VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: How can I use CloudWatch metrics to calculate the average throughput and average number of IOPS my EBS volume is providing?

I want to calculate the average throughput and number of IOPS for my Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume.

Short descriptionYou can use Amazon CloudWatch metrics to monitor the status of your EBS volumes. Then, use this data to determine the average number of IOPS provided and the average throughput of your volume.Calculate the actual average IOPS in Ops/s with the following formula:((VolumeReadOps)+(VolumeWriteOps))/((Period)−(VolumeIdleTime))Calculate the average IOPS in Ops/s with the following formula:((VolumeReadOps)+(VolumeWriteOps))/(Period)For more information, see How can I identify if my Amazon EBS volume is micro-bursting and then prevent this from happening?Calculate the actual average throughput in bytes/s with the following formula:((VolumeReadBytes)+(VolumeWriteBytes))/((Period)−(VolumeIdleTime))Calculate the average throughput in bytes/s with the following formula:((VolumeReadBytes)+(VolumeWriteBytes))/(Period)Note: The Sum statistic in CloudWatch for VolumeReadBytes and VolumeWriteBytes reports the total number of bytes transferred during the specified period.

ResolutionOpen the CloudWatch console.Under Metrics in the sidebar, choose All metrics.Choose EBS, and then choose Per-Volume Metrics.Select the metrics that you want to graph:To graph the actual average IOPS, select VolumeReadOps, VolumeWriteOps, and VolumeIdleTime.To graph the actual average throughput, select VolumeReadBytes, VolumeWriteBytes, and VolumeIdleTime.To graph the average IOPS, select VolumeReadOps, VolumeWriteOps.To graph the average throughput, select VolumeReadBytes, VolumeWriteBytes.Choose the Graphed metrics tab.In the Statistic dropdown list, choose Sum.Choose the period of time that you want to view from the Period dropdown list.Note: The Period in the previously mentioned formulas represents a given time in CloudWatch. The specified Period of the CloudWatch graph equals the volume's collection period.To graph the actual average, in the Add math dropdown list, choose Start with empty expression. Then, enter the following expression:(m1+m2)/(PERIOD(m1)−m3).To graph the average, in the Add math dropdown list, choose Start with empty expression. Then, enter the following expression: (m1+m2)/(PERIOD(m1)).Choose Apply.

Related informationHow does Amazon EBS calculate the optimal I/O size I should use to improve performance on my gp2 or io1 volume?
Question: Why isn't the Route 53 Alias record for my Elastic Load Balancing DNS resolving as expected?

The Amazon Route 53 Alias record for my Elastic Load Balancing DNS didn't resolve as expected. Why isn't my Alias record working as expected?Short descriptionIf your Elastic Load Balancing Alias record type is misconfigured, then the DNS record won't resolve as expected. Elastic Load Balancing Alias record types must be configured as Type A rather than CNAME. This configuration is required because the hostnames provided by the Elastic Load Balancing services are A records, and the two record types must match.Important: This resolution applies to the old Route 53 console design. If you're using the new (v2) console, choose Switch to old console in the left-hand navigation menu to see the old console view.

ResolutionTo configure the Route 53 Alias record type:Open the Route 53 console.Choose Hosted Zones in the navigation pane.Choose the hosted zone for your domain.Choose the Route 53 Alias record for your domain.In the Edit Record Set pane, choose IPv4 address for Type.Verify that Alias is set to Yes.Confirm that the appropriate Elastic Load Balancing domain name is set as the Alias Target.Choose Save Record Set.

Related informationRouting traffic to an Elastic Load Balancing load balancerValues specific for simple alias records
Question: Why do I get the error “your network config conflicts with the Amazon WorkSpaces management network” when I try to register my directory for Amazon WorkSpaces?

When I try to register a directory for Amazon WorkSpaces, I see the following error message:"Your network config conflicts with the Amazon WorkSpaces management network"Why am I getting this error, and how can I fix this?Short descriptionAmazon WorkSpaces selects the IP address for the management network interface from various address ranges. The selection depends on the Region where the WorkSpaces are created in. When you register a directory, Amazon WorkSpaces must determine if the address ranges create a conflict.To do so, Amazon WorkSpaces tests the virtual private cloud (VPC) Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and the route tables in your VPC. If a conflict is found in all available address ranges in the Region, then you receive an error message and the directory isn’t registered.

