Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

qas: question: What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
answers: text: direct review
is_impossible: no

question: In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?
answers: text: appellate
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question: How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
answers: text: three
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question: What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
answers: text: 60
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question: In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?
answers: text: trial
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question: What process begins before a death sentence is handed down at trial?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In an indirect review, what type of court looks at the record?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing indirect review?
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of convictions don't survive direct review?
is_impossible: yes

question: In a direct review, what court has its record not reviewed by the appellate court?
is_impossible: yes
context: If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

qas: question: In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
answers: text: 1996
is_impossible: no

question: How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
answers: text: one
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question: What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
answers: text: 42 U.S.C. § 1983
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question: Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
answers: text: to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights
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question: In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act rejected?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act never allow in federal court?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1971?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1801?
is_impossible: yes
context: Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.

qas: question: Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?
answers: text: Gary Gilmore
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question: In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?
answers: text: Utah
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question: On what date was John Spenkelink executed?
answers: text: May 25, 1979
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question: In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?
answers: text: Nevada
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question: How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?
answers: text: lethal injection
is_impossible: no

question: Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1927?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state was Gary Gilmore freed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  On what date was John Spenkelink freed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state did Jesse Bishop's freedom ruling occur?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How was Charles Brooks, Jr. freed?
is_impossible: yes
context: The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.

qas: question: What was a common nickname for the electric chair?
answers: text: Old Sparky
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question: What color was Alabama's electric chair?
answers: text: Yellow
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question: What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?
answers: text: Florida
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question: Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?
answers: text: lethal injection
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question: Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?
answers: text: Electrocution
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question: What was an uncommon nickname for the electric chair?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What color was Arkansas's electric chair?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What state never notably had electric chair malfunctions?
is_impossible: yes

question: Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution was not preferred?
is_impossible: yes

question: Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in South America?
is_impossible: yes
context: Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.

qas: question: What state has had only a single execution?
answers: text: Wisconsin
is_impossible: no

question: When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?
answers: text: 1957
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question: When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?
answers: text: 1984
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question: In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?
answers: text: 1978
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question: What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?
answers: text: Rhode Island
is_impossible: no

question: What state has had only a double execution?
is_impossible: yes

question:  When was the first person executed in the District of Columbia?
is_impossible: yes

question:  When did Oregon reject the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be passed due to a court ruling?
is_impossible: yes

question: What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, and used it frequently?
is_impossible: yes
context: Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.

qas: question: In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?
answers: text: 700
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question: How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?
answers: text: 325
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question: How many states in the US have the death penalty?
answers: text: 32
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question: What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?
answers: text: Alabama
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question: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?
answers: text: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty
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question: In the United States, how many rapes are there for each execution?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many murder releases occur in the US per execution?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many states in the US do not have the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What state has the lowest rate of death sentences per person?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that is allowed in other states?
is_impossible: yes
context: Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.

qas: question: What territory's constitution says "The death penalty shall not exist"?
answers: text: Puerto Rico's
is_impossible: no

question: What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?
answers: text: Michigan
is_impossible: no

question: How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?
answers: text: eleven
is_impossible: no

question: Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?
answers: text: federal
is_impossible: no

question: What territory's constitution says "The death penalty shall definitely exist"?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What US state allows the death penalty in its constitution?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many UK towns have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question: Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses never be committed in Puerto Rico?
is_impossible: yes
context: Puerto Rico's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment, stating "The death penalty shall not exist", setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan, which also has a constitutional prohibition (eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law). However, capital punishment is still applicable to offenses committed in Puerto Rico, if they fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government, though federal death penalty prosecutions there have generated significant controversy.

qas: question: In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?
answers: text: 1972
is_impossible: no

question: What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?
answers: text: Furman v. Georgia
is_impossible: no

question: Who was executed on June 2, 1967?
answers: text: Luis Monge
is_impossible: no

question: What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?
answers: text: Eighth
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?
answers: text: 1976
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question: In what year was the death penalty allowed in the US?
is_impossible: yes

question: What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being allowed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who was executed on June 2, 1987?
is_impossible: yes

question: What amendment to the United States Constitution allows cruel and unusual punishment?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in South America ended?
is_impossible: yes
context: Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional.

