{
    "paper_id": "2020",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:33:42.904893Z"
    },
    "title": "On the questions in developing computational infrastructure for Komi-Permyak",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Jack",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Rueter",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "University of Helsinki",
                "location": {}
            },
            "email": "jack.rueter@helsinki.fi"
        },
        {
            "first": "Niko",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Partanen",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "University of Helsinki",
                "location": {}
            },
            "email": "niko.partanen@helsinki.fi"
        },
        {
            "first": "Larisa",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Ponomareva",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "University of Helsinki",
                "location": {}
            },
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "There are two main written Komi varieties, Permyak and Zyrian. These are mutually intelligible but derive from different parts of the same Komi dialect continuum, representing the varieties prominent in the vicinity and in the cities of Syktyvkar and Kudymkar, respectively. Hence, they share a vast number of features, as well as the majority of their lexicon, yet the overlap in their dialects is very complex. This paper evaluates the degree of difference in these written varieties based on changes required for computational resources in the description of these languages when adapted from the Komi-Zyrian original. Primarily these changes include the FST architecture, but we are also looking at its application to the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme in the morphologies of the two languages. \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043b\u04e7\u043c \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043d \u043a\u044b\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0436\u0430\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5. \u00d6\u0442\u0430\u043c\u04e7\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0436\u04e7\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u04e7\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0430\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0438\u0441\u04e7 \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0442\u044d\u0437\u0456\u0441\u044c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432 \u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u041a\u0443\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u043f\u04e7\u043b\u044b\u043d, \u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5-\u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043d. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0437\u044b\u043d \u044d\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0430 \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u044b\u0441, \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u043b\u043e\u04e7 \u0438 \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044d\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0441 \u04e7\u0434\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0447\u04e7\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u044b\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u044b\u043a \u043a\u044b\u0432\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0441\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0430\u0441\u04e7 \u0441\u044b \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c, \u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u0442\u04e7\u043c \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0441\u044c, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0431\u044b \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439\u04e7. \u041c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0434\u0437 \u044d\u043d\u04e7 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0441\u04e7 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b FST-\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0441\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0436\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u044b\u0434\u0437 FST \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044f\u043b\u04e7 \u0411\u044b\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0419\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430\u04e7 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c.",
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        "paper_id": "2020",
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        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "There are two main written Komi varieties, Permyak and Zyrian. These are mutually intelligible but derive from different parts of the same Komi dialect continuum, representing the varieties prominent in the vicinity and in the cities of Syktyvkar and Kudymkar, respectively. Hence, they share a vast number of features, as well as the majority of their lexicon, yet the overlap in their dialects is very complex. This paper evaluates the degree of difference in these written varieties based on changes required for computational resources in the description of these languages when adapted from the Komi-Zyrian original. Primarily these changes include the FST architecture, but we are also looking at its application to the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme in the morphologies of the two languages. \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043b\u04e7\u043c \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043d \u043a\u044b\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0436\u0430\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5. \u00d6\u0442\u0430\u043c\u04e7\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0436\u04e7\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u04e7\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0430\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0438\u0441\u04e7 \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0442\u044d\u0437\u0456\u0441\u044c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432 \u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u041a\u0443\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u043f\u04e7\u043b\u044b\u043d, \u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5-\u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043d. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0437\u044b\u043d \u044d\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0430 \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u044b\u0441, \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u043b\u043e\u04e7 \u0438 \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044d\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0441 \u04e7\u0434\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0447\u04e7\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u044b\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u044b\u043a \u043a\u044b\u0432\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0441\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0430\u0441\u04e7 \u0441\u044b \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c, \u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u0442\u04e7\u043c \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0441\u044c, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0431\u044b \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439\u04e7. \u041c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0434\u0437 \u044d\u043d\u04e7 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0441\u04e7 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b FST-\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0441\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0436\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u044b\u0434\u0437 FST \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044f\u043b\u04e7 \u0411\u044b\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0419\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430\u04e7 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "The Komi language is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic language family. By nature, it is a pluricentric language, which, in addition to having two strong written traditions (Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak), can be divided into several varieties. Although some of the other varieties do exhibit written use, no actual new written standards seem to be emerging (\u0426\u044b\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, 2009) . Both Zyrian and Permyak have long and established written traditions, with continuous contemporary use. There are also numerous dialect resources currently available, i.e. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 (2016) for Northern Permyak dialects.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 367,
