VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: How can I distribute read requests across multiple Amazon RDS read replicas?

I want to distribute read requests across multiple Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) read replicas.

Short descriptionYou can use Amazon Route 53 weighted record sets to distribute requests across your read replicas. Within a Route 53 hosted zone, create individual record sets for each DNS endpoint associated with your read replicas. Then, give them the same weight, and direct requests to the endpoint of the record set.

ResolutionFind the DNS endpoint URLs for the read replicasOpen the Amazon RDS console.Choose Databases from the navigation pane, and then select each read replica.Note (or copy) the DNS endpoint URL, next to Endpoint.Create a Route 53 hosted zoneNote: Skip this step If you already have a hosted zone.Open the Route 53 console, and choose Hosted zones from the navigation pane.Choose Create Hosted Zone.For Domain Name and Comment, enter a name and a comment.For Type, choose the Private Hosted Zone for the VPC that your read replicas are located in. Choosing a private hosted zone blocks access to the read replicas from external resources. Or, leave Type set as Public.Note: You must own the domain that you specify in the hosted zone if you specify Public.Choose Create.Create the record setAfter the hosted zone is created, select it, and choose Create Record Set. Use these attributes:For Name, enter a name. You use this as the endpoint URL to access the read replicas.Set Type to CNAME.For TTL value, set a value that is appropriate for your needs. This determines how often each read replica receives requests.In the Value field, paste the DNS endpoint of the first read replica.For Routing Policy, choose Weighted.In the Weight field, enter a value. Be sure to use the same value for each replica's record set.For Set ID, enter a name.It's a best practice to configure Health Check. For more information, see Creating Amazon Route 53 health checks and configuring DNS failover.After configuring the record set, choose Create.Repeat these steps to create a record set for each additional read replica. Be sure that the record sets use the same name, and the same values for time to live (TTL), and for weight. This helps to distribute requests equally.You can add more read replicas to respond to more connections or high resource use without changing your application endpoint. You can incorporate Route 53 health checks to be sure that Route 53 directs traffic away from unavailable read replicas.

Related informationChoosing a routing policyWorking with private hosted zones
Question: What information should I give AWS Support for diagnosing CloudFront web distribution latency issues?

I opened a technical support case with AWS Support to troubleshoot latency issues with my Amazon CloudFront web distribution. What information do I need to provide AWS Support?Important: You must have a Developer, Business, or Enterprise Support plan to open a technical support case.

ResolutionPrepare the following information:1.    Get the Amazon CloudFront request IDs for the requests with latency issues. You can get the request IDs in one of these ways:From the X-Amz-Cf-Id HTTP response header returned by CloudFront. You can use utilities like cURL to retrieve the response header.From the CloudFront access log. The request ID is in field number 15 of a web distribution log file.2.    Measure how long it takes to download the object from CloudFront and how long it takes to download the object directly from the origin. Then, get the time difference between the two download methods.3.    Measure any latency from your DNS resolver.

Related informationRequest and response behavior
Question: Why does the audio sometimes stop working in the middle of calls in my Amazon Connect contact center?

The audio sometimes stops working when agents in my Amazon Connect contact center are in the middle of a call. Why is this happening, and how do I troubleshoot the issue?Short descriptionThe Amazon Connect Contact Control Panel (CCP) uses Softphone Media UDP port 3478 to relay audio. If the CCP loses its connection to the Media endpoint with UDP port 3478 during a call, the call's audio stops.This type of networking issue appears in the Amazon Connect CCP logs as lost connection errors, similar to the following example.Example CCP log of a lost connection error2021-09-29T19:46:31.422Z softphone INFO 12345678-90ab-cdef-1234-567890abcdef SESSION Lost ICE connectionTo identify lost connections to your Media endpoint specifically, use the CCP Log Parser to turn your raw CCP logs into a more read-friendly format. Then, look at the Metrics section of the CCP Log Parser. A sudden drop in the packetsCount metric in the WebRTC Metrics - audio_input / audio_output section indicates a Media endpoint networking issue.For more information, see CCP Log Parser in GitHub.

