Szlachta

qas: question: What class was slackta in Poland?
answers: text: noble class
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question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
answers: text: King Casimir III the Great
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question: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
answers: text: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland
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question: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
answers: text: 1569–1795
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question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
answers: text: Ducal Prussia
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question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
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question: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?
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question: Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?
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context: The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.

qas: question: What is another name for folwarks?
answers: text: manor farms
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question: Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.
answers: text: obscurity and mystery
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question: Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.
answers: text: late 18th century
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question: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
answers: text: political and legal privileges
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question: WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?
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question: What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
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question: Who also established this retinue as well?
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context: The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.

qas: question: When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. 
answers: text: 1772 to 1795
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question: What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.
answers: text: Russian Empire
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question: When was the March constitution implemented.
answers: text: 1921
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question: What did the Mach constitution do?
answers: text: legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished
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question: In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. 
answers: text: Second Polish Republic
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question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
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question: What year was the union of brest
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question: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
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context: During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.

qas: question: What was the notion for all polish nobles?
answers: text: social equals
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question: What ethnic saying is this traditional from?
answers: text: Polish saying
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question: Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?
answers: text: regardless of their financial status
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question: What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?
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question: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
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question: Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?
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context: The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying:

qas: question: What german word does the term szlachta come from?
answers: text: slahta
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question: What does slahta mean?
answers: text: "(noble) family"
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question: What is the polish name for knight?
answers: text: rycerz
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question: German name for knight?
answers: text: Ritter
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question: Where does the word her derive from in german?
answers: text: Erbe
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question: What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
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question: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
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question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
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context: The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from the German "Erbe", "heritage").

qas: question: What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?
answers: text: German "schlachten"
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question: What does schlachtan mean in german?
answers: text: ("to slaughter" or "to butcher")
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question: What German word is also suggestive deriving from  szlachta?
answers: text: Schlacht
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question: What does schlacht mean?
answers: text: battle
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question: The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?
answers: text: legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech
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question: Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?
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question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?
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question: Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?
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context: Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.

qas: question: What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?
answers: text: magnates
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question: What is the singular version of magnates?
answers: text: magnat
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question: What is another name referring polish nobles?
answers: text: możny
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question: What is the plural version of mozny?
answers: text: możni
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question: What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
answers: text: Lithuania
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question: When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?
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question: What year was the union of brest
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question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
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context: Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania.

qas: question: What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth?
answers: text: szlachta
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question: What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta?
answers: text: formalized, hereditary
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question: Who is referred to as nobilitas?
answers: text: hereditary szlachta
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question: What is the legal status of nobilitas?
answers: text: equivalent in legal status of the English nobility
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question: WHo established an elite knightly retinue?
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question: What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?
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question: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
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context: The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility.

qas: question: What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?
answers: text: nobility
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question: What were the non noble land owners referred too as?
answers: text: szlachta
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question: Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term?
answers: text: by courtesy or error
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question: What does szlachta mainly denote?
answers: text: old-Commonwealth nobility
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question: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
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question: The crown tribunal was created when?
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question: Who was allowed to leave the village?
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context: Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned manorial estates though they were not noble by birth. In the narrow sense, szlachta denotes the old-Commonwealth nobility.

qas: question: Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?
answers: text: included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals
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question: Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?
answers: text: szlachta
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question: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
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question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
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question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
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context: In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding wealth and nobility). The szlachta included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals with a noble lineage, no land, no castle, no money, no village, and no peasants.:xvi

qas: question: What ultimately determined nobility?
answers: text: hereditary juridical status
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question: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?
answers: text: to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.
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question: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?
answers: text: no
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question: What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?
answers: text: retained all their constitutional prerogatives
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question: What year was the union of brest
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question: What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?
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question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
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context: As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.

