VivekNaga/Medicaldata huggingface dataset:
context: If you have diabetes, drinking alcohol may cause your blood sugar to either rise or fall. Plus, alcohol has a lot of calories. If you drink, do it occasionally and only when your diabetes and blood sugar level are well-controlled. If you are following a calorie-controlled meal plan, one drink of alcohol should be counted as two fat exchanges. It is a good idea to check with your doctor to see if drinking alcohol is safe for you. Here are some other ways that alcohol can affect diabetes: While moderate amounts of alcohol may cause blood sugar to rise, excess alcohol can actually decrease your blood sugar level -- sometimes causing it to drop into dangerous levels, especially for people with type 1 diabetes. Beer and sweet wine contain carbohydrates and may raise blood sugar. Alcohol stimulates your appetite, which can cause you to overeat and may affect your blood sugar control. Alcoholic drinks often have a lot of calories, making it more difficult to lose excess weight. Alcohol may also affect your judgment or willpower, causing you to make poor food choices. Alcohol can interfere with the positive effects of oral diabetes medicines or insulin. Alcohol may increase triglyceride levels. Alcohol may increase blood pressure. Alcohol can cause flushing, nausea, increased heart rate, and slurred speech. These may be confused with or mask the symptoms of low blood sugar. People with diabetes who drink should follow these alcohol consumption guidelines: Do not drink more than two drinks of alcohol in a one-day period if you are a man, or one drink if you are a woman. ( Example: one alcoholic drink = 5-ounce glass of wine, 1 1/2-ounce "shot" of liquor or 12-ounce beer). Drink alcohol only with food. Drink slowly. Avoid "sugary" mixed drinks, sweet wines, or cordials. Mix liquor with water, club soda, or diet soft drinks. Always wear a medical alert piece of jewelry that says you have diabetes.
context: Meningitis is a rare but serious disease, so it's important to learn the symptoms. Be on the lookout for these signs in you or your family: Stiff neck that sometimes makes it hard to touch your chin to your chest Headache, which can be severe High fever Confusion Nausea or vomiting Discomfort from bright lights Sleepiness Seizures Rash Sometimes these symptoms follow a flu-like illness, ear infection, or sinus infection. If your child is too young to talk, you may have a hard time noticing these symptoms. So in babies and young children, watch for things like: Fever Acts sluggish Irritable Difficulty feeding High-pitched cry Red or purple spots on the skin Cries when held Arches back How fast meningitis symptoms develop can vary. Bacterial meningitis symptoms come on quickly, usually over a period of hours. With viral meningitis, symptoms might appear over several days. Children or adults with bacterial meningitis -- the most serious type -- usually become very ill quickly. Even though the odds of getting meningitis are small, you should still play it safe. If you or a family member have had contact with someone who has meningitis -- or you notice any symptoms of the disease -- give your doctor a call. If the symptoms are severe, go to the emergency room right away. Prompt treatment for meningitis can make all the difference.
context: Both men and women can get genital warts, but the symptoms might be different. Here is what you need to know. In women, genital warts appear in and around the vagina or anus, or on the cervix. They might be very small or appear as large clusters. They may be reddish in color or white. Sometimes, you can have genital warts but show no symptoms at all. If you're a woman who's had unprotected sex, you'll want to have your doctor examine you. Testing for low-risk HPV -- the virus that causes genital warts -- isn't routinely done. Your doctor will have to examine you to see if you have the virus to know for sure. Warts may appear months or years after sexual contact. Sometimes, genital warts can form inside your vagina and be hard to spot. You could also have symptoms that look like genital warts but turn out to be something else. In men, the warts may appear on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. For men, there's no reliable test that can find the virus responsible for genital warts. You'll need to ask your doctor for an exam or get regular exams. In both men and women, genital warts can also show up on the lips, mouth, tongue, and throat. See your doctor right away if you or your partner develops bumps or warts in the genital area or if: You have an abnormal discharge from your vagina or penis You have burning, pain, or bleeding when urinating or during sex Your partner is diagnosed with genital warts or is having some of the symptoms Your child has genital warts Your doctor will ask a number of questions, such as: Do you practice safe sex? Do you have multiple partners? Have you or your partner been tested for sexually transmitted infections ( STIs)? Are you having any symptoms? Are you pregnant or planning to get pregnant? Your doctor will examine you or take a biopsy (a sample of the wart) to see if you have genital warts. She might draw a blood sample to test for HIV and syphilis. Depending on the results, she may also refer you to a specialist for further testing.
