{ "paper_id": "2021", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:27:23.182977Z" }, "title": "The Analysis and Annotation of Propaganda Techniques in Chinese News Texts", "authors": [ { "first": "\u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2", "middle": [ "\uf02a" ], "last": "\u3001\u6bb5\u4eba\u9cef", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "National Chung Cheng University", "location": {} }, "email": "" }, { "first": "\uf02b", "middle": [], "last": "\u3001\u937e\u66c9\u82b3", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "\uf023", "middle": [], "last": "Meng-", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Hsien", "middle": [], "last": "Shih", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Ren-Feng", "middle": [], "last": "Duann", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "rduann@nttu.edu.tw" }, { "first": "Siaw-Fong", "middle": [], "last": "Chung", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "sfchung@nccu.edu.tw" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "In political news media, propaganda techniques are often employed to express one's political view, or to influence the audience's stance. Chinese corpora with the", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "2021", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "In political news media, propaganda techniques are often employed to express one's political view, or to influence the audience's stance. Chinese corpora with the", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "\u5ba3\u50b3(propaganda)\u4e00\u8a5e 1 \uff0c\u539f\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u7684\u50b3\u6559\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u65bc 19 \u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449 \u8a72\u8a5e\u6f38\u6f38\u7528\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4e14\u958b\u59cb\u5e36\u6709\u8cb6\u610f(Diggs-Brown, 2011)\u3002Lasswell (1927, p. 9 ", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 98, "end": 109, "text": "(1927, p. 9", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "\u7dd2\u8ad6 (Introduction)", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "\u7acb\u5834\u5075\u6e2c(stance detection)\u8207\u60c5\u611f\u5206\u6790(sentiment analysis)\u662f\u76f8\u95dc\u4f46\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u5206\u6790 \u901a\u5e38\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\u70ba\u6b63\u9762\u3001\u8ca0\u9762\u6216\u4e2d\u6027\uff0c\u7acb\u5834\u5075\u6e2c\u5247\u5728\u65bc\u78ba\u8a8d\u6587\u672c\u50be\u5411\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c \u4ea6\u5373\u300c\u7acb\u5834\u300d\u3002\u800c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u53ef\u80fd\u7d93\u7531\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u8ca0\u9762\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u8868\u9054 (Mohammad et al., 2017) \uff0c\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u85c9\u7531\u6587\u672c\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5206\u6790\u7372\u77e5\u5176\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7acb\u5834\u5075\u6e2c\u6709 \u5176 \u7368 \u7279 \u91cd \u8981 \u6027 \uff0c \u4e14 \u5ee3 \u6cdb \u904b \u7528 \u65bc \u8cc7 \u8a0a \u64f7 \u53d6 (information retrieval) \u8207 \u6587 \u672c \u6458 \u8981 (text summarization)\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u5c0d\u5927\u773e\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff0c\u4e14\u5e38\u85c9\u7531\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5(propaganda techniques) \u8868\u9054\u5176\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u65b0\u805e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u770b\u6cd5\u3002Zollmann (2019, p. 329)\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u300c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f62 \u6210\u8f3f\u8ad6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5ba3\u50b3\u8209\u8db3\u8f15\u91cd\u300d \uff0c\u4e26\u4e14 \u300c\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u986f\u7136\u6210\u70ba\u64f4\u6563\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u300d \u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cZollmann \u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u7576\u4ee3\u50b3\u64ad\u3001\u5a92\u9ad4\u548c\u65b0\u805e\u7b49\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u591a\u534a\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5a92\u9ad4\u5728\u88fd\u9020\u8207\u6563\u5e03\u5ba3\u50b3\u6642\u6240\u626e \u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u300d\u3002 Zollman (2019, pp. 337-341)\u4ea6\u53c3\u8003\u4e86 Kromrey (2009) \u5c0d\u65bc\u5ba3\u50b3\u9762\u5411\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8aaa \u660e\u4e86\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u9762\u5411\uff1a \u9762\u5411 1\uff1a\u6574\u5408\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u5ba3\u50b3\u8207\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b(\u900f\u904e\u7701\u7565\u67d0\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u4e26\u4ee5\u6846\u67b6\u5448\u73fe\u67d0\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u8b70\u984c\u6216 \u53c3\u8207\u8005\uff1b\u522a\u9664\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e0a\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u6230\u722d\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u72af\u7f6a\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u5c60 \u6bba\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u7a2e\u65cf\u6ec5\u7d55\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d \u3001\u6216 \u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d \u7b49) (Herman & Peterson, 2010; Keeble, 1997; Zollmann 2017\uff0c\u8f49\u5f15\u81ea Zollmann, 2019 Patrona (2018, pp. 190-191) (Scott, 1955, p. 323; Artstein & Poesio, 2008, p. 558 \"it is what it is\"; \"you cannot judge it without experiencing it\"; \"it's common sense\", \"nothing is permanent except change\", \"better late than never\"; \"mind your own business\"; \"nobody's perfect\"; \"it doesn't matter\"; \"you can't change human nature.\"", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 138, "end": 161, "text": "(Mohammad et al., 2017)", "ref_id": "BIBREF17" }, { "start": 512, "end": 526, "text": "Kromrey (2009)", "ref_id": "BIBREF12" }, { "start": 682, "end": 707, "text": "(Herman & Peterson, 2010;", "ref_id": "BIBREF7" }, { "start": 708, "end": 721, "text": "Keeble, 1997;", "ref_id": "BIBREF10" }, { "start": 722, "end": 754, "text": "Zollmann 2017\uff0c\u8f49\u5f15\u81ea Zollmann, 2019", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 755, "end": 782, "text": "Patrona (2018, pp. 190-191)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 783, "end": 804, "text": "(Scott, 1955, p. 323;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 805, "end": 836, "text": "Artstein & Poesio, 2008, p. 558", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "\u6587\u737b\u56de\u9867 (Literature Review)", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u6a19\u8a3b\u8a9e\u6599\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u767c\u73fe\u67d0\u4e9b\u8a5e\u8a9e\u7121\u6cd5\u6b78\u985e\u65bc Da San Martino et al. \u63d0\u51fa \u7684 18 \u9805\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u7368\u6709\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u4e4b\u7368\u7acb\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u5206\u5225\u547d\u540d \u70ba\u300c\u5f15\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u300d\u548c\u300c\u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834\u300d\uff0c\u8332\u8aaa\u660e\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a(1) \u5f15\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\uff1a\u5831\u7d19\u5f15\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6(\u4f8b \u5982\uff0c\u7f8e\u9e97\u5cf6\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u5929\u5b89\u9580\u4e8b\u4ef6)\u6216\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7279\u5fb5\u70ba\u300c\u300e\u53f0(\u7063)\u7248\u300f\uff0b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540d\u7a31\u300d \u6216\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540d\u7a31\uff0b\u300e\u7ffb\u7248\u300f\u300d\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u985e\u6bd4\u6216\u6bd4\u8f03\u6587\u5b57\u300c\u5982\u300d\u3001\u300c\u50cf\u300d \u3001\u300c\u76f8\u8f03\u300d\uff0c \u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u9023\u7d50\u3001\u985e\u6bd4\u7576\u524d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u610f\u5716\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u7acb\u5834\uff1b(2) \u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834\uff1a\u5831\u7d19\u900f\u904e \u4fee\u8fad\u6027\u554f\u53e5(rhetorical question)\u548c\u8a55\u50f9\u6a19\u8a18(evaluative marker)\u4f86\u8868\u660e\u5176\u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u85c9\u4ee5\u6697 \u793a\u4e26\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u4fee\u8fad\u6027\u554f\u53e5\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u6e6f\u5ef7\u6c60(1981)\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u570b\u8a9e\u7684\u7591\u554f \u53e5\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u8981\u6c42\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u300c\u5fb5\u8a0a\u554f\u53e5\u300d\u548c\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u300c\u975e\u5fb5\u8a0a\u554f\u53e5\u300d\uff0c\u4fee\u8fad\u6027\u554f\u53e5\u70ba\u300c\u975e \u5fb5\u8a0a\u554f\u53e5\u300d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\uff0c\u5373\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u96d6\u662f\u554f\u53e5\uff0c\u4f46\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u5be6\u5247\u8868\u793a\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7279 \u8272\u70ba\u5426\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u53e5\u6216\u8005\u662f\u9644\u52a0\u554f\u53e5\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cBednarek (2006, p. 67)\u63d0\u51fa\u516d\u7a2e\u8a55\u4f30\u82f1\u6587\u5a92 \u9ad4 \u7684 \u300c \u6838 \u5fc3 \u8a55 \u50f9 \u53c3 \u6578 \u300d \uff0c \u5176 \u4e2d \u7684 \u9810 \u671f \u6027 (Expectedness) \u7684 \u8a55 \u50f9 \u6a19 \u8a18 \u5982 strikingly \u548c unexpectedly\uff0c\u5373\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u300c\u7adf(\u7136)\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5c45\u7136\u300d\u9019\u985e\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u6211\u5011 \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u8a18\u4f86\u51f8\u986f\u5831\u793e\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834\u3002 \u8868 4 \u5217\u51fa Da San", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "\u6587\u737b\u56de\u9867 (Literature Review)", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "\u300c\u773e\u6240\u7686\u77e5\u300d ( Computational Linguistics, 34(4) , 555-596. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli.07-034-R2 Barr\u00f3n-Cede\u00f1o, A., Jaradat, I., Da San Martino, G. & Nakov, P. (2019) ", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 23, "end": 35, "text": "Linguistics,", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 36, "end": 41, "text": "34(4)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 92, "end": 161, "text": "Barr\u00f3n-Cede\u00f1o, A., Jaradat, I., Da San Martino, G. & Nakov, P. (2019)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "\u6587\u737b\u56de\u9867 (Literature Review)", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "\u672c\u6a19\u8a18\u8cc7\u6599\u96c6\u53ef\u65bc\u6b64\u7db2\u5740\u4e0b\u8f09http://simonshih.tw/propaganda/propaganda_phrase_list.{LT,UDN}.bootstrapped.tsv\u3002", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [ { "text": "\u300c \u9818\u5c0e \u570b\u5bb6 \u300d \u96e3\u9053 \u4e0d \u9700\u8981 \u7d93\u904e \u516c\u8077 \u9078\u8209 \u55ce \uff1f \u300d \u9019 \u7a2e \u8aaa\u6cd5 \u4e0d \u662f \u5f88 \u6709 \u529b \u55ce \uff1f \u4e0d \u5c31\u662f \u53f8\u6cd5 \u5e72\u9810 \u653f\u6cbb \u7684 \u5371\u96aa \u55ce \uff1f \u4e0d \u662f \u55ce \uff1f \u4e0d \u89ba\u5f97 \u592a\u904e \u81ea\u5927 \u53ca \u53cd \u6c11\u4e3b \u55ce \uff1f \u4e26 \u4e0d \u4ee4 \u4eba \u610f\u5916 \u4ed6 \u4e0d \u5c31 \u80fd \u628a \u652f\u6301 \u670d\u8cbf \u7684 \u793e\u6703 \u529b\u91cf \u62c9 \u9032 \u4f86 \u7576\u6210 \u81ea\u5df1 \u7684 \u6191\u85c9 \u55ce \uff1f \u4f46 \u6574 \u500b \u653f\u5e9c \u7684 \u984f\u9762 \u53ef\u4ee5 \u5982\u6b64 \u88ab \u8e10\u8e0f \u55ce \uff1f \u4f60\u5011 \u5fc3 \u4e2d \u771f\u7684 \u9084 \u6709 \u5225\u4eba \u55ce \uff1f \u53c8 \u8c48 \u5c0d \u53f0\u7063 \u6709\u5229 \uff1f \u8c48 \u5c0d \u53f0\u7063 \u6709\u5229 \uff1f \u53f0\u7063 \u7684 \u653f\u5e9c \u9ad4\u5236 \u53ef\u4ee5 \u4f38\u7e2e \u81ea\u5982 \u5230 \u96a8\u4fbf \u8ab0 \u4f86 \u6307\u63ee \u55ce \uff1f \u5426\u5247 \u53f0\u7063 \u8c48 \u6709 \u53ef\u80fd \u8a02\u51fa \u4e00 \u7d19 \u300c \u53ea \u53d6 \u4e0d \u7d66 \u300d \u7684 \u689d\u7d04 \uff1f \u570b\u5bb6 \u80fd\u5426 \u7531 \u9738\u5360 \u570b\u6703 \u8005 \u4f86 \u9818 \u5c0e \u5b78\u751f \u662f\u5426 \u61c9\u7576 \u81ea\u554f \uff1a \u6cd5\u5b98 \u5728 \u64d2\u7e31 \u4e4b\u9593 \u8c48\u975e \u66f4 \u4e0d\u7b26 \u6bd4\u4f8b \u539f\u5247 \uff1f \u7adf \u6cd5 \u5b98 \u96e3\u9053 \u662f \u6d3b \u5728 \u300c \u8c61\u7259\u5854 \u88e1 \u300d \u7684 \u4eba \uff1f \u7d55\u975e \u7adf \u7adf \u4ee5 \u53ef\u4ee5 \u6551\u6fdf \u7684 \u300c \u7a0b\u5e8f \u6b63\u7fa9 \u300d \u8ce0\u4e0a \u5206\u79d2\u5fc5\u722d \u4e14 \u7121\u53ef \u9006\u8f49 \u7684 \u300c \u53f0\u7063 \u5168\u7403\u5316 \u6a5f\u9047 \u300d \uff0c \u7adf \u83ab\u975e \u5c31\u662f \u770b\u7a7f \u4e86 \u7e3d\u7d71 \u7684 \u8edf\u5f31 \u53ef \u6b3a \uff1f \u88ab \u5361\u4f4f \u4e0d\u80fd \u52d5\u5f48 \u7684 \u8b70\u6848 \u8c48\u6b62 \u670d\u8cbf \u5354\u8b70 \u4e00 \u6848 \uff1f \u8c48\u4e0d \u8b8a\u6210 \u81ea\u5df1 \u6240 \u9119\u8584 \u7684 \u4eba \uff1f \u9019 \u4e0d \u662f \u5728 \u963b\u65b7 \u53f0\u7063 \u52a0\u5165 \uff34\uff30\uff30 \u53ca \uff32\uff23\uff25\uff30 \u4e4b \u8def \u55ce \uff1f \u8c48\u4e0d \u9019 \u771f\u7684 \u6709 \u628a \u670d\u8cbf \u7576 \u56de \u4e8b \u55ce \uff1f \u9019 \u8c48 \u7b26\u5408 \u5176 \u300c \u634d\u885b \u6c11\u4e3b \u300d \u7684 \u53e3\u865f \uff1f \u9019 \u8c48\u975e \u653f\u9ee8 \u653f\u6cbb \u7684 \u626d\u66f2 \uff1f \u9019 \u96e3\u9053 \u4e0d \u662f \u6c11\u4e3b \u7684 \u5931\u63a7 \uff1f \u9019\u4e9b \u4eba \u6709 \u8a8d\u771f \u770b\u5f85 \u5b78\u751f \u7684 \u4e0d\u6eff \u55ce \uff1f \u90fd \u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd \u7c3d\u540d \u4ea4\u51fa \u81ea\u5df1 \u7684 \u4ee3\u8b70\u6b0a \u5427 \uff1f \u96e3\u9053 \u61c9\u7576 \u92ea\u7d05 \u5730\u6bef \u76f8\u8fce \uff1f \u986f\u7136 Thought-terminating clich\u00e9 (TTC, \u683c\u8a00\u8ad6\u8b49)\uff1a\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5 \u5e38\u8b58 \u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "annex", "sec_num": null } ], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "Detection of propaganda techniques in news articles", "authors": [], "year": null, "venue": "Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "1377--1414", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "SemEval-2020 Task 11: Detection of propaganda techniques in news articles. 