qas: question: Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?
answers: text: obscure
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question: What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?
answers: text: odwieczna
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question: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?
answers: text: descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians
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question: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?
answers: text: Alexander the Great
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question: What was important and unique about regional leaders?
answers: text: had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens
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question: What was the wiec?
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question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
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question: What languages were freely mixed?
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context: The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208

qas: question: WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?
answers: text: Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):
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question: In this theory, what was the upper class?
answers: text: was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants
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question: WHen did they find the polish kingdom?
answers: text: about the fifth century.
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question: WHat caste system does the hindu society have?
answers: text: military caste
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question: Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?
answers: text: The szlachta
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question: What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. 
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question: Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?
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question: Who won the election of 1492?
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context: Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones):430 :118 over which they ruled.:482 The Szlachta were differentiated from the rural population. The nobleman's sense of distinction led to practices that in later periods would be characterized as racism.:233 The Szlachta were noble in the Aryan sense -- "noble" in contrast to the people over whom they ruled after coming into contact with them.:482 The szlachta traced their descent from Lech/Lekh, who probably founded the Polish kingdom in about the fifth century.:482 Lechia was the name of Poland in antiquity, and the szlachta's own name for themselves was Lechici/Lekhi.:482 An exact counterpart of Szlachta society was the Meerassee system of tenure of southern India—an aristocracy of equality—settled as conquerors among a separate race.:484 The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the szlachta. The szlachta were a caste, a military caste, as in Hindu society.

qas: question: WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?
answers: text: documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure
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question: WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?
answers: text: Middle Ages and in the early modern period
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question: The polish anem and cry ritualized what?
answers: text: the ius militare,
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question: In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?
answers: text: define knightly status
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question: Who only voted in the election of 1492?
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question: What gave them a sense of solidarity? 
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question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
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context: The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare, i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status. (Górecki 1992, pp. 183–185).

qas: question: Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?
answers: text: Around the 14th century
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question: What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?
answers: text: defend the country
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question: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
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question: What was governing the polish tribes?
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question: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?
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context: Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.

qas: question: What contributed to the long standing traditions?
answers: text: geography
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question: What was governing the polish tribes?
answers: text: wiec
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question: What was the wiec?
answers: text: an assembly of free tribesmen
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question: When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?
answers: text: an elected prince
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question: What was the governing position limited to?
answers: text: elites
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question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
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question: Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?
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question: What does slahta mean?
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context: Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. The election privilege was usually limited to elites.

qas: question: What ruled over the tribes?
answers: text: clans (ród)
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question: What did the clans people all have in common?
answers: text: theoretically descending from a common ancestor
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question: What gave them a sense of solidarity? 
answers: text: related by blood or marriage
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question: What were stronghold called?
answers: text: grόd
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question: What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?
answers: text: opole
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question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
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question: Magnates recieved gifts often from who?
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question: What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?
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context: The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called grόd were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 44)

qas: question: WHo established an elite knightly retinue?
answers: text: Mieszko I of Poland
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question: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
answers: text: (c. 935 – 25 May 992)
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question: Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?
answers: text: preserving the unity of his state
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question: Who also established this retinue as well?
answers: text: Mieszko I's successors
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question: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
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question: What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do
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question: Nobles held land form whom?
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context: Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well.

qas: question: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?
answers: text: rycerz
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question: What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?
answers: text: knight
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question: What people did the rycerstwo class represent?
answers: text: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes
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question: What positive did the szlachta class receive?
answers: text: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.
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question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
answers: text: could serve as officials in state administration.
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question: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
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question: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?
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question: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?
is_impossible: yes
context: Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was almost strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.

qas: question: WHen was the period of Division?
answers: text: A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314
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question: What stemmed the period of division?
answers: text: Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons
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question: What tribe was the prior social structure from?
answers: text: Polish
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question: WHen did the Piast dynasty appear?
answers: text: 850 A.D.
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question: Polish nation ruled by what dynasty?
answers: text: Piast dynasty,
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question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
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question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
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question: Where did men get their coat of arms usually?
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context: The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both ecclesiastical and lay) from the rycerstwo they originated from. The prior social structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the Piast dynasty, this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.

