VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: How can I prevent HTTP 504 gateway timeout errors in Amazon OpenSearch Service?

I'm trying to resolve a 504 gateway timeout error in Amazon OpenSearch Service. How can I do this?Short descriptionA load balancer sits in front of each OpenSearch Service domain. The load balancer distributes incoming traffic to the data nodes. If OpenSearch Service requests don't complete and return a confirmation within the idle timeout period, the load balancer closes the TCP connection. As a result, you receive an HTTP 504 gateway timeout error. An HTTP 504 gateway timeout error doesn't necessarily indicate a problem with your cluster—it just means that the request couldn't be completed within the idle timeout period.Gateway timeout errors usually occur when you send too many requests at the same time or when you send complex requests. In both cases, the result is the same: OpenSearch Service can't complete the request within the idle timeout period.

ResolutionUse one or more of the following methods to resolve HTTP 504 gateway timeout errors:Enable slow logs for your OpenSearch Service index, and then specify logging thresholds. Slow logs can help you determine if a particular query is taking a long time to complete. If so, tune the query to resolve the 504 error. For more information, see Viewing OpenSearch Service slow logs.Reduce the amount of data that OpenSearch Service must query for the requests. This reduces the amount of time required for the requests to complete.Switch to a larger instance type. For more information, see Choosing instance types and testing.Configure exponential backoff and retry mechanisms in your application so that requests that time out are sent again.Use bulk requests instead of individual requests. This reduces the per-request overhead for the cluster.

Related informationHow can I prevent HTTP 503 Service Unavailable errors in Amazon OpenSearch Service?Creating and managing Amazon OpenSearch Service domains
Question: How do I use Application Migration Service to migrate a server from on-premises to AWS?

I want to use AWS Application Migration Service (AWS MGN) to migrate an on-premises server to AWS.

ResolutionTo use Application Migration Service to complete a server migration to AWS, complete the following steps:Pre-migration stepsNote: If you receive errors when running AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.Create an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) user, and then assign the AWS Replication Agent permissions policy to the IAM user. For more information on IAM resources, see Permissions required to access IAM resources.Initialize the Application Migration Service with the first time setup. Initializing the service automatically creates a Replication settings template.  You can also use the AWS CLI to manually initialize the the Application Migration Service.Verify your network requirements in the Replication Settings template. Application Migration Service uses these settings to create Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances that act as replication servers between your servers and AWS.Install the AWS Replication Agent on your source server. For more information on Replication Agent statuses, see Data replication status.Configure the launch settings in the Application Migration Service console.Launch a test instance to verify that the cutover instance launches as expected.Note: The initial synchronization must be complete before you can run Launch test instances.Migration stepsLaunch the target cutover instance.Note: Before you launch cutover instances, make sure that the source servers are Ready for cutover under Migration Lifecycle and Healthy under Data replication status.Finalize the cutover. This changes the source servers Migration Lifecycle status to Cutover complete. This also stops the Replication Server. As a result, it stop and discards all data replication.

Related informationGetting started with AWS Application Migration ServiceApplication Migration Service general questionsReplication template vs individual server settingsHow to use the new AWS Application Migration Service for lift-and-shift migrations
Question: How can I create and connect to an Amazon Linux 2 EC2 instance?

I want to create an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance that runs Amazon Linux 2. How do I do that?Short descriptionAmazon Web Services provides an AWS Free Tier option for evaluation purposes. The AWS Free Tier provides access to many products and services, including Amazon EC2, at no cost, within certain limitations. After creating an AWS account you can quickly create an Amazon Linux Free Tier eligible instance with a public IP address.

ResolutionPreliminary stepsCreate an AWS account.Open the Amazon EC2 console.From the Region selector in the navigation bar, select the Region that is geographically closest to you. All resources that are required to run your instance must be created in the same Region.You need a key pair to transfer files between your computer and the instance. From the EC2 Dashboard, select Key Pairs to create key pairs. For detailed steps to create key pairs, see Create a key pair. If you plan to connect to your Amazon Linux instance from Windows, be sure to follow the instructions in the section titled (Optional) To prepare to connect to a Linux instance from Windows using PuTTY. Then, save the resulting .ppk file to the same folder as the .pem file that you downloaded.Create an EC2 instanceFor detailed instructions about launching a new instance, see Launch an instance.After status checks are successfully completed and the Instance state status is running, connect to your instance.To avoid unnecessary charges on your account, stop your instance when you're not using it. While using Free Tier, be sure that you understand the pricing guidelines. When you are finished with your instance, clean up by terminating the instance.

