Mammal

qas: question: Which specific mammal is the largest today?
answers: text: blue whale
is_impossible: no

question: Which mammal is the smallest?
answers: text: bumblebee bat
is_impossible: no

question: Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?
answers: text: elephants
is_impossible: no

question: About how small is the average bumble bee bat?
answers: text: 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)
is_impossible: no

question: What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?
is_impossible: yes

question: How small is the average fetus?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some fetuses adapted for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for a large elephant?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many species of mammals lay eggs?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
is_impossible: yes
context: Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.

qas: question: Who coined the name "mammal" from the scientific name Mammalia?
answers: text: Carl Linnaeus
is_impossible: no

question: What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?
answers: text: nurse their young with milk
is_impossible: no

question: How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?
answers: text: 5,416
is_impossible: no

question: How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?
answers: text: 153 families
is_impossible: no

question: What term  did IUCN coin in 1758?
is_impossible: yes

question: In 1758 how many mammal species were known?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was completed by Carl Linnaeus in 2006?
is_impossible: yes

question: How was the IUCN Red List grouped?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many accepted species are there according to Carl Linnaeus?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for camouflage?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?
is_impossible: yes
context: The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.

qas: question: How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?
answers: text: five species
is_impossible: no

question: Which group consist of the most mammals?
answers: text: Rodentia
is_impossible: no

question: Which group do humans belong too?
answers: text: Primates
is_impossible: no

question: Which group do cats and dogs belong too?
answers: text: Carnivora
is_impossible: no

question: What do all modern monotremes give birth to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What group do the six species of monotremes belong to? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Which monotreme consists of the most mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the monotreme that is second after Rodentia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some examples of monotremes that are part of the group Rodentia?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?
is_impossible: yes
context: Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.

qas: question: From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?
answers: text: Carboniferous period
is_impossible: no

question: When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?
answers: text: 66 million years ago
is_impossible: no

question: Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?
answers: text: sphenacodont pelycosaurs
is_impossible: no

question: When did sphenacodont pelycosaurs become extinct?
is_impossible: yes

question: What were the modern mammalian orders ancestors called?
is_impossible: yes

question: At the end of the synapsid period what non-mammal was produced?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?
is_impossible: yes

question: At the end of the Carboniferous period what did the Neogene diverge from that led to today's reptiles and birds?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?
is_impossible: yes

question: In 1758 how many mammal species were known?
is_impossible: yes
context: The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

qas: question: Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?
answers: text: Timothy Rowe
is_impossible: no

question: By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?
answers: text: Triassic
is_impossible: no

question: Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?
answers: text: therian mammals
is_impossible: no

question: How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are two examples of the most recent ancestor of the Jurassic period?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what period did mammals live?
is_impossible: yes

question: For how long have Juassic fossils been referred to the Mammalia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one thing Triassic fossils are shown to consist of according to a 19th century paper?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do small animals have compared to therians?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?
is_impossible: yes

question: During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?
is_impossible: yes
context: In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.

qas: question: Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?
answers: text: monotremes
is_impossible: no

question: Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?
answers: text: Amphilestes and Amphitherium
is_impossible: no

question: How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?
answers: text: 167 million years
is_impossible: no

question: About what year do synapsid date back to?
answers: text: 225 Ma
is_impossible: no

question: What is the earliest Ambondro that satisfies Kemp's definitions?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: What time period are fossils of the ambondro dated to in the Middle Jurassic?
is_impossible: yes

question: About what year are ambondro dated to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did basal eupelycosaurs descend from pelycosaurs?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?
is_impossible: yes
context: If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.

qas: question: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
answers: text: George Gaylord Simpson
is_impossible: no

question: Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?
answers: text: 20th
is_impossible: no

question: Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
answers: text: cladistics
is_impossible: no

question: What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened since the classification by the AMNH?
is_impossible: yes

question: What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?
is_impossible: yes

question: Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?
is_impossible: yes

question: What sub class are most placental eutherians in?
is_impossible: yes

question: In marsupials what is a plesyomorphic condition shorter than?
is_impossible: yes

question: Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?
is_impossible: yes
context: George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.

qas: question: In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?
answers: text: Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? 
answers: text: American Museum of Natural History
is_impossible: no

question: From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?
answers: text: Simpson
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Simpson inherit the project from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the book written by Simpson?
is_impossible: yes

question: What information about mammals does Simpson's book cover?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Simpson help construct with Bell?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where on the mother are the epipubic bones located?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.

qas: question: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?
answers: text: DNA analysis
is_impossible: no

question: During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?
answers: text: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria
is_impossible: no

question: Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?
answers: text: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria
is_impossible: no

question: What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?
is_impossible: yes

question: What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?
is_impossible: yes

question: When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?
is_impossible: yes

question: From what period did the first insects come from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What term  did IUCN coin in 1758?
is_impossible: yes
context: Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.