qas: question: What did some Mozni regard themselves with?
answers: text: co-proprietors of Piast realms
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question: What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?
answers: text: attempted to deprive them of their independence
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question: Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?
answers: text: możni
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question: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
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question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobility's alarm when the Palatine Sieciech "elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born" entrusting them with state offices. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 149)

qas: question: WHat were nobles named in german language?
answers: text: die beste leuten
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question: What were the nobles named in lithuanian?
answers: text: ponai
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question: What were the higher nobility named?
answers: text: kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'
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question: The kunigai were subordinate to who?
answers: text: King of Lithuania.
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question: What word is used to denominate nobility?
answers: text: бояре
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question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was allowed to leave the village?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword from Scandinavic konung. They were the established local leaders and warlords. During the development of the state they gradually became subordinated to higher dukes, and later to the King of Lithuania. Because of expansion of Lithuanian duchy into lands of Ruthenia in the mid of 14th century a new term appeared to denominate nobility bajorai—from Ruthenian (modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) бояре. This word to this day is used in Lithuanian language to name nobility, not only for own, but also for nobility of other countries.

qas: question: What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?
answers: text: Polish szlachta
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question: What did the polish szlachta become more of?
answers: text: polonized
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question: What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?
answers: text: they were of Roman extraction
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question: What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?
answers: text: šlėkta
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question: Who forbid the use of the word slekta?
answers: text: Lithuanian linguists
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question: What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?
is_impossible: yes

question: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?
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question: When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen?
is_impossible: yes
context: After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian nobility claimed that they were of Roman extraction, and the Lithuanian language was just a morphed Latin language. This led to paradox: Polish nobility claimed own ancestry from Sarmatian tribes, but Sarmatians were considered enemies to Romans. Thus new Roman-Sarmatian theory was created. Strong cultural ties with Polish nobility led that in the 16th century the new term to name Lithuanian nobility appeared šlėkta—a direct loanword from Polish szlachta. From the view of historical truth Lithuanians also should use this term, šlėkta (szlachta), to name own nobility, but Lithuanian linguists forbade the usage of this Polish loanword. This refusal to use word szlachta (in Lithuanian text šlėkta) complicates all naming.

qas: question: WHo was first invloved in the polonization?
answers: text: the highest members of the nobility
is_impossible: no

question: Who imposed various sanction on the people?
answers: text: Russian Empire
is_impossible: no

question: What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?
answers: text: removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas
is_impossible: no

question: What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?
answers: text: "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism"
is_impossible: no

question: What language was banned from printing on books?
answers: text: Lithuanian language.
is_impossible: no

question: What gave them a sense of solidarity? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who gave the coat of arms to others?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for ennoblement? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising. After the January Uprising the sanctions went further, and Russian officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and began to intensify russification, and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language.

qas: question: What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?
answers: text: Grand Duchy of Lithuania
is_impossible: no

question: What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?
answers: text: multicultural and multilingual
is_impossible: no

question: What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?
answers: text: principalities of Halych and Volhynia
is_impossible: no

question: What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian?
answers: text: intermarried
is_impossible: no

question: What year was the union of brest
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of noble family name?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones.

qas: question: What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?
answers: text: Polish and Lithuanian nobility
is_impossible: no

question: What social pressure was pressing down the people?
answers: text: convert to Catholicism
is_impossible: no

question: What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. 
answers: text: Union of Brest
is_impossible: no

question: What year was the union of brest
answers: text: 1596
is_impossible: no

question: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?
is_impossible: yes

question: What languages were freely mixed?
is_impossible: yes

question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki.

qas: question: Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?
answers: text: by monarch
is_impossible: no

question: What right was reversed by sijm?
answers: text: ennoblement
is_impossible: no

question: What would be given to the enobled one?
answers: text: undifferentiated coat of arms
is_impossible: no

question: After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?
answers: text: sejm
is_impossible: no

question: What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
answers: text: szlachta clan
is_impossible: no

question: What does slahta mean?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whos power was curbed?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan.