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M.A. Thesis, National Chengchi University.]", "links": null }, "BIBREF28": { "ref_id": "b28", "title": "A Genre Analysis of Chinese and English Newspaper Editorials across Cultural Variations: A Systemic Funcational Perspective", "authors": [], "year": null, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "A Genre Analysis of Chinese and English Newspaper Editorials across Cultural Variations: A Systemic Funcational Perspective. M.A. Thesis, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology.]", "links": null }, "BIBREF29": { "ref_id": "b29", "title": "On the Contents and Propaganda Strategies of China's Economy Reformation", "authors": [], "year": 1992, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "\u6e38\u627f\u5b63(2001)\u3002\u5927\u9678\u7d93\u6fdf\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u548c\u5ba3\u50b3\u7b56\u7565\u7814\u7a76(1992-1996)-\u4ee5\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u5831\u300d\u793e \u8ad6\u5167\u5bb9\u70ba\u4f8b\u3002\u570b\u7acb\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u5b78\u65b0\u805e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3002[You, C.-C. (2001). On the Contents and Propaganda Strategies of China's Economy Reformation (1992-1996) in the Editorials of the People's Daily. M.A. Thesis, National Chengchi University.", "links": null }, "BIBREF30": { "ref_id": "b30", "title": "On the interrogative sentences in Chinese", "authors": [ { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "\u6e6f\u5ef7\u6c60", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1981, "venue": "", "volume": "26", "issue": "", "pages": "1--59", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "\u6e6f\u5ef7\u6c60(1981)\u3002\u570b\u8a9e\u7591\u554f\u53e5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5e2b\u5927\u5b78\u5831 26, 1-59\u3002[Tang, T.-c. (1981). On the interrogative sentences in Chinese. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University, 26, 1-59.]", "links": null }, "BIBREF31": { "ref_id": "b31", "title": "Analyzing the Anti-USA Propaganda in the Editorials of the People's Daily", "authors": [ { "first": "M", "middle": [], "last": "\u8cf4\u668b ; \u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u5831\u793e\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u7f8e\u5ba3\u50b3\u5206\u6790\u3002\u570b\u7acb\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u5b78\u65b0\u805e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3002[lai", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1965, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "\u8cf4\u668b(1965)\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u5831\u793e\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u7f8e\u5ba3\u50b3\u5206\u6790\u3002\u570b\u7acb\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u5b78\u65b0\u805e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3002[Lai, M. (1965). Analyzing the Anti-USA Propaganda in the Editorials of the People's Daily. M.A. Thesis, National Chengchi University.]", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "uris": null, "text": "\u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u627f\u8499\u570b\u7acb\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u5b78\u8cc7\u8a0a\u79d1\u5b78\u7cfb\u6c5f\u73a5\u6167\u8001\u5e2b\u5354\u52a9\u5206\u6790\u82f1\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u90e8 \u8a08\u756b MOST 109-2811-H-004-503\u3001109-2410-H-004-163-\u8207 110-2811-H-007-502 \u88dc\u52a9\uff0c\u4ee5 \u53ca\u4e09\u4f4d\u533f\u540d\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\uff0c\u7279\u6b64\u81f4\u8b1d\u3002 \u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b (References) Arefi, M. N., Pandi, R., Crandall, J. R., Tschantz, M. C., Fu, K.-W., Shi, D. Q., & Sha, M. (2019). Assessing post deletion in Sina Weibo: Multi-modal classification of hot topics. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on NLP for Internet Freedom: Censorship, Disinformation, and Propaganda, 1-9. https //doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5001 Artstein, R., & Poesio, M. (2008). Inter-coder agreement for computational linguistics.", "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "TABREF0": { "content": "
\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u793e\u6703\u5718\u9ad4\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff0f\u614b\u5ea6\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u7522\u88fd\u652f\u6301\u7279\u5b9a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7fa4\u773e\u300d\u7684 \u884c\u70ba\u3002\u5831\u7d19\u505a\u70ba\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u7531\u4f86\u5df2\u4e45\uff0cRiegel (1935, p. 206)\u5373\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u55ae\u5c31\u65b0\u805e\u9078\u6750\u800c\u8a00\uff0c \u5831\u7d19\u5373\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u5957\u672c\u8cea\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6e96\u5247\u3002\u800c\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u5831\u7d19\u5145\u65a5\u5546\u696d\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u50b3\uff0c\u56e0\u800c \u5c0d\u5831\u7d19\u5167\u5bb9\u59cb\u7d42\u5b58\u7591\u3002Riegel \u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u5831\u7d19\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5ba3\u50b3\u5834\u57df\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8a72\u8ad6\u6587 \u6307\u51fa\u7576\u4ee3\u5c0d\u65bc\u5546\u696d\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u6aa2\u8996\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u57fa\u65bc\u4e3b\u89c0\u3001\u77ed\u66ab\u4e26\u4e14\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u53c3\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f (p. 202)\u3002\u904e\u5f80\u7814\u7a76\u8a66\u5716\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u4ffe\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6aa2\u8996\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u6280\u5de7(\u5982 Lee & Lee, 1939; Weston, 2018) \u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u53ca\u8a9e\u6599\u8490\u96c6\u6280\u8853\u7684\u6f14\u9032\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u5b78\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c \u7269\uff0c\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u9023\u7d50\u3001\u985e\u6bd4\u7576\u524d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u610f\u5716\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u7acb\u5834\uff1b(2) \u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834\uff1a\u5831\u7d19 \u900f\u904e\u4fee\u8fad\u6027\u554f\u53e5(rhetorical question)\u548c\u8a55\u50f9\u6a19\u8a18(evaluative marker)\u4f86\u8868\u660e\u5176\u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u85c9 \u4ee5\u6697\u793a\u4e26\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5c31\u4e2d\u6587\u5831\u7d19\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u7d66\u4e88\u66f4 \u660e\u78ba\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u624b\u6cd5\u51fa\u73fe\u6b21\u985e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u6b21\u985e\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\u660e\u3002 \u672c\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u4e0b\u5217\u4e09\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff1a \u4e00\u3001 \u4e2d\u6587\u653f\u6cbb\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u70ba\u4f55\uff1f \u4e8c\u3001 \u4e2d\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u653f\u6cbb\u65b0\u805e\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6709\u4f55\u7570\u540c\uff1f \u4e09\u3001 \u4ee5 Bootstrap \u65b9\u5f0f\u64f4\u589e\u4e2d\u6587\u653f\u6cbb\u65b0\u805e\u5ba3\u50b3\u6a19\u8a18\u4e4b\u6210\u6548\u5982\u4f55\uff1f \u672c\u6587\u7b2c 2 \u7ae0\u56de\u9867\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u8207\u5ba3\u50b3\u3001\u7bc7\u7ae0\u5206\u6790\u8207\u5ba3\u50b3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u4e4b\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\uff1b \u7b2c 3 \u7ae0\u8aaa\u660e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u3001\u6a19\u8a18\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6aa2\u6838\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u5148\u5c0e\u5be6\u9a57\uff1b\u7b2c 4 \u7ae0\u9673\u8ff0\u7d50\u679c\u8207\u8a0e \u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c0\u3001\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6e96\u5247\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c\u5831\u7d19\u6216\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u4e2d\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 (\u5982 \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u5831\u7d19\u5c1a\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u624b\u6cd5\uff1a(1) \u5f15\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\uff1a\u5831\u7d19\u5f15\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u4eba \u8ad6\uff0c\u7b2c 5 \u7ae0\u5247\u8aaa\u660e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u8207\u9650\u5236\u3002
", "type_str": "table", "text": ")\u5c07\u5ba3 \u50b3\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u63a7\u5236\u610f\u898b\u300d 2 \u3002\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u4e5f\u5c07\u4e4b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u8a0a\u606f(\u4e8b\u5be6\u3001 \u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u8b20\u8a00\u3001\u534a\u4e8b\u5be6\u3001\u6216\u8b0a\u8a00)\u7684\u50b3\u64ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u5f71\u97ff\u8f3f\u8ad6\u300d(Smith, 2020)\u3002Zollman (2019, p. 335)\u5f15\u8ff0 Bussemer (2005, pp. 29-30)\uff0c\u5c07\u5ba3\u50b3\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u900f\u904e\u8c61\u5fb5\u6027\u7684\u50b3\u64ad\uff0c\u6563\u5e03\u7d93\u7531\u5a92\u9ad4 Barr\u00f3n-Cede\u00f1o et al., 2019; Da San Martino et al., 2019)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u70ba\u63a2\u8a0e\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e2d \u6587\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u8fa8\u8b58\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5247\u4ed8\u4e4b\u95d5\u5982\u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5 Da San Martino et al. (2019)\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684 18 \u7a2e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u53f0\u7063 \u5169\u500b\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u5834\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5831\u7d19\u5c0d\u540c\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u793e\u8ad6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e2d\u6587\u5831\u7d19\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u70ba\u7b2c 1 Diggs-Brown (2011)\u6307\u51fa\uff0cpropaganda \u884d\u751f\u81ea 1622 \u5e74\u7531\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u6240\u5275\u7684 Congregatio de propaganda fide(\u610f\u6307\u7531\u6a1e\u6a5f\u4e3b\u6559\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u884c\u653f\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u5176\u4efb\u52d9\u70ba\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u570b\u5bb6\u57f7\u884c\u6559\u6703\u4e8b\u52d9)\u30021790 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c propaganda \u7684\u82f1\u6587\u64f4\u53ca\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u5c64\u9762\uff0c19 \u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u8a72\u8a5e\u6f38\u6f38\u7528\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4e14\u958b\u59cb\u5e36\u6709\u8cb6\u610f\u3002\u672c \u6587\u5c07 propaganda \u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u300c\u5ba3\u50b3\u300d\u3002 2 \u672c\u6587\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u737b\u7686\u7531\u4f5c\u8005\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\u3002 \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u6790 81 \u4e00\u7bc7\u4ee5\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u63a2\u7a76\u3001\u63d0\u53d6\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8fa8\u8b58\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8207\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c \u53ef\u505a\u70ba\u65e5\u5f8c\u81ea\u52d5\u5075\u6e2c\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u8a9e\u6599\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5831\u7d19\u793e\u8ad6\u7684\u7279\u8cea\uff0cDa San Martino et al. (2019)\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e26\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u4e2d\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u767c\u73fe\u5728 Da San Martino et al.", "num": null, "html": null }, "TABREF2": { "content": "