ResolutionTo resolve the conflict, follow these steps:Identify the IP address ranges used for the management network interface in your chosen Region.Review the route table associated with the directory and corresponding subnets where the directory will be registered for Amazon WorkSpaces. Directory registration can also fail if the routes for management interface IP ranges are in a route table of the subnet where the directory is being registered.Remove any conflicting IP address ranges from the route table, and then try again to register the directory.Note: Changing the route tables in your VPC after the directory is registered might cause another conflict.If you can’t remove the route to your on-premises network, consider launching Amazon WorkSpaces in a different Region. Review the Management Interface IP Ranges to identify a Region that doesn’t conflict with your on-premises network and that is closest for the end users. You can visit Connection Health Check from the Region that your end users can connect to the WorkSpaces from. This can help identify the best Region to launch Amazon WorkSpaces.
Question: How can I access an Amazon API Gateway API from another AWS account?

I want to access an Amazon API Gateway API from another AWS account. How can I do this?Short descriptionPublic API endpoints (Regional or edge-optimized) can be accessed directly from the public endpoint stage URL or a custom domain name.Private REST APIs endpoints can be accessed from a virtual private cloud in Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) using an interface VPC endpoint.Amazon API Gateway endpoints can be accessed using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) authentication with cross-account access.

ResolutionPublic API endpointsYou can access API Gateway public endpoints directly from the API stage URL. For example, https://0123456789.execute-api.{region}.amazonaws.com/{stage-name}.You can also access API Gateway public endpoints using a custom domain name in a public hosted zone.Note: Custom domain names aren't supported for private APIs.For more information, see How can I set up a custom domain name for my API Gateway API?Private REST API endpointsYou can access API Gateway private REST APIs in another AWS account with an Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) using an interface endpoint.If your private REST API is located in an AWS account and you want to access it from another account, you can edit the resource policy.For more information, see How can I access an API Gateway private REST API in another AWS account using an interface VPC endpoint?APIs using IAM authenticationAdditional configuration is required to access an API Gateway API with cross-account access that uses IAM authentication. The IAM role of the source account must be allowed explicit access in the resource policy similar to the following:REST APIs{  "Version": "2012-10-17",  "Statement": [    {      "Effect": "Allow",      "Principal": {        "AWS": [          "arn:aws:iam::account-id-2:user/Alice",          "account-id-2"        ]      },      "Action": "execute-api:Invoke",      "Resource": [        "arn:aws:execute-api:us-east-1:{account-id}:{api-id}/*/*/*"      ]    }  ]}For more information, see How do I activate IAM authentication for API Gateway REST APIs?HTTP APIsThe option to use resource policies to provide IAM authentication for cross-accounts isn't available for API Gateway HTTP APIs.You can use the sts:AssumeRole API action to assume a role for the HTTP API account. The assumed role provides temporary security credentials that can be used to invoke the HTTP API in another account.For more information, see How can I provide cross-account IAM authorization for API Gateway HTTP APIs?Related informationCreating a private API in Amazon API GatewayExample: Allow users in another AWS account to use an API
Question: How can I use a single SSH key pair for all my AWS Regions?

I want to use the same SSH key pair to access my Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances in all my AWS Regions. How do I do that?Short descriptionTo use a single SSH key pair for all your AWS Regions, first generate a public SSH key from a private SSH key. Then, import the key into each of your AWS Regions.Note: If you receive errors when running AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.

ResolutionIf you don't have one already, create an SSH key pair.Linux1.    Generate a public SSH key (.pub) file from the private SSH key (.pem) file:$ ssh-keygen -y -f MyKeyPair.pem > $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa_MyKeyPair.pubNote: Replace MyKeyPair.pem with the name of your private .pem file. Make sure that you're working on a bash shell and that you configure the AWS CLI with a user that has valid access.2.    Run the following command to set the AWS_REGIONS:$ AWS_REGIONS="$(aws ec2 describe-regions --query 'Regions[].RegionName' --output text)"Note: If you're using a ZSH shell, enable word splitting so that the for loop command iterates each Region name properly. Use the following commands to enable word splitting:$ setopt shwordsplit3.    Run the following command to import the public SSH key into the Regions:$ for each_region in ${AWS_REGIONS} ; do aws ec2 import-key-pair --key-name MyKeyPair --public-key-material fileb://$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa_MyKeyPair.pub --region $each_region ; doneWindows1.    Generate a public SSH key (.pub) file from the private SSH key (.pem) file:Open PuTTYgen.Choose Load to load your private key file.Choose Save public key.2.    Import the public SSH key into the desired AWS Regions by running the following commands:$PubFile = Get-Content .\MyKeyPair.pub -raw$Key = [System.Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes($PubFile))foreach ($Region in (Get-AWSRegion).Region) {Import-EC2KeyPair -KeyName MyKeyPair -PublicKeyMaterial $Key -Region $Region}Note: Replace MyKeyPair.pub with your public SSH file name.

