u4e09\u3001\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027</td></tr><tr><td>\uf9f7\u53f0\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3(\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7a31\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3)\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u570b\u5c0f\u56db\uf98e\u7d1a\u53ca\u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c \uf98e\u7d1a\u5b78\u751f\u57f7\ufa08\uf969\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u4e4b\u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u53ca\u6e2c\u9a57\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\uf9ca\u7a0b\u5305\u542b\uff1a\u5f9e IEA \u53d6 \u5f97\u82f1\u6587\u8a66\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6c7a\u8b70\u9032\ufa08\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u914d\u3001\u4e2d\u6587\u8a66\u984c\u4ea4\u63db\u5be9\u7a3f\u6821\u6b63\u53ca\u7ffb\u8b6f \u554f\u984c\u8a0e\uf941\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5c07\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a66\u984c\u5b9a\u7a3f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u4e0a\u8ff0\uf96f\u660e\u4e4b\u5de5\u4f5c\uf9ca\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167 TIMSS \u5b98 \u65b9\u7db2\u9801\uf98c\uf98e\u7d71\u8a08\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u6708\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6e96\u5099\u6642\u9593\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u9808\u907f \u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71[19]\uff0c\u5be6\u4f5c Http Connection Interface \uff0c\u8f38\u5165\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u5f8c\u50b3\u56de\u8b6f\u6587\u7684 html \u4e00\u7bc7\u597d\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u7ffb\u8b6f\u524d\u5f8c\u9593\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u5b8c\u6574\u9673\u8ff0\u539f\u6587\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5728 \u6587\u5b57\u6a94\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u5b57\uf905\u5256\u6790\uff0c\u5c07 html \u8a9e\u6cd5\u53bb\u9664\uff0c\u9010\ufa08\u6aa2\u67e5\u4e26\u5224\u65b7\u8a72\ufa08\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5177\u6709 \u8a9e\u5f59\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u78ba\u8a5e\u7fa9\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u7684\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e5f\u8981\u80fd\u548c\u539f\u6587\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\uf9ca\u66a2\uf9e0\uf95a\u3002\u4ee5 TIMSS \u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u5b57\uf905\u4e4b\u5de6\u53f3\u76f8\u9130\uf9fc\u5225\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\uf974\u7b26\u5408\u5247\u53d6\u51fa\u5de6\u53f3\u76f8\u9130\uf9fc\u5225\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u9593\u4e4b\u7ffb\u8b6f 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MXPOST[15]\u8a5e\u6027\u6a19\u8a18\u5de5\u5177\u5c07\u539f\u6587\u52a0\u5165\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u4e26\u6839\u64da Porter \u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5[17]\uff0c \u9078\u64c7\u7b26\u5408\u8a9e\u5883\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805\u53ca\u5408\uf9e4\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f\u8abf\u6574\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u8abf\u6574\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5f8c\uff0c\u80fd\u5920 \u5be6\u4f5c\u9084\u539f\u5404\u8a5e\u6027(\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e)\u7684\u8a5e\u5e79\u8b8a\u5316(\u5982~ly\u3001~ing\u3001~ed \u7b49) \u3002 \u6839\u64da\u5148\u524d\u7684\u8abf\u6574\uff0c\u81ea\u52d5\u4fee\u6b63\uf9d0\u4f3c\uf906\u4e4b\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u3002 \u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u8a5e\u5e79\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u55ae\u5b57(\u5982\u52d5\u8a5e break\uff0c\u5176\u904e\u53bb\u5f0f\u70ba broke\uff0c\u88ab\u52d5\u5f0f\u70ba broken\uff0c\u4ee5 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                "num": null,
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                "text": "\u5927\u8a66\u984c\uf9d0\u5225\uff0c\u642d\u914d 4 \u7a2e\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\uff0c\u900f\u904e BLEU \u53ca NIST \u4e4b\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a55\u4f30\u6307\u6a19\u6bd4\u8f03\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb \u7d71\u548c\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\u5728\u5404\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u4e0a\u5747\u6709\u512a\u65bc\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e\u8a00\u8655\uf9e4\uff0c\u96fb\u8166\u8f14\u52a9\u6559\u5b78\uff0c\u53d7\u9650\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0cTIMSS \u4e00\u3001\u7dd2\uf941 TIMSS(Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) [16]\uff0c\u7531\u570b\u79d1\u6703\u59d4\u8a17\u570b \u90e8\u5206\u3002 i. \u5c07 TIMSS \u82f1\u6587\u8a66\u984c\u900f\u904e\u6587\u4ef6\u8f49\u6a94\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8f49\u6210\u6587\u4ef6\u6a94 ii. \u5f9e\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u9078\u64c7\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6216\u5b57\u5178\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u4fee\u6b63\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u7522\u751f\u4e2d\u6587 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c iii. \u5c07\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u8f38\u51fa\u81f3\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4ecb\u9762 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8a66\u984c\u8cc7\uf9be\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u70ba\u7d14\u6587\u5b57\u6a94\u3001Microsoft Word \u7684 DOC \u6a94\u6216 Adobe Systems \u5236\u5b9a\u7684 PDF \u6a94\u7b49\u975e\u7d14\u6587\u5b57\u6a94\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u6545\u8981\u80fd\u6b63\u78ba\uf95a\u53d6\u6587\u5b57\u5167\u5bb9\u4e4b\u524d\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u9032\ufa08\u8f49 \u6a94\u52d5\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u547c\u53eb JACOB PROJECT[13]\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5957\u4ef6\u9032\ufa08\u7d14\u6587\u5b57\u6a94\u8f49\u6a94\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\uf9dd TIMSS \u6e2c\u9a57\uff0c\u8a9e\uf9be\uf92d\u6e90\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u76ee\u524d\u50c5\u6709 1999 \uf98e\u53ca 2003 \uf98e\u6240\u8209\u8fa8\u7684 TIMSS \u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u6e2c\u9a57\u984c\u76ee(\u5728\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7ae0\u7bc0\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5206\u5225\u4ee5 TIMSS1999 \u53ca TIMSS2003 \uf92d\u8868\u793a 1999"
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                "content": "<table><tr><td>\u4fc2\u8a5e\u5224\u65b7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\uf974\u7b26\u5408\u5247\u4e88\u4ee5\u53bb\u9664\u3002 \u904e\u53bb\u7684\u8a18\uf93f\u7121\u8a72\u4e2d\u82f1\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5c0d\u7167\u4e4b\u8a18\uf93f\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u8a72\u7d50\u69cb\u5132\u5b58\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969\u8a2d\u5b9a\u70ba 1\u3002\u5b8c\u6210 \uf9f7\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5efa\uf9f7\uf9ca\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>iv. \u55ae\u5b57\u548c\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u7ffb\u8b6f \uf901\u65b0\u591a\u7fa9\uf96a\u5f15\u4fee\u6b63\u6a94\u6b21\uf969\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u7ffb\u8b6f\u65b0\u7684\uf906\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u7167\u65b0\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969\u9ad8 i. 