Philosophy_of_space_and_time

qas: question: Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?
answers: text: Philosophy of space and time
is_impossible: no

question: The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?
answers: text: early analytic philosophy
is_impossible: no

question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
answers: text: the mind
is_impossible: no

question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? 
answers: text: unidirectional
is_impossible: no

question: What philosophy does ontology concern?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the study of space and time inspired by?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does not change over time?
is_impossible: yes

question: The flow within what is multidirectional?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Einstein agrue was dependent on the observers frame of refrence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What could not remain flat in absolute space?
is_impossible: yes
context: Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).

qas: question: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
answers: text: Ptahhotep
is_impossible: no

question: When do the Vedas date back to?
answers: text: late 2nd millennium BC
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question: Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
answers: text: Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy
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question: What do the Vedas describe?
answers: text: ancient Hindu cosmology
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question: How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
answers: text: 4,320,000 years
is_impossible: no

question: What was first recorded in the 26th century BC.
is_impossible: yes

question: Who warned people not to increase the time o following desire?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the name of the earliest Egyptian texts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What texts date to 2000 BC?
is_impossible: yes

question: How long did the Greeksd think a cyle of time was?
is_impossible: yes

question: Space and what have a dependent existence?
is_impossible: yes

question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Kant say we use as a framework to stucture time?
is_impossible: yes
context: The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

qas: question: Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?
answers: text: St. Augustine
is_impossible: no

question: What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?
answers: text: the difficulty
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question: Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? 
answers: text: Augustine
is_impossible: no

question: What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?
answers: text: the knowledge of the movement of things
is_impossible: no

question: Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
answers: text: where there are no creatures to measure its passing
is_impossible: no

question: Who deiscusses the nature of time in his first book?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does St Augustine think common speech adiquetly describes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Aristotle present the first philisophical argument for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who said time exists everywhere?
is_impossible: yes

question: What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?
is_impossible: yes

question: An object in free fall does not experience what?
is_impossible: yes

question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood."  But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).

qas: question: Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? 
answers: text: al-Haytham
is_impossible: no

question: Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
answers: text: Book of Optics
is_impossible: no

question: Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?
answers: text: Aristotle's
is_impossible: no

question: Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
answers: text: Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things
is_impossible: no

question: Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?
answers: text: next to nothing
is_impossible: no

question: Who discussed space perceptions in the 1100's?
is_impossible: yes

question: What book was written in the the 11th century about time?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who disputed al-Haytham's definition of topos?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Euclid and Ptolemy tie the visual perception of space to?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who said vision is autonomious?
is_impossible: yes

question: For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of frame includes objects that do not accelerate when force in applied to them?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."

qas: question: When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
answers: text: 1781
is_impossible: no

question: What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
answers: text: Critique of Pure Reason
is_impossible: no

question: What did Kant describe time as?
answers: text: a priori notion
is_impossible: no

question: What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
answers: text: space
is_impossible: no

question: What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
answers: text: sense experience
is_impossible: no

question: Who published Critique of Pure Reason in the 17th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who said priori notions allow us to comprehend time?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Kant claim time and space are?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Kant say we use as a framework to stucture time?
is_impossible: yes

question: According mto can't what is an illusion?
is_impossible: yes

question: What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do idealist believe can not exist independent of the mind?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.

qas: question: What did Leibniz argue against?
answers: text: the absolutist position
is_impossible: no

question: Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?
answers: text: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles
is_impossible: no

question: Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?
answers: text: fact
is_impossible: no

question: What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?
answers: text: identity of indiscernibles
is_impossible: no

question: Who's position does Leibniz support?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two principles did Leibniz argue against?
is_impossible: yes

question: What states that two things are not necessarily the same just because no difference can be identified?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do we not have memories of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?
is_impossible: yes
context: Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.

