Glacier

qas: question: How long does it take glaciers to form?
answers: text: many years, often centuries
is_impossible: no

question: Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?
answers: text: only on land
is_impossible: no

question: Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?
answers: text: sea ice and lake ice
is_impossible: no

question: What causes glaciers to deform and flow?
answers: text: stresses induced by their weight
is_impossible: no

question: What are some distinguishing glacial features?
answers: text: crevasses, seracs
is_impossible: no

question: What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight?
is_impossible: yes

question: What forms were ice accumulates?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform?
is_impossible: yes

question: What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what latitudes does low percipitation lead to permanent snow?
is_impossible: yes

question: Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?
is_impossible: yes
context: A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.

qas: question: How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?
answers: text: 99%
is_impossible: no

question: Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?
answers: text: Australia
is_impossible: no

question: How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?
answers: text: about 10 percent
is_impossible: no

question: What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?
answers: text: 2,100 m (7,000 ft)
is_impossible: no

question: What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?
answers: text: 98 percent
is_impossible: no

question: Where is 99% of the world snow contained?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can be found on every continent of the world?
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is formed when glaciers crush boulders?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many extant ice sheets exist?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is inevitable at hight latitudes?
is_impossible: yes
context: On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers.

qas: question: Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?
answers: text: glaciers
is_impossible: no

question: What causes glaciers to release meltwater?
answers: text: warmer summer temperatures
is_impossible: no

question: In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?
answers: text: Antarctic environments
is_impossible: no

question: Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?
answers: text: when other sources may be scant
is_impossible: no

question: Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?
is_impossible: yes

question: What glaciers often release place during warm periods?
is_impossible: yes

question: What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many countries contain glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes increased thickness?
is_impossible: yes
context: Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.

qas: question: At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?
answers: text: 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)
is_impossible: no

question: How many extant ice sheets exist?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?
answers: text: 70 m (230 ft)
is_impossible: no

question: What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?
answers: text: nunataks
is_impossible: no

question: Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?
answers: text: ice streams
is_impossible: no

question: What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can often be seen beneath the sheets?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where a sheets now extinct?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are ice sheets that cover the sea called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What you shelves become is a melt?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are medial moraines formed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?
is_impossible: yes

question: What lakes where formed from a mountain depression
is_impossible: yes
context: Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier.

qas: question: What are glaciers called that end in the sea?
answers: text: Tidewater glaciers
is_impossible: no

question: Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?
answers: text: Tidewater glaciers
is_impossible: no

question: Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?
answers: text: much less
is_impossible: no

question: Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?
answers: text: above
is_impossible: no

question: How are icebergs formed?
answers: text: As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve
is_impossible: no

question: What are tidal glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: Hetero icebergs form glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What affects tidewater glaciers more than others?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?
is_impossible: yes

question: Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for roche moutonnee?
is_impossible: yes
context: Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers.

qas: question: From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?
answers: text: base alone
is_impossible: no

question: Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?
answers: text: warm-based glacier
is_impossible: no

question: What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?
answers: text: partly cold-based and partly warm-based
is_impossible: no

question: What temperature determines a polar glacier?
answers: text: always below freezing point from the surface to its base
is_impossible: no

question: What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?
answers: text: melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base
is_impossible: no

question: What temperature is a polar glacier always above?
is_impossible: yes

question: What temperature is a temperate glacier always above?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is it cold basically sure able to slide?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?
is_impossible: yes

question: What fills depressions to form fjord?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is smooth on the downstream side?
is_impossible: yes
context: Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal.

qas: question: Under what circumstances do glaciers form?
answers: text: where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation
is_impossible: no

question: What is a cirque?
answers: text: The area in which a glacier forms
is_impossible: no

question: What shape is a cirque, generally?
answers: text: armchair-shaped
is_impossible: no

question: How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?
answers: text: 15 m (50 ft)
is_impossible: no

question: What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting
is_impossible: yes

question: What geological features formed by glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes a glaciers stop moving?
is_impossible: yes

question: What failure causes surges?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of deserts do glaciers form in?
is_impossible: yes

question: How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?
is_impossible: yes
context: Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice.

qas: question: What characteristics determine glacial zones?
answers: text: surface snowpack and melt conditions
is_impossible: no

question: Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?
answers: text: ablation zone
is_impossible: no

question: What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?
answers: text: equilibrium line
is_impossible: no

question: How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?
answers: text: 60–70%
is_impossible: no

question: What is based on suface ice and melt conditions?
is_impossible: yes

question: Wht line marks the center of the glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What forces underlying rock upward?
is_impossible: yes

question: What lakes where formed from a mountain depression
is_impossible: yes

question: What blankets the surface of a glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are steep on their upside and and gentle on their down side?
is_impossible: yes
context: Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques.

