VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: How can I restrict users in certain locations from accessing web content served by my CloudFront distribution?

I want to restrict users in certain countries from accessing the web content served by my Amazon CloudFront distribution.

ResolutionTurn on CloudFront geo restriction for your distribution by following these steps:Open the CloudFront console.Choose the distribution that you want to apply geo restriction to.Choose the Geographic Restrictions tab.Choose Edit.To allow access to countries, for Restriction type choose Allow List. To block access from certain countries, choose Block List.For Countries, select the countries that you want to allow or block. Then, choose Add.Choose Save Changes.Note: You can set your CloudFront distribution to return a custom error message when a user from a blocked country tries to access content.Consider these additional ways to restrict access to your content served through CloudFront:Be sure that any AWS security groups on your CloudFront origin have restricted HTTP or HTTPS access to the CloudFront IP address ranges. This prevents access to those IP addresses from outside of CloudFront. For more information, see Automatically update security groups for Amazon CloudFront IP ranges using AWS Lambda.You can use AWS WAF to monitor and restrict HTTP and HTTPS requests, and to control access to your content.

Related informationHow AWS Shield works
Question: How do I increase security in Amazon Cognito by using MFA settings for users and user pools?

I want to increase security for my Amazon Cognito users and user pools by implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA). How do I do this?Short descriptionMFA settings for Amazon Cognito can be set to off, optional, or required for users and user pools.If MFA is off, then no users are prompted with an MFA challenge during sign in. If MFA is optional, then MFA is added at the user level. Only users who have MFA configured are prompted with an MFA challenge during sign in. If MFA is required, then each user is prompted with an MFA challenge during sign in.SMS text messages and time-based one-time passwords (TOTP) are both second authentication factor options for Amazon Cognito users and user pools.Resolution1.    Set up MFA for your Amazon Cognito user pool.Important: The user pool’s MFA settings can change the authentication flow. For more information, see User pool authentication flow.2.    Set up a second authentication factor for Amazon Cognito users.To configure SMS text messages as the second factor for users:Make sure that each user has a phone number. Phone numbers are marked as verified after SMS text messages are acknowledged.Set up an SMS text message MFA.Set up SMS text messages in Amazon Cognito user pools.Use the AdminSetUserMFAPreference API or the SetUserMFAPreference API, depending on the use case. For SMSMfaSettings, set both Enabled and PreferredMfa to True.Provide any other required parameters depending on the API, then invoke the API.To configure TOTP as the second factor for users:Set up a TOTP software token MFA.Use the AdminSetUserMFAPreference API or the SetUserMFAPreference API, depending on the use case. For SoftwareTokenMfaSettings, set both Enabled and PreferredMfa to True.Provide any other required parameters depending on the API, then invoke the API.Note: You can use the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) to associate a TOTP software token MFA and then set TOTP as the second authentication factor. For more information, see How do I activate TOTP MFA for Amazon Cognito user pools?
Question: How do I restore a CloudHSM cluster from a previous backup?

I want to restore my hardware security module (HSM) in my AWS CloudHSM cluster to a previous version.

Short descriptionCloudHSM periodically makes a backup of your cluster, and also automatically creates a backup when you delete an HSM. The backups are stored in an Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket in the same AWS Region as your cluster.If you don't need your HSM, you can delete it. When you are ready to use that HSM again, you can create a new HSM in the same cluster as the HSM that you deleted. If you deleted your cluster, you can create a new one from the backup. For more information, see AWS CloudHSM cluster backups.

ResolutionFollow the instructions for Creating AWS CloudHSM cluster from backups. Then, create an HSM in that cluster.
Question: How do I sign in to the AWS Management Console?

I want to access AWS resources through the AWS Management Console. How do I sign in?ResolutionSigning in as the AWS account root userIf you're a root user, open the Sign in page, select Root user, and sign in using your AWS account root user credentials.Signing in as the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user with a custom URLSign in using a custom URL https​://account_alias_or_id.signin.aws.amazon.com/console/. You must replace account_alias_or_id with the account alias or account ID provided by the root user.Signing in as the IAM user on the Sign-in pageIf you have previously signed in as the IAM user on the browser, you might see the Sign in as IAM user page when you open the Sign-in page. Your account ID or account alias might already be saved. In that case, just enter your IAM user credentials, and then choose Sign in.If you are signing in on the browser for the first time, open the Sign in page, select IAM user, and then enter the 12-digit AWS account ID or account alias. Choose Next. In the Sign in as IAM user page, enter your IAM user credentials, and then choose Sign in.If you have trouble signing in as the IAM user, contact your account administrator for the specialized URL and account credentials to use.For the AWS GovCloud (US) Region, sign in to the AWS Management Console for the AWS GovCloud (US) using your IAM account credentials.If you have trouble signing in to your AWS account, see I'm having trouble signing in to or accessing my AWS account.Note: For security purposes, AWS Support doesn't have access to view, provide, or change your account credentials.