                        "end": 382,
                        "text": "(\u0426\u044b\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, 2009)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 557,
                        "end": 574,
                        "text": "\u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 (2016)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyrian are extremely agglutinative, but the two standards have different tendencies in their criteria for the definition of an orthographic word. Inflection mainly involves the use of suffixes, which, in the case of nominals, are final. Hence, contextual dropping of the head noun means that formatives shift to the next rightmost constituent of the .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "While Komi-Zyrian has a long tradition of computerized morphological analysis, as finite-state transducers have been developed for it since the mid 1990s (Rueter, 2000) , the computational resources for Komi-Permyak have been the focus of less intensive work. This article is intended as a roadmap for further development of Komi-Permyak computational resources. The morpho-logical features discussed in this paper have largely been already implemented in the FST in Giellatekno infrastructure, and the work has been primarily carried out by Jack Rueter. Ongoing work includes intense work on paradigmatic description by Larisa Ponomareva , which has been published within AKUinfrastructure. AKU is an abbreviation for Avointa Kieliteknologiaa Uralilaisille/Uhanalaisille kielille (Open language technology for Uralic/Endangered languages). Other projects that are directly associated with this are uralicNLP (H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2019) , Akusanat (H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b) and Ver'dd (Alnajjar et al., 2019 ) (see also On Editing Dictionaries for Uralic Languages in an Online Environment, in this publication) . Forthcoming work includes the expansion of the initial Permyak treebank found in Universal Dependencies version 2.5 (Zeman et al., 2019) , i.e. further work on what is scheduled for the next UD release, hence the underlying acuteness of further work with this often understudied, but central variety of Komi.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 154,
                        "end": 168,
                        "text": "(Rueter, 2000)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF17"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 909,
                        "end": 927,
                        "text": "(H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2019)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF3"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 939,
                        "end": 969,
                        "text": "(H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF5"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 981,
                        "end": 1003,
                        "text": "(Alnajjar et al., 2019",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF0"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1074,
                        "end": 1107,
                        "text": "Environment, in this publication)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1226,
                        "end": 1246,
                        "text": "(Zeman et al., 2019)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "As the Komi-Zyrian finite state transducer has already reached a very advanced state, and the languages are so similar to one another, it is necessary to ask how far we can reuse the components of a Zyrian analyzer when working with Permyak. Although it has been suggested this kind of resourcesharing becomes most useful at higher levels of grammar, especially syntax Antonsen et al. (2010) , in the case of very closely related languages the number of shared elements is considerable at all levels of the language. We understand this is a slippery road, and uttermost attention has to be paid to full respect of Permyak features and particularities, so that we do not simply force the Zyrian conventions upon Permyak. At the same time starting to develop a Permyak infrastructure from scratch feels like a missed opportunity to find some synchrony. In this article we attempt to describe all those particularities and pitfalls that have to be considered when one endeavors further the analysis of Permyak. Our approach is also in some sense comparable to that of (Pirinen, 2019).",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 369,
                        "end": 391,
                        "text": "Antonsen et al. (2010)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF1"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "As two Komi-Zyrian treebanks are also under continuous development it is particularly important to pay attention to Komi infrastructure at large. A recent survey of Uralic Universal Dependencies treebanks showed that more work is needed to harmonize the annotation between languages, and working on closely related languages is certainly where similarity is most easily enforced but also most logically expected. In this context, it also has to be taken into account that several other smaller Uralic languages have had their own treebanks introduced in the past couple of years, e.g. Erzya (Rueter and Tyers, 2018) , Karelian (Pirinen, 2019) and North Saami (Tyers and Sheyanova, 2017) . This kind of work that concentrates more on manually annotated corpora complements the descriptive work on morphological analyzers extremely well. A well functioning morphological analyzer, however, seems to be one of the best starting points for further language technology, which provides a motivation for the work grounded in this paper.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 591,
                        "end": 615,
                        "text": "(Rueter and Tyers, 2018)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF16"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 618,
                        "end": 642,
                        "text": "Karelian (Pirinen, 2019)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 659,
                        "end": 686,
                        "text": "(Tyers and Sheyanova, 2017)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF18"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Since this paper describes only the current, rather preliminary state of investigation, we have published the list of discussed features as an accompanying database (Rueter et al., 2020) . This database is available online,\u00b9 and can be extended as needed when a larger inventory of differing lexical items and syntactic constructions becomes available. Since we hope the comparative investigations reach other dialects and variants of the Permic languages, the database has been named accordingly with an optimistic mindset.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 165,
                        "end": 186,