qas: question: Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?
answers: text: between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,
is_impossible: no

question: What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.
answers: text: two ennoblements per year
is_impossible: no

question: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
answers: text: heraldic sources
is_impossible: no

question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?
is_impossible: yes

question: When were most ennoblements implemented?
is_impossible: yes

question: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
is_impossible: yes
context: According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland.

qas: question: What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth
answers: text: 1,600
is_impossible: no

question: When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?
answers: text: 14th century onward
is_impossible: no

question: When were most ennoblements implemented?
answers: text: final years of the late 18th century
is_impossible: no

question: Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
is_impossible: yes

question: What specified the kings privileges?
is_impossible: yes
context: According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century).

qas: question: WHo reformed the grand duchy army?
answers: text: Vytautas the Great
is_impossible: no

question: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?
answers: text: bajorai
is_impossible: no

question: What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?
answers: text: Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors
is_impossible: no

question: What is an example of noble family name?
answers: text: Goštautai,
is_impossible: no

question: Who gave the coat of arms to others?
answers: text: Union of Horodlo
is_impossible: no

question: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who won the election of 1492?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Goštautai, Radvilos, Astikai, Kęsgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413).

qas: question: Who defined the significant legislative changes?
answers: text: Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries
is_impossible: no

question: What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?
answers: text: 1374 exemption from the land tax,
is_impossible: no

question: What did the 1425 requirement entail? 
answers: text: requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms
is_impossible: no

question: What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
answers: text: rights of commoners
is_impossible: no

question: What did nobles get in from the king during election?
is_impossible: yes

question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
is_impossible: yes
context: Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners.

qas: question: What was a rarest rare to become a noble?
answers: text: service to the state
is_impossible: no

question: Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?
answers: text: really usurpers, being commoners,
is_impossible: no

question: Who denounced many nobles?
answers: text: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka
is_impossible: no

question: When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?
answers: text: first half of the 16th century
is_impossible: no

question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
answers: text: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer
is_impossible: no

question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
is_impossible: yes

question: What class was polands nobility?
is_impossible: yes

question: Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?
is_impossible: yes
context: Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of the 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It does not seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.

qas: question: THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?
answers: text: many rights
is_impossible: no

question: What was the nobilities commonwealth?
answers: text: Poland
is_impossible: no

question: WHo elected the king?
answers: text: not of the king or the ruling dynasty
is_impossible: no

question: WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on?
answers: text: the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty
is_impossible: no

question: The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?
answers: text: dynasty's female-line descendants.
is_impossible: no

question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who defined the significant legislative changes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year was the union of brest
is_impossible: yes
context: The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility's Commonwealth because the king was elected by all interested members of hereditary nobility and Poland was considered to be the property of this class, not of the king or the ruling dynasty. This state of affairs grew up in part because of the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty (first the Piasts, then the Jagiellons), and the selection by the nobility of the Polish king from among the dynasty's female-line descendants.

qas: question: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
answers: text: at the time of their election to the throne
is_impossible: no

question: What specified the kings privileges?
answers: text: king-elect's Pacta conventa
is_impossible: no

question: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
answers: text: ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax
is_impossible: no

question: What did nobles get in from the king during election?
answers: text: privileges
is_impossible: no

question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who could compose the polish landed gentry?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was a rarest rare to become a noble?
is_impossible: yes
context: Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie.

qas: question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
answers: text: 1355
is_impossible: no

question: who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? 
answers: text: Buda King Casimir III the Great
is_impossible: no

question: WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
answers: text: Louis I of Hungary
is_impossible: no

question: What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
answers: text: the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes
is_impossible: no

question: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
answers: text: the king and the court
is_impossible: no

question: What was the minority group in the polish nobility?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.

