Avicenna

qas: question: What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?
answers: text: the Islamic Golden Age
is_impossible: no

question: What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?
answers: text: Persian
is_impossible: no

question: What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?
answers: text: the Kindi school
is_impossible: no

question: What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?
answers: text: the Buyid dynasty
is_impossible: no

question: What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?
answers: text: Baghdad
is_impossible: no

question: What age was Ibn Sina born in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What school did Ibn Sina attend?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who built on Islamic mathmatical systems?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dynasty supressed cultural development
is_impossible: yes

question: What city was the cultural capital of the world?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina destroyed a big body of work?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one example of the type of translations done in the Muslim Golden Age?
is_impossible: yes

question: What school translated Greco-Roman texts before the Islamic Golden Age?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was one dynasty that provided a poor atmosphere for cultural development?
is_impossible: yes

question: What country was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina help to write some of their earliest work.
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna stop an inquiry into?
is_impossible: yes

question: What method did Avicenna support as leading to absolute certainty?
is_impossible: yes
context: Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine. The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.

qas: question: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?
answers: text: theology
is_impossible: no

question: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?
answers: text: Al-Farabi
is_impossible: no

question: What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?
answers: text: Hamadan
is_impossible: no

question: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?
answers: text: Al-Biruni
is_impossible: no

question: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?
answers: text: the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar
is_impossible: no

question: Where did the study of all religious texts thrive?
is_impossible: yes

question: What studies were suppresed by Avicenna's opponents?
is_impossible: yes

question: who provided methodology and knowledge in theology?
is_impossible: yes

question: What library did Avicenna found?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met after leaving Khwarezm?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was one subject that Avicenna never developed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Silver Age?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the name of one library that Avicenna didn't have access to?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was the famous astrologer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?
is_impossible: yes

question: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the unknown scholars of the time?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the necessary according to Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was Ibn Sina's last appontment?
is_impossible: yes
context: The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).

qas: question: What present-day country was Avicenna born in?
answers: text: Uzbekistan
is_impossible: no

question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?
answers: text: Bukhara
is_impossible: no

question: What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?
answers: text: Afghanistan
is_impossible: no

question: What was Avicenna's mother's name?
answers: text: Setareh
is_impossible: no

question: By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?
answers: text: ten
is_impossible: no

question: Who was born in the 9th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What present day city was the capital of Persia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What government did Acicenna work in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna begin to study when he was 10 years old?
is_impossible: yes

question: What modern city in Eastern Asia was Avicenna born?
is_impossible: yes

question: What present-day country did Avicenna die in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born far away from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What olden day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Avicenna's grandmother's name?
is_impossible: yes

question: By what age had Avicenna learned some of the Quran?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?
is_impossible: yes

question: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the Avicenna Directories exclude?
is_impossible: yes
context: Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.

qas: question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?
answers: text: the Brethren of Purity
is_impossible: no

question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?
answers: text: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī
is_impossible: no

question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?
answers: text: Sunni
is_impossible: no

question: Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?
answers: text: Nurullah Shushtari
is_impossible: no

question: What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?
answers: text: Jules J. Janssens
is_impossible: no

question: What type of Islamic school did Avicenna invent?
is_impossible: yes

question: What group did Avicenna found?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Zahir al-Bayhai belove belonged to the Sunni Hanafi?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's family is considered Sunni by modern writers?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's court did Avicenna join?
is_impossible: yes

question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be followed by?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Impurity follower?
is_impossible: yes

question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a rejecter of?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who knew Avicenna was a Shia?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the name of one woman who thought Avicenna was Sunni?
is_impossible: yes

question: What movie was made in 1928?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whorefuted the law of noncontradiction?
is_impossible: yes

question: If necessary being is false in itself, what is contingent?
is_impossible: yes
context: A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.