qas: question: From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
answers: text: Carboniferous
is_impossible: no

question: From which group did amniotes descendents of?
answers: text: reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods
is_impossible: no

question: Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?
answers: text: the synapsids
is_impossible: no

question: Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?
answers: text: turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds
is_impossible: no

question: What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?
answers: text: single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull
is_impossible: no

question: From what period did the first insects come from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What already inhabited the synapsids?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did amphibious tetrapods become prominent?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do amniotes have on each side of the skull?
is_impossible: yes

question: What animals were later included in the carboniferous group?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens to the outermost cells of the hypodermis?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
is_impossible: yes

question: About what year do synapsid date back to?
is_impossible: yes
context: The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.

qas: question: From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?
answers: text: pelycosaurs
is_impossible: no

question: Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?
answers: text: 265 million years ago
is_impossible: no

question: At which group did Therapsids end with?
answers: text: probainognathian cynodonts
is_impossible: no

question: When did basal eupelycosaurs descend from pelycosaurs?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the therapsid lineage do in the Middle Permian, 265 million years ago?
is_impossible: yes

question: How do Probainognathian cynodonts differ from the therapsid lineage?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some characteristics that show how mammals differ from pelycosaurs?
is_impossible: yes

question: What animal was at the end stage of the Middle Permian?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Simpson inherit the project from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?
is_impossible: yes
context: Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:

qas: question: What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?
answers: text: Permian–Triassic
is_impossible: no

question: During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?
answers: text: Triassic
is_impossible: no

question: Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?
answers: text: crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs
is_impossible: no

question: During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?
answers: text: dinosaurs
is_impossible: no

question: Why was the Jurassic a prolonged event?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the Jurassic period end?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was taken over by carnivores in the Permian-Triassic?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of animals were included in the Permian-Triassic over 35 million years?
is_impossible: yes

question: What had archosaurs come to dominate by the Jurassic?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many species of mammals lay eggs?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.

qas: question: What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? 
answers: text: shrewlike Juramaia sinensis
is_impossible: no

question: How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?
answers: text: 160 million years ago
is_impossible: no

question: In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?
answers: text: 125 million years ago
is_impossible: no

question: Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?
answers: text: placental
is_impossible: no

question: What is the oldest known feature among the marsupials?
is_impossible: yes

question: What time period is a marsupial dated to in the Early Cretaceous?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Juramaia have in common with placentals?
is_impossible: yes

question: What lineage shows some early eutherian features were lost?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the marsupial mother from the Cretaceous dated to?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much did the first primate weigh?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
is_impossible: yes
context: The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:

qas: question: How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?
answers: text: 100 to 85 million years ago
is_impossible: no

question: Which two major time periods did placentals appear?
answers: text: Eocene through the Miocene
is_impossible: no

question: Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?
answers: text: Paleocene
is_impossible: no

question: When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?
answers: text: 55 million years ago
is_impossible: no

question: How much did the first primate weigh?
answers: text: 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce)
is_impossible: no

question: Where do the earliest fossils of the Miocene come from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What have scientists identified Eocene as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the earliest ancestor of humans from about 55 million years ago?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much did the Protungulatum donnae weigh?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which group do humans belong too?
is_impossible: yes

question: How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
is_impossible: yes
context: Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

qas: question: When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?
answers: text: 164 million years ago
is_impossible: no

question: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
answers: text: 1950s
is_impossible: no

question: Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?
answers: text: Jurassic
is_impossible: no

question: What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was suggested about the Tupinambis in the Thrinaxodon in the 1950's?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do popular sources attribute foramina to?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what time is it believed the earliest known foramina existed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the modern lizard Castorocauda have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some characteristics of young chickens?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do Juramaia have in common with placentals?
is_impossible: yes
context: The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.

qas: question: Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?
answers: text: monotremes
is_impossible: no

question: Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?
answers: text: Triassic
is_impossible: no

question: Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?
answers: text: maintenance of a high and stable body temperature
is_impossible: no

question: What does evidence found suggest about monotremes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do therians need to maintain a stable body temperature?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do small animals have compared to therians?
is_impossible: yes

question: What suggests that monotremes have high metabolic rates?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do placentals use their fur covering for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many species of mammals give birth to live young?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why are ligers more fertile than donkeys?
is_impossible: yes
context: When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.

