File size: 86,463 Bytes
6fa4bc9 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 |
{
"paper_id": "O08-2006",
"header": {
"generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
"date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:02:29.689303Z"
},
"title": "",
"authors": [],
"year": "",
"venue": null,
"identifiers": {},
"abstract": "",
"pdf_parse": {
"paper_id": "O08-2006",
"_pdf_hash": "",
"abstract": [],
"body_text": [
{
"text": "n \u2208 N \uff0c n \u6709 \u4e09 \u500b \u53c3 \u6578 \u5206 \u5225 \u662f n[STREE//] \u3001 n[/STC/] \u548c n[//ORDER] \uff1b \u6211 \u5011 \u4ee5 n[STREE/STC/ORDER]\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u82e5\u7bc0\u9ede n \u53ea\u6709 n[STREE//]\u548c n[/STC/]\uff0c \u5247\u4ee5 n[STREE/STC/]\u8868\u793a\u3002\u518d\u5047\u8a2d n C(n) \u70ba\u7bc0\u9ede n \u6709 1 \u5230 C(n)\u500b\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\u3002n[STREE//]\u70ba \u7bc0\u9ede n \u6240\u6db5\u84cb\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u5c64\u6578\u6700\u5927\u7bc0\u9ede\u7684 n[STREE//]\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u55ae\u5b57\uff0c \u6b64\u53c3\u6578\u7684\u529f\u7528\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u6bcf\u500b\u7bc0\u9ede\u7684\u9375\u503c(primary key)\uff0c\u6545\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u68f5\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u4e2d n[STREE//]\u4e0d \u6703\u91cd\u8907\u3002n[/STC/]\u8868\u793a\u4ee5 n \u70ba\u6a39\u6839\u7684\u5b50\u6a39\uff0c\u6240\u6db5\u84cb\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u5b57\u4e32\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u5b57\u4e32 \u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff1bn[/STC/]\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u6b64\u5b50\u6a39\u5305\u542b\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u5b57\u4e32\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u5b57\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684 \u4e00\u500b\u5b57\uff1bn[/STC/]\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f 0\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7121\u6cd5\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u3002n[//ORDER]\u662f\u7531 n[/STC/] \u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u4f86\uff0cn[//ORDER]\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u8ddf\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u8a5e\u5e8f\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u82e5\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u8ddf\u76ee\u6a19 \u53e5\u6709\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u7531 n \u8207\u6240\u6709\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede\u7684 n[//ORDER]\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u3002ORDER \u7684\u7bc4 \u570d\u7531 1 \u5230 C(n)\uff0c\u7576 ORDER \u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868 n \u6240\u5c0d\u61c9\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede\u7684\u76ee\u6a19 \u53e5\u7bc4\u570d\u66f4\u9760\u8fd1\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u524d\u6bb5\u3002",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
},
{
"text": "\u5716\u4e09\u662f\u4e00\u500b BSSTC \u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u70ba\u82f1\u6587\uff1a\"Our experiments were simple in concept\"\uff1b\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a\"\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u6982\u5ff5\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\"\u3002\u9996\u5148\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u5fc5\u9807\u5148\u5efa\u6210\u5256\u6790\u6a39\uff0c \u6bcf\u500b\u8449\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u55ae\u5b57\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u55ae\u5b57\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\u505a\u6a19\u865f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\"Our(1)\", \"experiments(2)\", \"were(3)\", \"simple(4)\", \"in(5)\",\"concept(6)\"\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\u7d93\u904e\u65b7\u8a5e\u7684\u8655\uf9e4\u5f8c\uff0c \u4ee5\u65b7\u8a5e\u5f8c\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u505a\u6a19\u865f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\"\u6211\u5011(1)\", \"\u7684(2)\", \"\u5be6\u9a57(3)\", \"\u6982\u5ff5(4)\", \"\u5f88(5)\", \"\u7c21\u55ae (1) ",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
},
{
"text": "\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c0d\u61c9\u7387\u70ba 0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u61c9\u7387\u6703\u843d\u5728 0 \u5230 1 \u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u503c\u8d8a\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u5c0d\u61c9\u7387\u8d8a\u9ad8\u3002\u6211\u5011 \u9700\u8981\u5920\u5927\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u7387\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8a8d\u5b9a\u70ba\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e00\u500b\u9580\u6abb\u503c\u4f86\u7be9\u9078\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50 \u679c\u7576\u9580\u6abb\u503c\u8d8a\u9ad8\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u9580\u6abb\u503c\u8d8a\u4f4e\u6703\u4f7f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u5716\u56db\u3001\u50c5\u6a19\u8a18\u6700\u5e95\u5c64 \u5716\u4e94\u3001\u50c5\u6a19\u8a18 STREE \u53ca STC \u76ee\u524d\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u53ea\u5c07\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u7684 n[STREE/STC/]\u6a19\u8a18\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u56db\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u8981\u9010\u5c64\u5c07\u672a\u6a19\u8a18 n[STREE/STC/]\u7684\u7bc0\u9ede\u6a19\u8a18\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002n[STREE//]\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u5c07 n 1 \u5230 n C(n) \u7684 STREE \u90fd \u52a0\u5165 ES \u4e2d\u3002ES \u70ba\u7528\u4f86\u5132\u5b58 n C(n) [STREE//]\u4e2d STREE \u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u7576\u5c64\u6578\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5247 n[STREE//] \u5c07\u6703\u6db5\u84cb 1 \u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u3002\u82e5 n C(n) [STREE//]\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u6b64\u7bc4\u570d\u6700\u5927\u548c \u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u503c\u52a0\u5165 ES\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c ES \u5167\u53ef\u80fd\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b57\u6216\u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5982\u53ea\u6709\u4e00 \u500b\u6578\u5b57\u5247 n[STREE//]\u53ea\u6a19\u8a18\u8a72\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u5247 ES \u4e2d\u6700\u5c0f\u548c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6578\u503c\u6a19 \u8a18\u5728 n[STREE//]\u4e0a\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u70ba n[\u6700\u5c0f-\u6700\u5927//] \uff1bn[/STC/]\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u5c07 n 1 \u5230 n C(n) \u7684 STC \u90fd\u52a0\u5165 CS \u4e2d\u3002CS \u70ba\u7528\u4f86\u5132\u5b58 n C(n) [/STC/]\u4e2d STC \u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u7576\u5c64\u6578\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5247 n[/STC/] \u5c07\u6703\u6db5\u84cb 1 \u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u3002\u5982 n C(n) [/STC/]\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u6b64\u7bc4\u570d\u6700\u5927\u548c\u6700\u5c0f \u7684\u503c\u52a0\u5165 CS\u3002\u82e5 n C(n) [/STC/]\u51fa\u73fe 0 \u5247\u4e0d\u52a0\u5165 CS\u3002\u6700\u5f8c CS \u53ef\u80fd\u70ba\u7a7a\u3001\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b57\u6216\u5169\u500b \u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u9019\u4e09\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5982\u70ba\u7a7a\u5247\u5c07 n[/STC/]\u6a19\u8a18\u70ba 0\uff0c\u82e5\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b57\u5247 n[/STC/]\u53ea \u6a19\u8a18\u8a72\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u5c07 CS \u4e2d\u6700\u5c0f\u548c\u6700\u5927\u7684 STC \u6a19\u8a18\u5728 n[/STC/]\u4e0a\uff0c\u683c \u5f0f\u70ba n[/\u6700\u5c0f-\u6700\u5927/]\u3002 \u5047\u5982\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u8981\u6a19\u8a18\u5716\u4e94\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c64\u7684\u7bc0\u9ede VP\uff0c\u5247\u5fc5\u9700\u5c07\u7bc0\u9ede VP \u7684\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede VBD \u548c ADJP \u7684 VBD[3//]\u53ca ADJP[4-6//]\u4e2d\u7684 STREE \u52a0\u5165 ES \u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 ES \u5305\u542b\u4e86 3\u30014 \u548c 6 \u4e09 \u500b\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 VP[STREE//]\u4e2d\u7684 STREE \u6a19\u8a18\u70ba 3-6\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u6a19\u8a18 STC\uff0c\u5c07\u7bc0\u9ede VP \u7684\u5b50\u7bc0 \u9ede VBD \u548c ADJP \u7684 VBD[3/0/]\u53ca ADJP[4-6/4-6/]\u4e2d\u7684 STC \u52a0\u5165 CS \u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba 0 \u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u52a0 \u5165 CS \u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 CS \u53ea\u6709 4 \u548c 6 \u5169\u500b\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 VP[3-6/STC/]\u4e2d\u7684 STC \u6a19\u8a18\u70ba 4-6\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u6574\u68f5\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u7684 STREE \u8ddf STC \u90fd\u5df2\u7d93\u6a19\u8a18\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u4e94\uff0c\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b ORDER \u9084 \u6c92\u6a19\u8a18\u4e0a\u3002ORDER \u8655\uf9e4\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff1aSTC \u70ba 0 \u4e4b\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede\u6309\u7167\u7531\u5de6\u81f3 \u53f3\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u7de8\u865f\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6bd4\u8f03 n \u8207 STC \u975e 0",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
},
{
"text": "\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab D={D 1 , D 2 , ..., D m }\uff0cD i \u2208D D i \u5305\u542b T i \u8207 O i \uff0ci \u70ba 1 \u5230 m T i \u662f\u7b2c i \u68f5\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\uff0cO i \u662f T i \u6240\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f \u958b\u59cb \u8a2d\u4f47\uf99c Q \u7528\u4f86\u5132\u5b58\u5256\u6790\u6a39\uff0c\u521d\u59cb\u70ba NULL S \u52a0\u5165 Q \u7576 Q\u2260NULL \u5f9e Q \u4e2d pop \u4e00\u68f5\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39 \u5982\u679c\u5728 D \u4e2d\u641c\u5c0b\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39 T i \u5247\u5c07 O i \u6a19\u8a18\u5728 S",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
},
{
"text": "\u516c\u5f0f(1)\u4e2d\u5b9a\u7fa9 C \u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0cE \u70ba\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c 1, \u70ba\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u6709 1 \u5230 n \u500b\u82f1\u6587 \u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e5f\u6703\u6709 1 \u5230 n \u500b\uff0c\u5373 1, \u3002\u5f9e\u516c\u5f0f\u4e2d\u53ef\u767c\u73fe\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e \u5f59\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\uff0c\u5373Pr( | )\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\uf9dd\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u7d50\u679c \u22121 \uff0c \u627e\u51fa\u76ee\u524d\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59 \u5171\u540c\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba bi-gram \u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373Pr( | \u22121 )\uff0c\u5c07 \u5169\u8005\u76f8\u4e58\u53d6\u8a08\u7b97\u5f8c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4f3cPr( 1, | 1, )\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u503c\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u6240\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb \u8b6f\u8a5e\u5f59\u3002\u5728\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0cPr( | )\u8207Pr( | \u22121 )\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u503c\u7686\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u70ba 0\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u4e58 0 \u63db\u6210\u4e58\u4e0a\u4e00\u500b\u6975\u5c0f\u6578(\u6211\u5011\u9810\u8a2d\u70ba 10 -6 ) \uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u6a5f\u7387\u503c\u70ba 0 \u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u7d50 \u679c\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c07\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u548c bi-",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
