Late_Middle_Ages

qas: question: What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?
answers: text: the Western Schism
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question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?
answers: text: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
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question: In what years was the Great Famine?
answers: text: 1315–1317
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question: Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?
answers: text: France and England
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question: What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
answers: text: Hundred Years' War
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question: What saved the unity of the Catholic Church?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1400, known as?
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question: In what years wasn't the Great Famine?
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question: Which two countries never experienced peasant uprisings?
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question: What minor conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
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question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
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question: When did the Medieval Warm Period start?
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question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?
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context: Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

qas: question: An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
answers: text: Greek and Roman
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question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?
answers: text: the Crusades
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question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?
answers: text: Constantinople
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question: Who captured Constantinople?
answers: text: Ottoman Turks
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question: What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
answers: text: Greek
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question: An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 11th century?
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question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Eastern Europe?
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question: Who released Constantinople?
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question: What kind of texts didn't Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
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question: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
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question: What privilege wasn't granted to companies on a national level?
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question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?
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context: Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

qas: question: Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?
answers: text: printing
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question: In what year did Constantinople fall?
answers: text: 1453
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question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?
answers: text: 1498
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question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?
answers: text: 1492
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question: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
answers: text: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning
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question: Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word?
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question: In what year did Constantinople rise?
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question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa?
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question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas?
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question: The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
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question: What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?
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question: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?
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question: What was the name of the old musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?
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context: Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

qas: question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?
answers: text: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages
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question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?
answers: text: 1442
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question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
answers: text: tripartite periodization
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question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
answers: text: Flavio Biondo
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question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
answers: text: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period
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question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages?
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question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished?
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question: What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
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question: Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
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question: What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
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question: Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 13th century?
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question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
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question: Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
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context: The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

qas: question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
answers: text: economic and demographic
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question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?
answers: text: Johan Huizinga
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question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?
answers: text: The Autumn of the Middle Ages
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question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?
answers: text: France and the Low Countries
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question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
answers: text: Belgian
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question: What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
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question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book?
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question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages?
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question: Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research?
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question: What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
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question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped demote the Italian language?
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question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 13th century?
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question: Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
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context: As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

qas: question: What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?
answers: text: the nation state
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question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
answers: text: the Alps
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question: The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?
answers: text: intellectual, cultural, or artistic
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question: Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?
answers: text: early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century
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question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?
answers: text: the end of western religious unity
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question: What geopolitical entity faded from the Late Middle Ages?
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question: Which mountain range isn't seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
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question: The Renaissance is never used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?
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question: Which centuries are considered not to be part of the Late Middle Ages?
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question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science?
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question: In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas?
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question: Who invented the stationary printing press?
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question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303?
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context: Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.

qas: question: When was the Kalmar Union formed?
answers: text: 1397
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question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
answers: text: King Christian II
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question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?
answers: text: 1523
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question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?
answers: text: 1814
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question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
answers: text: 1520
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question: When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed?
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question: Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
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question: In what year did Finland break away from the Kalmar Union?
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question: Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year didn't the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
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question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1400, known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century?
is_impossible: yes
context: After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

qas: question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
answers: text: 1806
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question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
answers: text: 1356
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question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?
answers: text: financial
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question: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
answers: text: the Habsburgs
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question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire saved?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did a Silver Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
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question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia last among the imperial electors?
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question: The Hanseatic League wasn't what type of institution?
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question: In 1483, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
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question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the last example of modern lyric poetry?
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question: Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year?
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question: What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?
is_impossible: yes
context: Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.

qas: question: In what year did Louis die?
answers: text: 1382
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question: Who did Louis name as his heir?
answers: text: Sigismund of Luxemburg
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question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
answers: text: 11
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question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?
answers: text: Buda and Visegrád
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question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
answers: text: internal war
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question: In what year did Louis live?
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question: Who didn't Louis name as his heir?
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question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir?
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question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court?
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question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
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question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of no opulence?
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question: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?
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question: Which invention with no military applications helped bring about the nation state?
is_impossible: yes
context: Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.

qas: question: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
answers: text: 1521
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question: Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
answers: text: Lazar Hrebljevanovic
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question: In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?
answers: text: 1389
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question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
answers: text: Battle of Velbazhd
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question: Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
answers: text: Albania
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question: In what year didn't Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who never led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
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question: In what year wasn't the Battle of Kosovo?
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question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which country wasn't conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is not believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.