qas: question: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?
answers: text: Quran
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?
answers: text: ءMahmoud Massahi
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?
answers: text: Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
is_impossible: no

question: What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?
answers: text: Euclid's Elements
is_impossible: no

question: What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?
answers: text: Abu Abdullah Nateli
is_impossible: no

question: Who learned arithmatic by the age of 10?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did AVicenna teach arithmatic to?
is_impossible: yes

question: When did Avicenna start studying the Quran?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Abu Abdullah Nateli teach Fiqh to.
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote Euclid's Elements?
is_impossible: yes

question: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 12?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Avicenna teach Indian arithmetic to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna learn from the Shia scholar Ismail al-Zahid?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was one biology book that Avicenna was taught from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What popular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina idolize heavily?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the soul according to Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?
is_impossible: yes
context: According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.

qas: question: What text could Avicenna not understand?
answers: text: the Metaphysics of Aristotle
is_impossible: no

question: What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
answers: text: al-Farabi's commentary
is_impossible: no

question: How long did Avicenna study philosophy?
answers: text: year and a half
is_impossible: no

question: How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
answers: text: Forty times
is_impossible: no

question: How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?
answers: text: three dirhams
is_impossible: no

question: What text did Avicenna embrace as a teenager?
is_impossible: yes

question: What helped Avicenna understand al Farabi's commentary?
is_impossible: yes

question: How long did Avicenna study Mathmatics 
is_impossible: yes

question: How many times did Acicenna read al Farabi's commentary?
is_impossible: yes

question: What text could Avicenna understand?
is_impossible: yes

question: What helped Avicenna forget the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
is_impossible: yes

question: How long did Avicenna teach philosophy?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many times did Avicenna teach the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
is_impossible: yes

question: How much did Avicenna sell the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the necessary not a source of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What ancient city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?
is_impossible: yes

question: who wasn't played by Ben Kingsley
is_impossible: yes
context: As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work. For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions, then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night, he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.

qas: question: At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?
answers: text: 16
is_impossible: no

question: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?
answers: text: medicine
is_impossible: no

question: Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?
answers: text: 18
is_impossible: no

question: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?
answers: text: mathematics
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna become at the age of 16?
is_impossible: yes

question: What study did Avicenna give up at the age of 18?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna find more challanging than mathmatics and metaphysics?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what age did Avicenna reject philosophy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 61?
is_impossible: yes

question: Avicenna became a qualified biologist at what age?
is_impossible: yes

question: Avicenna found medicine to be much harder than what subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: What subject did Avicenna stop studying at 16?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?
is_impossible: yes

question: How old was Ibn Sina when his mother died?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Avicenna's death place?
is_impossible: yes
context: He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

qas: question: Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?
answers: text: the emir, Nuh II
is_impossible: no

question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?
answers: text: access to the royal library of the Samanids
is_impossible: no

question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?
answers: text: to conceal the sources of his knowledge
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?
answers: text: his father
is_impossible: no

question: What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?
answers: text: 997
is_impossible: no

question: Who helped Ibn Sina recover from an illness?
is_impossible: yes

question: who dit Ibn Sina treat in the 9th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: What library did Ibn Sina found?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why did Ibn Sina burn the library?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina help to write some of their earliest work.
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was Ibn Sina's last appontment?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for hurting the emir?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal church?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his physical labors?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year did the emir Null II die from his illness?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two points did he write about?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one thing that the Unnecessary is detached from?
is_impossible: yes
context: Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.

qas: question: At what age did Avicenna lose his father?
answers: text: 22
is_impossible: no

question: What dynasty ended in December 1004?
answers: text: The Samanid dynasty
is_impossible: no

question: What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?
answers: text: Turkmenistan
is_impossible: no

question: What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?
answers: text: Nishapur
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?
answers: text: Mahmud of Ghazni
is_impossible: no

question: How old was Ibn Sina when his mother died?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dynasty ended in the 10th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina head westward with?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who invited Ibn Sina to travel wesward?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Ibn Sina write while in Urgench?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what age did Avicenna lose his mother?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dynasty began in December 1004?
is_impossible: yes

question: What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to before the end of the Samanid dynasty?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one district that Ibn Sina never traveled through in search of more work?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel eastwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the 1895 novel The Walking Drum?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is another unimportant Islamic figure in medicine?
is_impossible: yes
context: When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Tabaristan, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.

