VivekNaga/Medicaldata huggingface dataset:
context: Fibromyalgia is often called an invisible disease. There's no specific test to diagnose it, and it can be puzzling to a doctor who's not familiar with the condition. The symptoms overlap with many other illnesses, so it's possible to be misdiagnosed. Don't be discouraged if you need to see a few different doctors. A specialist may be in a better position to understand what's going on with you and create a treatment plan that eases your symptoms and helps you feel better. First, you want someone who will take you seriously. Your doctor needs to believe your pain, fatigue, and thinking problems are real and be willing to try to do something about them. Because your treatment may involve more than one health care professional, you'll also want a doctor who is well-versed in the complex world of fibromyalgia to oversee it all: medication, physical therapy, nutrition, acupuncture, sleep management, and biofeedback, for example. People with fibro often have other ailments, too, including irritable bowel syndrome, headaches, and jaw pain. Your doctor should know how to deal with these, or work well with another provider who can care for you. Not all general internists or family doctors are familiar with fibromyalgia. But if yours is and has treated others with the condition, they may be the one to spearhead your treatment. These doctors specialize in musculoskeletal and autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis and gout. Though fibromyalgia isn't a form of arthritis and doesn't cause inflammation or damage to joints, muscles, or other tissues, the symptoms someone with fibro feels are similar. Rheumatologists often coordinate the types of care you'll need, so one could be your top choice for fibro treatment. They come from a variety of fields, including internal medicine, neurology, orthopedic surgery, and psychiatry. A pain clinic may also have a team of physical therapists, nurses, and occupational therapists on staff to help treat your overall symptoms. Find out more at the website of the American Academy of Pain Medicine. First, ask your regular doctor for a referral, or call your health insurance company and ask for a list of rheumatologists or pain management clinics in your network. You can also ask friends for recommendations, if you know someone with a similar condition. You could reach out to fibro support groups such as the National Fibromyalgia & Chronic Pain Association or the National Fibromyalgia Association to get the names of specialists in your area. To help decide if a doctor is a good match for you, consider asking things like: Do you recommend medications, and if so, which ones? How do you feel about complementary treatments such as acupuncture and supplements? What can I do at home to ease my symptoms? What can I do at work to feel better? How can I explain my condition to people who might not understand? Do you know of any local support groups for people with fibromyalgia? The answers should make you should feel comfortable with them and confident that they're looking out for you. The relationship works best when it's a partnership and you're both in agreement.
context: Kegel exercises are one of the best natural ways to control urinary incontinence. These simple moves can help many women and men, regardless of your age or what's causing your problem. They strengthen your pelvic floor muscles, which support your bladder. When these muscles are weak, you're more likely to have leaks. Here's what you need to know: Who benefits from Kegels? Anyone, at any age, who suffers urinary incontinence or leaks urine. While the exercise mainly helps those with stress urinary incontinence, it can also work if you have urge incontinence from overactive bladder. This causes a sudden urge to pee. You might not always make it to the bathroom. Men can do Kegel exercises to control urinary incontinence that can happen after prostate surgery. How do you do them? Pretend you're trying to stop the flow of pee. Pull in and squeeze those muscles. Hold the squeeze for about 10 seconds, then rest for 10 seconds. Try for three or four sets of 10 contractions every day. How do Kegels help? They strengthen the muscles that help control the urethra. When these muscles are weak, you can't control the flow as well. When will I see results? It takes time to build your biceps, so it takes time to strengthen pelvic floor muscles, too. Give it 3 to 6 weeks. Do them daily. When and where should I do them? The beauty of Kegels is that you can really do them just about anywhere, anytime. No one will know unless you tell them. Try a few sets in your car, at your desk, or while you watch TV. To be sure you have it right, ask your doctor or the nurse to describe the proper form. They can also check that you are doing them correctly. Do I need any equipment? Not for Kegels alone. Doctors may suggest that women use a weighted cone. You'll insert it into your vagina and do your Kegels with it there. You'll slowly increase the weight. Some doctors pair Kegels with biofeedback, a monitoring system that helps you with bodily functions like urine control. Or the doctor might add electrical stimulation for muscles in the area. Are there other benefits to Kegels? Yes. They can also help you out in the bedroom. When your pelvic floor muscles are in shape, they'll contract more strongly during an orgasm.
