VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: How do I resolve a Route 53 private hosted zone over a VPN using AWS Directory Service?

I have an Amazon Route 53 private hosted zone, and I want to access it over a VPN using AWS Directory Service.Short DescriptionRoute 53 private hosted zone name servers respond to queries only from AWS DNS servers. To directly resolve private zones from your on-premises infrastructure, use Simple Active Directory (Simple AD). Use a Simple AD directory to forward the DNS requests from your VPC to the IP address of AWS DNS servers.These DNS servers resolve names configured in your Amazon Route 53 private hosted zones. Resolve DNS requests to the private hosted zone of your choice by pointing from your on-premises infrastructure to your Simple AD.Note: Simple AD is supported in the following AWS Regions:US East (N. Virginia)US West (Oregon)Asia Pacific (Singapore)Asia Pacific (Sydney)Asia Pacific (Tokyo)EU (Ireland)If Simple AD isn't available in your Region, then you can use AWS Managed Microsoft AD to provide the same DNS resolution. For more information, see How to set up DNS resolution between on-premises networks and AWS using AWS Directory Service and Microsoft Active Directory.

ResolutionCreate a new Simple ADSign in to the AWS Directory Service console, and then choose Set up directory.Choose Simple AD, choose Next.For Directory size info, choose Small or Large.For Directory DNS name, enter a domain name.Note: Confirm that the domain name is different from your private hosted zone and Route 53 domain name. If the Route 53 and Simple AD domain names are the same, Simple AD can't forward the request to the private hosted zone. Also, in this case, Simple AD can't forward the request if the Route 53 domain is a subdomain of the Simple AD domain.For Administrator password and Confirm password, enter a password, and then choose Next.For VPC, add the VPC associated with the private hosted zone and choose Next. Then, choose Create directory.When the Status of your new AD is Active, choose Directory ID. Then, note of the DNS address under Directory Details. Use this IP address to configure your local DNS resolver.Directory Service creates a security group on your behalf for the Simple AD controllers.Confirm that security groups allow trafficTo confirm that correct security group allows traffic from your on-premises IPs, complete the following steps:Sign in to the Amazon EC2 console, and then choose Security Groups.Find the security group named directoryID_controllers, where the directoryID is the directory ID for your Simple AD.Open the security group, and then edit the inbound traffic rules to allow TCP/UDP traffic on port 53 from your on-premises CIDR.Confirm that the route table on the VPC has proper entries for your on-premises virtual gateway.When configuration is complete, you can connect to the Simple AD by editing the DHCP option set. In DHCP, set the IP addresses of the Simple AD so that they are the same as the DNS servers. You can also set up a forwarder or a conditional forwarder on your local DNS server.

Related informationWhat is AWS Directory Service?AWS Managed Microsoft ADGetting started with AWS Managed Microsoft AD
Question: How do I configure a log driver for my Amazon ECS tasks on AWS Fargate?

I want to configure a log driver for my Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) tasks on AWS Fargate.

Short descriptionWhen you create a task definition for AWS Fargate, you have the option to allow Amazon ECS to auto-configure your Amazon CloudWatch logs. This option creates a log group on your behalf using the task definition family name with ecs as the prefix.

ResolutionUse the log group auto-configuration option to configure your log driver:Open the Amazon ECS console.From the navigation pane, choose Task Definitions, and then choose Create new Task Definition.In the Select launch type compatibility section, choose FARGATE, and then choose Next Step.In the Configure task and container definitions section, for Task Definition Name, enter a name for your task definition.In the Container Definitions, choose Add container.Fill out the required fields based on your container requirements.In the STORAGE AND LOGGING section, for Log configuration, choose one of the following options:If you want to accept the default values of awslogs-group, awslogs-region, and awslogs-stream-prefix, select the Auto-configure CloudWatch Logs check box. Then, skip to step 8.If you want a custom log group and stream, clear the Auto-configure CloudWatch Logs check box. Then, complete the following steps:For Log driver, select awslogs.If the log group doesn't exist, set the awslogs-create-group parameter and use the required logs:CreateLogGroup action for the task execution role.(Required) For the awslogs-group key, leave the auto-populated value in place, or enter a value for your group if the text box is empty.(Required) For the awslogs-region key, leave the auto-populated value in place, or enter a value for your AWS Region if the text box is empty.(Required) For the awslogs-stream-prefixkey, leave the auto-populated value in place, or enter a value for your stream if the text box is empty. You can define other parameters based on your use case. For more information, see Specifying a log configuration in your task definition.Choose Add.Fill out the remaining fields in the task definition wizard, and then choose Create.
Question: How do I create an AWS DMS replication instance?

