Federalism

qas: question: What is federalism? 
answers: text: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government
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question: In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? 
answers: text: division of powers between two levels of government of equal status
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question: What type of governments are included in federalism? 
answers: text: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments
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question: How many governments are apart of federalism?
answers: text: relationship of parity between the two levels of government
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question: What isn't federalism?
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question: What features are indistinctive of federalism? 
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question: What document rejected modern federalist government?
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question: What distinguishes Federalism from no other types of government?
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question: Federalism combines what three types of government?
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question: What may guarantee the self-governing status of the incompetent states?
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question: What do scholars think of federalism?
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question: What isn't Ireland Act 1914?
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context: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

qas: question: Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? 
answers: text: a division of sovereignty between two levels of government
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question: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? 
answers: text: final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.
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question: When was federalism put into place? 
answers: text: The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century
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question: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? 
answers: text: the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established
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question: What is an example of a federal union? 
answers: text: the European Union
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question: What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was possible?
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question: Old research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?
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question: What organization is a leading example of a local union?
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question: What distinguishes Federalism from other single-level governments?
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question: What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the partial?
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question: What is each city divided into?
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question: What did James Madison referred to the new United Nations as? 
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question: What does federalism mean in Europe? 
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context: Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.

qas: question: What is the Latin word for federalism? 
answers: text: foedus
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question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? 
answers: text: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.
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question: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? 
answers: text: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both
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question: What isn't the Latin word for federalism? 
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question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 17th century? 
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question: What did James Madison referred to the old United States as? 
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question: What did John Madison referred to the new United States as? 
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question: What did James Madison referred to the new United Nations as? 
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question: What was the constitution never provided for? 
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question: What does Spain's government accounts for?
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question: What does no components state of federation possess?
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context: The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

qas: question: Where does the federalist model work best in? 
answers: text: homogeneous states
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question: What are homogeneous states? 
answers: text: United States, Germany or Australia
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question: Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?
answers: text: Canada
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question: What countries did the federalist model fail in? 
answers: text: Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia
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question: What countries dismissed the federalist model? 
answers: text: Ukraine or Syria
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question: Where does the federalist model work worst in? 
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question: What aren't homogeneous states? 
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question: Where can't tensions be found in the federalist countries?
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question: What countries did the federalist model succeed in? 
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question: What countries embraced the federalist model? 
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question: What is federalism? 
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question: What are anarchists not against? 
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question: In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology not do?
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context: Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.

qas: question: In the United States, what was federalism referred to? 
answers: text: belief in a stronger central government.
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question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? 
answers: text: stronger central government
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question: What did anti-federalist support? 
answers: text: weaker central government
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question: On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? 
answers: text: federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state
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question: In the United States, what wasn't federalism referred to? 
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question: When the U.S Constitution was being erased, what did the federalist party support? 
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question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? 
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question: What did anti-federalist oppose?
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question: On the political spectrum, where doesn't federalism stand? 
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question: What did the court reject in 1995?
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question: Why is China's government not similar to unity structure?
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question: What happens without the Brussels special position?
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context: In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.

qas: question: Who has a greater history of unitary states? 
answers: text: Europe
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question: What does federalism mean in Europe? 
answers: text: weaker central government, relative to a unitary state
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question: What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? 
answers: text: judiciary
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question: Who has a lesser history of unitary states? 
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question: Who has a greater history of solitary states? 
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question: What doesn't federalism mean in Europe? 
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question: What branch doesn't the United States want to limit under the federalist model?
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question: What branch does the United Nations want to limit under the federalist model?
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question: What is each state divided into?
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question: When is a federation formed?
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question: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? 
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context: In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).