context: The pain and discomfort of psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) can be hard to manage. But you can take steps to keep the pain at bay that don't involve more pills, prescription creams, or another visit to your doctor. These more natural methods won't cure you. But if you talk to your doctor and work together to come up with a plan, these home-grown remedies might help ease your aching joints. If you have Ps A and you're overweight, you're more likely to have pain, tender and swollen joints, and other symptoms than people who aren't carrying extra pounds, a recent study showed. You're also prone to other illnesses, like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and cancer. And, it could make it hard for your doctor to figure out the right dose of medication to prescribe for your condition. Drop the weight, and you'll ease the symptoms that come with this painful condition, the National Psoriasis Foundation says. These tips will help you stick with a healthy diet: Load your plate with fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoid potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers, as they can increase swelling. Eat only lean meats and poultry, and lots of fish. Choose healthy proteins, like beans and nuts. Limit alcohol. ( You should check with your doctor anyway to make sure that nightcap or occasional beer isn't affecting the medications you already take.) Say ânoâ to refined sugar and processed foods, especially those that are high in fats. Go low-fat or fat-free with dairy products. Keep track of your cholesterol and how much salt you eat. It improves your heath and keeps your joints flexible. If you don't move enough, you could get stiff joints and muscle weakness, the American College of Rheumatology says. Two good choices are riding an exercise bike or walking. Use shoe inserts to avoid too much pressure on your feet, ankles, or knees. You might also try water exercises, like swimming or walking laps in the pool. You'll get a good workout but won't stress your joints. Ice reduces swelling, and heat can increase the blood flow through an inflamed area. You might need a little practice to see what feels best for you. Stress can cause your Ps A to flare up. Lower your risk by doing things that relax you. Try yoga, meditation, going for a walk, or reading a good book. One herb, turmeric, has been found to reduce Ps A flare-ups. But some herb-based treatments that you buy over-the-counter can cause serious side effects if you take them with your medications. Talk to your doctor before you use them. Acupressure gives some people relief. That's where a therapist applies slight pressure on key points on your body to ease pain and stress, increase blood flow, and boost your immune system. Scientists can't prove it works for Ps A, though. Simple massage therapy might help, too. It stretches muscles and joints, and it can help you relax.
context: Whitening treatments don't permanently whiten teeth. If you expose your teeth to foods and beverages that cause staining you may see the whiteness start to fade in as little as 1 month after treatment. Those who avoid foods and beverages that stain may be able to wait one year or longer before another whitening treatment or touch-up is needed. You worked hard to get your teeth white. Here are some tips to help maintain your pearly whites. Avoid the consumption of or exposure to products that stain your teeth, such as coffee, tea, and red wine. If you do choose to consume beverages that stain, consider using a straw so that the liquid bypasses your front teeth. Brush or rinse immediately after consuming stain-causing beverages or foods. Follow good oral hygiene practices. Brush your teeth at least twice daily, floss at least once daily to remove plaque, and rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash at least once a day to kill bacteria that cause plaque. Use a whitening toothpaste (once or twice a week only) to remove surface stains and prevent yellowing. Use a regular toothpaste the rest of the time. Consider touch-up treatments. Depending on the whitening method used, you may need a touch-up every 6 months or after a year or two. If you smoke or drink lots of stain-causing beverages, you may need a touch up more often.
context: Is less than 1 month old Has extreme lethargy Has skin that doesn't bounce back when pinched Is breathing fast Is confused Dehydration is a risk in babies and toddlers, especially if they have vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. Take signs of dehydration seriously. You are worried that your child may be dehydrated. Your child has been vomiting for more than 12 hours. Your child has had diarrhea for more than 24 hours. You see signs of dehydration like dry diapers or no urine for eight hours, dry lips, sunken soft spot on the head, and crying with no tears. If your child has been in the sun or heat, get into a cool place. Dress your child in cool, lightweight clothing. This will also help if he has a fever. Give fluids in small amounts. Avoid juice or soda. If the child vomits afterward, wait 20 to 30 minutes and give the fluids again. If a child has vomited two or more times, call your pediatrician. If your infant is breastfeeding, continue to nurse your baby. Let him nurse more often. Your pediatrician may want you to give your baby small amounts of oral electrolyte solution. Check the amount with your doctor. Give toddlers about 1 tablespoon of oral electrolyte solution, ice chips, water, ice pops, or clear broth every 15 minutes. Encourage your child to take small frequent sips instead of drinking a lot at once. Offer Popsicles made with rehydration solution. If your child's symptoms aren't getting better, or your child continues to vomit, call your pediatrician or go to the emergency room. If your child is vomiting, do not give him acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin). Don't give aspirin to a child under 16 years old.