qas: question: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?
answers: text: 1374
is_impossible: no

question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?
answers: text: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga
is_impossible: no

question: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?
answers: text: exempted the entire class from all but one tax
is_impossible: no

question: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?
answers: text: abolished
is_impossible: no

question: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?
answers: text: King to pay indemnities
is_impossible: no

question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
is_impossible: yes

question: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

qas: question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
answers: text: King Władysław II Jagiełło
is_impossible: no

question: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
answers: text: 1422
is_impossible: no

question: What happened to the right to mint coinage?
answers: text: ceded
is_impossible: no

question: What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage.

qas: question: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
answers: text: at Kraków in 1433
is_impossible: no

question: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
answers: text: Brześć Kujawski privilege
is_impossible: no

question: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
answers: text: nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest
is_impossible: no

question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
answers: text: warrant from a court of justice
is_impossible: no

question: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? 
answers: text: King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
is_impossible: no

question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
is_impossible: yes

question: WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

qas: question: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?
answers: text: 1454
is_impossible: no

question: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?
answers: text: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks
is_impossible: no

question: THe nobility was protected from what?
answers: text: judicial abuses
is_impossible: no

question: Whos power was curbed?
answers: text: magnates
is_impossible: no

question: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
answers: text: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.
is_impossible: no

question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year was the union of brest
is_impossible: yes

question: WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

qas: question: When did the first free election take place?
answers: text: 1492
is_impossible: no

question: What was different about later elections then first free election?
answers: text: no restrictions on the choice of candidates.
is_impossible: no

question: Who only voted in the election of 1492?
answers: text: senators
is_impossible: no

question: Who won the election of 1492?
answers: text: John I Albert
is_impossible: no

question: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?
answers: text: Jagiellonian Dynasty
is_impossible: no

question: When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?
is_impossible: yes

question: A proper magnates own what?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much land was held by the peasants? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

qas: question: Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?
answers: text: King John I Albert
is_impossible: no

question: Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?
answers: text: On April 26, 1496
is_impossible: no

question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
answers: text: increasing
is_impossible: no

question: Who was allowed to leave the village?
answers: text: one son (not the eldest)
is_impossible: no

question: What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?
answers: text: owning land
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?
is_impossible: yes
context: On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfolk (Polish: "mieszczaństwo") were prohibited from owning land; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles.

qas: question: When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?
answers: text: 23 October 1501
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?
answers: text: Union of Mielnik
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?
answers: text: Union of Mielnik
is_impossible: no

question: What did the actof of milno do?
answers: text: more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility
is_impossible: no

question: What right was given to the nobles?
answers: text: disobey the King or his representatives
is_impossible: no

question: What does slahta mean?
is_impossible: yes

question: What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
is_impossible: yes
context: On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives—in the Latin, "non praestanda oboedientia"—and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.

qas: question: When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen?
answers: text: 3 May 1505
is_impossible: no

question: Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"?
answers: text: King Alexander I Jagiellon
is_impossible: no

question: What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do
answers: text: forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility
is_impossible: no

question: What happened to the notabilities political position?
answers: text: greatly strengthened
is_impossible: no

question: What has happened to the legislative power?
answers: text: legislative power from the king to the Sejm.
is_impossible: no

question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
is_impossible: yes

question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?
is_impossible: yes
context: On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run "Commonwealth".

qas: question: What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?
answers: text: "executionist movement
is_impossible: no

question: What were the intentions of executionists movement?
answers: text: seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country
is_impossible: no

question: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?
answers: text: return many leased crown lands to the king,
is_impossible: no

question: WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?
answers: text: 1605
is_impossible: no

question: What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?
answers: text: movement lost its political force.
is_impossible: no

question: Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?
is_impossible: yes

question: WHat caste system does the hindu society have?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?
is_impossible: yes
context: About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.