qas: question: Leibniz's example involves how many universes?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?
answers: text: absolute space
is_impossible: no

question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
answers: text: five feet
is_impossible: no

question: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
answers: text: absolute space exists
is_impossible: no

question: Who's example involves one universe in two places?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Leibniz place at two points in deep space?
is_impossible: yes

question: What proves the existence of absolute space?
is_impossible: yes

question: How long did the Greeksd think a cyle of time was?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can be observed in an arbitrary way?
is_impossible: yes

question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
is_impossible: yes
context: The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.

qas: question: What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?
answers: text: the bucket argument
is_impossible: no

question: According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?
answers: text: flat
is_impossible: no

question: As the buck spins, what happens to the water?
answers: text: the water will become concave
is_impossible: no

question: If the buck stops, the water will do what?
answers: text: continue to spin
is_impossible: no

question: What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?
answers: text: the interaction of the bucket and the water
is_impossible: no

question: Who makes the bucket argument in response to Clarke and Newton?
is_impossible: yes

question: What becomes flat as the bucket spins?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the bucket interact with to create the water surface?
is_impossible: yes

question: What becomes flat when the bucket stops spinning?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the study of space and time inspired by?
is_impossible: yes

question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
is_impossible: yes
context: Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue to spin, and while the spin continues, the surface will remain concave. The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water, since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin, it becomes concave as the water starts to spin, and it remains concave as the bucket stops.

qas: question: Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?
answers: text: objects
is_impossible: no

question: According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?
answers: text: space
is_impossible: no

question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?
answers: text: Newtonian space
is_impossible: no

question: In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?
answers: text: independently
is_impossible: no

question: For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?
answers: text: many centuries
is_impossible: no

question: What does space exist independently from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What exists as a relationship between space and objects?
is_impossible: yes

question: What provides the absolute frame of refrence for space?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is dependent on the frame of refrence in Newtonian space?
is_impossible: yes

question: What evidence still holds authority?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do idealist believe can not exist independent of the mind?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do idealist believe can not exist independent of the mind?
is_impossible: yes
context: Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it. These objects can be described as moving in relation to space itself. For many centuries, the evidence of a concave water surface held authority.

qas: question: How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?
answers: text: problematic
is_impossible: no

question: What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?
answers: text: that the bucket was indeed spinning
is_impossible: no

question: What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
answers: text: would remain flat.
is_impossible: no

question: Who expanded on thought experiments?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can be confirmed about the bucket independent of other objects in the universe?
is_impossible: yes

question: What could not remain flat in absolute space?
is_impossible: yes

question: Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What philosophy does ontology concern?
is_impossible: yes

question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence of anything else in the universe, it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning. It seems equally possible that the surface of the water in the bucket would remain flat.

qas: question: What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?
answers: text: would remain flat
is_impossible: no

question: What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?
answers: text: the bucket could be seen as rotating
is_impossible: no

question: What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?
answers: text: increases the curvature
is_impossible: no

question: The Mach argument is called what?
answers: text: Mach's Principle
is_impossible: no

question: Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?
answers: text: effects of other objects in the universe
is_impossible: no

question: Who argued that the water experiment in an empty univers would never be flat?
is_impossible: yes

question: What would need to be removed from the universe to prove that the bucket was moving?
is_impossible: yes

question: What decreases as objects are added to the universe?
is_impossible: yes

question: What principle argues that the momentum of an object is independent of other objects in the universe?
is_impossible: yes

question: As the buck spins, what happens to the water?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who warned people not to increase the time o following desire?
is_impossible: yes

question: Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).

qas: question: lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?
answers: text: relativity
is_impossible: no

question: The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?
answers: text: all observers
is_impossible: no

question: In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?
answers: text: the same
is_impossible: no

question: Einstein's theory was motivated by who?
answers: text: Maxwell
is_impossible: no

question: Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?
answers: text: the luminiferous ether
is_impossible: no

question: Who proposed  that the laws of physics where not dependent on relativity?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Einstein agrue was dependent on the observers frame of refrence?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whatprinciples that light moves at different speeds depending on the refrence point?
is_impossible: yes

question: What equation was motivated by Einstein's theory?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is dependent on the frame of refrence in Newtonian space?
is_impossible: yes

question: How is our experience of time at the macro level?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are superior to classical thermodynamics?
is_impossible: yes
context: Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was motivated by Maxwell's equations, which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light. However, Maxwell's equations give no indication of what this speed is relative to. Prior to Einstein, it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium, called the luminiferous ether. In contrast, the theory of special relativity postulates that light propagates at the speed of light in all inertial frames, and examines the implications of this postulate.