context: A hip fracture is a break in the top quarter of the thighbone, which is also called the femur. It can happen for lots of reasons and in many ways. Falls -- especially those to the side -- are among the most common causes. Some hip fractures are more serious than others, but most are treated with surgery. Each year about 300,000 Americans -- most of them over age 65 â break a hip. It happens to women more often than men. That's because women fall more often and are more likely to have osteoporosis, a disease that makes bones weak. Other things that increase your chances of a hip fracture include: Being underweight Not getting enough calcium or vitamin D Family history of osteoporosis Lack of exercise Drinking too much alcohol Smoking Also, distance runners and ballet dancers sometimes develop thin cracks called stress fractures in their hips. They can grow bigger over time if they're not treated. You'll probably have a lot of pain in your hip or groin. You may be unable to walk. Your skin around the injury may also swell, get red or bruise. Some people with hip fractures can still walk. They might just complain of vague pain in their hips, butt, thighs, groin or back. If your doctor thinks you've got a broken hip, he'll ask questions about any recent injuries or falls. He'll do a physical exam and take X-rays. If the X-ray image is unclear, you may also need an MRI or bone scan. To do a bone scan, your doctor injects a very small amount of radioactive dye into a vein in your arm. The ink travels through your blood into your bones, where it can reveal fractures. It depends. They can damage surrounding muscles, ligaments, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves. If they're not treated right away, they could affect your ability to get around for long periods of time. When this happens, you run the risk of a number of complications, like: Blood clots in your legs or lungs Bedsores Urinary tract infection Pneumonia Loss of muscle mass. This puts you at risk for more falls and injuries. Usually, you'll need surgery. What type depends on the kind of fracture you have, your age, and your overall health. But first, your doctor will likely order a number of tests, like blood and urine, chest X-rays, and an electrocardiogram ( EKG). The best way is to make sure your bones stay strong and healthy. To that end, your doctor might recommend one or more of the following: Calcium supplements Vitamin D supplements Drugs called bisphosphonates â these prevent the loss of bone mass Calcitonin, a hormone that maintains calcium levels in your bones Regular physical activity Giving up tobacco and alcohol Your doctor may also recommend you take drugs that increase the activity of the hormone estrogen and improve bone density. These are called selective estrogen receptor modulators.
context: Actinic keratoses (plural of actinic keratosis) describes lesions on the outer skin layer caused by too much exposure to the ultraviolet rays of sunlight. They are also the beginnings of skin cancer, most often appearing after age 40. In some areas where climate is mild year-round -- like Florida and California -- these lesions appear in much younger people. People with fair skin, blond or red hair, and blue or green eyes are most at risk of developing these rough, scaly patches, or keratoses. A history of a sunburn also increases the risk. If not treated, these patches can develop into a more serious form of skin cancer, although this is unusual. To prevent actinic keratosis, it's important to: Avoid exposure to sunlight during peak sunlight hours (10 a.m. to 2 p.m.). Wear clothing that covers arms and legs. Wear a hat with a brim of at least 2 inches wide that protects the ears -- not just a cap -- or carry an umbrella when outdoors during peak sunlight hours. Use sunscreen with sun protection factor ( SPF) of 30 or higher, applying it at least 15 to 30 minutes before sun exposure. Choose a sunscreen labeled âbroad-spectrumâ or states that it provides both UVA and UVB protection. Reapply sunscreen every two hours when outdoors, even on cloudy days. Reapply sunscreen more frequently than every two hours if you are sweating, and reapply it immediately after getting out of the water. Use a sunscreen that is water-resistant for 40 minutes or longer. Remember that it is the light from the sun that can be dangerous -- not the heat -- so you can be at risk even if the temperature is mild.
context: Potassium plays a role in every heartbeat. A hundred thousand times a day, it helps trigger your heart to squeeze blood through your body. It also helps your muscles to move, your nerves to work, and your kidneys to filter blood. The best way to get enough potassium is to eat fruits and vegetables. It's also in dairy products, whole grains, meat, and fish. Other great sources include: â¢ Potatoes â¢ Tomatoes â¢ Avocados â¢ Fresh fruits (bananas, oranges, and strawberries) â¢ Orange juice â¢ Dried fruits (raisins, apricots, prunes, and dates) â¢ Spinach â¢ Beans and peas Potassium doesn't treat or prevent heart disease. But getting enough of it can help your heart in many ways: Better blood pressure: A diet high in fruits, vegetables and fat-free or low-fat dairy foods can help cut systolic blood pressure by more than 10 points in people with high blood pressure. You shouldn't take potassium pills unless your doctor recommends it. Lower cholesterol: While there's no direct link between the two, many diets that lower cholesterol are also high in potassium, as well as fruits and veggies. If you drop your LDL (bad cholesterol), the chance you'll get heart disease will also go down. Regulated heartbeat: Potassium enables your heart to beat in a healthy way. So, if you have rhythm problems, potassium may be key. Your doctor can advise you on that. A check might be part of your routine doctor visits. The U. S. Department of Agriculture recommends 4,700 milligrams per day for healthy people. The easiest way to get this amount is by adding high-potassium fruits and vegetables to your diet. It's possible to get too much of a good thing, though. Ask your doctor before starting a potassium supplement. If you have kidney failure or other kidney problems, talk with your doctor about how much potassium you should get. Some medications can raise your levels, including some ACE inhibitors, spironolactone ( Aldactone), triamterene, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim). Some diuretics for heart failure can make you lose potassium in your pee. If you are taking one, have your levels checked. If yours are low, you can raise them by taking a supplement or eating more potassium-rich foods.
