Internet_service_provider

qas: question: What does ISP stand for?
answers: text: Internet service provider
is_impossible: no

question: what does an isp do?
answers: text: provides services for accessing, using, the Internet
is_impossible: no

question: What forms can an isp be organized in?
answers: text: commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned
is_impossible: no

question: What are the initials for an Internet service proxy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of service providers are always commercial providers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of organization are all for profit?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who provides the Internet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of television are free ISPs like?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of organization provides internet access?
is_impossible: yes
context: An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

qas: question: What type of organization provides internet access?
answers: text: ISPs
is_impossible: no

question: What are some services provided by an isp?
answers: text: Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of organization blocks Internet access
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some services not provided by an ISP?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where were the first isps established?
is_impossible: yes

question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?
is_impossible: yes
context: Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

qas: question: Why was the internet developed?
answers: text: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities
is_impossible: no

question: when was the internet developed?
answers: text: 1980s
is_impossible: no

question: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?
answers: text: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet
is_impossible: no

question: When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?
answers: text: 1995
is_impossible: no

question: how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?
answers: text: 4 years
is_impossible: no

question: What was developed as a way for various universities to communicate with each other?
is_impossible: yes

question: What process was set up by the early 1980s?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the Internet further restricted?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened four years after the introduction of the World Wide Web?
is_impossible: yes

question: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What options were available to large businesses?
is_impossible: yes

question: What ensures upstream connections are not reliable?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

qas: question: Where were the first isps established?
answers: text: Australia and the United States
is_impossible: no

question: where was the first commercial isp in the us located? 
answers: text: Brookline, Massachusetts
is_impossible: no

question: when was the first commercial isp customer served?
answers: text: November 1989
is_impossible: no

question: when were the first commercial isps established?
answers: text: 1989
is_impossible: no

question: what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
answers: text: The World
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the first ISP S established in 1999?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was established in Boston Massachusetts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the name of the first private ISP?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the world do in 1999?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are IXs? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is used by organizations that depend on others to provide mail services?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.

qas: question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
answers: text: ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content
is_impossible: no

question: what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? 
answers: text: municipal broadband
is_impossible: no

question: how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? 
answers: text: a telecommunications service
is_impossible: no

question: what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? 
answers: text: Title II (common carrier)
is_impossible: no

question: what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? 
answers: text: telecommunications
is_impossible: no

question: What did the implementation of net neutrality permit?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was net neutrality a solution to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What yell Law school professor considered to options regarding Internet service?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the Democrats present in 2015
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the FCC expected to oppose with its vote?
is_impossible: yes

question: What old technology was unable to be used to connect to the Internet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What online service does not provide storage?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who provides the Internet?
is_impossible: yes
context: On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

qas: question: When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
answers: text: February 2015
is_impossible: no

question: How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
answers: text: in favor
is_impossible: no

question: what did the FCC adopt for the internet? 
answers: text: Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934
is_impossible: no

question: what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? 
answers: text: the First Amendment
is_impossible: no

question: what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
answers: text: free speech
is_impossible: no

question: Who ruled against neutrality in February 2015?
is_impossible: yes

question: What to ask did FCC rule against?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who compared his ruling to the fourth amendment?
is_impossible: yes

question: The telecommunication act of 1934 and the Internet were compared to what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are for-profit ISPs called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What options were available to large businesses?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is designed to operate under open 900 MHz
is_impossible: yes
context: On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

qas: question: When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?
answers: text: 13 April 2015
is_impossible: no

question: When was a general summary of net neutrality released?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the first draft of the net neutrality regulations published?
is_impossible: yes

question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
is_impossible: yes

question: how do isps provide internet access?
is_impossible: yes

question: What works unreliably?
is_impossible: yes
context: On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

qas: question: What do ISPs provide?
answers: text: Internet access
is_impossible: no

question: how do isps provide internet access?
answers: text: a range of technologies to connect users to their network
is_impossible: no

question: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? 
answers: text: television cable (CATV)
is_impossible: no

question: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? 
answers: text: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)
is_impossible: no