qas: question: What city did Ibn Sina settle in?
answers: text: Rey
is_impossible: no

question: What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?
answers: text: Tehran
is_impossible: no

question: How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?
answers: text: thirty
is_impossible: no

question: Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?
answers: text: Hamadãn
is_impossible: no

question: What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?
answers: text: office of vizier
is_impossible: no

question: Where did Ibn Sina write his first thirty works?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina feud with while at the palace?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was emir of Qazvin?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina hide for forty days?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's death made Ibn Sani a vizier?
is_impossible: yes

question: What city did Ibn Sina decide not to settle in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What ancient city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many of Ibn Sina's longer works were said to have been created in Rey?
is_impossible: yes

question: Ibn Sina left Rey and moved northwards to what city?
is_impossible: yes

question: What office did Ibn Sina lose in Hamadan?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's existance was Avicenna trying to disprove?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Arabic for situation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the universal agent?
is_impossible: yes
context: Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.

qas: question: Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?
answers: text: city of Isfahan
is_impossible: no

question: What two cities were at war during this time?
answers: text: Isfahan and Hamadãn
is_impossible: no

question: What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?
answers: text: 1024
is_impossible: no

question: What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?
answers: text: the Tajik
is_impossible: no

question: How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?
answers: text: in the dress of a Sufi ascetic
is_impossible: no

question: What prefect wrote to Ibn Sani offering him a position?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Abu Ya'far do when he found out where Ibn Sani was hiding?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was captured in the 10th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was given an honorable welcome in Hamadan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What mercenaries captured Hamadan in the 10th century?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee from after Hamadan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two cities were at peace during this time?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year did Isfahan lose to Hamadan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What mercenaries were accepted after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did Ibn Sina escape from Ramadan?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language was none of Ibn Sina's works written in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What modern city in Eastern Asia was Avicenna born?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?
is_impossible: yes
context: Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.

qas: question: In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?
answers: text: Arabic
is_impossible: no

question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?
answers: text: ethics
is_impossible: no

question: Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?
answers: text: Persian
is_impossible: no

question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?
answers: text: Aristotle
is_impossible: no

question: What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?
answers: text: Metaphysics
is_impossible: no

question: Who composed most of their works in Greek?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was Greek the language of science?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina oftenpraise in his commentaries?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's wrote many books in pure Persian language?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what language was none of Ibn Sina's works written in?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna never specialized in?
is_impossible: yes

question: Ibn Sina also wrote all of his works in what other language?
is_impossible: yes

question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina idolize heavily?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one of the objects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two cities were at war during this time?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina hide for forty days?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?
is_impossible: yes
context: Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

qas: question: Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?
answers: text: Latin
is_impossible: no

question: How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?
answers: text: fifty
is_impossible: no

question: On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?
answers: text: Europe
is_impossible: no

question: What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?
answers: text: Sufficientia
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?
answers: text: Thomas Aquinas
is_impossible: no

question: What book of healing did Ibn Sina write in Latin?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did the 12th century Parisian decrees suppresse?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Latin Avicennism replace in Europe?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who impacted Ibn Sina's thoughts on metaphysics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What  Bishop studied under Ibn Sina?
is_impossible: yes

question: Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was fully available in what language?
is_impossible: yes

question: How many months did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?
is_impossible: yes

question: On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available forty years after its composition?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was the title of Ibn Sina's Tape of Healing?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have no influence on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two points did he write about?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one of the objects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?
is_impossible: yes

question: Ibn Sina was described as the least famous scientist in what religion?
is_impossible: yes
context: His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215. Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.

qas: question: What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?
answers: text: essence and existence
is_impossible: no

question: Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?
answers: text: al-Farabi
is_impossible: no

question: What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?
answers: text: Islamic theology
is_impossible: no

question: What does Muslim philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does Islamic philosophy less clearly explain than Aristotelianism?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe nothing to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is late Islamic metaphysics imbued with?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is early Muslim metaphysics imbued with?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Avicenna known for?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who argued that the impossible thing could exist?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?
is_impossible: yes
context: Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.