context: Your skin reflects your health. To take care of it, you need to build healthy habits. Stay clean. Wash your face twice a day -- once in the morning and once at night before you go to bed. After you cleanse your skin, follow with a toner and moisturizer. Toners help to remove fine traces of oil, dirt, and makeup you may have missed when cleansing. Look for a moisturizer geared toward your skin type -- dry, normal, or oily. Yes, even oily skin can benefit from a moisturizer. Block the sun. Over time, exposure to ultraviolet ( UV) radiation from the sun causes many changes in your skin: Age spots Benign (noncancerous) growths like seborrheic keratosis Color changes Freckles Precancerous or cancerous growths like basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma Wrinkles Most skin cancers come from sun exposure. Limit your time outside, especially between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Always wear a broad-spectrum sunscreen with the physical blocker zinc oxide and a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 30 or greater. Wear protective clothing, like a long-sleeved shirt, pants, and a wide-brimmed hat. Go to the pros. No one has perfect skin. Yours might be dry or oily. Or you could get rashes and acne. Talk to a skin expert, whether it's an aesthetician at your local salon or a dermatologist, for more severe skin problems. Check yourself. Pay attention to all parts of your skin so you'll notice any changes in moles or patches that might indicate skin cancer. Go to the doctor when you have a question.
context: Lasers have been used in dentistry since 1994 to treat a number of dental problems. Yet, despite FDA approval, no laser system has received the American Dental Association's ( ADA) Seal of Acceptance as an alternative to more traditional treatment. That seal assures dentists that the product or device meets ADA standards of safety and efficacy, among other things. The ADA, however, states that it is cautiously optimistic about the role of laser technology in the field of dentistry. These lasers are different from the cold lasers used in phototherapy for the relief of headaches, pain, and inflammation. Still, some dentists are using lasers to treat: Tooth decay. Lasers are used to remove decay within a tooth and prepare the surrounding enamel for receipt of the filling. Gum disease. Lasers are used to reshape gums and remove bacteria during root canal procedures. Biopsy or lesion removal. Lasers can be used to remove a small piece of tissue (called a biopsy) so that it can be examined for cancer. Lasers are also used to remove lesions in the mouth and relieve the pain of canker sores. Teeth whitening. Lasers are used to speed up in-office teeth whitening procedures. A peroxide bleaching solution, applied to the tooth surface, is ''activated" by laser energy, which speeds up of the whitening process. All lasers work by delivering energy in the form of light. When used for surgical and dental procedures, the laser acts as a cutting instrument or a vaporizer of tissue that it comes in contact with. When used in teeth-whitening procedures, the laser acts as a heat source and enhances the effect of tooth-bleaching agents. Pros Compared to the traditional dental drill, lasers: May cause less pain in some instances, so reduces the need for anesthesia May reduce anxiety in patients uncomfortable with the use of the dental drill Minimize bleeding and swelling during soft tissue treatments May preserve more healthy tooth during cavity removal Cons The disadvantages of lasers are that: Lasers can't be used on teeth with fillings already in place. Lasers can't be used in many commonly performed dental procedures. For example, lasers can't be used to fill cavities located between teeth, around old fillings, and large cavities that need to be prepared for a crown. In addition, lasers cannot be used to remove defective crowns or silver fillings, or prepare teeth for bridges. Traditional drills may still be needed to shape the filling, adjust the bite, and polish the filling even when a laser is used. Lasers do not eliminate the need for anesthesia. Laser treatment tends to be more expensive -- the cost of the laser is much higher than a dental drill. Compared to about $600 for a standard drill, lasers can cost anywhere from a few thousand dollars to over $100,000 for one that can be used for tooth cutting,
context: Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of nodes (knots of tissue) connected by vessels that drain fluid and waste products from the body. The lymph nodes act as tiny filters, straining out foreign organisms and cells. The lymphatic system also is involved in producing important white blood cells called lymphocytes that help protect you against various infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. When the lymphatic system is fighting an active infection, you may notice that some of your lymph nodes and tissue in the area of the infection become swollen and tender. This is the body's normal reaction to infection. Lymphoma occurs when the lymph node cells or the lymphocytes begin to multiply uncontrollably, producing malignant cells that have the abnormal ability to invade other tissues throughout your body. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma and non- Hodgkin lymphoma, which are classified by certain unique characteristics of the cancer cells. Hodgkin disease is most common in two different age groups: young adults (ages 15 to 35) and older adults (over age 50). It is somewhat more common in males than females, and more common in Caucasians than in African- Americans. Because of progress in treating Hodgkin lymphoma, most people with a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma will be long-time survivors. The exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is not known, but the following have been implicated: Viruses: The Epstein- Barr virus, the same virus that causes infectious mononucleosis (mono), has been implicated as a cause of Hodgkin lymphoma. The presence of the genome of this virus is seen in 20%-80% of Hodgkin lymphoma tumors. Familial: Same-sex siblings and an identical twin of a person with Hodgkin lymphoma are at high risk of developing the disease. Children with a parent who has Hodgkin is also at an increased risk. Environment: Fewer siblings, early birth order, single-family homes, and fewer playmates are associated with an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma -- possibly due to a lack of exposure to bacterial and viral infections at an early age.