question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
answers: text: telephone lines
is_impossible: no

question: Who provides the Internet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What old technology was unable to be used to connect to the Internet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What technology is used to connect the Internet through wires?
is_impossible: yes

question: Computer motherboards are used to do what?
is_impossible: yes

question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What process was set up by the early 1980s?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the abbreviations for asynchronous optical networking
is_impossible: yes
context:  ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

qas: question: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? 
answers: text: copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)
is_impossible: no

question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
answers: text: Fiber To The Home
is_impossible: no

question: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
answers: text: users and small businesses
is_impossible: no

question: What options were available to large businesses?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is using fiber optics to providers called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What modern options are available to users and small businesses?
is_impossible: yes

question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an Internet mail service provider?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
is_impossible: yes
context: For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

qas: question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? 
answers: text: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs
is_impossible: no

question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? 
answers: text: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
is_impossible: no

question: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
answers: text: customers with more demanding requirements
is_impossible: no

question: what is SONET? 
answers: text: synchronous optical networking
is_impossible: no

question: What is available to customers with less demanding requirements?
is_impossible: yes

question: What's the abbreviation for synchronous transfer mode
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the abbreviations for asynchronous optical networking
is_impossible: yes

question: What is using fiber optics to providers called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What operates unlicensed frequencies?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was developed as a way for various universities to communicate with each other?
is_impossible: yes
context: For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

qas: question: What is a mailbox provider? 
answers: text: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes
is_impossible: no

question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? 
answers: text: A mailbox provider
is_impossible: no

question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? 
answers: text: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email
is_impossible: no

question: how does a user store electronic mail?
answers: text: A mailbox provider
is_impossible: no

question: What is an Internet mail service provider?
is_impossible: yes

question: What online service does not provide storage?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who allows people to send but not accept in-store mail?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who invented male domains?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of television are free ISPs like?
is_impossible: yes

question: What ensures upstream connections are not reliable?
is_impossible: yes

question: The telecommunication act of 1934 and the Internet were compared to what?
is_impossible: yes
context: A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

qas: question: What is SMTP?
answers: text: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
is_impossible: no

question: What is IMAP?
answers: text: Internet Message Access Protocol
is_impossible: no

question: How is access to mail provided? 
answers: text: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
is_impossible: no

question: what are most mailbox providers as well? 
answers: text: access providers
is_impossible: no

question: who possibly controls their own mail servers? 
answers: text: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals
is_impossible: no

question: All mailbox providers were also what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are examples of access providers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is used by organizations that depend on others to provide mail services?
is_impossible: yes

question: How is traditional male provided?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is designed to operate under open 900 MHz
is_impossible: yes

question: Who may not engage in peering?
is_impossible: yes

question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

qas: question: What do internet hosting services provide? 
answers: text: email, web-hosting, or online storage services
is_impossible: no

question: Who provides a virtual server service?
answers: text: Internet hosting services
is_impossible: no

question: who provides cloud services?
answers: text: Internet hosting services
is_impossible: no

question: Internet hosting protocols provide what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who provides physical servers to customers
is_impossible: yes

question: Who provides off-line storage services
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a point of protocol abbreviated as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
is_impossible: yes

question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

qas: question: Who does an ISP pay for internet access?
answers: text: upstream ISPs
is_impossible: no

question: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?
answers: text: An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP
is_impossible: no

question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
answers: text: access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to
is_impossible: no

question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
answers: text: upstream ISPs
is_impossible: no

question: What do ISPs pay customers for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What usually has a small network than a contracting ISP?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does an upstream ISP provide for customers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the contracting ISP have access to that the upstream ISP does not?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a wired Internet service provider?
is_impossible: yes

question: how do isps provide internet access?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an Internet mail service provider?
is_impossible: yes
context: Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

qas: question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
answers: text: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network
is_impossible: no

question: what do transit ISPs provide? 
answers: text: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs
is_impossible: no

question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
answers: text: a tier 1 carrier
is_impossible: no

question: What is a PoP?
answers: text: point of presence
is_impossible: no

question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
answers: text: Transit ISPs
is_impossible: no