                        "text": "(Rueter et al., 2020)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "In this paper we have chosen to distinguish morphological suffixes from clitics with preceding hyphens. This will be achieved through the use of hyphens to set of morphological suffixes and equal signs to indicate clitics and other elements separated by a hyphen in the written norms. All examples in the paper, unless the source is given, have been created by Larisa Ponomareva.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "During the development of the two Komi norms, a few orthographic distinctions have been made. These distinctions can be attributed to sub-dialect variation, on the one hand, and arbitrary spelling principles, on the other. The arbitrary spelling choices are simply orthographic, and do not necessarily relate to actual phonological differences in the languages.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Orthographic distinctions",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Arbitrary choice involves the definition of word (i.e. written unit without white space) and the selection of background language form and letter combinations. It will be observed below that the Komi-Permyak converb paradigms are minimalis-\u00b9https://langdoc.github.io/ comparative-permic-database tic in comparison to those of Komi-Zyrian. Komi-Permyak, on the one hand, tends to write separate words, and Komi-Zyrian tends to write single concatenated words, on the other. This can be exemplified in the converb paradigms for Komi-Permyak -\u0438\u043a /-ik/, which can only appear alone, in the singular illative or with possessive suffixes, whereas the Komi-Zyrian -\u0438\u0433 /-ig/ converb also takes plural marking, cases, as well as numerous other elements -\u04e7\u043d /-\u0259n/, -\u043c\u043e\u0437 /-moz/, -\u0442\u044b\u0440 /-t\u0268r/, -\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0439\u0438 /-t\u0268rji/, -\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044a\u044f /-t\u0268rja/, -\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 /-kosti/, -\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 /-kosta/,... (\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2000, p. 344-353) Arbitrary character combinations can be illustrated best with two prominent paradigms: the geminate voiced palatal affricate is represented in Zyrian with \u0434\u0434\u0437 ddz but in Permyak this same affricate is rendered with \u0434\u0437\u0437 dzz. Consonants followed by a palatal glide and subsequent vowel are written using hard and soft sign combinations. In Zyrian, the norm is to use a soft sign following inherently soft consonants, whereas hard signs are used in other instances. In Permyak, on the contrary, the hard sign is used with specifically hard consonants, while the soft sign is used as default for other combinations.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 852,
                        "end": 881,
                        "text": "(\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2000, p. 344-353)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Orthographic distinctions",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "One orthographic convention that works similarly in Permyak and Zyrian alike is l : v variation in stem-final position. This variation is not present in this form in any of the Komi-Permyak dialects, but as a literary convention it is shared with Zyrian standard. Permyak dialects, it will be noted, generally display a multitude of l-related subsystems (\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1982, p. 58) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 354,
                        "end": 377,
                        "text": "(\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1982, p. 58)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Orthographic distinctions",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Orthographic distinctions between the two Komi norms present few problems. On the one hand, computational distinctions are only attested in the use of the few paragogic consonants in alternate Permyak morphological forms. On the other, use of the plural in both variants appear to follow the same distribution, so any computational issue might only be found at the morpho-syntactic level.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Orthographic distinctions",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "The morpheme-final t / d correlation between Permyak and Zyrian is a prominent source of predictable morphological and lexical differences. This morpho-phonological difference is found word finally in the Permyak adjective \u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043a\u044b\u0442 /\u0255\u0259k\u0268t/ and Zyrian \u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043a\u044b\u0434 /\u0255\u0259k\u0268d/ 'heavy; difficult' as well as other corresponding pairs -\u044b\u0442 /-\u0268t/ vs. -\u044b\u0434 /-\u0268d/, Permyak and Zyrian respectively. It can also be observed in the causative derivation marker -\u04e7\u0442 /-\u0259t/ vs. -\u04e7\u0434 /-\u0259d/ in verb stems, such as \u0432\u0435\u043b\u04e7\u0442\u043d\u044b /vel\u0259tn\u0268/ and \u0432\u0435\u043b\u04e7\u0434\u043d\u044b /vel\u0259dn\u0268/ 'to teach', Permyak and Zyrian respectively. The same correlation is also found in the comitative case ending -\u043a\u04e7\u0442 /k\u0259t/ vs -\u043a\u04e7\u0434 /k\u0259d/ and the possessive suffixes for the second persons singular and plural: -\u044b\u0442 /-\u0268t/ vs. -\u044b\u0434 /-\u0268d/, and -\u043d\u044b\u0442 /-n\u0268t/ vs. -\u043d\u044b\u0434 /-n\u0268d/. The same voiceless vs voiced correlation might also be detected in the converbs -\u0438\u043a\u04e7 /-ik\u0259/ vs -\u0438\u0433\u04e7 /-ig\u0259/, Permyak and Zyrian respectively.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Phonetical differences",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "On a similar note, there is a correlation between Permyak \u04e7 /-\u0259/ and Zyrian -\u04e7\u0439 /-\u0259j/ in first person singular possessive marking. In verbal morphology, the Permyak morpheme-final \u04e7 /\u0259/ of the first person plural marker -\u043c\u04e7 /-m\u0259/ corresponds to Zyrian endings -\u043c /-m/, whereas the Zyrian first person plural imperative usage might include both -\u043c\u04e7 /-m\u0259/ and -\u043c\u04e7\u0439 /-m\u0259j/, as in \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u04e7\u0439 /munam\u0259j/ 'let's go'.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Phonetical differences",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Many of the morphological forms provide an illustration of where the human learner may have problems in comprehension while the computer has no problems in computation. There are, however, numerous ways of how a minor difference in one morphological form has a potential impact on ambiguities in other parts of the system.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Morphological differences",
                "sec_num": "4"
            },
            {
                "text": "In this section we go through most essential differences in Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak morphology.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Morphological differences",
                "sec_num": "4"
            },
            {
                "text": "Both Komi language forms have the same paragogical consonants, but their distribution is varied. In practice, the so-called paragogic consonants are present when the stem is followed by a suffix with an onset vowel, and it is absent when word-final or followed by a consonant (cf. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al., p. 16) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 281,
                        "end": 307,