ResolutionConfirm that nothing is blocking traffic to the Media endpoint with UDP port 3478. For more information, see Replace Amazon EC2 and CloudFront IP range requirements with a domain allow list.If you're allowing traffic with IP address ranges, then confirm that all IP addresses used by Amazon Connect are on the required allow lists. For more information, see Allow IP address ranges.Confirm that your network connection is stable enough to allow the CCP to maintain connection with the required endpoints. To validate connectivity to Amazon Connect, use the Amazon Connect Endpoint Test Utility.Confirm that the agents' workstations meet the minimum requirements for the CCP.
Question: How can I access the Spark UI in Amazon EMR?

I want to view Apache Spark web interfaces that are hosted on Amazon EMR clusters.

ResolutionThe Spark History Server is a Web UI where you can view the status of running and completed Spark jobs on your EMR cluster.The following are common ways to access the Spark UI hosted in a public and private subnet:Persistent application user interfacesOn-cluster application user interfacesPersistent application user interfacesIn your EMR cluster, the apppusher daemon periodically sends Spark event logs to Amazon EMR production buckets. The persistent Spark UI uses the event logs to display Spark applications.This feature works when the event log directory for the application is in HDFS. By default, Amazon EMR stores event logs in the /var/log/spark/apps directory of HDFS. If you change the default directory to a different file system, such as Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), then this feature doesn't work. For more information, see Considerations and limitations.You can access the application history and relevant log files for active and terminated clusters. The logs are available for 30 days after the application ends. For more information, see View persistent application user interfaces.On-cluster application user interfacesOn-cluster user interfaces are hosted on the primary node and require an SSH connection to the web server.To access the on-cluster UI, do the following:1.    Connect to the primary node using SSH.2.    Configure SSH tunneling with dynamic port forwarding.3.    Configure your internet browser to use an add-on such as FoxyProxy for Firefox or SwitchyOmega for Chrome to manage your SOCKS proxy settings.This method automatically filters URLs based on text patterns. Also, this method limits the proxy settings to domains that match the form of the primary node's DNS name.ssh -i ~/mykeypair.pem -N -L 8157:ec2-###-##-##-###.compute-1.amazonaws.com:18080 hadoop@ec2-###-##-##-###.compute-1.amazonaws.comFor more information, see Option 1: Set up an SSH tunnel to the primary node using local port forwarding.An on-cluster UI in a private subnet isn't directly accessible unless you're using a local network through a VPN connection or AWS Direct Connect. And, you must configure the route so that communication spans the AWS and local networks.Or, you can connect to a private subnet using a bastion or jump server hosted in a public subnet. Then, create SSH tunneling with dynamic port forwarding.For more information, see Securely access web interfaces on Amazon EMR launched in a private subnet.
Question: How do I get help with my AWS account and resources?

I have questions about my AWS resources, account, or bill. How can I get answers to my questions?ResolutionTo get help from AWS, try one of the following resources:AWS DocumentationCheck the documentation for the service you're using. AWS documentation usually includes tutorials for common use-cases and troubleshooting guides.AWS re:PostSee if other AWS users can help. AWS engineers also monitor the forums and provide help on a best-effort basis.AWS SupportAll AWS customers can create cases related to the following:Account and billing queriesService quota increaseIf you need one-on-one technical support, you can upgrade your Support plan. For more information, see How do I change my AWS Support plan?If you have signed up for a Developer, Business, or Enterprise Support plan, you can open a technical support case.If you have an account or billing related question, do the following:Sign in to your AWS account.Open the AWS Support Center.Choose Create case.Select Account and billing support.Enter the required information in the Case details section.Select your preference for Contact options.Note: The options for contact vary based on the type of case and your Support plan.Choose Submit.The following are examples of account and billing related questions:Can you reopen my closed account?Are the services on my account active?Can you help me understand the line items on my AWS bill?If you want to request service quota increases, select Service limit increase in the Create case section, and then enter the required information.