context: Tooth decay in infants and very young children is often referred to as baby bottle tooth decay. Baby bottle tooth decay happens when sweetened liquids or those with natural sugars (like milk, formula, and fruit juice) cling to an infant's teeth for a long time. Bacteria in the mouth thrive on this sugar and make acids that attack the teeth. At risk are children whose pacifiers are frequently dipped in sugar or syrup. Giving an infant a sugary drink at nap time or nighttime is particularly harmful because the flow of saliva decreases during sleep. Although baby bottle tooth decay typically happens in the upper front teeth, other teeth may also be affected. Think baby teeth are temporary, and therefore, not important? Think again. Baby teeth are necessary for chewing, speaking, and smiling. They also serve as placeholders for the adult teeth. If baby bottle tooth decay is left untreated, pain and infection can result. Severely decayed teeth may need to be removed. If teeth are infected or lost too early due to baby bottle tooth decay, your child may develop poor eating habits, speech problems, crooked teeth, and damaged adult teeth. In addition, the chances that adult teeth will end up being crooked are greatly increased. The good news is that a few simple steps can help stave off baby bottle tooth decay. They include implementing good oral hygiene at an early age. Here's how: Wipe the baby's gums with a clean gauze pad or washcloth after each feeding. Begin brushing your child's teeth, without toothpaste, when his or her first tooth comes in. If you choose to use toothpaste, use a fluoride-free one. Clean and massage gums in areas without teeth. Floss once all the baby teeth have come in. Make sure your child is getting enough fluoride, which helps lessen cavities. If your local water supply does not contain fluoride, ask your dentist or doctor if you need to use a supplement. Schedule regular dental visits by your child's first birthday. Dentists also offer special sealant coatings, which can help prevent tooth decay in children. Other techniques to help prevent baby bottle tooth decay: Don't fill bottles with sugar water and soft drinks. Bottles are for milk, water, formula, and special electrolyte-containing solutions when the child has diarrhea. Juices, mixed half and half with water to avoid empty calories, are a way to interest your child in a "sippy cup." Soft drinks are not recommended for children, as they have no nutritional value. Never allow your child to fall asleep with a bottle containing anything but water. Never give your child a pacifier dipped in anything sweet. Reduce the sugar in your child's diet, especially between meals. It's never too late to break bad habits. If your child drinks sweetened liquids from the bottle and/or sleeps with a bottle, break the habit now and cut the risk of baby bottle tooth decay by: Gradually diluting the bottle contents with water over 2 to 3 weeks. Once that period is over, fill the bottle only with water. Remember that healthy baby teeth will lead to healthy permanent teeth.
context: Is it possible to eat sweets when you have diabetes? The answer is "yes." But when you're trying to satisfy your sweet tooth, it can be hard to know what to reach for at the grocery store (sugar-free this or low-calorie that). So, use this primer to help you choose wisely. When you're comparing sweeteners, keep these things in mind: Sugars are naturally occurring carbohydrates. These include brown sugar, cane sugar, confectioners' sugar, fructose, honey, and molasses. They have calories and raise your blood glucose levels (the level of sugar in your blood). Reduced-calorie sweeteners are sugar alcohols. You might know these by names like isomalt, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol. You'll often find them in sugar-free candy and gum. They have about half the calories of sugars and can raise your blood sugar levels, although not as much as other carbohydrates. Artificial sweeteners are considered "free foods." They were designed in a lab, have no calories, and do not raise your blood sugar levels. Artificial low-calorie sweeteners include: Saccharin ( Sweet' N Low, Sugar Twin). You can use it in both hot and cold foods. Avoid this sweetener if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Aspartame ( Nutra Sweet, Equal). You can use it in both cold and warm foods. It may lose some sweetness at high temperatures. People who have a condition called phenylketonuria should avoid this sweetener. Acesulfame potassium or ace- K ( Sweet One, Swiss Sweet, Sunett). You can use it in both cold and hot foods, including in baking and cooking. Sucralose ( Splenda). You can use it in hot and cold foods, including in baking and cooking. Processed foods often contain it. Advantame can be used in baked goods, soft drinks and other non-alcoholic beverages, chewing gum, candies, frostings, frozen desserts, gelatins and puddings, jams and jellies, processed fruits and fruit juices, toppings and syrups. Neotame ( Newtame) Use this "cheat sheet" to identify which products are sweetened the way you want them. No sugar or sugar-free. The product does not contain sugar at all, though it may contain sugar alcohols or artificial sweeteners. No added sugar. During processing, no extra sugar was added. However, the original source might have contained sugar, such as fructose in fruit juice. Additional sweeteners such as sugar alcohols or artificial sweeteners also might have been added. Dietetic. The product may have reduced calories, but this word can mean a lot of things. To know for sure what kind of sweetener a food product contains, check the Nutrition Facts label. In the Carbohydrate section, you can see how many carbohydrates the product has, and how much of these carbohydrates are in the form of sugar or sugar alcohol. For even more nutrition information, read the Ingredients list. It should show any added sweeteners, whether they are sugars, sugar alcohols, or artificial. By understanding more about artificial sweeteners and diabetes, you will be able to make better food choices as you balance sweetness with good blood sugar control.