Related informationGetting started with Amazon EC2 Linux instances
Question: How do I establish an AWS VPN over an AWS Direct Connect connection?

I want to establish a virtual private network (VPN) connection from my local network to my Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) over an AWS Direct Connect connection. How can I do this?Short descriptionAn AWS VPN over a Direct Connect connection to your VPC is likely faster and more secure than a VPN over the internet. An AWS VPN connection over a Direct Connect connection provides consistent levels of throughput and encryption algorithms that protect your data.

ResolutionCreate your Direct Connect connection.Create a public virtual interface for your Direct Connect connection. For Prefixes you want to advertise, enter your customer gateway device’s public IP address and any network prefixes that you want to advertise.Note: Your public virtual interface receives all AWS public IP address prefixes from each AWS Region (except the AWS China Region). These include the public IP addresses of AWS managed VPN endpoints.Create a new VPN connection. Be sure to use the same customer gateway’s public IP address that you used in the previous step.Note: You can configure the customer gateway in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) with an Autonomous System Number (ASN).Configure your VPN to connect to your VPC. For example configurations, see tutorials for creating VPCs.

Related informationTroubleshooting AWS Direct ConnectLogging AWS Direct Connect API calls using AWS CloudTrail
Question: How do I minimize data loss during scheduled maintenance of my ElastiCache nodes running Memcached?

One or more of my Amazon ElastiCache nodes running Memcached is scheduled for maintenance. Because Memcached doesn’t offer a replication or failover option, how do I minimize the loss of data that can occur when my nodes are replaced?ResolutionYou can find a list of potential options at Replacing nodes.For information on best practices for designing fault-tolerant Memcached infrastructure, see Mitigating failures.For more information about ElastiCache maintenance windows, see Managing maintenance.

Related informationComparing Memcached and RedisAmazon ElastiCache managed maintenance and service updates help page
Question: Why is my Redis backup (.rdb) file always smaller than the BytesUsedForCache metric in the ElastiCache cluster?

I'm using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis. Why is my Redis backup (.rdb) file always smaller than the BytesUsedForCache metric in the cluster?ResolutionThe BytesUsedForCache metric includes bytes for all purposes. This includes actual key size, headers, and memory fragmentation. Expired keys also consume memory until Redis removes them asynchronously, either passively or actively. For more information, see Expire key seconds - How Redis expires keys on the Redis.io website.ElastiCache uses both fork and fork-less backup processes. Both processes dump all keys on to the disk to create the .rdb file. The .rdb file doesn't use pointers or expired keys, and it doesn't deal with memory fragmentation, metadata, or buffers. This means that the backup files are smaller in size than the BytesUsedForCache metric.For example, your Redis cluster might show BytesUsedforCache as 15 GiB. It might also show that the backup was initiated during a period of heavy read/write requests on the cluster. After the backup process is complete, the backup cache size might be between 10 GiB or 12 GiB, rather than 15 GiB. This is because the backup doesn't contain expired keys, pointers, and so on.Note:The cache size in ElastiCache backups is derived from the Redis used_memory at the time of snapshot creation. This is an estimate of uncompressed cache size. If you export a backup snapshot to Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), then the compressed serialized file size is exported.You can verify data integrity of the backup using the info keyspace or DBSIZE command. Compare the number of keys in the original cluster and the cluster restored from the RDB. Make sure that no key insert, deletion, or eviction actions happened between snapshot creation and restore. For more information, see Why does my replica have a different number of keys than its master instance? in the Redis FAQ.

Related informationBackup and restore for ElastiCache for Redis
Question: What's the maximum AWS Private CA validity period that I can use when requesting a new private certificate?

I want to calculate the maximum validity period for an AWS Private Certificate Authority (AWS Private CA) certificate.