                        "text": "\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al., p. 16)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Paragogical consonants",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Paragogic consonants may be present in Permyak but to a lesser extent than they are in Zyrian due to sub-dialect representation, i.e. many of the sub-dialects do not have them. Komi-Zyrian includes paragogic consonants in its nominal declension and derivation -approximately 0.07 percent of the 12,046 noun stems in the Zyrian transducer have paragogic consonants, but this is reduced to 0.024 once the diminutive/material formative \u0442\u043e\u0440 /tor/ is removed. Komi-Permyak, in contrast, limits its use of paragogic consonants in declensions, and the number of Komi-Permyak stems with paragogic consonants is smaller. The Komi-Permyak standard language recognizes the paragogic consonants \u0439 /j/, \u043a /k/ and \u043c /m/ as alternative variants. The paragogic consonant \u0439 /j/ is more common than \u043a /k/ and \u043c /m/, the latter two are found only in a limited set of stems, such as \u0441\u0438\u043d /\u0255in/ : \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043c-/\u0255inm-/ 'eye', \u043a\u043e\u0441 /kos/ : \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043a-/kosk-/ 'lower back', \u043c\u044b\u0448 /m\u0268\u0283/ : \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043a-/m\u0268\u0283k/ 'back'. Thus the Komi-Permyak literary language supports the use of both \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043c\u04e7 \u043f\u044b\u0440\u04e7 /\u0255inm\u0259 pyr\u0259/ and \u0441\u0438\u043d\u04e7 \u043f\u044b\u0440\u04e7 /\u0255in\u0259 pyr\u0259/ 'gets in the eye', where the analysis of \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043c\u04e7 /\u0255inm\u0259/ and \u0441\u0438\u043d\u04e7 /\u0255in\u0259/ is eye. . . (The paragogic \u0442 /t/ in the verb \u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u044b /lokn\u0268/ and \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0442-/lokt-/ 'to arrive' is the standard and cannot be left out of the paradigm in either of the literary languages.)",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Paragogical consonants",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Phonological variation can be detected in the plural marking of heads, where the Zyrian normal plural marker involves the realization of -\u044f\u0441 /-jas/, on the one hand, and the Permyak normal plural marker calls for either word-final consonant doubling (see fig 1) or, following a vowel, a simple\u044d\u0437 /-ez/ (see fig 2) , on the other. Orthographically, the word-final consonant \u0439 /j/ forms an exception to this, here the Cyrillic \u0435 /je/ without orthographic duplication of \u0439 /j/ (see fig. 3 ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 255,
                        "end": 261,
                        "text": "fig 1)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 307,
                        "end": 313,
                        "text": "fig 2)",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF0"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 479,
                        "end": 485,
                        "text": "fig. 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Plural formation",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Plural character duplication, which is the primary method of plural formation in Permyak, is also partially present in Zyrian dialects. This, however, is not accepted in the Zyrian written standard. Whereas Zyrian plural is formed with distinct suffix -\u044f\u0441 /-jas/ (as illustrated in figures 1, 2, 3, above).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Plural formation",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Although singular possessive marking differs from Zyrian only through expected phonetic correspondence t / d, the plural forms display more complex assimilation. While the plural posses-Permyak \u043a\u0430\u0439 + \u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0437 /kaj/ + /jez/ /kajjez/ Zyrian \u043a\u0430\u0439 + \u044f\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0439\u044f\u0441 /kaj/ + /jas/ /kajjas/ 'bird' + 'birds' Figure 3 : Example plural of /kaj/ 'bird' sive forms in Zyrian are clearly segmentable, i.e. \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044f\u0441 : \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044f\u0441\u044b\u0434 /ponjas/ : /pon-jas-\u0268d/ dog-: dog--2 , the corresponding forms for the second and third person in Permyak are often fused, i.e. \u043f\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044d\u0437 : \u043f\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044d\u0442 /pon-nez : pon-net/ dog-: dog-.2 (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962) . Forms with separate elements are, however, also possible. Both form types have already been implemented in the Permyak analyzer.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 582,
                        "end": 596,
                        "text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 294,
                        "end": 302,
                        "text": "Figure 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Possessive marking",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "While both literary norms generally describe the number of cases as being sixteen or seventeen, a reality check might be required. The most recent and extensive presentation of Komi-Zyrian, it should be noted, indicates at least 23 cases with new ones appearing all the time (\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000:59-62) . One reason for this inconsistency is the definition of case: What is a case, and what kinds of combinations they can be used in when speaking of a single referent and a double referent (inclusive elliptic referent). Thus we can observe organic expansion of the local cases and diversion in case enumerations.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 275,
                        "end": 297,
                        "text": "(\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000:59-62)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cases",
                "sec_num": "4.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "Both language norms have regular extensions of the approximative case -\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044c /-la\u0272/ 'towards X'. The case marker may take additional local case combinations, e.g. approximative + elative, in Permyak -\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u044c /-la\u0272+\u0268\u0255/ and in Zyrian -\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044c\u044b\u0441\u044c /-la\u0272+\u0268\u0255/ 'from on towards X', which is actually just a more specific combination of semantics. Additional extensions mutual to both literary norms include the inessive, illative, prolative, terminative and egressive.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cases",
                "sec_num": "4.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "Diversity between Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak is apparent in both phonetic variation and complementary distribution of morphology. This can be seen in regular nominal declension with regard to the prolative and terminative. The prolative -\u04e7\u0434 /-\u0259d/ and translative -\u0442\u0456 /-ti/, which are both regular declension in Komi-Zyrian, are only represented by a regular prolative -\u04e7\u0442 /-\u0259t/ in Komi-Permyak. Albeit, an analogous transitive -\u0442\u0456 /-ti/ is present present in Komi-Permyak in a few adpositions and adverbs, but it is not considered to be an independent case of its own.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cases",
                "sec_num": "4.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "Similarly, the two Komi-Permyak terminative cases in -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/ and -\u0432\u0438 /-vi/ are only represented by one terminative -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/ in Komi-Zyrian. As a rule of thumb, we can say that the deviant Komi-Permyak -\u0432\u0438 /-vi/ might be replaced in most places by -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/, but research is still required to establish where the semantics of these two forms are distinct. Initially, it may be said that -\u0432\u0438 /-vi/ can be used when indicating motion up to a boundary, whereas -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/ implies both up to and passing that boundary.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cases",
                "sec_num": "4.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "Phonetic diversity is observed in the dative and elative cases. While the Zyrian dative is marked with -\u043b\u044b /-l\u0268/, Permyak uses -\u043b\u04e7 /-l\u0259/. Similarly, elative and ablative differ in their vowels. In Zyrian, the elative is marked with -\u044b\u0441\u044c /-\u0268\u0255/ and the ablative with -\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044c /-l\u0268\u0255/, whereas in Permyak the corresponding forms are elative -\u0438\u0441\u044c /-i\u0255/ and ablative -\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044c /-li\u0255/ When inspecting s where the head has been deleted because it can be derived contextually, as discussed in the WALS chapter on adjectives without nouns (Gil, 2013) , it will be noticed that Komi-Permyak uses a special accusative form for the accusative adjective without a head noun in -\u04e7 /-\u0259/, while the Komi-Zyrian solution in the same context is -\u04e7\u0441 /-\u0259s/, see in Examples 1 and 2 below.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 522,