qas: question: What happened on January 1st 1901?
answers: text: nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation
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question: When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?
answers: text: 1788
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question: Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? 
answers: text: United States of America
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question: What was established when Australia was colonized? 
answers: text: six, eventually self-governing, colonies
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question: What happened on January 21st 1901?
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question: When did the United Kingdom leave the Australian continent?
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question: When didn't the United Kingdom colonize the Australian continent?
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question: Which model is of federalism is opposite to the federalism model in Australia? 
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question: What was abolished when Australia was colonized? 
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question: What passed on July 18, 2007?
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question: What happened between 1938 to 1959?
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question: How did the federal war start? 
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context: On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified, self-governing "Commonwealth" within the British Empire. When all the colonies voted in favour of federation, the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system.

qas: question: When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?
answers: text: 1889
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question: Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?
answers: text: military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca.
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question: When did Brazil adopt federalism? 
answers: text: 1891
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question: What other system does Brazil use? 
answers: text: Fonseca system
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question: What is the fonseca system? 
answers: text: regulate interstate trade
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question: When was Brazil's rise of the monarchy?
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question: Who didn't cause the fall of the monarchy that happened in Brazil?
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question: When did Brazil reject federalism? 
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question: What other system does Brazil reject? 
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question: What isn't the fonseca system?
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question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to communism?
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question: What isn't the Libson treaty?
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question: What is each city divided into?
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context: In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.

qas: question: What is the government of India based on? 
answers: text: tiered system
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question: What is a tiered system? 
answers: text: the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers
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question: What was the constitution originally provided for? 
answers: text: two-tier system of government
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question: When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? 
answers: text: Panchayats and Municipalities
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question: What isn't the government of India based on?
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question: What isn't a tiered system? 
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question: What was the constitution originally not provided for? 
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question: What was the constitution never provided for? 
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question: When the third tiere was taken off, what is it in form of? 
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question: What is the libson treaty?
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question: Federalism combines what three types of government?
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question: Why is Spain a part of federalism?
is_impossible: yes
context: The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:

qas: question: What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?
answers: text: asymmetric
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question: What does Article 370 say?
answers: text: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession
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question: What does Article 371 say?
answers: text: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim
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question: What happens with President's Rule?
answers: text: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months
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question: What isn't a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?
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question: What does Article 307 say?
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question: What does Article 317 say?
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question: What never happens with President's Rule?
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question: What happens with Prime Minister's Rule?
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question: What is the meaning of anti-federalism?
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question: How did the federal war end? 
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question: When the third tiere was taken off, what is it in form of? 
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context: A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.

qas: question: Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?
answers: text: Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg
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question: Who opposed the European Federalism? 
answers: text: United Kingdom, Denmark and France
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question: When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? 
answers: text: Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995
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question: Who is the strongest opponent of the European Federalism?
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question: Who supported the European Federalism?
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question: When did the English authorities adopt the pro-European Unification position? 
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question: When did the French authorities reject the pro-European Unification position? 
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question: When didn't the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? 
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question: What type of songs have been added to the Philippines Constitution? 
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question: What type of federalism system does Spain reject?
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question: What happened between 1938 to 1959?
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context: Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative presidents and governments). Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best "insurance" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.

qas: question: When did the federal war end?
answers: text: 1863
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question: How did the federal war end? 
answers: text: with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces
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question: What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? 
answers: text: "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America
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question: In this type of federation each country had its own what? 
answers: text: President
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question: When did the federal war start?
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question: How did the federal war start? 
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question: What did the United States of Venezuela reject?
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question: What did the United States of America incorporate?
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question: In this type of federation each country had shared what? 
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question: What never happened in Federalist No.46?
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question: What are the Flemish representatives not in favor of?
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question: Where does the federalist model work worst in? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a "President" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of "State Armies," while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.

qas: question: How many components does the Belgian federalism have? 
answers: text: three components
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question: What passed on July 18, 2007?
answers: text: Brussels' parliament
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question: What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?
answers: text: Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party
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question: What is Belgian Federalism? 
answers: text: the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.
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question: How many components does the Belgian federalism not have? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What passed on July 18, 2007?
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question: What didn't pass on July 18, 2008?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the Flemish representatives not in favor of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't Belgian Federalism? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of governments are included in federalism? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Can the citizens of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? 
is_impossible: yes
context: On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, "Brussels would take an attitude". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:

qas: question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?
answers: text: the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements.
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question: Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? 
answers: text: Basque Country and Navarre
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question: Where are the main taxes taken?
answers: text: Madrid
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question: How did they ignore the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to communism?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which cities aren't recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Socialist Constitution? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are the main taxes ignored?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the court accept in 1995?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? 
is_impossible: yes

question: In the United States, what wasn't federalism referred to? 
is_impossible: yes
context: However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities.

