{
    "paper_id": "W89-0116",
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        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:44:47.793284Z"
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    "title": "",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Niels",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Jaeger",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        }
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    "abstract": "",
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                "text": "T h e E n g in e c o m b in e s w ith a series o f g e n e ra to rs a n d tra n sla to rs w ritte n b y th e lin gu ist in a user la n g u a g e a n d c o m p ile d in to P R O L O G c o d e . T h e g e n e ra to rs a n d th e tra n sla tors c o n ta in lin g u istic in fo r m a tio n a c c o r d in g t o th e lin g u istic sp e cifica tio n s in th e E U R O T R A m o d e l.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "T h e E U R O T R A T R A N S L A T I O N S Y S T E M co n s is",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e E U R O T R A m o d e l co n sists o f th ree m a in p a rts: a n a ly sis, tra n sfe r a n d syn th esis. T h e m ain p a rts a re s u b d iv id e d in to levels. E a ch level in th e E U R O T R A m o d e l has a g ra m m a r (i.e. a g e n e r a to r ) a n d b e tw e e n tw o levels th ere is a tra n sla tor. In th e p resen t e x p e rim e n ta l ph ase th e d o c u m e n t w h ich is g o in g t o b e tra n s la ted has t o b e w ritten in \" V I \" o r \" Q o n e \" , S G M L a lso p ro v id e s a s e a rch -a n d -re p la ce m ech a n ism . W e ca n m a k e th e S G M L parser search fo r la y o u t in fo r m a tio n a n d re p la ce it b y a m ark er. W e c a n a ls o d efin e tra n sla tio n s b etw ee n in p u t ch a ra cte r c <DOC LEVEL=\"emsda\" SCANLEV=\"ems\" SURF=\"dummy\" SCAN=yes WP=\"Nroff\" NAME=text\"> <TEXT> <CH> <TI NROFF= \"PP\"> En kombineret 4 og 6 GHz polarizer konverterer <STYLE TYPE=\"UL\"> det <STYLE TYPE=\"RN\"> <SYLE TYPE=\"UL\"> modtagne <STYLE TYPE=\"RN\"> <STYLE TYPE=\"UL\"> signal. <STYLE TYPE=\"RN\"> </P></CH></TEXTX/DOC> {cat=v, lu=konvertere, infl=root, string=kombiner, term=xxO, {cat=v, infl=infl_end, string=e}. {cat=v, infl=infl_end, string=t}. {cat=adj, infl=infl_end, string=et}. {cat=n, infl=infl_end, flex_type=fx3, msdefs=msindef, nb=plu, string=er}. {cat=n, lu=signal, infl=root, flex_type=fx3, string=signal, term=xx00000837, ... }. {cat=card, lu=numenis, infl=full, string=numerus}. cat=v, lu=L, vfomi=inf, ...} [ {infl=root, cat=v, lu=L, {infl=infl_end, cat=v, atring=e} ] . {infl=full, cat=v, vform=pastpart, lu=L, ...} [ {infl=stem, cat=v, lu=L, vfonn=inf, ...}, {infl=infl_end, cat=v, string=t, ...} ] . T h e n u m b er is a ssign ed in o r d e r t o a v o id tra n sla tio n ru les b e tw e en tw o la n g u a g es.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 1052,
                        "end": 1375,
                        "text": "{cat=v, lu=konvertere, infl=root, string=kombiner, term=xxO, {cat=v, infl=infl_end, string=e}. {cat=v, infl=infl_end, string=t}. {cat=adj, infl=infl_end, string=et}. {cat=n, infl=infl_end, flex_type=fx3, msdefs=msindef, nb=plu, string=er}. {cat=n, lu=signal, infl=root, flex_type=fx3, string=signal, term=xx00000837, ... }.",
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                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1427,
                        "end": 1517,
                        "text": "cat=v, lu=L, vfomi=inf, ...} [ {infl=root, cat=v, lu=L, {infl=infl_end, cat=v, atring=e} ]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1520,
                        "end": 1649,
