VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the differences between working with custom images and BYOL images in WorkSpaces?

I need to know the differences between working with custom images and BYOL images in Amazon WorkSpaces for Windows. I also need to know the BYOL setup requirements.

ResolutionStandard Amazon WorkSpaces for Windows are based on Windows Server 2016 or 2019 with Desktop Experience. At the kernel level, a Windows Server operating system and a Windows 10 operating system are similar. Yet, you might need a desktop operating system to perform certain tasks. This is when you want to consider bringing your own Windows desktop license, also known as BYOL. BYOL WorkSpaces are available only for Windows.BYOL WorkSpaces image managementBYOL WorkSpaces require dedicated resources for the underlying infrastructure to meet licensing requirements. The images created from template WorkSpaces aren't much different than custom images created with Amazon-provided resources and BYOL images.BYOL images do have a few limitations:You can copy BYOL image to another AWS Region as long as the destination Region is turned on for BYOL.You can share BYOL images with AWS accounts that are turned on for BYOL and are part of your organization with AWS Organizations.You can't launch a BYOL WorkSpace to a directory that doesn’t have BYOL turned on.Setting up BYOL environmentsA BYOL WorkSpace environment must meet several requirements to be successful. The following is a short list of those BYOL requirements:Infrastructure requirements:Your Microsoft licensing agreement must allow Windows to run in a virtual hosted environment.You must commit to running a minimum of 100 WorkSpaces that are non-GPU-enabled, 4 always-on GPU-enabled, or 20 auto-stop GPU-enabled.Your network must not overlap with the management network IP ranges.You need to allow documented management interface port traffic.AWS service requirements:You must have your AWS account turned on for BYOL.You must have a directory service associated with WorkSpaces and BYOL.VM import and operating system configuration:You must have a virtual machine (VM) that runs a supported 64-bit version of Windows and is included in supported operating system versions.You must import your VM to create an AMI for your BYOL WorkSpace.Your VM must meet operating system configuration requirements and only includes software that’s a part of a typical Windows installation.Your key management server must be accessible from WorkSpaces over the customer network.In comparison, for standard WorkSpaces, the requirements general list is shorter:Your network must not overlap with the management network IP ranges.You must allow documented management interface port traffic.You must have directory service associated with WorkSpaces.

Related informationCopy a custom WorkSpaces imageShare or unshare a custom WorkSpaces imageBring Your Own Windows desktop licensesManagement interface ports
Question: How can I pass a connectionId or custom token to VPC Link integration as a header for Amazon API Gateway WebSocket APIs?

I want to pass a connectionId or custom token to VPC Link integration as a header for my Amazon API Gateway WebSocket API. How can I do this?Short descriptionFor WebSocket APIs, the connectionId is required to send a callback response from the backend. By default, WebSocket APIs don't pass the ConnectionId to VPC link integration.

ResolutionUsing the Amazon API Gateway console and AWS CLINote: If you receive errors when running AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.1.    Follow the instructions to create a REST API VPC link and associate it with your Network Load Balancer.2.    Follow the instructions to set up a WebSocket API integration and create a VPC link private integration endpoint.3.    To retrieve the integration ID, run the AWS CLI command get-integrations similar to the following:aws apigatewayv2 get-integrations --api-id <api-id>4.    Create and save a JSON file named integration.json in the following format:{    "ApiId": "<api-id>",    "IntegrationId": "<integration id retrieved from previous step>",    "RequestParameters": {        "integration.request.header.ConnectionId": "context.connectionId", //passing context variable connectionId as ConnectionId header to backend        "integration.request.header.<header-key>": "route.request.body.<parameter>", // passing a request body parameter as header to backend        "integration.request.querystring.<querysting-key>": "'static value'" //passing static value as querystring to backend    }}Note: Before proceeding to step 5, remove the comments noted with the forward slashes "//".5.    To update the integration, run the AWS CLI command update-integration similar to the following:aws apigatewayv2 update-integration --cli-input-json file://integration.json6.    To apply these changes, follow the instructions todeploy the REST API.Using AWS CloudFormationIf you manage Amazon API Gateway using CloudFormation, you can use the AWS::ApiGatewayV2::Integration resource to configure request parameters similar to the following:Integration:    Type: AWS::ApiGatewayV2::Integration    Properties:      ApiId: !Ref websocket      ConnectionId: !Ref <VPC-Link-connection-id>      ConnectionType: VPC_LINK      IntegrationMethod: <HTTP method to backend >      IntegrationType: <HTTP_PROXY/HTTP>      IntegrationUri: "<endpoint-url>"      RequestParameters:        "integration.request.header.connectionId": "context.connectionId" #passing context variable 'connectionId' as ConnectionId header to backend        "integration.request.header.<header-key>": "route.request.body.<parameter>"  #passing a request body parameter as header to backend        "integration.request.querystring.<querystring-key>": "'static value'" #passing static value as querystring to backendYou can use data mapping to map data from a route request to the VPC link backend integration. For more information, see Map route request data to integration request parameters.

