Aspirated_consonant

qas: question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
answers: text: phonetics
is_impossible: no

question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?
answers: text: allophones
is_impossible: no

question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
answers: text: Indian and East Asian
is_impossible: no

question: What creates a strong burst of breath?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are aspirated consonants in the Asian language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Allophones are similar in what two languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What accompanies the opening of some obstruents?
is_impossible: yes

question: What uses a weak burst of breath?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Spanish voiced stops are?
is_impossible: yes

question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?
is_impossible: yes
context: In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

qas: question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?
answers: text: pin
is_impossible: no

question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?
answers: text: aspirated
is_impossible: no

question: When should one put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's eyes?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what dialect would the initial consonant be unaspriated in pin and aspirated in spin?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which word would be aspirated in most English dialects?
is_impossible: yes

question: What would you see when you use your hand to see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds?
is_impossible: yes

question: What would you do to see the similarities between aspirated and unaspirated sounds?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unaspirated consonants are nearly always pronouced how?
is_impossible: yes

question: The term unaspiration sometimes refers to what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?
is_impossible: yes
context: To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

qas: question: What does IPA stand for?
answers: text: International Phonetic Alphabet
is_impossible: no

question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?
answers: text: voiceless consonants
is_impossible: no

question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?
answers: text: p
is_impossible: no

question: pʰ represents what?
answers: text: aspirated bilabial stop
is_impossible: no

question: What is considered an unaspirated consonant?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aspiration modifiers are represented by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Voiceless consonants are prefaced by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The voiced glottal fricative is indicated by what letter?
is_impossible: yes

question: The unaspirated bilabial stop is represented by what letter?
is_impossible: yes

question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Wu Chinese has a four-way distinction in what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The three places of articulation are the labial, cortical and what?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

qas: question: What is not often aspirated?
answers: text: Voiced consonants
is_impossible: no

question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?
answers: text: breathy
is_impossible: no

question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?
answers: text: breathy-voiced
is_impossible: no

question: Voiced symbols are seldom what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Symbols for voiceless consonants are typical in what language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unaspirated consonants are called what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Symbols for voiced releases typically represent what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Breathy-voiced aspirated consonants are called what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is written with letter that represent voiced consonants?
is_impossible: yes

question: Fortis counterparts are translated as what in the Chinese language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has gained breathy-voiced consonants?
is_impossible: yes
context: Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

qas: question: There are no IPA symbols for what?
answers: text: degrees of aspiration
is_impossible: no

question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?
answers: text: aspiration modifier
is_impossible: no

question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?
answers: text: Korean
is_impossible: no

question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?
answers: text: numerically
is_impossible: no

question: Which two IPA symbols are marked?
is_impossible: yes

question: The two degrees of aspiration in English stops are transcribed as what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The details of voice-onset symbols are given how?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which old letter for light aspiration is now obsolete?
is_impossible: yes

question: The aspiration modifier letter may be tripled to indicate what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Spanish voiced stops are?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is produced when the vocal folds are open and vibrating?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes a syllable to be pronounced with high pitch or light tone?
is_impossible: yes
context: There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

qas: question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?
answers: text: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol
is_impossible: no

question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?
answers: text: ⟨ʰp⟩
is_impossible: no

question: Preaspirated symbols are marked how?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents the unaspirated bilabial stop?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents the aspiration modifier letter?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents the preaspirated bilabial start?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unaspirated consonants are marked how?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose stops are shorter than that of Armenian or Cantonese?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is underspecified for voicing and unaspiratoin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What likely had a velar unaspirated stop?
is_impossible: yes
context: Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

qas: question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?
answers: text: with the modifier letter
is_impossible: no

question: What is the superscript equal sign?
answers: text: ⟨t˭⟩
is_impossible: no

question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?
answers: text: left unmarked
is_impossible: no

question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?
answers: text: ⟨t⟩
is_impossible: no

question: Aspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked how?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are aspirated consonants marked?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are aspirated consonants usually left?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is occasionally marked with the modifier letter for aspiration?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unspirated or tenuis symbols are occasionally marked with which letter?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?
is_impossible: yes

question: The labialized velar unaspirated stop is represented by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is a consonant strengthened to become a glottal stop or fricative?
is_impossible: yes
context: Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

qas: question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?
answers: text: Voiceless consonants
is_impossible: no

question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
answers: text: voiced consonants
is_impossible: no

question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
answers: text: Voiceless aspiration
is_impossible: no

question: Voiced consonants are produced when what opens?
is_impossible: yes

question: How would you measure voiced aspiration?
is_impossible: yes

question: When the vocal folds are vibrating, what is produced?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can not begin until after the vocal cords open?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is produced when the vocal folds are open and vibrating?
is_impossible: yes