qas: question: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?
answers: text: does not accelerate
is_impossible: no

question: What follows a geodesic of space-time?
answers: text: an inertial frame of reference
is_impossible: no

question: An object in free fall does not experience what?
answers: text: force
is_impossible: no

question: What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?
answers: text: the surface of the planet
is_impossible: no

question: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?
answers: text: it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of frame includes objects that do not accelerate when force in applied to them?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does an external frame of refrence follow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not experienced by objects moving against a geodesic?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an object in free fall moving against?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is experienced by objects in free-fall?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whatprinciples that light moves at different speeds depending on the refrence point?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
is_impossible: yes

question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
is_impossible: yes
context: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet. In light of this, the bucket of water rotating in empty space will experience a force because it rotates with respect to the geodesic. The water will become concave, not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars, but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

qas: question: How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?
answers: text: partially
is_impossible: no

question: How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?
answers: text: contrary
is_impossible: no

question: What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?
answers: text: objects exist independently of the mind
is_impossible: no

question: Who advocates Einstein's theory?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's theory compliments Leibniz?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do idealist believe can not exist independent of the mind?
is_impossible: yes

question: Space and what have a dependent existence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who published Critique of Pure Reason in the 17th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What could not remain flat in absolute space?
is_impossible: yes
context: Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as volume and mass. If one holds, contrary to idealist beliefs, that objects exist independently of the mind, it seems that relativistics commits them to also hold that space and temporality have exactly the same type of independent existence.

qas: question: Coordinative definition has how many major features?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
answers: text: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects
is_impossible: no

question: What is the first feature motivated by?
answers: text: we can never directly apprehend length
is_impossible: no

question: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
answers: text: separated objects
is_impossible: no

question: Sameness of length must be set how?
answers: text: by definition
is_impossible: no

question: What definition states that units of length can not be coodinated with physical objects?
is_impossible: yes

question: What measurment can be made independently?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can be determined about two objects regardless of their distance from each other?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is always equal rerdless of position?
is_impossible: yes

question: How must diffrence of l;ength be set?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
is_impossible: yes

question: Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.

qas: question: The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?
answers: text: all differentiable transformations
is_impossible: no

question: What else besides  invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?
answers: text: the covariance group
is_impossible: no

question: Which theory does the relativity depart from?
answers: text: classical mechanics
is_impossible: no

question: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?
answers: text: single formulation
is_impossible: no

question:  The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?
answers: text: every
is_impossible: no

question: What groups do do not coincide in the classical case?
is_impossible: yes

question: What groups coincide in relative physics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is absolute according to the theory of relativity?
is_impossible: yes

question: What theory does relativity coincide with?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?
is_impossible: yes

question: Space and what have a dependent existence?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other words there are no absolute objects. The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations. As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory.

qas: question: How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?
answers: text: fundamental
is_impossible: no

question: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?
answers: text: physically possible process
is_impossible: no

question: How is our experience of time at the macro level?
answers: text: not time-reversal invariant
is_impossible: no

question: What do we not have memories of?
answers: text: the future
is_impossible: no

question: What laws are time-reversal variant?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do we experience as time-reversal invariant?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can we influence besides the future?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?
is_impossible: yes

question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
is_impossible: yes
context: The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.