context: Some people are truly allergic to aspirin. Others have what doctors call a non-allergic sensitivity to it. That means when they take the drug, they have symptoms -- sometimes dangerous ones -- but they don't have an allergy. People with this condition sometimes have problems with other similar meds for pain. These common medications are part of a group called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs. Common examples include: Ibuprofen Naproxen When you take one of the drugs listed above, you might notice: Itchy rash or hives Bloodshot eyes Facial flushing Swelling in your mouth or throat Headache Stuffiness or runny nose Wheezing or shortness of breath Nausea Belly cramping This combination of problems might also be referred to as aspirin triad, and aspirin-sensitive asthma. It includes: Reactions to aspirin and NSAIDs Asthma or bronchospasm triggered by taking aspirin or a NSAID. Growths in your nasal passages, called polyps, that can cause problems with your sinuses Experts aren't sure why these problems show up together. About 3% to 5% of people with asthma have aspirin sensitivity. Samter's triad is more common in women. Symptoms often start when you're in your 30s. Along with lasting stuffiness, you'll notice watery eyes, a cough, and other problems. You might lose your sense of smell. Some people have sudden, severe asthma attacks that can be triggered by alcohol consumption and require emergency treatment. Get help for emergencies. If you have sudden symptoms -- like swelling, trouble breathing, or wheezing -- call 911 or go to the emergency room. These reactions can be life-threatening. Don't take it or other NSAIDs. If you have asthma and nasal polyps, your doctor will tell you to avoid specific NSAIDs. Acetaminophen ( Tylenol) is a safe alternative. Keep an eye out for aspirin. Look for it in unexpected places. Lots of remedies for colds, the flu, coughs, stomach problems, and other conditions contain it or another NSAID. You may even find it in cosmetics, soap, shampoos, and skin cleaners. Control your symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe a limited course of steroids depending on how much of a problem you have. If you have asthma, take your medicine to keep it under control. Change your diet. Some foods have high levels of salicylates, natural chemicals that are the main ingredients in aspirin. It may help to cut back on these foods -- like some fruits, vegetables, nuts, coffee, and tea. Ask your doctor. Consider treatment. You can try a process called desensitization. You'll start off taking small doses of aspirin and work your way up to more. Your doctor will watch you closely for reactions. If it works, you may be able to take aspirin without problems -- as long as you keep taking it daily. This can help ease asthma and sinus symptoms, too. Remove nasal polyps. If they're a problem, your doctor may suggest surgery. Keep in mind that they can grow back.
context: Trouble swallowing or breathing Swelling, especially near the eyes or on the face Wash with warm soap and water. Washing within 10 minutes can significantly reduce the chance of an allergic reaction. Plant oil can continue to spread from clothing and shoes. Apply cool compresses for 15 to 30 minutes at a time. Avoid topical antihistamines, anesthetics like benzocaine, and antibiotic ointments, all of which may make skin more sensitive. Have the person take oatmeal baths. Apply calamine lotion. If itchiness makes sleep difficult, give an oral antihistamine. Get medical help if rash covers a large part of the person's body, or if the person has blisters or can't sleep. Symptoms usually go away within a week or two. Wash contaminated clothing to avoid exposure to oil. If serious rash persists, call a doctor.