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\u9664\uf9ba\uf9dd\u7528\u591a\u7fa9\uf96a\u5f15\u4fee\u6b63\u6a94\u8abf\u6574\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u9078\u9805\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u76ee\u524d\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u4e2d\u5f85\u8abf\u6574\u9078 ii. \u91dd\u5c0d\u76ee\u524d\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u53ca\u5176\u8a5e\u983b\uf969\u70ba 0 \u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\uf9dd\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u548c\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u76f8\u4f3c\u5b57\u5c0d\u61c9\u6a94\uff0c\u6aa2\u67e5</td></tr><tr><td>\u51fa\u6bcf\u500b\u55ae\u5b57\u53ca\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\u9078\u8a5e\u4e4b\u9078\u9805\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u82f1 \u8a5e\u9806\u5e8f\u4e4b\u55ae\u5b57\uff0c\u53d6\u51fa\u8a72\u55ae\u5b57\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u82f1\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805\u53ca\u76ee\u524d\u8a72\u55ae\u5b57\u524d\u5f8c\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u4e2d\u82f1\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5373\u7dca 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\u63db\u6c11\u570b\u8868\u793a\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002 \"\u8868\u9054\uff02\u6216\"\u9054\uff02\u4e4b\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u5247\u6839\u64da\u8fd1\u7fa9\u8a5e\u5c0d\u61c9\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9593\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u8a5e\u983b\u8868\u4e4b \"\u767c\u63ee\uff02\u6240\u5c0d\u61c9\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b(24 \u6b21) \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u67e5\u627e\u76f8\u4f3c\u5b57\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u5b57\u7684\u8a5e place \u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5373\u4ee5 \"\u7f6e\u65bc\uff02\u70ba\u512a\u5148\u3002 \u983b\uff0c\u5efa\uf9f7\u5c6c\u65bc\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u8a5e\u983b\u7d71\u8a08\u8868\uff0c\u53ef\u505a\u70ba\u5224\u65b7\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\ufa01\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\uf96b\uf969\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>v. \u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u4fee\u6b63 (\u4e8c)\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u983b</td></tr><tr><td>\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u55ae\u5b57\u53ca\u7247\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5c31\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u5404\u55ae\u5b57\u7ffb\u8b6f\u51fa\uf92d\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u8abf\u6574</td></tr><tr><td>\u9069\u7576\u7684\u9078\u9805\u6392\uf99c\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a5e\u5e8f\u8abf\u6574\u3002 \u70ba\uf9ba\u5f4c\u88dc\u76ee\u524d\u8cc7\uf9be\uf97e\u904e\u5c11\u7684\u8a9e\uf9be\uf92d\u6e90\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u900f\u904e\u5c0b\u627e\u6709\u95dc\uf969\uf9e4\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\uf9b4\u57df\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e</td></tr><tr><td>\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u5df2\uf96f\u660e\u76ee\u524d TIMSS \u8a66\u984c\u8cc7\uf9be\u4e26\uf967\u8db3\u4ee5\uf9dd\u7528\u6a5f\uf961\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u8a9e\u5883\u9078 \uf9be\uff0c\u4ee5\u88dc\u8db3\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u7684\uf967\u8db3\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f9d\u6b64\u7d71\u8a08\u8cc7\uf9be\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u7d44\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u6aa2\u67e5</td></tr><tr><td>\u51fa\u9069\u7576\u8868\u9054\u8a9e\u610f\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u7d44\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9084\u539f\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\uf9dd\u7528\u8a5e\u983b\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u9078 \u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u6240\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\uf974\u8a72\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5728\u8a9e\uf9be\u7d71\u8a08\u8cc7\uf9be\u4e0a\u6709\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u8a5e\u983b\u9ad8\u4f4e</td></tr><tr><td>\u8a5e\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\ufa01\u7684\u6982\uf9a3\uff0c\u8a18\uf93f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u904e\u53bb\u9078\u8a5e\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b\uf969\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u7d71\u8a08\u8a5e\u983b\uff0c\u900f \u503c\uff0c\u5247\u4f9d\u8a5e\u983b\u8abf\u6574\u5176\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u9806\u5e8f\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u904e\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5efa\uf9f7\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c07\u91dd\u5c0d\u7ffb\u8b6f \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u82f1\u6f22\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u4e26\uf967\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u82f1\u6f22\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c</td></tr><tr><td>\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u8a5e\u983b\u3001\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u983b\u53ca\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u8a73\u7d30\u4ecb\u7d39\u3002 \u7121\u6cd5\u9806\uf9dd\u627e\u51fa\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b(\u5982\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u5c08\u6709\u8a5e\u5f59) \uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u5728\u63cf \u5716\u56db\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u548c\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u76f8\u4f3c\u5b57\u5c0d\u61c9\u6a94(\u5de6)\u53ca\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u8a5e\u983b\u8868(\u53f3)</td></tr><tr><td>(\u4e00)\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u8a5e\u983b \u8ff0\u4e0a\u548c\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u53ef\u80fd\uf967\u76e1\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u610f\u601d\u76f8\u8fd1\u6216\u540c\u7fa9(synonymous)\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\uf9b5\u5982\uff1a \u5728\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e2d\uff0c[test : \u6e2c\u8a66]\u8868\u793a\u82f1\u6587\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f test \u4e00\u8a5e\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u70ba\"\u6e2c\u8a66\uff02\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8a9e\uf9be (\u4e09)\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b</td></tr><tr><td>iii. stop word filtering \u57f7\ufa08\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u55ae\u5b57\u56e0\u7121\u6cd5\u55ae\u7368\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u9700\u642d\u914d\u5176\u4ed6\u55ae\u5b57\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u51fa\u73fe \uf967\u9700\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\uf9b5\u5982\u51a0\u8a5e the\u3001an\u3001a\uff0c\u5e38\u52a0\u65bc\u55ae\uf969\u540d\u8a5e\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7576\uf967\u9808 \u7279\u5225\u5f37\u8abf\u55ae\uf969\u6642\uff0c\uf965\uf967\u9700\u8981\u7279\u5225\u7ffb\u8b6f\u51a0\u8a5e\u3002\u4ecb\u7cfb\u8a5e for\u3001to\u3001of\uff0c\u7576\u51fa\u73fe\u65bc\u7591\u554f\u8a5e\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c \u6216\u7247\u8a9e\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u7fa9\u8868\u9054\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u5982 do\u3001does\uff0c\u70ba\uf9ba\uf967\u8b93\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u52d5\u4f5c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e4b\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c \u6211\u5011\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u8a5e\u5f59\u5efa\uf9f7\u4e00\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4e26\u91dd\u5c0d\u82f1\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u4e26\u505a\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5224\u65b7\u3002 \u4e2d\u6587\u9078\u8a5e\u9806\u5e8f\u8abf\u6574\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u8a66\u984c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u654d\u8ff0\u90e8\u5206\u53ca\u554f\uf906\u6240\u904b\u7528\u5230\u7684\u4fee\u8a5e\u65b9\u5f0f\uf967 \u591a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u6545\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8a5e\u7d44\u5176\u5c0d\u7167\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u7d44\u7a2e\uf9d0\u5927\u81f4\uf967\u6703\u8b8a\u52d5\u592a\u5927\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u908a\u6211\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u6f38\u9032\u5f0f\u7684\u8a13\uf996\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u53ef\uf9dd\u7528\u4ecb\u9762\u9078\u64c7\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u7d44\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u85c9\u7531\u7d71 \u8a08\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u9078\u9805\u505a\u70ba\u65e5\u5f8c\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u512a\u5148\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u9078\u9805\u5247\u662f\u518d\u6309\u6b21\u5e38\u9078\u64c7\u9806 \u82f1\u8a9e\u984c\u76ee\uff1a L5. ] When male wolves place their scent on trees , \u5f59\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u7bc7\u8a5e\u5f59\u500b\uf969\u7d04 2800 \u5b57\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\uf92d\u6e90\u70ba\u725b\u6d25\u73fe\u4ee3\u82f1\u6f22\u96d9\u89e3\u8a5e\u5178[11]\u5171 39429 \u500b | [&lt;Symbol&gt;] \u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\uf92d\u6e90\uf96b\u7167\u570b\uf9f7\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u9928\u7684\u671f\u520a\u8a9e\uf9be[9] (40 \u5377\u7b2c 7 23422 \u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e \u8868\u4e00\u3001\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94 \u627e\u51fa\u548c\u8a72\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u8a5e\u983b\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5efa\uf9f7\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 \u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u7d71\u4e00\u8a18\uf93f\u81f3\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94\u5167\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u4e00\u6240\u793a\u3002 \u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u53ef\u6aa2\u67e5\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u8fd1\u7fa9\u8a5e\u5f59\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\uf974\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u53ef\u9593\u63a5 \u5e8f\u4f9d\u6b64\uf9d0\u63a8\u8abf\u6574\u3002\u70ba\uf9ba\u9054\u5230\u9019\u500b\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u6bcf\u6b21\u7d93\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u78ba\u8a8d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7121\u8aa4\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587 \u5eab\uf906\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uf967\u4f7f\u7528\"\u6e2c\u8a66\uff02\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\"\u6e2c\u8a66\uff02\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\uf9b5\u5982 \"\u8a66\u9a57\uff02\u3001 \u7531\u65bc\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u7d71\u8a08\u8a5e\u983b\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8abf\u6574\u9078\u8a5e\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e26\u672a\u8003\u616e\u524d\u5f8c\u6587\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u642d \"\u5be6\u9a57\uff02\u3001 \"\u8a66\uff02\u3001 \"\u5617\u8a66\uff02\u7b49\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u627e\u51fa\u4e26\u7d71\u8a08 \"\u6e2c \u914d\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\uf9dd\u7528 word alignment \u7684\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u96d9\u8a9e\u5e73\ufa08\u8a9e\uf9be \u8a66\uff02\u4e00\u8a5e\u5728\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u4e0a\u7684\u8a5e\u983b\uf969\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u616e\u548c\"\u6e2c\u8a66\uff02\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u5728\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u4e0a\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u8a5e \u5eab\u70ba\uf92d\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5 GIZA++[6]\u70ba\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a5e\u7d44\u6216\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u95dc\u4fc2\u53ca\u5176\u6a5f\uf961\u503c\uff0c\u4e26 \u983b\uf969\uff0c\u9593\u63a5\u53cd\u6620\"\u6e2c\u8a66\uff02\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\ufa01\u3002\u6545\u6211\u5011\u5148\u5c07\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u627e\u51fa\u5176 \u76f8\u95dc\u4e4b\u8fd1\u7fa9\u8a5e\u5f59\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u7121\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u548c\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u627e\u51fa\u5176\u8a5e\u983b\u9ad8\u4f4e \u900f\u904e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6a5f\uf961\u6a21\u578b\u8a08\u7b97\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u6a5f\uf961\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>[when:\u7576][male:\u96c4][wolf:\uf92b][place:\u7f6e\u65bc][their:\u4ed6\u5011\u7684][scent:\u6c23\u5473][on:\u4e0a][trees:\u6a39\u6728][,] \u8a5e\u5f59\u3002 a) \u51a0\u8a5e\u90e8\u5206\uff0cthe \u76f4\u63a5\u53bb\u9664\uff0ca \u548c an \u5247\u5224\u65b7\u51fa\u73fe\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u5426\u70ba\uf906\u9996\uff0c\u4e26\u6aa2\u67e5 a \u5f8c\u9762\u662f\u5426\u6709 \u5176\u4ed6\u6a19\u9ede\u7b26\u865f(\u5982\u62ec\u865f\u6216\uf906\u9ede\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7de8\u865f) \uff0c\uf974\u4ee5\u4e0a\u689d\u4ef6\u7686\uf967\u7b26\u5408\uff0c\u5247\u4e88\u4ee5 \u53bb\u9664\u3002 b) \u4ecb\u7cfb\u8a5e\u90e8\u5206\u5927\u81f4\u4fdd\uf9cd\uff0c\u60df\u9700\u5224\u65b7\u524d\u4e00\u5b57\u5143\u662f\u5426\u70ba what\u3001how\u3001who\u3001when\u3001why \u7b49 \u7591\u554f\u8a5e\uff0c\uf974\u689d\u4ef6\u7b26\u5408\uff0c\u5247\u4e88\u4ee5\u53bb\u9664\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0cto \u51fa\u73fe\u65bc\uf906\u9996\u6642\u4ea6\u4e88\u4ee5\u53bb\u9664\u3002 c) \u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5247\u5224\u65b7\u524d\u4e00\u5b57\u5143\u662f\u5426\u70ba what\u3001how\u3001who\u3001when\u3001why \u7b49\u7591\u554f\u8a5e\uff0c\u540c\u4ecb they most likely are doing this in order to \u70ba\uf9ba\u53d6\u5f97\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8207\u5b57\u5178\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u8fd1\u7fa9\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u65b7\u8a5e\u5f8c\u7684\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u8f38 [they:\u4ed6\u5011][most:\u6700][likely:\u53ef\u80fd][be:\u662f][do:\u505a][this:\u6b64][in order to:\u70ba\uf9ba] \u5165\u81f3 HowNet[8]\u8fd1\u7fa9\u8a5e\u5c0b\u627e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ca\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u4e00\u8a5e\u6cdb\uf95a\u7cfb\u7d71[2]\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u5c07\u9019\uf978\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u6240\u627e\u5230 \u82f1\u6587\uf906\u5b50\u7d93\u904e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5f8c\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b\u5132\u5b58\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f9d \u7684\u8fd1\u7fa9\u8a5e\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u53d6\u4ea4\u96c6\u7be9\u9078\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u8f38\u51fa\u70ba\u7d93\u904e\u7be9\u9078\u904e\u5f8c\u4e4b\u8fd1\u7fa9\u8a5e\u8a5e\u5f59\u96c6\u5408\u3002 \u7167\u8868\u4e00\u4e4b\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5132\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94\u5167\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\uff0c\u5c07\u76ee\u524d\u5132\u5b58\u65bc\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94\u6240\u6709\u4e2d \u7d93\u904e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6b65\u9a5f\uff0c\u53ef\u5efa\uf9f7\u5b57\u5178\u548c\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u76f8\u4f3c\u5b57\u5c0d\u61c9\u6a94\u548c\u900f\u904e\u539f\u5148\u7d93\u904e\u65b7\u8a5e\u7d71\u8a08\u8a5e\u983b\u4e4b \u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u548c\u4fee\u6b63\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u7684\u591a\u7fa9\uf96a\u5f15\u4fee\u6b63\u6a94\u6240\u6709\u904e\u53bb\u5df2\u6709\u8a18\uf93f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u7d50\u69cb\u6bd4 \u5c0d\uff0c\uf974\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u76ee\u524d\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\u6b21\uf969\uf91d\u4f4d\u52a0 1\uff0c\uf974\u7121\u76f8\u540c\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868 \u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u8a5e\u983b\u8868\uff0c\u5efa\uf9f7\u5b57\u5178\u548c\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u76f8\u4f3c\u5b57\u5c0d\u61c9\u6a94\u548c\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u8a5e\u983b\u8868\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u5efa</td></tr></table>",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "text": "When male wolves place their scent on trees, they most likely are doing this in order to \u7d93\u524d\u8655\uf9e4\u53ca\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5f8c\u5132\u5b58\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94(\u4ee5 BNF \u8868\u9054\u5132\u5b58\u7bc4\uf9b5) \uff1a \u9700\u8981\u8abf\u6574\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053 place \u53ef\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\"\u7f6e\u65bc\uff02\u6216 \"\u5730\u65b9\uff02\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u78ba\u5b9a place \u7684\u7dca\u9130\u8a5e\u5f59\uff1awolf \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210 \"\uf92b\uff02\uff0ctheir \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210 \"\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\uff02\u3002\u63a5\u8457\uff0c\u5f9e\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u82f1 \u5c0d\u7167\u8a5e\u7d44\u6a94\u627e\u5c0b\u904e\u53bb place \u7684\u6240\u6709\u7dca\u9130\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728 wolf \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210 \"\uf92b\uff02\u548c their \u7ffb \u8b6f\u6210 \"\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\uff02\u8a18\uf93f\uff0c\u5047\u4f7f\u767c\u73fe\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7576\u6642 place \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210 \"\u7f6e\u65bc\uff02\u6211\u5011\uf965\u6c7a\u5b9a place \u671f\u81f3 46 \u5377\u7b2c 2 \u671f\u5171 111 \u7bc7)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6559\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6708\u520a\u8a9e\uf9be[10](240 \u5230 285 \u671f\u5171 218 \u7bc7) \uff0c\u5171 329 \u7bc7\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5c07\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8a9e\uf9be\u7d93\u904e\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u65b7\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71\u8f14\u52a9\uff0c\u7372\u5f97\u7d04 73 \u842c 4 \u5343\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e \u5f59\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u7d71\u8a08\u91cd\u8986\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u6b21\uf969\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u8a5e\u5f59\u8a5e\u983b\u8868\uff0c\u5171\u6709"
            },
            "TABREF2": {
                "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Pr( t 1 m \u4e94\u3001\u5be6\u9a57\u548c\u8a55\u4f30 *) | Pr( max arg 1 S s n</td><td>|</td><td>1 s n</td><td>,</td><td>S</td><td>*,</td><td>T</td><td>*)</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>*, T</td><td>*</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u9a57\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8cc7\uf9be\uf92d\u6e90\u70ba TIMSS1999 \u53ca TIMSS2003 \u7684\u8a66\u984c\uff0c\u5728\u8a66\u984c\u5206\uf9d0\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167 (3) TIMSS \u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7db2\u9801\uff0c\uf96f\u660e\u5728 1999 \uf98e\u6240\u51fa\u984c\u4e4b\u8a66\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5340\u5206\uf969\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\uf9d0</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u5225\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee5\u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c\uf98e\u7d1a\u70ba\u8003\u8a66\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u800c\u5728 2003 \uf98e\u6240\u51fa\u984c\u7684\u984c\u578b\u5167\u5bb9\u4e0a\uff0c\u9664\uf9ba\u4f9d\u7167 1999</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u03b1=\u03b2=\u03b3=1\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \uf98e\u7684\u8a66\u984c\uf9d0\u5225\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e0a\u5247\u662f\u4ee5\u570b\u5c0f\u56db\uf98e\u7d1a\u53ca\u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c\uf98e\u7d1a\u70ba\u8003\u8a66\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6309</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u63a5\u4e0b\uf92d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\uf9dd\u7528 GIZA++[12]\u53ca mkcls[11]\u7b49\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ecb\u7d39\u5982\u4f55\u5c07\uf9dd\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c \u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e4b\u8a66\u984c\u5206\uf9d0\uff0c\u5c07\u7db2\u9801\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a66\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e0b\u8f09\u4e26\u8f49\u6a94\u70ba\u7d14\u6587\u5b57\u6a94\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u5c07\u8a66</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\uf9be\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a9e\uf906\u5c0d\uf99c(sentense alignment)\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u5c07\u4e2d \u984c\u5206\uf9d0\u53ca\u984c\u76ee\u500b\uf969\u7d71\u8a08\u5982\u4e0b\u3002</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u65b7\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71\u52a0\u4ee5\u65b7\u8a5e\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u82f1\u5927\u5c0f\u5beb</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u8f49\u63db\u53ca\uf9dd\u7528\u5b57\u548c\u5b57\u4e4b\u9593\u7a7a\u767d\u65b7\u8a5e\uff0c\u518d\uf92d\uf9dd\u7528 word clustering \u6280\u8853\uff0c\u5efa\uf9f7\u8a5e\u5f59\u5206\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e26\u52a0</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u4ee5\u7de8\u865f\uff0c\u5c07\u6587\u5b57\u8a9e\uf9be\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u7d14\u6587\u5b57\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u8f38\u5165\u81f3 GIZA++\u7522\u751f\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4e26\u8a55 \u8a5e\u5f59\u53ef\u4f9b\u914d\u5c0d\u3002\uf974\u6263\u9664 5384 \u500b\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u65bc\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\uff0c\u4ee5 \u4f30\u5176\u5be6\u9a57\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u4eba\u5de5\u6aa2\u67e5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6aa2\u67e5\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\u5167\u6b63\u78ba\u914d\u5c0d\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5c0d\u5171\u6709 3372 \u7b46\u8a18 \u6211\u5011\u62bd\u6a23\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c 2002 \uf98e 3 \u6708\u81f3 2006 \uf98e 12 \u6708\u5171 110 \u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\uf906\u5c0d\uf969\u3001\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e \uf93f\uff0c\u6263\u9664\u6389\u76f8\u540c\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u591a\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709 2761 \u500b\uf967\u540c\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u662f\u914d\u5c0d \u5f59\uf969\u53ca\u4e2d\u82f1\u7e3d\u8a5e\u5f59\u500b\uf969\u5982\u8868\u4e8c\u6240\u793a\u3002 \u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u89e3\u91cb\u3002</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"8\">\u8868\u4e8c\u3001\u5be6\u9a57\u8a9e\uf9be\uf92d\u6e90\u7d71\u8a08 \u63a5\u8457\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u516c\u5f0f(1)\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\uf906\u5c0d\uf969 \u8003\u616e\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\u53ca\u4e2d\u6587\u96d9\uf99a\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373 \u8a5e\u5f59\uf969</td><td>Pr(</td><td>| i c i c</td><td>1 \u2212</td><td>)</td><td>\u3002</td><td>\u7e3d\u8a5e\u5f59\u500b\uf969(tokens)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u4e2d\u6587 \u82f1\u6587 \u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5efa\uf9f7\u4e2d\u6587\u96d9\uf99a\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u70ba\uf9dd\u7528 SRI Speech Technology and 9313 \u5b57 301747 \u500b 2780 \uf906 10608 \u5b57 390020 \u500b Research Laboratory \u6240 \u958b \u767c \u7684 \u81ea \u7136 \u8a9e \u8a00 \u5de5 \u5177 SRILM ( \u7db2 \u5740 \u70ba \u5716\u4e03\u3001TIMSS \u8a66\u984c\u5206\uf9d0\u53ca\u984c\uf969\u7d71\u8a08\u6a39\uf9fa\u5716</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c\u6587\u7ae0\u5167\u5bb9\u683c\u5f0f\u70ba html \u7db2\u9801\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u7db2\u9801\u7684\u5167 http://www.speech.sri.com/projects/srilm/) \uff0c\u8f38\u5165\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u6a94\u5f8c\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u7d71\u8a08\u5404\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u53ca \u5f9e\u5716\u4e03\uf92d\u770b\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u8a66\u984c\u4f9d\u7167\uf969\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uf967\u540c\uf98e\u7d1a\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u5728\u96e3</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u5bb9\u50c5\uf9dd\u7528\u5206\uf91d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c07\u4e2d\u82f1\u5167\u5bb9\u5404\u5225\u7f6e\u5165\u5de6\u53f3\uf978\uf91d\u5167\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u6a19\u8a3b\u5176\u4e2d\u82f1\uf906\u5b50\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0d\u7167 \u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u6b21\uf969\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u5176\u51fa\u73fe\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u8f38\u51fa\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\uff0c\u5982\u5716\uf9d1 \uf9e0\u7a0b\ufa01\u4e0a\u6703\u6bd4\u7167\uf98e\u7d1a\u6709\u6240\uf967\u540c\u3002\uf9b5\u5982\u570b\u5c0f\u56db\uf98e\u7d1a\u7684\uf969\u5b78\u6703\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\uf969\u7684\u8a8d\uf9fc\u3001\u55ae\u4f4d\u6bd4\u8f03\u6216</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u6240\u793a\u3002 \u57fa\u672c\u56db\u5247\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u800c\u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c\uf98e\u7d1a\u5247\u9664\uf9ba\u524d\u8ff0\u4e4b\u57fa\u672c\u89c0\uf9a3\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u589e\u52a0\u4ee3\uf969\u3001\u5206\uf969\u56db\u5247\u904b\u7b97\u7b49 \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\uf967\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u8a13\uf996\u8cc7\uf9be\u9700\u6eff\u8db3\uf906\u5b50\u5c0d\uf99c(sentence alignment)\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c \u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a9e\uf906\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u5426\uf906\u5b50\u5c0d\uf99c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5927\uf97e\u7684\u6642\u9593\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u6545\u6211\u5011\u4f9d\u7167\u5716\u4e94 \u4e4b\u7c21\uf9e0\uf906\u5b50\u5c0d\uf99c\uf9ca\u7a0b\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\uf906\u5b50\u5c0d\uf99c\u7d50\u679c\u3002 -2.150164 \u904b\u52d5 \u6d88\u8017 -2.139987 \u6982\uf9a3\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u6709\uf9d0\u4f3c\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u9032\ufa01\u5206\u914d\uff0c\uf9b5\u5982\u5f9e\u570b\u5c0f\u56db\uf98e\u7d1a\u91dd\u5c0d\u5730\u79d1\u53ca\u751f\u7269\u7b49 \u904b\u52d5 \u80fd\uf98a -2.153002 \u904b\u52d5 \u5065\u5c07 \u89c0\uf9a3\uff0c\u5230\u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c\uf98e\u7d1a\u5247\u9032\u5165\uf9e4\u5316\u7b49\u89c0\uf9a3\u7684\u914d\u5408\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u984c\u76ee</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">-2.146435 -2.142739 \u5167\u9673\u8ff0\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u9577\u77ed\uff0c\u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c\uf98e\u7d1a\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u8f03\u570b\u5c0f\u56db\uf98e\u7d1a\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u4e0a\u8f03\u70ba\u8271\u6df1\u3002 \u904b\u52d5 \u6a21\u5f0f \u904b\u52d5 \u6a21\u578b -2.153002 \u904b\u52d5 \u6a21\u64ec\u5100 \u9664\uf9ba\u8861\uf97e\u4ee5\u8a66\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\u70ba\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u6e2c\u8a66\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u53ca\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\uf969\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u7ffb</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">-2.153002 -2.144583 \u8b6f\u7a0b\ufa01\u7684\u597d\u58de\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u8003\u616e\uf967\u540c\uf98e\u7d1a\u7684\u8a66\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u9a57\u8b49\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u80fd\uf98a\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f \u904b\u52d5 \u5668\u5b98 \u904b\u52d5 \uf997\u76df -1.341907 \u904b\u7b97 \uff0c \u5426\u6309\u7167\u6108\u4f4e\uf98e\u7d1a\u5176\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6b63\u78ba\u6108\u9ad8\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u3002\u6545\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0a\u6309\u7167\uf98e\u7d1a\u5225\u3001\u8a66\u984c\u7a2e\uf9d0\u5206\uf9d0 (\u4ee5</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u5716\uf9d1\u3001\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u6a5f\uf961\u8868 \uf969\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u70ba A \u4ee3\u865f\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u70ba B \u4ee3\u865f)\u53ca\uf98e\u5206\u53ef\u5927\u81f4\u5340\u5206\u5982\u8868\u4e09\u4e4b\u7d44\u5225\u8868\uff0c\u4ee5\u5be6\u9a57</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u7531\u5716\u4e09\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\uf91d\u4f4d\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\uf91d\u4f4d\u5206\u5225\u8868\u793a\u70ba\u5404 bi-gram \u8a5e\u5f59\u4e0b\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684 log \u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c\uf98e\u7d1a\u8a66\u984c\u548c\u570b\u5c0f\u56db\uf98e\u7d1a\u8a66\u984c\u5c0d\u65bc\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6548\u679c\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u7a0b\ufa01\u3002</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">probability(\u4ee5 log10 \u70ba\u57fa\u5e95) \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\"sports leagues\uff02\u70ba\uf9b5\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u516c\u5f0f(1)\u6539\u5beb\u7684\u516c \u8868\u4e09\u3001TIMSS \u8a66\u984c\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u5225\u8868</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u5f0f\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u7576\u76ee\u524d\u82f1\u6587\u70ba \"sports leagues\uff02\u6642\uff0c \u6211\u5011\u78ba\u5b9a \"sport\uff02\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba \"\u904b\u52d5\uff02\uff0c \u4e2d\u4e8c A \u7d44 \u4e2d\u4e8c B \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db A \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db B \u7d44 \u4e2d\u4e8c AB \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db AB \u7d44 \u5716\u4e94 \u7c21\uf9e0\uf906\u5b50\u5c0d\uf99c\uf9ca\u7a0b \u800c\"leagues\uff02\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210 \"\uf997\u76df\uff02\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u70ba\u3002 TIMSS1999 \u53ca TIMSS1999 \u53ca TIMSS2003 TIMSS2003 TIMSS1999 TIMSS2003 GIZA++\u8a08\u7b97 alignment \u7684\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u8a00 t \u5728\u9577\ufa01 m \u4ee5\u53ca\uf92d\u6e90\u8a9e\u8a00 s \u5728\u9577\ufa01 n \u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8a9e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\u5373\u8a08\u7b97 ) | Pr( ) | Pr( 1 1 1 \u220f j \u6839\u64da\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u8cc7\uf9be\u9032\ufa08\u516c\u5f0f\u8a08\u7b97\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u8cc7\u8a0a\uf967\u8db3\uff0c\u4f7f \u8a66\u984c \u8a66\u984c \u8a66\u984c = = m a j n m j s t s t \u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u6aa2\u67e5\u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab\uff0c \u2245 ) , | Pr( leagues \u904b\u52d5 \uf997\u76df TIMSS2003 TIMSS2003 \u570b\u5c0f\uf969\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df \u570b\u5c0f\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df TIMSS2003 \uf969\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df Pr(\uf997\u76df|leagues) * Pr(\uf997\u76df|\u904b\u52d5) \u570b\u4e2d\uf969\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df \u570b\u4e2d\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df \u8a66\u984c \u8a66\u984c \uf969\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df \u8a66\u984c</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u5f97\u689d\u4ef6\u6a5f\uf961\u7684\u503c\u70ba 0 \u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u7a00\u758f\u8cc7\uf9be(sparse data)\u554f\u984c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u70ba\uf9ba\u80fd\u63d0 \u5176\u4e2d\uff0cPr(\uf997\u76df|leagues)\u53ef\u7d93\u7531\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\u67e5\u51fa leagues \u6a5f\uf961\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e2d \u6211\u5011\u5be6\u9a57\u4e3b\u8981\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u70ba\u8c37\u6b4c(\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7a31 Google Translate)\u548c\u96c5\u864e\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u6607 alignment \u7684\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u65e5\u5f8c\u8a08\u7b97\u8a5e\u5f59\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\uff0cOch \u7b49\u4eba\u5728 1999 \uf98e\u65bc\"An \u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0cPr(\uf997\u76df|\u904b\u52d5)\u5247\u662f\u7d93\u7531\u5716\u4e00\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u4e2d\u6587 bi-gram \u5171\u73fe\u7684\u689d \u7cfb\u7d71(\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7a31 Yahoo!