qas: question: What are anarchists against? 
answers: text: State
is_impossible: no

question: What are anarchists not against? 
answers: text: not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.
is_impossible: no

question: What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? 
answers: text: federalism or confederalism
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question: What are anarchists for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What aren't anarchists against?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are anarchists against?
is_impossible: yes

question: What mode of government does the anarchists hate? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What mode of sports does the anarchists prefer? 
is_impossible: yes

question: China is the largest what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the meaning of federalism?
is_impossible: yes
context: Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:

qas: question: Who can elect the members of the upper house? 
answers: text: government or legislature
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question: Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? 
answers: text: indirectly
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question: Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? 
answers: text: directly
is_impossible: no

question: Who can't elect the members of the upper house? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who can elect the leaders of the upper house? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Can the members of the upper house be impeached directly or indirectly? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Can the members of the lower house be impeached directly or indirectly? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Can the citizens of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is federalist paper no. 39?
is_impossible: yes

question: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the expressed powers? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.

qas: question: What is federalism seen as? 
answers: text: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries
is_impossible: no

question: What does federalism allow?
answers: text: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level
is_impossible: no

question: What do scholars think of federalism?
answers: text: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries
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question: What isn't federalism seen as? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is communism seen as? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What doesn't federalism allow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does federalism not allow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What don't scholars think of federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of state is Spain?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do scholars think of federalism?
is_impossible: yes
context: Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

qas: question: What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? 
answers: text: changed towards a generally autonomous model
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question: When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?
answers: text: in the aftermath of the Soviet Union
is_impossible: no

question: Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? 
answers: text: Boris Yeltsin
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question: Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? 
answers: text: Vladimir Putin
is_impossible: no

question: What happened to Prussia's subdivision of government?
is_impossible: yes

question: When wasn't Russia's subdivision liberalized?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wasn't in charge when the reform was going on? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was in charge when the reforms was scrapped? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who escalted some reforms from Yeltsin? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who can elect the leaders of the upper house? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the court accept in 1995?
is_impossible: yes

question: The US Constitution doesn't say what to amendments? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.

qas: question: What is federalism in the United States?
answers: text: ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States
is_impossible: no

question: How has the American government evolved?
answers: text: American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.
is_impossible: no

question: What happened in Federalist No.46?
answers: text: James Madison asserted that the states and national government
is_impossible: no

question: What happened in Federalist No. 28
answers: text: "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit
is_impossible: no

question: What is federalism out the United States?
is_impossible: yes

question: How has the American government devolved?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened in Federalist No.64?
is_impossible: yes

question: What never happened in Federalist No.46?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened in Federalist No. 82
is_impossible: yes

question: How many components does the Belgian political landscape exclude?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the German Empire?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened since 1997?
is_impossible: yes
context: Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1)

qas: question: Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? 
answers: text: Because the states were preexisting political entities
is_impossible: no

question: What is another word for express powers? 
answers: text: enumerated powers
is_impossible: no

question: Where can we find express powers?
answers: text: in the Constitution
is_impossible: no

question: What are the expressed powers? 
answers: text: the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce.
is_impossible: no

question: What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? 
answers: text: gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers
is_impossible: no

question: Why did the constitution have to explain federalism? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another word for suppress powers? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can we find suppress powers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the suppressed powers? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the Unnecessary and Proper Clause do? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the structures of the local government incorporate?
is_impossible: yes

question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the court reject in 1949?
is_impossible: yes
context: Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.