Related informationAWS CLI Command Reference - import-key-pairAWS service endpointsImport-EC2KeyPair Cmdlet
Question: How do I troubleshoot a "ThrottlingException" with DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) operations?

I receive a "ThrottlingException" with Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) operations. What does this mean, and how do I troubleshoot it?Short descriptionDAX monitors the CPU utilization of its clusters. When CPU utilization is too high, DAX throttles the request. Therefore, a ThrottlingException limits the rate at which DAX accepts requests for read or write operations.To reduce the chance of DAX throttling your operations, follow the best practices below to lower your CPU utilization.

ResolutionUse the following metrics in Amazon CloudWatch to track DAX’s CPU utilization and prevent throttling:Monitor the ThrottledRequestCount metric to identify the count of throttled requests by DAX.Use the CPUUtilization metric to identify the percentage of CPU utilization of the node or cluster.Use TotalRequestCount to identify if there is an increase in number of requests handled by the cluster.Use operation specific metrics such as GetItemRequestCount, PutItemRequestCount, QueryRequestCount, or ScanRequestCount to identify spikes in any operation’s requests.Use ItemCacheMisses, QueryCacheMisses, or ScanCacheMisses to identify an increase in cache misses.For more information on the metrics you can use, see DAX metrics.If CPU utilization is consistently high and there’s an increase in read or write traffic to the cluster, then scale the cluster out or up:If CPU utilization is high and there’s an increase in read traffic with low cache misses, then scale out the cluster. For more information, see Horizontal scaling.If CPU utilization is high and there’s an increase in write traffic with high cache misses, then scale up the cluster. For more information, see Vertical scaling.
Question: What do I do if my Amazon RDS MySQL DB instance is stuck in the modifying state?

My Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) for MySQL DB instance is stuck in the modifying state. How do I troubleshoot this?Short descriptionIn Amazon RDS, some modifications types require the instance to be unavailable and inaccessible during the instance update. After a modification begins, the operation can't be canceled, and the DB instance status displays as "modifying" until the operation completes. However, the following actions are available while Amazon RDS MySQL is in the modifying state.

ResolutionIf your Amazon RDS DB instance is stuck in the modifying state, consider the following approaches:Retrieve the Recent events for your Amazon RDS resources from the AWS Management Console to check the current state of your DB instance. The Recent events log displays events from the past 24 hours. For more information about the Recent events log, see Viewing Amazon RDS events.Check the Amazon RDS MySQL error logs to verify the status of your DB engine. Amazon RDS MySQL writes mysql-error.log entries to disk every five minutes. RDS MySQL appends the contents of the log to the mysql-error-running.log file when you view your log file.If the automated backups option is enabled for your RDS MySQL instance, then try restoring a DB instance to a specified time. Or, you can restore your instance from the latest available DB snapshot, creating a new DB instance with the original configuration. For more information, see Restoring a DB instance to a specified time.If you created a Read Replica instance of your DB instance, promote your Read Replica to a standalone DB instance. For more information, see Promoting a read replica to be a standalone DB instance.Best practices to follow before applying the Modify actionBefore you apply the "Modify" action, make sure to follow these best practices:Enable backup retention and set the value to ">0" before you perform any DB instance modifications. Enabling backup retention allows Amazon RDS to perform point-in-time-recovery (PITR) if needed.Review the RDS MySQL monitoring outputs (SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST and SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS), and avoid any long-running transactions or queries. For more information, see SHOW PROCESSLIST Statement on the MySQL website.Backup and restore your test DB instance and perform a trial modification. The trial helps you estimate the actual time needed to complete your intended update.For a production environment, enable Multi-AZ deployment. Amazon RDS provides high availability and failover support for DB instances using Multi-AZ deployments.

Related informationWhy is an Amazon RDS DB instance stuck in the modifying state when I try to increase the allocated storage?
Question: How can I make terminating and non-terminating PowerShell cmdlet errors cause lifecycle event hooks to fail in CodeDeploy?