qas: question: What state's law says that death sentences must take place in an "enclosure"?
answers: text: Connecticut
is_impossible: no

question: What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730?
answers: text: Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220
is_impossible: no

question: What state's law mandated that executions occur in ""room or place enclosed from public view"?
answers: text: New Mexico's
is_impossible: no

question: Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?
answers: text: Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4
is_impossible: no

question: What state's law requires that capital punishment occur "within the walls" of a penitentiary?
answers: text: North Carolina
is_impossible: no

question: What state's law says that death sentences must not take place in an "enclosure"?
is_impossible: yes

question: What law has different language to Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730?
is_impossible: yes

question: What state's law mandated that executions occur in ""room or place enclosed from private view"?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596, what federal law limits the people who won't witness a federal execution?
is_impossible: yes
context: Present-day statutes from across the nation use the same words and phrases, requiring modern executions to take place within a wall or enclosure to exclude public view. Connecticut General Statute § 54–100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an "enclosure" which "shall be so constructed as to exclude public view." Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220 and Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730 contain substantially identical language. New Mexico's former death penalty, since repealed, see N.M. Stat. § 31-14-12, required executions be conducted in a "room or place enclosed from public view." Similarly, a dormant Massachusetts law, see Mass. Gen. Law ch. 279 § 60, required executions to take place "within an enclosure or building." North Carolina General Statute § 15-188 requires death sentences to be executed "within the walls" of the penitentiary, as do Oklahoma Statute Title 22 § 1015 and Montana Code § 46-19-103. Ohio Revised Code § 2949.22 requires that "[t]he enclosure shall exclude public view." Similarly, Tennessee Code § 40-23-116 requires "an enclosure" for "strict seclusion and privacy." United States Code Title 18 § 3596 and the Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4 limit the witnesses permitted at federal executions.

qas: question: In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?
answers: text: 1976
is_impossible: no

question: Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?
answers: text: sentencing
is_impossible: no

question: What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?
answers: text: first-degree murder
is_impossible: no

question: Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?
answers: text: mitigating
is_impossible: no

question: What is decided at the first proceeding?
answers: text: the defendant's guilt
is_impossible: no

question:  In what year was Gregg v. Georgia undecided?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with the innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the third hearing?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is decided at the second proceeding?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1976, contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts, the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases. At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed. At the second hearing, the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist, whether any mitigating factors exist, and, in many jurisdictions, weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty – either death or life in prison, either with or without parole.

qas: question: How many executions occurred in 1999?
answers: text: 98
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question: What was the number of people executed in 2015?
answers: text: 28
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question: In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?
answers: text: 1976
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question: How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?
answers: text: 1,411
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question: Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?
answers: text: California
is_impossible: no

question: How many executions occurred in 1959?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What was the number of people executed in 2018?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did the unauthorization of capital punishment occur?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many people have been freed from being executed in the United States since 1976?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Which state has the smallest number of people awaiting execution?
is_impossible: yes
context: Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the pace of executions picked up, reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015. Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990. Texas has accounted for over one-third of modern executions (although only two death sentences were imposed in Texas during 2015, with the courts preferring to issue sentences of life without parole instead) and over four times as many as Oklahoma, the state with the second-highest number. California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row, has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions.

qas: question: In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?
answers: text: Demarcus Sears
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?
answers: text: Gloria Ann Wilbur
is_impossible: no

question: In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?
answers: text: Kentucky
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?
answers: text: 1986
is_impossible: no

question: A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?
answers: text: Georgia
is_impossible: no

question: In November 2018, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who did Demarcus Sears let go free?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur born?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year was Demarcus Sears freed of kidnapping?
is_impossible: yes

question: A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to freedom?
is_impossible: yes
context: As of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of "kidnapping with bodily injury." Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia, raped in Tennessee, and murdered in Kentucky. Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky, but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for "kidnapping with bodily injury."

qas: question: When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?
answers: text: state collateral review
is_impossible: no

question: About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?
answers: text: 6
is_impossible: no

question: In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?
answers: text: 53
is_impossible: no

question: What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?
answers: text: ineffective assistance of counsel
is_impossible: no

question: When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the last step of collateral review?
is_impossible: yes

question: About what percentage of capital convictions are never overturned due to state collateral review?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In 2010, how many death sentences were never overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of an issue that isn't raised in collateral review?
is_impossible: yes
context: At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals.