                        "text": "{infl=full, cat=v, vform=pastpart, lu=L, ...} [ {infl=stem, cat=v, lu=L, vfonn=inf, ...}, {infl=infl_end, cat=v, string=t, ...} ]",
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                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "T h e E U R O T R A T R A N S L A T I O N S Y S T E M co n s is",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "b_stem_v = {infl=stem,",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "T h e E M S , E U R O T R",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "b_full_v =",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "T h e E M S , E U R O T R",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A g iv en te rm has th e sa m e n u m b er in a ll n in e E u ro tria n la n g u a g es. T h e le x ica l unit valu e is fo r th e b e n e fit o f g ra m m a ria n s a n ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "T h e E M S , E U R O T R",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989, pages 183-190",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {},
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "ts b a s ic a lly o f a C -p r o g r a m m e w h ich o p e ra te s a fro n t-e n d p r o g r a m m e p a ck a g e cind a c o r e P R O L O G p r o g r a m m e, th e E n gin e.",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "A M o r p h o lo g ic a l s tru ctu re , is th e first level in a n a ly sis. T h e first s y n ta c tic level follo w s im m e d ia te ly a fte r E M S , it is ca lle d E C S , E U R O T R A c o n s titu e n t stru ctu re. A fr o n t-e n d p r o g r a m m e p a ck a ge is b e in g tested in E U R O T R A -D e n m a r k , fro m J u ly t o D e c e m b e r 1989. It co n sists o f a w o rd s ca n n e r w ritte n in C an d an S G M L p arser. S G M L is ein a b b r e v ia tio n o f \" S ta n d a rd G e n e ra liz e d M a rk u p L a n g u a g e\" .",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "tw o e d ito r s a v a ila b le fo r U N I X in sta lla tion s. A \" V I \" d o c u m e n t m a y b e fo r m a tte d b y \" NroflF\" . B u t in p rin cip le , a n y te x t e d it o r c o u ld b e u sed fo r S G M L te x t en try , ju s t as S G M L c o u ld d e liv er an o u tp u t t o a n y te x t e d ito r . S G M L p ro v id e s m e th o d s fo r m a rk in g u p d o c u m e n ts . F o r in stcince y o u ca n m ark u p th e lo g ic a l s tru ctu re o f a te x t (i.e . ch a p te rs, s e c tio n s , p a ra g ra p h s e t c .).",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "o d e an d ou tp u t c h a r a c te r c o d e . In th e fr o n t-e n d m o d u le w e in ten d t o use th e S G M L p a rser tw ice; F irs t th e s p e c ia l fo r m a ttin g c o d e s o f th e w o rd p ro ce sso rs w ill b e ch a n g e d in to S G M L m a rk u p Codes a n d sim u lta n e o u sly th e 8 -b it n a tio n a l ch a ra cte r sets are tu rn e d in to a sta n d a rd ise d 7 -b it E u ro tria n ch a ra cte r set. N e x t th e S G M L p a rser crea te s a tra n sla to r. S G M L m a y ta k e in a w h o le te x t fo r th e first p a rsin g . B u t th e p aragraph s o f th e te x t w ill b e fo rw a rd e d t o th e s e c o n d a p p lic a tio n o f th e parser a n d later t o th e E n g in e in str ic t r o ta t io n . T h e p a ra g ra p h s w ill b e tra n sla ted o n e b y o n e a n d p la c e d in th eir tra n sla te d fo r m in th e righ t p o s itio n in th e o u tp u t file in syn th esis. B e tw e e n th e tw o a p p lic a tio n s o f th e parser it is p o s s ib le to ed it th e first S G M L d o c u m e n t m a n u ally. T h e last p r o g r a m m e in th e fr o n t-e n d pa ck a ge is a w o rd sca n n e r w ritten in C . T h e w o r d s c a n n e r seg m en ts th e w o r d fo r m s o n th e basis o f th e le x ic o n rules o f th e m o r p h o lo g ic a l lev e l E M S . 