Aircraft_carrier

qas: question: What type of carrier is the largest?
answers: text: fleet carrier
is_impossible: no

question: What capability does a fleet carrier offer?
answers: text: offensive
is_impossible: no

question: What purpose were excort carriers developed for?
answers: text: to provide defense for convoys of ships
is_impossible: no

question: What were most escort carriers built from?
answers: text: mercantile hulls
is_impossible: no

question: What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?
answers: text: heavy aviation cruisers
is_impossible: no

question: What type of carrier is the smallest?
is_impossible: yes

question: What capability does a fleet carrier not offer?
is_impossible: yes

question: What purpose were export carriers developed for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What were few escort carriers built from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Germany actually called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the British Army constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?
is_impossible: yes
context: A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.

qas: question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?
answers: text: Escort
is_impossible: no

question: What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?
answers: text: light
is_impossible: no

question: What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?
answers: text: speed
is_impossible: no

question: What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?
answers: text: 3 years
is_impossible: no

question: Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?
answers: text: Royal Navy
is_impossible: no

question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of tank was the USS Independence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
is_impossible: yes

question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
is_impossible: yes
context: This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft.

qas: question: When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?
answers: text: 2016
is_impossible: no

question: What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?
answers: text: 2023
is_impossible: no

question: What was Izvestiya?
answers: text: Russian newspaper
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
answers: text: Murmansk
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
answers: text: Vladivostok
is_impossible: no

question: When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't Izvestiya?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship restricted from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of carrier is the smallest?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Russian carriers include for launching heavily loaded conventional fighters?
is_impossible: yes
context: Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok.

qas: question: What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"?
answers: text: aircraft carriers
is_impossible: no

question: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?
answers: text: flat-top flight deck
is_impossible: no

question: Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
answers: text: The flight deck
is_impossible: no

question: What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?
answers: text: a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain
is_impossible: no

question: What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?
answers: text: accelerate more quickly to gain lift
is_impossible: no

question: What are never regarded as "runways at sea"?
is_impossible: yes

question: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering civilian aircraft?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is more expensive to operate?
is_impossible: yes

question: How may aircraft be classified?
is_impossible: yes
context: As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.

qas: question: When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?
answers: text: early 1950s
is_impossible: no

question: What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?
answers: text: hitting aircraft parked forward
is_impossible: no

question: How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?
answers: text: one or two
is_impossible: no

question: How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?
answers: text: An angled deck
is_impossible: no

question: When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?
is_impossible: yes

question: What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many "waste" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?
is_impossible: yes

question: How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck?
is_impossible: yes

question: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?
is_impossible: yes

question: Other than Chinese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
is_impossible: yes
context: Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.

qas: question: Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?
answers: text: the forward end of the flight deck
is_impossible: no

question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
answers: text: take off at far higher weights
is_impossible: no

question: Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?
answers: text: the Royal Navy
is_impossible: no

question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?
answers: text: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity
is_impossible: no

question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
answers: text: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea
is_impossible: no

question: Where are snowboard-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did ski-jump ramps stop STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who originally hated the ski-jump ramp?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be a failure?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a unloaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What were carriers used for in the early 19th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off horizontally?
is_impossible: yes
context: Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

qas: question: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?
answers: text: full-length
is_impossible: no

question: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?
answers: text: carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering
is_impossible: no

question: Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?
answers: text: An aircraft carrier
is_impossible: no

question: What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?
answers: text: project air power worldwide without depending on local bases
is_impossible: no

question: What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?
answers: text: nuclear-powered warships
is_impossible: no

question: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers not equipped with?
is_impossible: yes

question: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for land vehicles?
is_impossible: yes

question: Typically, what is the capital ship of no fleets?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do aircraft carriers disallow naval forces to accomplish?
is_impossible: yes

question: What have the new converted cruiser aircraft carriers devolved into?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Charles de Gaulle not the flagship of?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship restricted from?
is_impossible: yes
context: An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

qas: question: In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?
answers: text: 1903
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?
answers: text: 1910
is_impossible: no

question: In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?
answers: text: 1911
is_impossible: no

question: What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?
answers: text: the world's first successful ship-launched air raid
is_impossible: no

question: What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?
answers: text: the Tondern Raid in July 1918
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was the advent of lighter-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was the second experimental take-off of an airplane?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year were the first experimental takeoffs of an airplane?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the Imperial Chinese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the first carrier-launched seastrike?
is_impossible: yes

question: How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?
is_impossible: yes
context: The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia. Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French Foudre of 1911. In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels launched from the converted battlecruiser HMS Furious damaged the German airbase at Tønder and destroyed two zeppelins.

