Estonian_language

qas: question: What country has Estonian as its official language?
answers: text: Estonian
is_impossible: no

question: In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
answers: text: 1.1 million
is_impossible: no

question: Of what language family is Estonian a part of?
answers: text: Uralic
is_impossible: no

question: On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?
answers: text: Finnic
is_impossible: no

question: How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?
answers: text: tens of thousands
is_impossible: no

question: Where can the direct object of the noun be found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
is_impossible: yes
context: Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

qas: question: Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
answers: text: linguists
is_impossible: no

question: What are the phonemic length's three degrees?
answers: text: short, long, and "overlong"
is_impossible: no

question: What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?
answers: text: the underlying phonological mechanism
is_impossible: no

question: Who isn't interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not a distinctive feature? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Underlong is a degree of what length? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the three degrees of phonemic width? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What dialect is also known as the middle dialect?
is_impossible: yes

question: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?
is_impossible: yes
context: One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]

qas: question: What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?
answers: text: Finnic
is_impossible: no

question: What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?
answers: text: Finnish, Karelian
is_impossible: no

question: What language group is Estonian not a part of?
answers: text: Indo-European languages
is_impossible: no

question: What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
answers: text: Hungarian and to the Sami languages
is_impossible: no

question: What Uralic language branch does not contain Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What Uralic language branch does not contain Finnish?
is_impossible: yes

question: What Uralic language branch does not contain Karelian? 
is_impossible: yes

question:  What languages are very close to Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What languages are not related to Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is another term for words Aavik destroyed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of a partial object?
is_impossible: yes
context: Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.

qas: question: Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?
answers: text: Baltic Germans
is_impossible: no

question: Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?
answers: text: Middle Low German
is_impossible: no

question: Baltic Germans spoke which language? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What German language did not influence Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is Middle Low German spoken today? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Which language did Russian not influence? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What year did Estonia fail at getting independence? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is performed by the undetermined subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?
is_impossible: yes
context: Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

qas: question: What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?
answers: text: vowel
is_impossible: no

question: What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? 
answers: text: agglutinative
is_impossible: no

question: In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
answers: text: subject–verb–object
is_impossible: no

question:  What kind of harmony has Estonian not lost?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What language features do Estonian, Finish and Hungarian differ?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what order are words put in sentences in the Finnish language?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what order are words put in sentences in the Hungarian language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What made it shift from a fusional language to an agglutinative one?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aavik's ex nihilo terms were not influenced by what?
is_impossible: yes
context: Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.

qas: question: What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?
answers: text: North and South Estonian languages
is_impossible: no

question: What are East and West Estonian languages based on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect?
is_impossible: yes

question: The two waves of migration into Estonian spoke the exact same type of what language? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the maximum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Why is the accusative rejected?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?
is_impossible: yes

question: Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
is_impossible: yes
context: The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.

qas: question: When did the Northern Crusades happen?
answers: text: 13th century to 1918
is_impossible: no

question: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
answers: text: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia
is_impossible: no

question: Following the crusades which country was dominated?
answers: text: Estonia
is_impossible: no

question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
answers: text: indigenous literacy
is_impossible: no

question: When didn't the Northern Crusades happen?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Which countries didn't take part in the Northern Crusades?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Following the crusades which country was not dominated?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up beginning in Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What country was involved in the Eastern Crusades?
is_impossible: yes

question: How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dialect is also known as the central dialect?
is_impossible: yes

question: Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?
is_impossible: yes
context: The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

qas: question: How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
answers: text: 13th century
is_impossible: no

question: Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
answers: text: Originates Livoniae
is_impossible: no

question: Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
answers: text: Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
is_impossible: no

question: Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
answers: text: words and fragments of sentences.
is_impossible: no

question:  Where can records of Estonian place names not be found?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Chronicle does not contain the Originates Livoniae?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the last century fo Estonia's Finnic language? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When is the most recent written records of Finnic Languages of Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what book were place names, words and fragments of sentences were not included?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is the dialect from the city of Peipsi?
is_impossible: yes

question: What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened to Estonia during WWI from the Soviet Union?
is_impossible: yes
context: The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.

qas: question: What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
answers: text: a Lutheran manuscript
is_impossible: no

question: When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
answers: text: 1524 and 1528
is_impossible: no

question: What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
answers: text: destroyed
is_impossible: no

question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
answers: text: immediately after publication
is_impossible: no

question:  What was the last Estonian language book to be published?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the first prayers? 
is_impossible: yes

question:  What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1524?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript published?
is_impossible: yes

question: What manuscript was written in 1528?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
is_impossible: yes
context: The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

qas: question: What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?
answers: text: S. Wanradt and J. Koell
is_impossible: no

question: In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?
answers: text: 1535
is_impossible: no

question: What type of book was it?
answers: text: bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism
is_impossible: no

question: What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?
answers: text: An Estonian grammar book
is_impossible: no

question: What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?
answers: text: 1637
is_impossible: no

question: Who wrote the last Estonian book? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What book was published in Eastern Estonia in 1715?
is_impossible: yes

question: What book was not used by priests in 1637?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote in Eastern Estonian? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the grammar book in 1637? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Ado Grenzstein die?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the three degrees of phonemic width? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.