Related informationWhat is the AWS Management Console?Signing in to the AWS Management Console as an IAM user or root userAWS Management Console for the AWS GovCloud (US) RegionTroubleshooting AWS sign-in or account issuesEnable access to the AWS Management Console with AD credentials
Question: Why can't I configure ACM certificates for my website hosted on an EC2 instance?

I want to configure AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) certificates for my website hosted on an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.

Short descriptionConfiguring an Amazon Issued ACM public certificate for a website that's hosted on an EC2 instance requires exporting the certificate. However, you can't export the certificate because ACM manages the private key that signs and creates the certificate. For more information, see Security for certificate private keys.Instead, you can associate an ACM certificate with a load balancer or an ACM SSL/TLS certificate with a CloudFront distribution. Before you begin, follow the instructions for requesting a public certificate.Note: You must request or import an ACM certificate in the same AWS Region as your load balancer. CloudFront distributions must request the certificate in the US East (N. Virginia) Region.

ResolutionFollow these steps to associate your certificate:Create an Application Load Balancer, Network Load Balancer, Classic Load Balancer, or CloudFront distribution.Note: If you already have an Application Load Balancer, Network Load Balancer, Classic Load Balancer, or CloudFront distribution, then you can skip this step.Associate the certificate with your ELB, or configure a CloudFront distribution to use an SSL/TLS certificate.Put the EC2 instance behind your ELB or CloudFront distribution.Route traffic to your ELB or CloudFront distribution.Create an ELB or CloudFront distributionFollow the instructions for your use case:Create an Application Load BalancerCreate a Network Load BalancerCreate a Classic Load BalancerCreate a CloudFront distributionAssociate the certificate with ELB or configure it with a CloudFront distributionFollow the instructions for your use case:Associate the certificate with a Classic, Application, or Network Load BalancerConfigure your CloudFront distribution to use an SSL/TLS certificatePut the EC2 instance behind your ELB or CloudFront distributionFollow the instructions for your use case:Register targets with your target group for your Application or Network Load BalancerRegister or deregister EC2 instances for your Classic Load BalancerUse Amazon EC2 with CloudFront distributionsRoute traffic to your ELB or CloudFront distributionFollow the instructions for your use case:Route traffic to a load balancerRoute traffic to a CloudFront distributionNote: Public ACM certificates can be installed on Amazon EC2 instances that are connected to a Nitro Enclave, but not to other Amazon EC2 instances.

Related informationEmail validationDNS validationMaking Amazon Route 53 the DNS service for an existing domain
Question: How long does object replication take on Amazon S3?

I configured object replication from one Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket to another bucket. How long does it take to replicate objects?ResolutionMost objects replicate within 15 minutes. However, sometimes replication can take a couple of hours. In rare cases, the replication can take longer.There are several factors that can affect replication time, including (but not limited to):The size of the objects to be replicated.For cross-Region replication, the pairing of the source and destination AWS Regions.If you don't see object replicas in the destination bucket after you configure replication, see Troubleshooting replication.
Question: How can I resolve connection issues between the CloudHSM client and the CloudHSM cluster?

I want to troubleshoot and resolve connection issues between my AWS CloudHSM cluster and HSM client.

ResolutionVerify that the CloudHSM client package installedCloudHSM clients must have the CloudHSM client software installed to communicate with the HSM. Verify that the CloudHSM client package is installed using one of the following commands:Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and Amazon Linux:rpm -qa | grep cloudhsmUbuntu:dpkg --list | grep cloudhsmWindows PowerShell:Get-Service -Name AWSCloudHSMClientIf the CloudHSM client software isn't installed, follow the instructions to install it. For Linux distributions, see Install and configure the AWS CloudHSM client (Linux). For Windows, see Install and configure the AWS CloudHSM client (Windows).Verify that the CloudHSM security group is associated with the CloudHSM client instanceWhen you create a cluster, CloudHSM automatically creates a security group named cloudhsm-cluster-clusterID-sg, and then associates the groups with the cluster. Client instances must be associated with this cluster security group to access the HSM.1.    Open the CloudHSM console, and choose Clusters.2.    Choose the Cluster ID.3.    In General configuration under Security group, note the cloudhsm-cluster-clusterID-sg security group ID.4.    Open the Amazon EC2 console, and then choose Instances.5.    Choose your Instance ID, and then choose the Description tab.6.    Check the Security groups associated with the instance.7.    If the cloudhsm-cluster-clusterID-sg security group ID isn't associated with the EC2 instance, follow the instructions to Connect the Amazon EC2 instance to the AWS CloudHSM cluster.Verify that the CloudHSM client daemon is runningIf the CloudHSM client daemon is not running, then application hosts can't connect to HSMs. Verify that the CloudHSM client daemon is running using one of the following commands:Amazon Linux 2, CentOS 7, RHEL 7, and Ubuntu 16.04 LTS:sudo systemctl is-active cloudhsm-clientCentOS 6, Amazon Linux, and RHEL 6:sudo status cloudhsm-clientWindows PowerShell:Get-Service -Name AWSCloudHSMClient | Format-Table DisplayName,Status -AutoSizeIf the output shows the CloudHSM client daemon status as stopped, then follow the instructions to Start the AWS CloudHSM Client.Update the configuration file for the CloudHSM client elastic network interface IP address1.    Open the CloudHSM console, and then choose Clusters.2.    Choose Cluster ID.3.    Choose the HSMs tab, and then note ENI IP address.Note: You can also use the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) describe-clusters command.4.    For instructions to update the client's configuration file with the ENI IP address from step 3, see Lost connection to the cluster.For more information, see Troubleshooting AWS CloudHSM.