\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u6790 \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u679083 \u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49 85
\u6587\u7ae0\u8996\u70ba\u5ba3\u50b3\u3002\u4f46 Horne et al. (2018)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4f86\u6e90\u4e5f\u6703\u5b9a\u671f\u767c\u4f48\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u975e\u5ba3\u50b3 \u6587\u7ae0\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u8a72\u4f86\u6e90\u4e4b\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ee5\u6587\u4ef6\u5c64\u6b21\u6a19\u8a18\u8a13\u7df4\u51fa\u4f86\u4e4b\u8a08\u7b97\u6a21\u578b\u8f03\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u89e3\u91cb \u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5171\u901a\u5be9\u67e5\u6307\u6a19\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u984c\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u5be9\u67e5\uff0c\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5be9\u67e5\u7684\u8cbc\u6587 \u50c5\u6709\u5c11\u65bc\u4e09\u5c0f\u6642\u7684\u7db2\u8def\u5b58\u6d3b\u6642\u9593\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\uff0c\u7686\u4ee5\u793e\u7fa4\u5e73\u53f0\u8cbc\u6587\u4e3b\u984c\u70ba \u8868 1. \u5e8f\u865f \u624b\u6cd5 \u5b9a\u7fa9 \u7bc4\u4f8b \u6027(explainability)\u3002 \u5206\u985e\u57fa\u6e96\uff0c\u4ee5\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4f5c\u70ba\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0f\u8a9e\u53e5\u7247\u6bb5\u5c64\u6b21\u5206\u985e\u57fa\u6e96\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u767c\u5c55\u3002
1. \u5bcc\u6027\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5075\u6e2c\u65b0\u805e\u5831\u5c0e\u662f\u5426\u96b1\u542b\u5ba3\u50b3\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u8a08\u7b97\u5176\u5ba3\u50b3\u5206\u6578(propaganda Name Calling (\u8cbc\u6a19\u7c64) \u8b93\u89c0\u773e\u4e0d\u7d93\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u6536\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u89c0 \u9ede\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u89c0\u773e\u4ee5\u8ca0\u9762\u6982\u5ff5\u53bb \u7406\u89e3\u67d0\u500b\u4eba\u7269\u6216\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cBarr\u00f3n-Cede\u00f1o et al. (2019) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u4ee5\u65b0\u805e\u5beb\u4f5c\u98a8\u683c\u3001\u53ef\u8b80\u6027\u548c\u8a5e\u5f59\u8c50 \u5728\u6a19\u8a18\u54c1\u8cea\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u6e2c\u91cf\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u5206\u985e\u6a19\u8a18\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6a19\u8a18\u5c6c\u65bc\u5e8f\u5217 \u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u7a31\u547c\u5176\u653f\u6575\u70ba \u6a19\u7c64(sequence labeling)\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9700\u540c\u6642\u8003\u616e\u6a19\u8a18\u4e0d\u5b9a\u9577\u5ea6\u4e4b\u55ae\u8a5e\uff0f\u77ed\u8a9e\uff0f\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a72\u55ae \u300c\u9670\u8b00\u8005\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u9a19\u5b50\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u6050 \u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u300d score)\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u9019\u5957\u7cfb\u7d71\u512a\u65bc\u904e\u5f80\u7684\u5075\u6e2c\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u4f46\u8a72\u6587\u4e5f\u5efa\u8b70\u76f8\u95dc\u5b78\u8005\u672a\u4f86\u53ef \u8a5e\uff0f\u77ed\u8a9e\uff0f\u5b50\u53e5\u4e4b\u6a19\u7c64\uff0c\u53e6\u9700\u8003\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u4e4b\u6a19\u8a18\u6587\u5b57\u90e8\u4efd\u91cd\u758a\u4e4b\u8a55\u6e2c\u3002\u6709\u9451\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c
\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u8a9e\u53e5\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u5c64\u6b21(fragment level)\u4f86\u8fa8\u8b58\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002\u6709\u9451\u65bc\u6b64\uff0cDa San Mathet, Widlocher & M\u00e9tivier (2015, pp. 441-447)\u63d0\u51fa \u03b3 \u8a55\u6e2c\u4ee5\u8a55\u4f30\u6b64\u985e\u5e8f\u5217\u6a19\u7c64\u7684\u6a19
2. Martino et al. (2019, pp. 5637-5639)\u805a\u7126\u65bc\u8a9e\u53e5\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u4f86\u81ea\u5ba3\u50b3\u6027\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4\u7db2 Glittering \u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5411\u8a55\u50f9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u6293\u4f4f\u89c0 \u5370\u5c3c\u662f\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\uff01 \u8a18\u8005\u9593\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u60df\u672c\u6587\u505a\u70ba\u9996\u7bc7\u6a19\u8a18\u4e2d\u6587\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u50c5\u521d\u6b65\u8a55\u6e2c\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u9593\u91dd Generality (\u88dd \u98fe\u6cd5) \u773e\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u76ee\u6a19\u89c0\u773e\u611f\u89ba\u6b63\u5411\u3001 \u5bb9\u3002 \u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u64da\u6b64\u6aa2\u8996 372 \u7bc7\u82f1\u6587\u65b0\u805e(\u7d04 35 \u842c\u8a5e)\u3002 \u7a4d\u6975\uff0c\u4e26\u9032\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u8981\u50b3\u9054\u7684\u5167 \u7ad9\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u5f9e\u5167\u90e8\u5224\u5b9a\u3001\u7121\u9808\u5916\u5728\u8a0a\u606f\u652f\u63f4\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u8868 2 \u7684 18 \u7a2e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b \u5c0d\u540c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4
\u5206\u6790 2015 \u5e74 6 \u6708 28 \u65e5 SKAI \u5c07\u6b32\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u548c\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u8c61\u5fb5\u9023\u7d50 \u983b\u9053\u7684\u65b0\u805e(H \u4ee3\u8868\u5973\u4e3b\u64ad\uff0cP \u4ee3\u8868\u8a18\u8005)\uff1a 3. Transfer (\u8f49\u79fb \u6cd5) \u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u8a72\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u9019\u500b\u624b \u6cd5\u53ef\u4fc3\u4f7f\u89c0\u773e\u8a8d\u540c\u7279\u5b9a\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u8868\u8f3f\u8ad6\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u5c71 \u59c6\u5927\u53d4\u3002 \u8868 213. Whataboutism \u3010\u4f8b 1\u3011 4. Testimonial \u8acb\u540d\u4eba(\u6f14\u54e1\uff0f\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269)\u5ba3\u50b3\u5546\u54c1 \u6b50\u666e\u62c9\u652f\u6301\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u7af6\u9078 14. Reductio ad Hitlerum
(\u8b49\u8a5e\u6cd5)\u6216\u70ba\u5019\u9078\u4eba\u7ad9\u53f0\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u624b\u6cd5\u8a34\u6c42\u89c0\u773e 15. Red herring \u7e3d\u7d71\u3002
\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u800c\u975e\u908f\u8f2f\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8b49\u8a5e\u5167\u5bb9 16. Bandwagon \u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u7576\u8584\u5f31\u3002 17. Obfuscation
5.Plain Folks\u5c07\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5851\u9020\u70ba\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\uff0c\u8b93 18. Straw man Maspion \u70ba\u5370\u5c3c\u88fd\u9020\uff0c
(\u89aa\u6c11\u6cd5)\u89c0\u773e\u8a8d\u70ba\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u4e26\u8acb\u4f7f\u7528\u5370\u5c3c\u88fd\u7522\u54c1\u3002
\u76f8\u4fe1\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u8207\u6c11\u540c\u5728\u3001\u82e6\u6c11\u6240\u82e6\u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u9019 18 \u7a2e\u624b\u6cd5\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u53c3\u8003 Da San Martino et al. (2020) \u65b0\u6a19\u8a18\u4e4b 550
6. \u7bc7\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u8cc7\u6599 4 \uff0c\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u6587\u5831\u7d19\u793e\u8ad6\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002\u8868 2 \u5217\u51fa\u7684 18 \u500b\u82f1\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b Card Stacking/ Selection (\u9078 \u9078\u64c7\u7247\u9762\u4e8b\u5be6\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u6b32\u4fdd\u969c\u7684 \u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6216\u8b49\u660e\u5176\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u6548\u61c9\u3002 \u6cd5\u4e4b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8207\u5be6\u4f8b\u8a73\u898b\u300c3. \u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u8868 4\u3002
\u64c7\u6cd5) \u4ee5\u4e2d\u6587\u70ba\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u591a\u534a\u805a\u7126\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u5a92\u9ad4\u6aa2\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u3002Knockel et al. (2015)
\u3010\u4f8b 1\u3011 \u4e2d\uff0cPatrona \u8aaa\u660e\u756b\u5e95\u7dda\u7684\u8a5e\u8a9e'institutions'\u3001'unfortunately'\u3001'it's being Bandwagon (\u5f9e\u773e\u6548\u61c9) \u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u5167\u5fc3\u90fd\u60f3\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6578 \u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u65bc\u662f\u5229\u7528\u9019\u500b\u5fc3\u614b\uff0c \u6697\u793a\u89c0\u773e\u5018\u82e5\u4e0d\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5c07\u6703 \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e2d\u570b\u5982\u4f55\u57f7\u884c\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7ba1\u63a7\uff0c\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u56db\u500b\u793e\u7fa4\u5f71\u97f3\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u9006\u5411\u5de5 7. \u300c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\uff0c\u4f60 \u7a0b(reverse engineering)\uff0c\u8fa8\u8b58\u5ba2\u6236\u7aef\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u6aa2\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e26\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u5206\u5c6c\u516d\u5927\u4e3b\u984c(\u653f\u6cbb\u3001 \u4e5f\u8a72\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u3002\u300d \u793e\u6703\u3001\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u3001\u96dc\u9805)\u5171\u8a08 17,547 \u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u8a5e\u8868\uff0c\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5e73\u53f0\u5c0d\u57f7 revealed'\u3001'our eyes'\u3001'secret'\u7b49\uff0c\u7686\u5e36\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u50b3\u610f\u5473\uff1b\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a5e\u8a9e\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c \u884c\u5be9\u67e5\u4ecd\u7559\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u5f48\u6027\uff0c\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u8207\u300c\u96c6\u9ad4\u884c\u52d5\u300d\u548c\u300c\u6279\u8a55\u653f\u5e9c\u300d\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8cbc\u6587\u5e38\u70ba\u5be9\u67e5 \u932f\u904e\u826f\u6a5f\u751a\u6216\u6709\u6240\u640d\u5931\u3002 \u5f62\u5f0f\u5448\u73fe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u55ae\u8a5e\u3001\u77ed\u8a9e\u3001\u5b50\u53e5\u7b49\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5ba3\u50b3\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0d\u9650\u65bc\u55ae\u4e00\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u6a19\u7684\u3002Arefi et al. (2019) \u6cbf\u7528\u4e86 Knockel et al. (2015)\u7684\u8a5e\u8868\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b78\u7fd2\u3001\u5377\u7a4d\u795e\u7d93
Bensa & Wijaya (2017)\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86 2016 \u5e74\u4e2d\u570b\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u4e5d\u6bb5\u7dda(nine-dashed line\uff0c9DL)\u7d0d\u5165 \u4e86\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u90a3\u5410\u7d0d\u6c34\u57df(Natuna waters)\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u5411\u4e2d\u570b\u99d0\u5370\u5c3c\u4f7f\u9928\u53e3\u982d\u6297\u8b70\u5f8c\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u7684 Kompas \u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u65b0\u83ef\u793e\u5831\u5c0e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u548c\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002Bensa & Wijaya \u5206\u6790\u5370\u5c3c\u5a92\u9ad4\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3 8. Frustration of Scapegoat (\u4ee3 \u7f6a\u7f94\u7f8a) \u7576\u554f\u984c\u767c\u751f\u6642\uff0c\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u627e\u5c0b\u4ee3\u7f6a\u7f94\u7f8a \u300c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\uff0f\u5979 (\u5bb3\u7684) \u3002\u300d \u7db2\u8def\u5b9a\u4f4d(CNN localization)\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e\u8a00\u8655\u7406\u6280\u8853(NLP techniques)\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d 14 \u500b\u53d7\u5be9\u67e5\u7684\u985e \u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u554f\u984c\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u4ed6\uff0f\u5979\u3002\u9019\u500b \u624b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u767c\u89c0\u773e\u7684\u61a4\u6068\u3002 \u5225 5 \uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e2d\u570b\u65b0\u6d6a\u5fae\u535a\u53d7\u5230\u5be9\u67e5\u548c\u672a\u53d7\u5be9\u67e5\u7684\u8cbc\u6587\u8207\u5716\u7247\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u60c5\u611f(sentiment)