ResolutionACM Private CA sets the "Not Before" date in the validity field to date and time minus 60 minutes. This compensates for time inconsistencies across systems of 60 minutes or less.You can calculate the maximum validity period by getting the epoch time format for the "NotAfter" date. Then, calculate the number of days between the time of issuing the end-entity certificate and the CA's expiration date.Note: If you receive errors when running AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.1.    Run the AWS CLI command describe-certificate-authority similar to the following:aws acm-pca describe-certificate-authority --certificate-authority-arn arn:aws:acm-pca:region:account:certificate-authority/12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789012Example output:{  "CertificateAuthority": {    "Arn": "arn:aws:acm-pca:region:account:certificate-authority/12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789012",    "OwnerAccount": "123456789012",    "CreatedAt": "2019-10-22T19:26:52.721000+00:00",    "LastStateChangeAt": "2019-10-22T19:29:32.333000+00:00",    "Type": "SUBORDINATE",    "Serial": "4096",    "Status": "ACTIVE",    "NotBefore": "2019-10-22T18:29:30+00:00",    "NotAfter": "2029-10-22T19:29:30+00:00",    "CertificateAuthorityConfiguration": {      "KeyAlgorithm": "RSA_2048",      "SigningAlgorithm": "SHA256WITHRSA",      "Subject": {        "Country": "AU",        "Organization": "MINDEF/SAF",        "OrganizationalUnit": "AU",        "State": "Australia",        "CommonName": "example.com.au",        "Locality": "Australia"      }    },    "RevocationConfiguration": {      "CrlConfiguration": {        "Enabled": true,        "ExpirationInDays": 7,        "S3BucketName": "crl-123456789012-region",        "S3ObjectAcl": "PUBLIC_READ"      },      "OcspConfiguration": {        "Enabled": false      }    },    "KeyStorageSecurityStandard": "FIPS_140_2_LEVEL_3_OR_HIGHER"  }}2.    Calculate the number of days between the time of issuing the end-entity certificate and the CA's expiration date. You can use the days calculator on the Time and Date AS website. In this example, the end-entity certificate date is Tuesday, October 22, 2019 and the CA's expiration date is Monday, October 22, 2029.The result is 3252 days. The maximum number of days that you can put for --validity with the CA is 3251 days.Note: If you use a value equal to or more than 3252 days, then the AWS CLI command output returns a "ValidationException" error similar to the following:An error occurred (ValidationException) when calling the IssueCertificate operation: The certificate validity specified exceeds the certificate authority validity.For more information, see Managing the private CA lifecycle.

Related informationHow can I request a private certificate using the ACM console when ACM-PCA validity period is less than 13 months?
Question: How do I implement the AWS Service Health Dashboard Notifier?

I want to use the AWS Service Health Dashboard Notifier tool to quickly see if there's a problem with an AWS service.

Short descriptionImportant: It's a best practice to use AWS Health Aware (AHA) for health notifications. You can still use the Service Health Dashboard Notifier tool to send notifications from the AWS Health Dashboard, but AHA has more comprehensive functionality. These features are available to only Business and Enterprise Support plans.Service Health Dashboard Notifier on the GitHub website provides service status updates in an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic, Amazon Chime webhook, or Slack webhook.

ResolutionNote: If you receive errors when running AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.Install the Service Health Dashboard Notifier toolRun the following commands to download and install shd-notifier:git clone https://github.com/aws/aws-health-tools.git && cd aws-health-toolsgit filter-branch --subdirectory-filter shd-notifier/ HEADCreate a notification on Slack, Amazon Chime, or Amazon SNSUse the following links to create a notification type of your choice:For Slack webhooks, see Sending messages using Incoming Webhooks  on the Slack website.For Amazon Chime webhooks, see Adding webhooks to chat rooms.For Amazon SNS, see Create a topic in Getting Started with Amazon SNS.Run the AWS CloudFormation templateRun the AWS CloudFormation template for shd-notifier with the following steps:1.    Open the CloudFormation console.2.    Choose Create stack. Create a stack With new resources (standard).3.    Select Template is ready for Prepare template, and select Amazon S3 URL for Template source. Then, enter the following for the Amazon S3 URL:https://s3.amazonaws.com/aws-health-tools-assets/cloudformation-templates/shd-notifier.yml4.    Enter ShdNotifier for the Stack name, and then choose Next.5.    Choose Next to see the review screen, and then choose Submit.Note: The following is an example of an endpoint array:["https://hooks.chime.aws/incomingwebhooks/XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXX?token=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX", "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:111122223333:MY_TOPIC_NAME", "https://hooks.slack.com/services/T00000000/B00000000/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"]Run shd-notifierRun the deploy.sh file on AWS CLI:/bin/bash deploy.sh Health-Event us-east-1Note: Replace us-east-1 with your AWS Region.
Question: Why didn't my RDS for SQL Server instance upgrade even though I have automatic upgrade turned on?