qas: question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?
answers: text: Avignon
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question: In what year did the papacy return to Rome?
answers: text: 1378
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question: What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?
answers: text: The War of the Sicilian Vespers
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question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?
answers: text: Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples
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question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?
answers: text: 1442
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question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 13th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year didn't the papacy return to Rome?
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question: What 13th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?
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question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which northern Italy was divided?
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question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms separated?
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question: What conflict resulted from birth of Jan Hus?
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question: Which dialect became the norm for the ancient Italian language?
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question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1400, known as?
is_impossible: yes
context: Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.

qas: question: In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?
answers: text: 1469
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question: When was modern-day Spain created?
answers: text: 1492
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question: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?
answers: text: Granada
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question: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?
answers: text: Vasco da Gama
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question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?
answers: text: 1492
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question: In what year were Isabel II and Ferdinand II married?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was ancient-day Spain created?
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question: The release of which city finalized the Reconquista?
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question: Which explorer ignored a sea-route to India?
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question: In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what part of a nobleman's house weren't plays performed?
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question: When did the Medieval Warm Period start?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Hungarian ruler was saved at the Battle of Varna?
is_impossible: yes
context: The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

qas: question: Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?
answers: text: the Little Ice Age
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question: What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?
answers: text: sixty percent
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question: What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?
answers: text: Hundred Years' War
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question: When did the Medieval Warm Period end?
answers: text: Around 1300–1350
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question: What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?
answers: text: agricultural crises
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question: Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Cold Period?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the low end of the known death rate of the Black Plague?
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question: What wasn't the effect of the Little Ice Age?
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question: What major conflict rocked France during the 12th and 13th centuries?
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question: When did the Medieval Warm Period start?
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question: What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?
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question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?
is_impossible: yes

question: What saved the unity of the Catholic Church?
is_impossible: yes
context: Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War.

qas: question: When did the French Jacquerie take place?
answers: text: 1358
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question: What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?
answers: text: Statute of Laborers
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question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?
answers: text: 1351
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question: In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
answers: text: 1381
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question: Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?
answers: text: serfdom
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question: When didn't the French Jacquerie take place?
is_impossible: yes

question: What English law was scrapped in order to forcibly reduce wages?
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question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers rejected?
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question: In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what years wasn't the Great Famine?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1400, known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Early Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes
context: As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.

qas: question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?
answers: text: Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople
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question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?
answers: text: Twenty-two
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question: What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?
answers: text: the Black Death
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question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?
answers: text: London
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question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 1,000,000 in 1500?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which European cities likely had populations less than 100,000 in 1500?
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question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1600?
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question: What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1600?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to mid-life?
is_impossible: yes
context: Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.

qas: question: Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?
answers: text: Hundred Years' War
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question: The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?
answers: text: national or feudal levy
is_impossible: no

question: Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?
answers: text: Swiss
is_impossible: no

question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?
answers: text: Edward III
is_impossible: no

question: Which conflict in France resulted in the abolishment of permanent armies?
is_impossible: yes

question: The use of paid mercenaries and international retinues replaced which method of raising troops?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which soldiers were in low demand under the mercenary system?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which soldiers were in high demand under the judicial system?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 13th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?
is_impossible: yes

question: What effect didn't the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?
is_impossible: yes
context: Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.

qas: question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?
answers: text: Order of the Garter
is_impossible: no

question: Who founded the Order of St. George?
answers: text: Charles I of Hungary
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was the Order of St. George founded?
answers: text: 1325
is_impossible: no

question: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?
answers: text: chivalry
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?
answers: text: 1348
is_impossible: no

question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1438?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who co-founded the Order of St. George?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was the Order of St. George disbanded?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't the code of conduct of the military orders called?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was the Order of the Garter destroyed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who rejected the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes
context: Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.

qas: question: What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?
answers: text: Papal Schism
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?
answers: text: Avignon
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?
answers: text: 1377
is_impossible: no

question: What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?
answers: text: 1378–1417
is_impossible: no

question: Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?
answers: text: France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms
is_impossible: no

question: What was the result of the election of three popes at the same time?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1039?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year didn't the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't the time frame of the Papal Schism?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who were the rejecters of the Avignon Papacy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the name of the old musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science?
is_impossible: yes

question: The release of which city finalized the Reconquista?
is_impossible: yes
context: The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.