\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u300c\u8cbc\u6a19\u7c64\u300d\u3001\u300c\u88dd\u98fe\u6cd5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8f49\u79fb\u6cd5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u89aa\u6c11\u6cd5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8b49\u8a5e\u6cd5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9078\u64c7 Bensa & Wijaya \u96d6\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5a92\u9ad4\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c \u537b\u672a\u8aaa\u660e\u5982\u4f55\u8fa8\u8b58\u9019\u4e9b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728 3 \u8868 2 \u4ee5\u7c97\u9ad4\u5b57\u5448\u73fe\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4ea6\u51fa\u73fe\u65bc\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u3002 \u6cd5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5f9e\u773e\u6548\u61c9\u300d\u53ca\u300c\u66ff\u7f6a\u7f94\u7f8a\u300d\u7b49\uff0c\u8868 1 \u70ba\u8a72\u8ad6\u6587\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8207\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff1a \u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u5c55\u3002 4 \u6a19\u8a18\u65b0\u805e\u8cc7\u6599\u53d6\u5f97\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c3\u8003\u6b64\u7db2\u9801 http://propaganda.qcri.org/semeval2020-task11\u3002
5 \u9019 14 \u500b\u985e\u5225\u70ba\uff1a(1) \u8584\u7199\u4f86\u3001(2) \u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u3001(3) \u706b\u707d\u3001(4) \u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0f\u50b7\u5bb3\u3001(5) \u5289\u66c9\u6ce2\u3001(6) \u6bdb\u6fa4 \u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u5c0d\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u5f9e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5c64\u6b21 \u6771\u3001(7) \u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u6703\u3001(8) \u8ecd\uff0f\u8b66\u3001(9) \u6297\u722d\u3001(10) \u8272\u60c5\uff0f\u88f8\u9732\u3001(11) \u66b4\u96e8\u3001(12) \u5c0f\u718a\u7dad\u5c3c\u3001(13) \u7fd2 (document level) \u5075\u6e2c\u5ba3\u50b3\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u50c5\u6a19\u8a18\u6587\u7ae0\u51fa\u8655\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u5ba3\u50b3\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u5c07\u8a72\u4f86\u6e90\u6240\u6709 \u8fd1\u5e73\u3001(14) \u5468\u514b\u83ef\u3002
", "type_str": "table", "text": "\u65b0\u805e\u5a92\u9ad4 8 \u7a2e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5(Bensa &", "num": null, "html": null }, "TABREF3": { "content": "
\u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49
\u7528\u4f86\u5021\u5c0e\u6216\u53cd\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u591a\u534a\u63a1\u53d6\u300c\u7406\u6027\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u3001\u838a\u91cd\u6301\u5e73\u7684\u8a9e\u8abf\u300d(p. 358)\uff0c
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u904e\u5ea6\u7c21\u5316\u56e0\u679c(Causal oversimplification)\u3001 \u300c\u90a3\u53c8\u600e\u9ebc\u8aaa\u300d \u4e3b\u7fa9(Whataboutism)\u3001
\u523b\u610f\u6a21\u7cca\u8207\u6df7\u6dc6(\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u806f\u5408\u5831\u7e3d\u548c
\u6587\u7ae0\u657878 (34%)150 (66%))\uff0c\u8a73 228 (100%)
\u7d30\u7684\u8a55\u6e2c\u57fa\u6e96\u8acb\u898b\u672c\u6587\u300c4.\u7d50\u679c\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6\u300d\u3002 \u8a5e\u6578 147,562 (41%)213,437 (59%)360,999 (100%)
3. \u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5 (Methodology) \u884c\u6578 17,098 (49%)17,888 (51%)34,986 (100%)
\u672c\u6587\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5831\u7d19\u70ba\u53f0\u7063\u5169\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u5834\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u5831\u7d19\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u8207\u806f\u5408\u5831\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6642
\u5831\u50be\u5411\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u9032\u6b65\u9ee8\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u9663\u71df\uff0c\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u8a8d\u540c\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5f35\u53f0\u7063\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u95dc\u4e8b
\u52d9\u63a1\u53d6\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff1b\u806f\u5408\u5831\u5247\u652f\u6301\u7531\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u9663\u71df\uff0c\u8a8d\u540c 1912 \u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11
\u570b\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u8b70\u984c\u8f03\u70ba\u53cb\u5584\u3002
\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u9078\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5169\u5831\u6709\u95dc\u592a\u967d\u82b1\u5b78\u904b\u7684\u793e\u8ad6\u3002\u9078\u64c7\u793e\u8ad6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e43\u6839\u64da Smith (2020)
\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u793e\u8ad6\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u96b1\u853d\u578b(covert)\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\uff0c\u5373\u95b1\u807d\u4eba\u5c0d\u5ba3\u50b3\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u6216\u4f86\u6e90\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u77e5\u3002Riegel
(1935)\u4e0d\u8af1\u8a00\u793e\u8ad6\u5177\u6709\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f80\u4ea6\u6709\u793e\u8ad6\u4f5c\u70ba\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u7814\u7a76(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8cf4\u668b\uff0c1965\uff1b
\u6e38\u627f\u5b63\uff0c2001)\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u56e0\u800c\u5c07\u5831\u7d19\u793e\u8ad6\u8996\u70ba\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u4e00\u985e\u3002
\u592a\u967d\u82b1\u5b78\u904b\u70ba\u4e00\u5834\u7531\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u8087\u56e0\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u7684\u57f7\u653f\u9ee8(\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8)
\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u4f01\u5716\u8fc5\u901f\u901a\u904e\u6d77\u5cfd\u5169\u5cb8\u670d\u52d9\u8cbf\u6613\u5354\u5b9a(\u7c21\u7a31\u300c\u670d\u8cbf\u300d)\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u5354\u5b9a\u88ab\u6297\u8b70\u5b78\u751f
\u8207\u516c\u6c11\u5718\u9ad4\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u640d\u53f0\u7063\u73fe\u72c0\u4e26\u6703\u5371\u53ca\u53f0\u7063\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u56e0\u800c\u9032\u5165\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4f54\u9818\u7acb\u6cd5
\u9662\u9577\u9054 24 \u5929\u4e4b\u4e45(2014 \u5e74 3 \u6708 18 \u65e5\u81f3 4 \u6708 10 \u65e5\uff0cLin & Hsieh, 2017)\uff0c\u5275\u4e0b\u53f0\u7063\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a
\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u88ab\u4f54\u9818\u7684\u9996\u4f8b\u3002
\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b0\u805e\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u81ea\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u8207\u806f\u5408\u5831\u7db2\u7ad9\uff0c\u641c\u5c0b\u65e5\u671f\u4ecb\u65bc 2014 \u5e74 3 et al. (2019)\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7528\u65bc\u6a19\u8a18\u82f1\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u7684 18 \u7a2e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4e26\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u51fa\u73fe\u65bc\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e0a\u3002
\u7531\u65bc\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u70ba\u5831\u7d19\u793e\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u70ba\u300c\u5831\u793e\u5c0d\u65b0\u805e\u8b70\u984c\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u5f8c\u6240\u5f62\u6210
\u4e4b\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u6b64\u898b\u89e3\u4ee5\u8085\u7a46\u3001\u8aaa\u7406\u7684\u7b46\u89f8\uff0c\u5e38\u614b\u5730\u5448\u73fe\u5728\u6bcf\u671f\u5831\u520a\u4e0a\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u8072\u660e\u5831\u793e\u5c0d
\u8a72\u8b70\u984c\u4e4b\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4e26\u6b32\u52f8\u670d\u8b80\u8005\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u300d(\u6731\u707c\u6587, 2003, pp. 18-19)\uff1b\u793e\u8ad6\u53ef
", "type_str": "table", "text": "\u6708 18 \u65e5\u81f3 2016 \u5e74 12 \u6708 31 \u65e5\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u542b\u300c\u670d\u8cbf\u300d\u6216\u300c\u592a\u967d\u82b1\u300d\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u4e4b\u793e\u8ad6\u3002\u5982\u8868 3 \u6240\u793a\uff0c \u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u6709 78 \u7bc7 (\u4f54\u672c\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u6587\u7ae0\u6578\u7684 34%) \u5171 147,562 \u8a5e (\u4f54\u672c\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u8a5e\u6578\u7684 41%) \uff0c \u5206\u70ba 17,098 \u884c\uff1b\u806f\u5408\u5831\u6709 150 \u7bc7(\u4f54\u672c\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u6587\u7ae0\u6578\u7684 66%)\u5171 213,437 \u8a5e\uff0c(\u4f54\u672c\u8a9e \u6599\u5eab\u8a5e\u6578\u7684 59%)\uff0c\u5206\u70ba 17,888 \u884c\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u521d\u6b65\u6a19\u8a18\u5169\u4efd\u5831\u7d19\u65e5\u671f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u524d 10%\u793e\u8ad6(\u81ea \u7531\u6642\u5831\u81ea 2014 \u5e74 3 \u6708 18 \u65e5\u81f3 2015 \u5e74 3 \u6708 20 \u65e5\u5171 8 \u7bc7 1,073 \u884c\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u5831\u81ea 2014 \u5e74 3 \u6708 18 \u65e5\u81f3 2014 \u5e74 4 \u6708 5 \u65e5\u5171 15 \u7bc7 1,825 \u884c)\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe\uff0cDa San Martino Obfuscation, intentional vagueness, confusion)\u3001\u8f49\u79fb\u7126\u9ede(Red herrings)...", "num": null, "html": null }, "TABREF4": { "content": "
\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u679087 \u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49
\u8868 4. \u82f1\u3001\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u8207\u5be6\u4f8b (\u4f9d \u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 \u5b9a\u7fa9 (\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u88dc\u5145\u8aaa\u660e) 1. Loaded language (LL, \u8a55\u50f9 \u8a9e\u8a00) \u4ee5\u5e36\u6709\u6b63\u9762\uff0f\u8ca0\u9762\u8a55\u50f9\u7684\u8a9e \u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0\u67d0\u4eba\u3001\u67d0\u653f\u6cbb\u7fa4\u9ad4\u6216 \u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u55ae\u8a5e\u3001\u77ed\u8a9e\u6216 \u5b50\u53e5\u3002 (\u56e0\u793e\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u8a55\u8ad6\u6642\u4e8b\u70ba \u4e3b\uff0c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u76e3\u7763\u57f7\u653f\u9ee8\u7684\u8cac \u4efb\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8ca0\u9762\u8a9e\u8a00\u8f03\u591a\u3002) 5. Doubt (DT, \u8cea\u7591) \u5a92\u9ad4\u8cea\u7591\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u6216\u653f\u9ee8\u53ef \u4fe1\u5ea6(credibility)\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80 \u8005\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 (\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u554f\u865f\u7d50\u5c3e) 11. Black-and-w \u5f15\u5c0e\u8b80\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u50c5\u5b58\u5728\u5169\u7a2e\u53ef 6. Appeal to fear/prejudic e (ATF, \u8a34 \u8af8\u6050\u61fc\uff0f\u504f \u898b) \u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u767c\u8b80\u8005\u6050\u61fc\uff0f\u504f\u898b\u7684 \u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e8b \u4ef6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002 hite fallacy, dictatorship (BW, \u975e\u9ed1 \u5373\u767d) \u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef \u80fd\u3002\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u6b21\u985e\u5225\uff1a(1) \u975e A \u5373 B (Black-and-white fallacy, BWF)\uff0c(2) A \u6216\u975e A (Dictatorship, DS)\u3002just playing.\" Washington, confirmed that \u82f1\u6587\u5831\u7d19\u5be6\u4f8b \"[...] a lone lawmaker's childish shouting.\" A candidate says about his opponent: \"Vigano said the truth. That's all\" \"Is he ready to be the Mayor?\" \"You must be a \"stop those refugees; they are terrorists.\" Republican or Democrat; you are not a Democrat. Therefore, you must be a Republican\"; \"There is no alternative to war.\"\u4e2d\u6587\u5831\u7d19\u5be6\u4f8b \u8ca0\u9762\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a \u300c\u4ee5\u819a\u6dfa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5bb0 \u6bba\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u6b63\u7fa9\u300d (\u806f \u5408 2014-03-22) \uff1b\u6b63 \u9762\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a \u300c\u6fc0 \u52f5\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u591a\u4eba\u6c11\u6297 \u722d\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2014-03-26) \u3002 \u300c\u54ea\u4f86\u300e\u6df1\u81ea\u53cd \u7701\u300f\uff1f\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2015-03-20) \uff1b \u300c\u96e3\u9053 (1) \u975e A \u5373 B\uff1a \u300c\u5b78 \u9023\u81ea\u5df1\u9762\u81e8\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5371 \u6a5f\u90fd\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\uff1f\u300d (\u806f \u5408 2014-04-17) \u3002 \u300c\u7d71\u6230\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2014-03-18) \u3001 \u300c\u6700\u53b2 \u751f\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u756b \u86c7\u6dfb\u8db3\u9084\u662f\u7121 \u7406\u627e\u78b4\uff1f\u300d (\u806f \u5408 2014-03-25) (2) A \u6216\u975e A\uff1a \u300c\u9019 \u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u662f \u7684\u9b3c\u9b45\u300d (\u806f\u5408 \u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d (\u806f\u5408 2014-03-22) \u3002 2014-03-19) \u3002