qas: question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
answers: text: Kristjan Jaak Peterson
is_impossible: no

question: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?
answers: text: patriotic and philosophical
is_impossible: no

question: When was Peterson born?
answers: text: March 14
is_impossible: no

question: What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?
answers: text: Mother Tongue Day
is_impossible: no

question: What university did Peterson attend?
answers: text: German-language University of Dorpat
is_impossible: no

question: Which Estonian playwright works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson novels on?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose birthday is on March 13th? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What day is Father Tongue Day on?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What university was Peterson rejected from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?
is_impossible: yes

question: Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
is_impossible: yes
context: The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

qas: question: In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?
answers: text: 23,868
is_impossible: no

question: In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?
answers: text: 14,503
is_impossible: no

question: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?
answers: text: Estonian
is_impossible: no

question: How many books were published in Etonian before 1525?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many Estonian books were published after 1917 through today?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many books were published before 1918?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many books were published after 1940?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the three degrees of phonemic width? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an determined subject?
is_impossible: yes
context: From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

qas: question: What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?
answers: text: Age of Enlightenment
is_impossible: no

question: Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
answers: text: Baltic Germans
is_impossible: no

question: Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?
answers: text: Estophile educated class
is_impossible: no

question: Who conquered the ancient Estonians?
answers: text: Danes and Germans
is_impossible: no

question: When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?
answers: text: 13th century
is_impossible: no

question:  What Age's ideas did not allow Estonian writings to gain significance?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who did not want their future to be fused with Estonians?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who had did not like the ancient Estonian culture?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who conquered the ancient Danes?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who conquered the ancient Germans?
is_impossible: yes

question: What city is north of Tallinn? 
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
is_impossible: yes
context: Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.

qas: question: What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?
answers: text: 1919
is_impossible: no

question: After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?
answers: text: Estonian
is_impossible: no

question: What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?
answers: text: 97.3%
is_impossible: no

question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?
answers: text: Estonian
is_impossible: no

question: What year did Estonia have a civil war? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of Estonians did not speak Estonian in 1945?
is_impossible: yes

question: What war took place in 1945?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language did ethnic Estonians refuse to speak?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year did Estonia fail at getting independence? 
is_impossible: yes

question: In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?
is_impossible: yes

question: In nominative cases what never agrees with the noun in number and case?
is_impossible: yes
context: After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

qas: question: What happened to Estonia during WWII?
answers: text: invaded and occupied
is_impossible: no

question: Who invaded Estonia?
answers: text: Soviet Union
is_impossible: no

question: After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?
answers: text: Russian
is_impossible: no

question: What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?
answers: text: Latvia
is_impossible: no

question: What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?
answers: text: pressure of bilingualism
is_impossible: no

question: What country did not occupy Estonia? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened to Estonia during WWI from the Soviet Union?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What became more intense in the early 1970's in Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the third language of Estonia? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What language was terms the "language of enemy nations"?
is_impossible: yes

question: Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?
is_impossible: yes

question: In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced?
is_impossible: yes
context: When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary.

qas: question: What historical event once again freed Estonia?
answers: text: collapse of the Soviet Union
is_impossible: no

question: Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?
answers: text: Estonian
is_impossible: no

question: What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?
answers: text: Russian
is_impossible: no

question: What came into being in January 1989?
answers: text: The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language
is_impossible: no

question: What historical event once again enslaved Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: Following the Soviet rise what became the only official Estonian Language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What language became less popular prior to the Soviet collapse? 
is_impossible: yes

question:  What came into being in February 1989?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Russian encouraged to be used in Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the three degrees of phonemic width? 
is_impossible: yes

question: On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh?
is_impossible: yes

question: Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?
is_impossible: yes
context: During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged.

qas: question: Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?
answers: text: above 70%
is_impossible: no

question: When Soviet immigrants joined Estonia, how many Estonians lived in Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many native Estonians adopted Estonian? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of Estonians spoke Russian in 2000?
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of Soviets spoke Estonian? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of Latvians spoke Russian?  
is_impossible: yes

question:  What kind of harmony has Estonian not lost?
is_impossible: yes

question: What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question: Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
is_impossible: yes
context: The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census.

