Supreme_court

qas: question: What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?
answers: text: Civil law states
is_impossible: no

question: What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?
answers: text: the High Court of Australia
is_impossible: no

question: To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed?
answers: text: the Privy Council
is_impossible: no

question: What Canadian courts also are not specifically the highest courts in that country?
answers: text: the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories
is_impossible: no

question: What is the highest court in all jurisdictions named?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do civil law states tend to have?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can decisions from the Privy Council be appealed to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Courts of Appeal superseded by in England?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are some of the "federal court" jurisdictions divided?
is_impossible: yes

question: Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was created in 1927?
is_impossible: yes
context: However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law states do not tend to have singular highest courts. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court", for example, the High Court of Australia; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council. On the other hand, in some places the court named the "Supreme Court" is not in fact the highest court; examples include the New York Supreme Court, the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, which are all superseded by higher Courts of Appeal.

qas: question: Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?
answers: text: different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law
is_impossible: no

question: What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?
answers: text: the Supreme Court of the United States
is_impossible: no

question: What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?
answers: text: Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa
is_impossible: no

question: A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?
answers: text: a civil law system
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question: How are some of the "federal court" jurisdictions divided?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of supreme courts to countries with a civil system of government have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What document was written in 1902?
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question: What do jurisdictions with a federal law system often have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two types of cases does the Superior Military Tribunal only review?
is_impossible: yes

question: What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is the JCPC located?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some countries have multiple "supreme courts" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa.

qas: question: What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?
answers: text: stare decisis
is_impossible: no

question: What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?
answers: text: civil law jurisdictions
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question: In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?
answers: text: the immediate case before it
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question: Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?
answers: text: a very strong precedent
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question: What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?
answers: text: jurisprudence constante
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question: What doctrine applies in jurisdictions that have a supreme court system?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does stare decisis say about decisions made by lower courts in regard the supreme court?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the civil court precedent also known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are not necessarily binding in common law jurisdictions?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are FATA, Azad Northern, Kashmir Areas, and ICT?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was adopted before 1972?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of law is Bundesarbeitsgericht for?
is_impossible: yes
context: In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts.

qas: question: When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?
answers: text: 1875
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question: Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?
answers: text: 1949
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question: If a provincial case is appealed, how is the Supreme Court's decision applied?
answers: text: The court's decisions are final and binding
is_impossible: no

question: Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?
answers: text: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
is_impossible: no

question: What was established in 1785?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was abolished in 1499?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council hear?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why can the title "Supreme Court" be confusing?
is_impossible: yes

question: When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals of decisions made by courts of appeal from the provinces and territories and appeals of decisions made by the Federal Court of Appeal. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories. The title "Supreme" can be confusing because, for example, The Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process.

qas: question: When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong?
answers: text: 1997
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question: When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which body was the highest court of appeal?
answers: text: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)
is_impossible: no

question: Where is the JCPC located?
answers: text: London, United Kingdom
is_impossible: no

question: When was the Court of Final Appeal established?
answers: text: 1997
is_impossible: no

question: The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is seated in what city?
answers: text: Beijing
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question: What event occurred in Hong Kong in 1979?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is also known as the CJPC?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was created in 1979?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Article 29 of the Basic Law state?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Article 185 of the Basic Law state?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are five Supreme Court judgement supporting a claim needed for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was amended in August 1994?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London, United Kingdom. Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997. Under the Basic Law, its constitution, the territory remains a common law jurisdiction. Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including England and Wales) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law. On the other hand, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in Beijing (without retroactive effect), and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases, in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law. This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence.

qas: question: On what date was India's Supreme Court established?
answers: text: January 28, 1950
is_impossible: no

question: What article of India's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts?
answers: text: Article 141
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question: India's Supreme Court has ultimate power to determine interpretations of what?
answers: text: the Constitution
is_impossible: no

question: When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?
answers: text: judicial review
is_impossible: no

question: In addition to national laws, India's Supreme Court may also interpret what regulations?
answers: text: local bylaws
is_impossible: no

question: What was created on January 29, 1850?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was adopted after the creation of the Supreme Court of India?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Article 414 of the Constitution of India say?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is the Supreme Court vested with the power of judicial authority?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Bundessozialgericht at the top of?
is_impossible: yes

question: When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?
is_impossible: yes

question: Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?
is_impossible: yes
context: In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law.