context: var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Sulfites are chemicals that are in some foods, either naturally or as additives. It's rare, but some people (about 1 in 100, according to the FDA) are sensitive to these compounds. Their reaction can range from mild to life-threatening. Sulfites aren't used on most fresh foods, but they're still in some cooked and processed ones. And they can also happen naturally in the process of making wine and beer. If you're sensitive to them, you need to avoid them. Always check labels on all food packages. When you eat out, ask your chef or server if sulfites are used or added to food before or during preparation. Examples of foods that may contain sulfites include: Baked goods Soup mixes Jams Canned vegetables Pickled foods Gravies Dried fruit Potato chips Trail mix Beer and wine Vegetable juices Sparkling grape juice Apple cider Bottled lemon juice and lime juice Tea Many condiments Molasses Fresh or frozen shrimp Guacamole Maraschino cherries Dehydrated, pre-cut, or peeled potatoes Ingredients with sulfite to look for on food labels include: Sulfur dioxide Potassium bisulfite or potassium metabisulfite Sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, or sodium sulfite
context: As part of the process of diagnosing ADHD, your child's doctor will look for other conditions that have similar symptoms. Many children who have ADHD also have at least one other condition at the same time. Common conditions that coexist with ADHD include: Learning Disabilities. In about 20% to 30% of children with ADHD, there is a specific learning disability that makes it hard for a child to master skills, such as math or reading. For example, dyslexia, a type of reading disorder, is often seen in children with ADHD. Diagnosing learning disabilities requires specific academic testing (which is done by a psychologist). Tourette Syndrome. Very few children have this syndrome, but many people with Tourette syndrome also have ADHD. Tourette syndrome is a neurological condition that causes various nervous tics and repetitive mannerisms. Some people with Tourette syndrome may blink often, clear their throats frequently, snort, sniff, or bark out words. Sometimes, these tics can be ade worse by ADHD medication. Oppositional Defiant Disorder. As many as 30% to 50% of all children with ADHD have oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD). These children are often disobedient and have outbursts of temper. ODD is more common in boys than girls. Conduct Disorder. Approximately 30% to 50% of children with ADHD and ODD may eventually develop conduct disorder ( CD), a more serious pattern of antisocial behavior. These children frequently lie or steal and tend to disregard the welfare of others. They risk getting into trouble at school or with the police. Anxiety and Depression. Some children with ADHD may have anxiety or depression (about 20% to 25%). If the anxiety or depression is recognized and treated, these children will be better able to handle the problems that accompany ADHD. Mania/ Bipolar Disorder. A few children with ADHD will go on to develop mania. Bipolar disorder is marked by mood swings between periods of intense emotional highs and lows. The bipolar child may have elated moods and grandiosity (feelings of importance) alternating with periods of depression or chronic irritability.
context: A cone snail has a cone-shaped shell, a fleshy foot, a head, and tentacles. Cone snails live in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the Caribbean and Red Seas, and along the coast of Florida. They are not aggressive. The sting usually occurs when divers in deep reef waters handle the snails. Swimmers and snorkelers are unlikely to find cone snails in shallow intertidal waters. Their empty shells are prized items on sandy beaches. Cone snail shells range in size from less than an inch to 9 inches long. The snail unwinds itself in the shell and comes out the opening. Much like a harpoon, a sharp venomous stinger stabs the snail's prey. Cone snails hunt worms and other snails. A few varieties of cone snails eat fish, and these are the most harmful to humans. Avoid contact with these animals. The animal's harpoon can penetrate gloves. The toxin is similar to the paralytic toxin of the pufferfish and blue-ringed octopus. Symptoms include intense pain, numbness, and tingling. Symptoms can begin within minutes or take days to appear. Severe cases of cone snail stings involve muscle paralysis, blurred/double vision, and respiratory paralysis, leading to death. Immerse the affected area in water as hot as is tolerable. Use the pressure-immobilization technique to prevent the venom from spreading through the body as much as possible: The extremity should be wrapped with a bandage in a style similar to wrapping a sprained ankle. Bind the limb firmly but do not block the circulation. Fingers and toes should remain pink. Leave bandages intact until medical care can be reached. Avoid movement. CPR may be necessary. Artificial respiration may save the person's life. Do not cut into the wound, apply suction, or use a tourniquet. Seek medical treatment as soon as possible. Intensive care hospitalization, including use of a respirator, may be required. The University of Edinburgh, Cone Snails Medline Plus, Marine animal stings or bites Media file 1: Cone snail shells. Media type: Image Media file 2: Molecular model of cone snail toxin that blocks skeletal muscle sodium-channels, causing paralysis. Other toxins can block calcium channels and nicotinic acetylcholine channels in cardiac and nerve tissues. Media type: Image wilderness: cone snail sting, cone snail sting, cone snail poisoning, paralytic toxin, toxin, pressure-immobilization
context: There are two main types of eye doctors: ophthalmologists and optometrists. Confused about which is which and who does what? Here's a look at how they're different. Keep in mind that these professionals can work together and that a team approach can be the best option for eye care. They went to medical school. After that, they had a 1-year internship and a residency of 3 years. That's sometimes followed by a 1 to 2 years fellowship. They offer complete eye care services: Vision services, including eye exams Medical eye care -- for conditions like glaucoma, iritis, and chemical burns Surgical eye care -- for trauma, crossed eyes, cataracts, glaucoma, and other problems Diagnosis and treatment of eye conditions related to other diseases, like diabetes or arthritis Plastic surgery -- to raise droopy eyelids or smooth out wrinkles Optometrists take care of primary health care for the eye. After college, they spent 4 years in a professional program and got a doctor of optometry degree. Some optometrists get additional clinical training after optometry school. They