qas: question: How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?
answers: text: two
is_impossible: no

question: What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?
answers: text: the northern and southern dialects
is_impossible: no

question: What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?
answers: text: Tallinn
is_impossible: no

question: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
answers: text: the northeastern coast of Estonia
is_impossible: no

question: What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?
answers: text: Tartu
is_impossible: no

question: What city is north of Tallinn? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What city is south of Tartu? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the city where the eastern dialect was historically spoken?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Where is the kirderanniku dialect not spoken?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the accusative used for?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.

qas: question: What dialect is also known as the central dialect?
answers: text: the keskmurre
is_impossible: no

question: What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?
answers: text: the idamurre or eastern dialect
is_impossible: no

question: What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?
answers: text: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa
is_impossible: no

question: What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?
answers: text: the läänemurre
is_impossible: no

question: What dialect is also known as the middle dialect?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is the dialect from the city of Peipsi?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dialects of the southern group are spoken on the saarte murre?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for Estonian's southern dialect?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
is_impossible: yes

question: What vowels are not separate phonemes?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many Estonian books were published after 1917 through today?
is_impossible: yes
context: The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi.

qas: question: What dialects comprise the southern group?
answers: text: the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects
is_impossible: no

question: More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?
answers: text: their culture
is_impossible: no

question: Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?
answers: text: separate languages altogether
is_impossible: no

question: What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?
answers: text: Christian
is_impossible: no

question:  What dialects do not comprise the southern group?
is_impossible: yes

question: How are the seto and voro communties similar?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What religion is rejected by the Seto and Võro?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two letters can never be replaced with each other in Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What university was Peterson rejected from?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
is_impossible: yes
context: The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.

qas: question: From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet?
answers: text: Latin
is_impossible: no

question: What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?
answers: text: Finnish
is_impossible: no

question: In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced?
answers: text: [æ], as in English mat
is_impossible: no

question:  From what script does the Swedish language get its alphabet?
is_impossible: yes

question:  From what script does the German language get its alphabet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What vowels are not separate phonemes?
is_impossible: yes

question: What letters are not limited to proper names of foreign origin?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose birthday is on March 13th? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the Northern Crusades happen?
is_impossible: yes

question: Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?
is_impossible: yes
context: Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish (when followed by 'r'), Ä is pronounced [æ], as in English mat. The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/, unrounded /o/, or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ, and is used to transcribe the Russian ы.

qas: question: What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?
answers: text: phonemic principles
is_impossible: no

question: To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?
answers: text: one
is_impossible: no

question: What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle?
answers: text: some historical and morphological deviations
is_impossible: no

question: On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh?
answers: text: Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž
is_impossible: no

question: What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative?
answers: text: Pasha (pas-ha)
is_impossible: no

question:  What principles never govern the Estonian orthography?
is_impossible: yes

question: On what occasions are š and ž replaced with ch and zu?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is an example of a word not containing a voiceless glottal fricative?
is_impossible: yes

question: Foreign names are not considered what? 
is_impossible: yes

question: How many cases to verbs decline?
is_impossible: yes

question: What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many cases to verbs decline?
is_impossible: yes
context: Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names.

qas: question:  In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?
answers: text: Newer Orthography
is_impossible: no

question: Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?
answers: text: Eduard Ahrens
is_impossible: no

question: In what century was the Newer Orthography created?
answers: text: 19th century
is_impossible: no

question: Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?
answers: text: Older Orthography
is_impossible: no

question: From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?
answers: text: standard German orthography
is_impossible: no

question: In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography reject?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Eduard Ahrens born? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Eduard Ahrens die?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Newer Orthography end? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When did German orthography stop being influential?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Germany?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What sort of form is Estonian moving away from into?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are East and West Estonian languages based on?
is_impossible: yes
context: Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.

qas: question: In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?
answers: text: Russian
is_impossible: no

question: What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?
answers: text: Encyclopædia Britannica
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?
answers: text: "ostrov Khiuma"
is_impossible: no

question: What famous encyclopedia contains a Estonian back-transliteration of Russian?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Estonian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Estonian translation of ostrov?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Estonian translation of Khiuma?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Peterson born?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another name for Estonian's southern dialect?
is_impossible: yes
context: It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g., Pyussi instead of Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma).

qas: question: What is the typological form of Estonian?
answers: text: transitional
is_impossible: no

question: What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?
answers: text: an agglutinating language
is_impossible: no

question: What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?
answers: text: a fusional language
is_impossible: no

question: How are words ordered in Estonian canonically?
answers: text: subject–verb–object
is_impossible: no

question:  What is not the typological form of Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What sort of form is Estonian moving away from into?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the incorrect order of words in Estonian canonically?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many cases to verbs decline?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Where can records of Estonian place names not be found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect?
is_impossible: yes
context: Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object).

