Catalan_language

qas: question: What place is Catalan named for?
answers: text: Catalonia
is_impossible: no

question: What type of language is Catalan?
answers: text: Romance language
is_impossible: no

question: What is Catalan called in Valencia?
answers: text: Valencian
is_impossible: no

question: Where is Catalan the only official language?
answers: text: Andorra
is_impossible: no

question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Catalan a variety of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

qas: question: What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What is the most used language in Catalonia?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?
answers: text: native
is_impossible: no

question: What group spends money to promote the language?
answers: text: The Generalitat of Catalunya
is_impossible: no

question: What language is promoted in Catalonia?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What is an Andorran school policy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Standard based on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
is_impossible: yes
context: According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.

qas: question: From what language did Catalan come?
answers: text: Vulgar Latin
is_impossible: no

question: In what area did Catalan develop?
answers: text: eastern Pyrenees
is_impossible: no

question: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?
answers: text: 9th century
is_impossible: no

question: When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?
answers: text: Low Middle Ages
is_impossible: no

question: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
answers: text: 1479
is_impossible: no

question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language has a lexical unity?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

qas: question: What happened in 1975-1982?
answers: text: Spanish transition to democracy
is_impossible: no

question: What has this official language state done for Catalan?
answers: text: increased prestige
is_impossible: no

question: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?
answers: text: Europe
is_impossible: no

question: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?
answers: text: mass media
is_impossible: no

question: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
is_impossible: yes

question: What plays a secondary part in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.

qas: question: What is the division of Catalan dialects?
answers: text: Eastern and Western
is_impossible: no

question: What is the basic difference between the dialects?
answers: text: pronunciation
is_impossible: no

question: What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?
answers: text: different varieties
is_impossible: no

question: What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?
answers: text: the same language
is_impossible: no

question: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
answers: text: two standard varieties
is_impossible: no

question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What have many dialects replaced?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.

qas: question: What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?
answers: text: many traits
is_impossible: no

question: Where is Catalonia located?
answers: text: Iberian Peninsula
is_impossible: no

question: What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?
answers: text: Spanish and Portuguese
is_impossible: no

question: Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?
answers: text: pronunciation
is_impossible: no

question: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
answers: text: Gallo-Romance
is_impossible: no

question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
is_impossible: yes

question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.

qas: question: How many genders does Catalan have?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: What numbers does Catalan have?
answers: text: singular, plural
is_impossible: no

question: What style of grammar does Catalan have?
answers: text: inflectional
is_impossible: no

question: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? 
answers: text: consonants
is_impossible: no

question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language began to influence Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.

qas: question: What is Catalan the derivitive of?
answers: text: Catalonia
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Latin for Calalunya?
answers: text: Gathia Launia
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the Catalan  people originate?
answers: text: March of Gothia
is_impossible: no

question: What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?
answers: text: Gothia
is_impossible: no

question: Since the transition, what is the official language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the exception to this reduction?
is_impossible: yes

question: What other language shares this type of construction?
is_impossible: yes
context: The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ("Land of the Goths"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.

qas: question: When did the reference Catelaner first appear?
answers: text: mid 14th century
is_impossible: no

question: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?
answers: text: Catellain
is_impossible: no

question: What language is the source of the term Catellain?
answers: text: French
is_impossible: no

question: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
answers: text: English
is_impossible: no

question: Since what year has this term been used?
answers: text: 1652
is_impossible: no

question: What vowel stays distinct?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
is_impossible: yes

question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
is_impossible: yes
context: In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/.

qas: question: Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?
answers: text: Valencian Community
is_impossible: no

question: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?
answers: text: the same language
is_impossible: no

question: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
answers: text: dialects
is_impossible: no

question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
is_impossible: yes
context: The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.

qas: question: What language did Catalan descend from?
answers: text: Vulgar Latin
is_impossible: no

question: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?
answers: text: 9th century
is_impossible: no

question: Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?
answers: text: Hispania Tarraconensis
is_impossible: no

question: Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?
answers: text: Catalan counts
is_impossible: no

question: When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?
answers: text: 988
is_impossible: no

question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
is_impossible: yes
context: By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.

qas: question: When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?
answers: text: 11th century
is_impossible: no

question: When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?
answers: text: by 1080
is_impossible: no

question: To what language did Catalan display similarities?
answers: text: Gallo-Romance
is_impossible: no

question: What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?
answers: text: Old Occitan
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.