}
],
"back_matter": [],
"bib_entries": {
"BIBREF0": {
"ref_id": "b0",
"title": "\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u4e2d\u6587\u5256\u6790\u5668\u6aa2\u7d22\u7cfb\u7d71",
"authors": [],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u4e2d\u6587\u5256\u6790\u5668\u6aa2\u7d22\u7cfb\u7d71, http://parser.iis.sinica.edu.tw/ [Accessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF1": {
"ref_id": "b1",
"title": "\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8b80\u65b0\u805e",
"authors": [],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8b80\u65b0\u805e, http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/jan/15/english.htm [Accessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF4": {
"ref_id": "b4",
"title": "A synchronization structure of SSTC and its applications in machine translation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [
"H"
],
"last": "Al-Adhaileh",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "T",
"middle": [
"E"
],
"last": "Kong",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Y",
"middle": [],
"last": "Zaharin",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2002,
"venue": "Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics -2002 Post-Conference Workshop on Machine Translation in Asia",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "1--8",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "M. H. Al-Adhaileh, T. E. Kong and Y. Zaharin, \"A synchronization structure of SSTC and its applications in machine translation\", Proceedings of the International Confer- ence on Computational Linguistics -2002 Post-Conference Workshop on Machine Translation in Asia, 1-8, 2002.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF5": {
"ref_id": "b5",
"title": "A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "P",
"middle": [
"F"
],
"last": "Brown",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "J",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cocke",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "S",
"middle": [
"A D"
],
"last": "Pietra",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "V",
"middle": [
"J D"
],
"last": "Pietra",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "F",
"middle": [],
"last": "Jelinek",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "J",
"middle": [
"D"
],
"last": "Lafferty",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "R",
"middle": [
"L"
],
"last": "Mercer",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "P",
"middle": [
"S"
],
"last": "Roossin",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1990,
"venue": "Computational Linguistics",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "79--85",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "P. F. Brown, J. Cocke, S. A. D. Pietra, V. J. D. Pietra, F. Jelinek, J. D. Lafferty, R. L. Mercer and P. S. Roossin, \"A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation\", Computa- tional Linguistics, 79-85, 1990.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF6": {
"ref_id": "b6",
"title": "Representation trees and string-tree correspondences",
"authors": [
{
"first": "C",
"middle": [],
"last": "Boitet",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Y",
"middle": [],
"last": "Zaharin",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1998,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "59--64",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "C. Boitet and Y. Zaharin, \"Representation trees and string-tree correspondences\", Pro- ceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 59-64, 1998.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF7": {
"ref_id": "b7",
"title": "A Survey of Current Paradigms in Machine Translation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "B",
"middle": [
"J"
],
"last": "Dorr",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "P",
"middle": [
"W"
],
"last": "Jordan",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "J",
"middle": [
"W"
],
"last": "Benoit",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1999,
"venue": "Advances in Computers",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "1--68",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "B. J. Dorr, P. W. Jordan and J. W. Benoit, \"A Survey of Current Paradigms in Machine Translation\" Advances in Computers, London: Academic Press, 1-68, 1999.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF8": {
"ref_id": "b8",
"title": "Google Translate",
"authors": [],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Google Translate http://www.google.com/translate_t [Accessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF9": {
"ref_id": "b9",
"title": "Building a large-scale knowledge base for machine translation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "K",
"middle": [],
"last": "Knight",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "S",
"middle": [
"K"
],
"last": "Luk",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1994,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial intelligence",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "773--778",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "K. Knight and S. K. Luk, \"Building a large-scale knowledge base for machine transla- tion\", Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial intelligence, 773-778, 1994.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF10": {
"ref_id": "b10",
"title": "Statistical phrase-based translation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "P",
"middle": [],
"last": "Koehn",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "F",
"middle": [
"J"
],
"last": "Och",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "D",
"middle": [],
"last": "Marcu",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2003,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "127--133",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "P. Koehn, F. J. Och and D. Marcu, \"Statistical phrase-based translation\", Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference, 127-133, 2003.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF11": {
"ref_id": "b11",
"title": "Example-based Machine Translation Based on TSC and Statistical Generation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Z",
"middle": [],
"last": "Liu",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "H",
"middle": [],
"last": "Wang",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "H",
"middle": [],
"last": "Wu",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2005,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Tenth Machine Translation Summit",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "25--32",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Z. Liu, H. Wang and H. Wu, \"Example-based Machine Translation Based on TSC and Statistical Generation\", Proceedings of the Tenth Machine Translation Summit, 25-32, 2005.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF12": {
"ref_id": "b12",
"title": "MXPOST",
"authors": [],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "MXPOST, http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/resources/nlp/local_doc/MXPOST.html [Accessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF13": {
"ref_id": "b13",
"title": "An Efficient Method for Determining Bilingual Word Classes",
"authors": [
{
"first": "F",
"middle": [
"J"
],
"last": "Och",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1999,
"venue": "Proceedings of European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "71--76",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "F. J. Och, \"An Efficient Method for Determining Bilingual Word Classes\", Proceedings of European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 71-76, 1999.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF14": {
"ref_id": "b14",
"title": "Improved Statistical Alignment Models",
"authors": [
{
"first": "F",
"middle": [
"J"
],
"last": "Och",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "H",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ney",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2000,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "440--447",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "F. J. Och and H. Ney, \"Improved Statistical Alignment Models\", Proceedings of the Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 440-447, 2000.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF15": {
"ref_id": "b15",
"title": "The Stanford Parser: A statistical parser",
"authors": [],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "The Stanford Parser: A statistical parser, http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/ [Accessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF16": {
"ref_id": "b16",
"title": "SRILM -an extensible language modeling toolkit",
"authors": [
{
"first": "A",
"middle": [],
"last": "Stolcke",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2002,
"venue": "Proceedings of the intelligence Conference on Spoken Language Processing",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "901--904",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "A. Stolcke. SRILM -an extensible language modeling toolkit. Proceedings of the intel- ligence Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 901-904, 2002. http://www.speech.sri.com/projects/srilm/ [Accessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF17": {
"ref_id": "b17",
"title": "Toward Memory-Based Translation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "S",
"middle": [],
"last": "Sato",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nagao",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1990,
"venue": "Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "247--252",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "S. Sato and M. Nagao, Toward Memory-Based Translation\", Proceedings of Interna- tional Conference on Computational Linguistics, 247-252, 1990.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF18": {
"ref_id": "b18",
"title": "The International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement",
"authors": [],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "The International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement, http://www.iea.nl/ [Accessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF20": {
"ref_id": "b20",
"title": "The Porter Stemming Algorithm",
"authors": [],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "The Porter Stemming Algorithm, http://www.tartarus.org/martin/PorterStemmer/ [Ac- cessed: Jun. 30, 2008].",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF22": {
"ref_id": "b22",
"title": "Machine Translation Based on Translation Corresponding Tree Structure",
"authors": [
{
"first": "F",
"middle": [],
"last": "Wong",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Dong",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "D",
"middle": [],
