{
    "paper_id": "O04-1024",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:00:19.322000Z"
    },
    "title": "\u83ef\u53f0\u96d9\u8a9e\u767c\u97f3\u8b8a\u7570\u6027\u4e4b\u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\u7814\u7a76\u53ca PDA \u4e4b\u61c9\u7528",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "\u5442\u9053\u8aa0",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "\u9577\u5e9a\u5927\u5b78\u96fb\u6a5f\u5de5\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u6240",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "\u9577\u5e9a\u5927\u5b78\u96fb\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5de5\u7a0b\u7a76\u6240",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6240",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "\u6e05\u83ef\u5927\u5b78\u7d71\u8a08\u7814\u7a76\u6240",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "O04-1024",
        "_pdf_hash": "",
        "abstract": [],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "\u83ef\u8a9e\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6578 \u76ee\u8d85\u904e\u5341\u5104[1]\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700 \u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5206\u4f48\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678 \u548c\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u7684\u570b\u571f\u5ee3\u5927\u3001\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u963b\u9694\u3001\u6216\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u9077\u5f99\u8207\u5916\u4f86\u8a9e\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f7f \u5f97\u83ef\u8a9e\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7701\u5206\u4eba\u5011\u6240\u8b1b\u7684\u8a71\u96d6\u7136\u90fd\u662f\u83ef\u8a9e\u4f46\u4e4b\u9593\u6703\u6709\u4e9b\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u5982\u5317\u4eac \u8a71\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u8a71\u3001\u5ee3\u6771\u8a71\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\u8a71\u3001\u95a9\u5357\u8a71\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5 [2] \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u4ecb\u65bc\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u65b9\u8a00\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u56e0 \u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u4e00\u7fa4\u7a2e\u65cf\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u800c\u65b9\u8a00\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u6027\u4e26 \u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u4e94\u7a2e\u8a71\u90fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u83ef\u8a9e\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u4f46\u8b8a\u5316\u53c8\u6bd4\u65b9\u8a00\u8907\u96dc\uff1b\u4ee5\u6578\u5b57\u4e00\u5230\u5341 \u505a\u70ba\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e94\u7a2e\u8a71\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u76f8 \u4e92\u9593\u96e3\u7406 \u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 \u6211\u5011\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u7d71\u7a31\u70ba\u7701\u8a71(\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f \u4ee5\u7701\u5206\u70ba\u7a31\u547c)\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u6240\u767c\u7684\u97f3\u4e0d\u76e1\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u9084\u597d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7701\u8a71\u90fd\u6709\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u66f8\u5beb\u7cfb\u7d71\u8207\u767c\u97f3\u7279\u6027\uff0c \u5176\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c31\u662f\"\u6f22\u5b57\"\uff0c\u767c\u97f3\u662f\u4ee5\u97f3\u7bc0\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\u90fd\u80fd\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u6f22\u5b57\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u505a\u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\u5c31 \u662f\u5728\u8655\u7406\"\u97f3\"\u8207\"\u5b57\"\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u628a\u4eba\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u97f3\u8f49\u5316\u6210\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8981\u505a\u5ee3\u7fa9\u83ef\u8a9e\u7684\u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u505a\u591a \u570b\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u8fa8\u8b58\u4e86\u3002\u5c31\u5982\u4e4b\u524d\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u83ef\u8a9e\u5176\u5be6\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6240\u591a\u7684\u7701\u8a71\uff0c\u6709\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u4f46\u5404\u500b\u767c\u97f3\u90fd\u4e0d\u76e1 \u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e4b\u524d\u5728\u505a\u591a\u8a9e\u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c [3] \u662f\u5148\u5c07\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u8fa8\u8b58\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u7528\u90a3\u4e00\u7a2e\u7684\u8fa8\u8b58\u5f15 \u64ce\u4f86\u8fa8\u8b58\u90a3\u500b\u767c\u97f3\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\uff1b\u800c [4] \u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u7528\u591a\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u8fa8\u8b58\u5f15\u64ce\u4f86\u505a\u8fa8\u8b58\uff0c\u770b\u54ea\u4e00\u7a2e\u65bc\u8a00\u7684\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u5b57 \u6a5f\u7387\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u53e6 \u4e00\u7a2e [5] \u662f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u6a19\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u5c07\u591a\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u8072\u5b78\u6a21\u578b\u4f5c\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5c07\u7279\u5b9a\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684 \u5b57\u7d66\u8fa8\u8b58\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u800c\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u83ef\u8a9e [6] \u70ba\u4e3b\u95a9\u5357\u8a9e [7] \u6b21\u4e4b\uff0c\u5ba2\u8a9e\u662f\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92 \u6709\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u672c\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u8655\u7406\u83ef\u8a9e\u548c\u53f0\u8a9e\u96d9\u8a9e\u7684\u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\u7814\u7a76\u3002 \u83ef\u53f0\u96d9\u8a9e\u9664\u4e86\u5176\u5b57\u9ad4\u540c\u6a23\u662f\u6f22\u5b57\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8072\u8abf\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4e00\u7279\u8272\u3002\u4ee5\u8a9e\u97f3\u5b78\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u83ef\u8a9e\u6709\u4e94\u7a2e\u8072\u8abf\uff0c\u53f0 \u8a9e\u67097\u7a2e\u8072\u8abf\u3002\u800c\u4ee5\u97f3\u7bc0\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u4e0d\u5e36\u8072\u8abf\u97f3\u7bc0\u6709\u7d04400\u500b\uff0c\u800c\u5e36\u8abf\u97f3\u7bc0\u7d041300\u500b\uff1b\u4ee5\u4e00\u842c\u4e09\u5343 \u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u5e38\u7528\u5b57\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf33\u500b\u5b57\u6703\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u5e36\u8abf\u97f3\u7bc0\uff1b\u800c\u6bcf10\u500b\u5b57\u6703\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5e36\u8abf\u97f3\u7bc0\u3002\u6240\u4ee5 \u5982\u679c\u5728\u505a\u8a9e\u97f3\u8fa8\u8b58\u4e0d\u628a\u8072\u8abf\u7684\u7279\u6027\u4e5f\u8003\u616e\u5728\u5167\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u6703\u9020\u6210\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u5982\"\u7761\u89ba\"\u8207\"\u6c34\u9903\"\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u800c \u53f0\u8a9e\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u66f4\u662f\u56b4\u91cd\u3002\u5728 [8] ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 163,