qas: question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
answers: text: 11th and 12th centuries
is_impossible: no

question: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?
answers: text: 13th century
is_impossible: no

question: When Catalan reach Sardinia?
answers: text: 14th century
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?
answers: text: Murcia
is_impossible: no

question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
answers: text: 15th century
is_impossible: no

question: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
is_impossible: yes
context: During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

qas: question: When was the golden age of Catalan?
answers: text: Low Middle Ages
is_impossible: no

question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
answers: text: city of Valencia
is_impossible: no

question: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
answers: text: 17th
is_impossible: no

question: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
answers: text: Costa Carreras
is_impossible: no

question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

qas: question: Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?
answers: text: Martorell
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?
answers: text: chivalry
is_impossible: no

question: To what does Matorell's work show a transition?
answers: text: Renaissance values
is_impossible: no

question: What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? 
answers: text: Metge
is_impossible: no

question: In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
answers: text: movable type
is_impossible: no

question: What language is promoted in Catalonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
is_impossible: yes
context: Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.

qas: question: When were Castille and Aragon united?
answers: text: 1479
is_impossible: no

question: After 1479, what language became more valued?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?
answers: text: 16th century
is_impossible: no

question: What language began to supersede Catalan?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: At this time what classes became bilingual?
answers: text: urban and literary
is_impossible: no

question: What is Central Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What common Valencian forms are used?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
is_impossible: yes
context: With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

qas: question: When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?
answers: text: 1659
is_impossible: no

question: What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?
answers: text: northern part
is_impossible: no

question: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?
answers: text: Treaty of the Pyrenees
is_impossible: no

question: What language began to influence Catalan?
answers: text: French
is_impossible: no

question: When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?
answers: text: 1700
is_impossible: no

question: How are a and e in western dialects?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
is_impossible: yes
context: With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.

qas: question: When did France outlaw Catalan?
answers: text: 1789
is_impossible: no

question: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?
answers: text: French Revolution
is_impossible: no

question: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?
answers: text: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque
is_impossible: no

question: What are French non standard languages called?
answers: text: patois
is_impossible: no

question: What group spends money to promote the language?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an important plural alternation?
is_impossible: yes
context: Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

qas: question: When did the French obtain Algeria?
answers: text: 1833
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?
answers: text: Northern Catalonia and Minorca
is_impossible: no

question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?
answers: text: patuet
is_impossible: no

question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?
answers: text: around 100,000
is_impossible: no

question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
answers: text: 1962
is_impossible: no

question: What forms are mutually intelligible?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What letter is lost in some words?
is_impossible: yes
context: Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

qas: question: What is the official language of France?
answers: text: French
is_impossible: no

question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
answers: text: in public life and education
is_impossible: no

question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
answers: text: General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales
is_impossible: no

question: What language does the General Council want to promote?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: Where has Catalan always been the only language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
is_impossible: yes

question: To what are these morphological changes similar?
is_impossible: yes
context: Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

qas: question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: Where did Catalan experience defeat?
answers: text: War of Spanish Succession
is_impossible: no

question: When was the war of Spanish Succession?
answers: text: 1714
is_impossible: no

question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: When did this revival period begin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
is_impossible: yes
context: The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

qas: question: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
answers: text: revival
is_impossible: no

question: What is Renaixenca?
answers: text: Catalan literary revival
is_impossible: no

question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
answers: text: 1833
is_impossible: no

question: When did this revival period begin?
answers: text: 1833
is_impossible: no

question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
answers: text: early 20th
is_impossible: no

question: What is jo compro changed to ?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is common in Romance languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
is_impossible: yes
context: In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

qas: question: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
answers: text: in all schools
is_impossible: no

question: Since the transition, what is the official language?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
answers: text: mass media
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
is_impossible: yes

question: What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
is_impossible: yes
context: Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

qas: question: Where has Catalan always been the only language?
answers: text: Andorra
is_impossible: no

question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?
answers: text: 1993
is_impossible: no

question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?
answers: text: Andorranization policies
is_impossible: no

question: What is an Andorran school policy?
answers: text: Catalan medium education
is_impossible: no

question: What is the only language of Andorra?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the usual masculine suffix?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

qas: question: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
answers: text: language shift processes
is_impossible: no

question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
answers: text: 60 or older
is_impossible: no

question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
answers: text: 2004
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
answers: text: 30%
is_impossible: no

question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
is_impossible: yes

question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
is_impossible: yes
context: On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