Related informationSetting up WebSocket API integrations
Question: How do I allow AWS accounts in my organization to publish messages to an Amazon SNS topic in my account?

I want an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic to accept messages from any AWS account in my organization in AWS Organizations. How do I set that up?Short descriptionConfigure the Amazon SNS topic's access policy to allow any account in your organization to publish messages to the topic. In the access policy, include the global condition key, aws:PrincipalOrgID, and specify your organization's ID.Resolution1.    Find your organization's ID in the Organizations console. For more information, see Viewing the details of an organization from the management account.2.    Create a topic in the Amazon SNS console. Note the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of your new topic.3.    In the Amazon SNS console, edit the topic by doing the following:In the navigation pane, choose Topics.Choose the topic that you created. Then, choose Edit.On the Edit  page, expand Access policy -optional.Paste the following example policy into the JSON editor, and then choose Save changes:Important: Replace snsTopicArn with the topic's ARN. Then, replace myOrgId with your organization's ID.{  "Version": "2012-10-17",  "Id": "__default_policy_ID",  "Statement": [    {      "Sid": "allow-publish-from-organization-accounts",      "Effect": "Allow",      "Principal": {        "AWS": "*"      },      "Action": [        "sns:Publish"      ],      "Resource": "snsTopicArn",      "Condition": {        "StringEquals": {          "aws:PrincipalOrgID": "myOrgId"        }      }    }  ]}Tip: To allow accounts in your organization to perform more Amazon SNS API actions (such as GetTopicAttributes), add actions under "Action" in the policy.4.    Subscribe your email address to the SNS topic for testing. When you create the subscription, make sure that you specify your topic's ARN.5.    In your email, find the subscription confirmation message from AWS Notifications and confirm the subscription.6.    Publish a message to the SNS topic in your account using any AWS account in your organization. In the publish request, make sure that you specify the topic's ARN.The published message appears in your email.

Related informationAWS global condition context keysExample cases for Amazon SNS access controlOverview of managing access in Amazon SNSAWS services that you can use with AWS Organizations
Question: How can I configure an EventBridge rule for GuardDuty to send custom SNS notifications if specific AWS service event types trigger?

I created an Amazon EventBridge rule to trigger on service event types for Amazon GuardDuty, but the responses are in JSON format. How can I receive an email response with a custom notification?Short descriptionUse a custom event pattern with the EventBridge rule to match a specific finding type. Then, route the response to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic.

ResolutionThis example uses an Amazon GuardDuty event type UnauthorizedAccess:EC2/MaliciousIPCaller.Custom.Note: You can replace the service name and event type for your specific AWS service.1.    If you haven't already created an Amazon SNS topic, follow the instructions for Getting started with Amazon SNS.Note: The Amazon SNS topic must be in the same Region as your Amazon GuardDuty service.2.    Open the EventBridge console.3.    Select Create rule.4.    Enter a Name for your rule. You can optionally enter a Description.5.    Select the bus that the event applies to.6.    In Rule type, select Rule with an event pattern. Then, select Next.7.    Under Event pattern, choose AWS services for the Event source. Then, choose GuardDuty for the AWS service.8.    For Event type, choose GuardDuty Finding.9.    In the Event pattern preview section, select Edit pattern.10.    Copy the following code, paste it in Event pattern preview section, and then choose Save.{  "source": [    "aws.guardduty"  ],  "detail": {    "type": [      "UnauthorizedAccess:EC2/MaliciousIPCaller.Custom"     ]  }}11.    Select Next.12.    For Target types, select AWS service.13.    For Select a target, choose SNS topic. Then, select your topic from the drop-down menu.14.    Select Next.        (Optional) Add tags to your rule, and then select Next.15.    Review the rule's details, and then select Create rule.16.    Select Create at the bottom of the page.17.    If an event type is triggered, then you receive an SNS notification on the SNS endpoint.