qas: question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?
answers: text: John Wycliffe
is_impossible: no

question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?
answers: text: the Lollards
is_impossible: no

question: What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?
answers: text: the Protestant Reformation
is_impossible: no

question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?
answers: text: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences
is_impossible: no

question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?
answers: text: John of Gaunt
is_impossible: no

question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible shouldn't be the sole authority in religious questions?
is_impossible: yes

question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters not called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who never supported the Lollard movement?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1039?
is_impossible: yes

question: What didn't Donatello study that inspired sculptures?
is_impossible: yes

question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
is_impossible: yes
context: Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.

qas: question: In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?
answers: text: 1415
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Richard II of England marry?
answers: text: Anne of Bohemia
is_impossible: no

question: Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?
answers: text: John Wycliffe
is_impossible: no

question: What were the followers of Jan Hus called?
answers: text: Hussites
is_impossible: no

question: What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?
answers: text: Hussite Wars
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was Jan Hus saved at the stake?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Richard I of England marry?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose teachings did Jan Hus not base his own on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What weren't the followers of Jan Hus called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What conflict resulted from birth of Jan Hus?
is_impossible: yes

question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who invented the movable printing press?
is_impossible: yes
context: The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened.

qas: question: Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?
answers: text: German
is_impossible: no

question: What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?
answers: text: 95 theses
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?
answers: text: 1517
is_impossible: no

question: What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?
answers: text: he refused
is_impossible: no

question: Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?
answers: text: Frederick the Wise
is_impossible: no

question: Into what language didn't Martin Luther translate the Bible?
is_impossible: yes

question: What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did Martin Luther post his 59 theses?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he wasn't under the ban of the Empire?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?
is_impossible: yes

question: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the Low Period of the Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes
context: Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.

qas: question: What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?
answers: text: double-entry bookkeeping
is_impossible: no

question: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?
answers: text: Italy
is_impossible: no

question: What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?
answers: text: reducing the risk of commercial ventures
is_impossible: no

question: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
answers: text: usury
is_impossible: no

question: What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?
answers: text: better oversight and accuracy
is_impossible: no

question: What old form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?
is_impossible: yes

question: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' never take place?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the main benefit of the creation of old forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?
is_impossible: yes

question: Laws against what lending practice weren't addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
is_impossible: yes

question: What were the benefits of the new system of single-entry bookkeeping?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't the effect of the Little Ice Age?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Condemnation of 1727 enacted?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.

qas: question: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?
answers: text: monopolies
is_impossible: no

question: Which families financed the wars of kings?
answers: text: the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England
is_impossible: no

question: Which economic associations gained power in the towns?
answers: text: guilds
is_impossible: no

question: Where was Jacques Couer from?
answers: text: France
is_impossible: no

question: What privilege wasn't granted to companies on a national level?
is_impossible: yes

question: What privilege was granted to companies on a international level?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which families never financed the wars of kings?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which economic associations lost power in the towns?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where wasn't Jacques Couer from?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the nondominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?
is_impossible: yes
context: With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

qas: question: What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?
answers: text: demographic crisis
is_impossible: no

question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?
answers: text: depression of the Renaissance
is_impossible: no

question: What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?
answers: text: statistical
is_impossible: no

question: What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?
answers: text: greater opulence
is_impossible: no

question: What caused the increase in commerce and production in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance wasn't a time of great opulence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of no opulence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of evidence is too complete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is posited as the cause of decreased artistic output during the Renaissance?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where were religious plays banned in 1584?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the low end of the known death rate of the Black Plague?
is_impossible: yes
context: Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.

qas: question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?
answers: text: Thomistic
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?
answers: text: University of Paris
is_impossible: no

question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?
answers: text: William of Ockham
is_impossible: no

question: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?
answers: text: Occam's razor
is_impossible: no

question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?
answers: text: heretical
is_impossible: no

question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 12th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Condemnation of 1727 enacted?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept together?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the uncommon name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?
is_impossible: yes

question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1272 place restrictions?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where were religious plays banned in 1548?
is_impossible: yes

question: What didn't Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?
is_impossible: yes
context: The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

qas: question: What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?
answers: text: the theory of impetus
is_impossible: no

question: What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?
answers: text: Aristotelian
is_impossible: no

question: What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?
answers: text: Nicolaus Copernicus
is_impossible: no

question: Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?
answers: text: Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators
is_impossible: no

question: Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?
answers: text: inertia
is_impossible: no

question: What didn't Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Jean Buridan destroy to explain the motion of projectiles?
is_impossible: yes

question: What school of scientific thought was accepted by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?
is_impossible: yes

question: What scientist is least associated with the heliocentric worldview?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which scholars made no advances in the theories of motion?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Louis name as his heir?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't the focus of paintings in Italy?
is_impossible: yes
context: This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.