My deployment lifecycle event hook in AWS CodeDeploy calls a Windows PowerShell cmdlet that returns errors. However, the cmdlet returns an exit code of 0 (success), and the deployment reports success. How do I make sure that both terminating and non-terminating PowerShell cmdlet errors cause my lifecycle event hooks to fail in CodeDeploy?Short descriptionBy default, PowerShell cmdlets run to completion and return an exit code of 0 unless an unrecoverable or terminating error occurs. CodeDeploy doesn't report a lifecycle event hook failure unless the associated script returns an exit code different than 0.To make lifecycle event hooks fail when non-terminating errors occur, change the behavior of the script. To change the behavior of the script, configure the $ErrorActionPreference variable in the cmdlet to 'Stop'. PowerShell then stops the cmdlet from running and returns an exit code of 1 for both terminating and non-terminating errors.For more information, see Understanding non-terminating errors in PowerShell on the Microsoft Scripting Blog.

ResolutionImportant: The following resolution works with Windows PowerShell 5.1 and higher.1.    Verify what Windows PowerShell version that you're using by running the following $PSVersionTable command:$PSVersionTable2.    If your version of Windows PowerShell is earlier than version 5.1, then upgrade your version of PowerShell. For instructions, see Download and install Windows PowerShell 5.1 on the Microsoft Docs website.3.    Include the following code at the beginning of your PowerShell cmdlet:$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'PowerShell now stops the cmdlet and returns an exit code of 1 for both terminating and non-terminating errors.

Related informationAbout preference variables (Microsoft Docs website)AppSpec 'hooks' sectionMonitoring deployments with Amazon CloudWatch toolsView AWS CodeDeploy logs in the Amazon CloudWatch console
Question: "Why did my AWS DMS task validation fail, or why isn't the validation progressing?"

I enabled validation for my AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS) task, but the validation failed or my validation isn't progressing. Why did my AWS DMS task validation fail, or why is my task validation stuck?Short descriptionWhen you enable validation for an AWS DMS task, you can review statistics at the table level and configure data validation settings. You can view the data validation information using the AWS DMS console, the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), or the AWS DMS API.

ResolutionNote: If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent version of the AWS CLI.1.    To view the data validation report, open the AWS DMS console.2.    Choose Database migration tasks from the navigation pane.3.    Choose the name of your task.4.    From the Table statistics section, review the Validation state. Or you can run describe-table-statistics to review the data validation report in JSON format:aws dms  describe-table-statistics --replication-task-arn arn:aws:dms:us-east-1:45454545454:rep:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXIf the validation state is Mismatched records, then query the table awsdms_validation_failures_v1 that is created by AWS DMS on the target database:select * from awsdms_validation_failures_v1 where TASK_NAME = 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX';Note: The value of TASK_NAME is the external resource ID of the task, which is the last value in the task Amazon Resource Name (ARN).After you have the primary key of the failed record, query the source and target endpoints to see what part of the record doesn't match.If the validation state is Pending records, then configure the ThreadCount parameter for task validation settings to improve the validation performance. For more information, see Data validation task settings.For other validation states, see replication task statistics. You can monitor the progress of the validation using CloudWatch metrics.

Related informationTroubleshooting for AWS DMS validationLimitations for AWS DMS validation
Question: How do I resolve the "Resource specification is invalid" error when I run the cfn generate command using the CloudFormation CLI in CloudFormation?

When I use the CloudFormation Command Line Interface (CloudFormation CLI) to run the cfn generate command in AWS CloudFormation, I receive the following error:"Resource specification is invalid"Short descriptionThe cfn generate command generates code that's based on the project and resource type schema. You receive the "Resource specification is invalid" error message when the resource type schema for your resource is invalid. You can also receive a syntax or invalid namespace error message.For other errors that are related to using a resource provider, see the following articles:How do I resolve the "Model validation failed (#: extraneous key [Key] is not permitted)" error in CloudFormation?How do I resolve the "Resource timed out waiting for creation of physical resource" error when I create a resource using my resource provider type in CloudFormation?How do I resolve the "Attribute 'Key' does not exist" error when I use the Fn::GetAtt function on my resource provider resource in CloudFormation?How do I resolve the "java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.example.package.resource.HandlerWrapper" error in CloudFormation?ResolutionTo resolve the "Resource specification is invalid" error, complete the following steps:In the root directory of the project where you run the cfn init command, find the resource type schema.Note: The resource type schema is a JSON file in the organization-service-resource.json format.Confirm that your organization-service-resource.json file follows proper JSON formatting.Compare the namespaces of your resource with the namespaces in the resource type schema, and then resolve any discrepancies that you find.If the preceding steps don't resolve the issue, then use cfn init to create a new project. Incrementally update the organization-service-resource.json resource type schema until you find the change that causes the "Resource specification is invalid" error.

Related informationAWS CloudFormation CLI (from the GitHub website)