qas: question: Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?
answers: text: the battleship
is_impossible: no

question: When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?
answers: text: World War II
is_impossible: no

question: What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?
answers: text: Supercarriers
is_impossible: no

question: Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?
answers: text: Amphibious assault ships
is_impossible: no

question: What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?
answers: text: helicopters
is_impossible: no

question: Which ship was never known as being the capital ship of the fleet?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the minor ship of the fleet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of carrier is capable of displacing 57,000 tonnes or greater?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which ships are used for carrying and landing Civilians?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Amphibious assault ships need a small contingent of for carrying Marines?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of airplane is the Charles de Gaulle?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old nuclear catapults?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?
is_impossible: yes
context: Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers" or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft.

qas: question: Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?
answers: text: The Royal Australian Navy
is_impossible: no

question: How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?
answers: text: the largest in Australian naval history
is_impossible: no

question: What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?
answers: text: to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force
is_impossible: no

question: How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?
answers: text: 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles
is_impossible: no

question: How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?
answers: text: multiple helicopters at one time
is_impossible: no

question: Who is in the process of releasing two Canbera-class LHD's?
is_impossible: yes

question: How small will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a secondary role of the Canbera-class LDH?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many civilians can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many tanks is the LHD capable of launching?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is Prince of Wales projected to end?
is_impossible: yes

question: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as secondary weapons?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions. The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles (tanks, armoured personnel carriers etc.). The Australian Defence Minister has publicly raised the possibility of procuring F-35B STOVL aircraft for the carrier, stating that it "has been on the table since day one and stating the LHD's are "STOVL capable".

qas: question: What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?
answers: text: two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class
is_impossible: no

question: What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?
answers: text: HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales
is_impossible: no

question: When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?
answers: text: 2020
is_impossible: no

question: How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?
answers: text: 70,600
is_impossible: no

question: How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
answers: text: the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy
is_impossible: no

question: What is the British Army constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will the 2 Queen Victoria class ships be named?
is_impossible: yes

question: When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become unoperational?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many grams can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?
is_impossible: yes

question: How old will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where does the captain of the ship spend the least of his time?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will be added from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?
is_impossible: yes
context: The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. The ships are due to become operational from 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1,600 when the air group is embarked. Defensive weapons will include the Phalanx Close-In Weapons System for anti-aircraft and anti-missile defence; also 30 mm Automated Small Calibre Guns and miniguns for use against fast attack craft. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

qas: question: Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?
answers: text: they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched
is_impossible: no

question: What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?
answers: text: heavy aircraft
is_impossible: no

question: What does CATOBAR allow for?
answers: text: deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts
is_impossible: no

question: Why is STOVL used by other navies?
answers: text: it is cheaper to operate
is_impossible: no

question: Why do the constraints of deconstructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are assisted launch mechanisms secondarily used for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doesn't CATOBAR allow for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is STOVL not used by other navies?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is more expensive to operate?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't Liaoning classifed as?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who developed EMALS?
is_impossible: yes
context: The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft.

qas: question: Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?
answers: text: conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own
is_impossible: no

question: What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?
answers: text: to recover their aircraft
is_impossible: no

question: What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?
answers: text: extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck
is_impossible: no

question: What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?
answers: text: bolt
is_impossible: no

question: What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?
answers: text: crashing into aircraft on the forward deck
is_impossible: no

question: Why do almost all carriers using nonconventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a long distance?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if it catches the arresting wires?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can a "bolt" allow an aircraft to do?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the Indian-made ship retired?
is_impossible: yes

question: Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do aircraft carriers disallow naval forces to accomplish?
is_impossible: yes
context: On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to "bolt" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck.

qas: question: What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?
answers: text: the shooters, the handler, and the air boss
is_impossible: no

question: What are shooters responsible for?
answers: text: launching aircraft
is_impossible: no

question: What is the handler responsible for?
answers: text: the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery
is_impossible: no

question: Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?
answers: text: on the Navigation Bridge
is_impossible: no

question: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?
answers: text: the embarked admiral and his staff
is_impossible: no

question: What are 3 key personnel not involved in the flight deck?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are shooters unresponsible for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the handler unresponsible for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where does the captain of the ship spend the least of his time?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship restricted from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can a "bolt" allow an aircraft to do?
is_impossible: yes

question: How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
is_impossible: yes
context: Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and "those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet." The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff.