Related informationCreating Amazon EventBridge rules that react to eventsTutorial: use input transformer to customize what EventBridge passes to the event targetHow can I troubleshoot GuardDuty custom Amazon SNS notifications that are not being delivered?
Question: How do I install PECL 7 modules on Elastic Beanstalk environments running on PHP 8.1 with Amazon Linux 2 stacks?

I want to install Redis, Memcached, or other modules for PECL 7 on an AWS Elastic Beanstalk environment running on PHP 8.1 using Amazon Linux 2 stacks.

Short descriptionTo install PECL 7 modules, you must create a configuration file (.ebextension) that includes commands to:Install dependenciesInstall the PECL moduleCreate or modify configuration filesNote: For Amazon Linux 1 stacks, see How do I install PECL 7 modules on Elastic Beanstalk environments running on PHP with Amazon Linux 1 stacks?Resolution1.    Set up the .ebextensions directory in the root of the source bundle of your application. For example:|-- .ebextensions|        |-- redis/memcached.config|        |-- other .config files|-- other application filesFor more information, see Advanced environment customization with configuration files (.ebextensions).Note: All configuration files are stored in the .ebextensions folder. The Elastic Beanstalk environment uses only files that end with the .config extension.2.    In the .ebextensions directory, create a configuration file that includes the following commands for your module.For Redis modules:commands:  01_install_redis:    command: /usr/bin/yes 'no' | /usr/bin/pecl install redis    test: '! /usr/bin/pecl info redis'  02_remove_extension:    command: /bin/sed -i -e '/extension="redis.so"/d' /etc/php.ini  03_create_conf:    command: /bin/echo 'extension="redis.so"' > /etc/php.d/41-redis.iniThe Redis configuration file does the following:Installs the Redis module and tests for installation success (01_install_redis)Removes the Redis extension from the /etc/php.ini file (02_remove_extension)Creates a configuration file called 41-redis.ini at /etc/php.d/ (03_create_conf)For Memcached modules:packages:  yum:    libmemcached-devel: []commands:  01_install_memcached:    command: /usr/bin/yes 'no'| /usr/bin/pecl install memcached    test: '! /usr/bin/pecl info memcached'  02_remove_extension:    command: /bin/sed -i -e '/extension="memcached.so"/d' /etc/php.ini  03_create_conf:    command: /bin/echo 'extension="memcached.so"' > /etc/php.d/41-memcached.iniThe Memcached configuration file does the following:Installs the Memcached module and tests for installation success (01_install_memcached)Removes the Redis extension from the /etc/php.ini file (02_remove_extension)Creates a configuration file called 41-memcached.ini at /etc/php.d/ (03_create_conf)Note: Always test a new .ebextension before adding to a production environment.
Question: Why is my Amazon DynamoDB table stuck in the UPDATING status?

After updating the provisioned capacity for my Amazon DynamoDB table, the table remains in the UPDATING status for a long time.

ResolutionWhen you update the provisioned capacity for your DynamoDB table and increase the value to a new peak, DynamoDB changes several things at the backend, such as adding new partitions to the table, to make sure that the table has enough capacity to serve your traffic. If you decrease the provisioned capacity and scale up again to the same peak, the update operation might be faster. Also, your table remains available during the update operation and supports your provisioned throughput requirements. Note that the time taken to update the provisioned capacity for the table depends on several factors, such as the size of the table and the difference between the previous and the new peak.