                        "end": 166,
                        "text": "[2]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF0"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 553,
                        "end": 556,
                        "text": "[3]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF1"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 598,
                        "end": 601,
                        "text": "[4]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF2"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 642,
                        "end": 645,
                        "text": "[5]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF3"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 712,
                        "end": 715,
                        "text": "[6]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF4"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 722,
                        "end": 725,
                        "text": "[7]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF5"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 966,
                        "end": 969,
                        "text": "[8]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF6"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "\u7c21\u4ecb",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "\u83ef\u8a9e\u7684\u5b57\u9ad4\u662f\u6f22\u5b57\uff1b\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7701\u8a71\u5176\u767c\u97f3\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7701\u8a71\u53c8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9 \u8a00\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u8154\u8abf\u6216\u53e3\u97f3\u3002\u4ee5\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u95a9\u5357\u8a71\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5206\u5b9c\u862d\u8154\u3001\u6f33\u5dde\u8154\u3001\u6cc9\u5dde\u8154\u3001\u9e7f\u6e2f\u8154\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c \u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5e38\u8aaa\u53f0\u8a9e\u7684\u5357\u8154\u5317\u8abf\u3002\u6b64\u60c5\u5f62\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6f22\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\"\u5408\u6cd5\"\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u7a2e\u7684\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u6240 \u8b02\u7684 \" \u5408\u6cd5\"\u662f \u5f9e\u5404 \u7a2e\u8fad\u5178\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6f22\u5b57\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u767c\u97f3\uff1b\u5c31 \u4ee5 \"\u9577 \"\u9019 \u500b \u5b57 \u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176 \u83ef\u8a9e\u56e0\u70ba\u5176\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53ef \u767c\u6210/zhang3/\u3001/chang2/\u7684\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u53f0\u8a9e\u53ef\u767c\u70ba/dng5/\u3001/dinnunn4/\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\u53f0\u8a9e\u672c\u8eab\u56e0\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\u4e2d \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u8b8a\u8abf\u554f\u984c [20] \u4e5f\u8981\u8003\u616e\u5728\u5167\u7684\u8a71\uff0c \"\u9577 \"\u4e5f\u53ef\u767c\u6210/dng1/ /dinnunn5/\u7684\u97f3\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5149\u4e00 \u500b\"\u9577\"\u5b57\u5c31\u6709\u516d\u7a2e\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u5c08\u5bb6\u6240\u8457\u7684\u8fad\u5178\u7d71\u8a08\u5f97\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee5\u8fad\u5178\u6216\u5c08 \u5bb6\u77e5\u8b58\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\u767c\u97f3\u6211\u5011\u7a31\u70ba\u591a\u7a2e\u767c\u97f3(multiple pronunciations)\u3002",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 273,
                        "end": 277,
                        "text": "[20]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF17"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "\u5c08\u5bb6\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5(knowledge-base approach)",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "\u53e6\u5916\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u8003\u616e\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u6f22\u5b57\u7684\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u5668\u5b98\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3001\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u767c\u97f3\u7684\u727d\u9023\u3001\u5916\u4f86\u8a9e \u6216\u6bcd\u8a9e\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u800c\u9020\u6210\u539f\u672c\u8981\u767c\u7684\u97f3\u8b8a\u6210\u4ee5\u76f8\u4f3c\u97f3\u4f86\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u8aaa\"\u8f15\u8f15\u7684\" \u767c\u97f3\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u4ee5\"\u89aa\u89aa\u7684\"\u767c\u97f3\u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3\uff1b\u539f\u672c/ng/\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u6703\u8b8a\u6210/n/\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u80fd\u9ad4\u6703\u3002\u518d\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u8aaa\u8a71\u901f \u5ea6\u7684\u5feb\u6162\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u767c\u97f3\u3002\"\u9019\u6a23\u5b50\"\u5728\u8aaa\u8a71\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\u7684\u6642\u5019\u5e38\u5e38\u6703\u8b8a\u6210\"\u964d\u5b50\"\u7684\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u7531\u4e09\u500b\u767c\u97f3\u8b8a\u6210 \u5169\u500b\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u767c\u97f3\u7684\u522a\u6e1b\u3002\u5728 [21] \u63d0\u51fa\u83ef\u8a9e\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u662f\u4ee5\u97f3\u7bc0\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u8b8a \u7570\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u800c\u8f03\u5c11\u522a\u6e1b\u6216\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u53ea\u8a0e\u8ad6\u767c\u97f3\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u76ee\u524d \u53f0\u7063\u7279\u6709\u7684\u83ef\u8a9e\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u570b\u8a9e\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u73fe\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6bcd\u8a9e\u5f71\u97ff\u767c\u97f3\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4ee5ForPA\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u83ef\u8a9e\u548c\u53f0\u8a9e \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u97f3\u7d20\u6709\u4ea4\u96c6\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5f7c\u6b64\u7279\u6709\u7684\u97f3\u7d20\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u5f9e\u5c0f\u5c31\u7fd2\u6163\u4ee5\u53f0\u8a9e\u70ba\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5247\u5728\u767c \u83ef\u8a9e\u7279\u6709\u7684\u97f3\u7bc0\u6642\u67d0\u4e9b\u97f3\u5c31\u767c\u4e0d\u592a\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u53f0\u8a9e\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u97f3\u7bc0\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u5982\"\u5403\u98ef\"\u5c31\u6703\u767c\u6210\"\u7c97\u72af\"\uff0c\"\u963f\u6241\" \u6703\u8b8a\u6210\"\u963fbieng3\"\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u53f0\u8a9e\u672c\u8eab\u6c92\u6709/\u3114/\u8207/\u3127\u3122/ ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 209,
                        "end": 213,
                        "text": "[21]",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF18"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "\u5be6\u969b\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5(data-driven approach)",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {
            "BIBREF0": {
                "ref_id": "b0",
                "title": "Automatic Identification and Indexing of Chinese Multilingual Spoken Messages",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "W",
                        "middle": [
                            "H"
                        ],
                        "last": "Tsai",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2001,
                "venue": "Ph.D. Dissertation, department of Communication Engineering",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "W. H. Tsai, \"Automatic Identification and Indexing of Chinese Multilingual Spoken Messages,\" Ph.D. Dissertation, department of Communication Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC, 2001.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF1": {
                "ref_id": "b1",
                "title": "Language-Identification using Language-Dependent Phonemes and Language-Independent Speech Units",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "P",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Dalsgaard",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "O",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Andersen",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "H",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Hesselager",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "B",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Petek",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1996,
                "venue": "Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "P. Dalsgaard, O. Andersen, H. Hesselager, B. Petek \"Language-Identification using Language-Dependent Phonemes and Language-Independent Speech Units\", in Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Philadelphia, USA, October 1996.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF2": {
                "ref_id": "b2",
                "title": "A Study of Multilingual Speech Recognition",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "F",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Weng",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "H",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Bratt",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "L",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Neumeyer",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "A",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Stolcke",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1997,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "A Study of Multilingual Speech Recognition, F. Weng, H. Bratt, L. Neumeyer, and A. Stolcke, SRI International, 1997",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF3": {
                "ref_id": "b3",
                "title": "Multilinguality in Speech and Spoken Language Systems",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "A",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Waibel",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "P",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Geutner",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "L",
                        "middle": [
                            "M"
                        ],
                        "last": "Tomokiyo",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "T",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Schultz",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Woszczyna",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2000,
                "venue": "Proceedings of the IEEE: Special Issue on Spoken Language Processing",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "1297--1313",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Waibel, A. (2000) Multilinguality in Speech and Spoken Language Systems. Geutner, P.; Tomokiyo, L.M.; Schultz, T.; Woszczyna, M. Proceedings of the IEEE: Special Issue on Spoken Language Processing, Vol.: 88 Issue: 8, pp. 1297 -1313",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF4": {
                "ref_id": "b4",
                "title": "Large-Vocabulary Chinese Text/Speech Information Retrieval Using Mandarin Speech Queries",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Bo-Ren",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Berlin",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Bai",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Hsin-Min",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Chen",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Lee-Feng",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Wang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Lin-Shan",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Chien",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Lee",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1998,