qas: question: Who invented the movable printing press?
answers: text: Gutenberg
is_impossible: no

question: What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?
answers: text: the Reformation
is_impossible: no

question: Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?
answers: text: eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock
is_impossible: no

question: Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?
answers: text: gunpowder
is_impossible: no

question: Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?
answers: text: shipbuilding
is_impossible: no

question: Who invented the stationary printing press?
is_impossible: yes

question: What religious movement was halted by the invention of the printing press?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which inventions of the period had no impact on everyday life?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which invention with no military applications helped bring about the nation state?
is_impossible: yes

question: Advances in what construction trade helped to decrease global navigation?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?
is_impossible: yes

question: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the Low Period of the Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who introduced a system of nonmusical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes
context: Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.

qas: question: Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?
answers: text: Donatello
is_impossible: no

question: Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?
answers: text: linear perspective
is_impossible: no

question: Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?
answers: text: Michelangelo and Raphael
is_impossible: no

question: What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?
answers: text: Greater realism
is_impossible: no

question: What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?
answers: text: classical models
is_impossible: no

question: Who rejected the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which artistic principle was renovated by Brunelleschi?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with da Vinci, who weren't two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?
is_impossible: yes

question: What didn't Donatello study that inspired sculptures?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what years didn't Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?
is_impossible: yes

question: When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
is_impossible: yes
context: The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

qas: question: What was the focus of paintings in Italy?
answers: text: idealized compositions
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?
answers: text: the Netherlands
is_impossible: no

question: What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?
answers: text: Jan van Eyck
is_impossible: no

question: Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?
answers: text: great realism and minute detail
is_impossible: no

question: What wasn't the focus of paintings in Italy?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where wasn't the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?
is_impossible: yes

question: What painter was a late champion of oil as a medium in painting?
is_impossible: yes

question: What painter wasn't an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?
is_impossible: yes

question: Jan van Eyck's paintings are unknown for what characteristics?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who invented the stationary printing press?
is_impossible: yes

question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight for Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?
is_impossible: yes
context: The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

qas: question: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
answers: text: Dante Alighieri
is_impossible: no

question: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?
answers: text: Latin as well as Italian
is_impossible: no

question: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?
answers: text: Tuscan
is_impossible: no

question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?
answers: text: Decameron
is_impossible: no

question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?
answers: text: Petrarch
is_impossible: no

question: Who didn't wrote the Divine Comedy?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what languages didn't Dante and Boccaccio create their works?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which dialect became the norm for the ancient Italian language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped demote the Italian language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the last example of modern lyric poetry?
is_impossible: yes

question: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
is_impossible: yes

question: What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the Kalmar Union formed?
is_impossible: yes
context: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

qas: question: What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?
answers: text: the motet
is_impossible: no

question: What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?
answers: text: polyphonic
is_impossible: no

question: Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?
answers: text: Provençal
is_impossible: no

question: What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?
answers: text: the quadrivium
is_impossible: no

question: What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 12th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the nondominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1320s?
is_impossible: yes

question: Polyphony was uncommon in the secular music of which French region?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?
is_impossible: yes

question: What didn't Donatello study that inspired sculptures?
is_impossible: yes

question: What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which country didn't Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?
is_impossible: yes
context: Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Provençal troubadours. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century Albigensian Crusade, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon.

qas: question: Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?
answers: text: John Kukuzelis
is_impossible: no

question: What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?
answers: text: ars nova
is_impossible: no

question: Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?
answers: text: ars antiqua
is_impossible: no

question: Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?
answers: text: Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini
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question: Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?
answers: text: Orthodox Church
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question: Who introduced a system of nonmusical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the name of the old musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 13th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who were the nonleading composers of the trecento period?
is_impossible: yes

question: Kukuzelis kept the music of which religion?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what part of a nobleman's house weren't plays performed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
is_impossible: yes
context: The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.