qas: question: In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?
answers: text: Hill v. McDonough
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?
answers: text: 2006
is_impossible: no

question: What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?
answers: text: Eighth
is_impossible: no

question: What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?
answers: text: Baze v. Rees
is_impossible: no

question: Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?
answers: text: habeas corpus
is_impossible: no

question: n what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1989 to be used to challenge a method of execution?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year was Hill v. McDonough rejected?
is_impossible: yes

question: What amendment of the Constitution doesn't cruel and unusual punishment violate?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What case notably did not uphold the use of a method of lethal injection?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row submit to his execution?
is_impossible: yes
context: Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983.

qas: question: How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?
answers: text: 38
is_impossible: no

question: On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?
answers: text: December 26, 1862
is_impossible: no

question: In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?
answers: text: Minnesota
is_impossible: no

question: What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?
answers: text: African-American
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?
answers: text: 1723
is_impossible: no

question: How many people were killed in the smallest mass execution in US history?
is_impossible: yes

question: On what date did the smallest mass execution in American history take place?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state did the smallest American mass execution occur?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-smallest mass execution in US history?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Kansas?
is_impossible: yes
context: The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court.

qas: question: What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus?
answers: text: the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
is_impossible: no

question: How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court?
answers: text: Federal habeas corpus
is_impossible: no

question: In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought?
answers: text: federal
is_impossible: no

question: If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're innocent, what must the evidence be?
answers: text: truly compelling
is_impossible: no

question: What act didn't restrict the scope of federal habeas corpus?
is_impossible: yes

question: How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence not overturned in federal court?
is_impossible: yes

question: If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're guilty, what must the evidence be?
is_impossible: yes
context: After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review, the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus, which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts. Federal habeas corpus is a species of collateral review, and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court (other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review). The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, which restricted significantly its previous scope. The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts, through the process of direct review and state collateral review, have done at least a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner's federal constitutional rights. Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime, though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process, evidence of innocence must be truly compelling.

qas: question: Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?
answers: text: Illinois
is_impossible: no

question: The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?
answers: text: Maryland
is_impossible: no

question: Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?
answers: text: Martin O'Malley
is_impossible: no

question: In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?
answers: text: Connecticut
is_impossible: no

question: How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?
answers: text: 11
is_impossible: no

question: Along with Canada, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?
is_impossible: yes

question: The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in March 2015?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who was governor of Maryland in January 2005?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago not decided?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many people had their sentences not commuted by State v. Santiago?
is_impossible: yes
context: In New Jersey and Illinois, all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015. While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to "evolving standards of decency," thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole. New Mexico may yet execute two condemned inmates sentenced prior to abolition, and Nebraska has ten death row inmates who may still be executed despite abolition.

qas: question: In what court was Bigby v. Dretke decided?
answers: text: United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
is_impossible: no

question: What court heard the case Penry v. Lynaugh?
answers: text: United States Supreme Court
is_impossible: no

question: What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address?
answers: text: Eighth
is_impossible: no

question: What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke consider?
answers: text: mitigating
is_impossible: no

question: In what state was Bigby v. Dretke decided?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What court denied hearing the case Penry v. Lynaugh?
is_impossible: yes

question: What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh never address?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke reject considering?
is_impossible: yes
context: The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Eighth Amendment rights, saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions. This ruling suggests that specific explanations to the jury are necessary to weigh mitigating factors.

qas: question: In what year was Tony Chebatoris killed?
answers: text: 1938
is_impossible: no

question: When was Michigan's fourth Constitution ratified?
answers: text: 1963
is_impossible: no

question: In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed?
answers: text: Milan
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was there a failed Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?
answers: text: 2004
is_impossible: no

question: What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws allowing capital punishment?
answers: text: 4
is_impossible: no

question: What happened in 1935?
is_impossible: yes

question:  When was Michigan's fifth Constitution ratified?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what city was Tony Chebatoris born?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year was there a successful Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question: What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws disallowing capital punishment?
is_impossible: yes
context: Several states have never had capital punishment, the first being Michigan, which abolished it shortly after entering the Union. (However, the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan in 1938.) Article 4, Section 46 of Michigan's fourth Constitution (ratified in 1963; effective in 1964) prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death. Attempts to change the provision have failed. In 2004, a constitutional amendment proposed to allow capital punishment in some circumstances failed to make it on the November ballot after a resolution failed in the legislature and a public initiative failed to gather enough signatures.