context: The back pain may seem like arthritis or the aches and pains of aging. People often think it's a disc problem or muscle strain. Many people don't even get examined because either they -- or their family members -- don't realize what the problem is. But often back pain among older adults is caused by a spinal compression fracture. Only your doctor can diagnose a spinal compression fracture. To determine what's wrong, your doctor may ask questions such as: How long have you had the back pain? What caused it? What were you doing when it started? Is the pain getting worse or better? Your doctor may also prescribe tests such as: A spinal X-ray to determine whether a vertebra has collapsed A CT scan to provide detail of the fractured bone and the nerves around it An MRI scan to show greater detail of nerves and nearby discs Also, a bone biopsy may be done because a small percentage of patients have compression fractures caused by cancer.
context: Cosmetics and cover-up lotions can be part of your treatment for managing symptoms of psoriasis. If you like, try these clever make-up tips to conceal your irritated skin. Some lotions and makeup are designed for people with skin problems. For instance, you could look for creams that have green dyes to counter skin redness. Ask your doctor for advice on how to pick one that meets your needs. Self-tanning products have come a long way since the days when they gave skin an orange tinge. Today's lotions can put a sun-kissed look on your skin. Some experts say they may also help hide psoriasis. You naturally want to look your best. But with psoriasis, there are a few more things to consider. Know where you can use the cosmetic. If your symptoms are under good control and all you have is some redness or brown spots, a cover-up may work well. But if there are raised patches or your skin is scaly, it likely won't. Don't use any cover-up for psoriasis on open sores or raw or bleeding skin. If your psoriasis causes pus-filled blisters or red and scaly skin on large parts of your body, ask your doctor before you use any cover-up product. It may not work and could actually make your psoriasis worse. See how your skin does. If a cosmetic cover-up for psoriasis seems to bother your skin, stop using it. Time to rethink? If you've spent a lot of time and money trying cover-ups that haven't worked, you may want to ask your doctor what else could help and if your psoriasis treatment plan is working.
context: If you have fissures in your tongue, it's likely no cause for concern. In fact, certain types of grooves or cracks are considered simply a variation of a normal tongue. Sometimes called a plicated or scrotal tongue, this condition is often harmless. However, it's rarely a good idea to diagnose yourself. So, if you have any concerns, set your mind at ease by discussing this with your doctor or oral specialist. These are the characteristics of a fissured tongue: Cracks, grooves, or clefts appear on the top and sides of the tongue. These fissures only affect your tongue. Fissures on the tongue vary in depth, but they may be as deep as 6 millimeters. Grooves may connect with other grooves, separating the tongue into small lobes or sections. Unless debris builds up in these fissures, you are unlikely to have any symptoms. Fissures may first appear during childhood. However, fissures are more common in adults. And, just as wrinkles can deepen with age, fissures can also become more pronounced as you get older. If you have regular dental exams, your dentist has no doubt spotted the fissures on your tongue. This is how most fissures are found. About 2% to 5% of the U. S. population has a fissured tongue. A fissured tongue may affect men slightly more often than women. Because a fissured tongue can cluster in families, it may be genetically inherited. Although other causes of fissured tongue are unknown, it may appear along with other conditions such as these: Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis ( BMG). This benign condition often shows up along with fissured tongue. It may cause no symptoms other than sensitivity to hot and spicy foods. Melkersson- Rosenthal syndrome. This is a rare condition. It not only causes a fissured tongue, but also lip or facial swelling and paralysis in the face ( Bell's palsy) that may come and go. Down syndrome . Fissured tongue occurs in as many as 80% of children with the chromosomal disorder Down syndrome. It is not common to need a biopsy of a fissured tongue. If a fissured tongue causes any symptoms, your dentist may encourage you to brush your tongue. This may help remove debris that has built up in deep fissures, causing irritation. In almost all cases, though, no treatment is needed. However, if you have symptoms or any complications of Melkersson- Rosenthal syndrome, your dentist or doctor may recommend that you see a specialist.