qas: question: What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?
answers: text: Estonian
is_impossible: no

question: In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case?
answers: text: adjectives
is_impossible: no

question: What language relies on gendered nouns and pronouns?
is_impossible: yes

question: In nominative cases what never agrees with the noun in number and case?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? 
is_impossible: yes

question: How many cases to verbs decline?
is_impossible: yes

question: What letters are not limited to proper names of foreign origin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What historical event once again enslaved Estonia?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can the direct object of the noun be found?
is_impossible: yes
context: In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to the Proto-Finnic language, elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Pohjanmaa dialect of Finnish maja – majahan.

qas: question: What other language has a telicity contrast?
answers: text: Finnish
is_impossible: no

question: Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?
answers: text: partitive
is_impossible: no

question: What is the accusative used for?
answers: text: total objects
is_impossible: no

question: What language does not have a telicity contrast?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can the direct object of the noun be found?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Why is the accusative rejected?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is an example of a partial object?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does a transitive noun create?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Eduard Ahrens born? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

qas: question: From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?
answers: text: verbal system
is_impossible: no

question: What is used in place of the future tense?
answers: text: present tense
is_impossible: no

question: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?
answers: text: special forms
is_impossible: no

question:  From what system is a distinctive future tense prominent?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is used in place of the past tense?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an determined subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is performed by the undetermined subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
is_impossible: yes

question:  Who did not want their future to be fused with Estonians?
is_impossible: yes
context: The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

qas: question: Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
answers: text: Germanic languages
is_impossible: no

question: What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?
answers: text: Low Saxon
is_impossible: no

question: When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?
answers: text: during the period of German rule
is_impossible: no

question: From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?
answers: text: High German
is_impossible: no

question: Standard German is part of what Germanic language?
answers: text: High German
is_impossible: no

question: What language does Estonian have very close origins with? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Low Saxon stop being part of the Estonian language?
is_impossible: yes

question: From what non-Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?
is_impossible: yes

question: Non-Standard German is part of what Germanic language?
is_impossible: yes

question: Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which language did Russian not influence? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the accusative used for?
is_impossible: yes
context: Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

qas: question: What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?
answers: text: 'b' & 'p'
is_impossible: no

question: What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?
answers: text: The initial letter 's' is often dropped
is_impossible: no

question: In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?
answers: text: pagas
is_impossible: no

question: What two letters can never be replaced with each other in Estonian?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What happens to the first letter when a word starts with an 'L'?
is_impossible: yes

question: In an example of replacing 's' with 'g' how is 'baggage' pronounced?
is_impossible: yes

question: What word does Tool become when you apply the interchangeable rule?
is_impossible: yes

question: What word does Loopima become when you drop the appropriate letter?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Peterson born?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened to Estonia during WWII?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who conquered the ancient Estonians?
is_impossible: yes
context: Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

qas: question: Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?
answers: text: Ado Grenzstein
is_impossible: no

question: In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?
answers: text: 1870s–90s
is_impossible: no

question: What is another term for making up words from nothing?
answers: text: formation ex nihilo
is_impossible: no

question: Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?
answers: text: Ado Grenzstein
is_impossible: no

question:  Who was the journalist refused to be a language planner?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Germany?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was Ado Grenzstein born?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Ado Grenzstein die?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the word for creating new words out of old words?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of book was it?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the city where the eastern dialect was historically spoken?
is_impossible: yes

question: What percentage of Estonians spoke Russian in 2000?
is_impossible: yes
context: Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

qas: question: Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?
answers: text: Johannes Aavik
is_impossible: no

question: What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?
answers: text: 1880–1973
is_impossible: no

question: What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?
answers: text: creations ex nihilo
is_impossible: no

question: In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?
answers: text: Aavik’s dictionary
is_impossible: no

question: How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?
answers: text: approximately 4000
is_impossible: no

question: Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the least well known?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik lived in Germany?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of old words?
is_impossible: yes

question:  In what publication were examples of ex nihilo words eliminated?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dictionary has under 3000 words?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What vowels are not separate phonemes?
is_impossible: yes
context: The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

qas: question: What languages did Aavik know?
answers: text: Ancient Greek, Latin and French
is_impossible: no

question: When was Aavik's dictionary published?
answers: text: 1921
is_impossible: no

question: What is another term for words created by Aavik?
answers: text: Aavikisms
is_impossible: no

question: Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?
answers: text: foreign lexical items
is_impossible: no

question: What languages did Aavik create?
is_impossible: yes

question:  When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What is another term for words Aavik destroyed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Aavik's ex nihilo terms were not influenced by what?
is_impossible: yes

question: From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?
is_impossible: yes

question:  What principles never govern the Estonian orthography?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who invaded Estonia?
is_impossible: yes
context: Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.