                        "end": 533,
                        "text": "(Gil, 2013)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF2"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cases",
                "sec_num": "4.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "( This difference, although seemingly small, has many implications for possible morphological analysis of such adjective forms. It creates ambiguity between adjective accusative, illative and possessive forms in a way that is not at all present in Zyrian. In addition, the resulting syntactic structure will need very distinct Constraint Grammar rules (Karlsson, 1990) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 352,
                        "end": 368,
                        "text": "(Karlsson, 1990)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF7"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cases",
                "sec_num": "4.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "Possessive suffixes and case endings in the Komi-Permyak standard may appear in varied order, as illustrated in Example 3.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Case and possessive marker ordering",
                "sec_num": "4.5"
            },
            {
                "text": "(3) \u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u044b\u0441\u0442\u04e7\u0433 : \u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0442\u04e7\u0433\u044c\u044f\u0441 ka\u0272\u0268st\u0259g cat-P S 3-ka\u0272t\u0259gjas cat--P S 3 'Without his / her cat' (Permyak) Similar phenomena are also attested in Komi-Zyrian but not to the same extent (cf. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000, pp.54-95) . Instead of changing the order of tags in the transducer according to morpheme order, an additional tag set for suffix ordering +So/CP case, possession and +So/PC possession, case has been adapted, as in the description of the two Mari standards (mhr) and (mrj) by Jeremy Bradley, Jack Rueter and Trond Trosterud at Giellatekno. The idea of the extra tag is to retain tag ordering used in testing and constraint grammar construction. In the meantime, an extra tag is made available for possible grammar research.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 184,
                        "end": 209,
                        "text": "\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000, pp.54-95)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Case and possessive marker ordering",
                "sec_num": "4.5"
            },
            {
                "text": "Both Permyak and Zyrian have dialect variation in verbal morphology, but in Permyak orthography more variation is accepted. For example, first and second person finite verb forms have a possibility to omit the final -\u04e7 /-\u0259/ in all tenses, both \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c /mun-am/ and \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u04e7 /mun-am\u0259/, for example, have identical meaning 'to_go-1 .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "'. Similar variation is also present in Zyrian dialects, but in the literary language it is not accepted, and the Zyrian FST returns an additional error tag.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "In the second past tense third person singular, a different kind of variation is present in which \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430 /mun\u0259ma/ and and\u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c /mun\u0259m/ with both being accepted. In Zyrian, only the first variant is in the literary standard. This has some impact to the possible tags of corresponding participles. In the second past tense second person singular, however, variation is present in the two possible forms such as \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430\u0442 /mun\u0259mat/ and \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0442 /mun\u0259m\u0268t/ 2 . 2. Again, there is no difference in meaning. The latter form is directly comparable to the Zyrian form \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0434 /mun\u0259m\u0268d/ through a phonological difference already described above, see Section 3.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "In the third person plural present the variation is similar, but with different elements: \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d\u044b /mun\u0259n\u0268/ and \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d /mun\u0259n/ 'to_go-3 .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "'.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Again, there is no conceivable difference in meaning. The shorter form seems to be used more in the spoken language. This variation is not present in any form in Zyrian. There are parts of Permyak verbal morphology that have no counterparts in the Zyrian standard language. One of the most frequent differing forms are the third person plural past and future indicative verb forms. In Permyak, the paradigm in past, present and future can be illustrated with the verb \u043c\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b /munn\u0268/ 'to go', \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0441\u04e7 : \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d\u044b (or \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d) : \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0441\u04e7 /munis\u0259/ : /mun\u0259n\u0268/ (or /mun\u0259n/) : /munas\u0259/. In Zyrian the corresponding paradigm would be \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0441\u043d\u044b : \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b /munisn\u0268/ : /mun\u0259n\u0268/ : /munasn\u0268/, which illustrates how forms with -s\u0259 are lacking.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Permyak past tense formation is more regular than Zyrian, which displays complex variation in possible homonymy for first and third person past tense forms of some intransitive verbs, such that \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456 /muni/ could be both a first or third person singular form. In Permyak, the only verb that displays this variation is \u0432\u04e7\u0432\u043d\u044b /v\u0259vn\u0268/ 'to be', whereas other verbs are regularly marked: \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456 /mun-i/ to_go-1 . \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0441 /mun-is/ to_go-3 . .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "In the Permyak second past tense the form \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430\u0441\u044c /mun\u0259ma\u0255/ corresponds to Zyrian \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430\u04e7\u0441\u044c /mun\u0259ma\u0259\u0255/. Here the morpheme suffixation in Zyrian is more transparent. Similar forms are also possible in Zyrian dialects, but they do not occur in the written standard. From the perspective of morphological analyzer construction, these forms pose no challenge.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Permyak connegatives are formed differently from their Zyrian counterparts, so that Permyak plural connegative is always marked with -\u04e7 /-\u0259/, e.g. \u043e\u0437 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7 'he/she does not go' : \u043e\u0437\u04e7 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7 'they do not go' /oz mun\u0259/ : /oz\u0259 mun\u0259/. In Zyrian, the plural connegative would be formed as \u043e\u0437 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b /oz munn\u0268/ 'they do not go', with the connegative form identical to the infinitive of the verb. In this detail, the Permyak connegative is less ambiguous than Zyrian, and i.e. some of the Constraint Grammar rules that disambiguate this currently in Zyrian would not be needed.