qas: question: What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?
answers: text: Everyman
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question: Which dramatic form was created around 1400?
answers: text: Morality plays
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question: What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?
answers: text: Good Deeds
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question: Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?
answers: text: The Castle of Perseverance
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question: In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?
answers: text: Death
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question: What is the least famous morality play from the medieval period?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which dramatic form was created around 1300?
is_impossible: yes

question: What goes to the store with Everyman in the morality play?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to mid-life?
is_impossible: yes

question: In the morality play, who never summoned Everyman?
is_impossible: yes

question: What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the end of?
is_impossible: yes
context: Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550. The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind's progress from birth to death. However, the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman. Everyman receives Death's summons, struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity. Along the way, he is deserted by Kindred, Goods, and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave.

qas: question: Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?
answers: text: Richard III and Henry VII
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question: Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?
answers: text: Mummers
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question: In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?
answers: text: 1545
is_impossible: no

question: What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?
answers: text: House of Revels
is_impossible: no

question: In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?
answers: text: the Great Hall
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question: Which Early Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who performed the seasonal non-Christmas plays?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did Henry VII establish an Office of Revels?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Henry VIII build in 1554 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what part of a nobleman's house weren't plays performed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?
is_impossible: yes

question: What major conflict rocked France during the 12th and 13th centuries?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
is_impossible: yes
context: At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors. Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a "screen" at the other for the actors. Also important were Mummers' plays, performed during the Christmas season, and court masques. These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545.

qas: question: What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?
answers: text: religious plays
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question: In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?
answers: text: 1558
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question: In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?
answers: text: 1539
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question: What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?
answers: text: secular
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question: Where were religious plays banned in 1548?
answers: text: Paris
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question: What wasn't banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did Elizabeth II ban religious plays?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year weren't religious plays banned in the Netherlands?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of subjects didn't dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where were religious plays banned in 1584?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance wasn't a time of great opulence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes
context: The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

qas: question: Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?
answers: text: democratized learning
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question: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?
answers: text: Africa and India
is_impossible: no

question: What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?
answers: text: strengthened the economy and power
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question: What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?
answers: text: the Renaissance
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question: What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?
answers: text: new trading routes
is_impossible: no

question: Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is not believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1489?
is_impossible: yes

question: What effect didn't the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?
is_impossible: yes

question: What historical era isn't viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?
is_impossible: yes

question: What wasn't discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who supported the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?
is_impossible: yes
context: After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

qas: question: Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?
answers: text: Ottoman
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?
answers: text: 1444
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question: Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?
answers: text: Vladislaus I
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question: Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?
answers: text: count John Hunyadi
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question: Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?
answers: text: Pope Pius II
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question: Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year didn't the Battle of Varna take place?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Hungarian ruler was saved at the Battle of Varna?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1464?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to Sean Hyundai?
is_impossible: yes

question: In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?
is_impossible: yes

question: What saved the unity of the Catholic Church?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was modern-day Spain created?
is_impossible: yes
context: At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe.

qas: question: Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?
answers: text: Saint John of Capistrano
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?
answers: text: 1456
is_impossible: no

question: Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?
answers: text: Matthias
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question: Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?
answers: text: Italy
is_impossible: no

question: When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?
answers: text: Pannonia
is_impossible: no

question: Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight for Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year wasn't the Siege of Belgrade fought?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who didn't the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which country didn't Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?
is_impossible: yes

question: When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in peace?
is_impossible: yes

question: An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what part of a nobleman's house weren't plays performed?
is_impossible: yes
context: Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned.

qas: question: How did Louis II of Hungary die?
answers: text: drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape
is_impossible: no

question: Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
answers: text: Pál Tomori
is_impossible: no

question: In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?
answers: text: 1458–1490
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?
answers: text: Hussite Protestants
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question: Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
answers: text: the forces of the Ottoman Empire
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question: How did Louis XII of Hungary die?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wasn't the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what years didn't Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Matthias lose to conquer Bohemia?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who supported the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
is_impossible: yes

question: What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms separated?
is_impossible: yes

question: What caused the increase in commerce and production in the 14th century?
is_impossible: yes
context: King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458–1490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, Pál Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times.

qas: question: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?
answers: text: Italy
is_impossible: no

question: What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?
answers: text: classical antiquity
is_impossible: no

question: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?
answers: text: the Renaissance
is_impossible: no

question: What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?
answers: text: modern history and early modern Europe
is_impossible: no

question: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Early Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What never provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What period do Italian historians not believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the Low Period of the Middle Ages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the end of?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?
is_impossible: yes

question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir?
is_impossible: yes
context: The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.