question: Who provides minimal amounts of bandwidth for connecting ISPs?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a point of protocol abbreviated as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has the same connection to an upstream ISP?
is_impossible: yes

question: What transmits Internet within the home?
is_impossible: yes

question: Different networks charge each other for what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of ISPs are free of restrictions?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who invented male domains?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

qas: question: What is a VISP?
answers: text: virtual ISP
is_impossible: no

question: What do VISPs resemble? 
answers: text: mobile virtual network operators
is_impossible: no

question: What do visps purchase services from? 
answers: text: a wholesale ISP
is_impossible: no

question: Who does an ISP purchase services from?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who do wholesale ISP purchased services from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do virtual network operators resemble?
is_impossible: yes

question: How do VISP's customers access the Internet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the world do in 1999?
is_impossible: yes

question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
is_impossible: yes
context: A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

qas: question: What are free ISPs?
answers: text: Internet service providers that provide service free of charge
is_impossible: no

question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
answers: text: advertisements
is_impossible: no

question: What are free ISPs similar to? 
answers: text: commercial television
is_impossible: no

question: How are freenets run? 
answers: text: on a nonprofit basis
is_impossible: no

question: What type of ISPs are free of restrictions?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who accepts donations instead of charging for services?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of television are free ISPs like?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are for-profit ISPs called?
is_impossible: yes

question: how does a user store electronic mail?
is_impossible: yes

question: What follows most inefficient route?
is_impossible: yes

question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
is_impossible: yes
context: Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

qas: question: What is a WISP? 
answers: text: wireless Internet service provider
is_impossible: no

question: What technology is part of a WISP?
answers: text: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment
is_impossible: no

question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? 
answers: text: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands
is_impossible: no

question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
answers: text: wireless networking
is_impossible: no

question: What is a wired Internet service provider?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of uncommon networking is used for WISPs
is_impossible: yes

question: What operates unlicensed frequencies?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is designed to operate under open 900 MHz
is_impossible: yes

question: W ISP do not operate in what band?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who allows people to send but not accept in-store mail?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
is_impossible: yes

question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
is_impossible: yes
context: A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

qas: question: What is peering? 
answers: text: multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points
is_impossible: no

question: What does peering allow? 
answers: text: routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted
is_impossible: no

question: Why is peering used? 
answers: text: data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP
is_impossible: no

question: What are IXs? 
answers: text: Internet exchange points
is_impossible: no

question: Where do multiple ISPs connect? 
answers: text: peering points or Internet exchange points
is_impossible: no

question: Who may not engage in peering?
is_impossible: yes

question: Different networks charge each other for what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What would've been incurred by data passing through a third upstream ISP?
is_impossible: yes

question: Nothing to what costs ISPs more money?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
is_impossible: yes

question: What's the abbreviation for synchronous transfer mode
is_impossible: yes

question: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
is_impossible: yes
context: ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

qas: question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
answers: text: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible
is_impossible: no

question: What sort of route does data follow? 
answers: text: the most efficient route
is_impossible: no

question: What trade-off is not possible?
is_impossible: yes

question: What follows most inefficient route?
is_impossible: yes

question: What works unreliably?
is_impossible: yes

question: What ensures upstream connections are not reliable?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is peering used? 
is_impossible: yes

question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is available to customers with less demanding requirements?
is_impossible: yes
context: Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

qas: question: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? 
answers: text: intelligence agencies
is_impossible: no

question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
answers: text: PRISM
is_impossible: no

question: What does PRISM do? 
answers: text: provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic
is_impossible: no

question: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? 
answers: text: a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment
is_impossible: no

question: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? 
answers: text: allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time
is_impossible: no

question: What are ISPs not legally required to do?
is_impossible: yes

question: What this PRISM stopped the national security agency for doing?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who objects to PRISM
is_impossible: yes

question: What do ISPs remove from their networks to discourage intelligence agencies?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do many people say violates the First Amendment?
is_impossible: yes

question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is available to customers with less demanding requirements?
is_impossible: yes

question: Different networks charge each other for what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.