"last": "Hu",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2006,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "25--31",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "F. Wong, M. Dong and D. Hu, Machine Translation Based on Translation Corresponding Tree Structure, Tsinghua Science & Technology, 25-31, 2006.",
"links": null
}
},
"ref_entries": {
"FIGREF0": {
"uris": null,
"text": "\u4e4b\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e26\u63a5\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u7684 \u7de8\u865f\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u5c0f\u5230\u5927\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6a19\u8a18\u7de8\u865f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5716\u4e94\u82e5\u8981\u6a19\u8a18 JJ[4/6/ORDER]\u548c PP[5-6/4/ORDER] \u7684 ORDER\uff0c\u5247\u5c07 JJ[4/STC/]\u4e2d\u7684 STC=6 \u548c PP[5-6/STC/]\u4e2d\u7684 STC=4 \u7531\u5c0f\u6392\u5230\u5927\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 PP[5-6/4/ORDER]\u4e2d\u7684 ORDER \u6a19\u8a18\u70ba 1\uff0cJJ[4/6/ ORDER] \u4e2d\u7684 ORDER \u6a19\u8a18\u70ba 2\u3002 \uf9dd\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u4e09\u3002\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u6574\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u5230\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u4f5c\u641c \u5c0b\uff0c\u5c07\u5f88\u96e3\u641c\u5c0b\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u53e5\u5b50\u8d8a\u9577\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6703\u8d8a\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7d50\u69cb\u7684 \u53e5\u5b50\u91cd\u8907\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u4f4e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u6a39\u5206\u5225\u53d6\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5b50\u6a39\u6240 \u5305\u542b\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7684\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u88e1\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5 \u589e\u52a0\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5230\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u8a18\u9304\u5728\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7bc4 \u4f8b\u6a39\u548c ORDER \u53c3\u6578\u3002STREE \u548c STC \u4e0d\u9700\u8a18\u9304\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d \u540c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5247\u5728\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8a18\u9304 STREE \u548c STC\u3002 \u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\"NP(NP(NN fork))(PP(IN of)(NP(DT the)(NN road)))\"\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\"\u5c94\u8def\"\uff0c\u800c\"NP(NP(NN leader))(PP(IN of)(NP(DT a)(NN company)))\"\uff0c \u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\"\u4e00\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\"NP(NP(DT)(NNS))(PP(IN)(NP(CD)(NNS))))\"\uff0c\u65b9\u5f62\u6846\u70ba\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00 \u68f5 \u7bc4 \u4f8b \u6a39 \u7d50 \u69cb \u70ba \"(NP(NP[//2](DT[//1]) (NNS[//2])) (PP[//1](IN[//1]) (NP[//2](CD[//1]) (NNS[//2]))))\"\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u53bb\u9664 ORDER \u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u6703\u8ddf\u5b50\u6a39\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c \u6545\u5c07\u6b64\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8a8d\u5b9a\u70ba\u5339\u914d\u5b50\u6a39\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u641c\u5c0b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u4e03\u3002\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u52a0\u5230\u4f47\uf99c(queue)",
"num": null,
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF1": {
"uris": null,
"text": "graph shows the heights of four girls\"\uff0c \u5256\u6790\u6a39\u70ba\"(S(NP(DT The)(NN graph))(VP(VBZ shows)(NP(NP(DT the)(NNS \u5716\u516d\u3001\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u8207\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u95dc\u4fc2 heights))(PP(IN of)(NP(CD four)(NNS girls)))))\"\u3002\u900f\u904e\u641c\u5c0b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\u627e\u51fa\u5339\u914d\u5b50\u6a39\uff0c \u9996\u5148\u4ee5\u7bc0\u9ede S \u70ba\u6a39\u6839\u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u5230\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4f5c\u641c\u5c0b\uff0c\u641c\u5c0b\u6642\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u8449\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\uff0c\u6b64\u4f8b\u5b50\u6c92\u641c\u5c0b \u5230\u5339\u914d\u5b50\u6a39\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u7bc0\u9ede S \u7684\u5b50\u6a39 NP \u548c VP \u52a0\u5165\u4f47\uf99c\u4e2d\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u5c07\u5f9e\u4f47\uf99c\u4e2d\u53d6\u51fa\u7684\u5b50\u6a39 \u70ba NP\uff0c\u5230\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u641c\u5c0b\u5339\u914d\u5b50\u6a39\uff0c\u4f46\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\uff0c\u6b64\u6642 NP \u7684\u5b50 \u6a39\u7686\u70ba\u8449\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e26\u7121\u5b50\u6a39\u5728\u52a0\u5165\u4f47\uf99c\u4e2d\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u5148\u9032\u5148\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u5f9e\u4f47\uf99c\u53d6\u51fa \u7684\u662f S \u7684\u53f3\u5b50\u6a39 VP\uff0c\u5728\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u9084\u662f\u641c\u5c0b\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8981\u5c07 VP \u7684\u5b50\u6a39 VBZ \u548c NP \u52a0\u5165\u4f47\uf99c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46 VBZ \u70ba\u8449\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\uff0c\u6545\u53ea\u6709 NP \u52a0\u5165\u4f47\uf99c\u4e2d\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u662f\u5b50\u6a39 NP \u5f9e\u4f47 \uf99c\u4e2d\u88ab\u53d6\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u5b50\u6a39 NP \u5728\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u641c\u5c0b\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u516d\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u641c\u5c0b \u5230\u7684\u5339\u914d\u5b50\u6a39\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684 ORDER \u6a19\u8a18\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u6a19\u8a18\u5f8c\u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u5c07\u5982\u5716\u516b\u6240\u793a\u3002\u6b64 \u6642\u4f47\uf99c\u4e2d\u5df2\u7d93\u70ba\u7a7a\uff0c\u641c\u5c0b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u5230\u6b64\u70ba\u6b62\u3002 \u6a19\u8a18\u5b8c ORDER \u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c07\u6c92\u6709\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5b50\u6a39\u4f5c\u4fee\u526a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u4e0d\u7528\u4f5c\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u5b50\u6a39 \u4fee\u526a\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u5c64\u6a39\u3002\u5982\u5716\u516b\u7bc0\u9ede S \u7684\u53f3\u5b50\u6a39\u3001NP[2]\u548c NP[1]\u7684\u5b50\u6a39\u7686\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f5c\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\uff0c \u56e0\u6b64\u4fee\u526a\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u70ba\"(S(NP The graph)(VP(VBZ shows)(NP(NP[2] the heights)(PP[1](IN[2] of)(NP[1] four girls))))) \"\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u4e5d\u6240\u793a\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u5f9e\u5c64\u6578\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede\u958b\u59cb\u9010\u5c64\u5f80\u4e0a \u4f9d\u7167\u512a\u5148\u6b0a\u9806\u5e8f\u8abf\u6574\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff1b\u8abf\u6574\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5c07\u6703\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u7522\u751f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u82e5\u6211 \u5011\u76f4\u63a5\u53d6\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u7684\u8449\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\u4f5c\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u6210\u70ba\u55ae\u5b57\u5f0f\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u7121\u6cd5\u5c0d\u8a5e\u7d44 \u6216\u7247\u8a9e\u4f5c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6703\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc0\u6703\u4f5c\u8a73\u7d30\u8aaa\u660e\u3002 \u5716\u4e5d\u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u6709\u56db\u5c64\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u7b2c\u56db\u5c64\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede\"(IN[2] of)(NP[1] four girls)\"\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167 ORDER \u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u8abf\u6574\u5f8c\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u70ba\"(NP[1] four girls) (IN[2] of) \"\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c64\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede \"(NP [2] the heights)(PP[1] (NP[1] four girls)(IN[2] of))\"\u4ea4\u63db\u5f8c\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u70ba\"(PP[1] (NP[1] four girls)(IN[2] of)) (NP [2] the heights)\uff0c\u6b64\u4f8b\u5b50\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u8a5e\u5e8f\u6c92\u6709\u518d\u8abf\u52d5\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u5341\u6240\u793a\uff1b \u6700\u5f8c\u8f38\u5165\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u70ba\"The graph\"\u3001\"shows\"\u3001\"four girls\"\u3001\"of\"\u3001\"the heights\"\uff0c\u7531 \u6b64\u9806\u5e8f\u5206\u5225\u4f5c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8655\uf9e4\u3002 \u5716\u516b\u3001\u5b8c\u6210 ORDER \u6a19\u8a18 \u5716\u4e5d\u3001\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u4fee\u526a\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c \u5716\u5341\u3001\u8abf\u6574\u8a5e\u5e8f\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c 3.4 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u8655\uf9e4 \u7d93\u904e\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc0\u8655\uf9e4\u6700\u5f8c\u5f97\u5230\u4fee\u526a\u6a39\uff0c\u4fee\u526a\u6a39\u7684\u8449\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\u53ef\u80fd\u70ba\u82f1\u6587\u55ae\u5b57(word)\u3001\u8a5e\u7d44(term)\u3002\u8a5e\u7d44\u5373\u70ba\u6578\u500b\u55ae\u5b57\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u5b57\u4e32\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u70ba\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u5982 \"would be left on the floor\"\u6216\u7247 \u8a9e(phrase\uff0c\u5982\u540d\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\u7b49) \uff0c\u5982\"in order to\"\u3002\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8655\uf9e4\u4e0a\u6703 shown in diagram\u2026\"\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u6eff \u8db3\u898f\u5247\u8a5e\u5178\u6a94\u5167\u7684\"as shown in diagram\"\u548c\"in diagram\"\u7247\u8a9e\u53e5\u578b\uff0c\u5247\u6211\u5011\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u9577\u5ea6\u8f03 \u9577\u7684\"as shown in diagram\"\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9078\u64c7\"in diagram\"\u52a0\u4e0a\"as show\"\u4f5c\u70ba\u65b7\u8a5e\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002",
"num": null,
"type_str": "figure"
},
"TABREF0": {
"html": null,
"num": null,