context: Clonazepam ( Klonopin) is highly effective in the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder ( RBD), relieving symptoms in nearly 90% of patients with little evidence of tolerance or abuse. The response usually begins within the first week, often on the first night. The initial dose is 0.5 mg at bedtime, with some persons requiring a rapid increase to 1 mg. After years of continued treatment, moderate limb twitching with sleep talking and more complex behaviors can reemerge. The treatment should be continued for as long as your doctor says. If you decide to stop, the medicine should be slowly tapered, watching for signs of withdrawal such as nightmares or agitation. Other drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants, may be effective in some persons with RBD. However, tricyclics are also known to precipitate RBD in some patients.
context: Research shows that people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of getting Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia later in life. Scientists think there are a few ways that problems with blood sugar control can lead to problems with your memory and thinking. When your cells don't use insulin the way they should, that affects the mechanics of your brain. Your cells don't get the fuel they need, so your brain can't work right. Your blood sugar goes up, and over time, that can cause harmful fatty deposits in your blood vessels. Too much insulin can throw off the balance of chemicals in your brain. These effects on the brain are so strong that some scientists feel that Alzheimer's related to insulin resistance should be called "type 3 diabetes." With diabetes, you're at greater risk for a heart attack or stroke. And high blood sugar levels can trigger inflammation. None of that is good for your blood vessels. Damaged vessels in your brain could lead to Alzheimer's. Inflammation can also make your cells insulin resistant, especially if you're obese. High blood sugar has been linked to higher levels of protein pieces called beta amyloid. When these clump together, they get stuck between the nerve cells in your brain and block signals. Nerve cells that can't talk to each other is a main trait of Alzheimer's. Your cells are constantly moving food and other supplies along pathways like railroad tracks. A protein called tau helps these tracks that run into, out of, and through the cells stay in straight rows. But in a brain with Alzheimer's, tau gets tangled up. The tracks fall apart, and cells die because they can't move stuff to where they need it. Some studies suggest that people with diabetes have more tangled tau in their brains. That could mean they have more dying cells in their brains, which can lead to dementia. Manage your blood sugar levels. A few studies lead some scientists to believe that keeping your A1c below 7% may help your brain stay well. Work out. Exercise will help your cells use insulin better and help you manage your blood sugar and avoid too much insulin in your blood and brain. Physical activity brings oxygen-rich blood to your brain, and it lowers your risk of heart disease. Maybe metformin. In a study of more than 15,000 people older than 55 who had type 2 diabetes, those who took metformin ( Fortamet, Glucophage, Glumetza, Riomet) were less likely to get Alzheimer's and other types of dementia than those who took other diabetes drugs.
context: The key to treating -- and preventing -- impetigo is to practice good personal hygiene and maintain a clean environment. Once the infection occurs, prompt attention will keep it under control and prevent it from spreading. Even if only one family member has impetigo, everyone in the household should follow the same sanitary regimen. Wash regularly with soap and water. This should help clear up mild forms of the infection. If this does not help, seek care from your doctor. You may need a prescription medication. Topical mupirocin ointment, available only by prescription, is highly successful in treating mild forms of the infection. Don't try over-the-counter antibacterial ointments; they are too weak to kill strep and staph infections, and applying the ointment carelessly may actually spread the impetigo. If you have a more severe infection, you may need to take oral antibiotics. For repeated impetigo outbreaks, topical antibacterial ointment is prescribed for inside the nose for everybody in the household to kill nasal bacterial. Bleach baths (1/4 cup bleach to half a tub of water), chlorhexadine, peroxide or hypochlorous acid washes help to reduce bacteria on the skin. Anyone in a household who develops impetigo should use a clean towel with each washing. Be sure to launder those towels separately, using hot water and a hot dryer to kill the bacteria. Keep sores covered to prevent spread of the infection to other parts of the body or other people.