qas: question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
answers: text: Italian
is_impossible: no

question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
answers: text: ingrained diglossic attitudes
is_impossible: no

question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
answers: text: diglossic attitudes
is_impossible: no

question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What is this a subdiscipline of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

qas: question: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?
answers: text: Occitano-Romance
is_impossible: no

question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?
answers: text: linguists
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
answers: text: Spanish ones
is_impossible: no

question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
is_impossible: yes

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
is_impossible: yes
context: The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

qas: question: What is Catalan a variety of?
answers: text: Occitan language
is_impossible: no

question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
answers: text: varying degrees
is_impossible: no

question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
answers: text: differences
is_impossible: no

question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
answers: text: many traits
is_impossible: no

question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
answers: text: closely related
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
is_impossible: yes

question: From what language did Catalan come?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

qas: question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
answers: text: many traits
is_impossible: no

question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
answers: text: Iberian Peninsula
is_impossible: no

question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
answers: text: Ibero-Romance group
is_impossible: no

question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
answers: text: Spanish and Portuguese
is_impossible: no

question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
answers: text: Occitan
is_impossible: no

question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
is_impossible: yes

question: From what language did Catalan come?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

qas: question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
answers: text: 87%
is_impossible: no

question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
answers: text: 85%
is_impossible: no

question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
answers: text: 80%
is_impossible: no

question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
answers: text: 76%
is_impossible: no

question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
answers: text: 75%
is_impossible: no

question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?
is_impossible: yes
context: According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

qas: question: What has Catalan often been considered?
answers: text: dialect of Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
answers: text: Francoist
is_impossible: no

question: What language is the source of the term Catellain?
is_impossible: yes

question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
is_impossible: yes
context: During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French). 

qas: question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
answers: text: rest of Roman Hispania
is_impossible: no

question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
answers: text: Occitan
is_impossible: no

question: What is Occitan a branch of?
answers: text: Western Romance
is_impossible: no

question: What numbers does Catalan have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?
is_impossible: yes

question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
is_impossible: yes
context: There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

qas: question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?
answers: text: Germanic
is_impossible: no

question: What is the origin of some Spanish words?
answers: text: Latin origin
is_impossible: no

question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
answers: text: Germanic superstrate
is_impossible: no

question: What are French non standard languages called?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

qas: question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
answers: text: Arabic element
is_impossible: no

question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
answers: text: Arabic loanwords
is_impossible: no

question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
answers: text: of Arabic origin
is_impossible: no

question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
answers: text: Latin origin
is_impossible: no

question: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many dialects are in the eastern group?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has Catalan often been considered?
is_impossible: yes
context: The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

qas: question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
answers: text: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
answers: text: unique
is_impossible: no

question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
answers: text: lexical
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
answers: text: enyorar
is_impossible: no

question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
is_impossible: yes

question: From what language did Catalan come?
is_impossible: yes
context: Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

qas: question: What are the Paisos Catalans
answers: text: Catalan Countries
is_impossible: no

question: What is that determination based on?
answers: text: cultural affinity and common heritage
is_impossible: no

question: What status does Catalan Countries have?
answers: text: no official status
is_impossible: no

question: What is the interpretation of the term?
answers: text: Various interpretations
is_impossible: no

question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
answers: text: Països Catalans
is_impossible: no

question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
is_impossible: yes
context: These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

qas: question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
answers: text: many monosyllabic words
is_impossible: no

question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
answers: text: consonant clusters
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
answers: text: obstruent
is_impossible: no

question: What do many words feature?
answers: text: couplets
is_impossible: no

question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?
is_impossible: yes

question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
is_impossible: yes
context: In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

qas: question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
answers: text: Central Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What is Central Catalan?
answers: text: standard pronunciation
is_impossible: no

question: What are the descriptions for?
answers: text: standard pronunciation
is_impossible: no

question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
answers: text: section pronunciation
is_impossible: no

question: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
is_impossible: yes

question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the usual masculine suffix?
is_impossible: yes
context: Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

qas: question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
answers: text: Vulgar Latin
is_impossible: no

question: How many stressed phenoms are there?
answers: text: seven
is_impossible: no

question: Where is this a common feature?
answers: text: Western Romance
is_impossible: no

question: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: What differs in vowel reduction?
answers: text: Dialects
is_impossible: no

question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
is_impossible: yes

question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

qas: question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
answers: text: three
is_impossible: no