qas: question: How are things in statistical mechanics? 
answers: text: complicated
is_impossible: no

question: What are superior to classical thermodynamics?
answers: text: statistical mechanics
is_impossible: no

question: In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? 
answers: text: a statistical postulate
is_impossible: no

question: Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?
answers: text: symmetric
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?
answers: text: not an absolute law
is_impossible: no

question: What type of mechanics help to simplify things?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is superior to statistical mechanics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an abso;ute law in statistical mechanics?
is_impossible: yes

question: Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?
is_impossible: yes
context: But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.

qas: question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?
answers: text: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric
is_impossible: no

question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?
answers: text: weak nuclear force
is_impossible: no

question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
answers: text: macroscopic
is_impossible: no

question: What does the thirs solution argue is time-reversal symmetric?
is_impossible: yes

question: What processes in quantum mechanics are reversable?
is_impossible: yes

question: What asymmetric phenomena are common in quantum mechanics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What equation was motivated by Einstein's theory?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of mechanics help to simplify things?
is_impossible: yes
context: A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

qas: question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
answers: text: Tim Maudlin
is_impossible: no

question: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?
answers: text: intrinsic
is_impossible: no

question: What grounds the distinction between sequences?
answers: text: asymmetry
is_impossible: no

question: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?
answers: text: Maudlin
is_impossible: no

question: Who oposses the laws solution?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who says that the laws of physics are not laws of temporal evolution?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?
is_impossible: yes

question: What proves the existence of absolute space?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whatprinciples that light moves at different speeds depending on the refrence point?
is_impossible: yes
context: One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

qas: question: Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?
answers: text: J. M. E. McTaggart
is_impossible: no

question: How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: What was McTaggart's first series called?
answers: text: the A-series
is_impossible: no

question: The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?
answers: text: each other
is_impossible: no

question: What is McTaggart's second series called?
answers: text: The B-series
is_impossible: no

question: Who created a problem with the flow of time?
is_impossible: yes

question: What orders events according to their existance in the past, present or future?
is_impossible: yes

question: What implements refrences to the past?
is_impossible: yes

question: What becomes flat when the bucket stops spinning?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who said priori notions allow us to comprehend time?
is_impossible: yes

question: In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?
is_impossible: yes
context: The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.

qas: question: According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?
answers: text: Presentism
is_impossible: no

question: Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
answers: text: exist
is_impossible: no

question: Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions
answers: text: Eternalist
is_impossible: no

question: According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?
answers: text: all things—past, present, and future
is_impossible: no

question: According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?
answers: text: special language
is_impossible: no

question: What states time is the existance of various relities?
is_impossible: yes

question: What states all things have either always existed or not
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Eterialist say time is independent of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is more real according to Eternalists?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Leibniz argue against?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of mechanics help to simplify things?
is_impossible: yes

question: When do the Vedas date back to?
is_impossible: yes
context: According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).

qas: question: How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?
answers: text: somewhat similar
is_impossible: no

question: Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?
answers: text: endurantist
is_impossible: no

question: Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
answers: text: perdurantist
is_impossible: no

question: Which view is seen as conventional?
answers: text: Endurantism
is_impossible: no

question: Who is an example of a perdurantist?
answers: text: David Lewis
is_impossible: no

question: Who says that objects existin incompletely in the past present and future?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who states that an object must in different realities?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does endurantism take account of the change in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What says that when we talk to a person we are talking to part of a cross-temeporal being?
is_impossible: yes

question: What decreases as objects are added to the universe?
is_impossible: yes

question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can be observed in an arbitrary way?
is_impossible: yes
context: The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.

qas: question: How can asymmetry of causation be observed?
answers: text: in a non-arbitrary way
is_impossible: no

question: How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
answers: text: temporal
is_impossible: no

question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
answers: text: implications of form and functional capacity
is_impossible: no

question: What can be observed in an arbitrary way?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many examples of symetry can be observed in the cup example?
is_impossible: yes

question: Symmetry is atributable to a ralationship of what kind of direction?
is_impossible: yes

question: What else besides direction is symmetry attributed to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's position does Leibniz support?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?
is_impossible: yes
context: However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.