Related informationHow do I get technical support from AWS?Compare AWS Support plans
Question: How do I know if I'm using an older CloudFront API version?

I want to know if I'm using an older Amazon CloudFront API version that doesn't support CloudFront's alternate domain name (CNAME) validation process. I want to update my applications that invoke those APIs.

ResolutionUse AWS CloudTrail logs and Amazon Athena queries to determine if you're using an older CloudFront API version that doesn't support the CNAME validation process:1.    Turn on CloudTrail logging for your account in the US East (N. Virginia) Region (us-east-1).Note: If you already have CloudTrail logging turned on for the US East (N. Virginia) Region and you don't have a log rotation set up, then you can copy a subset of your current logs into a new prefix. This lets you run an Athena query on a subset of the logs instead of the entire dataset. Athena queries are billed based on each GB of data scanned. This means that it's a best practice to review only the last 30 days of logs to reduce cost.2.    After the CloudTrail logs are being written to an Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket, create a table for the logs.3.    Open the Athena console, add the following query to the New query 1 box, and choose Run query:Important: Replace $databaseName.$tableName with the names of your database and table.SELECT apiversion, count() AS TotalFROM "default"."cloudtrail_logs_cloudtrail_awslogs_317431709534_6l2vpmtr_isengard_do_not_delete"WHERE eventsource = 'cloudfront.amazonaws.com'AND parse_datetime(apiversion, 'yyyy_MM_dd') < parse_datetime('2020_05_31', 'yyyy_MM_dd')GROUP BY apiversionORDER BY Total Desc;The query returns a count of the API calls that use earlier CloudFront API versions. If the query returns no results, then your account isn't using an earlier API version.If the previous query did return results, then run this additional query to get more information about each individual API call:Important: Replace $databaseName.$tableName with the names of your database and table.SELECT useridentity.arn, sourceipaddress, eventname, useragent,eventtimeFROM "default"."cloudtrail_logs_cloudtrail_awslogs_317431709534_6l2vpmtr_isengard_do_not_delete"WHERE eventsource = 'cloudfront.amazonaws.com'AND parse_datetime(apiversion, 'yyyy_MM_dd') < parse_datetime('2020_05_31', 'yyyy_MM_dd');This query returns the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) identity, source IP address, API call (event), and user agent associated with the API calls. Use this information to determine which applications you want to update with the new CloudFront API versions.
Question: How do I configure volume mapping or find the volume mapping for my EC2 Windows Server 2016 or later instance?

I have an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Windows Server 2016 or later instance. I want to view the current volume mapping on my instance. Or, I want to configure volume mapping so that I can have a fixed drive letter in the operating system?ResolutionView existing volume mappingsFor information on viewing the existing volume mapping on the instance, see Map disks to volumes on your Windows instance.Configure volume mappings1.    Connect to the instance.2.    Open File Explorer, and then select This PC. Make sure that the disk is online and that it has the label on it.3.    Note the volume name that you want to assign the drive letter to.Note: Your configuration might require a unique name for each drive. If the drive letter is already in use, the mapping fails. Also, be aware that EC2Launch initializes drives that aren't already initialized and partitioned.The following steps are tested for Windows Server 2016 and later:4.    Open **C:\ProgramData\Amazon\EC2-Windows\Launch\Config**. Edit the DriveLetterMappingConfig.json file with any text editor application, such as Notepad.The following example assigns the letter D to Backup volume and the letter E to Logs volume:{     "driveLetterMapping": [        {            "volumeName": "Backup",            "driveLetter": "D"        },        {            "volumeName": "Logs",            "driveLetter": "E"        }    ]}5.    Run the following command in Windows PowerShell to launch the EC2Launch script to initialize the disks:C:\ProgramData\Amazon\EC2-Windows\Launch\Scripts\InitializeDisks.ps1Add the -Schedule flag to initialize the disks each time the instance boots, as shown in the following example:C:\ProgramData\Amazon\EC2-Windows\Launch\Scripts\InitializeDisks.ps1 -ScheduleYour new mappings are now set.
Question: Why didn't Amazon Redshift perform any upgrades during the maintenance window?