qas: question: What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?
answers: text: the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load
is_impossible: no

question: What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?
answers: text: heavily laden aircraft
is_impossible: no

question: What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?
answers: text: a catapult or JATO rocket
is_impossible: no

question: Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?
answers: text: would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas
is_impossible: no

question: How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
answers: text: with a minimal armament and fuel load
is_impossible: no

question: What is the advantage of the ski-jump?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do lightly laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is a ski-jump included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?
is_impossible: yes

question: How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?
is_impossible: yes

question: What develpment produced the first small fleet ships?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?
is_impossible: yes
context: The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.

qas: question: Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?
answers: text: on the pretext of use as a floating casino
is_impossible: no

question: What is Liaoning classifed as?
answers: text: a training ship
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?
answers: text: carrier usage
is_impossible: no

question: Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?
answers: text: it is a training ship
is_impossible: no

question: Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?
answers: text: this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession
is_impossible: no

question: Why didn't China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't Liaoning classifed as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Liaoning intended to hinder the navy practice with?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is Liaoning assigned to any of China's operation fleets?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 14-15 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Amphibious assault ships need a small contingent of for carrying Marines?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a less fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
is_impossible: yes
context: One STOBAR carrier: Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion. Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012, and began service for testing and training. On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and recovered several Shenyang J-15 jet fighter aircraft. She is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage. On 26 December 2012, the People's Daily reported that it will take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity, mainly due to training and coordination which will take significant amount of time for Chinese PLA Navy to complete as this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession. As it is a training ship, Liaoning is not assigned to any of China's operation fleets.

qas: question: Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?
answers: text: India
is_impossible: no

question: What will power the Indian-made ship?
answers: text: four gas-turbine engines
is_impossible: no

question: What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?
answers: text: 8,000 nautical miles
is_impossible: no

question: Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?
answers: text: Cochin Shipyard
is_impossible: no

question: When was the Indian-made ship launched?
answers: text: August 2013
is_impossible: no

question: Who finished construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will not power the Indian-made ship?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 106 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who isn't constructing the Indian-made ship?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the Indian-made ship retired?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not another name for the French Navy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many warcraft can supercarriers carry?
is_impossible: yes
context: India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.

qas: question: What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?
answers: text: to deploy balloons
is_impossible: no

question: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?
answers: text: thirty-seven
is_impossible: no

question: What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?
answers: text: supercarriers
is_impossible: no

question: How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?
answers: text: up to 90
is_impossible: no

question: Who owns the largest carriers in the world?
answers: text: The United States Navy
is_impossible: no

question: What were carriers used for in the early 19th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there in the united states?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.N. Navy?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many warcraft can supercarriers carry?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who owns the smallest carriers in the world?
is_impossible: yes

question: What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much does the America-class amphibious peace ship weigh?
is_impossible: yes

question: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as secondary weapons?
is_impossible: yes
context: Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.

qas: question: What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?
answers: text: There is no single definition
is_impossible: no

question: How may aircraft carriers be classified?
answers: text: according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments
is_impossible: no

question: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?
answers: text: former head of the Royal Navy
is_impossible: no

question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?
answers: text: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope
is_impossible: no

question: What is the definition of an "warcraft carrier"?
is_impossible: yes

question: How may aircraft be classified?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Royal?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic local influence have aircraft carriers"?
is_impossible: yes

question: what type of carrier has a single definition
is_impossible: yes

question: How many warcraft can supercarriers carry?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was a minor issue in the USS Langley?
is_impossible: yes
context: There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".