How do I create a replication instance in AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS)?Short descriptionYou can create and modify a replication instance by using the AWS DMS console, the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), the AWS DMS API reference, or AWS CloudFormation. The following resolution uses the AWS DMS console.Note: Before you begin, create a replication subnet group with at least two subnets in two Availability Zones (AZs).

ResolutionNote: If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent version of the AWS CLI.Create a replication instanceOpen the AWS DMS console, and choose Replication instances from the navigation pane.Choose Create replication instance.Configure the following parameters:Name - Enter a name.Description - Enter a description.Instance class - Choose the instance class. For more information, see Selecting the right AWS DMS replication instance for your migration.Engine version - Choose your engine version.Allocated storage - AWS DMS doesn't use a significant amount of storage because storage is primarily consumed by log files and cached transactions. For more information about allocated storage, see Allocated storage in the table in Create a replication instance.VPC - Select the virtual private cloud (VPC) that you want the instance to be in.Multi-AZ - Choose Yes or No. For more information, see Working with an AWS DMS replication instance.Publicly accessible - Choose this option if you want the replication instance to be accessible from the internet.Expand the Advanced security and network configuration section, and then configure the following:Replication subnet group - Select the replication subnet group that you created.Availability Zone - The Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Availability Zone where the replication instance will be created.VPC security group(s) - Choose a VPC security group that you want to assign to the replication instance to manage the outbound traffic.KMS root key - Choose the encryption key to use to encrypt replication storage and connection information. You can choose the default key with an alias (aws/dms) or a customer managed key (KMS key). For more information, see Setting an encryption key and specifying AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) permissions.Expand the Maintenance section to manage when modification and software updates occur on the replication instance.Auto minor version upgrade - Choose this option to apply minor engine upgrades to the replication instance automatically during the maintenance window.Maintenance window - Choose this option to designate a weekly time range during which system maintenance can occur, in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).Choose Create.For details about your replication instance, see the AWS CLI command for describe-replication-instances.

Related informationAWS Database Migration service step-by-step walkthroughsMigration strategy for relational databases
Question: How can I resolve the IAM error "Maximum policy size of xxxxx bytes exceeded for the user or role."

I received an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) error message similar to the following:"Maximum policy size of xxxxx bytes exceeded for the user or role."How can I increase the default managed policy or character size limit for an IAM role or user?Short descriptionThe maximum limit for attaching a managed policy to an IAM role or user is 20. The maximum character size limit for managed policies is 6,144. For more information, see IAM object quotas and IAM and AWS STS quotas name requirements, and character limits.Note: The default limit for managed policies is 10. To increase the default limit from 10 to up to 20, you must submit a request for a service quota increase.

ResolutionIf you reached the managed policy or character size limit for an IAM group, user, role, or policy, then use these workarounds, depending on your scenario.IAM groupsCreate another IAM group. You can have up to 300 IAM groups per account. Attach the managed policy to the IAM user instead of the IAM group. You can attach up to 20 managed policies to IAM roles and users.IAM usersCreate more IAM groups and attach the managed policy to the group. You can assign IAM users to up to 10 groups. You can also attach up to 10 managed policies to each group, for a maximum of 120 policies (20 managed policies attached to the IAM user, 10 IAM groups, with 10 policies each).Combine managed policiesCombine multiple managed policies into a single policy. You can add up to 6,144 characters per managed policy.Reduce the character size of the managed policiesRemove duplicate permissions by combining all actions with the same Effect. Combine resource and condition statements. Remove unnecessary statements such as Sid. Use wildcards (*) for actions with the same suffix or prefix.Use inline policies instead of managed policiesYou can use as many inline policies as you want, but the aggregate policy size can't exceed the character quotas. The inline policy character limits are 2,048 for users, 10,240 for roles, and 5,120 for groups.Important: It's a best practice to use customer managed policies instead of inline policies.

Related informationInline policiesSecurity best practices in IAMCIS AWS Foundations Benchmark controls
Question: Why isn't my Amazon S3 lifecycle configuration rule transitioning objects into the GLACIER storage class?

I set an Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) Lifecycle configuration rule on my S3 bucket that transitions objects to the GLACIER storage class. However, when I check my bucket, the storage class of my objects hasn't changed.