focus on regular vision care and they: Perform eye exams and vision tests. Treat conditions like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism Prescribe and fit eyeglasses and contact lenses Provide low-vision aids and vision therapy Detects diseases, injuries, and disorders related to the eyes. Optometrists and ophthalmologists often work together to take care of you. Opticians aren't eye doctors and can't give eye exams. They get a 1- or 2-year degree, certificate, or diploma. They fill the prescription your eye doctor gives you. They also: Check lens prescriptions Provide, adjust, and repair glasses, frames, and contact lenses Take facial measurements Help decide which type of lenses and frames will work best Order and check products, including contacts and eyeglass lenses One type isn't automatically better than the other. The right choice depends on your needs. The best eye doctor for you should be: Recommended by your doctor, friends, or family Appropriate to your vision problems; if you need routine eyeglass/contact lens care, you have many choices. If you have a specific medical eye condition, you may want to choose an ophthalmologist. Someone you like and trust
context: Ah, winter. Holidays. Snow days. Sledding and skiing. Coughing, hacking, and wheezing. Winter bugs can make you wonder if you've got a cold, flu, or pneumonia. Your symptoms can provide a clue. Cold symptoms tend to come on slowly. They're more likely to make you sneeze and have a runny nose and sore throat than either flu or pneumonia. If you have a fever, headache, or severe aches and pains, chances are it's not a cold. Those symptoms are rare in adults with colds. The key thing about flu is that the symptoms usually come on strong, seemingly out of the blue. You may have: High fever (anything above 100.4 F) Headache Severe aches and pains Extreme tiredness Dry, hacking cough These symptoms tend to ease up in 2 to 5 days, but you might have a mild cough or sore throat for 2 weeks. The symptoms of this lung infection come on slower than the flu but faster than a cold. It gets tricky because pneumonia can be a complication of colds and flu. This happens when the germs that cause colds and flu get down into your lungs. You might be feeling better, but then you start getting symptoms again -- and this time they can be a whole lot worse. With pneumonia you might have all the symptoms of flu, but also: High fever up to 105 F Coughing out greenish, yellow, or bloody mucus Chills that make you shake Feeling like you can't catch your breath, especially when you move around a lot Feeling very tired Low appetite Sharp or stabby chest pain (you might feel it more when you cough or take a deep breath) Sweating a lot Fast breathing and heartbeat Lips and fingernails turning blue Confusion (in older people) Little ones who have a cold might have a fever for a few days. ( Fever is rare in adults who have colds.) When kids have bacterial pneumonia, their symptoms might be more subtle. They may have: Labored and rapid breathing (more than 45 breaths a minute) Fever Cough Wheezing Skin, lips, or fingertips that look blue Symptoms in babies might be a bit vague, like fussiness or difficulty feeding. Call your doctor if symptoms of cold or flu do not start to get better with rest and treatment, or if the symptoms start to get worse. If you think you have symptoms of pneumonia, don't wait for symptoms to get even worse. Call your doctor. The same goes if you think your child has pneumonia. Everyone who has pneumonia needs to see a doctor.
context: Many tools and tips can help you control your type 1 diabetes. But left unchecked, it can affect several organs, including your brain. Big spikes and dips in blood sugar levels are linked to depression, shortened attention spans, and slowed reaction times, both physically and mentally. More research needs to be done for experts to figure out the exact short-term and long-term effects of diabetes on the brain -- but they're hopeful that they'll find ways to prevent and even reverse damage. A 2014 study published by the American Diabetes Association shows that really high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) can slow the growth of a brain as it develops. The same is true when a child's levels swing up and down a lot. Brain scans show differences between a child with diabetes and one without. Still researchers found no major differences in their IQs, mood, behavior, and learning and memory skills. It's still unknown if the disease can affect things like their muscle movements and how fast they process information. Adults who've had type 1 for a long time have slower physical and mental reactions. The condition doesn't seem to impact a person's learning and thinking skills, researchers say. But memory and attention span can be affected. Type 1, like type 2, is linked with a high rate of depression. High blood sugar levels and the stress of managing a long-term disease are to blame. The best defense is to control your blood sugar, eat a healthy diet, and follow all of your doctor's instructions. The longer your levels stay really high or low, or swing to extremes, the more likely your brain will be affected. Continuous glucose monitors are a great tool, since they measure blood sugar every 5 minutes.
context: Nearly everyone with Alzheimer's disease will eventually have the same symptoms -- memory loss, confusion, trouble with once-familiar tasks, and making decisions. Though the effects of the disease are similar, there are two main types. Early-onset Alzheimer's. This type happens to people who are younger than age 65. Often, they're in their 40s or 50s when they're diagnosed with the disease. It's rare -- up to 5% of all people with Alzheimer's have early-onset. People with Down syndrome have a higher risk for it. Scientists have found a few ways in which early-onset Alzheimer's is different from other types of the disease. People who have it tend to have more of the brain changes that are linked with Alzheimer's. The early-onset form also appears to be linked with a defect in a specific part of a person's DNA: chromosome 14. A form of muscle twitching and spasm, called myoclonus, is also more common in early-onset Alzheimer's. Late-onset Alzheimer's. This is the most common form of the disease, which happens to people age 65 and older. It may or may not run in families. So far, researchers haven't found a particular gene that causes it. No one knows for sure why some people get it and others don't. Familial Alzheimer's disease ( FAD) is a form of Alzheimer's disease that doctors know for certain is linked to genes. In families that are affected, members of at least two generations have had the disease. FAD makes up less than 1% of all cases of Alzheimer's. Most people who have early onset Alzheimer's have FAD.