qas: question: Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?
answers: text: they are under low pressure
is_impossible: no

question: Which zone is the top of the glaciers?
answers: text: fracture zone
is_impossible: no

question: Why are glacial crevices formed?
answers: text: differences in glacier velocity
is_impossible: no

question: What are seracs?
answers: text: isolated peaks in the ice
is_impossible: no

question: Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?
answers: text: 46 m (150 ft)
is_impossible: no

question: Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the free flowing upper section known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: what forms where glaciers are unable to move?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide?
is_impossible: yes

question: What point do sercas form above?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which continent contains glaciers?
is_impossible: yes
context: The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs.

qas: question: Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?
answers: text: Marginal crevasses
is_impossible: no

question: Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?
answers: text: reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls
is_impossible: no

question: What do bergschrunds resemble?
answers: text: crevasses
is_impossible: no

question: How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?
answers: text: singular features at a glacier's margins
is_impossible: no

question: Where do transverse crevasses form?
answers: text: where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below?
is_impossible: yes

question: What margins to crevasses form at?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do glacial valleys run into to form paternoster lakes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes increased thickness?
is_impossible: yes
context: Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins.

qas: question: In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?
answers: text: Jakobshavn Isbræ
is_impossible: no

question: Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?
answers: text: Velocity
is_impossible: no

question: How far do glaciers generally move per day?
answers: text: 1 m (3 ft)
is_impossible: no

question: Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?
answers: text: trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits
is_impossible: no

question: What typically moves at around 3 meters a day?
is_impossible: yes

question: What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska?
is_impossible: yes

question: What makes some glaciers stagnant?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes increased thickness?
is_impossible: yes

question: what is the term for crests of ice on the glaciers surface?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a cirque?
is_impossible: yes

question: What geological features formed by glaciers?
is_impossible: yes
context: Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.

qas: question: What is a glacial surge?
answers: text: periods of very rapid advancement
is_impossible: no

question: What failure causes surges?
answers: text: failure of the underlying bedrock
is_impossible: no

question: At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?
answers: text: 90 m (300 ft) per day
is_impossible: no

question: What is the term for a gradual increase in a glaciers speed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is caused by underground water?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does accumulaion of rock under the glacier cause?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can often be seen beneath the sheets?
is_impossible: yes

question: Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?
is_impossible: yes

question: What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?
is_impossible: yes
context: A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier.

qas: question: How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?
answers: text: one km per year
is_impossible: no

question: How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?
answers: text: 6.1
is_impossible: no

question: Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?
answers: text: increasing
is_impossible: no

question: During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?
answers: text: July, August and September
is_impossible: no

question: In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?
answers: text: 2005
is_impossible: no

question: What occurs where glaciers are moving slower than 1 km per day?
is_impossible: yes

question: What peaks Every July in Iceland?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is causing a decrease in Greenlands glacial earthquakes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has been decreasing over time?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?
is_impossible: yes

question: What pushes up the mantle of the Earth?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?
is_impossible: yes
context: In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.

qas: question: What are ogives?
answers: text: alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces
is_impossible: no

question: What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?
answers: text: annual movement of the glacier
is_impossible: no

question: How are ogives formed?
answers: text: when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer
is_impossible: no

question: Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?
answers: text: consist only of undulations or color bands
is_impossible: no

question: what is the term for crests of ice on the glaciers surface?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is formed when an icefall is covered up?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do ogives prevent from accumulating?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is made of both undulations and color bands?
is_impossible: yes

question: How far do glaciers generally move per day?
is_impossible: yes

question: What helps scientists determine the speed of a glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What margins to crevasses form at?
is_impossible: yes
context: Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives.

qas: question: How many countries contain glaciers?
answers: text: fifty
is_impossible: no

question: Which continent contains glaciers?
answers: text: every continent
is_impossible: no

question: Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?
answers: text: Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps
is_impossible: no

question: Where are glaciers in Africa located?
answers: text: Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains
is_impossible: no

question: Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?
answers: text: Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet
is_impossible: no

question: What are found on every coninant including Australia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What sub-arctic islands do not have glaciers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What Australian mountain has a glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are spreading rapidly in New Guinea?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are short round bedrock knobs?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the term for a gradual increase in a glaciers speed?
is_impossible: yes
context: Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.

qas: question: Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?
answers: text: permanent snow cover
is_impossible: no

question: Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?
answers: text: 20° to 27° north
is_impossible: no

question: Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?
answers: text: 19˚N and 19˚S
is_impossible: no

question: Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?
answers: text: precipitation is higher
is_impossible: no

question: What affects the perminant ice layer needed for glaciers to form?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can be found in every country from 20 degrees to 27 degess north and south of the equator?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what latitudes does low percipitation lead to permanent snow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What temperature is a polar glacier always above?
is_impossible: yes

question: What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?
is_impossible: yes
context: The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow.