qas: question: What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?
answers: text: The Supreme Court
is_impossible: no

question: Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?
answers: text: the constitution
is_impossible: no

question: Who is the highest judge in Ireland's Supreme Court?
answers: text: the Chief Justice
is_impossible: no

question: Besides chief justice, how many other judges sit on Ireland's Supreme Court?
answers: text: seven other judges
is_impossible: no

question: Where is Ireland's Supreme Court seated?
answers: text: the Four Courts in Dublin
is_impossible: no

question: The lower courts are made of a Chief Justice and how many other judges?
is_impossible: yes

question: What organization's advice does the Chief Justice take when appointing Supreme Court Judges? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Where does the appellate court sit in Dublin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Bundessozialgericht at the top of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?
is_impossible: yes

question: To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin.

qas: question: Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?
answers: text: Jerusalem
is_impossible: no

question: Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?
answers: text: both an appellate court and the high court of justice
is_impossible: no

question: Israel's legislative body is called what?
answers: text: the Knesset
is_impossible: no

question: Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions?
answers: text: a panel of three or more justices
is_impossible: no

question: A retrial is also called what?
answers: text: "trial de novo"
is_impossible: no

question: Where does the Israeli appellate court sit?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of cases does the appeals court hear?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the Supreme Court of Jusice grant?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an "order trial de novo" also known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is West Virginia's highest court called?
is_impossible: yes

question: Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?
is_impossible: yes
context: Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג"ץ), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order "trial de novo" (a retrial).

qas: question: When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?
answers: text: 2004
is_impossible: no

question: What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?
answers: text: purely appellate
is_impossible: no

question: What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?
answers: text: Court of Appeal of New Zealand
is_impossible: no

question: New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what?
answers: text: the High Court
is_impossible: no

question: Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?
answers: text: the District Court
is_impossible: no

question: What was officially established at the beginning of 1980?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the Supreme Court known as until 2004?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are appeals always moved to from the High Court?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the District Court and Court of Appeal considered to be?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are some of the "federal court" jurisdictions divided?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was adopted before 1972?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Article 414 of the Constitution of India say?
is_impossible: yes
context: The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction.

qas: question: What are some of the territories within Pakistan?
answers: text: FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)
is_impossible: no

question: What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?
answers: text: appeals only of a constitutional nature
is_impossible: no

question: What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?
answers: text: Azad Kashmir
is_impossible: no

question: What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?
answers: text: does not apply to it
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Islamabad Territory Capital also known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are FATA, Azad Northern, Kashmir Areas, and ICT?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which province has its own courts system?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?
is_impossible: yes

question: What existed from 1993 to 2014?
is_impossible: yes

question: When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?
is_impossible: yes
context: With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally functions the same as provinces. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.

qas: question: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?
answers: text: England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland
is_impossible: no

question: What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters?
answers: text: the High Court of Justiciary
is_impossible: no

question: What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK?
answers: text: Constitutional Reform Act 2005
is_impossible: no

question: When did this act go into affect?
answers: text: 1 October 2009
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question: What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this?
answers: text: House of Lords
is_impossible: no

question: The Constitutional Reform Act of 2009 established what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What went into effect in 2005?
is_impossible: yes

question: What issues were addressed under the Scotland Act of 1989?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the first judicial body in the United Kingdom?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is the Supreme court the ultimate court for criminal and judicial matters?
is_impossible: yes

question: What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was officially established at the beginning of 1980?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

qas: question: What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?
answers: text: titles of state supreme court vary
is_impossible: no

question: The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories?
answers: text: New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia
is_impossible: no

question: What is West Virginia's highest court called?
answers: text: Supreme Court of Appeals
is_impossible: no

question: What state's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere?
answers: text: Massachusetts
is_impossible: no

question: Supreme Courts in New York serve what function?
answers: text: trial courts of general jurisdiction
is_impossible: no

question: What is the highest court in Virginia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What state has the oldest judicial court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere?
is_impossible: yes

question: In New York, what is the intermediate judicial court called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can happen to a political party if it has repeatedly violated the German Court System?
is_impossible: yes

question: Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?
is_impossible: yes
context: The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the "Supreme Judicial Court"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere.