"text": "The International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement, \u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31 IEA)[20]\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u4e86\u89e3\u5404\u570b\u5b78\u751f\u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78(\u542b\u7269\uf9e4\u3001\u5316 \u5b78\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3001\u53ca\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b78)\u65b9\u9762\u5b78\u7fd2\u6210\u5c31\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u74b0\u5883\u7b49\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u95dc\u806f\u6027\uff0c \u4e26\u5728\u570b\u969b\u9593\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u81ea 1970 \u5e74\u8d77\u958b\u59cb\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u570b\u969b\u6578\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u5c31\u8abf\u67e5\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e16 \u754c\u5404\u570b\u9010\u6f38\u5c0d\u570b\u969b\u6578\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u611f\u5230\u8208\u8da3\uff0cIEA \u4fbf\u5728 1995 \u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u6bcf\u56db\u5e74\u8fa6 \uf9e4\u570b\u969b\u6578\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u570b\u969b\u6578\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u5c31\u8da8\u52e2\u8abf\u67e5(Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31 TIMSS )\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u8fa6\uf9e4\u904e 1995\u3001 1999\u30012003 \u548c 2007 \u5171\u56db\u5c46\uff0c\u5171\u6709 38 \u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u53c3\u52a0\u3002 \u6211\u570b\u65bc 1999 \u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u52a0\u5165 TIMSS \u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u570b\u79d1\u6703\u59d4\u8a17\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3 (\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3)\u8ca0\u8cac\u8a74\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u53ca\u6e2c\u9a57\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021999 \u5e74\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u5c0d\u8c61\u53ea\u6709\u570b\u4e2d\u4e8c\u5e74\u7d1a \u5b78\u751f\uff0c 2003 \u5e74\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u5c0d\u8c61\u5305\u62ec\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u53ca\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a\u5b78\u751f\u3002\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a74\u984c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u5305\u542b\uff1a\u5f9e IEA \u53d6\u5f97\u8a74\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u7531\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6c7a\u8b70\u9032\u884c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u914d\u3001\u4e2d\u6587\u8a74\u984c\u4ea4\u63db\u5be9\u7a3f\u6821\u6b63\u53ca\u7ffb\u8b6f \u554f\u984c\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5c07\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a74\u984c\u5b9a\u7a3f\u3002\u81f3\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u5e2b\u5927\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5df2\u5c07 1999 \u548c 2003 \u5e74\u8a74\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\u548c\u8a55\u91cf\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u516c\u5e03\u65bc\u53f0\u7063 TIMSS \u5b98\u65b9\u7db2\u7ad9[21] \uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u53c3\u8003\u3002\u5728 TIMSS",
"content": "<table><tr><td>\u5f59\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u9806\u5e8f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u8f03\u9ad8\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u9020\u6210 \u6a19\u53e5\u7684\u8868\u793a\u5f0f\uff1b\u5408\u6210\u968e\u6bb5\u5c07\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7684\u8868\u793a\u5f0f\u5c55\u958b\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7684 word-dependency tree\uff0c\u4e26 \u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u5982\u5716\u4e00\u6240\u793a\u3002\u6211\u5011\u91dd\u5c0d\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7522\u751f\u7cfb\u7d71\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u9019\u5169\u90e8\u4efd\u5206\u5225\u7c21 3.1 \u96d9\u8a9e\u6a39\u5c0d\u61c9\u5b57\u4e32\u7684\u7d50\u69cb(BSSTC)</td></tr><tr><td>\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e0a\u7528\u8a5e\u9806\u5e8f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\"\u4e0b\u5716\u986f\u793a\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u7a2e\u7a40\u7269\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5716\"\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba \u4e14\u8f38\u51fa\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u3002Al-Adhaileh \u7b49\u5b78\u8005[5]\u5c07 structured string tree correspondence(SSTC) [7] \u4ecb\u5982\u4e0b\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\"\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u7a2e\u7a40\u7269\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5716\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u5716\u986f\u793a\"\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u53d7\u6e2c\u8005\u7684\u601d\u7dd2\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f5c\u7b54\u6642 \u904b\u7528\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u99ac\u4f86\u897f\u4e9e\u6587\u4e0a\uff0cSSTC \u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u80fd\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u5c0d\u61c9\u99ac\u4f86\u897f\u4e9e\u6587\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64 \uf06c \u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7522\u751f\u7cfb\u7d71\uff1a \u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u82f1\u5e73\u884c\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u5e73\u884c\u8a9e\u6599\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u53e5</td></tr><tr><td>\u7c97\u5fc3\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82e5\u80fd\uf9dd\u7528\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f(machine translation)\u7684\u6280\u8853\u4f86\u8f14\u52a9\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4ee5 \u7d50\u69cb\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u89e3\u6c7a\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u8f03\u5b8c\u6574\u7684 EBMT \u7cfb\u7d71\u6709 Liu \u7b49\u5b78\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa \u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u5c0d\u61c9\u4e00\u53e5\u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\uff0c\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e00\u7d44\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u90fd\u8981\u662f\u4e92\u70ba\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\u7d93\u904e\u65b7</td></tr><tr><td>\u53ca\u8abf\u6574\u8a5e\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3002 tree-string correspondence (TSC)\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684 EBMT \u7cfb\u7d71[13] \uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u5c0d TSC \u8a5e\u8655\uf9e4\u5f8c\uff0c\u88ab\u65b7\u6210\u6578\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a7a\u767d\u9694\u958b\uff1b\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7d93\u904e\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u5668\u5efa\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u5256</td></tr><tr><td>\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u6167\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f\u662f\u6307\u5c07\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e\u8a00\u7d93 \u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u662f\u8a08\u7b97\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u548c TSC \u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684\u5206\u6578\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u662f\u7531\u4f86\u6e90\u8a5e\u5f59\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210 \u6790\u6a39\u3002\u5c07\u65b7\u8a5e\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u7d93\u904e\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u5c0d\u61c9\u5b57\u4e32\u6a21\u7d44\u8655\uf9e4\uff0c\u5efa\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790</td></tr><tr><td>\u6458\u8981 \u904e\u96fb\u8166\u904b\u7b97\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u56f0\u96e3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e5f\u8ddf\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u548c\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u82f1\u6587\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259 \u76ee\u6a19\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u548c\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u3002 \u6a39\u5c0d\u61c9\u5b57\u4e32\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6a39\uff0c\u6b64\u7d50\u69cb\u6a39\u7a31\u70ba\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u3002\u518d\u5c07\u6bcf\u500b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u53d6\u51fa\u5b50\u6a39\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5224\u65b7</td></tr><tr><td>\u6587\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u7279\u6027\u8f03\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u6587\u8ddf\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5e8f\u5dee\u7570\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4e14\u4e2d\u6587\u6bd4\u8f03\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5b9a \u662f\u5426\u6709\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\uff0c\u5c07\u9700\u8981\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u5168\u90e8\u5b58\u5165\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u65b9\u4fbf\u641c\u5c0b\u3002 \u9ec3\u8f1d\u7b49\u5b78\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684 translation corresponding tree (TCT) [24]\uff0cTCT \u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f \u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u61c9\u7528\u4ee5\u7bc4\u4f8b\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u82f1\u6f22\u96d9\u8a9e\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u8f14\u52a9\u82f1\u6f22\u55ae\u53e5\u8a9e\u6599 \u7684\u8a9e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5beb\u6cd5\u8f03\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c0d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4f86\u8aaa\u8f03\u70ba\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f\u767c\u5c55\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u7d93\u8d85\u904e 50 \u5e74\u3002Dorr \u6210\u8461\u8404\u7259\u6587\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5728 TCT \u7d50\u69cb\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a18\u9304\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u548c\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u4f86 \uf06c \u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\uff1a\u7576\u8f38\u5165\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u5f8c\uff0c\u5148\u5c07\u53e5\u5b50\u900f\u904e\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u5668\uff0c\u5efa\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u3002 \u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7bc4\u4f8b\u662f\u904b\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u6b64\u7d50\u69cb\u5305\u542b\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u3001\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7684\u5b57\u4e32\u3001 \u7b49\u5b78\u8005[9] \u5c07\u73fe \u5728\u6a5f \u5668 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u4f9d \u64da\u7cfb \u7d71\u8655 \uf9e4\u7684 \u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86 \u5206 \u985e \uff0c\u5206 \u6210 \u4ee5 \u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78 \u70ba\u57fa \u7ffb\u8b6f \u6e90\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u548c\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u548c\u8a5e\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f TCT \u662f\u4e8c\u5143\u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf \u6709\u4e86\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u641c\u5c0b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u6a21\u7d44\uff0c\u6a19\u8a18\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u8abf\u52d5\u8a5e\u5e8f\u7684\u7d50 \u4ee5\u53ca\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u548c\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5c07\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7bc4\u4f8b\u5efa\u7acb\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u4f5c\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db (linguistic-based paradigms)\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u57fa\u65bc\u77e5\u8b58(knowledge-based)\u548c\u57fa\u65bc\u898f\u5247(rule-based)\u7b49\uff1b \u500b\u7bc0\u9ede\u90fd\u53ea\u6709\u5169\u9846\u5b50\u6a39\uff0c\u5728 TCT \u4e0a\u8a5e\u5e8f\u53ea\u7528\u5e03\u6797\u503c(boolean value)\u4f86\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 TCT \u53ea \u69cb\uff0c\u4e26\u4f9d\u7167\u6240\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4f5c\u8abf\u6574\u3002\u8a5e\u5e8f\u8abf\u6574\u5b8c\u6210\u5f8c\u518d\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u7d50\u69cb\u6a39\u4e2d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u55ae\u5b57\u6216 \u7684\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u900f\u904e\u5b57\u5178\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uf9dd\u7528\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u4f86\u9078\u8a5e\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u5efa \u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u70ba\u57fa\u7ffb\u8b6f(non-linguistic-based paradigms) \uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u57fa\u65bc\u7d71\u8a08(statistical-based) \u80fd\u904b\u7528\u5728\u4e8c\u5143\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u4e0a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u5256\u6790\u5668\u6240\u7522\u751f\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u662f\u591a\u5143\u6a39\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u51fa\u96d9\u8a9e\u6a39 \u7247\u8a9e\u900f\u904e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u505a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5927\u5c0f\u5beb\u8f49\u63db\u3001\u65b7\u8a5e\u8655\uf9e4\u3001stop word \u8b70\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u6211\u5011\u662f\u4ee5 2003 \u5e74\u570b\u969b\u6578\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u5c31\u8da8\u52e2\u8abf\u67e5\u6e2c\u9a57\u8a74\u984c\u70ba\u4e3b\u8981\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684 \u548c\u57fa\u65bc\u7bc4\u4f8b(example-based)\u7b49\u3002 \u5c0d\u61c9\u5b57\u4e32\u7684\u7d50\u69cb(bilingual structured string tree correspondence\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31\u70ba BSSTC)\u53ef\u4ee5\u904b\u7528 filtering\u53castemming\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5c07\u8655\uf9e4\u904e\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u900f\u904e\u5b57\u5178\u6a94\u505a\u7ffb\u8b6f[3]\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u55ae\u5b57\u6216\u7247 \u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u63d0\u5347\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4ee5 NIST \u548c BLEU \u7684\u8a55\u6bd4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f86\u8a55\u4f30\u548c\u6bd4\u8f03 \u4ee5\u77e5\u8b58\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f(knowledge-based machine translation)\u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\u904b\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u3001\u6587 \u5728\u591a\u5143\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14 BSSTC \u53ef\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7576\u4f5c\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u53c3\u8003\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50 \u8a9e\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u4f86\u7522\u751f\u521d\u6b65\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u6b64\u7ffb \u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u548c\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6240\u9054\u6210\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u54c1\u8cea\u3002 \u6cd5\u898f\u5247\u6216\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4f86\u5e6b\u52a9\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002Knight \u7b49\u5b78\u8005[11]\u7d50\u5408 Longman \u5b57\u5178\u3001WordNet \u679c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8abf\u52d5\u8a5e\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u5b8c\u6210\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u900f\u904e\u5b57\u5178\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210 \u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u5c1a\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7684\u7de8\u4fee\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e\u8a00\u8655\uf9e4\uff0c\u8a74\u984c\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0cTIMSS \u548c Collins \u96d9\u8a9e\u5b57\u5178\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u5eab\uff0c\u904b\u7528\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\uf9dd\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u4f86\u5e6b \u52a9\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u5b57\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u5728\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002 \u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u904b\u7528\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u9078\u8a5e\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u521d\u6b65\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c1a\u5c6c\u65bc\u534a\u81ea\u52d5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb 3. \u7cfb\u7d71\u76f8\u95dc\u6280\u8853 \u7d71\uff0c\u6545\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u5de5\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fee\u98fe\u7de8\u8f2f\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc0\u7cfb\u7d71\u67b6\u69cb\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5206\u70ba\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7522\u751f\u7cfb\u7d71\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u5169\u5927\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u7bc4\u4f8b\u7522\u751f 1. \u7dd2\u8ad6 \u4ee5\u82f1\u7ffb\u4e2d\u70ba\u4f8b\"current\"\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u5728\u5b57\u5178\u88e1\u5c31\u6709\u5341\u591a\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u627e\u51fa\u4e00 \u500b\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5728\u4f55\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u8981\u7528\u4f55\u7a2e\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u548c\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u4e0a\u5f88\u96e3\u6eff\u8db3\u4f7f \u7528\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u6703\u9650\u5b9a\u9818\u57df\u4f86\u6e1b\u5c11\u4e00\u5b57\u591a\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 current \u5728\u96fb\u5b50\u96fb\u6a5f\u985e \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u96fb\u6d41\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u5b78\u985e\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u3002 \u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f(statistical machine translation\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31 SMT)\u662f\u5c07\u8a9e\u6599\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e4b\u524d \u80fd\u3002Brown \u7b49\u5b78\u8005[6]\u65bc 1990 \u5e74\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u53ca\u6cd5\u6587\u7684\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\u6599\u70ba\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u96d9\u8a9e\u7ffb \u8b6f\u67b6\u69cb\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u8a00\u70ba T \u53ca\u4f86\u6e90\u8a9e\u8a00\u70ba S\uff0cP(T)\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u8a00 T \u5728\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\uff0c \u7a31\u70ba\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b(language model)\uff0cP(S|T)\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u8a00 T \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u4f86\u6e90\u8a9e\u8a00 S \u7684\u6a5f\u7387\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u7ffb \u8b6f\u6a21\u578b(translation model)\u3002SMT \u7cfb\u7d71\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\u8f14\u52a9\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5177\u5099\u96d9\u8a9e\u5c0d\u61c9 \u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab(parallel corpora \u6216\u7a31 bilingual corpora)\uff0c\u518d\u900f\u904e\u6a5f\u7387\u516c\u5f0f\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u6a5f\u7387\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5176 \u4e2d SMT \u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u65bc\u9700\u8981\u6536\u96c6\u5927\u91cf\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u7576\u8a9e\u6599\u8d8a\u591a\u5efa\u7acb\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u82b1\u8cbb\u7684 \u6642\u9593\u8d8a\u591a\u3002Oct \u7b49\u5b78\u8005[16]\u63d0\u51fa\u55ae\u5b57\u5f0f(word-based)\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u578b\u904b\u7528\u5728\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u6e96 (word alignment)\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u767c\u5c55\u51fa GIZA++\u9019\u5957\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002Koehn \u7b49\u5b78\u8005[12]\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5c07\u55ae\u5b57\u5f0f\u8f49\u8b8a\u6210\u7247 \u8a9e\u5f0f(phrase-based)\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u904b\u7528\u7247\u8a9e\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u578b\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u6703\u6bd4\u55ae\u5b57\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u8981 \u6b63\u78ba\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u672c\u7bc0\u7c21\u55ae\u4ecb\u7d39\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc0\u63cf\u8ff0\u6574\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc0\u8aaa\u660e \u672c\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u6240\u904b\u7528\u7684\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u7bc0\u5247\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u7bc0\u5247\u662f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002 2. \u7cfb\u7d71\u67b6\u69cb \u7531\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u82f1\u4e92\u70ba\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u627e\u51fa\u8a5e\u5e8f\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u548c\u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\u8a5e \u4e2d\uff0c\u6b64\u7d50\u69cb\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u4e4b\u5f8c\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u8abf\u6574\u70ba\u9069\u5408\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u53c3\u8003\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u518d\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u4e26\uf9dd\u7528\u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f\u9078\u8a5e\u9078\u51fa\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u8b93\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u66f4 \u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u548c\u9806\u5e8f\u3002 \u7522\u751f\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7cfb\u7d71 \u4e2d\u82f1\u5e73\u884c\u8a9e\u6599 \u4e2d\u6587\u53e5 \u82f1\u6587\u53e5 \u65b7\u8a5e \u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u5668 \u8655\u7406 \u5256\u6790\u6a39\u5c0d\u61c9\u5b57\u4e32 \u6a21\u7d44 \u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599 \u5eab \u67e5\u8a62 \u6a39\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b\u70ba\u5148\u5c07\u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\u65b7\u8a5e\u548c\u5256\u6790\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\uff0c\u518d\u5c07\u65b7\u8a5e\u548c\u5256\u6790\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u8f38\u5165\u81f3\u5256 \u6790\u6a39\u5c0d\u61c9\u5b57\u4e32\u6a21\u7d44\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u8655\uf9e4\u5f8c\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u5b58\u5165\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b\u5340 \u5206\u70ba\u4e09\u5927\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u641c\u5c0b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u6a21\u7d44\uff0c\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u8ddf\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4f5c\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c \u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u672a\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5230\u7684\u5b50\u6a39\u505a\u4fee\u526a\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u5c07\u4fee\u526a\u5f8c\u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21\u7d44\u7ffb\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\uff1b \u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u4ee5\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u5de5\u5177\u53ca bi-gram \u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u9593\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e4b\u7ffb\u8b6f \u570b\u969b\u6559\u80b2\u5b78\u7fd2\u6210\u5c31\u8abf\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703(\u7684\u8a74\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u984c\u578b\u7a2e\u985e\u6709\u9078\u64c7\u984c\u548c\u554f\u7b54\u984c\uff0c\u8a74\u984c\u53e5\u578b\u5927\u591a\u70ba\u76f4\u8ff0\u53e5\u548c\u554f\u53e5\u7d50\u69cb \u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u904e\u8a08\u7b97\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f5c\u9f90\u5927\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u6548 \u5e8f\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5132\u5b58\u5728\u96fb\u8166\u4e2d\uff0c\u5132\u5b58\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u662f\u5c07\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f\u95dc\u4fc2\u8a18\u9304\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u7684\u7d50\u69cb \u7d44\u5408\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u6240\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u9078\u64c7\u984c\u5247\u591a\u4e86\u8a98\u7b54\u9078\u9805\u3002 \u4ee5\u7bc4\u4f8b\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f(example-based machine translation\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31\u70ba EBMT) \u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71</td></tr><tr><td>\u4ee5\u5f80\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u96d6\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u8017\u8cbb\u76f8\u7576\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u8cc7\u6e90 \u548c\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u7ffb\u8b6f\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u6703\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a19\u6e96(\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u7ffb \u8b6f\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e0d\u540c)\uff1b\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u524d\u5f8c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u800c\u7522\u751f\u8a9e\u610f\u4e0a\u7684\u6df7 \u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u591a\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u5728 1990 \u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u5b78\u8005 Sato \u548c Nagao[19]\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684 EBMT \u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u8f38\u5165 \u641c\u5c0b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39 \u6a21\u7d44 \u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u5668 \u8655\u7406 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6a21 \u7d44 \u7d71\u8a08\u5f0f \u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\u8f38\u51fa \u9078\u8a5e \u662f\u5c07\u7ffb\u8b6f\u904e\u7a0b\u5206\u70ba\u5206\u89e3(decomposition)\u3001\u8f49\u63db(transfer)\u548c\u5408\u6210(composition)\u4e09\u6b65\u9a5f\u3002\u5206\u89e3 \u968e\u6bb5\u662f\u5c07\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u5230\u7bc4\u4f8b\u5eab\u4e2d\u641c\u5c0b\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u6240\u641c\u5c0b\u5230 word-dependency tree \u7576\u4f5c\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684 \u5716\u4e8c\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u5256\u6790\u6a39 \u5716\u4e09\u3001BSSTC \u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u8868\u793a\u6cd5</td></tr><tr><td>\u6dc6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u9593\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u8a74\u984c\u96e3\u6613\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u82e5\u76f4\u63a5\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u900f\u904e\u82f1\u6f22\u5b57\u5178\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e word-dependency tree\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5f62\u6210\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\u8868\u793a\u5f0f\uff1b\u8f49\u63db\u968e\u6bb5\u5c07\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\u8868\u793a\u5f0f\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u76ee \u5716\u4e00\u3001\u7cfb\u7d71\u67b6\u69cb\u5716</td></tr></table>",
"type_str": "table"
},
"TABREF1": {
"html": null,
"num": null,
"text": "\uff0c\u5247 STREE \u4ee3\u8868\u7bc0\u9ede VP \u5c0d\u61c9\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7b2c\u4e09\u5230 \u7b2c\u516d\u500b\u5b57 \"were simple in concept\"\uff1bSTC \u4ee3\u8868\"were simple in concept\"\u5c0d\u61c9\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7684\u7b2c\u56db \u6240\u5c0d\u61c9\u8449\u5b50\u7bc0\u9ede\u7684\u7de8\u865f\u6a19\u8a18\u5728 n[STREE//]\u3002\u5982\u5716\u4e09\u7bc0\u9ede NNS \u6240\u5c0d\u61c9\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\"experiments\"\u7684\u7de8\u865f\u70ba 2\uff0c\u6545 NNS[STREE//]\u4e2d\u7684 STREE \u6a19\u8a18\u70ba 2\u3002 \u63a5\u8457\u6a19\u8a18\u6700\u5e95\u5c64 n[/STC/]\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c0b\u627e\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u61c9\u53e5\u4e2d\u4e92\u70ba\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c",
"content": "<table><tr><td>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u6e96\u3002\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u6e96\u82e5\u63a1\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5247\u76f8\u7576\u8017\u6642\u8cbb\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u56f0\u96e3\u7684</td></tr><tr><td>\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u6b64\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5148\u5c07\u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\u7d93\u904e\u65b7\u8a5e\u8655\uf9e4\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u6211\u5011\u4f7f</td></tr><tr><td>\u7528\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u65b7\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71[1]\uff1b\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u6bcf\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u67e5\u5c0b\u5b57\u5178\u6a94\uff0c\u67e5\u5c0b\u5f8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u8d85\u904e\u4e00</td></tr><tr><td>\u500b\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8ddf\u65b7\u8a5e\u5f8c\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e00\u500b\u4e00\u500b\u4f5c\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5230\u5247\u8a8d</td></tr><tr><td>\u5b9a\u4e92\u70ba\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6a19\u8a18 n[/STC/]\u5728\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u5716\u4e09\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7684\"experiments\"\u5728\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684</td></tr><tr><td>\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6709\"\u5be6\u9a57\"\u3001\"\u7d93\u9a57\"\u548c\"\u8a74\u9a57\"\uff0c\u5c07\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5230\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u53bb\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c\u6b64\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c07\u6703\u6bd4\u5c0d</td></tr><tr><td>\u5230\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\"\u5be6\u9a57\"\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u5c07\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\"\u5be6\u9a57\"\u7684\u7de8\u865f\u6a19\u8a18\u5728 NNS[2/STC/]\u4e2d\u7684 STC</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e0a\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u5c07\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5230\u7684\u500b\u6578\u9664\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u53e5\u55ae\u5b57\u7684\u500b\u6578\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u5c0d\u61c9\u7387\u3002\u6700\u4f73\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u82f1\u6587</td></tr><tr><td>\u55ae\u5b57\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c0d\u61c9\u7387\u70ba 1\uff1b\u6700\u5dee\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6bcf\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u55ae\u5b57\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684</td></tr><tr><td>(6)\"\u3002\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u61c9\u53e5\u90fd\u6a19\u865f\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6a19\u865f\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\u958b\u59cb\u505a\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u6e96(word alignment)\uff0c\u4e26\u6a19\u8a18\u5728</td></tr><tr><td>\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u7684\u7bc0\u9ede\u4e0a\u3002\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u662f\u7528\u6587\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb\u4f86\u5206\u5c64\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5c64\u7bc0\u9ede\u80fd\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u76ee\u6a19</td></tr><tr><td>\u53e5\u5b57\u4e32\u3002n[STREE/STC/]\u82e5\u70ba VP[3-6/4-6/]\u5230\u7b2c\u516d\u500b\u5b57\"\u6982\u5ff5\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\"\u3002n C(n) [STREE/STC/ORDER]\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u7bc0\u9ede(sibling node)\u82e5\u70ba</td></tr><tr><td>JJ[4/6/2]\u548c PP[5-6/4/1] \uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230 JJ \u7684 ORDER \u5927\u65bc PP \u7684 ORDER\uff0c\u6545 PP[5-6/4/1]</td></tr><tr><td>\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5c0d\u61c9\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u5728 JJ[4/6/2] \u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5c0d\u61c9\u300c\u7c21\u55ae\u300d\u4e4b\u524d\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>3.2 \u5efa\u7acb BSSTC \u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u7522\u751f\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39</td></tr><tr><td>\u5efa\u7acb BSSTC \u7d50\u69cb\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u6709\u82f1\u6587\u8ddf\u4e2d\u6587\u4e92\u70ba\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u662f\u5f9e\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f</td></tr><tr><td>\u5c64\u6578\u6700\u5927\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u518d\u4e00\u5c64\u4e00\u5c64\u5f80\u4e0a\u5efa\u7f6e\u5230\u7b2c 0 \u5c64\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u6a19\u8a18\u53c3\u6578\u9806\u5e8f\u662f\u5148\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u7bc0</td></tr></table>",
"type_str": "table"
},
"TABREF3": {
"html": null,
"num": null,