qas: question: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?
answers: text: The aircraft carrier
is_impossible: no

question: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?
answers: text: the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness
is_impossible: no

question: Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?
answers: text: They had higher range and precision
is_impossible: no

question: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
answers: text: the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes
is_impossible: no

question: What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?
answers: text: the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships
is_impossible: no

question: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War I?
is_impossible: yes

question: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as secondary weapons?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why were carrier-launched aircraft less effective than naval guns?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was signalled in 1904 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What event didn't show the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?
is_impossible: yes

question: What caused modern aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?
is_impossible: yes

question: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there in the united states?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the biggest advantage to the flush deck configuration?
is_impossible: yes
context: The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

qas: question: What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?
answers: text: flattop vessels
is_impossible: no

question: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?
answers: text: HMS Argus
is_impossible: no

question: What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?
answers: text: the construction of new heavy surface combat ships
is_impossible: no

question: What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?
answers: text: Washington Naval Treaty of 1922
is_impossible: no

question: What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?
answers: text: Lexington-class
is_impossible: no

question: What develpment produced the first small fleet ships?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering civilian aircraft?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1920 limit?
is_impossible: yes

question: What caused modern aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1972?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?
is_impossible: yes

question: How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
is_impossible: yes
context: The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]

qas: question: What does EMALS stand for?
answers: text: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System
is_impossible: no

question: Who developed EMALS?
answers: text: General Atomics
is_impossible: no

question: What do EMALS enable the launching of?
answers: text: varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)
is_impossible: no

question: Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?
answers: text: Indian Navy officers
is_impossible: no

question: How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
answers: text: three
is_impossible: no

question: What does MEALS stand for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who didn't develop EMALS?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do EMALS disable the launching of?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wasn't impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many out of service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of lasers does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
is_impossible: yes

question: What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?
is_impossible: yes
context: In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equipped with steam catapults (rather than the ski-jump on the Gorshkov/Vikramaditya and the IAC) to launch fourth-generation aircraft. Later on in August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered. The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit.

qas: question: What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?
answers: text: Japan's largest military ship since World War II
is_impossible: no

question: How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?
answers: text: five
is_impossible: no

question: How long is Japan's largest military ship?
answers: text: 820-foot-long (250 m)
is_impossible: no

question: How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?
answers: text: 400
is_impossible: no

question: How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?
answers: text: 19,500-ton
is_impossible: no

question: What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Toyko held for?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many helicopters can simultaneously land on China's largest military ship?
is_impossible: yes

question: How long is Japan's largest civilian ship?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many troops can Japan's smallest military ship carry?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much does Japan's smallest military ship weigh?
is_impossible: yes

question: Typically, what is the capital ship of no fleets?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the Indian-made ship retired?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?
is_impossible: yes
context: In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014.

qas: question: What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?
answers: text: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class
is_impossible: no

question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?
answers: text: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)
is_impossible: no

question: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?
answers: text: 2016
is_impossible: no

question: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
answers: text: 100,000 ton
is_impossible: no

question: How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?
answers: text: 45,000 ton
is_impossible: no

question: What will some of the current UN fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old nuclear catapults?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be commissioned?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much does the Harrison R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much does the America-class amphibious peace ship weigh?
is_impossible: yes

question: How may aircraft carriers be classified?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?
is_impossible: yes
context: The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

qas: question: What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?
answers: text: VTOL-capable or helicopters
is_impossible: no

question: What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?
answers: text: the launch area
is_impossible: no

question: What does V/STOL refer to?
answers: text: aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing
is_impossible: no

question: What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?
answers: text: hover
is_impossible: no

question: What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?
answers: text: arresting gear
is_impossible: no

question: What type of aircraft have no need to accelerate?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the non-angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does V/STOL not refer to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land horizontally?
is_impossible: yes

question: What don't planes need because of having hover capablility?
is_impossible: yes

question: What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue?
is_impossible: yes
context: If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.

qas: question: What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?
answers: text: an island
is_impossible: no

question: What is concentrated in the small area called an island?
answers: text: The superstructure of a carrier
is_impossible: no

question: Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
answers: text: starboard
is_impossible: no

question: What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?
answers: text: management of the exhaust from the power plant
is_impossible: no

question: What was a major issue in the USS Langley?
answers: text: Fumes coming across the deck
is_impossible: no

question: What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1932?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is concentrated in the large area called an island?
is_impossible: yes

question: Other than Chinese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the biggest advantage to the flush deck configuration?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was a minor issue in the USS Langley?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the definition of an "warcraft carrier"?
is_impossible: yes

question: How may aircraft be classified?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?
is_impossible: yes
context: The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.

qas: question: What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?
answers: text: Charles de Gaulle
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?
answers: text: the French Navy
is_impossible: no

question: What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
answers: text: Aster
is_impossible: no

question: What is another name for the French Navy?
answers: text: Marine Nationale
is_impossible: no

question: What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?
answers: text: CATOBAR
is_impossible: no

question: What is the name of the 24,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Charles de Gaulle not the flagship of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of lasers does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not another name for the French Navy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of airplane is the Charles de Gaulle?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?
is_impossible: yes
context: 1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.