qas: question: Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?
answers: text: Drug Kingpin Act of 1988
is_impossible: no

question: According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted?
answers: text: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
is_impossible: no

question: In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute?
answers: text: Indiana
is_impossible: no

question: In what month and year was Juan Garza executed?
answers: text: June 2001
is_impossible: no

question: Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2003?
answers: text: Louis Jones, Jr.
is_impossible: no

question: Under what federal statute are offenses not punished by lethal injection?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were freed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Tennessee?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what month and year was Juan Garza freed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2001?
is_impossible: yes
context: The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003.

qas: question: In what year did the American Law Institute create a death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?
answers: text: 1962
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the death penalty to the Model Penal Code?
answers: text: 2009
is_impossible: no

question: What goal did the ALI's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?
answers: text: systemic fairness for minorities
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did the American Law Institute create a non-death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the non-death penalty to the Model Penal Code?
is_impossible: yes

question: What goal did the ALI's study say could be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?
is_impossible: yes
context: In October 2009, the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962, as part of the Model Penal Code, "in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment." A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled.

qas: question: In what year was Coker v. Georgia decided?
answers: text: 1977
is_impossible: no

question: For what offense did Coker v. Georgia forbid the death penalty?
answers: text: rape of an adult woman
is_impossible: no

question: Along with Georgia, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?
answers: text: U.S. Federal government
is_impossible: no

question: What ruling forbid the government from executing child rapists?
answers: text: Kennedy v. Louisiana
is_impossible: no

question: Prior to Kennedy v. Louisiana, how many states criminalized child rape?
answers: text: three
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was Coker v. Georgia not decided?
is_impossible: yes

question:  For what offense did Coker v. Georgia allow the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with Kentucky, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What ruling allowed the government from executing child rapists?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1977, the Supreme Court's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman, and implied that the death penalty was inappropriate for any offense against another person other than murder. Prior to the decision, the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States, and at the time of the decision, the State of Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense. However, three states maintained the death penalty for child rape, as the Coker decision only imposed a ban on executions for the rape of an adult woman. In 2008, the Kennedy v. Louisiana decision barred the death penalty for child rape. The result of these two decisions means that the death penalty in the United States is largely restricted to cases where the defendant took the life of another human being. The current federal kidnapping statute, however, may be exempt because the death penalty applies if the victim dies in the perpetrator's custody, not necessarily by his hand, thus stipulating a resulting death, which was the wording of the objection. In addition, the Federal government retains the death penalty for non-murder offenses that are considered crimes against the state, including treason, espionage, and crimes under military jurisdiction.

qas: question: In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?
answers: text: 2008
is_impossible: no

question: What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?
answers: text: Massachusetts
is_impossible: no

question: In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?
answers: text: State v. Kleypas
is_impossible: no

question: What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?
answers: text: electrocution
is_impossible: no

question: After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?
answers: text: lethal injection
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was Kansas' death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?
is_impossible: yes

question: What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1884?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what case did the Arkansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Arkansas?
is_impossible: yes

question: What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule constitutional?
is_impossible: yes
context: Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed State v. Kleypas, the Kansas Supreme Court decision that declared the state's death penalty statute unconstitutional, to the United States Supreme Court. Nebraska's death penalty statute was rendered ineffective on February 8, 2008 when the required method, electrocution, was ruled unconstitutional by the Nebraska Supreme Court. In 2009, Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection.

qas: question: What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?
answers: text: sodium thiopental
is_impossible: no

question: Up until 2011, who manufactured sodium thiopental?
answers: text: Hospira
is_impossible: no

question: What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?
answers: text: Danish
is_impossible: no

question: Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States?
answers: text: low production volume
is_impossible: no

question: The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity?
answers: text: execution
is_impossible: no

question: What death penalty drug started to be manufactured in 2011?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Up until 2015, who manufactured sodium thiopental?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is the mission statement of the company that makes pentobarbital?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections outside of the United States?
is_impossible: yes

question:  The EU outlawed the export of products that could never be used in what activity?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution; this has prevented executioners from using EU-manufactured anesthetics like propofol which are needed for general medical purposes. Another alternative, pentobarbital, is also only manufactured in the European Union, which has caused the Danish producer to restrict distribution to U.S. government customers.