context: If you consistently feel drowsy during the day, talk to your doctor. You may be suffering from a sleep disorder called hypersomnia, which causes excessive daytime sleepiness. To determine the cause of your sleepiness, your doctor will ask about your sleeping habits, how much sleep you get at night, if you wake up at night, and whether you fall asleep during the day. Your doctor will also want to know if you are having any emotional problems or are taking any medications that may be interfering with your sleep or may be causing you to feel sleepy during the day. You may also be asked to keep a sleep diary. Your doctor may also suggest the following tests: Blood tests to rule out underlying conditions such as anemia (low blood count) or a sluggish thyroid Computed tomography ( CT) or MRI scans to rule out neurological issues such as multiple sclerosis Polysomnography, a sleep test used to help determine the cause of many sleep problems Electroencephalogram ( EEG), a test which measures the electrical activity of the brain
context: There are several versions of hyaluronan injections -- also called viscosupplementation -- that are used to treat knee osteoarthritis. They are injected directly into the joint. They include: 1% Sodium hyaluronate ( Euflexxa) Sodium hyaluronate ( Hyalgan) High-molecular-weighthyaluronan ( Orthovisc) Sodium hyaluronate ( Supartz) Hylan G- F20 ( Synvisc) 1% Sodium hyaluronate ( Nuflexxa) They can help reduce the pain in a knee affected by osteoarthritis, increasing mobility and allowing more activity. Normal joint fluid contains a substance called hyaluronan. It acts like a shock absorber and lubricant in your joint and is needed to help the joint work properly. Hyaluronan is highly viscous, allowing the cartilage surfaces of the bones to glide upon each other smoothly. This leads to decreased symptoms of osteoarthritis. Currently, these drugs are only approved for treatment of mild to moderate knee arthritis. These drugs are used to treat knee osteoarthritis pain in people who have not found significant relief of their symptoms from: Physical therapy Exercise Heat or cold Over-the-counter pain relievers These drugs can be injected into both knees or just a single knee joint. Potential side effects of these knee osteoarthritis injections include joint swelling and pain. They can't be used by people with skin or joint infections. In addition, most varieties are made from processed chicken or rooster combs and should not be used in people with egg or poultry allergies. Euflexxa, however, is safe to use in people with egg allergies. Occasionally, a severe reaction with swelling, redness, and pain, called a pseudoseptic reaction, can occur with some forms of these viscosupplementation materials. Treatment with knee osteoarthritis injections ranges from a one-time injection to weekly injections for three to five weeks. Pain relief is usually obtained by four to 12 weeks, and the effect has been shown to last for up to several months. The treatment can be repeated as necessary.
context: What's the best way to describe how an ice pick headache feels? It's like someone's stabbing your face with an ice pick. That's why they're also called stabbing headaches. Many people from time to time feel quick jabs or jolts of severe pain around one of their eyes or at their temple. They usually last only a few seconds. They might happen in the same spot over and over again. Or, you could feel them in different places each time, such as on one temple and then the other. They can crop up at any time of day and even a few times a day. They may seem to come and go. You're more likely to get ice pick headaches if you're prone to migraines or cluster headaches. But you could get them even if you don't normally have migraines. People usually first notice them between the ages of 45 and 50. It's not clear what causes ice pick headaches. But doctors do know they're not brought on by disease or injury. You may get them because something is wrong with the way your brain sends pain signals to your body. You may find that certain things can trigger this type of headache, like: Sudden movements Bright light Stress It's a good idea to keep a headache diary. Write down when you have an ice pick headache and what happened before it started. If you had a stressful day at work before it hit, write that down. You can also use a mobile phone app instead of a diary. Take this information to your next doctor's appointment so you can discuss ways to prevent these headaches. He may be able to suggest lifestyle changes, like relaxation, to reduce stress. Ice pick headaches may come and go quickly, so they're hard to treat. One medicine you might try to prevent an attack is indomethacin ( Indocin). It's a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It could cause side effects like nausea, stomach bleeding, heartburn, and eye or kidney problems. You'll need to get an annual eye exam to make sure your eyes are healthy if you take it. Ice pick headaches aren't serious in most cases. But other brain conditions that are could make you feel similar pains. If you have brief headaches that feel like stabbing, see your doctor to rule out other health concerns.
context: Chondroitin is a substance that occurs naturally in the connective tissues of people and animals. As a supplement in higher doses than is found naturally, chondroitin is a popular treatment for osteoarthritis. As an osteoarthritis treatment, chondroitin is often used along with another supplement, glucosamine. The evidence that chondroitin helps with osteoarthritis is mixed. A number of studies seemed to show that it is effective. Researchers found that chondroitin appeared to reduce pain, increase joint mobility, and decrease the need for painkillers. However, several more recent studies have been less promising. Several found that chondroitin supplements had only a small benefit, if any. If you're interested in using chondroitin for arthritis pain, talk to your doctor about the latest evidence. Since chondroitin is not an established treatment, the ideal dosage is uncertain. For osteoarthritis, some studies have used 800 milligrams up to 2000 milligrams in single or divided doses for up to 3 years. Chondroitin occurs naturally in animal tissue, especially connective tissues. Gristle on animal bones is high in chondroitin. However, these sources are much lower than the doses provided in chondroitin supplements. Some