2. Name calling or labeling (NCL, \u8cbc\u6a19 \u7c64) 7. Flag-waving (FW, \u9ad8\u8209 \u5927\u65d7) 12. Thought-ter minating clich\u00e9 (TTC, \u683c\u8a00\u8ad6\u8b49) oversimplifi cation (CO, \u904e\u5ea6\u7c21\u5316\u56e0 \u679c) 8. Causal\u5c07\u5ba3\u50b3\u9663\u71df\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u8cbc\u4e0a\u8b80\u8005 \u6240\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u53ad\u60e1\u3001\u4e0d\u6b61\u8fce\uff0c\u6216 \u8005\u53d7\u8b80\u8005\u559c\u611b\u6216\u8b9a\u63da\u7684\u6a19 \u7c64\u3002 (\u6a19\u7c64\u53ef\u6b63\u9762\u6216\u8ca0\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u540d \u8a34\u8af8\u570b\u6c11\u6216\u67d0\u7fa4\u9ad4(\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001 \u6027\u5225\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u7fa4\u9ad4)\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u504f \u597d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c0d\u8b80\u8005\u5ba3\u63da\u67d0\u4e9b\u60f3 \u6cd5\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u4e0a\u5f70\u986f\u67d0\u4e9b(\u666e\u4e16) \u50f9\u503c\u8207\u9858\u666f\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u8a34\u8af8\u8b80\u8005\u5e38\u8b58\u7684\u6587 \u5b57\uff0c\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u5831\u793e\u8ad6\u9ede\u5c6c \u65bc\u5e38\u8b58\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u5176\u7acb\u5834\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u5e38\u70ba\u7c21\u77ed\u3001\u901a\u7528 \u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u70ba\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u4f9b \u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u4e0d\u53bb\u601d \u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u5448\u73fe\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u662f\u4fee\u98fe\u7d50 \u4eba\u7269\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u884c \u70ba\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u3002) \u56e0\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u64b0\u7a3f\u8005\u537b\u50c5\u548e\u8cac\u5176 \u5ea6\u7c21\u5316\u56e0\u679c\u3002 \u4e00\uff0c\u7121\u8996\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u904e \u69cb(modifier-modified)\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u7576\u4e00\u9805\u8b70\u984c\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6709\u8af8\u591a\u6210 \u8003\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\"Republican congressweasels\", \"Bush the Lesser.\" \"stop those refugees; they are terrorists.\" never happened.\" War II would have Germany, World declared war on \"If France had not\u8ca0\u9762\u6a19\u7c64\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a \u300c\u99ac\u5361\u8338\u7e3d\u7d71\u300d (\u81ea \u7531 2014-03-26) \uff1b \u300c\u61b2 \u653f\u8352\u8b2c\u5287\u300d (\u806f\u5408 2015-08-02)\uff1b\u6b63\u9762 \u6a19\u7c64\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a \u300c\u53f8\u6cd5 \u300c\u6c11\u610f\u5411\u80cc\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2015-04-15) \u3001 \u300c\u53f0\u7063 \u7684\u51fa\u8def\u662f\u7531 ECFA \u5230 TPP \u300d (\u806f\u5408 2014-03-23) \u3002 2014-03-22) \u3001 \u300c\u592a\u967d \u82b1\u5b78\u5b50\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2014-04-04) \u3002 \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u9435\u6f22\u300d (\u806f\u5408 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe
3. Repetition (RE, \u91cd\u8907) 9. Slogans (SL, \u547c\u53e3\u53cd\u8986\u51fa\u73fe\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u4f7f\u5f97\u8b80 \u8005\u7d42\u5c07\u63a5\u53d7\u8a72\u8a0a\u606f\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u7c21\u77ed\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u717d\u52d5 \u89c0\u773e\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u6709\u6a19Farrakhan repeatedly refers to Jews as \"Satan.\" He \"Make America great again!\"\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002
\u865f)\u7c64\u6216\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u3002states to his audience [. . . ] call
\u50b3\u610f\u5473\u7684\u8a5e\u8a9e\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5448\u73fe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u55ae\u8a5e\u3001\u77ed\u8a9e\u3001\u5b50\u53e5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0 \u4e9b\u624b\u6cd5\u7684\u88dc\u5145\u8aaa\u660e\u653e\u5165\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0b\u65b9\u62ec\u865f\u5167\u4ee5\u659c\u9ad4\u5b57\u5448\u73fe\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u53c3\u8003\u8868 4 \u4e4b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u9032 \u884c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6a19\u8a18\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a them by their real 10. Appeal to \u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u67d0\u500b\u6b0a\u5a01\u6216\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684 Monsignor \u300c \u300a\u6642\u4ee3\u300b\u99d0\u5317\u4eac\u7279 name, 'Satan.' 4. Exaggeratio n or minimizatio n (EM, \u8a87 \u7528\u904e\u5ea6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u518d\u73fe\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f \u5176\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u66f4\u597d\u6216\u66f4\u58de\uff0c\u9032\u800c \u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u7acb\u5834\u3002 \"Democrats bolted as soon as Trump's apparent effort to Nunciature in speech ended in an \u300c\u4e00\u5915\u4e4b\u9593\u300d (\u806f\u5408 2014-06-09) \u3002 authority (ATA, \u8a34\u8af8 \u6b0a\u5a01) 6 \u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5373\u8a8d\u70ba\u67d0\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u70ba\u771f\u3002 (\u5f15\u7528\u6709\u540d\u7684\uff0f\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684 Counsellor of the \u5a92\u9ad4\u6216\u4eba\u7269\u7b49\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u3002) Jean-Francois \u6d3e\u54e1\u6307\u51fa\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 Lantheaume, who served as first 2014-03-26) \u3002
signal they can't even stomach being 6 \u672c\u6587\u63f4\u5f15 Da San Martino et al. (2019) \u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u8a34\u8af8\u6b0a\u5a01\u300d\u624b\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u6b0a\u5a01\u4eba\u58eb\uff0f\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0f\u5a92\u9ad4\uff0f \u5927\u6216\u6de1\u5316) in the same room as \u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u5373\u70ba\u771f\uff0c\u5176\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u300c\u5f15\u7528\u4f86\u6e90\u300d\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u4f86\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u6216\u8eab\u5206\u6a21\u7cca the president\"; \"I was not fighting \u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u6216\u5718\u9ad4(\u4f8b\u5982\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5a92\u9ad4\u6709\u6642\u6703\u5f15\u8ff0\u7db2\u6c11\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u6216\u570b\u4eba\u7b49\u767c\u8a00)\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u8a34\u8af8\u6b0a\u5a01\u300d\u7684\u8a00
with her; we were \u8ad6\u5247\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u6b0a\u5a01\u4eba\u58eb\uff0f\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0f\u5a92\u9ad4\uff0f\u6a5f\u69cb\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u8a34\u8af8\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u767c\u8a00\u8005\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u767c\u8a00\u5167
\u5bb9\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0d\u5728\u8003\u91cf\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u56e0\u6b64\u66ab\u4e0d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6b0a\u5a01\u8005\u7684\u767c\u8a00\u662f\u5426\u6709\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u8b2c\u8aa4\u300d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002
", "type_str": "table", "text": "Martino et al. (2019)\u63d0\u51fa\u7684 18 \u7a2e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u4e2d\u6587 \u65b0\u805e\u7279\u6709\u7684 2 \u7a2e\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3001\u5b9a\u7fa9\u53ca\u82f1\u3001\u4e2d\u6587\u5be6\u4f8b\u3002\u6211\u5011\u63f4\u5f15 Patrona (2018)\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u5e36\u6709\u5ba3", "num": null, "html": null }, "TABREF5": { "content": "
94 96\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u6790 \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u6790 \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u6790\u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49 91 \u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49 93 \u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49 \u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49 97 \u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49
\u81ea\u7531 2014-08-15) \uff1b \u300c\u53ef\u8b02 \u5df2\u662f\u5728\u5169\u5cb8\u8b70\u984c\u4e0a \u7684\u5e38\u8b58\u300d (\u806f\u5408 2014-03-27) \u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8a9e\u6599\u672a\u51fa\u73fe \u6b64\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 \u300c\u53f0\u7063\u7248\u5929\u5b89\u9580\u4e8b \u4ef6\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2014-03-26) \u3001 \u300c\u4ecd\u5982 \u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u7f8e\u9e97\u5cf6 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7ffb\u7248\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2014-04-04) \u3001 \u300c\u6709\u4eba \u5c07\u9019\u5834\u592a\u967d\u82b1\u5b78\u904b \u8207\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u25cb\u5e74\u7684\u91ce \u767e\u5408\u5b78\u904b\u76f8\u8f03\u300d (\u806f \u5408 2014-04-05) \u3002 (1) \u4fee\u8fad\u6027\u554f\u53e5\uff1a \u300c\u8c48\u4e0d\u53cd\u8af7\u4e4b \u81f3\uff1f\u300d (\u806f\u5408 2014-04-29) \uff1b (2) \u8a55\u50f9\u6a19\u8a18\uff1a \u300c\u7adf \u958b\u653e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d \u8a72\u958b\u653e\u7684\u9805\u76ee \u7d66\u4e2d\u570b\u300d (\u81ea\u7531 2014-03-18) \u3002 \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u5373\u70ba\u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u4e09\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u7686\u70ba\u53d6\u5f97\u570b\u7acb\u5927\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78 13. Whataboutis m (WH, \u300c\u90a3 \u53c8\u600e\u9ebc\u8aaa\u300d \u4e3b\u7fa9 ) \u610f\u6307\u64b0\u7a3f\u8005\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u53cd\u99c1\u5c0d\u624b \u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u8f49\u800c\u653b\u64ca\u5c0d\u624b\u8a00\u884c\u4e0d \u4e00\u800c\u524a\u5f31\u5c0d\u624b\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1 \u5ea6\u3002 Russia Today had a proclivity for whataboutism in its coverage of the 2015 Baltimore and Ferguson protests in the US, which revealed a consistent refrain: \"the oppression of blacks in the US has become so unbearable that the eruption of violence was inevitable\", and that the US therefore lacks \"the moral high ground to discuss human rights issues in countries like Russia and China.\" 14. Reductio ad Hitlerum (RH, \u5e0c\u7279 \u52d2\u6b78\u8b2c\u6cd5) \u6697\u793a\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u52d5\u6216\u60f3\u6cd5\u53d7\u5230\u5927 \u773e\u53ad\u60e1\u7684\u5718\u9ad4\u6240\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u9032\u800c \u8aaa\u670d\u89c0\u773e\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u8a72\u884c\u52d5\u6216\u60f3 \u6cd5\u3002 \"Only one kind of person can think this way: a communist.\" 15. Red herring (RD, \u539f\u6587 \u70ba\u7d05\u9be1\u9b5a\uff0c \u672c\u6587\u8b6f\u70ba \u300c\u8f49\u79fb\u7126 \u9ede\u300d) \u64b0\u7a3f\u8005\u5f15\u5165\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8b70\u984c\u7121\u95dc \u7684\u984c\u6750\uff0c\u4ee5\u8f49\u79fb\u8b80\u8005\u7126\u9ede\u3002 \"You may claim that the death penalty is an ineffective deterrent against crime -but what about the victims of crime? How do you think surviving family members feel when they see the man who murdered their son kept in prison at their expense?...\" 16. Bandwagon (BA, \u5f9e\u773e \u6548\u61c9) \u7528\u300c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u300d\u7684\u8aaa \u8a5e\uff0c\u8aaa\u670d\u89c0\u773e\u52a0\u5165 \"Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say yes.