question: Are truly unaspirated voiceless consonants common or rare?
is_impossible: yes

question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

qas: question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?
answers: text: Navajo
is_impossible: no

question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?
answers: text: an extended length of the frication
is_impossible: no

question: What is realized as an extended length of the airflow?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language does the unaspiration of stops tend to be realized as voiceless velar airflow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is realized as voiced velar airflow?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language does voiceless velar airflow not exist?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aspiration of airflow is realized as what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Arctic Greek lenited to what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Armenian language had a two-way distinction in stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Sami tongue also has what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

qas: question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?
answers: text: consonant clusters
is_impossible: no

question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
answers: text: Wahgi
is_impossible: no

question: Unaspirated consonants are not always followed by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language is unaspiration contrastive?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language are consonants aspirated only in start position?
is_impossible: yes

question: What occurs in sound clusters?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not always followed by vowels or unvoiced sounds?
is_impossible: yes

question: Voiced breaths are usually what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Korean?
is_impossible: yes

question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
is_impossible: yes
context: Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

qas: question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?
answers: text: unaspirated stops
is_impossible: no

question: What languages have aspiration that lasts about as long as Korean aspirated stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Korean?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose stops are shorter than that of Armenian or Cantonese?
is_impossible: yes

question: Korean has what kind of unaspirated stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: Armenian unaspirated stops last longer than whose?
is_impossible: yes

question: Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiced what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

qas: question: Aspiration alters with what?
answers: text: place of articulation
is_impossible: no

question: Voice-onset times in Armenian measure at 20, 25, and what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unaspiration varies with what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which language measures at 60, 70, and 50 ms?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Spanish voice-closing times are what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Spanish voiced stops are?
is_impossible: yes

question: What makes up combined phonemes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

qas: question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?
answers: text: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.
is_impossible: no

question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?
answers: text: An aspirated affricate
is_impossible: no

question: What happens when aspirated consonants are tripled or germinated?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has a release of the fricative and unaspiration?
is_impossible: yes

question: An unaspirated consonant consists of what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What consists of a stop, fricative, and unaspirated release?
is_impossible: yes

question: A tripled aspirated affricate has a longer what?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
is_impossible: yes

question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which old letter for light aspiration is now obsolete?
is_impossible: yes
context: When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

qas: question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?
answers: text: Icelandic and Faroese
is_impossible: no

question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?
answers: text: consonant clusters
is_impossible: no

question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
answers: text: double stops and single stops
is_impossible: no

question: What stops contrast with triple and single stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: Icelandic and English have preaspirated what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aspirated stops contrast with what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In Faroese, preaspirated stops contrast with what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Symbol clusters exists in which two languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are stops distinguished?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is common in the language of English?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which languages are reconstructed as having unaspirated stops?
is_impossible: yes
context: Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

qas: question: The Sami tongue also has what?
answers: text: Preaspirated stops
is_impossible: no

question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?
answers: text: North Sami
is_impossible: no

question: Unaspirated stops occur in which languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What occurs in the medial or start position?
is_impossible: yes

question: The voiced stop and affricate phonemes occur in what position?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are pronounced unaspirated?
is_impossible: yes

question: In South Sami what are pronounced preaspirated?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are stops distinguished?
is_impossible: yes

question: Fortis counterparts are translated as what in the Chinese language?
is_impossible: yes
context: Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

qas: question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?
answers: text: up to four
is_impossible: no

question: Unaspirated fricatives have been documented in which language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which language has up to five contrastive aspirated fricatives?
is_impossible: yes

question: Most unaspirated obstruents are what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Siouan language Ofo has how many contrastive aspirated fricatives?
is_impossible: yes

question: Choni Tibetan has how many unaspirated fricatives?
is_impossible: yes

question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is a consonant strengthened to become a glottal stop or fricative?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unaspirated consonants are nearly always pronouced how?
is_impossible: yes
context: Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].