"text": "(\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31\u570b\u4e2d\u88dc\u5145\u8cc7\u6599\u984c\u5eab)\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c\u3002\u570b\u4e2d\u88dc\u5145\u8cc7\u6599\u984c\u5eab\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b8c\u6210\u4e2d \u82f1\u8a9e\u53e5\u5c0d\uf99c(sentence alignment) \uff0c\u518d\u7d93\u904e\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684\u7be9\u9078\u9580\u6abb\u503c\u70ba 0.6 \u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6709 565 \u53e5\u3002 \u7528\u4f86\u8a13\u7df4\u9078\u8a5e\u6a5f\u7387\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8b80\u65b0\u805e\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831 \u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8b80\u65b0\u805e\u5f9e 2005 \u5e74 2 \u6708 14 \u65e5\u81f3 2007 \u5e74 10 \u6708 31 \u65e5\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8b80\u65b0 \u805e\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u4f5c\u597d\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a9e\u53e5\u5c0d\uf99c\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c\u662f\u5f9e 2002 \u5e74 3 \u6708\u5275\u520a\u865f\u81f3 2006 \u5e74 12 \u6708 NIST \u6a19\u6e96\u7684 mteval-10\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u53c3\u8003 \u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u6a19\u6e96\u7ffb\u8b6f\u548c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5efa\u8b70\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\u8ddf\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\u4e4b\u9593\u7528\u7a7a\u767d\u4f5c\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u5404\u5225 n-gram \u53ca\u7d2f\u52a0\u5404\u500b n-gram \u7684 BLEU \u53ca NIST \u503c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u6709 Google \u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3001 \u70ba\u4ee3\u865f\uff1b\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4ee5 S \u70ba\u4ee3\u865f\uff0c\u7576 \u2020 \u672c\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587 TIMSS \u8a74\u984c\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\uff0c\u50c5\u5305\u542b 2003 \u5e74\u8a74\u984c\uff0c\u8207\u5442\u660e\u6b23\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u4f5c\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u5225\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5 TIMSS2003 \u5206\u70ba\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44\u3001\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 S \u7d44\u3001\u56db\u5e74 \u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44\u53ca\u4ee5\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 S \u7d44\u56db\u7d44\uff1b\u5728\u52a0\u4e0a TIMSS 2003 \u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4e4b\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a \u8a74\u984c\uff0c\u548c TIMSS 2003 \u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4e4b\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u8a74\u984c\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u70ba\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44\u53ca\u56db\u5e74 \u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44\uff0c\u7e3d\u5171\u516d\u7d44\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u4e8c\u6240\u793a\u3002 4.3 \u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c \u4f9d\u7167\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc0\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u91dd\u5c0d TIMSS2003 \u8a74\u984c\u9a57\u8b49\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u3001Lu \u7cfb\u7d71\u53ca\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb \u7d71\u5728 BLEU \u548c NIST \u6bd4\u8f03\u6578\u64da\u3002\u5f9e\u8868\u4e09\u662f\u4ee5 cumulative n-gram scoring \u4e4b 4-gram \u70ba\u5e73\u5747 \u503c\uff0c\u6574\uf9e4\u4e4b\u5404\u7d44 NIST \u53ca BLEU \u503c\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u3002NIST \u8ddf BLEU \u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u65bc\uff0cNIST \u5c07 \u5f9e\u8868\u4e09\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44 NIST \u5206\u6578\u4ee5 Yahoo!\u6700\u9ad8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46 BLEU \u5206\u6578\u8207 \u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5 Yahoo!\u5c0d\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44\u6240\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u8ddf\u53c3\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8f03\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46 Yahoo!\u548c\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5f8c\u8a5e\u5e8f\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u662f\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u3002\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44\u8a74\u984c\u4e2d\u6709\u8f03\u591a\u7279\u6b8a \u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u25cb\u548c\u2022\u7b49\uff0cYahoo!\u53ca Google \u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7b26\u865f\u8655\uf9e4\u6210\u4e82\u78bc\uff0c \u4f46\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u7279\u6b8a\u7b26\u865f\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u6545\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u548c\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44\u8207\u6700\u9ad8\u5206\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd \u8f03\u5c0f\u3002\u5148\u524d\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u54c1\u8cea\u662f\u5426\u6703\u6309\u7167\u8d8a\u4f4e\u5e74\u7d1a\u5176\u7ffb\u8b6f\u54c1\u8cea\u8d8a\u597d\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\uff0c\u89c0\u5bdf\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003MS \u7d44\u53ca\u5c0f\u56db MS \u7d44\uff0c\u53ef\u767c\u73fe\u8207\u5047\u8a2d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5404\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u90fd\u6bd4 \u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44\u8981\u597d\u3002\u53ef\u63a8\u6e2c\u51fa\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u6599\u70ba\u570b\u4e2d\u88dc\u5145\u8cc7\u6599\u984c\u5eab\u8f03\u7b26\u5408 TIMSS \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 \u7684\u8a74\u984c\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u5c07\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003M \u7d44\u548c\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003S \u7d44\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44\u548c\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 S \u7d44\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\u5404\u7cfb\u7d71\u9664\u4e86 Google \u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5728 M \u7d44\u4e0a\u8868\u73fe\u90fd\u6bd4 S \u7d44\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba M \u7d44 \u7684\u8a74\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\u5305\u542b\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u8655\uf9e4\uff0c\u800c S \u7d44\u5247\u5305\u542b\u8f03\u591a\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c",
"content": "<table><tr><td>\u6240\u6709\u5be6\u9a57\u8a9e\u6599\u53e5\u5c0d\u6578\u3001\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u6578\u3001\u4e2d\u82f1\u7e3d\u8a5e\u5f59\u500b\u6578\u53ca\u5e73\u5747\u53e5\u9577\uff0c\u7686\u5982\u8868\u4e00\u6240\u793a\u3002 5. \u7d50\u8ad6</td></tr><tr><td>\u7528\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u59d4\u8a17\u5b9c\u862d\u7e23\u5efa\u7f6e\u8a9e\u6587\u5b78\u7fd2\u9818\u57df\u570b\u4e2d\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u88dc\u5145\u8cc7\u6599\u984c \u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u63d0\u51fa BSSTC \u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u6b64\u7d50\u69cb\u80fd\u5920\u8a18\u9304\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u4f86</td></tr><tr><td>\u6e90\u53e5\u8207\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1b\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07 BSSTC \u7d50\u69cb\u904b\u7528\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u4f5c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0a\u3002\u672c \u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\uf9dd\u7528 BSSTC \u7d50\u69cb\u5efa\u7acb\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\uff0c\u5c07\u4f86\u6e90\u53e5\u7d93\u904e\u641c\u5c0b\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f86\u9054\u5230\u4fee\u6b63\u8a5e \u5e8f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u4f9d\u64da\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f\u9032\u884c\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6642\u518d\uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u5de5\u5177\u53ca bi-gram \u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u9078\u51fa\u6700\u9069\u5408\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u6b64 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u9084\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u5de5\u7de8\u4fee\u3002 TIMSS \u7684\u8a74\u984c\u70ba\u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u985e\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u985e\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6211 \u5eab[4] \u5171 110 \u7bc7\u70ba\u8a9e\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\u3002 \u5011\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u5920\u591a\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u985e\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4ee5\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u6700\u5c11\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u9078\u7528\u65b0</td></tr><tr><td>gram \u6a21\u578b\u8a73\u7d30\u4ecb\u7d39\u3002 \u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\uff1a\u5c07\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a9e\u6599\u96d9\u8a9e\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a9e\u53e5\u5c0d\uf99c(sentence alignment)\u6280 \u8853\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u5c07\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\u6599\uf9dd\u7528\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u65b7\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71[1]\u52a0\u4ee5\u65b7\u8a5e\uff1b\u82f1\u6587\u8a9e\u6599\u5247\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u5927\u5c0f\u5beb \u8f49\u63db\u53ca\uf9dd\u7528\u5b57\u548c\u5b57\u4e4b\u9593\u7a7a\u767d\u65b7\u8a5e\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u8f38\u5165\u81f3 GIZA++[16]\u53ca mkcls[15]\u7b49\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e2d \u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u7d50\u679c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\u7167\u6a5f\u7387\u8868\u3002 bi-gram \u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u5c07\u4e2d\u6587\u8a9e\u6599\u7d71\u8a08\u5404\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u548c\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6b21\u6578\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u5176 \u51fa\u73fe\u6a5f\u7387\u3002\u6211\u5011\u662f\uf9dd\u7528 SRI Speech Technology and Research Laboratory \u6240\u958b\u767c\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e \u8a00\u5de5\u5177 SRILM[18]\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb bi-gram \u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u3002 4. \u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6548\u679c\u8a55\u4f30 \u672c\u7bc0\u4e3b\u8981\u4ecb\u7d39\uf9dd\u7528\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\u570b\u969b\u6578\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u5c31\u8da8\u52e2\u8abf\u67e5 2003 \u5e74\u8003\u984c\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31 TIMSS2003\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u8a74\u984c\u4f9d\u7167\u5e74\u9f61\u5225\u548c\u79d1\u76ee\u5225\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u6bd4\u8f03\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u5c07\u8207\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f \u4ee5\u53ca\u5442\u660e\u6b23\u7b49\u5b78\u8005\u7814\u767c\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u8a55\u4f30\u65b9\u5f0f\u70ba\uf9dd\u7528 BLEU \u53ca NIST \u6307\u6a19\u3002 4.1 \u5be6\u9a57\u4f86\u6e90 \u6211\u5011\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4f86\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u70ba TIMSS2003 \u8a74\u984c\uff0c\u5340\u5206\u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u985e\u5225\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee5\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u53ca \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a\u70ba\u8003\u8a74\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u5171\u6709\u56db\u7a2e\u8a74\u984c\u5206\u5225\u70ba\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u6578\u5b78\u9818\u57df 31 \u984c\uff1b\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df 70 \u8868\u4e00\u3001\u5be6\u9a57\u8a9e\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\u7d71\u8a08 \u8a9e\u6599 \u8a9e\u8a00 \u53e5\u5c0d\u6578 \u8fad\u5f59\u6578 \u7e3d\u8a5e\u5f59\u500b\u6578(tokens) \u5e73\u5747\u53e5\u9577 \u570b\u4e2d\u88dc\u5145\u8cc7\u6599\u984c\u5eab \u4e2d\u6587 2059 \u53e5 2333 12460 6.1 \u82f1\u6587 2887 13170 6.4 \u79d1\u5b78\u4eba \u4e2d\u6587 4247 \u53e5 9279 70411 16.6 \u82f1\u6587 10504 68434 16.1 \u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d \u7167\u8b80\u65b0\u805e \u4e2d\u6587 4248 \u53e5 19188 145336 34.2 \u82f1\u6587 25782 133123 31.3 4.2 \u5be6\u9a57\u8a2d\u8a08 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5c07 TIMSS2003 \u8a74\u984c\u554f\u53e5\u4ee5\u9017\u865f\u3001\u554f\u865f\u6216\u9a5a\u5606\u865f\u505a\u70ba\u65b7\u53e5\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u8a98\u7b54\u9078\u9805 \u505a\u70ba\u65b7\u53e5\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u82e5\u4e00\u9053\u984c\u76ee\u70ba\u4e00\u53e5\u8a74\u984c\u554f\u53e5\u53ca\u56db\u9805\u8a98\u7b54\u9078\u9805\u6240\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u5247\u4e00\u9053\u984c\u76ee\u53ef\u65b7 \u51fa\u4e94\u53e5\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u4eba\u5de5\u65b7\u53e5\u8655\uf9e4 TIMSS2003 \u8a74\u984c\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u6578\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6709 165 \u53e5\uff1b\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\u79d1\u5b78 \u9818\u57df\u6709 262 \u53e5\uff1b\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a\u6578\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6709 439 \u53e5\uff1b\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6709 236 \u53e5\uff0c\u4e26\u6574\uf9e4\u70ba\u6587\u5b57\u6a94\u3002 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u6642\u4e2d\u6587\u8a74\u984c\u6240\u904b\u7528\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u65b7\u8a5e\u70ba\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u65b7\u8a5e\u7cfb\u7d71[1]\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u8a74\u984c\u6240\u904b\u7528\u7684\u5256\u6790 \u5668\u70ba StanfordLexParser-1.6[17]\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u70ba\u570b\u4e2d\u88dc\u5145\u8cc7\u6599\u984c\u5eab\uff0c \u8a13\u7df4\u6a5f\u7387\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\u81ea\u7531\u6642\u5831\u4e2d\u82f1\u5c0d\u7167\u8b80\u65b0\u805e\u52a0\u4e0a\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8a13\u7df4\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21 \u578b\u5f97\u5230\u7684 bi-gram \u5171\u6709 134435 \u500b\uff1bGIZA++\u7522\u751f\u4e2d\u82f1\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c0d\uf99c\u7d50\u679c\u6709 128551 \u7d44\u3002 \u8868\u4e8c\u3001TIMSS \u8a74\u984c\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u5225\u8868 \u2020 \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44 \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 S \u7d44 \u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44 \u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 S \u7d44 \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44 \u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44 TIMSS2003 \u570b\u4e2d \u6578\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u8a74\u984c TIMSS2003 \u570b\u4e2d \u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u8a74\u984c TIMSS2003 \u570b\u5c0f \u6578\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u8a74\u984c TIMSS2003 \u570b\u5c0f \u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u8a74\u984c TIMSS2003 \u570b\u4e2d \u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df \u8a74\u984c TIMSS200 \u570b\u5c0f \u6578\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df \u8a74\u984c \u6211\u5011\u8a55\u4f30\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u70ba\u4f9d\u7167 BLEU \u53ca Yahoo!\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3001\u5442\u660e\u6b23\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71(Lu)\u53ca\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e92\u76f8\u505a\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8a55\u4f30\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u4e0d \u540c\u5e74\u7d1a\u7684\u8a74\u984c\u5167\u5bb9\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u54c1\u8cea\u662f\u5426\u6703\u6309\u7167\u8d8a\u4f4e\u5e74\u7d1a\u5176\u7ffb\u8b6f\u54c1\u8cea\u8d8a\u597d\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211 \u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c BLEU \u91dd\u5c0d\u5404 n-gram \u5339\u914d\u6b63\u78ba\u7387\u53ca\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u9032\u884c\u8a08\u5206\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\u7576\u53c3\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f \u53e5\u5b50\u548c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb\u8b6f\u53e5\u5b50\u7528\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u76f8\u540c\u6642\uff0cNIST \u5206\u6578\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u9ad8\uff1b\u7576\u53c3\u8003\u7ffb\u8b6f\u53e5\u5b50\u548c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ffb \u8b6f\u53e5\u5b50\u7528\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u9806\u5e8f\u8f03\u76f8\u8fd1\u6642\uff0cBLEU \u5206\u6578\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u9ad8\u3002 \u8868\u4e09\u3001\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u3001Lu \u7cfb\u7d71\u53ca\u7dda\u4e0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e4b NIST \u53ca BLEU \u503c\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868 \u7d44\u5225 \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44 \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 S \u7d44 \u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 M \u7d44 \u6307\u6a19 NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU \u672c\u7cfb\u7d71 4.7002 0.1440 4.4089 0.1254 3.9819 0.1304 Lu 3.6185 0.1007 3.5831 0.0890 3.3319 0.0983 Google 4.5268 0.1467 4.8587 0.1848 3.7573 0.1016 Yahoo! 4.8793 0.1455 4.6136 0.1396 4.0457 0.1419 \u7d44\u5225 \u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 S \u7d44 \u516b\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44 \u56db\u5e74\u7d1a 2003 MS \u7d44 \u6307\u6a19 NIST BLEU NIST BLEU NIST BLEU \u672c\u7cfb\u7d71 4.2228 0.1018 4.8613 0.1309 4.4400 0.1138 Lu 3.2495 0.0682 3.8031 0.0966 3.4970 0.0803 Google 4.4445 0.1527 4.9343 0.1611 4.4720 0.1344 Yahoo! 4.4361 0.1442 5.0755 0.1435 4.6070 0.1436 \u5c0d\u65bc\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u8f03\u70ba\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u5c07\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u8207 Lu \u7cfb\u7d71\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0cLu \u7cfb\u7d71\u548c\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u70ba\u6c92 \u6709\u4f5c\u8a5e\u5e8f\u7684\u4ea4\u63db\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5e8f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9078\u8a5e\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u76f8\u5c0d\u6703\u63d0 \u805e\u53ca\u570b\u4e2d\u88dc\u5145\u8cc7\u6599\u984c\u5eab\u4f86\u64ec\u88dc\u8a9e\u6599\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u8a13\u7df4\u91cf\u9084\u7b97\u662f\u4e0d\u8db3\u5920\uff0c\u5728\u9078\u8a5e\u4e0a\u6703\u6709\u8a31 \u591a\u6a5f\u7387\u70ba 0 \u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u9078\u8a5e\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u672a\u4f86\u5c07\u76e1\u91cf\u627e\u5c0b\u76f8\u95dc\u9818\u57df\u7684\u8a9e\u6599\uff0c\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6a39\u548c \u8a13\u7df4\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u9818\u57df\u7684\u4f86\u5ba2\u88fd\u5316\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u66f4\u70ba\u7cbe\u78ba\u3002 \u8a13\u7df4\u8a9e\u6599\u4e2d\u7684\u65b7\u8a5e\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u7814\u9662 CKIP \u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u5178\u70ba\u725b\u6d25\u5b57\u5178\uff0c \u5169\u8005\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u5178\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6703\u4f7f\u65b7\u8a5e\u5f8c\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u9078\u8a5e \u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u672a\u4f86\u53ef\u5c07\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5f8c\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u540c\u7fa9\u8a5e\u4f86\u64f4\u5145\u8a5e\u5f59\u6578\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u88ab\u627e\u5230\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 \u82f1\u6587\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u7279\u6027\u4e0a\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u91cf\u8a5e\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u6587\u53e5\u4e2d\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u91cf\u8a5e\uff0c\u5982\u7f3a\u5c11\u91cf\u8a5e\u4e5f\u6703\u4f7f \u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u6d41\u66a2\u5ea6\u4e0b\u5c07\u3002\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u4e5f\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u91cf\u8a5e\u3002\u672a\u4f86\u82e5\u80fd\u5c07\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7d50\u679c\u586b\u88dc\u4e0a \u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u91cf\u8a5e\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u9054\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u3002 \u81f4\u8b1d \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u627f\u8499\u570b\u79d1\u6703\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u756b NSC-95-2221-E-004-013-MY2 \u7684\u90e8\u5206\u88dc\u52a9\u8b39\u6b64\u81f4\u8b1d\u3002\u6211\u5011 \u611f\u8b1d\u533f\u540d\u8a55\u5be9\u5c0d\u65bc\u672c\u6587\u521d\u7a3f\u7684\u5404\u9805\u6307\u6b63\u8207\u6307\u5c0e\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u5f9e\u4e8b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u8b70 \u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u9650\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5168\u9762\u4ea4\u4ee3\u76f8\u95dc\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002 \u5011\u5c07\u5be6\u9a57\u7d44\u5225\u5206\u70ba\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a\u548c\u56db\u5e74\u7d1a\uff1b\u6578\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4ee5 M \u5404 n-gram \u8a5e\u5f59\u4e2d\u5171\u73fe(co-occurrence)\u7684\u6b21\u6578\u6bd4\u7684\u7d2f\u52a0\u503c\uff0c\u7576\u4f5c\u5404 n-gram \u5e73\u5747\u8cc7\u8a0a\u91cf \u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b</td></tr><tr><td>\u984c\uff1b\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a\u6578\u5b78\u9818\u57df 41 \u984c\uff1b\u516b\u5e74\u7d1a\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df 38 \u984c\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8a74\u984c\u90fd\u6709\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\u8a74\u984c\u548c\u5e2b\u5927 \u5347\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u5404\u7d44\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u90fd\u6bd4 Lu \u7cfb\u7d71\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u8a5e\u5e8f\u4ea4\u63db\u5f8c\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u54c1\u8cea\u8f03\u597d\u7684\u4e2d</td></tr><tr><td>\u79d1\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6240\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a74\u984c\u3002 \u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002</td></tr></table>",
"type_str": "table"
}
}
}
} |