chondroitin supplements come from animal sources, like shark or beef cartilage. Side effects. Chondroitin seems to be safe for most people. Side effects are rare. Some people have reported headaches, mood changes, rash, hives, diarrhea, and other symptoms. If you have any side effects, stop taking the supplement and see a doctor. Risks. People who have asthma, or prostate cancer should not take chondroitin supplements without talking to a doctor first. There have been some instances of hypersensitivity in people with shellfish allergies. Since chondroitin might work as a blood thinner, there is a theoretical risk of bleeding, especially in people with bleeding disorders. Some initial reports that chondroitin may affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes have not been shown to be true in larger, more recent research studies. Also, because chondroitin is derived from animal sources, there are some concerns about contamination. Make sure that the product being used comes from reputable companies and manufacturers. Interactions. If you take any medications regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using chondroitin supplements. They could interact with drugs like blood thinners and NSAID painkillers or supplements like ginkgo biloba, garlic, and saw palmetto. Given the lack of evidence about its safety, chondroitin supplements are not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
context: Your next workout could set you up for a speedier metabolism. Your metabolism includes all the things your body does to turn food into energy and keep you going. Some people have a faster metabolism than others. Some things that affect whether your metabolism is speedy or sluggish include things you don't control, like your age, sex, and genes. Sometimes a sluggish thyroid could decrease your metabolism. But once you find out that it is normal, speeding it up is up to you. Focus on what really does make a difference: exercise. Muscle cells need a lot of energy, which means they burn a lot of calories. In fact, they burn more calories than fat cells, even when you're not exercising. So the time you spend working out reaps benefits long after you stop sweating. Exercise becomes even more important as you get older. You naturally lose muscle mass with age, which slows down your metabolism. Working out can stop that slide. It's simple. You need to challenge your muscles often in these two ways: 1. Amp up your workout. Any kind of aerobic exercise, whether you're running or doing Zumba, burns calories. Make it more intense, and your body will burn more calories. Try intervals. You can do them with any type of cardio. The basic idea is to switch back and forth between higher and lower intensity. You make it really challenging, and then back down your pace, and repeat. For example, do as many jumping jacks as you can for 1 minute, and then walk in place for 2 minutes. Repeat for 15 minutes. 2. Lift weights. Because muscle uses more calories than fat, strengthening your muscles will make you into a more efficient calorie-burning machine, even when you're at rest. Twice a week, do one or two sets of 12 to 15 repetitions on each major muscle group (abs, biceps, glutes, quads). You'll be doing more than just helping your metabolism. Your heart, bones, and even your mood will benefit. It's a win all around.
context: Eczema's intense itching can be a serious challenge. It can keep you up at night and lead to skin damage. If you have it, you just want it to stop. Your doctor can help you find the right treatments to control the condition, but try these tips at home to fight the itch. Dry skin is itchy. When you have eczema, your skin doesn't hold in moisture very well on its own. But some simple steps will help keep it hydrated: Bathe right. Make the water in your shower or bath warm, not hot. Use a mild soap or cleanser with a low p H. Your skin will soak in moisture best if you stay in the tub for 10-15 minutes. Try adding half a cup of bleach to a full bath -- it kills bacteria that could be making your eczema worse. Or a packet of colloidal oatmeal in the water may feel soothing, too. Seal in moisture. Moisturize as soon as you get out of the tub or shower, while your skin is still wet. Ointments and thick creams work better than lotions to lock in water. Rub it all over several times a day, and reapply to your hands every time you wash them. Ask your doctor about wet wraps. She may recommend these if your itch is really bad. After you moisturize, cover the itchy skin with wet gauze or fabric, then wrap it with a dry cloth. You can leave it on for several hours. Humidify. A household humidifier can help in dry climates and in winter when your heat is on. For most people, eczema is a cycle. It flares up, quiets down when you treat it, then flares up again. If you can pinpoint what causes your flares, you may be able to stop the itching before it starts. Common triggers include: Wool. Wear soft clothing made of cotton or silk. Avoid other scratchy fabrics, too. Toiletries. Ingredients in everything from shampoo to sunscreen can make you itch. Choose hypoallergenic products without perfumes, dyes, or preservatives. Household chemicals. Detergents and solvents can trigger eczema. Protect your skin by wearing gloves when you clean or work with chemicals. Natural cleaning products can also trigger eczema, but see if you can tolerate them. Allergens. Avoid pollen, mold, and pet dander. Food allergies usually don't affect eczema in adults, but talk to your doctor if you notice that a specific food seems to bother you. Sweat. It's hard to avoid sweating, but try to wash it off quickly when you do. Stress. Your body has a harder time protecting itself when you're under stress, and that affects your skin. Get enough sleep and find ways to relax on a regular basis. Your mother may have told you scratching a rash will only make it worse. That's true with eczema, too. It increases inflammation, which makes you itch even more. Over time, skin that's constantly irritated can get thick and leathery. Scratching can also cause an infection. If you tend to scratch at night while you sleep, you could wear cotton gloves to bed to protect your skin. And keep your nails short. If good skin care just doesn't give you relief, your doctor may recommend stronger treatments. You may have to try a few options before you find some that help you, but keep working together with your doctor.