question: What vowel stays distinct?
answers: text: /i/
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
answers: text: different
is_impossible: no

question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
answers: text: section pronunciation
is_impossible: no

question: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
is_impossible: yes

question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

qas: question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
answers: text: Catalan sociolinguistics
is_impossible: no

question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
answers: text: Catalan sociolinguistics
is_impossible: no

question: What is this a subdiscipline of?
answers: text: Catalan philology
is_impossible: no

question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
answers: text: analyse the relation
is_impossible: no

question: What outside affects does this study include?
answers: text: other languages in contact
is_impossible: no

question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

qas: question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
answers: text: uniformity
is_impossible: no

question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
answers: text: other Romance languages
is_impossible: no

question: What is high among dialects?
answers: text: intelligibility
is_impossible: no

question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
answers: text: 90% to 95%
is_impossible: no

question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
answers: text: Alguerese
is_impossible: no

question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language  is parlo or temo ?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
is_impossible: yes
context: The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

qas: question: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
answers: text: treatment of unstressed a and e
is_impossible: no

question: How are a and e in western dialects?
answers: text: distinct
is_impossible: no

question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
answers: text: merged
is_impossible: no

question: How can you explain differences in the language groups?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do you not need to use in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

qas: question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?
answers: text: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian
is_impossible: no

question: How many dialects are in the eastern group?
answers: text: four
is_impossible: no

question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
answers: text: Eastern block
is_impossible: no

question: What other divisions can be made of dialects?
answers: text: subdialects
is_impossible: no

question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?
answers: text: Western Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What definite article is found rather than el?
is_impossible: yes

question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

qas: question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
answers: text: Central Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: Where are the most speakers found?
answers: text: Central Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
answers: text: Barcelona province
is_impossible: no

question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
answers: text: eastern half
is_impossible: no

question: When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is common in Romance languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
is_impossible: yes
context: Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

qas: question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
answers: text: Vulgar Latin
is_impossible: no

question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
answers: text: seven
is_impossible: no

question: Where is this system common?
answers: text: Western Romance
is_impossible: no

question: What language is the exception?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
answers: text: Dialects
is_impossible: no

question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

qas: question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
answers: text: Eastern Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What is the exception to this reduction?
answers: text: Majorcan
is_impossible: no

question: Which vowel remains distinct?
answers: text: /i/
is_impossible: no

question: What is Standard based on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What style of grammar does Catalan have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

qas: question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
answers: text: Majorcan
is_impossible: no

question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
answers: text: Eastern Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
answers: text: Western Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What letter remains distinct?
answers: text: /u/
is_impossible: no

question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
answers: text: Western Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
is_impossible: yes

question: What letter is lost in some words?
is_impossible: yes

question: From what language did Catalan come?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

qas: question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?
answers: text: five
is_impossible: no

question: Which letters remain distinct?
answers: text: /a u i/
is_impossible: no

question: Where did this pattern come from?
answers: text: Proto-Romance
is_impossible: no

question: In what other languages is this pattern found?
answers: text: Italian and Portuguese
is_impossible: no

question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
answers: text: further reduction
is_impossible: no

question: What does an archaism explain?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

qas: question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
answers: text: Balearic
is_impossible: no

question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
answers: text: /e/
is_impossible: no

question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
answers: text: higher incidence
is_impossible: no

question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
is_impossible: yes
context: Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

qas: question: What language is parle or tem ?
answers: text: Valencian
is_impossible: no

question: What language  is parlo or temo ?
answers: text: Northwestern
is_impossible: no

question: What language is parl?
answers: text: Balearic
is_impossible: no

question: What language form is parli?
answers: text: Northern
is_impossible: no

question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
is_impossible: yes

question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
is_impossible: yes
context: In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

qas: question: Where do you find medieval plurals?
answers: text: nouns and adjectives
is_impossible: no

question: What letter is lost in some words?
answers: text: /n/
is_impossible: no

question: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
answers: text: homes
is_impossible: no

question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
answers: text: joves
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
answers: text: proparoxytone
is_impossible: no

question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many genders does Catalan have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
is_impossible: yes
context: In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

qas: question: What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?
answers: text: word choices
is_impossible: no

question: How can you explain differences in the language groups?
answers: text: as an archaism
is_impossible: no

question: What form is innovative?
answers: text: Central Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What are the two blocks of Catalan?
answers: text: Eastern and Western
is_impossible: no

question: What does an archaism explain?
answers: text: lexical divergence
is_impossible: no

question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
is_impossible: yes

question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
is_impossible: yes
context: Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

qas: question: What is Standard based on?
answers: text: Eastern Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What form is excepted by most speakers?
answers: text: Standard Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
answers: text: traditional ones
is_impossible: no

question: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?
is_impossible: yes

question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
is_impossible: yes
context: Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

qas: question: What is jo compro changed to ?
answers: text: jo compre
is_impossible: no

question: What common Valencian forms are used?
answers: text: many verbal forms
is_impossible: no

question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
answers: text: verbal forms
is_impossible: no