qas: question: In what year did the most polled American support capital punishment?
answers: text: 1994
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1966?
answers: text: 47
is_impossible: no

question: In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents preferred life imprisonment to the death penalty?
answers: text: 29
is_impossible: no

question: In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans preferred the death penalty to life without parole?
answers: text: 47
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did the least polled American support capital punishment?
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1916?
is_impossible: yes

question: In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents rejected life imprisonment to the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question: In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans rejected the death penalty to life without parole?
is_impossible: yes
context: As noted in the introduction to this article, the American public has maintained its position of support for capital punishment for murder. However, when given a choice between the death penalty and life imprisonment without parole, support has traditionally been significantly lower than polling which has only mentioned the death penalty as a punishment. In 2010, for instance, one poll showed 49 percent favoring the death penalty and 46 percent favoring life imprisonment while in another 61% said they preferred another punishment to the death penalty. The highest level of support for the death penalty recorded overall was 80 percent in 1994 (16 percent opposed), and the lowest recorded was 42 percent in 1966 (47 percent opposed). On the question of the death penalty vs. life without parole, the strongest preference for the death penalty was 61 percent in 1997 (29 percent favoring life), and the lowest preference for the death penalty was 47 percent in 2006 (48 percent favoring life).

qas: question: What is a notable capital crime in Louisiana?
answers: text: aggravated rape
is_impossible: no

question: In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense?
answers: text: Oklahoma
is_impossible: no

question: Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft a death penalty offense?
answers: text: Mississippi
is_impossible: no

question: In what state is armed robbery a capital crime?
answers: text: Georgia
is_impossible: no

question: In what states is perjury leading to death a capital offense?
answers: text: California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska
is_impossible: no

question: What is a notable capital crime in Missouri?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state is extortionate kidnapping not a capital offense?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft not a death penalty offense?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state is armed robbery not a capital crime?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what states is perjury leading to death not a capital offense?
is_impossible: yes
context: Other capital crimes include: the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, espionage, terrorism, certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons, and treason at the federal level; aggravated rape in Louisiana, Florida, and Oklahoma; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky and South Carolina; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado; armed robbery in Georgia; drug trafficking resulting in a person's death in Florida; train wrecking which leads to a person's death, and perjury which leads to a person's death in California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska.

qas: question: Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?
answers: text: William J. Brennan, Jr.
is_impossible: no

question: Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?
answers: text: William O. Douglas
is_impossible: no

question: Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?
answers: text: Byron White
is_impossible: no

question: Along with Marshall, who believed that the Ninth Amendment forbade the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was unconcerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be unconstitutional?
is_impossible: yes
context: In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan, Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as "cruel and unusual" punishment.

qas: question: Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?
answers: text: 156
is_impossible: no

question: Between 1973 and 2015, how many prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible guilt?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened in 2016?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened in 1970?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who supported this statistic?
is_impossible: yes
context: In total, 156 prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015. Death penalty opponents often argue that this statistic shows how perilously close states have come to undertaking wrongful executions; proponents point out that the statistic refers only to those exonerated in law, and that the truly innocent may be a smaller number. Statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed.

qas: question: What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?
answers: text: 2.5
is_impossible: no

question: How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?
answers: text: 6
is_impossible: no

question: What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?
answers: text: Texas
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?
answers: text: 1
is_impossible: no

question: How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?
answers: text: four times
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of murderers in the United States aren't given a death sentence?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many murderers in Nevada weren't given a capital sentence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What state notably executes 80% of those given the death penalty?
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently freed?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the international average?
is_impossible: yes
context: The death penalty is sought and applied more often in some jurisdictions, not only between states but within states. A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty, in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty. Texas gave 2 percent of murderers a death sentence, less than the national average. Texas, however, executed 40 percent of those sentenced, which was about four times higher than the national average. California had executed only 1 percent of those sentenced.