qas: question: What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?
answers: text: Democratic-Republicans
is_impossible: no

question: What did the democratic-republican party believe in?
answers: text: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked
is_impossible: no

question: Who decided the rights in specific cases?
answers: text: the judicial system of courts
is_impossible: no

question: What was the federalist party of the United States in support of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the federalist party of the United Nations opposed to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the democratic-republican party not believe in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the democratic-republican party oppose?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who decided the rights in all cases?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does federations never employ?
is_impossible: yes

question: Does England have its own Parliament?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has the process of devolution in the UK did?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive had too much power, and that there was no check on the executive; a dictator would arise; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator (then believed to eventually be the president) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens. The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights. Rather, rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts.

qas: question: What is the meaning of federalism?
answers: text: as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context
is_impossible: no

question: What types of movements are associated with federalism?
answers: text: Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.
is_impossible: no

question: What countries advocate for a strong central government?
answers: text: United States and Australia
is_impossible: no

question: What isn't the meaning of federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the meaning of anti-federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of movements aren't associated with federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of non-movements are associated with federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What countries are against a strong central government?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened between 1938 to 1995?
is_impossible: yes

question: What never happens in the council of Jerusalem?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?
is_impossible: yes
context: The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as "federalists" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration. In contrast, in Spain and in post-war Germany, federal movements have sought decentralisation: the transfer of power from central authorities to local units. In Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades, the "federalist" impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada.

qas: question: What happened between 1938 to 1995?
answers: text: the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause.
is_impossible: no

question: What are most actions in the federal government known as?
answers: text: Commerce Clause
is_impossible: no

question: What did the court reject in 1995?
answers: text: the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision
is_impossible: no

question: What did the court reject in 1994?
answers: text: rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act
is_impossible: no

question: What does the commerce clause include?
answers: text: include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision
is_impossible: no

question: What happened between 1983 to 1995?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened between 1938 to 1959?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are no actions in the federal government known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the court accept in 1995?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the court reject in 1949?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many components does the Belgian political landscape exclude?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who can elect the leaders of the upper house? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What is intrastate federalism?
is_impossible: yes
context: From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision. Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision.

qas: question: How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?
answers: text: two components
is_impossible: no

question: What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape?
answers: text: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels
is_impossible: no

question: What component is the Brussel Region?
answers: text: third component
is_impossible: no

question: What happens with the Brussels special position?
answers: text: consequently has a number of political issues
is_impossible: no

question: How many components does the Belgian political landscape exclude?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many components doesn't the Belgian political landscape include?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are the three components in the Belgian political landscape?
is_impossible: yes

question: What component isn't the Brussel Region?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens without the Brussels special position?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the structures of the local government incorporate?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can't the elements of federalism can be found?
is_impossible: yes

question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? 
is_impossible: yes
context: On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a third component. This specific dual form of federalism, with the special position of Brussels, consequently has a number of political issues—even minor ones—that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division. With such issues, a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise. This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious.

qas: question: The US Constitution says what to amendments? 
answers: text: provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent
is_impossible: no

question: What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur?
answers: text: cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state
is_impossible: no

question: Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first?
answers: text: would require unanimous consent of the provinces.
is_impossible: no

question: What is the German basic law?
answers: text: provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.
is_impossible: no

question: The UN Constitution says what to amendments? 
is_impossible: yes

question: The US Constitution doesn't say what to amendments? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what last?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens when certain constitutional amendments can occur?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the German advanced law?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can we find express powers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What branch does the United Nations want to limit under the federalist model?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many components does the Belgian political landscape exclude?
is_impossible: yes
context: Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.