\" 17. Obfuscation, intentional vagueness, confusion (OIVC, \u523b \u610f\u6a21\u7cca\u8207\u6df7 \u6dc6) \u64b0\u7a3f\u8005\u523b\u610f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u6216 \u6709\u591a\u91cd\u8a9e\u610f\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u8b93\u8b80\u8005 \u6709\u81ea\u884c\u89e3\u8b80\u8207\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002 \"It is a good idea to listen to victims of theft. Therefore, if the victims say to have the thief shot, then you should do it.\" 18. Straw man (SM, \u7a3b\u8349 \u4eba) \u7528\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3\u5c0d\u624b\u7684 \u4e3b\u5f35\u4e26\u52a0\u4ee5\u99c1\u65a5\uff0c\u723e\u5f8c\u5ba3\u7a31 \u5df2\u99c1\u5012\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002 \"Take it seriously, but with a large grain of salt.\" Which is just Allen's more nuanced way of saying: \"Don't believe it.\" 19. Historical allusion (HA, \u5f15\u7528 \u6b77\u53f2) \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u7368\u6709\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b \u4ef6\u6216\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5f15\u767c\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u7576\u4e0b \u4e8b\u4ef6\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u985e\u6bd4\u8207\u806f \u60f3\u3002\u8a9e\u8a00\u7279\u5fb5\u70ba\u300c \u300e\u53f0(\u7063) \u7248\u300f\uff0b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540d\u7a31\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6b77 \u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540d\u7a31\uff0b\u300e\u7ffb\u7248\u300f \u300d \uff0c\u6216 \u4f7f\u7528\u985e\u6bd4\u6216\u6bd4\u8f03\u6587\u5b57\u300c\u5982\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u50cf\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u76f8\u8f03\u300d \u3002 Da San Martino et al. (2019) \u672a\u63d0\u51fa \u6b64\u624b\u6cd5 20. Presuppositi on (PS, \u9810 \u8a2d\u7acb\u5834) \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u7368\u6709\u3002\u5229\u7528\u4fee\u8fad\u6027 \u554f\u53e5(rhetorical question, RQ) \u548c\u8a55\u50f9\u6a19\u8a18(evaluative marker)\u4f86\u50b3\u9054\u5831\u7d19\u9810\u8a2d\u7acb \u5834\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fee\u8fad\u6027\u554f\u53e5\u7684\u8a9e \u8a00\u7279\u8272\u70ba\u5426\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u53e5\u6216\u8005\u662f \u9644\u52a0\u554f\u53e5\uff0c\u800c\u8a55\u50f9\u6a19\u8a18\u5247\u70ba \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u300c\u7adf(\u7136) \u300d \u3001 \u300c\u5c45\u7136\u300d\u9019\u985e\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u3002 Da San Martino et al. (2019) \u672a\u63d0\u51fa \u6b64\u624b\u6cd5 \u8005\uff0c\u4e14\u5c08\u9577\u7686\u6db5\u84cb\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u548c\u8a5e\u5f59\u8a9e\u610f\u5b78\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u548c\u8cc7\u6df1\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u5c08\u9577\u4ea6\u5305\u542b \u8a8d\u77e5\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u4ea6\u7cbe\u901a\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u3002\u5728\u6a19\u8a18\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e09\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18 \u8005\u900f\u904e\u6301\u7e8c\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u78ba\u5b9a\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7fa9\u548c\u6a19\u8a18\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e26\u6301\u7e8c\u6aa2\u8996\u6a19\u8a18\u7d50\u679c\u4f86\u9054\u5230\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u4e00 \u81f4\u6027\u3002 \u5728\u9032\u884c\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5148\u4ee5\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662 CKIP \u7684\u65b7\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c07\u5169\u5831\u95dc\u65bc\u592a\u967d\u82b1 \u5b78\u904b\u7684\u793e\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u65b7\u8a5e 7 \uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u5176\u5206\u884c\u7d50\u679c\u70ba\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4ee5\u55ae\u884c\u505a\u70ba\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u3010\u4f8b 2\u3011 \u8aaa\u660e\uff1a \u3010\u4f8b 2\u3011\u5728\u570b\u6703\u5168\u6b66\u884c\u7684\u6df7\u4e82\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u7d19\u5f71\u97ff\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u958b\u9580\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5982\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8 \u5718\u5ba3\u7a31\u7684 \u300c\u8996\u70ba\u5df2\u5be9\u67e5\u300d\uff1f(\u81ea\u7531 2014-03-18) \u7d93\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u65b7\u8a5e\u53ca\u5206\u884c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u3010\u4f8b 2'\u3011 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff1a\u9019 \u7d19 \u5f71\u97ff \u91cd\u5927 \u7684 \u653f\u6cbb \u8207 \u7d93\u6fdf \u958b\u9580 \u689d\u6b3e \uff0c \u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff1a\u662f\u5426 \u5982 \u570b\u6c11 \u9ee8\u5718 \u5ba3\u7a31 \u7684 \u300c \u8996\u70ba \u5df2 \u5be9\u67e5 \u300d \uff1f \u57fa\u65bc\u672a\u4f86\u8a08\u7b97\u61c9\u7528\u4e0a\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5224\u65b7\u6a19\u8a18\u6642\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u524d\u5f8c\u6587\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6a19\u8a18\u8de8\u884c \u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 8 \u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u4e09\u884c\u5404\u81ea\u5f62\u6210\u7368\u7acb\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u300c\u5728 \u570b\u6703 \u5168\u6b66\u884c \u7684 \u6df7\u4e82 \u4e2d\u300d\uff0c\u4e09\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u54b8\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u6df7\u4e82\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5177\u5099\u8ca0\u9762\u8a55\u50f9\uff0c\u4e14\u53ef\u55ae\u5f9e\u8a72\u884c\u5224\u65b7 \u300c\u6df7\u4e82\u300d\u70ba\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00(Loaded language)\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u8a72\u8a5e\u6240\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e8b \u7269\u7684\u89c0\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u50c5\u5c31\u8a72\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u6df7\u4e82\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u9032\u884c\u6a19\u8a18\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u884c\u4ea6\u5982\u6b64\u3002 \u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u884c\u5167\u90e8\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u591a\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u591a\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b \u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u3010\u4f8b 3\u3011\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u819a\u6dfa\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5bb0\u6bba\u300d\uff1b\u3010\u4f8b 4\u3011\u5247\u51fa \u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8cbc\u6a19\u7c64\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u300c\u4e5d\u8db4\u7e3d\u7d71\u300d \uff0c\u548c\u5169\u500b\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a19\u8a18\u300c\u57f7\u8ff7\u4e0d\u8aa4\u300d\u8207\u300c\u4e00\u610f\u5b64\u884c\u300d\uff1a \u3010\u4f8b 3\u3011\u4ee5\u819a\u6dfa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5bb0\u6bba\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u6b63\u7fa9(\u806f\u5408 2014-03-22) \u3010\u4f8b 4\u3011\u4e5d\u8db4\u7e3d\u7d71\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u57f7\u8ff7\u4e0d\u8aa4[sic]\u3001\u4e00\u610f\u5b64\u884c \u3002 (\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831 2014-04-04) \u6a19\u8a18\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5206\u6210\u4e09\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u6642\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u6839\u64da\u524d\u8ff0\u8868 4 \u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 \u5b9a\u7fa9\u5c0d\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u5225\u9032\u884c\u6a19\u8a18\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u968e\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5169\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u8207\u8cc7\u6df1\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u8acb\u8cc7 \u6df1\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u8655\u505a\u6700\u7d42\u7248\u672c\u4e4b\u6a19\u8a18\u3002\u4e09\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u6c7a\u8b70\uff0c\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u9593\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u4ee5\u6700\u56b4\u8b39 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feature) \u9032\u884c\u6a5f\u5668\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002\u5728\u6a5f\u5668\u5b78\u7fd2\u5b8c\u6210\u5f8c\uff0c\u5148\u6e05\u9664\u9019\u5169\u6279\u8cc7\u6599\u53e6\u5916\u7684 30%\u884c\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c \u4e26\u8b93\u6a5f\u5668\u5224\u8b80\u4e00\u884c\u6bb5\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 9 \u3002\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u5c07\u5448\u73fe\u65bc\u7b2c 4 \u7ae0\u300c\u7d50\u679c\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6\u300d\u3002 4. \u7d50\u679c\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6 (Results and Discussion) \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u7d93\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u65b7\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71\u8655\u7406\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u793e\u8ad6\u5171 17,098 \u884c\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u5831 \u793e\u8ad6\u5171 17,888 \u884c\u3002\u6a19\u8a18\u5f8c\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u5171\u6709 2,312 \u884c\u542b\u6709\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u5831\u5171\u6709 2,413 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\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u5426\u542b\u6709\u8207\u4eba\u5de5\u6a19\u8a18\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u82e5 \u5206\u884c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u66fe\u6a19\u8a18\u904e\u4e4b\u55ae\u8a5e\uff0f\u77ed\u8a9e\uff0f\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u5373\u5c07\u540c\u4e00\u55ae\u8a5e\uff0f\u77ed\u8a9e\uff0f\u5b50\u53e5\u8996\u70ba\u76f8\u540c\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b \u6cd5\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e09\u968e\u6bb5\u4e4b\u6a19\u8a18\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u968e\u6bb5\u4e09\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u4e00\u81f4\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u7671\u7613\u300d\u5728\u3010\u4f8b 5\u3011\u4e2d\u70ba\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\uff1a \u3010\u4f8b 5\u3011\u6297\u722d\u904b\u52d5\u4e0d\u50c5\u7671\u7613\u570b\u6703\u904b\u4f5c(\u806f\u5408 2014-03-30) Bootstrap \u5373\u4ee5\u300c\u7671\u7613\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5c0d 90%\u672a\u7d93\u4eba\u5de5\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u3010\u4f8b 6\u3011-\u3010\u4f8b 12\u3011 \u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d \u6a19\u8a18\u6578 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d \u6a19\u8a18\u6578 \u806f\u5408\u5831 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d \u6a19\u8a18\u6578 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d \u6a19\u8a18\u6578 \u932f\u6a19\u70ba\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u7d93\u4eba\u5de5\u66f4\u6b63\u70ba\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a19\u8a18\uff1b\u53e6 Bootstrap \u907a\u6f0f 199 \u7b46\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a19 \u8a18\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u4eba\u5de5\u6aa2\u6838\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u7d93\u4eba\u5de5\u65b0\u589e\u70ba\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a19\u8a18\uff1b\u5269\u4e0b 1,116 \u7b46\u70ba\u4ee5 Bootstrap \u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u300c\u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834\u300d\u3002 \u8868 9. \u4e2d\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u4e4b\u5e38\u898b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u8207\u6bd4\u8f03(\u4f9d\u7167\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u6392\u5e8f) \u672c\u6587\u505a\u70ba\u9996\u7bc7\u6a19\u8a18\u4e2d\u6587\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u50c5\u521d\u6b65\u8a55\u6e2c\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u9593\u91dd\u5c0d\u540c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u6a19 \u8a18\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff0c\u5c1a\u672a\u8003\u616e\u5176\u4ed6\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u4e4b \u03b3 \u8a55\u6e2c\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u90e8\u5206\u6a19 \u8868 6\u6821\u6b63\u65b9\u5f0f \u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831 \u806f\u5408\u5831 \u65b0\u589e(A) 266 (11.5%) 328 (13.2%) \u66f4\u6b63(Y) 77 (3.3%) 105 (4.4%) \u6b63\u78ba 1,969 (85.2%) 1,980 (82.1%) \u65b9\u5f0f\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5f8c\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u672a\u518d\u7d93\u4eba\u5de5\u8b8a\u52d5\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u7b46\u6578\uff1b\u6700\u5f8c\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u793e\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7e3d\u5171\u6a19\u8a18\u4e86 1,330 \u7b46\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6b63\u78ba\u7387\u70ba 1,116 / 1,330 = 