qas: question: What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?
answers: text: the question of being
is_impossible: no

question: What two points did he write about?
answers: text: essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)
is_impossible: no

question: Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?
answers: text: al-Farabi
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Arabic term for existence?
answers: text: Wujud
is_impossible: no

question: Mahiat is Arabic for what?
answers: text: essence
is_impossible: no

question: Who followed Avicenna's leadand investigated the question of being?
is_impossible: yes

question: What to parts of being did Avicenna merge?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Latin word for essence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What can not coexist with its effect?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna stop an inquiry into?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two points did he read about?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who also began an inquiry into the answer of being?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Arabic term for resistance?
is_impossible: yes

question: Mahiat is Muslim for what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two cities were at war during this time?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is dependent on a physical thing?
is_impossible: yes
context: Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.

qas: question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?
answers: text: necessity
is_impossible: no

question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?
answers: text: contingency-in-itself
is_impossible: no

question: What is the necessary according to Avicenna?
answers: text: the source of its own being without borrowed existence
is_impossible: no

question: According to Avicenna, what always exists?
answers: text: The necessary
is_impossible: no

question: If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?
answers: text: false in itself
is_impossible: no

question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna did not analyze?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who argued that the impossible thing could exist?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna believe could never be actualized by an external cause?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the necessary not a source of?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna never analyzed?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an internal cause?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the unnecessary according to Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to Avicenna, what never exists?
is_impossible: yes

question: If necessary being is false in itself, what is contingent?
is_impossible: yes

question: What European logicians did Avicennian logic borrow from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Latin word for essence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Avicenna not known for?
is_impossible: yes
context: Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.

qas: question: The necessary exists due to what?
answers: text: Its-Self
is_impossible: no

question: What is something that the necessary does not have?
answers: text: a definition
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Arabic for situation?
answers: text: wad
is_impossible: no

question: What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?
answers: text: time
is_impossible: no

question: What has many existences?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the necessary have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the necessary attached to?
is_impossible: yes

question: The necessary exists despite what?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is something that the necessary has?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Islamic for situation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one thing that the Necessary is attached to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one thing that the Unnecessary is detached from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?
is_impossible: yes

question: How does man first perceive features of an subject?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt).

qas: question: What religion was Avicenna?
answers: text: Muslim
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?
answers: text: rational philosophy
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?
answers: text: prove the existence of God
is_impossible: no

question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?
answers: text: 19th century
is_impossible: no

question: Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?
answers: text: the prophets
is_impossible: no

question: Who used philosophy to challange Islamic theology?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's existance was Avicenna trying to disprove?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the curriculum at Islamic religious schools?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was highly influental up until the 1900's?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who was inspired by Avicenna's work?
is_impossible: yes

question: What region was Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna not want to reconcile with Islamic theology?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna hope not to do through his work?
is_impossible: yes

question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work slightly influential?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Avicenna view as uninspired philosophers?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to Avicenna, what never exists?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an internal cause?
is_impossible: yes

question: who wasn't played by Ben Kingsley
is_impossible: yes
context: Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

qas: question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?
answers: text: philosophy
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?
answers: text: the political implications of such a theory
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?
answers: text: epistemological matters
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna consider an illusion?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote about distinguishing philosophy from prophecy?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why did Avercenna not explain his theories to others?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish fake prophecy from illusion?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna love about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on biology more clearly?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?
is_impossible: yes

question: who wasn't played by Ben Kingsley
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the necessary have?
is_impossible: yes

question: Misinterpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?
is_impossible: yes
context: There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.