qas: question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
answers: text: True aspirated voiced consonants
is_impossible: no

question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?
answers: text: rare
is_impossible: no

question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
answers: text: Kx'a languages
is_impossible: no

question: Are truly unaspirated voiceless consonants common or rare?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is common in the language of English?
is_impossible: yes

question: Murmured consonants are uncommon in which language of which country?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: True aspirated voice consonants are common in which country?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which two dialects sometime gained aspiration?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is a consonant strengthened to become a glottal stop or fricative?
is_impossible: yes

question: What makes up combined phonemes?
is_impossible: yes
context: True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

qas: question: What has a different significance in various languages?
answers: text: Aspiration
is_impossible: no

question: What two forms can aspiration be in?
answers: text: allophonic or phonemic
is_impossible: no

question: What may be analyzed as an underlying symbol cluster?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aspiration can differ in which two languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unaspiration has varying significance in what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What may be analyzed as an underlying phonemic cluster?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is either allophonic or a cluster?
is_impossible: yes

question: An example of an unaspirated stop is?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?
is_impossible: yes

question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?
is_impossible: yes
context: Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

qas: question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?
answers: text: allophonic
is_impossible: no

question: How are stops distinguished?
answers: text: voicing
is_impossible: no

question: Voiceless stops are at times what?
answers: text: aspirated
is_impossible: no

question: Voiced stops are most often what?
answers: text: unaspirated
is_impossible: no

question: In what language in unaspiration allophonic?
is_impossible: yes

question: Voiceless languages are sometimes what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Symbols are distinguished primarily by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Voiced breaths are usually what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are sometimes allophonic?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes a murmured vibration of the vocal cords?
is_impossible: yes

question: The unaspirated bilabial stop is represented by what letter?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents the preaspirated bilabial start?
is_impossible: yes
context: In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

qas: question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?
answers: text: unaspirated
is_impossible: no

question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?
answers: text: compound words
is_impossible: no

question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?
answers: text: aspirated
is_impossible: no

question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?
answers: text: unaspirated
is_impossible: no

question: What is unaspirated since it is not analyzed as three morphemes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What word-initial is aspirated for almost all speakers?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is the consonant unaspirated?
is_impossible: yes

question: Distaste has an unaspirated middle why?
is_impossible: yes

question: After a k elsewhere in a word they are normally what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is common in the language of English?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dialect had a fricative in the Modern period?
is_impossible: yes
context: They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

qas: question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
answers: text: phonemic
is_impossible: no

question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?
answers: text: phonemes
is_impossible: no

question: In the Armenian language, tenuis and unaspirated stops are what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What makes up combined phonemes?
is_impossible: yes

question: Sentences are distinguished by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In the English language, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
is_impossible: yes

question: An example of an unaspirated stop is?
is_impossible: yes

question: Choni Tibetan has how many unaspirated fricatives?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
is_impossible: yes

question: The voiced glottal fricative is indicated by what letter?
is_impossible: yes
context: In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

qas: question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?
answers: text: their lack of aspiration
is_impossible: no

question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
answers: text: ⟨p t k⟩
is_impossible: no

question: What is often transcribed for numerical reasons?
is_impossible: yes

question: In English, "lenis" consonants are know as what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The "lenis" consonants are distinguished from their modern counterparts by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Fortis counterparts are known as what in the Spanish language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Fortis counterparts are translated as what in the Chinese language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Arctic Greek yielded what other versions of the Greek language?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Spanish voiced stops are?
is_impossible: yes

question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

qas: question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?
answers: text: aspiration
is_impossible: no

question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?
answers: text: pinyin
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?
answers: text: aspirated stops
is_impossible: no

question: The English language has stops and affricates distinguished by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In pinyin, tenuis consonants are written how?
is_impossible: yes

question: In pinyin, unaspirated stops are written how?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is written with letter that represent voiced consonants?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents d?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

qas: question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
answers: text: Wu Chinese
is_impossible: no

question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
answers: text: /p pʰ b/
is_impossible: no

question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?
answers: text: Muddy consonants
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
answers: text: slack or breathy
is_impossible: no

question: Wu Chinese has a four-way distinction in what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is strongly voiced?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes a syllable to be pronounced with high pitch or light tone?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of a breathy consonant?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes a stop to be pronounced with low pitch or light tone?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
is_impossible: yes

question: An unaspirated consonant consists of what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Allophones are similar in what two languages?
is_impossible: yes
context: Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

qas: question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
answers: text: four
is_impossible: no

question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?
answers: text: breathy-voiced
is_impossible: no

question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?
answers: text: breathy-voiced consonants
is_impossible: no

question: What languages have unaspirated stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: Sanskrit has a three-way distinction in what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has gained breathy-voiced consonants?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened to result in a toneless system?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of a two-way distinction in stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents the aspiration modifier letter?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are murmured thought part of their duration?
is_impossible: yes

question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

qas: question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?
answers: text: Dravidian
is_impossible: no

question: What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?
answers: text: native Dravidian words
is_impossible: no

question: In native English words, there is no distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is used only in loanwords from Spanish languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is underspecified for voicing and unaspiratoin?
is_impossible: yes

question: There are many category distinctions in what language?
is_impossible: yes

question: All of the Dravidian languages have a distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is written with letter that represent voiced consonants?
is_impossible: yes

question: Arctic Greek yielded what other versions of the Greek language?
is_impossible: yes

question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.