83.9%\u3002 \u8868 8. \u806f\u5408\u5831\u793e\u8ad6\u5404\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u4e4b Bootstrap \u6b63\u78ba\u7387\u7d71\u8a08(\u4f9d\u7167\u7e3d\u7b46\u6578\u6392\u5e8f) \u8a18\u91cd\u758a\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u6e2c\u3002\u6b64\u70ba\u672c\u521d\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u672c\u6a19\u8a18\u624b\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u5c08 \u6ce8\u65bc\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u4e8b\u524d\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u4e26\u63a1\u53d6\u55ae\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u4e4b\u6a19\u8a18\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u9054\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u7531 \u65bc\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u4e4b\u8907\u96dc\u5ea6\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u9664\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u4e4b\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff0c\u50c5\u5c07\u4eba\u5de5\u6a19\u8a18\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3 [Table 9\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 \u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831 \u806f\u5408\u5831 \u7e3d\u6a19\u8a18\u6578 \u767e\u5206\u6bd4 Da San Martino et al. \u767e\u5206\u6bd4 1. \u60c5\u7dd2\u8a9e\u8a00 1,330 1,740 3,070 65.0% 2,547 34.1% \u624b\u6cd5\u8cc7\u6599\u7528 Bootstrap \u65b9\u5f0f\u64f4\u5c55\u8cc7\u6599\u96c6\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u9032\u884c\u4eba\u5de5\u6aa2\u6838\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u904b\u7528\u6a5f\u5668\u8a08\u7b97\u6a21\u578b\u65bc\u6b64 \u985e\u578b\u6a19\u8a18\u4e4b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5c07\u5217\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u8b70\u984c\u3002 [Table 8\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 \u66f4\u6b63\u7b46\u6578 \u65b0\u589e\u7b46\u6578 \u6b63\u78ba\u7b46\u6578 \u7e3d\u7b46\u6578 \u6b63\u78ba\u7387 2. \u9ad8\u8209\u5927\u65d7 432 31 463 9.8% 330 4.4% \u672c\u6587\u4eba\u5de5\u6a19\u8a18\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u5df2\u958b\u653e\u7528\u65bc\u5075\u6e2c\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76 13 \uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u7528 \u884c\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u7671\u7613\u300d\u6a19\u8a18\u70ba\u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00\uff1a \u3010\u4f8b 6\u3011\u5411\u4f86\u662f\u7671\u7613\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6bd4\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u6642\u5019\u591a\uff1b (\u806f\u5408 2014-04-09) \u3010\u4f8b 7\u3011\u7686\u6709\u5047\u85c9\u6297\u722d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u4f86\u7671\u7613\u9ad4\u5236\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u3002 (\u806f\u5408 2015-03-18) \u3010\u4f8b 8\u3011\u4e26\u5e7e\u4e4e\u7671\u7613\u4e86\u99ac\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u57f7\u653f\u80fd\u529b\uff1b (\u806f\u5408 2015-08-03) \u3010\u4f8b 9\u3011\u5b78\u751f\u5360\u9818\u570b\u6703\u3001\u7671\u7613\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u52d5 \uff0c (\u806f\u5408 2015-10-22) \u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5 1,073 449 86 1,825 577 104 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u968e\u6bb5 \u540c\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5 --\u540c\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5 -\u7e3d\u8a08 2,312 (100.0%) 2,413 (100.0%) 3. \u975e\u9ed1\u5373\u767d 130 272 402 8.5% 134 1.8% \u65bc\u5a92\u9ad4\u4e2d\u7acb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u672a\u4f86\u5c07\u5ef6\u7e8c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u8cc7\u6599\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u4e26\u64f7\u53d6\u5176\u4e2d\u5e38\u898b\u4e4b\u8a9e 1 \u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00 13 278 1,449 1,740 83.3% 4. \u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834 46 155 201 4.3% --\u8a00\u7279\u5fb5(\u5982\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u983b\u6216\u53e5\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb)\uff0c\u81ea\u52d5\u5224\u8b80\u5176\u4ed6\u672a\u6a19\u8a18\u65b0\u805e\uff0c\u4e26\u5075\u6e2c\u5176\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3 -\u7b2c\u4e09\u968e\u6bb5 2,312 --2,413 -2 \u975e\u9ed1\u5373\u767d 15 0 257 272 5. \u8cbc\u6a19\u7c64 131 59 190 4.0% 1,294 17.3% \u624b\u6cd5\u3002 94.5% -\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u5169\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u55ae \u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5 \u66f4\u6b63\u7b46\u6578 \u65b0\u589e\u7b46\u6578 \u6b63\u78ba\u7b46\u6578 \u7e3d\u7b46\u6578 \u6b63\u78ba\u7387 3 \u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834 0 9 146 155 6. \u8a34\u8af8\u6050\u61fc 127 35 162 3.4% 367 4.9% 94.2% 7. \u8a34\u8af8\u6b0a\u5a01 35 4 39 0.8% 169 2.3% \u81f4\u8b1d (Acknowledgements)
", "type_str": "table", "text": "\u7bc7\u5171 1,073 \u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u5171\u6a19\u8a18\u4e86 445 \u500b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u5247\u6709 86 \u500b \u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709 594 \u884c\u5169\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u7686\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u542b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u6709 28 \u500b\u5169\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u6a19 \u8a18\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff1b\u806f\u5408\u5831\u524d 15 \u7bc7\u5171 1,825 \u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u6a19\u51fa\u4e86 577 \u500b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u6709 104 \u500b\u5ba3\u50b3\u6a19\u8a18\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u5169\u4f4d\u6a19\u8a18\u8005\u9593\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027(inter-annotator agreement)\u50c5\u9054 63.3% 10 \u3002\u4e09\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u5206\u5225\u8655\u7406\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u6578\u6574\u7406\u5982\u8868 5\u3002 \u8868 \u6240\u793a\uff0c\u4ee5 Bootstrap \u65b9\u5f0f\u64f4\u5c55\u4f46\u907a\u6f0f\u8655\uff0c\u518d\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u65b0\u589e\u7b46\u6578\uff0c \u5206\u5225\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831 266 \u7b46\u4ee5\u53ca\u806f\u5408\u5831 328 \u7b46\uff1b\u53e6\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u6709 77 \u7b46\u3001\u806f\u5408\u5831\u6709 105 \u7b46 Bootstrap \u4e0d\u76e1\u6b63\u78ba\u8655\u518d\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u66f4\u6b63\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u542b Bootstrap \u8aa4\u6a19\u4e4b 59 \u7b46(\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831)\u8207 66 \u7b46(\u806f \u5408\u5831)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u6700\u5f8c\u6210\u70ba\u6700\u7d42\u7248\u672c\u4e4b\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u9054 85.2%(\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831) 12 \u4ee5\u53ca 82.1% (\u806f\u5408\u5831)\u3002", "num": null, "html": null }, "TABREF6": { "content": "
\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u6790101 \u65bd\u5b5f\u8ce2 \u7b49
\u9644\u93041 (Appendix 1) \u8096 \u8a71 \u984f\u9762 \u76e1\u5931 \u7070\u982d\u571f\u81c9 \u8f38\u6389 \u4e00\u5ec2\u60c5\u9858 \u883b\u5e79 \u8edf\u571f \u6df1 \u6398 \u8df3\u91dd\u5f0f \u558a\u8a71 \u50b2\u6162 \u7cde
\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u4eba\u5de5\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u55ae\u8a5e\uff0f\u77ed\u8a9e\uff0f\u5b50\u53e5(\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u6bcd\u6392 \u571f \u5371\u6a5f \u570b\u6c11\u9ee8 \u300c \u66b4\u653f \u300d \u6035\u76ee\u9a5a\u5fc3 \u843d\u4f0d \u5411 \u4e2d\u570b \u9760\u650f \u570d \u4e8b \u5931\u6557 \u7684 \u6700 \u721b \u958b
\u5e8f) \u9580\u63d6\u76dc \u6050\u6016 \u60b2\u54c0 \u6c92 \u6551 \u7684 \u9ad8\u9ad8\u5728\u4e0a \u9022\u8fce \u4e00\u91dd\u898b\u8840 \u60e1\u679c \u7159\u9727 \u9580\u6236 \u6d1e\u958b \uff0c \u5bb3
\u53f0 \u6b0a\u529b \u7684 \u50b2\u6162 \u675f\u624b\u7121\u7b56 \u76ee \u7121 \u707d\u6c11 \u96e2\u984c \u633a\u8eab\u800c\u51fa \u7121\u80fd \u4e0d\u7576 \u5c08\u5236 \u7262\u7c60 \u885d\u7a81 Appeal to authority (ATA, \u8a34\u8af8\u6b0a\u5a01)\uff1a \u300a \u5f6d\u535a \u5546\u696d \u5468\u520a \u300b \u300a \u6642\u4ee3 \u300b \u300c \u7d10\u7d04\u6642\u5831 \u300d \u51a5\u9811\u4e0d\u9748 \u4ea4\u53c9 \u611f\u67d3 \u907a\u6bd2 \u8b8a \u4e0d \u51fa\u65b0 \u628a\u6232 \u5077\u6e21 \u9580\u6236 \u6d1e\u958b \u8836\u98df \u9be8\u541e \u300c \u7368\u88c1 \u300d \u7d10\u7d04\u6642\u5831 \u300a \u7d10\u7d04\u6642\u5831 \u300b \u4e2d\u570b \u79fb\u5c45 \u7f8e\u570b \u7684 \u7d93\u6fdf \u793e\u6703 \u5b78\u8005 \u83ef\u723e\u8857\u65e5\u5831 \u300c \u7d93\u6fdf \u5b78 \u4eba \u300d \u5e0c\u62c9\u854a \u50b3\u7d71 \u57fa\u91d1\u6703 \u83ef\u723e\u8857\u65e5\u5831 \u570b\u969b \u5a92\u9ad4 \u5a01\u723e\u905c \u83ef\u723e\u8857\u65e5\u5831 \u53f0\u7063 \u516c\u5831 \u5e0c \u88ab\u8feb \u300c \u7121\u80fd \u300d \u5f37\u63a8 \u9ed1 \u7bb1 \u6cbe\u6cbe\u81ea\u559c \u65e5\u8584\u897f\u5c71 \u7368\u6cbd \u4e2d\u570b \u4e00\u5473 \u9a19\u5c40
\u62c9\u854a \uff0e \u67ef\u6797\u9813 \u912d\u79c0\u73b2 \u7d93\u6fdf \u5b78\u4eba \u96dc\u8a8c \u83ef\u723e\u8857\u65e5\u5831 \u9577\u671f \u95dc\u5fc3 \u53f0\u7063 \u7684 \u5c08\u5bb6 \u7504\u59ae Name calling or labeling (NCL, \u8cbc\u6a19\u7c64)\uff1a\u300c \u534a \u5206 \u5fe0 \u300d \u6c11\u6028 \u706b\u5c71 \u300c \u9435\u8e44 \u300d \u300c \u592a
\u967d\u9905 \u99ac\u6232\u5718 \u300d \u300c \u99ac\u5361\u8338 \u7e3d\u7d71 \u300d \u300c \u73fe\u4ee3 \u5433\u9cf3 \u300d \u52c7\u6562 \u5a66\u4eba \u4e2d\u570b \u53f0\u5546 \u6295\u7968 \u90e8 Appeal to fear/prejudice (ATF, \u8a34\u8af8\u6050\u61fc)\uff1a\u4e00 \u4e2d \u968a \u300c \u6293\u6f0f \u5927\u968a \u300d \u5143\u51f6 \u4e5d \u8db4 \u7e3d\u7d71 \u5373\u5c07 \u4e0b\u53f0 \u7684\u99ac\u82f1\u4e5d \u5011 \u99ac\u82f1\u4e5d \u5011 \u99ac \u9ee8\u570b \u7121 Black-and-white fallacy, dictatorship (BW, \u975e\u9ed1\u5373\u767d)\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55 \u4e00 \u500b \u4e0a\u8ecc\u9053 \u7684 \u570b\u5bb6 \u7d55\u4e0d \u5fc3 \u4e5f \u7121\u80fd \u7684 \u99ac \u653f\u5e9c \u50be\u4e2d \u653f\u7b56 \u8001\u5171 \u8ffd\u6c42 \u300c \u7d42\u6975 \u7d71\u4e00 \u300d \u7684 \u99ac\u82f1\u4e5d \u300c \u4eca\u65e5 \u9999 \u6703 \u5141\u8a31 \u5728 \u6beb\u7121 \u8a0e\u8ad6 \u3001 \u4e0d\u51c6 \u4fee\u6b63 \u6539\u826f \u7684 \u7c97\u66b4 \u904e\u7a0b \u4e2d \u7d55\u4e0d \u7d55\u975e \u5fc5\u9808 \u6e2f \u300d \u300c \u4e00 \u689d \u9f8d \u300d \u4e5d \u8db4 \u7e3d\u7d71 \u570b\u6703 \u5168\u6b66\u884c \u5411 \u4e2d\u570b \u50be\u659c \u653f\u7b56 \u660e\u65e5 \u53f0\u7063 \u300d \u5e6b
Doubt (DT, \u8cea\u7591)\uff1a\u5176 \u6b64 \u4e4b \u8b02 \u4e4e \uff1f \u54ea\u4f86 \u300c \u6df1 \u81ea \u53cd\u7701 \u300d \uff1f \u96e3\u9053 \u662f \u9019\u6a23 \u7684 \u60f3 \u8154 \u5e6b\u9591 \u8005 \u300c \u53f0\u7063\u7248 \u5929\u5b89\u9580 \u4e8b\u4ef6 \u300d \u672a\u4f86 \u7684 \u4e3b\u5b50 \u9ce5\u7c60 \u516c\u6295 \u300c \u516c\u6c11 \u4e0d \u670d\u5f9e \u904b
\u6cd5 \u55ce \uff1f \u52d5 \u300d \u80cc\u96e2 \u6c11\u610f \u7684 \u653f\u5e9c \u9ed1 \u7bb1 \u670d \u8cbf \uff0c \u628a \u570b\u65d7 \u6536 \u8d77\u4f86 \u7684 \u5c0f \u5b98 \uff0c \u4e0d \u9069\u683c \u4e0d
\u9069\u4efb \u8005 \u9ee8\u570b \u8f3f\u8ad6 \u88fd\u9020\u8853 \u53cd \u6c11\u4e3b \u9b27\u5287 \u6709 \u52dd\u7b97 \u8005 \u6709\u8b58\u4e4b\u58eb \u5217\u5be7\u5f0f \u9ee8 \u6a5f\u5668 \u99ac \u9ee8\u570b \u300c \u5929\u9f8d\u570b \u300d \u9ee8 \u5916 \u7cbe\u82f1 \u300c \u4e2d\u570b \u8ecd\u95a5 \u9435\u8e44 \u300d \u919c \u89d2\u8272 \u7d05\u9802 \u5546\u4eba \u5143\u51f6 \u5e6b \u51f6 \u5171\u532a \u592a\u967d \u82b1 \u5b78\u5b50 \u8001\u628a\u6232 \u300c \u5a49\u541b \u300d \u4e5d \u8db4 \u7e3d\u7d71 \u9577\u671f \u95dc\u5fc3 \u53f0\u7063 \u7684 \u5c08\u5bb6 \u300c \u66b4 Flag-waving (FW, Historical allusion (HA, \u5f15\u7528\u6b77\u53f2)\uff1a\u7f8e\u9e97\u5cf6 \u4e8b\u4ef6 \u5929\u5b89\u9580 \u4e8b\u4ef6 \u300c \u5f15 \u6e05\u5175 \u5165\u95dc \u300d \u93ae \u300d \u4e2d\u570b\u9ee8 \u300c \u7121\u80fd \u9818\u5c0e \u8005 \u300d \u9055\u6cd5 \u7e3d\u7d71 \u9019 \u500b \u300c \u81ea\u7d55 \u65bc \u570b\u4eba \u300d \u7684 \u653f\u5e9c \u96d9
Loaded language (LL, \u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00)\uff1a\u8840\u8165 \u6bc0\u6ec5 \u4e0d \u502b \u300c \u6c23 \u7206\u626f \u670d\u8cbf \u300d \u98df\u8a00\u800c\u80a5 \u7d19 \u624b \u7368\u652c \u6b0a\u529b \u7684 \u99ac\u82f1\u4e5d \u300c \u66b4\u93ae \u300d \u99ac \u9ee8\u570b \u8001\u72d7 \u99ac\u82f1\u4e5d \u5011 \uff0c \u9ed1 \u7bb1 \u670d \u8cbf
\u4e0a\u8ac7\u5175 \u4e00\u610f\u5b64\u884c \uff0c \u5410 \u69fd \u4efb \u4eba \u5bb0\u5272 \u99ac\u738b \u60e1\u9b25 \u5167\u615a \u795e\u660e \u9589\u9580\u601d\u904e \u71b1\u6f6e \u5e79\u8b59 Presupposition (PS, \u9810\u8a2d\u7acb\u5834)\uff1a\u7adf\u7136 \u4e0d \u662f \u66f4 \u61c9\u8a72 \u9589\u9580\u601d\u904e \u3001 \u5167\u615a \u795e\u660e \u55ce \uff1f \u53f0
\u5411 \u4e2d\u570b \u50be\u659c \u5378\u8cac \u642a\u585e \u4ee4 \u4eba \u611f\u5606 \u53ef\u60b2 \u98df\u9ad3\u77e5\u5473 \u98df\u9ad3\u77e5\u5473 \uff0c \u6572\u8a50 \u4f75\u541e \u9580\u6236 \u7063 \u7d93\u6fdf \u6703 \u6108 \u62da \u6108 \u5012\u9000 \u55ce \uff1f \u7adf \u5be6\u8cea \u85aa\u8cc7 \u6240\u5f97 \u6703 \u6108 \u62da \u6108 \u56de\u53bb \u55ce \uff1f \u7adf