qas: question: Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?
answers: text: Sigismund II Augustus
is_impossible: no

question: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?
answers: text: monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family
is_impossible: no

question: After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?
answers: text: any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood
is_impossible: no

question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?
answers: text: two documents
is_impossible: no

question: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?
answers: text: basic laws of the Commonwealth
is_impossible: no

question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"?
is_impossible: yes
context: Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents—the Pacta conventa ("agreed pacts")—a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artykuły henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:

qas: question: The crown tribunal was created when?
answers: text: 1578
is_impossible: no

question: Who created the crown tribunal?
answers: text: king Stefan Batory
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question: What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?
answers: text: reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court
is_impossible: no

question: Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?
answers: text: the nobility class
is_impossible: no

question: WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?
answers: text: Lithuanian Tribunal
is_impossible: no

question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
is_impossible: yes

question: What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Tribunal.

qas: question: What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?
answers: text: gain legal privileges over their peers
is_impossible: no

question: What were most szlachtas class?
answers: text: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates
is_impossible: no

question: What is another name for magnates?
answers: text: Crimsons
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question: A proper magnates own what?
answers: text: own at least 20 villages or estates.
is_impossible: no

question: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?
answers: text: magnates
is_impossible: no

question: What is the singular version of magnates?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"?
is_impossible: yes

question: How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?
is_impossible: yes
context: For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.

qas: question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
answers: text: 1%
is_impossible: no

question: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? 
answers: text: 200–300
is_impossible: no

question: Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
answers: text: 30–40
is_impossible: no

question: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the ruler strive for?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.

qas: question: Magnates recieved gifts often from who?
answers: text: monarchs
is_impossible: no

question: What significantly increased the magnates wealth?
answers: text: Magnates
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question: What terms were these gifts given?
answers: text: temporary leases
is_impossible: no

question: What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?
answers: text: never returned
is_impossible: no

question: Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?
is_impossible: yes

question: A proper magnates own what?
is_impossible: yes

question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
is_impossible: yes
context: Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner, the king).

qas: question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
answers: text: magnates
is_impossible: no

question: When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?
answers: text: late 16th century
is_impossible: no

question: What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?
answers: text: ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this
is_impossible: no

question: What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?
answers: text: often rivalled
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question: What was an important power basis for the magnates?
answers: text: estates of the king
is_impossible: no

question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?
is_impossible: yes

question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
is_impossible: yes
context: One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates.

qas: question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?
answers: text: 1795
is_impossible: no

question: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?
answers: text: Partitions of Poland
is_impossible: no

question: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?
answers: text: szlachta
is_impossible: no

question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
is_impossible: yes

question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
is_impossible: yes
context: The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy.

qas: question: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?
answers: text: Nicholas I
is_impossible: no

question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
answers: text: 62.8%
is_impossible: no

question: When and who abolished the serfdom?
answers: text: Russian Poland on February 19, 1864
is_impossible: no

question: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?
answers: text: only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta
is_impossible: no

question: How much land was held by the peasants? 
answers: text: 48.9%
is_impossible: no

question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What specified the kings privileges?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were déclassé, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.

qas: question: What was different between the polish nobility and others?
answers: text: European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy
is_impossible: no

question: What happened to nobility at expense of the king?
answers: text: actually gained power
is_impossible: no

question: What did the political system eventually evolve into?
answers: text: oligarchy
is_impossible: no

question: What did the ruler strive for?
answers: text: absolute monarchy
is_impossible: no

question: What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does szlachta mainly denote?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and the political system evolved into an oligarchy.

qas: question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
answers: text: 10–12%
is_impossible: no

question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
answers: text: 8%
is_impossible: no

question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
answers: text: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania
is_impossible: no

question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
answers: text: 1–3%
is_impossible: no

question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
answers: text: March Constitution of Poland
is_impossible: no

question: What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year was the union of brest
is_impossible: yes

question: What were the intentions of executionists movement?
is_impossible: yes
context: Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

qas: question: What class was polands nobility?
answers: text: closed class
is_impossible: no

question: Who could rise into polish ennoblement?
answers: text: Many low-born individuals
is_impossible: no

question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
answers: text: enormous influence
is_impossible: no

question: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?
answers: text: any nobleman
is_impossible: no

question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
answers: text: liberum veto
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of system was the coats of arms?
is_impossible: yes

question: What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
is_impossible: yes
context: There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm (Commonwealth parliament) or sejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for "I do not allow"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik.