qas: question: When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?
answers: text: larynx, trachea and bronchi
is_impossible: no

question: Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?
answers: text: exercise
is_impossible: no

question: A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?
answers: text: bellows lung
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?
answers: text: blacksmith's bellows
is_impossible: no

question: When mammals take oxygen into their relaxed diaphragm, what happens to the abdominal wall?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is alveoli inspired by?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the ribcage able to passively recoil?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does contraction of the thorax do while increasing the volume of the lung cavity?
is_impossible: yes

question: When air enters the nasal cavity, what does the rib cage expand?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which specific mammal is the largest today?
is_impossible: yes

question: What lives in an omnivores digestive tract?
is_impossible: yes
context: Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.

qas: question: What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?
answers: text: 10 to 30 cells thick
is_impossible: no

question: What is the main function of the epidermis?
answers: text: to provide a waterproof layer
is_impossible: no

question: How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?
answers: text: 15 to 40 times thicker
is_impossible: no

question: What is the dermis mainly consist of?
answers: text: bony structures and blood vessels
is_impossible: no

question: What does the Hyperdermis consist of?
answers: text: adipose tissue
is_impossible: no

question: When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens to the outermost cells of the hypodermis?
is_impossible: yes

question: How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much thicker is the hypodermis from the dermis?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are two components that make up the epidermis?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a factor that determines body temperature?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many species of mammals lay eggs?
is_impossible: yes

question: How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?
is_impossible: yes
context: The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.

qas: question: What is another name used for mammalian hair?
answers: text: pelage
is_impossible: no

question: Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?
answers: text: Light-dark color
is_impossible: no

question: Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? 
answers: text: sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes
is_impossible: no

question: What is another name for camouflage?
is_impossible: yes

question: How does intraspecies communication vary?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is distribution of loci common in?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why do selective pressures favor arctic environments?
is_impossible: yes

question: What three examples show how hormone levels are important in the mate selection process?
is_impossible: yes

question: When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?
is_impossible: yes

question: What sub class are most placental eutherians in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.

qas: question: What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?
answers: text: viviparous
is_impossible: no

question: How many species of mammals lay eggs?
answers: text: five species
is_impossible: no

question: Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?
answers: text: platypus
is_impossible: no

question: The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?
answers: text: chicken
is_impossible: no

question: What makes most monotreme viviparous?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do marsupials have that is different from most mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many species of mammals give birth to live young?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some characteristics of young chickens?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do marsupials have that make them less like a therian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What have scientists identified Eocene as?
is_impossible: yes

question: To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.

qas: question: Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?
answers: text: Theria
is_impossible: no

question: Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?
answers: text: marsupial and placental
is_impossible: no

question: What is present in all non-placental mammals?
answers: text: epipubic bones
is_impossible: no

question: What sub class are most placental eutherians in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What class are placental eutherians in today?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where on the mother are the epipubic bones located?
is_impossible: yes

question: What prevents a short gestation period in full pregnancy?
is_impossible: yes

question: In marsupials what is a plesyomorphic condition shorter than?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?
is_impossible: yes
context: Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.

qas: question: Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?
answers: text: cerebrum
is_impossible: no

question: Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
answers: text: Rats
is_impossible: no

question: Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?
answers: text: prey
is_impossible: no

question: What part of the brain is larger in rats compared to the rest of the brain?
is_impossible: yes

question: With primates, what is related to intelligence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are two indications of a larger cerebrum?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are cats able to do when they find a new home?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one thing that shows a cat has a large cerebrum?
is_impossible: yes

question: From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What prevents a short gestation period in full pregnancy?
is_impossible: yes
context: In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.

qas: question: To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
answers: text: nutritious and plentiful diet
is_impossible: no

question: What does a omnivore imply?
answers: text: eats both prey and plants
is_impossible: no

question: What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
answers: text: insects
is_impossible: no

question: What determines a mammals diet type?
answers: text: The size
is_impossible: no

question: What do herbivores use to maintain a high level of bacteria for digestion?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do herbivores have because they don't need specialized digestion?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a factor that determines body temperature?
is_impossible: yes

question: What lives in an omnivores digestive tract?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are bacteria for digestion housed in an omnivore?
is_impossible: yes

question: What term  did IUCN coin in 1758?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? 
is_impossible: yes

question: To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
is_impossible: yes
context: To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).

qas: question: What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?
answers: text: clines
is_impossible: no

question: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
answers: text: liger
is_impossible: no

question: What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?
answers: text: Beefalo
is_impossible: no

question: What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?
answers: text: hybrid
is_impossible: no

question: What is a zone of resilience referred to as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does it mean when closely related species exhibit greater strength and resilience than their parents?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are some examples that show how strength and resilience is maintained in related species?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why are ligers more fertile than donkeys?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is an American bison sometimes used to entertain people?
is_impossible: yes

question: From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?
is_impossible: yes

question: When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?
is_impossible: yes

question: The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?
is_impossible: yes
context: The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.