ResolutionThere might be a delay in transitioning objects into the GLACIER storage class for the following reasons:If the objects are in the STANDARD_IA storage class, the objects must be stored in STANDARD_IA for at least 30 days before transitioning to GLACIER. Before you check that the rule transitioned the storage class, confirm that the objects have been stored in STANDARD_IA for at least 30 days.Amazon S3 Lifecycle configuration rules run once a day. Check and confirm whether the rule has transitioned the storage class.The total number of objects in the bucket affects the time it takes for you to see the change in storage class. If the bucket contains a large number of objects, then it might take longer to see the change in storage class.Note: After objects are eligible for transitioning to a different storage class, you're charged based on the pricing of the new storage class.After the expected waiting time for your use case, you can check the change in storage class by running the list-objects-v2 command:aws s3api list-objects-v2 --bucket awsexamplebucket --prefix prefixname/ --query 'Contents[?StorageClass==`GLACIER`&&ends_with(Key, `/`) == `false`].[Key]' --output text | while read line1; do printf '\n'$line1'\n'; aws s3api head-object --bucket awsexamplebucket --key $line1 --query '[Restore]' --output text; doneNote: If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.

Related informationTransitioning objects using Amazon S3 Lifecycle
Question: How do I use GuardDuty to identify SSH brute force attacks on Linux instances?

My Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Linux instances are under an SSH brute force attack. I want to use Amazon GuardDuty to block these attacks.

Short descriptionAttacks can occur because a rule with Type SSH allows connections from all sources (0.0.0.0/0) over Port Range 22. Allowing 0.0.0.0/0 over Port Range 22 introduces a security risk.Typically these attacks come from bots that are looking for targets to intrude EC2 instances. You can mitigate the risk of intrusion by restricting SSH access. It's a best practice to configure security groups to allow SSH access only from specific sources that you own, such as from bastion hosts.

ResolutionYou can use GuardDuty to monitor and detect suspicious behavior in your AWS environment. The following example uses GuardDuty to troubleshoot an EC2 instance under an SSH brute force attack. In this example, the security group allows SSH access from sources over the internet.Open the Amazon EC2 console.Open the GuardDuty console in a new tab.From the EC2 console, choose Security Groups, choose a security group, and then choose the Inbound tab.In the navigation pane, choose Instances, and then open the instances pane in a new tab.Select your instance, and then copy the Instance ID.From the GuardDuty console, choose Add filter criteria, and then choose Instance ID.Paste the Instance ID into the search box, and then choose Apply.In Finding Type, choose the most recent findings as noted in the Last seen column.Scroll to the Actor section, and then copy the source IP address of the attack.Open the terminal on the EC2 Linux instance, open the /var/log/secure directory, and then open the secure file.  Note: The secure file contains the SSH login.Enter the source IP address from step 9.Note: Amazon Linux AMI SSH logs contain all the authentication attempts to connect to the instance.Open the AWS Config console, choose Rules, choose Add rule, and then enter restricted in the search box.Choose restricted-ssh, and then choose Save.  Note: The restricted-ssh rule checks for security groups that disallow unrestricted incoming SSH traffic.In Rule name under the Compliance field, wait for the restricted-ssh rule to change from Evaluating to noncompliant resource(s). You can also choose the refresh icon.Choose restricted-ssh to view the non-compliant security groups.In Manage resource, choose a non-compliant security group, and then choose the Inbound tab.In this example, the security group is non-compliant because it allows SSH connections from all sources. To restrict SSH traffic, see Add a rule for inbound SSH traffic to a Linux instance.For more information, see Remediating a compromised EC2 instance.Note: To review the Linux logs using Amazon CloudWatch, see Quick start: install and configure the CloudWatch logs agent on a running EC2 Linux instance.

Related informationAmazon GuardDuty – continuous security monitoring & threat detectionHow to manage Amazon GuardDuty security findings across multiple accounts
Question: How do I connect to a private Amazon EKS cluster endpoint from outside the Amazon VPC?

I want to connect to a private Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) cluster endpoint from outside of the Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC). For example, I want to connect a peered VPC to AWS Direct Connect.

ResolutionNote: If you receive errors when running AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.Consider the following:You can use a peered VPC to automatically resolve to the private Amazon EKS cluster endpoint.If you activate only private endpoint access, then Amazon EKS automatically advertises the endpoints' private IP addresses through the API server's public DNS name.Clients that are configured through aws eks update-kubeconfig or eksctl use the public DNS name to automatically resolve and connect to private endpoints through the peered VPC. An example of this type of client is kubectl (from the Kubernetes website).For more information, see Accessing a private only API server.

Related informationCreating a VPC for your Amazon EKS clusterDNS resolution for EKS clusters using private endpoints
Question: How do I troubleshoot the error "could not send data to client" or "could not receive data from client" when connecting to my Amazon RDS PostgreSQL or Aurora PostgreSQL DB instance?