qas: question: Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?
answers: text: fifty
is_impossible: no

question: What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?
answers: text: Congress
is_impossible: no

question: What is another term for the act of spying for another country?
answers: text: espionage
is_impossible: no

question: Along with treason and espionage, what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime?
answers: text: high-level drug trafficking
is_impossible: no

question: Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1998 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?
is_impossible: yes

question: What body failed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is another term for the act of spying on another country?
is_impossible: yes

question: Along with treason and espionage, what death offense is still a federal capital crime?
is_impossible: yes
context: Congress acted defiantly toward the Supreme Court by passing the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 that made roughly fifty crimes punishable by death, including crimes that do not always involve the death of someone. Such non-death capital offenses include treason, espionage (spying for another country), and high-level drug trafficking. Since no one has yet been sentenced to death for such non-death capital offenses, the Supreme Court has not ruled on their constitutionality.

qas: question: Who was executed on January 17, 1977?
answers: text: Gary Gilmore
is_impossible: no

question: By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?
answers: text: firing squad
is_impossible: no

question: Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?
answers: text: ten
is_impossible: no

question: What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?
answers: text: filing repeated writs of habeas corpus
is_impossible: no

question: Who was pardoned on January 17, 1977?
is_impossible: yes

question:  By what method was Gary Gilmore let go free?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1987 and 1987?
is_impossible: yes

question: What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their release?
is_impossible: yes
context: Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus, which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.

qas: question: In what month and year was Troy Davis executed?
answers: text: September 2011
is_impossible: no

question: Who was the Death Penalty Information Center director?
answers: text: Richard Dieter
is_impossible: no

question: What organization did Brian Evans work for?
answers: text: Amnesty International
is_impossible: no

question: In what month and year was Troy Davis born?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who was the Death Penalty Information Center secretary?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What organization did Brian Evans reject working for?
is_impossible: yes
context: After the September 2011 execution of Troy Davis, believed by many to be innocent, Richard Dieter, the director of the Death Penalty Information Center, said this case was a clear wake-up call to politicians across the United States. He said: "They weren't expecting such passion from people in opposition to the death penalty. There's a widely held perception that all Americans are united in favor of executions, but this message came across loud and clear that many people are not happy with it." Brian Evans of Amnesty International, which led the campaign to spare Davis's life, said that there was a groundswell in America of people "who are tired of a justice system that is inhumane and inflexible and allows executions where there is clear doubts about guilt". He predicted the debate would now be conducted with renewed energy.

qas: question: How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?
answers: text: five
is_impossible: no

question: What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?
answers: text: hanging
is_impossible: no

question: In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?
answers: text: South Carolina
is_impossible: no

question: Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?
answers: text: John Marshall
is_impossible: no

question: When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?
answers: text: 1888
is_impossible: no

question: How many execution methods are currently outlawed in the United States?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the least common historical method of execution in the United States?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what state did the first burning at the stake take place in the US?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who was the first person hanged in chains in the Untied States?
is_impossible: yes

question:  When was execution by beheading started in Utah?
is_impossible: yes
context: Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used.

qas: question: What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American?
answers: text: 41
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American?
answers: text: 34
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of American prison inmates are African American?
answers: text: 47
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008?
answers: text: 2.2%
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?
answers: text: 17.4%
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of American death row prisoners are South American
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been South American?
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of American prison inmates are South American?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What percentage of homicides were committed by Canadians between 1980 and 2008?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What percentage of the Canadian population is Hispanic?
is_impossible: yes
context: African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population. (They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976.) However, that number is lower than that of prison inmates, which is 47 percent. According to the US Department of Justice, African Americans accounted for 52.5% of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008, with whites 45.3% and Native Americans and Asians 2.2%. This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis. However, according to a 2003 Amnesty International report, blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers, yet 80 percent of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims. 13.5% of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent, while they make up 17.4% of the general population.