qas: question: How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
answers: text: 10
is_impossible: no

question: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
answers: text: one every four years
is_impossible: no

question: What class does the USS America belong to?
answers: text: America-class amphibious assault ships
is_impossible: no

question: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
answers: text: F-35Bs
is_impossible: no

question: Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?
answers: text: USS Tripoli
is_impossible: no

question: How many supercarriers did the U.N. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many old carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
is_impossible: yes

question: What class doesn't the USS America belong to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the USS America incapable of destroying squadrons of?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which other carrier joins the USS America in unactive service?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
is_impossible: yes
context: With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

qas: question: Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?
answers: text: to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size
is_impossible: no

question: How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?
answers: text: nearly four times
is_impossible: no

question: Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
answers: text: Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive
is_impossible: no

question: Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?
answers: text: World War II
is_impossible: no

question: Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War I?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the newer USS Enterprise?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why do nations risk minimal political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which era does the USA Enterprise belong to?
is_impossible: yes

question: Today's aircraft carriers are so cheap that nations which operate them risk what?
is_impossible: yes

question: How may aircraft be classified?
is_impossible: yes

question: What purpose were export carriers developed for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War I?
is_impossible: yes
context: Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict.

qas: question: What does LSO stand for?
answers: text: landing signal officer
is_impossible: no

question: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
answers: text: a landing signal officer
is_impossible: no

question: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?
answers: text: colored paddles
is_impossible: no

question: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?
answers: text: Optical Landing System
is_impossible: no

question: What are LSO's still being used to do?
answers: text: transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio
is_impossible: no

question: What does OSL stand for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who does a non-conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1960's?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1940's?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are LSO's no longer being used to do?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can a "bolt" allow an aircraft to do?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
is_impossible: yes
context: Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

qas: question: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
answers: text: using the ramp and a running start
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
answers: text: STOVL
is_impossible: no

question: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?
answers: text: vertical
is_impossible: no

question: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?
answers: text: a ski-jump ramp
is_impossible: no

question: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
answers: text: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft
is_impossible: no

question: What is a less fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off horizontally?
is_impossible: yes

question: What landing aircraft have included the need for arresting cables?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Russian carriers include for launching heavily loaded conventional fighters?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Russian carriers no longer use to recover?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't Izvestiya?
is_impossible: yes
context: Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

qas: question: What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?
answers: text: Clemenceau
is_impossible: no

question: Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?
answers: text: the Brazilian Navy
is_impossible: no

question: Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?
answers: text: the French Navy
is_impossible: no

question: What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?
answers: text: extensive modernization
is_impossible: no

question: What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
answers: text: another major fire
is_impossible: no

question: What class carrier is the Pao Saulo?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is the Sao Paulo currently out of service for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1936?
is_impossible: yes

question: What didn't Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?
is_impossible: yes

question: What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was a minor issue in the USS Langley?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
is_impossible: yes

question: How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?
is_impossible: yes
context: One CATOBAR carrier: São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005–2010, São Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] São Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012.

qas: question: What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?
answers: text: STOBAR
is_impossible: no

question: When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?
answers: text: in 1985
is_impossible: no

question: What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?
answers: text: Tbilisi
is_impossible: no

question: What is unique about Tbilisi?
answers: text: carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles
is_impossible: no

question: What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?
answers: text: The P-700 systems
is_impossible: no

question: What type of airplane is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov last launched?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Admiral Florida Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is mundane about Tbilisi?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will be added from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?
is_impossible: yes

question: How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?
is_impossible: yes

question: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?
is_impossible: yes
context: 1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.[citation needed] Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles. The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems.

qas: question: Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?
answers: text: Queen Elizabeth
is_impossible: no

question: What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?
answers: text: 70,600 tonnes
is_impossible: no

question: When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?
answers: text: in 2017
is_impossible: no

question: When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?
answers: text: in about 2020
is_impossible: no

question: Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?
answers: text: Royal Navy
is_impossible: no

question: Which class of aircraft carriers is being deconstructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will the displacement be for the SMH Queen Elizabeth?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to end?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is Prince of Wales projected to end?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is buying HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?
is_impossible: yes

question: Typically, what is the capital ship of no fleets?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the Imperial Chinese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.