</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">Efficient Method for Determining Bilingual Word Classes\"[5]\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e word clustering \u65b9 \u4ef6\u6a5f\uf961\u503c\u3002</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c07\u5206\u4f48\u7a00\u758f\u7684\u8a9e\uf9be\u8cc7\u8a0a\u9032\ufa08\u5206\u914d(partition) \uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7d93\u5e38\u540c\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u55ae\u4e00\u8a9e\u8a00\u8a5e\u5f59</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">(monolingual word)\u6216\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a5e\u5f59(bilingual word)\u80fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\uf9d0\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\uf92d\u6e90\u8a5e\u5f59\u548c\u76ee\u6a19</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u8cc7\u8a0a\uf967\u8db3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u6539\u4ee5\u6aa2\u67e5\uf92d\u6e90\u8a5e\u5f59\u6240\u5c6c\u7684\uf9d0\u5225\u548c\u76ee\u6a19\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\uf92d\u589e</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u52a0\u5176\u6a5f\uf961\u503c\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0cOch \u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\uf9ba\u4e00\u5957\u6700\u4f73\u5316\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u8abf\u6574\u76ee\u6a19\u8a5e\u5f59\uf9d0\u5225 T* (target word</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">class)\u6216\uf92d\u6e90\u8a5e\u5f59\uf9d0\u5225 S*(source word class)\u6642\uff0c\u6aa2\u67e5\u5176\u8a5e\u5f59\u7ffb\u8b6f\u689d\u4ef6\u6a5f\uf961\u503c\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408</td></tr></table>",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "text": "\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd clustering \u7d50\u679c\u4e4b\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3002 \u4ee5 word clustering \u6982\uf9a3\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\uf9dd\u7528 Och \u6240\u958b\u767c mkcls \u5de5\u5177[11]\uff0c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u57f7 \ufa08\u6700\u4f73\u5316(optimize)\u7684\u6b21\uf969\u57f7\ufa08 5 \u6b21\u53ca word class \u500b\uf969\u8a2d\u5b9a\u70ba 80 \u500b\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8f38\u5165\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a9e \uf9be\u7d66 GIZA++\u57f7\ufa08\uff0c\u900f\u904e EM algorithm\u3001HMM model \u53ca IBM-model 1~5 \u4e4b\u8a13\uf996\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c \u53cd\u8986\u8a13\uf996 5 \u6b21\uff0c\u8f38\u51fa\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u7d50\u679c\u53ca\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\u3002 \u5728 2780 \uf906\u4e2d\u82f1\uf906\u5c0d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\uf9e8\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e2d\u6587 9313 \u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u81f3\u82f1\u6587 10608 \u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u5171\u51fa\u73fe 18181 \u7a2e\uf967\u540c\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u63a5\u8457\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u4e2d\u82f1 \u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a5f\uf961\u8868\uf9e8\u51fa\u73fe\u904e 18181 \u500b\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u6263\u9664\u76f8\u540c\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u591a\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59 \u7684\u6b21\uf969\uff0c\u53ef\u5f97\u5230 5224 \u500b\uf967\u540c\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u914d\u5c0d\u500b\uf969\uff0c\u548c\u539f\u5148 10608 \u500b\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u6bd4\u8f03\u8d77 \uf92d\uff0c\u767c\u73fe 5384 \u500b\u70ba GIZA++\u5224\u5b9a\u70ba\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u81f3 NULL\uff0c\u5373\u8a9e\uf9be\u4e2d\u7121\u4efb\u4f55\u5408\u9069\u4e2d\u6587"
            },
            "TABREF3": {
                "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"18\">\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u7cfb\u7d71\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6703\u9020\u6210 P(w i )\u5c0d\u7167\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6a5f\uf961 \u526f\u8a5e\u6216\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u5148\u80fd\u89e3\u6c7a\u8a5e\u6027\u5224\u5225\u4e4b\u6b67\u7fa9\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u9032\ufa08\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\uf9d0\u53ca\u76f8\u4f3c\ufa01\u6bd4</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"18\">\u8a08\u7b97\u4e0a\u51fa\u73fe\uf967\u5c0f\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u3002 \u5c0d\u4e4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u57f7\ufa08\u6642\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u6548\uf961\u57f7\ufa08\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u601d\u8003\u7684</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">\u220f i 1 = N \u91dd\u5c0d 2 \u220f = i 1 \u2212 \u2245 N i i i e c c 1 ) , | Pr( \u7bc4\u570d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \uf96b\u8003\u6587\u737b</td><td>Pr(</td><td>c</td><td>i</td><td>|</td><td>e</td><td>i</td><td>)</td><td>*</td><td>Pr(</td><td>c</td><td>i</td><td>|</td><td>c</td><td>i</td><td>\u2212 1</td><td>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">\u5f9e\u516c\u5f0f(2)\u53f3\u534a\u90e8\u53ef\u5f97\u77e5</td><td>Pr(</td><td>| i e i c</td><td>)</td><td colspan=\"12\">\u70ba\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\u6a21\u578b\uff0c</td><td>Pr(</td><td>| i c i c</td><td>1 \u2212</td><td>)</td><td>\u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\u96d9\uf99a</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"18\">\u7d44\u5225 \u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u8868\u56db\u5b8c\u6210\u7684 P(w i )\u662f\u7d93\u7531\u516c\u5f0f(2)\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u5206\u5225\u6bd4\u8f03\u55ae\u7368 \u4e2d\u4e8c A \u7d44 \u4e2d\u4e8c B \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db A \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db B \u7d44 \u4e2d\u4e8c AB \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db AB \u7d44</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"18\">\u6307\u6a19 \uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\u6a21\u578b(\u4ee5 Align \u53d6\u540d)\u548c\u4e2d\u6587\u96d9\uf99a\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b(\u4ee5 Bigram \u53d6\u540d) \uff0c NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"18\">Google \u548c P(w i )\u7d50\u679c\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\uf962\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u8868\uf9d1\u6240\u793a\u3002 2.8204 0.0964 2.2163 0.0677 2.1460 0.0993 1.1145 0.0171 2.5948 0.0834 1.6255 0.0523 Translate \u8868\uf9d1\u3001P(wi)\u8207\u5404\u5225\u6a5f\uf961\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b NIST \u53ca BLEU \u503c\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868</td></tr><tr><td>Yahoo!</td><td colspan=\"17\">3.3721 0.1051 2.7817 0.0842 2.1312 0.1111 1.3517 0.0332 3.1779 0.0962 1.8199 0.0705</td></tr><tr><td>\u7d44\u5225</td><td>\u4e2d\u4e8c A \u7d44</td><td colspan=\"3\">\u4e2d\u4e8c B \u7d44</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">\u5c0f\u56db A \u7d44</td><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"6\">\u5c0f\u56db B \u7d44</td><td>\u4e2d\u4e8c AB \u7d44</td><td>\u5c0f\u56db AB \u7d44</td></tr><tr><td>G f (w i ) \u6307\u6a19</td><td colspan=\"17\">4.6169 0.2130 3.8632 0.1505 3.4706 0.2099 4.5275 0.2229 4.4453 0.1866 4.6349 0.2202 NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"18\">1 exp{ -\u03b2 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u91dd\u5c0d\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f9d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u96a8\u6a5f\u9078\u8a5e\u3001G f (w i )\u3001P(w i )\u4ee5\u53ca G f (w i ) + P(w i )\u7b49\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976 n 1 score= )]} 1 , [min( log * } ) 1 ), , ( max( / ) ...w Info(w { 2 output sys in w w all 1 occur -co that w w all n 1 n 1 n 1 ref sys s s n N n L L r e c \u2211 \u2211 \u2211 \u2026 = \u2026 \u4e0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167 cumulative 4-gram scoring \u4e4b BLEU \u548c NIST[7]\u8a55\u5206\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5c07\u8868\u4e09 6 \uf9d0\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u539f \u6587\u8a66\u984c\uff0c\uf99a\u540c\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684 6 \uf9d0\u539f\u6587\u8a66\u984c\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u6a19\u6e96\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6839\u64da 6 \uf9d0\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u5efa\u8b70\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u8f38\u5165\u81f3\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u5bb6\u6a19\u6e96\u8207\u6280\u8853\u5c40(NIST)\u6240\u958b\u767c\u7684 