context: If your baby has a bulge around his belly button, he may have an umbilical hernia. Before his umbilical cord falls off, you may notice that the area seems to stick out a little more when he cries. Or maybe, once the cord is gone, you see that his navel sticks out (an âoutie,â as it's commonly called). In some cases, even if you can't see a bulge, you might be able to feel one. While you're pregnant, the umbilical cord is connected to your baby's abdominal muscles through a small hole. This usually closes up after he's born. When it doesn't, the gap that's left is called an umbilical hernia. If intestines and fluid poke through it, they cause your baby's belly to bulge or swell. Forget what you may have heard: The way the doctor cuts or clamps the cord when your child is born doesn't affect whether an umbilical hernia will form or not. You'll be able to see the hernia most clearly when your child cries, coughs, or strains as he tries to poop. That's because all of these things put pressure on his abdomen. When he rests, you might not be able to see the hernia. Usually, they don't hurt. Your child's doctor can tell if he has one during a physical exam. You'll want to keep a close eye on your child's hernia for signs that the intestine has been trapped in the hole and can't go back in. Doctors call this an incarcerated hernia. It can cause the area around the belly button to become painful, swollen, and even discolored. If you notice any of these symptoms, take your baby to the emergency room. Most umbilical hernias don't need any treatment. Usually, the hole heals on its own by the time your child is 4 or 5 years old. Even if it doesn't, it'll likely get smaller. That'll make surgery a bit easier. You might think it looks like your child needs to have an operation, but his doctor might suggest you wait to see if the problem goes away on its own. If the hole is large, he may recommend surgery before your child turns 4 or 5. The procedure is done in a hospital or outpatient surgery center. It takes about 45 minutes, and your child will be given anesthesia so that he will not be awake. The surgeon will make a small cut just below the belly button. If any part of the intestine pokes through, he'll put it back where it belongs. The doctor will use stitches to close the hernia. He'll also sew the skin under the navel to give it an âinnieâ look. Then, he'll seal the cut with surgical glue that'll hold the edges of the wound together. It'll come off by itself once the site heals. After the procedure, your child will stay at the hospital while he recovers from the anesthesia. Most kids can go home a few hours later. An over-the-counter pain medication may help your little one feel better after his operation. As he recovers, he should avoid swimming for 5 to 10 days and sports for 2 to 3 weeks. Your doctor will want to see him for a follow-up appointment in 2 to 4 weeks. Call your doctor right away if your child has: A fever Redness, swelling, or pain A bulge near the navel Blood or smelly fluid near the incision Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation that doesn't get better
context: Diabetes and Mouth Problems: What You Should Know Diabetes can affect your teeth and gums. But it doesn't have to if you control your blood sugar. Take good care of your teeth and gums by brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily as well as rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash. Make regular visits to your dentist. That can help you prevent pain, infections, and other problems. Here's what to watch for when it comes to keeping your mouth healthy. Diabetes and Gum Disease: A Two- Way Street When you have high blood sugar from diabetes, your saliva around your teeth and under your gums has more sugars in it. This helps harmful germs and plaque grow. Plaque irritates your gums and can lead to gum disease, tooth decay, and tooth loss. Gum disease makes your gums bleed, look red, and swell. High blood sugar can make gum disease get worse faster. If you control your blood sugars well, you're less likely to have these problems. Studies show that people who have good control of their diabetes are less likely to have gum disease than those who don't control their diabetes well. They also tend to lose fewer teeth from gum disease. What's more, recent research shows that having gum disease may make your blood sugars worse. But prompt help for gum disease can improve your blood sugar levels. See your dentist regularly. Schedule a visit right away if you have any of these signs of gum disease: Gums that are red, swollen, sore, or bleed easily Gums that pull away from your teeth Sensitive or loose teeth Changes in the way your bite feels Dentures that don't fit right Bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth Diabetes and Mouth Problems Gum disease is the most common mouth problem for people with diabetes. But diabetes raises your chances of other mouth problems, too. You can't fight infections as well, and high blood sugar makes it easier for germs and bacteria to grow in your mouth. Thrush, a type of fungal infection, is more common if you have diabetes, especially if you also smoke or wear dentures. Thrush causes white or red patches in your mouth that can burn or feel sore. Having thrush can also make it hard to swallow and affects how food tastes. Diabetes and Mouth Problems: What You Should Know Diabetes and Mouth Problems continued... If you have any symptoms of thrush, see your doctor or dentist. You may need to take an antifungal drug to treat it. Avoid smoking, maintain good blood sugar control, and if you wear dentures, remove and clean them daily. Diabetes also makes dry mouth and problems with healing more likely. A dry mouth can cause soreness and ulcers and lead to cavities and salivary gland infections. If your mouth is dry, try drinking more water or chewing sugar-free gum. You can also use a saliva substitute, which is sold in most drugstores. If you have problems with healing, it may take longer for your mouth to heal after any type of dental surgery. Healing problems can also raise your chances of infection. Be sure to let your dentist know you have diabetes.