I tried to query my Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) PostgreSQL or Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL-Compatible Edition DB instance. But when I did so, I received one of the following errors:"could not send data to client""could not receive data from client"Short descriptionIf a backend process in an Amazon RDS DB instance can't send or receive from a client, then the backend process records one of the following errors in the PostgreSQL log:"could not send data to client""could not receive data from client"ResolutionThese errors can occur because of many reasons. Review the steps below to troubleshoot this issue.Check aliveness of the clientCheck the aliveness of the client process first. If the client process crashed because of OOM, for example, then the session might be terminated incorrectly. This termination can cause either of these errors to occur.Shorten tcp_keepalives_idle and tcp_keepalives_interval parametersIf the processing time of a query is too long, then the session might be terminated incorrectly from the client. To resolve this issue, increase the client's timeout setting. You can also shorten the tcp_keepalives_idle and tcp_keepalives_interval parameters to check aliveness of the client from the backend process. For more information, see Modifying parameters in a DB parameter group.To check the default values of tcp_keepalives_idle and tcp_keepalives_interval, run the following command using a PostgreSQL client such as psql:SELECT name, setting FROM pg_settings WHERE name LIKE 'tcp_keepalives_%'Check connectivityIf the error occurs irrespective of less query processing times, check the connectivity between the client and the DB instance.After failover from rdsadmin sessionIf the error occurs after failover from an rdsadmin session, you can ignore the error.

Related informationPostgreSQL documentation for PostgreSQL error codesPostgreSQL documentation for Connections and authenticationSetting TCP keepalives parameters
Question: How do I gain access as an AWS account root user to the account created by Account Factory or Account Vending Machine in AWS Control Tower?

I want to gain access as an AWS account root user to my AWS account that was created by Account Factory or Account Vending Machine in AWS Control Tower.

ResolutionSign out from any existing AWS accounts in your browser, if any.Open the AWS sign-in page.Note: If you don't have the email address of the AWS account that you want to access, you can get it from the AWS Control Tower console. Open the Control Tower console for the management account, choose Accounts, and then look for the email address.For Root user email address, enter the email address of the AWS account that you want to access, and then choose Next.Choose Forgot your password? to have password reset instructions sent to the AWS account root user email address.Open the password reset email message from the root user mailbox, and then follow the instructions to reset your password.Open the AWS sign-in page, and then sign in as Root user with your new password.

Related informationTasks that require root user credentialsEnable MFA on the AWS account root userEditing contact informationUnmanaging a Member Account
Question: How do I set up the same environment variables for more than one Lambda function?

I want to use the same environment variables for multiple AWS Lambda functions. How do I set that up?ResolutionLambda environment variables are specific to individual Lambda functions. You must configure environment variables for each function that you create.If you need a common place to store all your frequently used key-value pairs, you can use AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. For more information, see Sharing secrets with AWS Lambda using AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store.Note: Using Parameter Store can incur charges on your AWS account. For more information, see Parameter Store on the AWS Systems Manager pricing webpage.

Related informationEnvironment (AWS Lambda developer guide API reference)How do I get a Lambda function in a VPC to access Systems Manager Parameter Store?
Question: Why is my Amazon RDS DB instance in the storage-optimization state for a long time?

I updated the storage size of my Amazon Relational Database (Amazon RDS) DB instance. But, the process is taking a long time, and the instance is in the storage-optimization state.

ResolutionWhen you modify the storage size of your Amazon RDS DB instance, the status of the instance changes to storage optimization. This modifies your DB instance to change the storage size or type. The storage optimization process is performed by RDS automation. RDS automation confirms that the data is evenly distributed to the Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volumes after storage modification.In most cases, scaling storage doesn't cause an outage or performance degradation of the DB instance. However, this operation might take several hours. You can't make further storage modifications for either 6 hours or until storage optimization completes on the instance, whichever is longer. But, you can perform any other instance modifications, such as instance size scaling or rebooting.Typically, the storage optimization completes in a few hours, but can sometimes take up to or more than 24 hours. When the DB instance is in the storage-optimization state, the instance is operational. Your application availability isn't affected. You don't have to wait for the DB instance to be in the available state to run your applications.Note: There's no way to speed up this process. You must wait for the optimization process to complete. The process takes longer for larger storage size increases and storage usage. Because this is an automated process, there's no fixed way to determine how long it takes to complete storage optimization on your RDS DB instance.For a cluster volume, Amazon Aurora uses a custom storage solution that isn't backed by EBS volumes. Therefore, you don't need to consider storage optimization for Aurora instances. For more information, see Introducing the Aurora storage engine.Note: Any type of storage modification might result in the DB instance moving to the storage-optimization state. However, modifying the storage might also cause the instance to restart and require downtime. This is a requirement in specific cases, such as changing the storage type between SSD and magnetic. For more information, see Settings for DB instances.To monitor the amount of free storage for your DB instance, it's a best practice to create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm.

Related informationManaging an Amazon RDS DB instance