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Another difference associated with connegatives is the second person plural negation verb forms \u043e\u0434 /od/ and \u043e\u0434\u04e7 /od\u0259/ in Permyak, which are distinct from their Zyrian counterparts \u043e\u043d /on/ and \u043e\u043d\u04e7 /on\u0259/. The same stem is also present in past tense forms, and regularly matches the past tense paradigm with stem initial \u044d-/e-/. The variation in vowel in the end behaves as already described above.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Permyak imperatives have multiple forms not found in Zyrian. Forms created with -\u0442\u0435 /-ce/, e.g. \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u0442\u0435 /mun\u0259ce/ 'go-.2 ' and \u0431\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0442\u04e7\u0442\u0435 /bo\u0255t\u0259ce/ 'take-.2 ', do not differ in their meaning from more common imperative forms, such as \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7 /mun\u0259/ 'go-.2 ' and \u0431\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0442\u04e7 /bo\u0255t\u0259/ 'take-.2 '. The former forms, however, may be more colloquial (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, 249) . Forms marked with -\u0442\u0435 -ce are present in plural first and second persons.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 332,
                        "end": 351,
                        "text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, 249)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Another type of imperative is formed with -\u043a\u043e /-ko/. In the orthography it is written with a hyphen. It is used in second person singular, and in the first and second person plural. This imperative has a softer meaning, more of a request than a command. We use the tag +Prec, as in precative\u00b2. This form is a direct parallel to the Russian -\u043a\u0430 /-ka/, which also indicates a request, e.g. \u0432\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435-\u043a\u0430 /vo\u0291mice-ka/ 'do take [it]'.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Related to imperatives, the optative is formed in Permyak written language with two particles \u0430\u0441\u044c /a\u0255/ and \u043c\u0435\u0434 /med/. The former particle does not exist in Komi-Zyrian.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "The converb system in Permyak displays some characteristics not found in Zyrian. One difference is uniquely the Permyak converb -\u0442\u04e7\u043d /-t\u0259n/. It expresses simultaneous action of two verbs. In this latter form the prolative and possessive suffix are not clearly separable, which again illustrates the more fusional morphology of Permyak when compared to Zyrian. (Looking back at the plural morpheme, it will be noted that palatalization is a distinguishing factor in the possessive forms)",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Another converb that lacks a complete correspondence in Komi is the Permyak -\u0438\u043a /-ik/. In Zyrian there is a cognate converb -\u0438\u0433 /-ig/, and this form also expresses simultaneous action as the Permyak -\u0442\u04e7\u043d /-t\u0259n/ converb discussed above. There are, however, small differences between the languages. In Permyak the converb when not used as an unmarked complement is always used with the unambiguous illative case or the ambiguous illative case with possessive suffixing, whereas in Zyrian the instrumental is used in the forms that are not marked for possessor. In both languages, however, the possessive forms are deductively in the illative (as determined by the semantic use of the illative), and they are structurally formed in identical way, i.e. \u043c\u0443\u043d-\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0441 /mun-ikas/ go-. .3 , Zyrian \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0441 /mun-igas/ go-. .3 'while going'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Verbal morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.6"
            },
            {
                "text": "There are individual derivational morphemes that are present in Permyak but not in Zyrian. There is -\u0436\u0443\u0433 /-\u0292ug/ that forms pejoratives, and multiple diminutives such as -\u043e\u043a /-ok/, -\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 /-ot \u0361 \u0255ka/ and\u0438\u043d\u044c\u04e7\u0439 /-i\u0272\u0259j/.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.7"
            },
            {
                "text": "In adjective formation, Permyak has several particular features. It is possible to form new adjectives from nouns with suffix -\u043e\u0432\u04e7\u0439 /-ov\u0259j/ (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14) Additionally, -\u04e7\u0432 /-\u0259v/ forms excessive adjectives and adverbs, i.e. \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442 : \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442\u04e7\u0432 /\u0268d\u0292\u02d0\u0268t/ : /\u0268d\u0292\u02d0\u0268t\u0259v/ 'large : too large'.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 140,
                        "end": 161,
                        "text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.7"
            },
            {
                "text": "There are also numerous derivation types that are found in Zyrian, but are not present in Permyak (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14) -\u043b\u0443\u043d /-lun/, -\u0448\u043e\u0439 /\u0283oj/ and -\u0443\u043a /-uk/. As corresponding forms do not exist, the analyzer should either provide no analysis for them, or possibly mark them with a tag indicating they are non-standard.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 98,
                        "end": 119,
                        "text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational morphology",
                "sec_num": "4.7"
            },
            {
                "text": "Discourse clitic marking in Komi-Zyrian is a salient source of morphological ambiguity. While both =\u0441\u04e7 /=s\u0259/ and =\u0442\u04e7 /=t\u0259/ can be interpreted as clitics, they also represent the accusative case with third person singular and second person singular possessive marking, respectively. As these clitics do not occur in Permyak, such a homonymy is not present in the paradigm, making disambiguation of Permyak less problematic.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Clitics",
                "sec_num": "5"
            },
            {
                "text": "There are two discourse clitics commonly used in Permyak, =\u0442\u0443 /=tu/ and =\u0442\u043e /=to/. Both occur in the written standard, with their origin possibly in varied dialect distributions. In Zyrian dialects, a corresponding clitic in =\u0442\u043e /=to/ is also present, but the most important factor here is that, as explained above, while these clitics take the role of Zyrian =\u0441\u04e7 /=s\u0259/ and =\u0442\u04e7, they also make Permyak accusatives much less ambigious than those in Zyrian.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Clitics",
                "sec_num": "5"
            },
            {
                "text": "With the infinitive forms of Permyak verbs, a form identical to Zyrian =\u0442\u04e7 /=t\u0259/ does occur (\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1975, p. 188) , but the amount of ambiguity this introduces is not as problematic as what is seen in Zyrian.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 92,
                        "end": 116,
                        "text": "(\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1975, p. 188)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Clitics",
                "sec_num": "5"
            },
            {
                "text": "Question marking in the two Komis presents a dichotomy of =\u04e7 /=\u0259/ in Komi-Zyrian and an independent particle \u044f /ja/ in Komi-Permyak. Anticipation of a shallow-transfer translation system, raises the question of how these equivalent items might be designated for both languages regardless of orthographic conventions. (In Western tradition, the question is one of the four traditional sentence types, so there should be a way to address it in the code.)",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Clitics",