I scheduled maintenance for my Amazon Redshift cluster. However, the maintenance did not trigger. Why did this happen?ResolutionYour Amazon Redshift cluster might not perform an upgrade during the maintenance window for the following reasons:There are no maintenance tasks to perform: Check to see if there are any scheduled maintenance tasks. If there are none during the scheduled maintenance window, then your cluster operates normally until the next scheduled maintenance window.Your AWS Region has not yet implemented the latest version of Amazon Redshift: In some cases, your cluster might not be upgraded to the newest version of Amazon Redshift during a maintenance window. This depends on your AWS Region and the timing of the patch release. If your AWS Region hasn't implemented the latest version of Amazon Redshift, then your cluster isn't updated.Amazon Redshift is undergoing a hardware update: Maintenance periods are overridden when a mandatory hardware replacement is scheduled on your Amazon Redshift cluster. If a hardware replacement is required, you receive an event notification through the AWS Management Console and SNS subscription as a "Pending" item.For more information, see Overview of managing clusters in Amazon Redshift.
Question: How do I set up an IAM user and sign in to the AWS Management Console using IAM credentials?

How can I set up an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user and manage IAM policies for users and applications?Short descriptionIf you're new to IAM, consider the following best practices before getting started:For a general overview of IAM, see What Is IAM?For a tutorial that helps you create a user with administrative permissions for yourself, see Creating your first IAM admin user and group.After you create your IAM user, sign in as that IAM user by following the instructions for How IAM users sign in to AWS.For a list of best practices to improve the security of your IAM resources and account, see Security best practices in IAM.For information on managing IAM policies and adding permissions to an IAM identity (IAM user, group, or role), see Managing IAM policies.

ResolutionTo create a new IAM user, follow the instructions for Creating an IAM user in Your AWS Account.

Related informationGetting started with IAMBusiness use cases for IAM
Question: Why is my Spot Instance terminating even though the maximum price is higher than the Spot price?

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is terminating my Spot Instance even though the maximum price I set is higher than the Spot Price. How can I troubleshoot this?ResolutionAmazon EC2 might terminate your Spot Instance even if your maximum price is higher than the Spot price for the following reasons:Lack of Spot Capacity - Amazon EC2 interrupts your Spot Instance when the capacity is needed. Often Amazon EC2 reclaims your instance to repurpose capacity. Your Spot Instance might also be terminated for issues such as host maintenance or hardware decommission.Amazon EC2 can't meet your Spot Instance request constraints - If your request includes a constraint such as a launch group or a specific Availability Zone group, then the Spot Instances are terminated as a group when the constraint can no longer be met.Setting a high maximum price doesn't guarantee Spot Instance availability. For more information, see How Spot Instances work.Note: When Amazon EC2 interrupts a Spot Instance, by default the Spot Instance is terminated. You can change this default behavior to hibernate or stop the instance instead of terminating it. For more information, see Interruption behaviors.To determine why Amazon EC2 interrupted your Spot Instance, do the following:Open the Amazon EC2 console, and then select Spot Requests.Choose the Request ID of the terminated Spot Instance.View the Status field under the Description section to see reason code explaining why the instance was terminated. For example, If Amazon EC2 didn’t have enough Spot Capacity, the Status field says "instance-terminated-no-capacity". For a complete list of reason codes, see Spot request status codes.You can use Spot Instance interruption notices to work around potential interruptions. For more information, see Taking advantage of Amazon EC2 Spot Instance interruption notices.

Related informationWhy am I receiving a "no Spot capacity available" error when trying to launch an Amazon EC2 Spot Instance?Spot Instance interruptionsSpot request status
Question: How can I configure and access ElastiCache for Redis from my Lightsail instance?