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language is parl?
is_impossible: yes
context: The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

qas: question: Where is IEC's standard used?
answers: text: the Balearic Islands
is_impossible: no

question: How is the standard used there?
answers: text: adapted for the Balearic dialect
is_impossible: no

question: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
answers: text: non-ending
is_impossible: no

question: How many genders does Catalan have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? 
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

qas: question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
answers: text: Alghero
is_impossible: no

question: What definite article is found rather than el?
answers: text: lo
is_impossible: no

question: What is -v- used for?
answers: text: imperfect tense
is_impossible: no

question: What dialect employs many archaic words?
answers: text: Alguerese
is_impossible: no

question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
answers: text: weak pronouns
is_impossible: no

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

qas: question: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
answers: text: La Franja
is_impossible: no

question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
answers: text: 2011
is_impossible: no

question: What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: Where is the language to be regulated located?
answers: text: La Franja
is_impossible: no

question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
is_impossible: yes

question: When were Castille and Aragon united?
is_impossible: yes

question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

qas: question: How is Valencian classified?
answers: text: Western dialect
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
answers: text: northwestern varieties
is_impossible: no

question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
answers: text: Western Catalonia
is_impossible: no

question: What forms are mutually intelligible?
answers: text: Catalan and Valencian
is_impossible: no

question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
answers: text: 90% to 95%
is_impossible: no

question: From what language did Catalan come?
is_impossible: yes

question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are a and e in western dialects?
is_impossible: yes
context: Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

qas: question: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
answers: text: as the same language
is_impossible: no

question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
answers: text: as the same language
is_impossible: no

question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
answers: text: the Valencian Academy of Language
is_impossible: no

question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
answers: text: Valencian Academy of Language
is_impossible: no

question: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
is_impossible: yes
context: Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

qas: question: Who established the AVL?
answers: text: Valencian parliament
is_impossible: no

question: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
answers: text: use of Valencian
is_impossible: no

question: What is the AVL standard based on?
answers: text: Norms of Castelló
is_impossible: no

question: Who uses this standard?
answers: text: everyone who writes
is_impossible: no

question: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
answers: text: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
is_impossible: no

question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
is_impossible: yes

question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language does the General Council want to promote?
is_impossible: yes
context: The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

qas: question: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
answers: text: different
is_impossible: no

question: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
answers: text: between 2001 and 2004
is_impossible: no

question: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
answers: text: younger generations
is_impossible: no

question: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
answers: text: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
is_impossible: no

question: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
answers: text: A minority
is_impossible: no

question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
is_impossible: yes

question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

qas: question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
answers: text: clash of opinions
is_impossible: no

question: When did the EU create the European Constitution?
answers: text: 2004
is_impossible: no

question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
answers: text: Spanish government
is_impossible: no

question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
is_impossible: yes

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

qas: question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
answers: text: as an archaism
is_impossible: no

question: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
answers: text: as an innovative element
is_impossible: no

question: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
answers: text: Eastern and Western
is_impossible: no

question: What language has a lexical unity?
answers: text: Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the usual masculine suffix?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language is promoted in Catalonia?
is_impossible: yes
context: Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

qas: question: What can use words from different dialects?
answers: text: Literary Catalan
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
answers: text: restricted use
is_impossible: no

question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
answers: text: 19th century
is_impossible: no

question: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
answers: text: detriment of others
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
answers: text: greater freedom of choice
is_impossible: no

question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?
is_impossible: yes

question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
is_impossible: yes
context: Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.