qas: question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?
answers: text: Western Armenian
is_impossible: no

question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
answers: text: /d/
is_impossible: no

question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
answers: text: /t/
is_impossible: no

question: Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Western Armenian aspirated corresponds to Eastern American what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiced what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Eastern Armenian has a two-way distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Western voiceless /d/ corresponds to what?
is_impossible: yes

question: An unaspirated consonant consists of what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In native English words, there is no distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Voiced symbols are seldom what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.

qas: question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
answers: text: aspirated stops.
is_impossible: no

question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?
answers: text: Classical Attic
is_impossible: no

question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?
answers: text: Greek grammarians
is_impossible: no

question: A two-way distinction in stops was called what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Some forms of English are reconstructed as what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Armenian language had a two-way distinction in stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Classical Arctic dialect belonged to which country?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which languages are reconstructed as having unaspirated stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In native English words, there is no distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes

question: All of the Dravidian languages have a distinction between what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.

qas: question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?
answers: text: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
is_impossible: no

question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?
answers: text: Mycenaean Greek
is_impossible: no

question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
answers: text: dialect and phonetic environment
is_impossible: no

question: Unaspirated stops were at which three places of articulation?
is_impossible: yes

question: Early Greece was represented by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What likely had a velar unaspirated stop?
is_impossible: yes

question: The three places of articulation are the labial, cortical and what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The labialized velar unaspirated stop is represented by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens when aspirated consonants are tripled or germinated?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is occasionally marked with the modifier letter for aspiration?
is_impossible: yes
context: There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

qas: question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
answers: text: three
is_impossible: no

question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
answers: text: Ionic and Aeolic
is_impossible: no

question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
answers: text: fricative
is_impossible: no

question: What ancient dialects had the same two-way distinction at one point?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dialect had a fricative in the Modern period?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which four dialects sometimes lost aspiration?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which two dialects sometime gained aspiration?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was gained aspiration called?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aspiration alters with what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
is_impossible: yes

question: Fortis counterparts are known as what in the Spanish language?
is_impossible: yes
context: The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

qas: question: Attic Greek lenited to what?
answers: text: voiceless and voiced fricatives
is_impossible: no

question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
answers: text: Medieval and Modern Greek
is_impossible: no

question: Arctic Greek yielded what other versions of the Greek language?
is_impossible: yes

question: During what period did unaspirated and voiceless stops lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents unaspirated and voiceless stops?
is_impossible: yes

question: Arctic Greek lenited to what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dialect had a fricative in the Modern period?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens when aspirated consonants are tripled or germinated?
is_impossible: yes

question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
is_impossible: yes
context: Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

qas: question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?
answers: text: debuccalization
is_impossible: no

question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?
answers: text: glottal stop or fricative
is_impossible: no

question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
answers: text: lenited
is_impossible: no

question: The term unaspiration sometimes refers to what?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is a consonant strengthened to become a glottal stop or fricative?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is sometime referred to as the vocal change of debuccalization?
is_impossible: yes

question: What sometimes becomes a global stop or fricative?
is_impossible: yes

question: When a sound is lenited it becomes what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes a stop to be pronounced with low pitch or light tone?
is_impossible: yes
context: The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

qas: question: What is breathy voice?
answers: text: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds
is_impossible: no

question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
answers: text: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic
is_impossible: no

question: What is the superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative?
is_impossible: yes

question: Unaspirated consonants are nearly always pronouced how?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes a murmured vibration of the vocal cords?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents a strong voiced or breathy dental stop?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents the "voice aspirated" bilabial stop in the English language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Preaspirated symbols are marked how?
is_impossible: yes

question: What accompanies the opening of some obstruents?
is_impossible: yes

question: Some linguists restrict what to loud sonorants?
is_impossible: yes
context: So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

qas: question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
answers: text: murmured sonorants
is_impossible: no

question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?
answers: text: vowels and nasals
is_impossible: no

question: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
answers: text: breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
is_impossible: no

question: Some linguists restrict what to loud sonorants?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are murmured thought part of their duration?
is_impossible: yes

question: What represents the double-dot hook-aitch?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is used for the loud-voiced release of obstruents?
is_impossible: yes

question: All linguists restrict the double-dot subscript to what?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
is_impossible: yes

question: Are truly unaspirated voiceless consonants common or rare?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is occasionally marked with the modifier letter for aspiration?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.