                "venue": "Proc. International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP98)",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "284--289",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Bo-ren Bai, Berlin Chen, Hsin-min Wang, Lee-feng Chien, and Lin-shan Lee, \"Large-Vocabulary Chinese Text/Speech Information Retrieval Using Mandarin Speech Queries,\" in Proc. International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP98), Singapore, Dec. 1998, pp. 284-289.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF5": {
                "ref_id": "b5",
                "title": "Bi-lingual Mandarin/Taiwanese(Min-nan), Large Vocabulary, Continuous Speech Recognition System Based on the Yong-yong Phonetic Alphabet",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Ren-Yuan Lyu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Yuang-Chin",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Chi-Yu Chen",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Min-Shung",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Chiang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Liang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2000,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Ren-yuan Lyu. Chi-yu Chen, Yuang-chin Chiang and Min-shung Liang (2000) Bi-lingual Mandarin/Taiwanese(Min-nan), Large Vocabulary, Continuous Speech Recognition System Based on the Yong-yong Phonetic Alphabet., ICSLP2000,Oct. 2000, Beijing, China",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF6": {
                "ref_id": "b6",
                "title": "Pitch Tracking and Tone Features for Mandarin Speech Recognition",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Hank",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "C",
                        "middle": [
                            "H"
                        ],
                        "last": "Huang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Frank",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Seide",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2000,
                "venue": "Proc. ICASSP",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Hank, Huang C.H., Frank Seide ''Pitch Tracking and Tone Features for Mandarin Speech Recognition''. In Proc. ICASSP, 2000",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF7": {
                "ref_id": "b7",
                "title": "Using tone Information In Cantonese Continuous Speech Recognition",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Tan",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Lee",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Wai",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Lau",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Y",
                        "middle": [
                            "W"
                        ],
                        "last": "Wong",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "P",
                        "middle": [
                            "C"
                        ],
                        "last": "Ching",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing",
                "volume": "1",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "83--102",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Tan Lee, Wai Lau, Y. W. Wong and P.C. Ching, \"Using tone Information In Cantonese Continuous Speech Recognition,\" ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 83 -102, 2002",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF8": {
                "ref_id": "b8",
                "title": "Pronunciation Modeling for ASR-knowledge-based and Data-driven Methods",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Mirjam",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Wester",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2003,
                "venue": "Journal of Computer Speech and Language",
                "volume": "17",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "69--85",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Mirjam Wester, \"Pronunciation Modeling for ASR-knowledge-based and Data-driven Methods,\" Journal of Computer Speech and Language 17(2003), pp. 69-85, 2003",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF9": {
                "ref_id": "b9",
                "title": "Symbolic speaker adaptation for pronunciation modeling",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Kyung-Tak /",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Lee",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Lynette",
                        "middle": [
                            "/"
                        ],
                        "last": "Melnar",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Jim",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Talley",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "24--29",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Lee, Kyung-Tak / Melnar, Lynette / Talley, Jim (2002): \"Symbolic speaker adaptation for pronunciation modeling\", In PMLA-2002, 24-29.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF10": {
                "ref_id": "b10",
                "title": "Partial change accent models for accented Mandarin speech recognition",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Yi",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Liu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Pascale",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Fung",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2003,
                "venue": "Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Liu, Yi and Pascale Fung, \"Partial change accent models for accented Mandarin speech recognition.\" In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, December, 2003.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF11": {
                "ref_id": "b11",
                "title": "Improved Spoken Document Retrieval by Exploring Extra Acoustic and Linguistic Cues",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Hsin-Min",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Berlin Chen",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Lin-Shan",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Wang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Lee",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2001,
                "venue": "the 7th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Berlin Chen, Hsin-min Wang, and Lin-shan Lee, \"Improved Spoken Document Retrieval by Exploring Extra Acoustic and Linguistic Cues,\" the 7th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 2001), Demark, September 2001.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF12": {
                "ref_id": "b12",