qas: question: What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?
answers: text: the Austrian Constitution of 1920
is_impossible: no

question: What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?
answers: text: Constitutional Court
is_impossible: no

question: What is the German word for this constitutional high court?
answers: text: Verfassungsgerichtshof
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?
answers: text: the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights
is_impossible: no

question: The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name?
answers: text: Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)
is_impossible: no

question: What was drafted in 1902?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the Austrian Constitution? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Austrian term for Administrative Court?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Austrian term for Constitutional Court?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Austrian term for "ordinary courts?"
is_impossible: yes

question: When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?
is_impossible: yes

question: Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights. Other than that, administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof). The Supreme Court (Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)), stands at the top of Austria's system of "ordinary courts" (ordentliche Gerichte) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law.

qas: question: What is the highest court in Brazil?
answers: text: Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)
is_impossible: no

question: What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?
answers: text: cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases
is_impossible: no

question: Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over?
answers: text: cases involving members of congress, senators
is_impossible: no

question: What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court?
answers: text: ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic
is_impossible: no

question: What is Brazil's high court for labor law?
answers: text: The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)
is_impossible: no

question: The Superior Labour Tribunal oversees what type of elections?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two types of cases does the Superior Military Tribunal only review?
is_impossible: yes

question: What conflicting outcomes does the Superior Electoral Tribunal deal with?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Brazilian name for the Supreme Court?
is_impossible: yes

question: What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?
is_impossible: yes

question: Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases involving members of congress, senators, ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic. The Superior Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justiça) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases, when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings. The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) reviews cases involving labour law. The Superior Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) is the court of last resort of electoral law, and also oversees general elections. The Superior Military Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Militar) is the highest court in matters of federal military law.

qas: question: What is Germany's constitution called?
answers: text: the Grundgesetz
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question: What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?
answers: text: Bundesverfassungsgericht
is_impossible: no

question: The english translation of this court and its duties is what?
answers: text: Federal Constitutional Court
is_impossible: no

question: What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?
answers: text: the power and authority to outlaw political parties
is_impossible: no

question: Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?
answers: text: it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution
is_impossible: no

question: What is the German term for the German Constitutional Court?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the German term for Federal Constitution?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can happen to a political party if it has repeatedly violated the German Court System?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can the German Court declare in regard to legislation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two courts are equally the highest courts of the land?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?
is_impossible: yes

question: The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?
is_impossible: yes
context: Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution.

qas: question: The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?
answers: text: civil and criminal cases
is_impossible: no

question: What court has supremacy for matters of social security?
answers: text: Bundessozialgericht
is_impossible: no

question: What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?
answers: text: Bundesarbeitsgericht
is_impossible: no

question: Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?
answers: text: Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe
is_impossible: no

question: What else does Bundesgerichtshof deal with besides taxation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Bundessozialgericht at the top of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of law is Bundesarbeitsgericht for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the German term for the Senate of the Supreme Courts?
is_impossible: yes

question: How often does the Joint Supreme Court gather?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was adopted after the creation of the Supreme Court of India?
is_impossible: yes

question: What organization's advice does the Chief Justice take when appointing Supreme Court Judges? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?
is_impossible: yes
context: When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for employment and labour, the Bundesfinanzhof for taxation and financial issues, and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht for administrative law. The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe (Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.

qas: question: Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?
answers: text: arresten
is_impossible: no

question: The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?
answers: text: legislation against the constitution
is_impossible: no

question: What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?
answers: text: legislation against some treaties
is_impossible: no

question: Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?
answers: text: administrative law
is_impossible: no

question: The high court for administrative law is also known as what?
answers: text: Council of State (Raad van State)
is_impossible: no

question: What is another term for the Supreme Court of the Netherlands?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the court banned from according to the principle of the States-General?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the term for the Council of States-General?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the name of a court that deals with administrative law?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of law is Bundesarbeitsgericht for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What country is the Chinese legal system based on?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against some treaties. Also, the ordinary courts in the Netherlands, including the Hoge Raad, do not deal with administrative law, which is dealt with in separate administrative courts, the highest of which is the Council of State (Raad van State)

