Human_Development_Index

qas: question: Which three statistics does the HDI compile?
answers: text: life expectancy, education, and income per capita
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question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
answers: text: longer
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question: Who developed the HDI?
answers: text: Mahbub ul Haq
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question: What entity publishes the HDI?
answers: text: United Nations Development Programme
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question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
answers: text: longer
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question:  Which three statistics does the HDI ignore?
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question: Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
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question:  Who rejected the HDI?
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question:  What entity rejects the HDI?
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question: Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
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context: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

qas: question: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
answers: text: 2010
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question: What does IHDI stand for?
answers: text: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
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question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
answers: text: the HDI
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question: What happened in 2001?
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question:  What does IHDI2 stand for?
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question:  Which measures the potential underdevelopment, the HDI or the IHDI?
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context: The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

qas: question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?
answers: text: 1990
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question: Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?
answers: text: Amartya Sen
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question: Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
answers: text: people-centered policies
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question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
answers: text: 1990
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question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq reject the HDI?
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question:  Who was initially agreeing to the idea of creating the HDI?
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question:  Mahbub ul Haq didn't want to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
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question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2001 report?
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context: The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.

qas: question: What does LE stand for?
answers: text: Life expectancy at birth
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question: What does MYS stand for?
answers: text: Mean years of schooling
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question: What does EYS stand for?
answers: text: Expected years of schooling
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question: What does GNIpc stand for?
answers: text: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
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question: What does LI stand for?
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question:  What does MIS stand for?
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question:  What does EYES stand for?
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question:  What does GNLpc stand for?
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context: LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

qas: question: What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
answers: text: the United Nations Development Programme
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question:  What entity makes the defining formula for the HDMI well-known?
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question: What does UNDD stand for? 
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context: The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

qas: question: On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?
answers: text: December 14, 2015
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question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?
answers: text: 2014
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question: What happened on December 15, 2015
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question: On what date was the 2005 Human Development Report released?
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context: The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

qas: question: On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?
answers: text: July 24, 2014
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question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
answers: text: 2013
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question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
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question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2004 report?
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question: What was released on July 25 2014
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context: The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

qas: question: What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
answers: text: Inequality
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question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? 
answers: text: the average level
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question:  What does the HIHDI specifically take into account?
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question:  Does the IHDI measure the "unaverage" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?
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context: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

qas: question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
answers: text: Cuba
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question: Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?
answers: text: very high
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question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HIDI (but missing HIHDI)?
is_impossible: yes

question: s the top quartile of HDI considered "low" or "very low" human development?
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context: Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

qas: question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?
answers: text: lack of necessary data
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question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?
answers: text: North Korea
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question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2013 report?
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question: What year were all countries included?
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context: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.

qas: question: On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?
answers: text: March 14, 2013
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question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?
answers: text: 2012
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question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
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context: The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

qas: question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
answers: text: the average level
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question: Does the IHDI measure the "abnormal" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the HIDI stand for? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

qas: question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
answers: text: unavailability of certain crucial data
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question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?
answers: text: North Korea
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question: What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
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question: What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?
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question:  Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2012 report?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.

qas: question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
answers: text: November 4, 2010
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question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
answers: text: 2010
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question:  On what date was the 2012 Human Development Report released?
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question: What was released on November 5, 2010?
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question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
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context: The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

qas: question: In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?
answers: text: income, life expectancy, and education
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question: In the IHDI, inequality is never factored into what three human development dimensions?
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context: The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:

qas: question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
answers: text: unavailability of certain crucial data
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question: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
answers: text: Cuba
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question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
answers: text: High Human Development country
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question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Caribbean nation agreed with its exclusion from the 2010 report?
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question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the complete data was addressed?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.

qas: question: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
answers: text: October 5, 2009
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question: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
answers: text: period up to 2007
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question: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
answers: text: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
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question: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
answers: text: very high human development
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question: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
answers: text: developed countries
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question:  On what date was the 2008 Human Development Report released?
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question: What period is covered by the 2008 Human Development Report?
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question:  What was another title for the 2008 Human Development Report?
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question: What new category was added in the 2008 Human Development Report?
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question: How does the 2008 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
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context: The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:

qas: question: What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
answers: text: being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
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question:  What four reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.