mteval-v10 \u4e4b \u7d44\u5225 \u4e2d\u4e8c A \u7d44 \u4e2d\u4e8c B \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db A \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db B \u7d44 \u4e2d\u4e8c AB \u7d44 \u5c0f\u56db AB \u7d44 \u6307\u6a19 NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU \u96a8\u6a5f \u9078\u8a5e 1.6573 0.0201 1.2879 0.0000 0.8693 0.0000 0.6351 0.0096 1.4902 0.0000 0.7191 0.0093 G f (w i ) 4.6169 0.2130 3.8632 0.1505 3.4706 0.2099 4.5275 0.2229 4.4453 0.1866 4.6349 0.2202 P(w i ) 2.6173 0.0662 2.2518 0.0613 2.0501 0.0848 0.9885 0.0223 2.4986 0.1330 1.5621 0.0501 G f (w i ) + P(w i ) 3.0430 0.0786 2.1371 0.0962 3.3754 0.1991 1.0977 0.0290 4.4453 0.1866 2.7722 0.1317 (4) (5) (6) BP: \u9577\ufa01\u61f2\u7f70\u56e0\u5b50 L ref : \uf96b\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u9577\ufa01 L sys : \u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u9577\ufa01 ) , ( s s n r e \u03b4 \u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50e s \u8207\uf96b\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50 r s \u5339\u914d\u7684n-gram\u500b\uf969 ) , ( s s n r e c \u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50e s \u4e2dn-gram\u7684\u500b\uf969 BP: \u9577\ufa01\u61f2\u7f70\u56e0\u5b50 L ref : \uf96b\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u9577\ufa01 L sys : \u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u9577\ufa01 ) , ( s s n r e \u03b4 \u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50e s \u8207\uf96b\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50 r s \u5339\u914d\u7684n-gram\u500b\uf969 ) , ( s s n r e c \u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50e s \u4e2dn-gram\u7684\u500b\uf969 (7) (8) \u5f9e\u8868\u4e94\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728 G f (w i )\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5404\u7d44\u7684 BLEU \u503c\u548c NIST \u503c\u7686 \u6bd4 Google Translate \u548c Yahoo!\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u8981\u9ad8\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u5efa\uf9f7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u6216\u8a5e\u7d44\uff0c \u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\uf969\u5b78\u76f8\u95dc\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\uf9be\u8a5e\u983b\u7684\u78ba\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3002\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u53cd\u61c9 Yahoo!\u548c Google Translate \u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5c07\u5ee3\u6cdb\uf9b4\u57df\u77e5\uf9fc(domain genernal)\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5167 \u5bb9\uff0c\u4ee5\u8a9e\uf9be\u7d71\u8a08\u4e2d\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6216 phrase-based \u7ffb\u8b6f\u5c07\u5167\u5bb9\u8f38\u51fa\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u4e0a\u8f03\u7121\u6cd5\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\uf9b4\u57df\u77e5\uf9fc(domain spasific)\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u52a0\u5165 \uf901\u591a\uf969\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u7684\u7247\u8a9e\uf906\u578b\u6216\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u898f\u5247\u8f49\u63db\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u53cd\u61c9\u5728\u7cfb\u7d71\u5efa\u8b70\u7ffb\u8b6f \u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u8207 TIMSS \u8a66\u984c\u7684\uf96b\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u6709\u6240\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\uf96b\u8003\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u50c5\u6709\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559 \u4e2d\u5fc3\u91dd\u5c0d TIMSS1999 \u53ca 2003 \uf98e\u7248\u672c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97 Google Translate \u6216 Yahoo!\u70ba\uf9ba \u589e\u52a0\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uf9ca\u66a2\ufa01\u6240\u52a0\u5165\u4e4b\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5176\u4ed6\uf96b\u8003\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684 \u54c1\u8cea\u6216\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3002 \u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f9e\u8868\u56db\u548c\u8868\u4e94\u53ef\u767c\u73fe\u8003\u616e\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b P(w i )\u5728\u5206 \uf969\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u63a5\u8fd1 Google Translate \u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728 G f (w i ) + P(w i )\u7684\u9078\u8a5e\u5206\uf969\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ea6\u8207 G f (w i ) \u7684\u5206\uf969\u76f8\u5dee\uf967\u591a\u3002\uf967\u904e\u5f9e\u9019\uf978\u9ede\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0a\uff0c\u7686\u767c\u73fe\u52a0\u5165 P(w i )\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e26\uf967\u80fd\u4f7f BLEU \u8207 NIST \u7684\u5206\uf969\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5728\u5206\uf969\u4e0a\u8f03 Google Translate \u4ee5\u53ca G f (w i )\uf976\u4f4e\u3002\u7531\u65bc P(w i )\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b78 \u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c\u70ba\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\uf9be\u7d71\u8a08\u4e4b\u6a5f\uf961\u9078\u8a5e\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5728\u8a9e\uf9be\uf9d0\u578b\u4e0a\u662f\u63a5\u8fd1 TIMSS \u8a66\u984c\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c6c P(w i \u8a5e\u70ba\u4efb\u610f\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u8a5e\u5f59\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e4b\u6b63\u78ba\ufa01\u4e0a\u80fd\u4ea6\u80fd\u6709\u63a5\u8fd1\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e4b\u6210\u679c\u3002 \u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\uf969\u5b78\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uf9e4\uf941\u4e0a\u5728 BLEU \u548c NIST \u5206\uf969\u4e0a\u6703\u8f03\u540c\u70ba\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c \u91dd\u5c0d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u7684\uf9ca\u66a2\ufa01\u4e0a\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5be6\u4f5c\u51fa\uf9dd\u7528\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4ecb\u9762\uff0c\u9032\ufa08\u65b0\u589e\u8a5e\u5f59\u53ca\u522a\u9664\u8a5e\u5f59 \u4f46\u8a9e\uf9be\uf92d\u6e90\uf967\u5b8c\u5168\u91dd\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\uf9b4\u57df\u7d71\u8a08\u7684 Google Translate \u8981\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6bd4\u50c5\u8003\u616e\u500b\u5225\u4e2d\u6587 \u7b49\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\uf92d\u9054\u5230\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u7b26\u5408\u8a9e\u6cd5\u4e4b\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u8655\uf9e4\u6709\u95dc\u81ea\u52d5\u52a0\u6e1b\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c \u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805\u4e4b\u8a5e\u983b\u9ad8\u4f4e\u7684 G f (w i )\u4e4b\u5206\uf969\uf92d\u5f97\u4f4e\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u6b78\u7d0d\u5e7e\u9ede\u3002 \u53ef\u900f\u904e\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8f14\u52a9\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u76f8\u9130\u4e4b\u53ef\u80fd\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u627e\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u8a5e i. \u7d71\u8a08\u8a9e\uf9be\u5728\uf969\uf97e\u4e0a\u7684\uf967\u8db3\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u4ee5 GIZA++\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u5de5\u5177\u6240\u627e\u51fa\u4e4b\u6b63\u78ba\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c \u5f59\u56e0\u76f8\u9130\u95dc\u4fc2\u800c\u4f7f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u7522\u751f\u6e1b\u5c11\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\uf92d\u589e\u9032\u4e26\u6539\u5584\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\uf9ca\u66a2\u7a0b\ufa01\u3002 \u500b\uf969\u50c5\u6709 2761 \u500b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u9810\u6e2c\u9069\u5408\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805\u6642\u660e\u986f\u7121\u6cd5\u627e\u51fa\u725b\u6d25\u5b57\u5178 39429 \u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5e8f\u7684\u8abf\u6574\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\uf9dd\u7528\u8a9e\u6cd5\u5256\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u82f1\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\uf9d0 \u500b\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u9805\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\uf99c\u6a5f\uf961\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u9078\u8a5e\u4e0a\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u3002 \u4f3c\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5c0d\u61c9\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5728\u5224\u65b7\u65b0\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\uf9dd\u7528\u5176\u5c0d\u61c9\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u7a0b\ufa01\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u6700\u5927\u53ef ii. \u7cfb\u7d71\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uf906\u5b50\u672a\u7d93\u4efb\u4f55\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4e0a\u7684\u8abf\u6574\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u6309\u7167\u82f1\u6587 \u80fd\u4e4b\u8a5e\u5e8f\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u8a9e\u6cd5\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u5728\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u7a2e\uf9d0\u4e0a\uff0c\u8996\u63cf\u8ff0\u65b9\u6cd5 \u8a5e\u5f59\u539f\u6709\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c07\u55ae\u5b57\u8207\u7247\u8a9e\u8a5e\u7d44\ufa00\u5206\u5f8c\u67e5\u8a62\u725b\u6d25\u5b57\u5178\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u56e0 \uf967\u540c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u8a31\u591a\uf967\u540c\u7684\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u4ee5\u5206\uf9d0\u53ca\u76f8\u4f3c\ufa01\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5148\u627e\u51fa\u6700\u5927\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b \u6b64\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4e0a\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u4e2d\u6587\uf906\u5b50\uf967\u540c\uff0c\u800c P(w i )\u5728\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u7d71\u8a08\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u4f9d\u7167\u4e00\u822c \u5b50\u6a39\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5728\u5224\u65b7\u672a\u77e5\uf906\u5b50\u7d50\u69cb\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u6e1b\u5c11\u6bd4\u5c0d\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u7dad\ufa01\uff0c\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1 \u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5e8f\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5be6\u969b\u5c07\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u7d71\u8a08\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5957\u7528\u81f3\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u4e2d \u8a5e\u6027\u7a2e\uf9d0\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u8a5e\u6027\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uf967\u4e00\uff0c\uf9b5\u5982\"\u7f8e\uf988(Beautiful)\uff02\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u82f1\u6587 \u6587 bi-gram \u5728 P(w i )\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u904e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6a5f\uf961\u503c\u70ba 0 \u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c \u6211\u5011\uf9dd\u7528\u4e58\u4e0a\u6975\u5c0f\uf969(\u6211\u5011\u9810\u8a2d\u4ee5 10 -20 )\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u6a5f\uf961\u503c\u70ba 0\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e \u8a5e\u5f59\u70ba\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u6027\u5224\u65b7\u4e0a\uff0c\uf967\u540c\u8a9e\u5883\u4e4b\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u5176\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5224\uf95a\u6210</td></tr></table>",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "text": "BLEU \u548c NIST \u8a55\u5206\u5de5\u5177 (\u7db2\u5740\u70ba http://www.nist.gov/speech/tests/mt/scoring/index.htm) \uff0c \u518d\u5c07\u8a08\u5206\u7d50\u679c\u8f38\u51fa\u81f3\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u56db\u6240\u793a\u3002\u8868\u56db\u3001\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5404\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u4e4b NIST \u53ca BLEU \u503c\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868 \u5f9e\u8868\u56db\u91dd\u5c0d\u5404\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u4ee5 NIST \u548c BLEU \u8a55\u6e2c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\u96a8\u6a5f\u9078\u8a5e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7d71 \u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0a\u660e\u986f\u8981\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u4e8c B \u7d44\u3001\u5c0f\u56db A \u7d44\u53ca\u4e2d\u4e8c AB \u7d44\u4e0a\u7684 BLEU \u5206\uf969\u51fa\u73fe\uf9b2\u5206 \u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u7121\u4efb\u4f55\u9078\u8a5e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8abf\u6574\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6548\uf961\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u4f4e\u7684\u3002\u5728 G f (w i )\u8a9e\uf9be \u5eab\u9078\u8a5e\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u548c\u96a8\u6a5f\u9078\u8a5e\u3001P(wi)\u548c G f (w i ) + P(w i )\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u660e\u986f\u8981\u512a\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u9078 \u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u63a5\u8457\u4ee5\u76ee\u524d\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u8a55\u6e2c\u6700\u4f73\u7684 G f (w i )\u9078\u8a5e\u7b56\uf976\u4e4b BLEU \u548c NIST \u5206\uf969\uff0c\u548c Google Translate \u548c Yahoo!\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u52a0\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u5176\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u8868\u4e94\u6240\u793a\u3002 \u8868\u4e94\u3001\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u8207\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e4b NIST \u53ca BLEU \u503c\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868 \u7684\u63a8\uf941\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u518d\ufa01\u91dd\u5c0d P(w i )\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5340\u5206\u65b0\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u5225\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e P(w i )\u516c\u5f0f\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u5c0d\u65bc\u6574\u9ad4 BLEU \u548c NIST \u503c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u4e26\u9a57\u8b49 2 \u63a8\uf941\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3002\u7531\u524d\u8ff0\u4e4b \u516c\u5f0f(2)\u53ef\u5f97\u77e5 P(w i )\u70ba ) 2.6173 0.0662 2.2518 0.0613 2.0501 0.0848 0.9885 0.0223 2.4986 0.1330 1.5621 0.0501 Align 2.6940 0.0686 2.6165 0.0926 3.3518 0.1923 1.0719 0.0242 3.1006 0.1142 2.7707 0.1239 Bigram 2.3934 0.0588 2.4677 0.0895 2.4126 0.0988 0.9760 0.0229 2.8480 0.0957 2.2474 0.0824 \u5f9e\u8868\uf9d1\u5404\u7d44\u5225 NIST \u548c BLEU \u503c\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u65bc P(w i )\u7684\u5206\uf969\u662f\u6309\u516c\u5f0f(2)\u7531 Align \u548c Bigram \u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u5206\uf969\u76f8\u4e58\u800c\u5f97\uff0c\u53d7\u5230 Bigram \u5206\uf969\u8f03\u4f4e\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u548c Align \u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u5206 \uf969\u76f8\u4e58\u6703\u4f7f\u5f97\u6700\u5f8c P(w i )\u7684\u6a5f\uf961\u5206\uf969\uf901\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176 NIST \u548c BLEU \u5206\uf969\u4e5f\u76f8\u5f62\u8f03\u4f4e\u3002\u4e26 \u4e14\uff0c\u5f9e Align \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5206\uf969(\u9664\u4e2d\u4e8c AB \u7d44)\u9ad8\u65bc P(w i )\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uf92d\u770b\uff0c\u53ef\uf96f\u660e Align \u548c Bigram \u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u7684 P(w i )\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5176 NIST \u548c BLEU \u5206\uf969\u7684\u78ba\u6703\u6709\u6e1b\u5206\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4ea6\u8b49\u5be6 2 \u7684\u63a8 \uf941\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u3002 \uf9d1\u3001\u7d50\uf941 \u5728\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u70ba\uf9ba\u6e1b\u5c11\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u9032\ufa08 TIMSS \u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3001\u6821\u7a3f \u53ca\u8a0e\uf941\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5617\u8a66\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e00\u8f14\u52a9\u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6548\uf961\u5be6\u9a57\u904e\u7a0b\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211 \u5011\u900f\u904e BLEU \u53ca NIST \u70ba\u8a55\u4f30\u6307\u6a19\uff0c\u9032\ufa08 TIMSS \u8a66\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u9078"
            }
        }
    }
}