I want to connect to Amazon ElastiCache for Redis endpoints from my Amazon Lightsail instance. How do I do this?ResolutionTo connect to an ElastiCache for Redis cluster from a Lightsail instance, do the following:(Optional) Create the Lightsail instance and ElastiCache for Redis resources if you haven't already done so.Configure the security group on the cluster to allow the connection.Turn on VPC peering on your Lightsail instance.Connect to the Redis cluster endpoint from the Lightsail instance.(Optional) Create the Lightsail instance and ElastiCache Redis resourcesFor information on creating a Lightsail instance and connecting to the instance, see Create an Amazon Lightsail instance.For information on creating an ElastiCache for Redis cluster, see Create a cluster.Note: Create the Lightsail and ElastiCache resources in the same Region. You must create the ElastiCache resources on the default VPC.Configure the security group on the cluster to allow the connectionMake sure that the security group of the ElastiCache for Redis cluster allows incoming TCP connections on port 6379 from the Lightsail instance's private IP address.To add inbound port 6379 to your ElastiCache for Redis cluster, do the following:1.    Open the Amazon ElastiCache console, and then select the AWS Region where the cluster is located.2.    In the ElastiCache console dashboard, choose Redis.3.    Select your cluster, and then note the security group associated with the cluster.4.    Open the Amazon VPC console and then select the security group you noted in step 3.5.    Add a new custom TCP rule for port 6379 from the source IP. In this case, the source IP is the private IP of the Lightsail instance.Turn on VPC peering on the Lightsail instanceFor information about turning on the VPC peering connection on the Lightsail instance, see Set up Amazon VPC peering to work with AWS resources outside of Amazon Lightsail.Note: Turn on VPC peering for the Region that you created your resources in.Connect to the Redis cluster endpoint from the Lightsail instance1.    Download and install redis-cli on your Lightsail instance. Redis-cli is a utility that you can use to connect to a cluster or replication group from within the instance.To install redis-cli on an Amazon Linux 2 instance:$ sudo yum install gcc$ sudo wget http://download.redis.io/redis-stable.tar.gz$ sudo tar xvzf redis-stable.tar.gz$ cd redis-stable$ sudo makeFor instructions on installing redis-cli on other Linux distribution, see Download and install redis-cli.2.    To connect to the cluster, run the following command. Replace cluster-endpoint and port number with the endpoint of your cluster and your port number. (The default port for Redis is 6379.)$ src/redis-cli -h cluster-endpoint -c -p port numberThe command returns a Redis command prompt similar to the following:cluster-endpoint: port numberNote: You can test the connection from your Lightsail instance to the Redis cluster endpoint by running the telnet command:$ telnet <redis_endpoint> 6379
Question: How do I turn on Object Lock for an existing Amazon S3 bucket?

I want to turn on Object Lock for an existing Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket.

ResolutionNote: If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you're using the most recent version of the AWS CLI.You need an Object Lock token value to turn on Object Lock for an existing S3 bucket. To get this value, contact AWS Support.Note that you can request for an Object Lock token value to be generated only for version-enabled buckets.After you get the token from AWS Support, run the following AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) command. You can use the latest version of AWS CLI on a local machine or AWS CloudShell to run this command:aws s3api put-object-lock-configuration --bucket bucketname --token token-value --object-lock-configuration "ObjectLockEnabled=Enabled,Rule={DefaultRetention={Mode=string,Days=integer,Years=integer}}"For more information, see put-object-lock-configuration.Be sure to do the following:Replace bucketname with the name of the bucket.Replace token-value with the Object Lock token value.You can set Mode to GOVERNANCE or COMPLIANCE and specify the duration in either Days or Years. Don't use both Days and Years in the command. Otherwise, you get the Malformed XML error.This command produces no output.To verify if Object Lock is turned on for your S3 bucket, view the default object lock settings using the Amazon S3 console.You can also use the GetObjectLockConfiguration API.aws s3api get-object-lock-configuration --bucket bucketnameAlso, see Viewing the lock information for an object.Important: After you configure the S3 Object Lock successfully, you can't turn it off. Also, you can't suspend versioning on the bucket.

Related informationUsing S3 Object Lock