2 A n Example P le a se c o n s id e r th e fo llo w in g e x a m p le w h ich co n sists o f a title a n d a sen ten ce: S i g n a l e r En kombineret 4 og 6 GHz polarizer konverterer det modtagne signal. W r itte n in \" V I \" a n d su p p lie d w ith \" N rofT ' c o m m a n d s th e e x a m p le w ou ld lo o k like th is: NH m ea n s: w h a t fo llo w s is a title -.P P m ea n s: here c o m e s a p a ra g ra p h . .UL in fr o n t o f a w o r d in d ic a te s th a t th e w o r d is u n d erlin ed . T h is p ie c e o f te x t is sen t t o th e S G M L p arser. T h e \" N rofF ' c o m m a n d s are ch a n g e d in to S G M L m ark ers. T h e te x t n o w lo o k s like this:",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "N e x t th e te x t is fo rw a rd e d t o th e s e c o n d a p p lic a tio n o f th e S G M L parser w h ich p r o d u c e s a tra n sla tor: :t r ans: dummy=>emsda. :b: surfaceO = \":{} => {cat=s, i o = ' 0 ' } <{thcat=wordform, rend=no,upper=first} */,*/,S C A N signaler >. surfacel = \":{} => {cat=s, i o = ' l ' } < {thcat=wordform, rend=no, upper=first} ' /.' /.SCAN e n {string=' &bk' },  {thcat=wordform, rend=no, upper=no}  ' / ' /.SCAN kombineret   {string=' &bk'},  {string=numerus, l e x = ' 4 ' , rend=no},  {string=' 4bk' },  {thcat=wordform, rend=no, upper=no}  ' /.' /.SCAN  o g {string=' ftbk' }, {string=numerus, l e x = ' 6 ' , rend=no}, {string='tbk'}, {tbcat=wordform, rend=no, upper=first} '/.\u2022/.SCAN ghz f {string=' &bk' }, {thcat=wordfonn, rend=no, upper=no} '/.'/.SCAN polarizer > {string=' tbk' }, {th.cat=wordform, rend=no, upper=no} '/iitSCAN konverterer 9 {string=' &bk' }, {th.cat=wordform, rend=under, upper=no} \u2022/.'/.SCAN det 9 {string=' &bk}, {thcat=wordfonn, rend=imder, upper=no} '/'/CSCAN modtagne 9 {string=' &bk' }, {thcat=wordform, rend=nnder, upper=no} '/.'/.SCAN signal 9 {string=' &f3'} > . ftbk sta n d s fo r b la n k ; s sta n d s fo r fu ll sto p .T h e tr a n s la to r w ill tra n sla te fr o m a n e m pty o b je c t (i.e. th e e m p ty p a ir o f c u r ly b ra ck ets o n th e left sid e o f th e a rro w ) in to th e sen ten ces w e g a v e as in p u t (o n th e rig h t sid e o f th e cirrow ). { c a t = s } m ea n s a sen ten ce. T h e sen te n ce in its tu rn co n ta in s se v era l w o rd fo rm s . T h e la y o u t in fo rm a tio n is fe a tu rized . ' u p p e r ' sta n d s fo r u p p e r ca se. T h e v a lu e ' first' m ea n s th a t th e first le tte r in a w o rd is c a p ita lis e d , ' r e n d ' m ea n s r e n d itio n a n d ' r e n d = u p p e r ' m ea n s th a t a g iv en w o rd is u n d e rlin e d . D o u b le p e r c e n ta g e sign s a n d th e c a p ita lise d w o rd ' S C A N ' is a signal t o th e w o r d s c a n n e r th a t th e fo llo w in g w o r d sh o u ld b e seg m en ted . N o w , th is tr a n s la to r is sent t o th e w o rd s ca n n e r. T h e resu lt w ill b e sim ilar to th e tr a n s la to r sh o w n a b o v e e x c e p t fo r th e w o r d fo r m s w h ich w ill h ave b e e n split u p in to b a s ic strin g s. T h e first p a rt o f th e tr a n s la to r w ill su ffice t o illu stra te this: surfacel = \":{} => < {thcat=wordform, rend=no, upper=first} <{atring=en}>, {str i n g = ' ftbk'}, {thcat=wordform, rend=no, upper=no} < { s t r i n g = ' k o m b i n e r ' }, { s t r i n g = ' e t ' }; {str i n g = ' kombiner'}, { s t r i n g = ' e ' }, { s t r i n g = ' t ' }>, {str i n g = ' 4 b k ' }, {string=niimerus, l e x = ' 4 ' , rend=no), > . T h e s u b s tru ctu re is in d ic a te d b y * < ' an d T h e w o rd fo rm s are sp lit u p in to b a s ic strin g s w h ich fig u re as valu es t o th e a