Question: How can I troubleshoot high replica lag with Amazon RDS for MySQL?

I want to find the cause of replica lag when using Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) for MySQL. How can I do this?Short descriptionAmazon RDS for MySQL uses asynchronous replication. This means that sometimes, the replica isn't able to keep up with the primary DB instance. As a result, replication lag can occur.When you use an Amazon RDS for MySQL read replica with binary log file position-based replication, you can monitor replication lag. In Amazon CloudWatch, check the ReplicaLag metric for Amazon RDS. The ReplicaLag metric reports the value of the Seconds_Behind_Master field of the SHOW SLAVE STATUS command.The Seconds_Behind_Master field shows the difference between the current timestamp on the replica DB instance. The original timestamp logged on the primary DB instance for the event that is being processed on the replica DB instance is also shown.MySQL replication works with three threads: the Binlog Dump thread, the IO_THREAD, and the SQL_THREAD. For more information about how these threads function, see the MySQL documentation for Replication threads. If there is a delay in replication, identify whether the lag is caused by the replica IO_THREAD or the replica SQL_THREAD. Then, you can identify the root cause of the lag.

ResolutionTo identify which replication thread is lagging, see the following examples:1.    Run the SHOW MASTER STATUS command on the primary DB instance, and review the output:mysql> SHOW MASTER STATUS;+----------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+| File                       | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |+----------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+| mysql-bin-changelog.066552|      521 |              |                  |                   |+----------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)Note: In the example output, the source or primary DB instance is writing the binary logs to the file mysql-bin.066552.2.    Run the SHOW SLAVE STATUS command on the replica DB instance and review the output:Example 1:mysql> SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.066548Read_Master_Log_Pos: 10050480Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.066548Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 10050300Slave_IO_Running: YesSlave_SQL_Running: YesIn Example 1, the Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.066548 indicates that the replica IO_THREAD is reading from the binary log file mysql-bin.066548. The primary DB instance is writing the binary logs to the mysql-bin.066552 file. This output shows that the replica IO_THREAD is behind by four binlogs. But, the Relay_Master_Log_File is mysql-bin.066548, which indicates that the replica SQL_THREAD is reading from same file as the IO_THREAD. This means that the replica SQL_THREAD is keeping up, but the replica IO_THREAD is lagging behind.Example 2:mysql> SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G*************************** 1. row ***************************Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.066552Read_Master_Log_Pos: 430Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.066530Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 50360Slave_IO_Running: YesSlave_SQL_Running: YesExample 2 shows that the primary instance's log file is mysql-bin-changelog.066552. The output shows that IO_THREAD is keeping up with the primary DB instance. In the replica output, the SQL thread is performing Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin-changelog.066530. As a result, SQL_THREAD is lagging behind by 22 binary logs.Normally, IO_THREAD doesn't cause large replication delays, because the IO_THREAD only reads the binary logs from the primary or source instance. But, network connectivity and network latency can affect the speed of the reads between the servers. The IO_THREAD replica might be performing slower because of high bandwidth usage.If the replica SQL_THREAD is the source of replication delays, then those delays could be caused by the following:Long-running queries on the primary DB instanceInsufficient DB instance class size or storageParallel queries run on the primary DB instanceBinary logs synced to the disk on the replica DB instanceBinlog_format on the replica is set to ROWReplica creation lagLong-running queries on the primary instanceLong-running queries on the primary DB instance that take an equal amount of time to run on the replica DB instance can increase seconds_behind_master. For example, if you initiate a change on the primary instance and it takes an hour to run, then the lag is one hour. Because the change might also take one hour to complete on the replica, by the time the change is complete, the total lag is approximately two hours. This is an expected delay, but you can minimize this lag by monitoring the slow query log on the primary instance. You can also identify long-running statements to reduce lag. Then, break long-running statements into smaller statements or transactions.Insufficient DB instance class size or storageIf the replica DB instance class or storage configuration is lower than the primary, then the replica might throttle because of insufficient resources. The replica is unable to keep up with the changes made on the primary instance. Make sure that the DB instance type of the replica is the same or higher than the primary DB instance. For replication to operate effectively, each read replica requires the same amount of compute and storage resources as the source DB instance. For more information, see DB instance classes.Parallel queries run on the primary DB instanceIf you run queries in parallel on the primary, they are committed in a serial order on the replica. This is because the MySQL replication is single threaded (SQL_THREAD), by default. If a high volume of writes to the source DB instance occurs in parallel, then the writes to the read replica are serialized using a single SQL_THREAD. This can cause a lag between the source DB instance and read replica.Multi-threaded (parallel) replication is available for MySQL 5.6, MySQL 5.7, and higher versions. For more information about multi-threaded replication, see the MySQL documentation for Binary logging options and variables.Multi-threaded replication can cause gaps in replication. For example, multi-threaded replication isn't a best practice when skipping the replication errors, because it's difficult to identify which transactions you are skipping. This can lead to gaps in data consistency between the primary and replica DB instances.Binary logs synced to the disk on the replica DB instanceTurning on automatic backups on the replica might result in overhead to sync the binary logs to the disk on the replica. The default value of the parameter sync_binlog is set to 1. If you change this value to 0, then you also turn off the synchronization of the binary log to the disk by the MySQL server. Instead of logging to the disk, the operating system (OS) occasionally flushes the binary logs to disk.Turning off the binary log synchronization can reduce the performance overhead required to sync the binary logs to disk on every commit. But, if there is a power failure or the OS crashes, some of the commits might not be synchronized to the binary logs. This asynchronization can affect point in time restore (PITR) capabilities. For more information, see the MySQL documentation for sync_binlog.Binlog_format is set to ROWIf you set binlog_format on the primary DB instance to ROW, and the source table is missing a primary key, then the SQL thread will perform a full table scan on replica. This is because the default value of parameter slave_rows_search_algorithms is TABLE_SCAN,INDEX_SCAN. To resolve this issue in the short term, change the search algorithm to INDEX_SCAN,HASH_SCAN to reduce the overhead of full table scan. For the long term, it's a best practice to add an explicit primary key to each table.For more information about the slave-rows-search-algorithms parameter, see the MySQL documentation for slave_rows_search_algorithms.Replica creation lagAmazon RDS creates a read replica of a MySQL primary instance by taking a DB snapshot. Then, Amazon RDS restores the snapshot to create a new DB instance (replica) and establishes replication between the two.Amazon RDS takes time to create new read replicas. When the replication is established, there is a lag for the duration of the time that it takes to create a backup of the primary. To minimize this lag, create a manual backup before calling for the replica creation. Then, the snapshot taken by the replica creation process is an incremental backup, which is faster.When you restore a read replica from a snapshot, the replica doesn't wait for all the data to be transferred from the source. The replica DB instance is available to perform the DB operations. The new volume is created from existing Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) snapshot loads in the background.Note: For Amazon RDS for MySQL replicas (EBS-based volumes), the replica lag can increase initially. This is because the lazy loading effect can influence the replication performance.Consider turning on the InnoDB cache warming feature. This can provide performance gains by saving the current state of the buffer pool of the primary DB instance. Then, reload the buffer pool on a restored read replica.

Related informationWorking with MySQL replication in Amazon RDSWorking with MySQL read replicas