                "sec_num": "5"
            },
            {
                "text": "Work with the 2.5 release of the Komi-Permyak Universal Dependencies treebank (UD_Komi_Permyak-UH) has emphasized the need for consistency with the existing Zyrian treebanks. Since the Zyrian treebanks are relatively small, it is still easy to propose changes for both treebank sets, and future work with Zyrian also needs to be considered in the Permyak treebank.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Universal Dependencies",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "As Permyak and Zyrian are very closely related languages, the development of different treebanks will certainly be mutually beneficial. There has been recent interest to use resources from related or contact languages in order to train tools such as dependency parsers (i.e. , but, in the case of Komi-Zyrian, none of the languages in the Universal Dependencies project have been particularly close to Komi, and the results have not been at so high a level that such models could have been applied in language documentation work. With Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyrian, multilingual model training of this type may very well be worth the effort, as the grammatical structures and lexicon are largely shared. The benefits become particularly clear when attempts are made to process dialect materials in either language, as the distribution of features is in many ways different from those of the written standards (further discussion of which, unfortunately, is outside the scope of this paper).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Universal Dependencies",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "The Komi-Permyak treebank, once again, underscores the need for a different approach to representative sentence selection. While large treebank projects are able to utilize large amounts of data with inherited but transferable annotation from other projects, small languages, such as Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyrian, cannot really opt for statistical representation. Instead, it is proposed that features specific to the language be selected. Hence, part of the strategy for the initial release of the Komi-Permyak treebank was to feature numerals and their regular morpho-semantic use, e.g. both Komi standards have multiplicative-distributional numerals as well as ordinal-multiplicative numerals. Komi-Permyak, however, has an additional a-final numeral used in copula complement position to indicate the notion of a tallied sum, e.g. One approach could be to select example sentences from available Komi grammars, as this way it would be possible to make different grammatical phenomena fully represented. There are many features of Komi that are typologically relevant, but relatively rare, as already discussed in . These include, among other features, various stacked cases that occur only sporadically in all their realizations even in a very large written corpora.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Universal Dependencies",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "While the morphological analyzer is still being developed for Permyak, with the groundwork for it largely copied from the existing Zyrian analyzer, special attention must be paid to the particularities of Permyak and the reduction of interference from the original Zyrian. One approach that needs further work is to ensure that both Permyak and Zyrian YAML tests are comparable in their coverage, which would also allow further automatic testing of how large the number of shared forms is. This, for example, would require the writing of YAML tests for Komi-Zyrian, which has few tests on the whole.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Possibilities for resource reuse",
                "sec_num": "7"
            },
            {
                "text": "Permyak and Zyrian also share a extensive majority of their lexicon. This leaves the question open as to how exactly we should proceed with the management of the lexicographic data for these languages, i.e. while using tools such as Akusanat and Verdd (see i.e. Rueter and H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2017; H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b) . One also has to ask whether there are specific ways on how Permyak and Zyrian lexical resources should be connected to each other. This might be solved with cognate searching analogical to what has been used for Northern Sami and Skolt Sami cognates for establishing initial etymological associations (H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019a) . Russian loanwords, although differently adapted are largely shared. At present, this issue has been partially solved through the sharing of proper nouns mutual to nearly all languages written in Russian Cyrillics\u00b3 (49,156 words) and additional adjectives shared by both Komi transducers \u2074 (~6000 words), whose content was initially introduced in FU-Lab for adjectives ending in -\u04e7\u0439 /-\u0259j/. The shared kom-adjectives-russian-like.lexc file has preliminarily been selected on the pretext that the Komi letter \u04e7 cannot occur twice in a given Komi-Permyak stem. Further editing of this file will be required to remove Komi-Zyrian instances of -\u04e7\u0439 /\u0259j/ where the Russian equivalent would indicate a stressed vowel. When the Russian equivalent has a stressed -\u043e, the Permyak variant is also -\u043e.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 262,
                        "end": 290,
                        "text": "Rueter and H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2017;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF11"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 291,
                        "end": 320,
                        "text": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF5"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 624,
                        "end": 654,
                        "text": "(H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019a)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF4"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Possibilities for resource reuse",
                "sec_num": "7"
            },
            {
                "text": "It must be mentioned that through our meticulous work on Komi-Permyak analyzer, we have arrived at a situation where there are more YAML tests for Permyak than for Zyrian. It could be an interesting idea to make sure that Permyak and Zyr-\u00b3gtsvn/giella-shared/urj-Cyrl/src/morphology/stems/urj-Cyrl-propernouns.lexc \u2074gtsvn/langs/kpv/src/morphology/stems/kom-adjectivesrussian-like.lexc ian tests contain the same lexemes with their matching analyses. The forms would be different, but this would allow comparing the paradigms from one more perspective. (In fact, this can be rendered rather easily by generating a separate full Zyrian YAML test for every lexeme addressed in the Permyak YAML tests, but it will also require nativelike language knowledge for proof-reading. )) In addition, at least the forms that categorically do not exist in the Permyak should not be getting a reading, but the situation becomes more complicated with the forms shared by various Zyrian and Permyak dialects. (Here, we will need to use the descriptive YAML tests. As there are already three categories of YAML tests in the Giella infrastructure: dict[ionary], norm[ative] and desc[riptive]) Probably, some additional distinctions will be made between the descriptive and normative analyzers, with the first being less restricted, as has been done with Zyrian earlier. (Analogical work has been done in this vein with development of the V\u00f5ro language YAML tests due to the extensively descriptive nature originally depicted in the transducer to cover various dialects (Iva and Rueter, 2020)) ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 1550,
                        "end": 1573,
                        "text": "(Iva and Rueter, 2020))",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Possibilities for resource reuse",
                "sec_num": "7"
            },
            {