\u5927\u958b \u7f54\u9867 \u77db\u76fe \u73a9\u5f04 \u6162\u534a\u62cd \u4e00\u610f\u5b64\u884c \u57f7\u8ff7 \u4e0d\u8aa4 \u5bf6\u8cb4 \u7684 \u8a98\u4f7f \u9677\u9631 \u9707\u64bc \u4f4e\u8ff7 \u662f\u5426 \u5982 \u570b\u6c11 \u9ee8\u5718 \u5ba3\u7a31 \u7684 \u300c \u8996\u70ba \u5df2 \u5be9\u67e5 \u300d \uff1f \u6b66\u5b98 \u9084 \u6015 \u751a\u9ebc \uff1f \u6eff\u610f\u5ea6 \u6703
\u7f54\u9867 \u6feb\u884c \u8ce4 \u62db \u6490\u8170 \u4f4e\u8072\u4e0b\u6c23 \u7121\u80fd \u4f86 \u6d17 \u4eba\u6c11 \u7684 \u8166 \u81ed \u9178 \u7684 \u66b4\u529b \u80cc\u5c0d \u4eba\u6c11 \u4e00\u8def \u6ed1\u5230 \u4e5d \u8db4 \u55ce \uff1f \u7adf \u8ab0 \u6703 \u770b \u4e0d \u61c2 \u3001 \u60f3 \u4e0d \u6e05\u695a \uff1f \u8ca7\u5bcc \u5dee\u8ddd \u6703 \u6301\u7e8c
\u76ee \u7121 \u982d\u5bb6 \u6232\u672c \u7c97\u66b4 \u5f37 \u6e21 \u95dc\u5c71 \u64cd\u63a7 \u50b7\u5bb3 \u512a\u54c9\u6e38\u54c9 \uff0c \u7121\u80fd \u7121\u5fc3 \u5077\u5077 \u89ba\u9192 \u50b7 \u64f4\u5927 \u55ce \uff1f \u9019 \u53eb \u751a\u9ebc \uff1f \u9019 \u8c48\u4e0d \u8aaa\u660e M 503 \u822a\u8def \u5c0d \u6211\u570b \u98db \u5b89 \u8207 \u570b\u5b89 \u78ba\u5be6
\u5bb3 \u60e1\u8a55 \u723d \u6b6a\u6b6a \u969c\u7919 \u516c\u6c11 \u89ba\u9192 \u904d \u5730 \u958b\u82b1 \u5a01\u8105 \u885d\u64ca \u5371\u6a5f \u5c08\u5236 \u6b0a\u8b00 \u7b97\u8a08 \u525d \u5b58\u5728 \u5a01\u8105 \uff1f \u9084 \u6709 \u591a\u5c11 \u770b \u4e0d \u5230 \u537b \u66f4 \u6050\u6016 \u7684 \u4e8b\u60c5 \u6b63\u5728 \u767c\u751f \uff1f \u96e3\u9053 \u9019 \u662f
. Proppy: Organizing the news based on their propagandistic content. Information Processing and Management, 56(5), 1849-1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.03.005 Bednarek, M. (2006). Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus. New York: Continuum. Bensa, C. P. & Wijaya L. (2017). Media propaganda techniques in the South China Sea dispute. Jurnal Komunikasi ISKI, 02(01), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v2i1.86 Bussemer, T. (2005). Propaganda: Konzepte und Theorien. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften. \u4eba\u6c11 \u7684 \u300c \u66b4\u529b \u676f\u845b \u300d \u55ce \uff1f \u99ac\u82f1\u4e5d \u4e0d \u4e5f \u662f \u5982\u6b64 \u5fc3\u614b \u55ce \uff1f Thought-terminating clich\u00e9 (TTC, \u683c\u8a00\u8ad6\u8b49)\uff1a\u4e0d \u8aa0 \u7121\u7269 \u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5 \uff0c \u7b54\u6848 \u7576\u7136 \u662f \u5426 \u5b9a \u7684 \u81ea\u4e0d\u5f85\u8a00 \u9644\u93042 (Appendix 2) \u596a \u300c \u7121\u80fd \u300d \u7c97\u7cd9 \u883b\u6a6b \u300c \u6539\u8b8a\u6210 \u771f \u300d \u60e1\u679c \u6182\u616e \u5c01\u6bba \u56de \u55c6 \u6295\u7968 \u90e8\u968a \u62db\u6578 \u73a9\u5f04 \u865b\u5047 \u54c8\u8170 \u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u4eba\u5de5\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u806f\u5408\u5831\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u55ae\u8a5e\uff0f\u77ed\u8a9e\uff0f\u5b50\u53e5 (\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u6bcd\u6392\u5e8f)
\u8ac2\u5a9a \u300c \u4ee5 \u5546 \u903c \u653f \u300d \u865b\u6643 \u4e00 \u62db \u7f54\u9867 \u6c11\u6028 \u7f54\u9867 \u6050\u5687 \u724c \u65bd\u66b4 \u958b\u9580\u63d6\u76dc \u8086 \u80cc
\u96e2 \u906d \u6253 \u81c9 \u5a01\u8105 \u552c\u5f04 \u548e\u7531\u81ea\u53d6 \u8f49\u6369\u9ede \u6177\u6168 \u9673\u8a5e \u898b\u8ce2\u601d\u9f4a \u3002 \u8af7\u523a \u8b0a\u8a71 \u9023\u7bc7
", "type_str": "table", "text": "\u9ad8\u8209\u5927\u65d7)\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b \u50f9\u503c \u6c11\u610f \u5fc3\u8072 \u516c\u6c11 \u89ba\u9192 \u6c11\u610f \u570b\u5bb6 \u5b89\u5168 \u516c\u773e \u652f\u6301 \u634d\u885b \u6c11\u4e3b \u666e\u904d \u5fc3\u8072 \u6c11\u610f \u6c11\u8abf \u6b63\u5e38 \u6c11\u4e3b \u7a0b\u5e8f \u570b\u5bb6 \u5b89\u5168 \u6c11\u610f \u57fa\u790e \u4e3b\u6b0a \u570b\u5b89 \u52a9\u6210 \u5931\u9748 \u5ac1\u798d \u88fd\u9020 \u4e8b\u7aef \u5831\u5fa9 \u7c97\u7cd9 \u8f15\u5ffd \u66b4\u529b \u81ea\u6043 \u81ea\u6211 \u541e\u566c \u8ce0 \u4e0a \u9ed1\u7bb1 \u8a9e\u8a00 \u66b4\u529b \u58ae\u843d \u5782\u6d8e\u4e09\u5c3a \u8b8a \u4e0d \u51fa\u65b0 \u628a\u6232 \u57f7\u8ff7\u4e0d\u609f \u4e94\u82b1\u5927\u7d81 \u5608\u96dc \u7d1b\u4e82 \u8a6c\u75c5 \u5c01\u6bba \u77f3\u7834\u5929\u9a5a \u58d3\u5236 \u52d5\u76ea \u56b4\u91cd \u6dea\u70ba \u9006\u4f86\u9806\u53d7 \u6495\u6bc0 \u5d29\u76e4 \u8b74\u8cac \u56b4\u53b2 \u60e1\u8a55 \u6df7 \u4e82 \u6709\u5fd7\u4e00\u540c \u5927\u653e\u53a5\u8a5e \u3002 \u516c\u6c11 \u89ba\u9192 \u71b1\u529b \u555f\u767c \u58ef\u5fd7 \u5bb0\u6bba \u4e0d\u53ef \u539f\u8ad2 \u96aa\u5883 \uff0c \u76dc\u53d6 \u7834\u7522 \u7576\u982d\u68d2\u559d \u50b7\u5bb3 \u56b4\u5cfb \u5fa9\u5065 \u6c38\u7121\u5be7\u65e5 \u7671\u7613 \u5f37\u63a8 \u8ce3\u570b \u53db\u570b \u66b4\u529b \u9738\u51cc \u5206\u5b98 \u5206 \u8d13 \u6436 \u7acb\u59d4 \u60c5\u4f55\u4ee5\u582a \u3002 \u9ed1 \u7bb1 \u5371\u6a5f \u81ea \u5931 \u53d7 \u5a01\u8105 \u98a8\u96aa \u56f0\u5883 \u62b9\u9ed1 \u721b \u8b1b\u7fa9 \u62b9\u9ed1 \u8b0a\u8a00 \u7f85\u7e54 \u7f6a\u540d \u56b4\u53b2 \u8b74\u8cac \u4e0d\u5be6 \u53cd\u64ca \u63ed\u9732 \u7834\u89e3 \u904e\u6c23 \u653e\u4efb \u5a9a\u5171 \u6065 \u5351\u8eac\u5c48\u819d \u6697 \u6f6e \u6d6a\u82b1 \u50b7\u5bb3 \u53cd\u611f \u8a00\u884c \u4e0d\u4e00 \u884c\u52d5 \u66b4\u529b \u4e2d\u80af \u4e00\u610f\u5b64\u884c \u5716\u8b00 \u6c61\u540d \u5316 \u676f\u845b \u552f\u547d \u662f\u5f9e \u5c0d\u4ed8 \u6253\u58d3 \u4f75\u541e \u8569\u7136\u7121\u5b58 \u6beb\u4e0d \u5728\u610f \u3002 \u596e\u8d77 \u6f01\u7375 \u6fc0\u52f5 \u9ed1\u7bb1 \u8e42\u8eaa \u671d\u6c23 \u6e05\u65b0 \u611a\u8822 \u81f4\u547d \u932f\u8aa4 \u6050\u5687 \u6bc0\u58de \u4f0e\u5006 \u9ed1\u9053 \u6050\u5687 \u7121\u6bd4 \u5a01\u529b \u5077\u6e21 \u6feb \u53ef\u7b11 \u786c \u611a\u8822 \u7c97\u66b4 Appeal to authority (ATA, \u8a34\u8af8\u6b0a\u5a01)\uff1a\u56b4 \u9577\u58fd \u5f6d\u6dee\u5357 \u65bd\u632f\u69ae \u7ae5\u5b50 \u8ce2 \u9644\u5eb8 \u5316 \u300c \u5bb3 \u53f0 \u798d\u53f0 \u300d \u908a\u7de3\u5316 \u7d55\u8def \u6c11\u4e3b \u5012\u9000 \u908a\u7de3\u5316 \u6700 \u53b2 \u7684 \u9b3c\u9b45 Black-and-white fallacy, dictatorship (BW, \u975e\u9ed1\u5373\u767d)\uff1a\u6c92\u6709 \u4efb\u4f55 \u570b\u5bb6 \u80fd \u5bb9\u8a31 \u5b8c\u5168 \u662f \u671d\u91ce \u7acb\u59d4 \u723e\u865e\u6211\u8a50 \u3001 \u6a5f\u95dc \u7b97 \u76e1 \u7684 \u7d50\u679c \u3002 \u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd \u9760 \u8457 \u8857\u982d \u6297\u8b70 \u6216 \u570b\u969b \u9382 \u5149\u71c8 \u89e3\u6c7a \u7d55\u4e0d \u9019 \u4e0d \u662f \u6c11\u9032\u9ee8 \u7684 \u300c \u79c1\u6709\u5316 \u300d \u662f \u4ec0\u9ebc \uff1f \u9019 \u500b \u570b\u5bb6 \u8c48\u4e0d \u6ce8 \u5b9a \u8981 \u5728 \u60f3\u50cf \u8207 \u73fe\u5be6 \u7684 \u5169\u6975 \u9593 \u81ea\u6211 \u62c9\u626f \uff1f \u7d55\u4e0d \u5b78\u751f \u7684 \u8981\u6c42 \u662f \u756b\u86c7\u6dfb\u8db3 \u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u805e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u5ba3\u50b3\u624b\u6cd5\u6a19\u8a18\u8207\u5206\u6790 103 \u9084\u662f \u7121\u7406 \u627e\u78b4 \uff1f \u6297\u4e2d \u6216 \u5bb3\u53f0 \uff1f \u7d55\u4e0d \u9019 \u4e0d \u662f \u6c11\u9032\u9ee8 \u7684 \u300c \u79c1\u6709\u5316 \u300d \u662f \u4ec0 \u9ebc \uff1f \u5fc5\u9808 Doubt (DT, \u8cea\u7591)\uff1a\u537b \u4ecd \u8981 \u5c07 \u53f0\u7063 \u5e36\u4e0a \u7d55\u8def \uff1f \u537b \u9023 \u9019 \u9ede \u60f3\u6cd5 \u4e5f \u5bb9\u4e0d\u4e0b \uff1f \u53c8 \u5728 \u7dad\u8b77 \u4ec0\u9ebc \u6a23 \u7684 \u53f8\u6cd5 \u6b63\u7fa9 \uff1f ? \u53c8 \u5982\u4f55 \u8d0f\u5f97 \u6c11\u773e \u8a8d\u540c \uff1f \u6703\u4e0d\u6703 \u53c8 \u8981 \u5546\u8acb \u4fc4\u570b \u5bec\u9650 \uff0c \u70ba \u53f0\u7063 \u722d\u53d6 \u5229\u76ca \uff1f \u70cf\u514b\u862d \u8ca1\u653f \u6703\u4e0d\u6703 \u5d29\u6f70 \uff0c \u5728 \u5f70\u986f \u4ec0 \u9ebc \u6a23 \u7684 \u6cd5\u5f8b \u50f9\u503c ? Exaggeration or minimization (EM, \u8a87\u5927\u6216\u6de1\u5316)\uff1a\u8f49\u77ac \u4e00 \u5915\u4e4b\u9593 \u6c38\u9060 Flag-waving (FW, \u9ad8\u8209\u5927\u65d7)\uff1a\u300c \u5abd\u5abd \u53cd\u6838 \u80fd \u300d \u300c \u5b78\u751f \u53cd \u670d\u8cbf \u300d \u53f0\u7063 \u7684 \u51fa\u8def \u662f \u7531 \uff25\uff23\uff26\uff21 \u5230 \uff34\uff30\uff30 \u3002 \u570b\u6703 \u6b63 \u662f \u6c11\u4e3b \u61b2\u653f \u4e2d \u7531 \u9078\u8209 \u7522\u751f \u7684 \u6700 \u9ad8 \u6c11 \u610f \u6a5f\u95dc \uff0c \u570b\u6703 \u8c61\u5fb5 \u7684 \u5c31\u662f \u6c11\u610f \u3002 \u300c \u4eba\u6c11 \u300d \u300c \u634d\u885b \u6c11\u4e3b \u300d \u6c11\u4e3b \u5927 \u6559\u5ba4 \u5475\u8b77 \u6211\u5011 \u5f97\u4f86 \u4e0d\u6613 \u7684 \u81ea\u7531 \u300c \u53f0\u7063 \u5168\u7403\u5316 \u6a5f\u9047 \u300d \u53cd\u6620\u6c11\u610f \u627f\u8f09\u6c11\u610f \u8b93 \u5b78\u751f \u5011 \u5e73\u5b89 \u5730 \u56de\u5230 \u5b78\u6821 \u53ca \u5bb6\u5ead \u5427 \uff01 \u300c \u5168\u6c11 \u7e3d\u7d71 \u300d \u6c11\u4e3b \u7cbe\u795e \u300c \u4eba\u6c11 \u300d Historical allusion (HA, \u5f15\u7528\u6b77\u53f2)\uff1a\u300c \u8309\u8389\u82b1 \u9769\u547d \u300d \u300c \u4e94\u4e8c\u25cb \u8fb2\u904b \u300d \u88ab \u91d8\u4e0a \u5341 \u5b57\u67b6 \u6cf0\u570b \u7684 \u7d05 \u886b\u8ecd \u548c \u9ec3 \u886b\u8ecd \u4e4b \u722d \u70cf\u514b\u862d \u5341 \u5e74\u524d \u7684 \u6a58\u8272 \u9769\u547d \u91ce\u767e\u5408 Loaded language (LL, \u8a55\u50f9\u8a9e\u8a00)\uff1a\u7121\u53ef \u9006\u8f49 \u4f0e\u5006 \u6b0a\u8b00 \u9b25\u722d \u4e0d\u653b\u81ea\u7834 \u5e95\u860a \u5d29\u76e4 \u6232 \u78bc \u865b\u77ef \u300c \u653f\u5e9c \u7684 \u5931 \u80fd \u300d \u6feb\u7528 \u78e8\u5200 \u970d\u970d \u8499\u4e0a \u9670\u5f71 \u4e0a\u6f14 \u653b\u9632\u721b\u6232 \u6284\u8972 \u642c\u5f04 \u62b9 \u9664 \u725b\u982d\u4e0d\u5c0d\u99ac\u5634 \u903e\u8d8a \u5f92 \u6dfb \u56f0\u60d1 \u77ef\u60c5 \u65a5\u70ba \u96e3\u582a \u72e0\u72e0 \u9577\u624d \u8da8\u5409\u907f\u51f6 \u6392\u64e0 \u60b2\u5287 \u8aa4\u89e3 \u756b\u86c7\u6dfb\u8db3 \u5371\u5bb3 \u98a8\u66b4 \u60f6\u6050 \u7126\u616e \u72c2\u66b4 \u6b65\u6b65 \u9000\u8b93 \u6dea\u9677 \u7f9e\u6127 \u6495\u88c2 \u7a84\u5df7 \u5bb0\u6bba \u819a\u6dfa \u4ee5 \u88fd\u9020 \u9a37\u4e82 \u81ea\u5f97 \uff0c \u9b27\u5287 \u59d1\u606f \u6f20\u7136 \u6f70\u6557 \u4ec7\u6068 \u7126\u616e \u3001 \u731c\u7591 \u63ed\u7aff \u800c \u8d77 \u5d29\u6bc0 \u77db\u76fe \u88ab \u8e10\u8e0f \u77ed\u77ed \u7d55\u7121 \u53ef\u80fd \u55aa\u5fd7 \u55aa\u81bd \u6232\u78bc \u676f\u845b \u812b\u5e8f \u885d\u7a81 \u66b4\u529b \u904e\u6fc0 \u60e1\u5316 \u51f6\u96aa \u6182\u616e \u812b\u5e8f \u6c57\u984f \u932f\u89ba \u4eca\u975e\u6614\u6bd4 \u6487\u958b \u6545\u610f \u6f2b\u5929 \u558a\u50f9 \u626d\u66f2 \u6230\u5834 \u4e00\u642d\u4e00 \u5531 \u58df\u65b7 \u56b4\u91cd \u885d\u64ca \u5340\u5340 \u59a8\u7919 \u56b4\u91cd \u812b\u8ecc \u5bb3\u53f0 \u798d\u53f0 \u50b7\u75db \u7d55\u8def \u4ee5 \u5360\u9818 \u6216 \u653b\u64ca \u653f\u5e9c \u6a5f\u69cb \u70ba \u6a02 \u52d5\u8f12 \u6295\u9f20\u5fcc\u5668 \u6c23\u7130 \u9ad8\u6f32 \u9824\u6307\u6c23\u4f7f \u5bb3\u53f0 \u798d\u53f0 \u8f15\u8f15 \u6487 \u5230 \u4e00 \u65c1 \u4e0d\u7406 \u53e3\u60e0 \u843d\u7a7a \u55aa \u6b0a \u5931\u571f \u5927 \u6bd2\u7624 \u6bd2\u7624 \u4f0e\u5006 \u553e \u9918 \u6b0a\u8b00 \u9b25\u722d \u9677 \u596a\u53d6 \u8a17\u8a5e \u53cd \u667a \u4e95\u7136\u6709\u5e8f \u6467\u6bc0 \u5927 \u7206\u767c \u919c\u5316 \u85c9\u53e3 \u4e82\u5200 \u547d \u55aa \u300c \u6c11\u4e3b \u7684 \u5931\u63a7 \u300d \u5f97\u5bf8\u9032\u5c3a \u5d29 \u88c2 \u8e49\u8dce \u7d50\u9ee8\u71df\u79c1 \u58df\u65b7 \u903c \u5f97 \u5f97\u5bf8\u9032\u5c3a \u5149\u69ae \u4fb5\u72af \u5149\u69ae \u71b1\u9b27 \u7121\u7406 \u627e\u78b4 \u756b\u86c7\u6dfb\u8db3 \u7fa9\u61a4 \u96e3\u5b89 \u73a9\u5f04 \u65bc \u80a1\u638c \u4e4b\u4e0a \u6b0a\u8b00 \u9b25\u722d \u803d\u6eba \u898b\u7375\u5fc3\u559c \u6a5f\u95dc \u7b97 \u76e1 \u723e\u865e\u6211\u8a50 \u672c \u672b\u5012\u7f6e \u932f\u6115 \u9a5a\u99ed \u4e0d\u6210\u9ad4\u7d71 \u6b63\u5927 \u9b25\u57ae \u7121\u6548 \u81ea\u50b7 \u52d5\u8f12 \u6495\u88c2 \u50b7\u5bb3 \u6b98\u5bb3 \u8072\u671b \u9023\u632b \u5e72\u64fe \u7121\u5e95\u6d1e \u5931\u683c \u7f9e\u8fb1 \u570b\u5bb6 \u3001 \u7f9e\u8fb1 \u6c11\u4e3b \u8569\u7136\u7121\u5b58 \u5175\u75b2 \u99ac \u56f0 \u6012\u706b \u5f15\u7206 \u52c3\u7136\u5927 \u6012 \u9738\u51cc \u9b25\u722d \u7d55\u8def \u4e0d\u582a \u60f3\u50cf \u5f97\u4e0d\u511f\u5931 \u3002 \u5f97\u5bf8\u9032\u5c3a \u4e0d\u898b\u5929\u65e5 \u58df\u65b7 \u72e1\u733e \u5931\u4e4b \u504f \u9817 \u72d7\u5c3e\u7e8c\u8c82 \u5927\u8a71 \u70ba \u53cd\u5c0d \u800c \u53cd\u5c0d \u8d70\u6295\u7121\u8def \u6d41\u5931 \u786c\u751f\u751f \u54ac\u6b7b \u5bb3\u53f0 \u6297\u4e2d \u7671\u7613 \u62d6 \u4e86 \u6307\u4f7f \u7834\u58de \u61b2\u653f \u633e\u5236 \u6c11\u610f \u4f0f\u64ca \u676f\u845b \u9b25\u722d \u6230\u5834 \u300c \u4e0d \u4f5c\u70ba \u300d \u6253\u767c \u7665\u7d50 \u7616 \u555e \u96e3\u8fad\u5176\u548e \u4e00\u5ec2\u60c5\u9858 \u5f37\u63a8 \u653f\u7b56 \u608d\u7136 \u5371\u6a5f \u4e00\u91dd\u898b\u8840 \u6df7\u4e82 \u7a0b\u5e8f \u676f\u845b \u4ee4 \u4eba \u75db\u5fc3 \u7684 \u56b4\u91cd \u653f\u6cbb \u707d\u96e3 \u72f9\u9698 \u62c9\u9ad8 \u8eab\u6bb5 \u96e3\u582a \u7834\u88c2 \uff0c \u6839\u672c \u4e0d\u5fcd\u5352\u7779 \u919c\u614b \u6839\u672c \u525d\u596a \u96c6\u9ad4 \u66b4\u529b \u6839\u672c \u5750\u6536\u6f01\u5229 \u4e0b \u4e86 \u5982\u6b64 \u91cd \u624b \u4ea4\u6613 \u62d6\u5ef6 \u676f\u845b \u524d\u8eca\u4e4b\u9451 \u5149\u69ae \u717d\u98a8 \u9ede\u706b \u70ba \u9b25\u722d \u800c \u9b25\u722d \u8996 \u4eba\u6c11 \u70ba \u653f\u9ee8 \u53ef \u9a45\u9063 \u4e4b \u300c \u5de5\u5177 \u300d \u300c \u9738\u6b0a \u300d \u5927\u524c\u524c", "num": null, "html": null } } } }