Related informationUpdateTable
Question: How can I send user-data output to the console logs on an EC2 instance running Amazon Linux or Amazon Linux 2?

I'm trying to troubleshoot my Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Linux instance bootstrap. How can I log the user-data invocation and then ship it to the console logs?Short descriptionTo troubleshoot issues on your EC2 instance bootstrap without having to access the instance through SSH, you can add code to your user-data bash script that redirects all the output both to the /var/log/user-data.log and to /dev/console. When the code is run, you can see your user-data invocation logs in your console.Note: This resolution is for Amazon Linux and Amazon Linux 2 only. For information on instances running RHEL 7 or RHEL 8, see How can I log user-data for my EC2 instance running RHEL 7 or RHEL 8 and then ship it to the console logs?ResolutionEnter the following command to redirect the user-data output console:#!/bin/bash -xeexec > >(tee /var/log/user-data.log|logger -t user-data -s 2>/dev/console) 2>&1  yum -y update  echo "Hello from user-data!"The following is the line that redirects the user-data output:exec > >(tee /var/log/user-data.log|logger -t user-data -s 2>/dev/console) 2>&1By default, user data scripts and cloud-init directives are run only during the first boot when an instance is launched. For more information, see How can I utilize user data to automatically run a script with every restart of my Amazon EC2 Linux instance?The following is sample console output:<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   amazon-ssm-agent.x86_64 0:2.3.228.0-1.amzn2<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   irqbalance.x86_64 2:1.5.0-2.amzn2.0.1<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   kernel-tools.x86_64 0:4.14.77-80.57.amzn2<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   kmod.x86_64 0:25-3.amzn2.0.2<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   kmod-libs.x86_64 0:25-3.amzn2.0.2<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   lz4.x86_64 0:1.7.5-2.amzn2.0.1<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   nss.x86_64 0:3.36.0-7.amzn2<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   nss-sysinit.x86_64 0:3.36.0-7.amzn2<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   nss-tools.x86_64 0:3.36.0-7.amzn2<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   openssl.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.amzn2.0.1<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:   openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.amzn2.0.1<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data:<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data: Complete!<13>Nov 13 13:49:59 user-data: + echo 'Hello from user-data!Note: The posted system (console) log output isn't updated continuously. Instances built on the Nitro system support the retrieval of the latest serial console output. For more information, see Instance console output.

Related informationRun commands on your Linux instance at launch
Question: How do I resolve the "error pulling image configuration: error parsing HTTP 403 response body" error in Amazon ECS when pulling a Docker image from Amazon ECR?

When I pull a Docker image from Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR) in Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS), I get the following error message: "error pulling image configuration: error parsing HTTP 403 response body."Short descriptionAmazon ECR uses Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) to store your image layers. When your containers download images from Amazon ECR, they must access Amazon ECR to get the image manifest and then Amazon S3 to download the image layers. The following is the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the Amazon S3 bucket that contains the layers for each Docker image.arn:aws:s3:::prod-region-starport-layer-bucket/*If you use an S3 gateway endpoint in a route table with a policy that restricts access to starport-layer-bucket, then you receive the following error message:error pulling image configuration: error parsing HTTP 403 response body: invalid character '<' looking for beginning of value: "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<Error><Code>AccessDenied</Code><Message>Access Denied</Message><RequestId>SAMPLE-REQUEST-ID</RequestId><HostId>SAMPLE-HOST-ID</HostId></Error>"By default, you get full access to all resources when you create a gateway endpoint in Amazon S3.If you have a custom policy that allows access to specific resources, then you must add the starport-layer-bucket ARN to your Amazon S3 policy to resolve the error.Resolution1.    Open the Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) console.2.    From the navigation menu, choose Endpoints.3.    Select the S3 endpoint from the list.4.    Choose the Policy tab, and then choose Edit policy.5.    In the Resource section of the policy, add the following ARN:arn:aws:s3:::prod-region-starport-layer-bucket/*Note: Be sure that the ARN includes your AWS Region.For reference, consider the following example policy:{  "Version": "2012-10-17",  "Statement": [    {      "Sid": "Access-to-specific-buckets",      "Effect": "Allow",      "Principal": "*",      "Action": "s3:*",      "Resource": [        "arn:aws:s3:::prod-us-east-1-starport-layer-bucket/*"      ]    }  ]}Related informationCreate the Amazon S3 gateway endpoint
Question: "How do I create, delete, or restore a default VPC in Amazon VPC?"