ttrib u te ' s tr in g ' . A u sefu l d e v ic e is th e p o s s ib ility o f u sin g a lte rn a tio n in th e tra n sla tor. If, fo r in sta n ce, w e h ave th ree d ic tio n a r y en tries fo r th ree differen t v erb a l en d in g s '{string=e,. . . } ', '{string=t,. . . } ', a n d ' {s t r in g = e t , . . . } ' w e w ill g et tw o p o s s ib le se g m e n ta tio n s o f ' k o m b in e r e t' as sh ow n a b o v e . T h e E M S sh o u ld o f co u rs e o n ly a c c e p t o n e o f th e p o s s ib le se g m e n ta tio n s. In ca s e o f a n A r a b ic n u m b er w e h ave a s ta n d a rd v alu e t o th e s trin g a ttr ib u te : ' s tr in g = n u m e r u s ' . T h is m ean s th a t w e o n ly h ave t o w rite a sin g le le x ic o n ru le fo r all p o s s ib le in tegers a t th e m o r p h o lo g ic a l level. T h e a c tu a l n u m b e r is g iv e n as v alu e t o th e a ttr ib u te 'le x ' . S in ce n u m b ers are th e sa m e in all th e E u r o tr ia n la n g u a g e s n o tra n fer rules w ill b e n eed ed. T h e w o rd sca n n e r c o m p a r e s th e w o r d fo r m s w ith th e le x ic o n ru les o f th e m o r p h o lo g ic a l m o d u le . A le x ic o n ru le has d e p t h = 0 -it co n sists o f o n e fe a tu re b u n d le. A m o n g o th e r th in g s w e assign c a te g o r y , a le x e m e v alu e (a ssig n e d to th e a ttr ib u te ' lu ' ) amd a strin g value-th e la tte r w ill u n ify w ith th e s trin g v a lu e in th e tra n sla to r ru le. W e h ave le x ic o n ru les fo r in fie ctio n a l r o o t s (m a rk e d b y th e fe a tu re ' i n f l = r o o t ' ), w e h ave le x ic o n ru les fo r in v a ria n ts (m a rk e d b y ' in fl= fu U ' ) an d w e h a v e le x ic o n rules fo r in fle ctio n a l suflSxes (m a rk e d b y ' in fl= in fl_ e n d ' ). T h e a p p ro a ch t o in fle ctio n a l m o r p h o lo g y w e h a v e a d o p te d is in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e so -ca lle d ' w o r d a n d p a ra d ig m m o d e l' . C o n se q u e n tly , th e le x e m e s are d iv id e d in to in flection a l classes. L ex em es w h ich ca n b e g r o u p e d as an in fle ctio n a l cla ss receiv e th e sa m e n u m b er as va lu e fo r th e a tt r ib u te ' f l e x J y p e ' . E x a m p le s o f le x ic o n rules (a b b r e v ia te d ):{cat=art, lu=en, infl=full, string=en, ...}.",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "h e s e sin g le fe a tu re b u n d le s c o m b in e a t th e m o r p h o lo g ic a l level in gen er al c o n s tr u c to r s . T h e c o n s tr u c to r s n e ed ed fo r b u ild in g p a st p a rticip les (a s e.g. ' k o m b in e r e t' ) w ill lo o k lik e th is (slig h tly a b b r e v ia te d ):",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "h e c o n s tr u c to r s n e e d e d fo r b u ild in g in d e fin ite fo r m s o f n o u n s (a s e .g . 'sig n a le r ' ) w ill h a v e th e fo rm : b_stem_n. = {infl=stem, cat=n, lu=L, nb=N, msdefs=mslndef,...}[ {infl=root, cat=n, lu=L, flex_type=F, ...},  {infl=infl_end, cat=n, flex_type=F, nb=N,  msdef s=msindef }.   b_full_n = {infl=full, cat=n, lu=L, nb=N, msdefs=M,  case=nge, ... }  [ {infl=stem, cat=n, lu=L, nb=N, msdefs=M, .  {infl=full, cat=separator} ].T h e id en tifier o c c u r s b e fo r e th e eq u a l-sig n t o th e left. In th e c o n s tr u c to r th e m o th e r n o d e a p p e a r s a b o v e , th e d a u g h te r n o d e s a p p e a r betw een sh a rp b rack ets b e lo w . T h e in fle ctio n a l r o o t m a y b e c o m e a n in fle ctio n a l stem b y a d d itio n o f an in fle ctio n a l e n d in g (e .g . ' e ' in th e c o n s t r u c t o r fo r a v erb a l s te m ) w h ich in th at ca se o n ly b e c o m e s a fin al w o r d fo r m w h en a n o th e r in flectio n a l e n d in g is a d d ed (e .g . ' t ' in th e c o n s t r u c t o r w h ich tu rn s an in fin itiv e ste m in to a p a st p a rticip le a b o v e ). T h e fin ish ed w o r d fo r m is m a rk ed ' in fl= fu ll' . V a ria b le s (in th e fo r m o f c a p ita l le tte r s ) are u sed a ) t o p e r c o la te values from d a u g th e rs t o th e m o th e r n o d e ( c f ' l u = L ' ) a n d b ) t o en su re th a t valu es o f a certain a tt r ib u te a re th e sa m e in th e fe a tu re b u n d le s o f tw o d a u g th e rs ( c f 'f l e x .t y p e = F ' ). B y m ea n s o f th e se g m e n ta tio n a n d th e su b se q u e n t u n ifica tion o f th e b asic strin g s w e tu rn a w o r d fo r m in to a g r a m m a tic a l w o r d -e .g . w e ch a n g e ' sig n a ler' in to 's ig n a l, p lu ra l, in d efin ite, n e u te r ' . T h e se n te n ce ru le a c c e p ts o n e o r m o re w o rd fo rm s: b _ s e n t e n c e = { c a t = s } [ { i n f l = f u l l } ] . T h e fin al rep rese n ta tion a t E M S has th e fo r m o f a tre e w ith a se n te n ce n o d e at th e to p a n d a series o f b in a r y su b tre e s (o n e fo r ea ch w o r d fo r m ) w h ich are h an g in g o n th e sa m e lev e l b e n e a th : c a t = s . . . --------------------------------------1--------------------------------. . . i n g = r s t r i n g = d e t --------------1---------------I I ( r o o t ) s t r i n g = e l u = k o n v e r t e r e s t r i n g = k o n v e r t e r A d je c tiv e s , v erb s a n d n o u n s are m a rk ed fo r te r m h o o d a t E M S . ' t e r m = x x O ' m ean s th a t a g iv en w o rd is n o t a te rm . A va lu e differen t fr o m ' xxO ' m ea n s th a t th e w o rd is a term . M u lti-w o r d term s are id e n tifie d a t E M S in th e D a n ish im p le m e n ta tio n . A s an e x a m p le o f a c o n s tr u c to r w h ich b u ild s a m u lti-w o r d term I w ill g iv e th e o n e fo r te rm n u m b e r ' xOOOOOOOOS' : b _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 = { c a t = n , lu = k o m b in e r e t _ N -o g _ N _ G H z _ p o le o :iz e r , te r m = x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 , g d = G , nb= N , m sd e fs = M , c a s e = C , i n f l = t e r m } [ { i n f l = f u l l , c a t = p a s t p a r t , l u = k o m b i n e r e } , { i n f l = f u l l , c a t = c a r d , lu = n u m e r u s }, { i n f l = f u l l , c a t = c o o r d , l u = o g } , { i n f l = f u l l , c a t = c a r d , lu = n u m e r u s }, { i n f l = f u l l , c a t = n , lu = G H z }, { i n f l = f u l l , c a t = n , l u = p o l a r i z e r , g d = G , n b= N , m sd e fs^M , c a s e = C } ] . ' p o la r iz e r ' is th e m o s t im p o r ta n t w o r d in th is m u lti-w o rd term . W e th e re fo re p e r c o la te all relevan t g ra m m a tica l in fo r m a tio n fr o m th e m a in w o r d t o th e t o p n o d e , w e assign a n u m b e r t o th e a ttr ib u te ' te r m ' a n d a v alu e t o th e ' lu ' a ttr ib u te .",
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            "FIGREF7": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "d le x ic o g r a p h e r s w h o d e v e lo p an d m ain tain th e sy stem . In th e tra n sla tor b e tw e e n th e m o r p h o lo g ic a l lev el, E M S , a n d th e c o n s titu e n t level, E C S , all s u b s tru ctu re b e n e a th th e v e ry t o p n o d e s is d e le te d in g e n era l tra n sla to r rules. W h e n th e se g en era l tra n s la to r ru les h a v e a p p lie d th e in p u t o b je c t t o E C S w ill th erefo re c o n sist o f a series o f g r a m m a tic a l w o r d s a n d m u lti-w o r d u n its h a n g in g b en e a th th e sen ten ce n o d e s:",
                "uris": null
            }
        }
    }
}