Related informationWhich CloudHSM certificates are used for the client-server end-to-end encrypted connection?
Question: How do I assign a static hostname to an Amazon EC2 instance running SLES?

I changed the hostname of my Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance. However, when I reboot or stop and then start the instance, the hostname changes back. How do I make the hostname persist?Short descriptionTo make a hostname persist when rebooting or stopping and starting your EC2 instance, add the hostname to the appropriate configuration files on the instance.Note: The following steps apply to SLES. For instructions that apply to other distributions, see one of the following:Changing the system hostnameHow do I assign a static hostname to an Amazon EC2 instance running RHEL 5 or 6, CentOS 5 or 6, or Amazon Linux?How do I assign a static hostname to an Amazon EC2 instance running Ubuntu Linux?How do I assign a static hostname to an Amazon EC2 instance running RHEL 7 or CentOS 7?Resolution1.    Connect to your EC2 Linux instance using SSH. For more information, see Connecting to your Linux instance using SSH.2.    Switch to the root user.sudo su3.    Use the hostnamectl command to set the new hostname. Replace new-hostname with your hostname.SLES 11:hostname new-hostnameSLES 12 and SLES 15:hostnamectl set-hostname new-hostname4.    Use the vim editor to update the /etc/hosts file with the new hostname.vim /etc/hosts5.    Find the localhost string and append the new hostname. Again, replace new-hostname with your hostname.127.0.0.1 localhost new-hostname6.    Save and exit the vim editor by pressing Shift + : (colon) to open a new command entry box in the vim editor. Type wq and then press Enter to save changes and exit the vim editor.SLES 11 (additional step for this OS version only)Use the vim editor to update the /etc/HOSTNAME file with the new hostname.vim /etc/HOSTNAMEFind the current hostname string and replace it with the new hostname.Press Shift + : (colon) to open a new command entry box in the vim editor, type wq, and then press Enter to save changes and exit vim.7.    Use the vim editor to update the /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg file on your SLES Linux instance.vim /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg8.    Find the preserve_hostname string and change the default setting to true so that the hostname is preserved between restarts or reboots.preserve_hostname: true9.    Save and exit the vim editor by pressing Shift + : (colon) to open a new command entry box in the vim editor. Type wq and then press Enter to save changes and exit the vim editor.10.    Reboot the instance.sudo reboot11.    Connect to your EC2 instance, and then run the Linux hostname command without any parameters to verify that the hostname change persisted.hostnameThe command returns the new hostname.

Related informationChanging the hostname of your Linux instance
Question: How can I configure NAT on my VPC CIDR for traffic traversing a VPN connection?

I have an AWS VPN connection to a VPC that's managed by Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) where the network CIDRs overlap. I want to configure NAT for my AWS VPN.

Short descriptionAWS VPN doesn't provide a managed option to apply NAT to VPN traffic. Instead, manually configure NAT using a software-based VPN solution. There are many of these VPN solutions in the AWS Marketplace.NAT can also be manually configured on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Linux instance that is running a software-based VPN solution along with iptables.