                "title": "Experiments in Syllable-based Retrieval of Broadcast News Speech in Mandarin Chinese",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Hsin-Min",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Wang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2000,
                "venue": "Speech Communication",
                "volume": "32",
                "issue": "1-2",
                "pages": "49--60",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Hsin-min Wang, \"Experiments in Syllable-based Retrieval of Broadcast News Speech in Mandarin Chinese,\" Speech Communication, 32(1-2), pp. 49-60, Sept. 2000.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF13": {
                "ref_id": "b13",
                "title": "An efficient algorithm to select phonetically balanced scripts for constructing corpus",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Liang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "R",
                        "middle": [
                            "Y"
                        ],
                        "last": "Lyu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Y",
                        "middle": [
                            "C"
                        ],
                        "last": "Chiang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2003,
                "venue": "NLP-KE",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Liang M.S., R.Y. Lyu, Y.C. Chiang \"An efficient algorithm to select phonetically balanced scripts for constructing corpus\" NLP-KE, Beijing 2003",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF14": {
                "ref_id": "b14",
                "title": "Speaker Independent Acoustic Modeling for Large Vocabulary Bi-lingual Taiwanese/Mandarin Continuous Speech Recognition",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Bo-Hou",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Dau-Cheng Lyu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Min-Siong",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Yang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Ren-Yuan",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Liang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Chun-Nan",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Lyu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Hsu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Dau-Cheng Lyu, Bo-hou Yang, Min-Siong Liang, Ren-Yuan Lyu, Chun-Nan Hsu \"Speaker Independent Acoustic Modeling for Large Vocabulary Bi-lingual Taiwanese/Mandarin Continuous Speech Recognition\", SST, Melbourne, 2002",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF15": {
                "ref_id": "b15",
                "title": "Accurate Short-Term analysis of the Fundamental Frequency and the Harmonics-To-Noise Rate of A sampled Sound",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Paul",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Boersma",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1993,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Paul Boersma ''Accurate Short-Term analysis of the Fundamental Frequency and the Harmonics-To-Noise Rate of A sampled Sound'', 1993.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF16": {
                "ref_id": "b16",
                "title": "Large Vocabulary Taiwanese (Min-nan) Speech Recognition Using Tone Features and Statistical Pronunciation Modeling",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Dau-Cheng Lyu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2003,
                "venue": "Proc. EuroSpeech",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Dau-Cheng Lyu, et al, \"Large Vocabulary Taiwanese (Min-nan) Speech Recognition Using Tone Features and Statistical Pronunciation Modeling\" In Proc. EuroSpeech, Switzerland, 2003.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF17": {
                "ref_id": "b17",
                "title": "A Taiwanese(Min-nan) Text-to-Speech(TTS) system Based on Automatically Generated Synthetic Units",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "R",
                        "middle": [
                            "Y"
                        ],
                        "last": "Lyu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Z",
                        "middle": [
                            "H"
                        ],
                        "last": "Fu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Y",
                        "middle": [
                            "C"
                        ],
                        "last": "Chiang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "H",
                        "middle": [
                            "M"
                        ],
                        "last": "Liu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2000,
                "venue": "the 6 th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP2000)",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "R. Y. Lyu, Z. H. Fu, Y. C. Chiang, H. M. Liu \"A Taiwanese(Min-nan) Text-to-Speech(TTS) system Based on Automatically Generated Synthetic Units\", the 6 th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP2000), Oct. 2000, Beijing, China",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF18": {
                "ref_id": "b18",
                "title": "Mandrain Accent Adaptation Based on Contest-Independent/Context-Dependent Pronunciation Modeling",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Mingkuan",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Liu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Bo",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Xu",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Taiyi",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Huang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Yonggang",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Deng",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Chengrong",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Li",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": null,
                "venue": "Proc. ICASSP",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Mingkuan Liu, Bo Xu, Taiyi Huang, Yonggang Deng,Chengrong Li, \"Mandrain Accent Adaptation Based on Contest-Independent/Context-Dependent Pronunciation Modeling,\" In Proc. ICASSP,",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF19": {
                "ref_id": "b19",
                "title": "Hidden Markov Model Toolkit V3.1",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "Steve",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Yang",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Steve Yang et al. Hidden Markov Model Toolkit V3.1, Cambridge University Engineering Department, 2002",
                "links": null
            }
        },
        "ref_entries": {}
    }
}