qas: question: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?
answers: text: statistical update
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question: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?
answers: text: an accompanying Human Development Report
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question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
answers: text: up to 2006
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question:  What type of update was released on December 18, 2004?
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question:  What was the index published on December 18, 2008 complete?
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question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2002?
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context: A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.

qas: question: On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?
answers: text: November 27, 2007
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question: What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
answers: text: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world
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question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
answers: text: 2005
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question: The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?
answers: text: 2005
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question: Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
answers: text: Brasília, Brazil
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question: On what date was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report released?
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question: What came out on November 26, 2007?
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question: What was the focus of the 2005/2009 Human Development Report?
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question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2008/2009 Human Development Report?
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question:  Where was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report launched?
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context: The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

qas: question: Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?
answers: text: high income countries
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question:  Which countries experienced an increase in HDI?
is_impossible: yes
context: The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.

qas: question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country?
answers: text: 0.5
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question: On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?
answers: text: Africa
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question: What is Gabon's ranking?
answers: text: 119th
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question: What is South Africa's ranking?
answers: text: 121st
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question: What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
answers: text: Gabon and South Africa
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question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "high development" country?
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question: On which continent are all 23 of the low development countries located?
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question:  What is Pabon's ranking?
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question:  What is North Africa's ranking?
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question:  What are the two lowest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
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context: A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

qas: question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?
answers: text: 0.8
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question: Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
answers: text: Brazil
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question: What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
answers: text: Russia
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question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "low development" country?
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question: Which North American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
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question: What is the smallest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
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context: A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

qas: question: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
answers: text: red arrows
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question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
answers: text: green arrows
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question: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
answers: text: Blue dash
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question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be not present?
is_impossible: yes

question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will not be present?
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question: If a country's ranking does change, which indicator will be present?
is_impossible: yes
context: On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

qas: question: Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?
answers: text: Norway
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question: Which country has received the top rank twice?
answers: text: Iceland
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question: Which country has been ranked lowest the most number of times?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Which country has received the bottom rank twice?
is_impossible: yes
context: The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

qas: question: The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
answers: text: national performance and ranking
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question: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
answers: text: Western
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question: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
answers: text: global
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question: Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
answers: text: egalitarianism
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question: The HIDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Northern or towards Southern models of development?
is_impossible: yes

question: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on nondevelopment?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Critics of the HIDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.

qas: question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?
answers: text: three
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question: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
answers: text: 2010
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question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?
answers: text: The Economist
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question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HIDI?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what year did the ULNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2012?
is_impossible: yes
context: Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

qas: question: How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?
answers: text: 182
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question: How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?
answers: text: 169
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question: How many countries were included in the 2008 HDI?
is_impossible: yes

question:  How many countries were included in the 2011 HDI?
is_impossible: yes
context: The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.

qas: question: What represents not changing rank?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is relative to the HDI list?
is_impossible: yes
context: Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source (p. 168) calculated with the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data.

qas: question: What dashes do not represent changes in rank? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What was published in 2001?
is_impossible: yes
context: Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the new 2012 data HDI for 2011 – published in the 2012 report.

qas: question: What is the abbreviation for "very low human development" 
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question: What does HDMI mean? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.

qas: question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2012 report?
is_impossible: yes
context: The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries (equal to the top quartile):

qas: question: What arrows do not represent changes in rank
is_impossible: yes
context: Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI data for 2010 – published in the 2011 report (p. 131).

qas: question: What does HIMI stand for? 
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question: What's the abbreviation for Human non development index?
is_impossible: yes
context: Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). According to the report, the IHDI is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

qas: question: What dashes do not represent changes in rank?
is_impossible: yes
context: Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings.

qas: question: Which Caribbean nation is in the bottom quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
is_impossible: yes
context: Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.

qas: question: What arrows do not represent changes in rank?
is_impossible: yes
context: Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings.

qas: question: Why were all countries included?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.