ResolutionThis example configuration uses two VPCs. The first is an AWS managed VPN and the second is a software-based VPN solution that is used as the customer gateway.Before you begin, confirm that you set up an AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection. Then, install your selected VPN solution on the EC2 Linux instance by using your distribution's package manager.Allow VPN trafficConfigure your VPC route table, security groups, and network ACLs to allow VPN traffic:1.    Enter the route towards the destination network into your route table. Set the elastic network interface of your software VPN EC2 instance as the target.2.    Confirm that your route table has a default route with a target of an internet gateway.3.    Allow inbound traffic using UDP port 500 (ISAKMP) and 4500 (IPsec NAT-Traversal) in the instance's security group rules.4.    Turn off source/destination checks to allow the instance to forward IP packets.Configure VPN connectionConfigure the Site-to-Site VPN connection for your relevant solution. AWS offers downloadable example configuration files based on device vendor and model.Configure iptablesConfigure your iptables rules for source NAT or destination NAT.For source NAT, use the following string, filling in appropriate values in place of the brackets:sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -d <Destination address or CIDR> -j SNAT --to-source <Your desired IP address>For destination NAT, use the following string, filling in appropriate values in place of the brackets:sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -j DNAT --to-destination <Your desired IP address>To save your running iptables configuration to a file, use the following command:sudo iptables-save > /etc/iptables.confTo load this configuration on boot, enter the following line in /etc/rc.local before the exit 0 statement:iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.confOptional: Test your AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection. If the test is successful, the traffic is appropriately translated based on the iptables configuration.

Related informationNAT instances
Question: How can I use AWS RAM to share Route 53 Resolver rules across multiple VPCs and AWS accounts?

I want to use AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM) to share Amazon Route 53 Resolver rules across multiple virtual private clouds (VPCs) or AWS accounts.

ResolutionCreate the Route 53 Resolver rules (if you don't already have rules)Before you begin, consider the following:Route 53 Resolver is a Regional service. You can only share and associate VPCs in the same Region where you created the rules.You must have permissions to use the PutResolverRulePolicy action to share rules across AWS accounts.The account that you share rules with can't change or delete the shared rule.In Account A, create Route 53 Resolver rules to share with other accounts and VPCs.Share the Route 53 Resolver rules with AWS RAMOpen the Route 53 console in Account A.In the navigation pane, choose Rules.Select the rule that you want to share.Choose Share.For Name, enter a descriptive name for the resource share.For Select Resource Type, choose Resolver Rules.Select the Resolver Rule ID to share.Specify the Principal to share. The Principal can be a single account or an organization.(Optional) Complete the Tags section.Accept the shared Route 53 Resolver rules in AWS RAMOpen the AWS RAM console.In the navigation pane, choose Shared with me, Resource shares.Select the resource share ID for the Route 53 Resolver rules.Choose Accept resource share.Associate the Route 53 Resolver rules with a VPCOpen the Route 53 console in Account B.In the navigation pane, choose Rules.Select the rule that you just shared.Choose Associate VPC.Select the VPC from the drop-down list, and then choose Add.DNS queries from the VPC now use the outbound endpoint for the shared rule from Account A. AWS RAM manages connectivity between the VPC and the outbound endpoint for the rule from Account A.

Related informationManaging forwarding rules
Question: Why am I not getting Amazon SES bounce notifications from Amazon SNS?

I turned on Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) notifications for whenever email that I send using Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES) results in a bounce. However, I'm not getting bounce notifications from Amazon SNS.

ResolutionCheck the following:Verify that your Amazon SNS topic is in the same AWS Region as your Amazon SES identity (domain or email address). The topic and the identity must be in the same Region for bounce notifications to work.If you set up Amazon SNS notifications for a verified domain, then check whether email addresses within the domain are verified as separate identities. SNS notifications apply only to an individual Amazon SES identity that's verified in your account.In addition to creating the SNS topic, confirm that you also subscribed an endpoint to the topic to receive notifications.When you subscribe an email address to an SNS topic, you receive an email from Amazon SNS asking you to confirm the subscription. Check your email for this message, and then confirm the subscription.If the SNS topic is using AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) encryption, then confirm that Amazon SES has permissions to the encryption key.Important: Use the Amazon SES mailbox simulator email address to test or troubleshoot event notifications because these emails addresses are designed for testing. Bounces from the mailbox simulator address aren't counted in your account's metrics.
Question: How can I reduce data transfer charges for my NAT gateway?

I need to reduce data transfer charges on my bill for traffic going through a NAT gateway in my Amazon VPC.

ResolutionFirst, determine the major sources of traffic through your NAT gateway. Then, to reduce data transfer and processing charges, consider the following strategies:Determine whether the instances sending the most traffic are in the same Availability Zone (AZ) as the NAT gateway. If they're not, then create new NAT gateways in the same AZ as the resource to reduce cross-AZ data transfer charges.Determine whether the majority of your NAT gateway charges are from traffic to Amazon Simple Storage Service or Amazon DynamoDB in the same Region. If they are, then set up a gateway VPC endpoint. Route traffic to and from the AWS resource through the gateway VPC endpoint, rather than through the NAT gateway. There's no processing or hourly charges for using gateway VPC endpoints.If most traffic through your NAT gateway is to AWS services that support interface VPC endpoints, then create an interface VPC endpoint for the services. See pricing details for interface VPC endpoints to determine the potential cost savings.Note: You can set up alarms to monitor use of your NAT gateway in the future using Amazon CloudWatch.

Related informationAmazon VPC pricing