qas: question: What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?
answers: text: a civil law nation
is_impossible: no

question: The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?
answers: text: the American Supreme Court
is_impossible: no

question: What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?
answers: text: 1987 Philippine Constitution
is_impossible: no

question: How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?
answers: text: 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices
is_impossible: no

question: When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?
answers: text: en banc
is_impossible: no

question: What nation's court is the American Supreme Court heavily modeled after?
is_impossible: yes

question: In addition to the Philippines, what country was Spain colonized by?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was written in 1897?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the Philippine Statute Code state about the decisions of the Supreme Court? 
is_impossible: yes

question: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of law is Bundesarbeitsgericht for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the highest court in Virginia?
is_impossible: yes
context: While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court "form part of the law of the land", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided.

qas: question: The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?
answers: text: private and public
is_impossible: no

question: What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?
answers: text: those cases related to human rights
is_impossible: no

question: What is the other power of this latter court?
answers: text: decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution
is_impossible: no

question: High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings?
answers: text: binding precedents
is_impossible: no

question: In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?
answers: text: lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations
is_impossible: no

question: What are five Supreme Court judgement supporting a claim needed for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do lower rank courts always observe?
is_impossible: yes

question: What action does the Supreme Court only allow for cases related to human rights?
is_impossible: yes

question: What other cases does the Supreme Court consider besides disputes between individuals and administrative organs?
is_impossible: yes

question: Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was created in 1927?
is_impossible: yes
context: Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.
Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court:

qas: question: Sweden's two high courts are what?
answers: text: the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court
is_impossible: no

question: What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?
answers: text: cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs
is_impossible: no

question: The Supreme Court hears what?
answers: text: all other cases
is_impossible: no

question: How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts?
answers: text: appointed by the Government
is_impossible: no

question: The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what?
answers: text: prövningstillstånd
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Swedish term for government?
is_impossible: yes

question: What other cases does the Supreme Court consider besides disputes between individuals and administrative organs?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two courts are equally the highest courts of the land?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Supreme Court appoints what position?
is_impossible: yes

question: In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the Government. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case (prövningstillstånd) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance. Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence, and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty. If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law, it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer.

qas: question: When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created?
answers: text: 1972
is_impossible: no

question: The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?
answers: text: all lower Courts
is_impossible: no

question: Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence?
answers: text: common-law and civil-law
is_impossible: no

question: What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court?
answers: text: 2/3
is_impossible: no

question: What was created in 1927?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was adopted before 1972?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do capital-law and civil-law blend together to make?
is_impossible: yes

question: The president of the country may play a role in what type of cases?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was drafted in 1902?
is_impossible: yes

question: What existed from 1993 to 2014?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions. However, when there is 2/3 majority in the parliament in favour of president (as with present), the supreme court and its judges' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution, if the president wants. Therefore, in such situations, Civil law empowerment vanishes.

qas: question: South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?
answers: text: "two apex"
is_impossible: no

question: When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?
answers: text: 1994
is_impossible: no

question: What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?
answers: text: the Constitutional Court
is_impossible: no

question: When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?
answers: text: August 2013
is_impossible: no

question: What existed from 1993 to 2014?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was created in 2013 to replace the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was amended in August 1994?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Constitutional Court subordinate to?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?
is_impossible: yes

question: When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?
is_impossible: yes
context: In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution. But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.

qas: question: What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?
answers: text: Soviet Union
is_impossible: no

question: What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?
answers: text: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)
is_impossible: no

question: Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?
answers: text: cases which have already been decided
is_impossible: no

question: Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?
answers: text: common law
is_impossible: no

question: Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?
answers: text: Portuguese-based legal system
is_impossible: no

question: What is the NCPSC also known as? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What country can interpret the laws of Macau and China?
is_impossible: yes

question: What country is the Chinese legal system based on?
is_impossible: yes

question: Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the German term for the Senate of the Supreme Courts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the District Court and Court of Appeal considered to be?
is_impossible: yes
context: In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.