qas: question: In the United States, how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment?
answers: text: four
is_impossible: no

question: Along with the President, what officeholder can issue pardons?
answers: text: Governor
is_impossible: no

question: How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?
answers: text: 309
is_impossible: no

question: How many capital sentences were given in 1973?
answers: text: 44
is_impossible: no

question: In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions?
answers: text: 2014
is_impossible: no

question: In the United States, how many important steps are never present in the administration of capital punishment?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Along with the President, what officeholder can't issue pardons?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many death sentences were rejected in the period 1995-1996?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many capital sentences were rejected in 1973?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions overturned?
is_impossible: yes
context: The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States is complex. Typically, it involves four critical steps: (1) sentencing, (2) direct review, (3) state collateral review, and (4) federal habeas corpus. Recently, a narrow and final fifth level of process – (5) the Section 1983 challenge – has become increasingly important. (Clemency or pardon, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process.) The number of new death sentences handed down peaked in 1995–1996 (309). There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014, the lowest number since 1973 (44).

qas: question: Where was Bethea hanged?
answers: text: Owensboro
is_impossible: no

question: On what date was Fred Adams hanged?
answers: text: April 2, 1937
is_impossible: no

question: In what state did the hanging of Adams take place?
answers: text: Missouri
is_impossible: no

question: What was Roscoe Jackson's nickname?
answers: text: Red
is_impossible: no

question: How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh's execution?
answers: text: 300
is_impossible: no

question: Where was Bethea freed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  On what date was Fred Adams freed?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what state did the freedom of Adams take place?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What was Roscoe Jackson's birthdate?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many people refused Timothy McVeigh's execution?
is_impossible: yes
context: All of the executions which have taken place since the 1936 hanging of Bethea in Owensboro have been conducted within a wall or enclosure. For example, Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett, Missouri, on April 2, 1937, within a 10-foot (3 m) wooden stockade. Roscoe "Red" Jackson was hanged within a stockade in Galena, Missouri, on May 26, 1937. Two Kentucky hangings were conducted after Galena in which numerous persons were present within a wooden stockade, that of John "Peter" Montjoy in Covington, Kentucky on December 17, 1937, and that of Harold Van Venison in Covington on June 3, 1938. An estimated 400 witnesses were present for the hanging of Lee Simpson in Ryegate, Montana, on December 30, 1939. The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11, 2001 was witnessed by some 300 people, some by closed-circuit television.

qas: question: What institution does James Liebman work for?
answers: text: Columbia Law School
is_impossible: no

question: What does James Liebman teach?
answers: text: law
is_impossible: no

question: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?
answers: text: 40
is_impossible: no

question: According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?
answers: text: 47
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did Liebman announce his findings?
answers: text: 1996
is_impossible: no

question: What institution did James Liebman get fired from?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What does James Liebman reject?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1988 and 1999?
is_impossible: yes

question:  According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1978 and 1993
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year did Liebman reject his findings?
is_impossible: yes
context: James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted." The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.

qas: question: Who was executed on March 30, 1960?
answers: text: James W. Rodgers
is_impossible: no

question: What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?
answers: text: firing squad
is_impossible: no

question: In what state was Rodgers executed?
answers: text: Utah
is_impossible: no

question: On what date was George York executed?
answers: text: June 22, 1965
is_impossible: no

question: Which state executed James French?
answers: text: Oklahoma
is_impossible: no

question: Who was executed on March 30, 1990?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What method of execution was not used on James W. Rodgers?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what state was Rodgers born?
is_impossible: yes

question:  On what date was George York freed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Which state freed James French?
is_impossible: yes
context: The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6, 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10, 1966. The last use of the gas chamber between the first gassing on February 8, 1924 and the moratorium was when Colorado gassed Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.

qas: question: About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?
answers: text: 364
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?
answers: text: 1642
is_impossible: no

question: Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?
answers: text: Twenty-two
is_impossible: no

question: How old was George Stinney when he was executed?
answers: text: 14
is_impossible: no

question: What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?
answers: text: gas chamber
is_impossible: no

question: About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1842?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year was Thomas Graunger freed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as adults?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How old was George Stinney when he was freed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What method was used to free Leonard Shockley?
is_impossible: yes
context: Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.

qas: question: As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?
answers: text: Director of Corrections
is_impossible: no

question: What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
answers: text: Oklahoma
is_impossible: no

question: What race was Clayton Lockett?
answers: text: African-American
is_impossible: no

question: What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
answers: text: heart attack
is_impossible: no

question: What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
answers: text: nitrogen
is_impossible: no

question: As of May 2011, what was Robert Patton's job title?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What state executed Robert Patton in May 2014?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What religion was Clayton Lockett?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Clayton Lockett's crime?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for freedoms in 2015?
is_impossible: yes
context: In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.