qas: question: Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?
answers: text: Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys
is_impossible: no

question: Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?
answers: text: they receive little snowfall
is_impossible: no

question: Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?
answers: text: warm air
is_impossible: no

question: What is inevitable at hight latitudes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of deserts do glaciers form in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does cold air transport?
is_impossible: yes

question: What formed in central and north Alaska during the last ice age due to the extreme cold?
is_impossible: yes

question: What you shelves become is a melt?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is formed when glaciers lack boulders?
is_impossible: yes

question: What pushes up the mantle of the Earth?
is_impossible: yes
context: Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form.

qas: question: What cause glacial stiations?
answers: text: large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock
is_impossible: no

question: What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?
answers: text: direction of the glacier's movement
is_impossible: no

question: What are chatter marks?
answers: text: lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier
is_impossible: no

question: How are chatter marks formed?
answers: text: abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released
is_impossible: no

question: What charactrerizes glacial striations?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is formed when glaciers lack boulders?
is_impossible: yes

question: What helps scientists determine the speed of a glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is formed when glaciers crush boulders?
is_impossible: yes

question: What formed in central and north Alaska during the last ice age due to the extreme cold?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are glaciers in Africa located?
is_impossible: yes

question: How is a fjord formed?
is_impossible: yes
context: Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock.

qas: question: When are glacial moraines visible?
answers: text: after the glacier has retreated
is_impossible: no

question: How are glacial moraines formed?
answers: text: deposition of material from a glacier
is_impossible: no

question: Where are lateral moraines found?
answers: text: sides of the glacier
is_impossible: no

question: How are medial moraines formed?
answers: text: when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier
is_impossible: no

question: What are ground moraines also called?
answers: text: glacial drift
is_impossible: no

question: What are no longer visable after a glacier retreats?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of moraines are formed at the begining of the glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What mraines are formed when two ice sheets meet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What blankets the surface of a glacier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are upslope from the equilibrium line?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are ogives?
is_impossible: yes

question: How large are roche moutonnee?
is_impossible: yes

question: What failure causes surges?
is_impossible: yes
context: Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.

qas: question: What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?
answers: text: characteristic "V" shape
is_impossible: no

question: What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation?
answers: text: eroding water
is_impossible: no

question: How is a fjord formed?
answers: text: a glacial valley runs into a large body of water
is_impossible: no

question: What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?
answers: text: "U"-shaped
is_impossible: no

question: What has a V shape after a glacier recedes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are U shaped before glaciation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What fills depressions to form fjord?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do glacial valleys run into to form paternoster lakes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can be found in every country from 20 degrees to 27 degess north and south of the equator?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?
is_impossible: yes

question: What temperature is a polar glacier always above?
is_impossible: yes
context: Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.

qas: question: On which side is a cirque opened?
answers: text: the side that descends into the valley
is_impossible: no

question: Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?
answers: text: Cirques
is_impossible: no

question: What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?
answers: text: arête
is_impossible: no

question: What are extremely steep cirques called?
answers: text: horns
is_impossible: no

question: How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?
answers: text: three sides
is_impossible: no

question: What is on the side that ascends out of a valley?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do cirques gorm in mountains?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are shallow cirques called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What fills depressions to form fjord?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is made of both undulations and color bands?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are tidal glaciers?
is_impossible: yes
context: At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns.

qas: question: What is another name for roche moutonnee?
answers: text: "sheepback" rock
is_impossible: no

question: What are roche moutonnee?
answers: text: elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion
is_impossible: no

question: How large are roche moutonnee?
answers: text: less than a meter to several hundred meters long
is_impossible: no

question: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "up" side?
answers: text: gentle slope
is_impossible: no

question: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "down" side?
answers: text: steep to vertical face
is_impossible: no

question: what are ice formations made by glaciers called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are short round bedrock knobs?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are steep on their upside and and gentle on their down side?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is smooth on the downstream side?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are medial moraines formed?
is_impossible: yes

question: With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is inevitable at hight latitudes?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking.

qas: question: Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?
answers: text: Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.
is_impossible: no

question: What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?
answers: text: Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers
is_impossible: no

question: With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?
answers: text: very slowly
is_impossible: no

question: How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?
answers: text: a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness
is_impossible: no

question: Where has post-glacial rebound stopped occuring?
is_impossible: yes

question: What totals a thirs of the glaciers length?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens quickly after the ice sheet melts?
is_impossible: yes

question: What pushes up the mantle of the Earth?
is_impossible: yes

question: What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?
is_impossible: yes

question: what is the term for crests of ice on the glaciers surface?
is_impossible: yes
context: Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.