qas: question: Children inherited polish nobility from whom?
answers: text: noble mother and father
is_impossible: no

question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?
answers: text: special services to the state
is_impossible: no

question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble?
answers: text: Polish king
is_impossible: no

question: What is another name for ennoblement? 
answers: text: nobilitacja
is_impossible: no

question: WHat is another name for polish noble?
answers: text: indygenat
is_impossible: no

question: WHo established an elite knightly retinue?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
is_impossible: yes

question: What specified the kings privileges?
is_impossible: yes
context: All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).

qas: question: In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?
answers: text: equals
is_impossible: no

question: Was was unique about the dignities?
answers: text: not hereditary
is_impossible: no

question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?
answers: text: ritual
is_impossible: no

question: Nobles held land form whom?
answers: text: other lords were only peers "de iure"
is_impossible: no

question: What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?
is_impossible: yes

question: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? 
is_impossible: yes
context: In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure".

qas: question: Who could compose the polish landed gentry?
answers: text: any nobility that owned lands
is_impossible: no

question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
answers: text: (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo
is_impossible: no

question: Did all hold title of nobility?
answers: text: no
is_impossible: no

question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
is_impossible: yes

question: WHo was first invloved in the polonization?
is_impossible: yes

question: Magnates recieved gifts often from who?
is_impossible: yes
context: Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all landed gentry had a hereditary title of nobility.

qas: question: What was very important to the polish nobility?
answers: text: Coats of arms
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of system was the coats of arms?
answers: text: heraldic system
is_impossible: no

question: how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?
answers: text: differing in many ways
is_impossible: no

question: Where did polish knightshood originate?
answers: text: Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany
is_impossible: no

question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
is_impossible: yes
context: Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Junosza).

qas: question: What is the most notable difference between countries?
answers: text: minorities would be given the noble title
is_impossible: no

question: Coat of arms would be shared with who else?
answers: text: most families sharing origin
is_impossible: no

question: How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?
answers: text: on the basis of similarity of arms
is_impossible: no

question: Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?
answers: text: low and did not exceed 200
is_impossible: no

question: What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?
is_impossible: yes

question: Magnates recieved gifts often from who?
is_impossible: yes

question: What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. 
is_impossible: yes
context: The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their arms officially altered upon ennoblement). Sometimes unrelated families would be falsely attributed to the clan on the basis of similarity of arms. Also often noble families claimed inaccurate clan membership. Logically, the number of coats of arms in this system was rather low and did not exceed 200 in late Middle Ages (40,000 in the late 18th century).

qas: question: What was rarely used?
answers: text: brisure
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
answers: text: Poland
is_impossible: no

question: Where did men get their coat of arms usually?
answers: text: their fathers
is_impossible: no

question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?
is_impossible: yes

question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
is_impossible: yes
context: Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used.

qas: question: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
answers: text: Sarmatism
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
answers: text: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians
is_impossible: no

question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
answers: text: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility
is_impossible: no

question: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
answers: text: peace and pacifism
is_impossible: no

question: What languages were freely mixed?
answers: text: Polish and Latin
is_impossible: no

question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of noble family name?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who forbid the use of the word slekta?
is_impossible: yes
context: The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

qas: question: What two religions were most common?
answers: text: Roman Catholic or Orthodox
is_impossible: no

question: What was the minority group in the polish nobility?
answers: text: Muslims
is_impossible: no

question: What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?
answers: text: ennoblement
is_impossible: no

question: What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?
answers: text: the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic
is_impossible: no

question: What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?
answers: text: Jews
is_impossible: no

question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?
is_impossible: yes

question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
is_impossible: yes
context: Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth (the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40% of all citizens population, with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations). In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry. Although Jewish religion wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) by rewarding it with ennoblement.