qas: question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?
answers: text: al-Razi
is_impossible: no

question: Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?
answers: text: three
is_impossible: no

question: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?
answers: text: al-Ghazali
is_impossible: no

question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?
answers: text: al-Tusi
is_impossible: no

question: What are Islamic schools also known as?
answers: text: madrasahs
is_impossible: no

question: Who's philosophy was spilt into 4 different schools?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was banned in Islamic schools?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did al-Tusi believe Avicenna's theological works were isolated from?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's philosophy did Avicenna use to gain greater spiritual insight?
is_impossible: yes

question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was less taught in Islamic schools?
is_impossible: yes

question: Misinterpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to reject their own great spiritual insights?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand past political events?
is_impossible: yes

question: What are Islamic schools not known as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two points did he write about?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? 
is_impossible: yes
context: Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.

qas: question: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?
answers: text: the castle of Fardajan
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?
answers: text: "Floating Man"
is_impossible: no

question: What was the soul according to Avicenna?
answers: text: a substance
is_impossible: no

question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?
answers: text: intellectually
is_impossible: no

question: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?
answers: text: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations
is_impossible: no

question: What did Avicenna write after being released from a castle near Hamahhan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna believe proved the soal had no substance?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who believe existance required sensory data input?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is dependant on the body?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did Avicenna believe humans communicated with God?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where was Avicenna twice imprisoned?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna read while he was imprisoned?
is_impossible: yes

question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Woman"?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did Avicenna want woman to think of themselves as?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna find more challanging than mathmatics and metaphysics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What modern city in Eastern Asia was Avicenna born?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?
is_impossible: yes
context: While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:

qas: question: Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?
answers: text: the brain
is_impossible: no

question: What is the universal agent?
answers: text: Intellect
is_impossible: no

question: In Avicenna's work "Floating Man", what is the core of a human being?
answers: text: the knowledge that "I am"
is_impossible: no

question: What is the body's perfection?
answers: text: the soul
is_impossible: no

question: In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person not be?
answers: text: the body
is_impossible: no

question: Where did Avicenna claim the soul and sensation interacted?
is_impossible: yes

question: What prepares the brain to recieve rational thought?
is_impossible: yes

question: Why couldn't the flying persons soul be their essence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is dependent on a physical thing?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is necessary in relation to the soul?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did treason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the local agent?
is_impossible: yes

question: In Avicenna's work "Floating Man", what is the perimeter of a human being?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the body's imperfection?
is_impossible: yes

question: In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person be?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum not located?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina hide for forty days?
is_impossible: yes
context: However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware. Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.

qas: question: What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?
answers: text: Aristotle
is_impossible: no

question: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?
answers: text: Posterior Analytics
is_impossible: no

question: What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?
answers: text: Aristotelian induction
is_impossible: no

question: What kind of inquiry did Avicenna discover?
is_impossible: yes

question: What work of Aristotle's did Avicenna closely follow?
is_impossible: yes

question: What method did Avucenna claim led to absolute certainty?
is_impossible: yes

question: What method was replaced by Aristotelian method of induction?
is_impossible: yes

question: What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text?
is_impossible: yes

question: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna not focus on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What method did Avicenna support as leading to absolute certainty?
is_impossible: yes

question: What method didn't Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?
is_impossible: yes

question: What work of Socrate's does Avicenna focus on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What study did Avicenna give up at the age of 18?
is_impossible: yes

question: What dynasty began in December 1004?
is_impossible: yes

question: What subject did Avicenna stop studying at 16?
is_impossible: yes
context: In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."

qas: question: What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?
answers: text: temporal logic
is_impossible: no

question: Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?
answers: text: Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī
is_impossible: no

question: What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?
answers: text: Avicennian logic
is_impossible: no

question: What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?
answers: text: Albertus Magnus
is_impossible: no

question: Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?
answers: text: Aristotle
is_impossible: no

question: who studied and developed theories on temporal logic?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's system of logic did Avicenna further develop?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's system of logic is dominant in modern times?
is_impossible: yes

question: What European logicians did Avicennian logic borrow from?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whorefuted the law of noncontradiction?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was a subject that Avicenna studied, and developed a theory on?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who expanded on Avicenna's work in permanent logic?
is_impossible: yes

question: What became the nondominant system of Islamic logic?
is_impossible: yes

question: What European magician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose law of contradiction did Avicenna endorse?
is_impossible: yes

question: What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?
is_impossible: yes
context: An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned."