context: Fibers called nerves carry important messages back and forth between your body and your brain. That network -- your nervous system -- has two parts: Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system. The nerves in the rest of your body make up your peripheral nervous system. Everything your body does is connected in some way to your nervous system. It tells your heart to beat. It tells your lungs to breathe. It controls the way you move, the words you say, and how you think and learn. It also controls your senses and memories. The messages traveling in your nerves are sent through billions of nerve cells called neurons. The spaces between these cells are called synapses. The cells are linked to one another through chemicals called neurotransmitters that move across the synapses to the next neuron. Dopamine and serotonin are types of neurotransmitters. This process continues until the message gets to the right place. Some messages move faster than 200 miles per hour. This is also how messages get from your body back to your brain and spinal cord. For example, if you step on something sharp, the nerves in your foot send a message from neuron to neuron to your central nervous system that says, Hey, this hurts. Your brain and spinal cord respond with a message to your foot: Pull away now. Your nervous system has lots of protection. Your brain is guarded by your skull, and your spinal cord is shielded by small bones in your spine (vertebrae) and thin coverings (membranes). They're both cushioned by a clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. Still, things can go wrong with your nervous system just like any other part of your body. When a disorder damages it, that affects the communication between your brain, your spinal cord, and your body. Examples of these disorders include: Infections like meningitis, encephalitis, or polio Physical problems like an injury, Bell's palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome Conditions like Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimer's disease Issues with your blood vessels, like strokes, transient ischemic attacks ( TIAs), or subdural hematoma (when blood collects outside your brain, typically after a serious head injury) Just like other parts of your body, your brain needs sleep for rest and repair, so a good regular sleep schedule is key. A healthy balanced diet that features foods high in omega-3 fatty acids is important, too. Those include fatty fish like salmon, albacore tuna, mackerel, herring, and farmed trout. Stress also can affect your nervous system, but you can do a few things to manage it: Exercise regularly Give yourself permission to take a break Spend quality time with family and friends Meditate or practice mindfulness with yoga or other activities
context: You probably know that the pill has hormones in it to keep you from getting pregnant. Most versions have a combination of estrogen and progesterone. Some have more estrogen in them than others. While fewer hormones sounds like a good thing -- and it mostly is -- you should know the drawbacks when you're weighing your choices. Birth control pills (also called oral contraceptives) work well. The catch is that the more estrogen you take, the more likely you are to have side effects such as headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, and rare but potentially fatal blood clots. When the pill first came out in the 1960s, it had 150 micrograms of estrogen. Side effects were common, and that formula was soon taken off the market. Nowadays, the highest dose available is 50 micrograms of estrogen, but even that is rarely prescribed anymore. Today, most pills have 35 micrograms or less of estrogen, an amount that's generally called "low dose." These pills are both safe and effective for most women. But some people shouldn't use them, so you should talk with your doctor about your health and habits (such as smoking). Some examples of low-dose pills are: Drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol ( Yasmin) Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Levora) Norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol ( Estrostep or Ortho- Novum) Norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol ( Ortho- Tri- Cyclen Lo) Norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Lo/ Ovral-28) In recent years there's been a trend toward even lower levels of hormones. " Ultra-low-dose" pills have 20 micrograms of estrogen or less. Some examples are: Desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol and ethinyl estradiol ( Mircette) Drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol ( Yaz) Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Alesse) Norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol ( Lo Loestrin Fe) Ultra-low-dose pills seem to be just as good at preventing pregnancy as higher dose options. They also come with a lower risk of side effects such as headaches and fluid retention. They tend to work especially well in perimenopausal women. These are women who are still getting periods but are having menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and irregular periods. Ultra-low-dose pills can cause side effects, too. Many women who take them have breakthrough bleeding, which can lead women to stop taking them. Taking your pill at exactly the same time every day may help reduce this problem, but there are no guarantees. Another issue is that women who take ultra-low-dose pills may get vaginal dryness and chronic pelvic pain. Those can make sex uncomfortable. Birth control pills have benefits besides contraception. They lower your risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer and can help with acne. But it's not clear if ultra-low-dose formulas do as good a job of providing these perks. Birth control isn't one-size-fits-all, so you should weigh the pros and cons of going extra-low with your doctor.