                "text": "Based to our analysis, developing a Komi-Permyak FST based on the Komi-Zyrian FST is a worthwhile and relatively straightforward process. We also believe that there are ways to use such analyzers for better identification and quantification of the differences between these pluricentric varieties.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": "8"
            },
            {
                "text": "The approach taken in this paper, with a detailed description of the morphological differences encountered between the two norms, is believed to render a more legible work flow. Such a plan helps to formulate strategies for development and further work on the Komi-Permyak analyzer and treebanks.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": "8"
            },
            {
                "text": "One of the upcoming tasks is to extend this work from the literary languages into various dialects, as has already been done with the Zyrian analyzer. This will further complicate the relationship between work done on Permyak and Zyrian, as the feature isoglosses usually have distributions that do not follow the official language boundaries. Although smaller Komi varieties such as Zyuzdin and Yazva have some resources and recent publishing activities (for Yazva i.e. \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2003) , it is currently unclear in which forms the existing resources on these languages should be integrated into the infrastruc-ture described here.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 471,
                        "end": 487,
                        "text": "\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2003)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": "8"
            },
            {
                "text": "Our analysis is based on standard grammatical references to Komi-Permyak, so if there are features that need to be addressed further, they might be something that earlier literature has either neglected or failed to notice. Thus the development of a computational infrastructure becomes better anchored in the grammatical description of Komi-Permyak, and the relationship of these often remote, although closely connected activities, becomes more firmly established.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": "8"
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "Jack Rueter has been able to participate in these developments while performing expertise work on Uralic languages for a FINCLARIN project at the University of Helsinki, Digital Humanities Department. Special thanks to the University of Helsinki for funding Rueter's travel.Niko Partanen works within the project Language Documentation meets Language Technology: The Next Step in the Description of Komi, funded by the Kone Foundation, Finland. Special thanks to the University of Helsinki for funding Partanen's travel.Larisa Ponomareva is presently working as a research assistant at the University of Helsinki, Digital Humanities with funding from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution (KELA).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Acknowledgments",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "bib_entries": {
            "BIBREF0": {
                "ref_id": "b0",
                "title": "The open dictionary infrastructure for uralic languages",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "K",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Alnajjar",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "N",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Partanen",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Jack",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Rueter",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2019,
                "venue": "\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b II \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0423\u0444\u0430",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "49--51",
                "other_ids": {},
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                        "first": "",
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                "raw_text": "Daniel Zeman, Joakim Nivre, Mitchell Abrams, No\u00ebmi Aepli, \u017deljko Agi\u0107, Lars Ahrenberg, Gabriel\u0117 Alek- sandravi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, Lene Antonsen, Katya Aplonova, Maria Jesus Aranzabe, Gashaw Arutie, Masayuki Asahara, Luma Ateyah, Mohammed Attia, Aitz- iber Atutxa, Liesbeth Augustinus, Elena Badmaeva, Miguel Ballesteros, Esha Banerjee, Sebastian Bank, Verginica Barbu Mititelu, Victoria Basmov, Colin Batchelor, John Bauer, Sandra Bellato, Kepa Ben- goetxea, Yevgeni Berzak, Irshad Ahmad Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad Bhat, Erica Biagetti, Eckhard Bick, Agn\u0117 Bielinskien\u0117, Rogier Blokland, Victoria Bo- bicev, Lo\u00efc Boizou, Emanuel Borges V\u00f6lker, Carl B\u00f6rstell, Cristina Bosco, Gosse Bouma, Sam Bow- man, Adriane Boyd, Kristina Brokait\u0117, Aljoscha Bur- chardt, Marie Candito, Bernard Caron, Gauthier Caron, Tatiana Cavalcanti, G\u00fcl\u015fen Cebiro\u011flu Ery- i\u011fit, Flavio Massimiliano Cecchini, Giuseppe G. A. Celano, Slavom\u00edr \u010c\u00e9pl\u00f6, Savas Cetin, Fabricio Chalub, Jinho Choi, Yongseok Cho, Jayeol Chun, Alessandra T. Cignarella, Silvie Cinkov\u00e1, Aur\u00e9lie Collomb, \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6ltekin, Miriam Connor, Ma- rine Courtin, Elizabeth Davidson, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Valeria de Paiva, Elvis de Souza, Arantza Diaz de Ilarraza, Carly Dickerson, Bamba Dione, Peter Dirix, Kaja Dobrovoljc, Timothy Dozat, Kira Droganova, Puneet Dwivedi, Hanne Eckhoff, Marhaba Eli, Ali Elkahky, Binyam Ephrem, Olga Erina, Toma\u017e Erjavec, Aline Etienne, Wograine Evelyn, Rich\u00e1rd Farkas, Hector Fernandez Al- calde, Jennifer Foster, Cl\u00e1udia Freitas, Kazunori Fu- jita, Katar\u00edna Gajdo\u0161ov\u00e1, Daniel Galbraith, Mar- cos Garcia, Moa G\u00e4rdenfors, Sebastian Garza, Kim Gerdes, Filip Ginter, Iakes Goenaga, Koldo Gojenola, Memduh G\u00f6k\u0131rmak, Yoav Goldberg, Xavier G\u00f3mez Guinovart, Berta Gonz\u00e1lez Saave- dra, Bernadeta Grici\u016bt\u0117, Matias Grioni, Normunds Gr\u016bz\u012btis, Bruno Guillaume, C\u00e9line Guillot-Barbance, Nizar Habash, Jan Haji\u010d, Jan Haji\u010d jr., Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, Linh H\u00e0 M\u1ef9, Na-Rae Han, Kim Har- ris, Dag Haug, Johannes Heinecke, Felix Hennig, Barbora Hladk\u00e1, Jaroslava Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, Florinel Hoci- ung, Petter Hohle, Jena Hwang, Takumi Ikeda, Radu Ion, Elena Irimia, \u1eccl\u00e1j\u00edd\u00e9 Ishola, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Jel\u00ednek, Anders Johannsen, Fredrik J\u00f8rgensen, Markus Juu- tinen, H\u00fcner Ka\u015f\u0131kara, Andre Kaasen, Nadezhda Kabaeva, Sylvain Kahane, Hiroshi Kanayama, Jenna Kanerva, Boris Katz, Tolga Kayadelen, Jessica Ken- ney, V\u00e1clava Kettnerov\u00e1, Jesse Kirchner, Elena Kle- mentieva, Arne K\u00f6hn, Kamil Kopacewicz, Natalia Kotsyba, Jolanta Kovalevskait\u0117, Simon Krek, Sooky- oung Kwak, Veronika Laippala, Lorenzo Lambertino, Lucia Lam, Tatiana Lando, Septina Dian Larasati, Alexei Lavrentiev, John Lee, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng,",
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            },
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        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Example plural of /mu/ 'land; country'",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "singing'(Permyak)    Besides converb forms that are not marked for person, there are also forms with possessive suffixes. These, unexpectedly, occur with palatalization and gemination of the stem-final consonant, as in: singing' (Permyak)In fact, this palatalization and concurrent gemination occurs in other possessive forms, too: \u00b2https://glossary.sil.org/term/precative-mood (6) \u0443\u0432\u0442\u00f6\u0442\u0442\u044f\u0441 uvt-\u0259c\u02d0as under-.P S 3 '(to go) under (something)' (Permyak)",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "village, there are four people all together' (Permyak)",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            }
        }
    }
}