I want to use a default VPC in Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC).

Short descriptionEach AWS Region in your AWS account is provided a default VPC. You can use the default VPC instead of creating and configuring your own VPC. The default VPC is available for immediate use to launch AWS services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.

ResolutionCan I create a new default VPC?If you don't want to use the default VPC, then you can create a new one. Use either the Amazon VPC console or AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) to create the new default VPC. For more information, see Create a default VPC.Can I delete a default VPC?If you delete a default VPC, subnets, and internet gateway, then there isn't a direct impact on your other AWS resources in non-default VPCs. Depending on your network architecture configuration, there might be traffic impact. For example, there might be impact to VPC peering or transit gateway attachments for your default VPC. However, if you don't have AWS resources that carry production traffic in your default VPC, then there's no impact.If you delete your default VPC, then you must launch resources in other VPCs. Without a default VPC or subnets, you must specify the VPC and subnet IDs when launching EC2 instance and other resources.Important: If you delete your default subnets or default VPC, then you must explicitly specify a subnet in another VPC to launch your instance into.Before deleting your VPC, review the default VPC components.In your manually created VPC, make sure that all items are working correctly.For the default VPC that you want to delete, verify that it doesn't have any resources or running services. After you delete the VPC, services or resources on the default VPC are no longer available.Can I make an existing VPC the default VPC or restore a deleted default VPC in Amazon VPC?You can't select an existing non-default VPC as your new default VPC. You also can't restore a previous default VPC that you deleted.How do I delete a default VPC?For information on how to delete a VPC, see Delete your VPC.

Related informationDefault VPCs
Question: How can I resolve the error I get when my EC2 instances fail to communicate with Elastic Beanstalk?

When I try to create an AWS Elastic Beanstalk environment, I get the error: "The EC2 instances failed to communicate with AWS Elastic Beanstalk, either because of configuration problems with the VPC or a failed EC2 instance. Check your VPC configuration and try launching the environment again."Short descriptionAmazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances must be configured to initiate outbound connections to Elastic Beanstalk and other service endpoints. To avoid the failed to communicate error, your EC2 instances must be configured to initiate outbound connections through one of the following:Public subnet (Internet Gateway)Private subnet (Nat Gateway)VPC endpoints

ResolutionVerify that the network ACL associated with your subnets allows outbound connections to the internet. For example: 0.0.0.0/0.If you select a custom Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) when you create your Elastic Beanstalk environment, then choose the appropriate subnets. The subnets must allow for instance and load balancer visibility.If your EC2 instances are in a public subnet, then verify that the route table has a route to the internet through an internet gateway. For example: 0.0.0.0/0.Verify that the public subnet has "auto-assign public IPv4 address" turned on in the VPC subnets console. The VPC subnets console must display Auto-assign public IPv4 address: Yes.If your EC2 instances are in a private subnet, then verify that the route table associated with the NAT gateway or the NAT instance has a route to the internet. For example: 0.0.0.0/0.Note: Your NAT gateway or NAT instance must be created in a public subnet to communicate with the internet.Verify that the VPC attributes enableDnsHostnames and enableDnsSupport are turned on in the VPC where you launched your environment.If your Elastic Beanstalk environment is using VPC endpoints, then set up the following endpoints to launch your environment properly:Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS)AWS CloudFormationElastic Beanstalk (elasticbeanstalk.region.amazonaws.com)Elastic Beanstalk Health (elasticbeanstalk-health.region.amazonaws.com)Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) Gateway endpointNote: If your environment must interact with other AWS services, then create the appropriate VPC endpoints for those services.If you're using a custom AMI other than the Elastic Beanstalk-provided AMI, then make sure that you create the AMI so that EC2 instances can reach the internet.

Related informationWhy can't my EC2 instance in a private subnet connect to the internet using a NAT gateway?Route tables for your VPC