context: var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } It's natural to be a little worried when a new lump or bump forms on your body. If you or your child develops a soft swelling in the mouth, it may just be a mucocele -- a harmless cyst. It's still a good idea to get it checked out, though, especially if it's bothersome. Where does a mucocele come from? It centers on a small salivary gland, which makes saliva in your mouth. Here's what happens: Your saliva moves from a salivary gland through tiny tubes (ducts) into your mouth. One of these ducts can become damaged or blocked. This most often happens if you repeatedly bite or suck on your lower lip or cheek. Getting hit in the face could also disrupt the duct. Remember that "head-on collision" in your pick-up game of basketball last month? Maybe that was the original culprit. What happens once the duct damage is done? Mucus seeps out, pools, becomes walled off, and causes a cyst-like swelling. A similar buildup happens when the duct has become blocked. Mucoceles often show up on the inside of your lower lips, your gums, the roof of your mouth, or under your tongue. Those on the floor of the mouth are called ranulas. These are rare, but because they are larger, they can cause more problems with speech, chewing, and swallowing. Mucoceles may have these characteristics: Moveable and painless Soft, round, dome-shaped Pearly or semi-clear surface or bluish in color 2 to 10 millimeters in diameter Mucoceles often go away without treatment. But sometimes they enlarge. Don't try to open them or treat them yourself. See your doctor, your child's pediatrician, or your dentist for expert advice. These are the two types of treatment a doctor or dentist most commonly uses: Removing the gland. The dentist or doctor may use a scalpel or laser to remove the salivary gland. Local anesthesia numbs the pain. Helping a new duct to form. Called marsupialization, this technique helps a new duct form and helps saliva leave the salivary gland. The dentist or doctor: Disinfects the area Puts a stitch through the mucocele and ties a knot Gently presses out saliva Removes the stitch after about a week Other types of treatment that may bring down swelling or prevent the need for surgery include steroid injections and medications applied to the surface of the mucocele.
context: A biologic drug can ease your Crohn's symptoms and help you stay disease-free for a long time. And it can cost you a lot of money. If your doctor suggests a biologic drug to treat your Crohn's disease, don't rule it out because of the price. You may be able to get help to pay for it. Biologics are hard to make, and that drives up the price. One year of treatment can add up to about $20,000. Even if you have health insurance, you may have to pay 25% to 35% of the cost of the drug. Many drug companies and private groups offer programs that provide drugs at low or no cost. These resources may help you or refer you to a group that can: Good Days from the Chronic Disease Fund can help cover the cost of your drug copayments if your health insurance pays very little of the cost. Needy Meds can fill you in on more than 2,400 drug aid programs. You can find out which help pay for each type of biologic used to treat Crohn's disease. Needy Meds also provides a list of state-sponsored programs and discount drug cards. The Partnership for Prescription Assistance has the facts on more than 475 public and private programs that offer lower-cost or free drugs, including more than 180 drug company programs. The Patient Access Network Foundation can help you pay for out-of-pocket costs, including drug copays, if your insurance payments are too low. Rx Assist has a file of patient aid programs, as well as a list of drug discount cards. The Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America can provide other sources. In general, when your doctor prescribes a drug or you buy one without a prescription, choosing a generic version can save you money. This is because when a drug maker's patent expires, another company can produce a generic version of the drug without paying the early costs to research and create it. These drugs have the same active ingredients, but they cost less. The company that creates a biologic has the sole right to make it for 12 years. After that, other companies can make versions very much like it. But with biologics, this is more complex. Unlike chemical-based drugs, biologics are made from living sources. That makes it harder to prove that generic versions are as safe and work as well as the first one. Drug makers will likely have to invest in costly studies to prove their new products are as good. So you may not save much with these types of drugs.
context: Appears to have a seizure with uncontrolled, rapid shaking Has trouble breathing Turns blue Hits his head before or during a convulsion Is unconscious for several minutes Might have ingested something poisonous Convulsions, also known as seizures, in babies and young children can be terrifying for parents, and to be safe you should seek emergency help. However, convulsions often don't cause serious health problems. In toddlers,though rare, fevers can sometimes trigger convulsions. Even if your child has had a convulsion before and your pediatrician has told you what to do, you should still call your pediatrician. If your child is breathing normally, keep your child safe: Place your child on the floor on his or her side and clear away objects that are in close proximity. Loosen tight clothing surrounding the head or neck. Don't put anything in your child's mouth or try to stop the convulsion unless your pediatrician has told you what to do. If your child vomits, move him onto his side and clear out his mouth. Don't try to hold your child down or restrain his movements.