qas: question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?
answers: text: Kitab al-shifa
is_impossible: no

question: What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?
answers: text: classical psychology
is_impossible: no

question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?
answers: text: quantitative extension
is_impossible: no

question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?
answers: text: Descartes
is_impossible: no

question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?
answers: text: De Anima
is_impossible: no

question: What text embodies Avicenna's legacy in philosophy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of extension does Avicenna say the soul has?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who's agrument disagrees with Avicenna's argument on the soul?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Muslim?
is_impossible: yes

question: What subject is never seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?
is_impossible: yes

question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is with quantitative extension?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's philosophy parts in his Book of Healing?
is_impossible: yes

question: How does Avicenna explain the disconnection between body and soul?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?
is_impossible: yes
context: Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").

qas: question: What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?
answers: text: physiology
is_impossible: no

question: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?
answers: text: strong enough
is_impossible: no

question: How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?
answers: text: his understanding of perception
is_impossible: no

question: How does man first perceive features of an object?
answers: text: external senses
is_impossible: no

question: The body and soul's interaction takes place where?
answers: text: the physical body
is_impossible: no

question: What does Avicenna not ground his psychology on?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must not be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?
is_impossible: yes

question: How does Avicenna explain the disconnection between body and soul?
is_impossible: yes

question: How does man first perceive features of an subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: The body and soul's interaction takes place when?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what age did Avicenna lose his father?
is_impossible: yes

question: What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?
is_impossible: yes

question: What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text?
is_impossible: yes
context: Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.

qas: question: What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?
answers: text: Al-Biruni
is_impossible: no

question: What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?
answers: text: mathematical astronomy
is_impossible: no

question: What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?
answers: text: Aristotle
is_impossible: no

question: What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?
answers: text: Venus
is_impossible: no

question: Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?
answers: text: below the Sun
is_impossible: no

question: What Muslim astrologer did Avicenna influence?
is_impossible: yes

question: What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astronomy?
is_impossible: yes

question: What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the moon?
is_impossible: yes

question: What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the moon?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the moon?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's philosophy parts in his Book of Healing?
is_impossible: yes

question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?
is_impossible: yes

question: How did Ibn Sina escape from Ramadan?
is_impossible: yes
context: Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.

qas: question: What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?
answers: text: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae
is_impossible: no

question: What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?
answers: text: the Declaratio
is_impossible: no

question: What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?
answers: text: The Book of Minerals
is_impossible: no

question: What is the kitab al-Shifa?
answers: text: Book of the Remedy
is_impossible: no

question: What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?
answers: text: minerals
is_impossible: no

question: What work by Avicenna is thought to be a real?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is another work of Avicenna that is said to be his creation?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is definitely seen as being read by Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: What isn't the kitab al-Shifa?
is_impossible: yes

question: What didn't Ibn Sina classify into stones?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one thing that the Necessary is attached to?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Silver Age?
is_impossible: yes
context: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais. However Anawati argues (following Ruska) that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna. The third work (The Book of Minerals) is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa (Book of the Remedy). Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts, building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir. The epistola de Re recta is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna, but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible.

qas: question: Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?
answers: text: George Sarton
is_impossible: no

question: What did George Sarton write?
answers: text: The History of Science
is_impossible: no

question: Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?
answers: text: Islam
is_impossible: no

question: Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?
answers: text: Abulcasis
is_impossible: no

question: During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?
answers: text: early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries
is_impossible: no

question: Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the weakest thinkers?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did George Sarton read?
is_impossible: yes

question: Ibn Sina was described as the least famous scientist in what religion?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who is another unimportant Islamic figure in medicine?
is_impossible: yes

question: During what centuries was Ibn Sina not ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?
is_impossible: yes

question: The body and soul's interaction takes place where?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna find more challanging than mathmatics and metaphysics?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna become at the age of 16?
is_impossible: yes
context: George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history" and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge. Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the Canon of Medicine (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum ("prince of physicians").