qas: question: Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?
answers: text: socio-economic
is_impossible: no

question: According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?
answers: text: human life
is_impossible: no

question: According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
answers: text: criminals involved in murder
is_impossible: no

question: What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?
answers: text: deterring crime
is_impossible: no

question: Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?
answers: text: the innocent
is_impossible: no

question: Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some people who agree with the death penalty see in its administration?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty strengthen?
is_impossible: yes

question:  According to death penalty supporters, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment is effective at doing?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who do death penalty opponents believe will never be executed?
is_impossible: yes
context: Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.

qas: question: According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?
answers: text: Sixteen
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
answers: text: 1988
is_impossible: no

question: In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
answers: text: March 2005
is_impossible: no

question: In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?
answers: text: 5
is_impossible: no

question: Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?
answers: text: 18
is_impossible: no

question: According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma postponed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons postponed?
is_impossible: yes

question: In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be constitutional?
is_impossible: yes

question: Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the maximum age to be executed in the United States?
is_impossible: yes
context: Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)

qas: question: In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?
answers: text: 1919
is_impossible: no

question: What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?
answers: text: hanging
is_impossible: no

question: In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?
answers: text: the local sheriff
is_impossible: no

question: In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?
answers: text: 1890
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be outside of a jail?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What procedure did Missouri use to free prisoners in 1919?
is_impossible: yes

question: In the Missouri of 1959, who handed out passes to witness executions?
is_impossible: yes

question: In approximately what year did a movement in favor of public executions begin in the US?
is_impossible: yes
context: Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.

qas: question: Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?
answers: text: Toney Anaya
is_impossible: no

question: Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
answers: text: New Mexico
is_impossible: no

question: Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?
answers: text: Dick Celeste
is_impossible: no

question: How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
answers: text: four
is_impossible: no

question: In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?
answers: text: 1979
is_impossible: no

question: Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1936?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Of what state was Toney Anaya senator?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who was Governor of Nebraska in 1991?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many men were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year did Bob Graham become Senator of Florida?
is_impossible: yes
context: Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."

qas: question: Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
answers: text: Kansas
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Idaho execute in 2011?
answers: text: Paul Ezra Rhoades
is_impossible: no

question: Who was executed on October 30, 2012?
answers: text: Donald Moeller
is_impossible: no

question: Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?
answers: text: 12
is_impossible: no

question: Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?
answers: text: 1992
is_impossible: no

question: Along with North Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who did Idaho execute in 2013?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who was freed on October 30, 2012?
is_impossible: yes

question: Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner freed in Wyoming?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.

qas: question: How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
answers: text: three
is_impossible: no

question: What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
answers: text: sodium thiopental
is_impossible: no

question: When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
answers: text: 2011
is_impossible: no

question: In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
answers: text: Italy
is_impossible: no

question: What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
answers: text: Torture Regulation
is_impossible: no

question:  How many hours does it take to administer lethal injection?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What lethal injection drug is not manufactured by Hospira?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Hospira begin to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what state does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
is_impossible: yes
context: Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

qas: question: What University studied "Predictable Doom"?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many cases are not special circumstances in California?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened in 1997?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the decades since Furman, new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness. A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review, "Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice: An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions," surveyed the decision-making process among prosecutors in various states. The authors found that prosecutors' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local "idiosyncrasies," suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court's directive. This means that "the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate" may still "infect capital cases." Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria. California law, for example, has 22 "special circumstances," making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases. The 32 death penalty states have varying numbers and types of "death qualifiers" – circumstances that allow for capital charges. The number varies from a high of 34 in California to 22 in Colorado and Delaware to 12 in Texas, Nebraska, Georgia and Montana. The study's authors call for reform of state procedures along the lines of reforms in the federal system, which the U.S. Department of Justice initiated with a 1995 protocol. Crimes subject to the death penalty vary by jurisdiction. All jurisdictions that use capital punishment designate the highest grade of murder a capital crime, although most jurisdictions require aggravating circumstances. Treason against the United States, as well as treason against the states of Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri are capital offenses.