qas: question: What does every component state of federation possess?
answers: text: the same powers
is_impossible: no

question: Asymmetric federalism exist when?
answers: text: where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do
is_impossible: no

question: What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?
answers: text: Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians
is_impossible: no

question: Is Spain apart of federalism?
answers: text: Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.
is_impossible: no

question: What does no components state of federation possess?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does every component state of federation not possess?
is_impossible: yes

question: Symmetric federalism exist when?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is Spain a part of federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can't the elements of federalism can be found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are anarchists against? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

qas: question: What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? 
answers: text: special procedures
is_impossible: no

question: What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?
answers: text: federal structure
is_impossible: no

question: What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?
answers: text: required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole
is_impossible: no

question: What doesn't federations have for amendments of the constitution?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does federations have for amendments of the conservation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What may guarantee the self-governing status of the incompetent states?
is_impossible: yes

question: What will not guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doesn't need to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?
is_impossible: yes

question: What component isn't the Brussel Region?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the constitution originally not provided for? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Where are the main taxes ignored?
is_impossible: yes
context: Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.

qas: question: What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?
answers: text: mechanisms to protect the rights of component states
is_impossible: no

question: What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?
answers: text: intrastate federalism
is_impossible: no

question: What is intrastate federalism?
answers: text: is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions
is_impossible: no

question: What is a bicameral legislature?
answers: text: the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole
is_impossible: no

question: What does the structures of the federal government ignore?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the structures of the local government incorporate?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one method to strike the rights of the component states?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't intrastate federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is a tricameral legislature?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened in Federalist No.64?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is intrastate federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the constitution originally not provided for? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.

qas: question: What does federations often employ?
answers: text: union of states
is_impossible: no

question: What is federalist paper no. 39?
answers: text: that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both
is_impossible: no

question: What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?
answers: text: it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..
is_impossible: no

question: What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?
answers: text: which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.
is_impossible: no

question: What does federations never employ?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does federalist paper no. 93 contain?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doesn't federalist paper no. 93 contain?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 93?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the 10th Amendment in the United Nations?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the latest source of political federalism according to Christians?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which model is of federalism is opposite to the federalism model in Australia? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

qas: question: When is a federation formed?
answers: text: two levels
is_impossible: no

question: What two levels equal a federation?
answers: text: the central government and the regions
is_impossible: no

question: Why is Brazil an exception?
answers: text: because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite
is_impossible: no

question: What is each state divided into?
answers: text: municipalities
is_impossible: no

question: What does each state have their own of?
answers: text: with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito
is_impossible: no

question: When is a federation dissolved?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two levels don't equal a federation?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is Brazil not an exception?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is each city divided into?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doesn't each state have their own of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the meaning of federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What do scholars think of federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did the federal war start? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.

qas: question: China is the largest what?
answers: text: China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area
is_impossible: no

question: What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?
answers: text: decentralization
is_impossible: no

question: Why is China's government similar to unity structure?
answers: text: Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs
is_impossible: no

question: How long has China been with centralized power?
answers: text: centuries
is_impossible: no

question: China is the smallest what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are Chinese nationalist in favor of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are Chinese socialists suspicious of?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why is China's government not similar to unity structure?
is_impossible: yes

question: How long has China been without centralized power?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happens when certain constitutional amendments can occur?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who can elect the leaders of the upper house? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Brazil reject federalism? 
is_impossible: yes
context: China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial-level officials in the People's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism.

qas: question: What type of state is the Philippines?
answers: text: unitary state
is_impossible: no

question: What types of powers does the Philippines have?
answers: text: some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code
is_impossible: no

question: What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution? 
answers: text: possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system.
is_impossible: no

question: What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish?
answers: text: the Consultative Commission
is_impossible: no

question: What type of state isn't the Philippines?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of powers does the Philippines give up?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of modifications have been removed from the Philippines Constitution? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of songs have been added to the Philippines Constitution? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo desolve?
is_impossible: yes

question: What don't scholars think of federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: How has the American government evolved?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of songs have been added to the Philippines Constitution? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system. In 2004, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution.