qas: question: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
answers: text: Greek and Latin
is_impossible: no

question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
answers: text: very early
is_impossible: no

question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
answers: text: Ramon Llull
is_impossible: no

question: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
answers: text: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
is_impossible: no

question: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
answers: text: Roís de Corella
is_impossible: no

question: What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
is_impossible: yes

question: What have many dialects replaced?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
is_impossible: yes
context: Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

qas: question: What is common in Romance languages?
answers: text: agglutination
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
answers: text: morphological
is_impossible: no

question: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
answers: text: Prefixes
is_impossible: no

question: What other word changes can occur in derivations?
answers: text: sound alternations
is_impossible: no

question: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
answers: text: affixes
is_impossible: no

question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
is_impossible: yes
context: The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

qas: question: What is the usual masculine suffix?
answers: text: -o
is_impossible: no

question: What is Catalan a variety of?
is_impossible: yes

question: To what language did Catalan display similarities?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
is_impossible: yes
context: In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:

qas: question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
answers: text: suppletive couplets
is_impossible: no

question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
answers: text: French
is_impossible: no

question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?
answers: text: Italian and Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
answers: text: French
is_impossible: no

question: What do you not need to use in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

qas: question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
answers: text: Occitan and French
is_impossible: no

question: What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?
answers: text: bullent/bullenta
is_impossible: no

question: What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
answers: text: bullent/bullenta
is_impossible: no

question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
is_impossible: yes

question: What system is common to Western Romance?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did Catalan experience defeat?
is_impossible: yes
context: There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.

qas: question: What is the usual way to make a plural?
answers: text: suffix -s
is_impossible: no

question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
answers: text: morphological alternations
is_impossible: no

question: To what are these morphological changes similar?
answers: text: gender inflection
is_impossible: no

question: What is an important plural alternation?
answers: text: addition of -o-
is_impossible: no

question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What definite article is found rather than el?
is_impossible: yes
context: As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").

qas: question: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?
answers: text: complex
is_impossible: no

question: What is much like the neighboring languages?
answers: text: inflection of determinatives
is_impossible: no

question: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
answers: text: Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: Catalan has less contractions than what language?
answers: text: Italian
is_impossible: no

question: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
answers: text: article
is_impossible: no

question: In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language did Catalan descend from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?
is_impossible: yes
context: The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

qas: question: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?
answers: text: unstressed possessives
is_impossible: no

question: What other language shares this type of construction?
answers: text: Italian
is_impossible: no

question: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?
answers: text: el meu
is_impossible: no

question: What is an example of an unstressed possessive?
answers: text: mon
is_impossible: no

question: When Catalan reach Sardinia?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
is_impossible: yes
context: Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.

qas: question: How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
answers: text: 13 distinct forms
is_impossible: no

question: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
answers: text: 11
is_impossible: no

question: What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?
answers: text: 9
is_impossible: no

question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
answers: text: 65
is_impossible: no

question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many genders does Catalan have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language has a lexical unity?
is_impossible: yes
context: The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).

qas: question: What is this distinction similar to?
answers: text: all other Romance languages
is_impossible: no

question: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?
answers: text: English
is_impossible: no

question: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?
answers: text: formality
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the usual way to make a plural?
is_impossible: yes

question: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.

qas: question: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? 
answers: text: French or Spanish
is_impossible: no

question: What do you not need to use in Catalan?
answers: text: passive voice
is_impossible: no

question: What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?
answers: text: French or English
is_impossible: no

question: What method does Spanish use to identify the object?
answers: text: preposition
is_impossible: no

question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
is_impossible: yes
context: This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).

qas: question: What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
answers: text: more complex
is_impossible: no

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
answers: text: Suffixation
is_impossible: no

question: What plays a secondary part in Catalan?
answers: text: morphological alternations
is_impossible: no

question: How are vowel alternances in Catalan?
answers: text: active
is_impossible: no

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the exception to this reduction?
is_impossible: yes
context: Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.

qas: question: What system is common to Western Romance?
answers: text: Catalan verbal system
is_impossible: no

question: What have many dialects replaced?
answers: text: synthetic indicative perfect
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
answers: text: all Western Romance
is_impossible: no

question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
is_impossible: yes

question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
is_impossible: yes

question: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.

qas: question: How are Catalan verbs grouped?
answers: text: into three conjugations
is_impossible: no

question: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
answers: text: first conjugation
is_impossible: no

question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
answers: text: 700
is_impossible: no

question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
answers: text: second
is_impossible: no

question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language did Catalan descend from?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
is_impossible: yes
context: Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

qas: question: How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
answers: text: first
is_impossible: no

question: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?
answers: text: joining both surnames
is_impossible: no

question: What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
answers: text: in
is_impossible: no

question: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
is_impossible: yes

question: What style of grammar does Catalan have?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").