qas: question: In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?
answers: text: Iran
is_impossible: no

question: Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?
answers: text: the Bukhara museum
is_impossible: no

question: Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?
answers: text: Hamadan
is_impossible: no

question: In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?
answers: text: the University of Paris
is_impossible: no

question: What plant genus is named after Avicenna?
answers: text: Avicennia
is_impossible: no

question: In what ancient country is Avicenna considered an icon?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is a monument located that dishonors Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum not located?
is_impossible: yes

question: In what European hospital does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?
is_impossible: yes

question: What plant genus is not named after Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is something that the necessary does not have?
is_impossible: yes

question: What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text?
is_impossible: yes

question: At what age did Avicenna lose his mother?
is_impossible: yes
context: In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn Sīnā Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia.

qas: question: What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?
answers: text: the Soviet Union
is_impossible: no

question: What was Avicenna's birthplace?
answers: text: Bukhara
is_impossible: no

question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?
answers: text: 16
is_impossible: no

question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?
answers: text: thousand
is_impossible: no

question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?
answers: text: a bust
is_impossible: no

question: What superpower in 1908 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Avicenna's death place?
is_impossible: yes

question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many kilometers away from his birthplace?
is_impossible: yes

question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's death?
is_impossible: yes

question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also destroy in Avicenna's honor?
is_impossible: yes

question: What modern city in Eastern Asia was Avicenna born?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna never specialized in?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who invited Ibn Sina to travel wesward?
is_impossible: yes
context: In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]

qas: question: When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?
answers: text: March 2008
is_impossible: no

question: What does the Avicenna Directories contain?
answers: text: where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated
is_impossible: no

question: What was Avicenna known for?
answers: text: his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west
is_impossible: no

question: What is Avicenna's name needed for?
answers: text: worldwide partnership
is_impossible: no

question: When was it not announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?
is_impossible: yes

question: When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after his father?
is_impossible: yes

question: What does the Avicenna Directories exclude?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Avicenna not known for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is Avicenna's name not needed for?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was Avicenna's death place?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was one biology book that Avicenna was taught from?
is_impossible: yes

question: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?
is_impossible: yes
context: In March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated "Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality."

qas: question: What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?
answers: text: Youth of Genius
is_impossible: no

question: What movie was made about Avicenna's older years?
is_impossible: yes

question: What movie was made in 1928?
is_impossible: yes

question: Who wrote the 1895 novel The Walking Drum?
is_impossible: yes

question: who wasn't played by Ben Kingsley
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the necessary not a source of?
is_impossible: yes

question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is with quantitative extension?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?
is_impossible: yes
context: The soviet film "Youth of Genius" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna – a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.

qas: question: What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?
answers: text: alchemy
is_impossible: no

question: On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?
answers: text: Physics
is_impossible: no

question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?
answers: text: Aristotelian doctrine
is_impossible: no

question: According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?
answers: text: "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy
is_impossible: no

question: What is an unrare discipline that Avicenna worked on?
is_impossible: yes

question: On what object is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?
is_impossible: yes

question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works not based around?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to all, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?
is_impossible: yes

question: According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying not to do regarding his works?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?
is_impossible: yes

question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?
is_impossible: yes

question: How does man first perceive features of an subject?
is_impossible: yes
context: Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.

qas: question: Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?
answers: text: Schmoelders
is_impossible: no

question: What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? 
answers: text: Al-Shifa'
is_impossible: no

question: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?
answers: text: the Bodleian Library
is_impossible: no

question: What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?
answers: text: the An-najat
is_impossible: no

question: What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?
answers: text: Logic and Metaphysics
is_impossible: no

question: Who published Avicenna's song on logic?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is not the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? 
is_impossible: yes

question: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript not located?
is_impossible: yes

question: What is the longer form of Al-Shifa called?
is_impossible: yes

question: What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted a little bit?
is_impossible: yes

question: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?
is_impossible: yes

question: What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?
is_impossible: yes

question: What kind of inquiry did Avicenna discover?
is_impossible: yes
context: The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.