qas: question: What type of state is Spain?
answers: text: unitary state
is_impossible: no

question: What type of federalism system does Spain have?
answers: text: unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism"
is_impossible: no

question: What type of government does Spain have?
answers: text: central government
is_impossible: no

question: What does Spain's government accounts for?
answers: text: 8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system
is_impossible: no

question: What type of state isn't Spain?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of federalism system does Spain reject?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of communism system does Spain have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of government doesn't Spain have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Spain's government not account for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What types of movements aren't associated with federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What mode of government does the anarchists hate? 
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened between 1938 to 1959?
is_impossible: yes
context: Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system. The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal.

qas: question: How has United Kingdom been governed?
answers: text: unitary state
is_impossible: no

question: Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?
answers: text: UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power
is_impossible: no

question: When did devolution in the UK begin?
answers: text: 1914
is_impossible: no

question: What is Ireland Act 1914?
answers: text: which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
is_impossible: no

question: What is Irish Free State?
answers: text: eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland
is_impossible: no

question: How has United Kingdom not been governed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what didn't they do?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did revolution in the UK begin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't Ireland Act 1914?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Irish Cost State?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the commerce clause include?
is_impossible: yes

question: What distinguishes Federalism from no other types of government?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did the English authorities adopt the pro-European Unification position? 
is_impossible: yes
context: The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State (which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time. This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles.

qas: question: What has the process of devolution in the UK did?
answers: text: decentralised power once again
is_impossible: no

question: What happened since 1997?
answers: text: referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland
is_impossible: no

question: Does England have its own Parliament?
answers: text: England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament
is_impossible: no

question: What does the region of England continue to use?
answers: text: certain governmental administrative functions
is_impossible: no

question: What has the process of revolution in the UK did?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has the process of devolution in the US did?
is_impossible: yes

question: What happened since 1979?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why does England have its own Parliament?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doesn't the region of England continue to use?
is_impossible: yes

question: What never happened in Federalist No.46?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the court reject in 1994?
is_impossible: yes

question: What has the process of devolution in the UK did?
is_impossible: yes
context: In modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly. England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament. In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies, or chambers, was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies, but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010. The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions.

qas: question: What is ecclesiology?
answers: text: the doctrine of the church
is_impossible: no

question: What happens in Presbyterian denominations?
answers: text: the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial.
is_impossible: no

question: In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?
answers: text: shared sovereignty
is_impossible: no

question: What does each greater level of assembly have?
answers: text: authority over its constituent members
is_impossible: no

question: What isn't ecclesiology?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doesn't happen in Presbyterian denominations?
is_impossible: yes

question: In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology not do?
is_impossible: yes

question: In political communism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does each lesser level of assembly have?
is_impossible: yes

question: Does England have its own Parliament?
is_impossible: yes

question: What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who opposed the European Federalism? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly. Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in political federalism, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.

qas: question: When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?
answers: text: is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible.
is_impossible: no

question: What was the structure that the early Christian church described?
answers: text: in the New Testament
is_impossible: no

question: What happens in the council of Jerusalem?
answers: text: the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church
is_impossible: no

question: Where can the elements of federalism can be found?
answers: text: can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.
is_impossible: no

question: When was the latest source of political federalism according to Christians?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Muslims?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was the structure that the late Christian church described?
is_impossible: yes

question: What never happens in the council of Jerusalem?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where can't the elements of federalism can be found?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the fonseca system?
is_impossible: yes

question: What type of songs have been added to the Philippines Constitution? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was in charge when the reforms was scrapped? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New Testament. In their arguments, this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem, described in Acts chapter 15, where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.

qas: question: In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?
answers: text: the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers
is_impossible: no

question: Per the UN definition, what is federalism?
answers: text: federation would not be a single sovereign state
is_impossible: no

question: What is the German Empire?
answers: text: Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,
is_impossible: no

question: What is the libson treaty?
answers: text: powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.
is_impossible: no

question: In nearly all federalism countries, decentralized powers enjoy what?
is_impossible: yes

question: In nearly no federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Per the US definition, what is federalism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the German Empire?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the Libson treaty?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to communism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? 
is_impossible: yes

question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? 
is_impossible: yes
context: In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.