I have an Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) for SQL Server instance with Automatic Minor Version Upgrade turned on. Why isn't the instance upgrading to the latest minor version automatically?ResolutionAmazon RDS automatically upgrades the minor version of the instance in the maintenance window. This occurs if the newer minor version is set as the preferred minor version. However, if the newer released version isn't set as the preferred version, then Amazon RDS for SQL Server isn't upgraded.Amazon RDS doesn't automatically set every newly released minor engine version as the preferred version. Before Amazon RDS designates the new minor version as the preferred minor version, the following criteria are considered:Any known security issues.Bugs in the newer Amazon RDS version.Overall fleet stability since the minor version was released.If the new minor version contains significant bug fixes, then Amazon RDS schedules the upgrade for DB instances with the Auto Minor Version Upgrade option turned on. The upgrade occurs during the maintenance window configured for the DB instance.Run the following AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) command to verify that the newly released version is set as the preferred minor version. In the following command example, change engine, engine-version, and region to match your RDS for SQL Server instance configuration.aws rds describe-db-engine-versions --engine sqlserver-se --engine-version 15.00.4073.23.v1 --region ap-southeast-2 --query "DBEngineVersions[*].ValidUpgradeTarget[*].{AutoUpgrade:AutoUpgrade,EngineVersion:EngineVersion}" --output table --color offNote: If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you're using the most recent version of the AWS CLI.The following is example output for the command. This output indicates that the AutoUpgrade column is set to False. This means that the instance with version 15.00.4073.23.v1 isn't eligible for automatic upgrade to versions 15.00.4153.1.v1 or 15.00.4198.2.v1. This is because none of the newer released versions are set as the preferred version. The RDS for SQL Server instance won't upgrade to any newer minor version automatically.-------------------------------------|     DescribeDBEngineVersions      |+--------------+--------------------+|  AutoUpgrade |   EngineVersion    |+--------------+--------------------+|  False       |  15.00.4153.1.v1   ||  False       |  15.00.4198.2.v1   |+--------------+--------------------+
Question: How can I troubleshoot a WorkSpace that fails to join a domain?

When I create a WorkSpace with Amazon WorkSpaces, I receive an error message similar to the following:"There was an issue joining the WorkSpace to your domain. Verify that your service account is allowed to complete domain join operations. If you continue to see an issue, contact AWS Support."How can I fix this issue?ResolutionWorkSpaces are Active Directory domain members that must communicate with domain controllers in Active Directory. If you're using AWS AD Connector, the service account permissions need to allow for the domain join. Use the following troubleshooting steps to resolve domain joining issues.Communicate with the domain controllersTo join a domain and authenticate users, WorkSpaces reaches out to the domain controllers by using an elastic network interface in your virtual private cloud (VPC). Verify the following configuration settings:Make sure the WorkSpace can communicate with Active Directory through any VPC resources. These resources include security groups, network access control lists (network ACLs), and route tables. Also verify that the WorkSpace can communicate with your on-premises or self-managed domain controllers in Active Directory.TCP/UDP 53: DNSTCP/UDP 88: Kerberos authenticationUDP 123: NTPTCP 135: RPCTCP/UDP 389: LDAPTCP/UDP 445: SMBTCP/UDP 464: Kerberos authenticationTCP 636: LDAP over TLS/SSL (LDAPS)TCP 3268–3269: Global CatalogTCP/UDP 49152–65535: Ephemeral ports for RPCSee Configure your VPC subnets and security groups for more information.Test TCP/UDP access to the domain controllers by launching an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance to each WorkSpaces subnet.For example, DirectoryServicePortTest.See Test your AD Connector for more information.Service account permissions (AD Connector only)Valid domain credentials are required to join a computer to a domain. If your organization uses AD Connector, then it's a best practice to use a service account to communicate with your Active Directory. Follow these steps to set up AD Connector:Validate your service account.Confirm that the service account is turned on.Verify that the account password isn't expired.Verify that domain members can use their credentials to log in to the domain successfully.Delegate organizational unit (OU) management to work around the domain joins limit for the user account used for the service account.Create a user group for delegating privileges.Add the service account to the user group as a member.Delegate control of the OU for domain member computers to the user group. The default is "Computers."See Delegate privileges to your service account and Default limit to number of workstations a user can join to the domain for more information.Confirm that the custom configured OU from your directory or connected directory configuration is valid.

Related informationLaunch a WorkSpace using AD Connector
Question: Why does my Amazon EC2 Windows instance generate a "Waiting for the metadata service" error?

My Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Windows instance is unable to retrieve instance metadata. How can I fix this?ResolutionMy EC2 instance in a VPC is inaccessible and failing instance status checksAttach a second elastic network interface to the instance to provide the needed route and a valid IP address. This allows you to:Access the EC2 instance on the second network interface.Resolve issues with the networking configuration of the primary network interface.Note: If you plan to change the instance type when adding a second network interface, you must check the Compatibility for changing the instance type.My EC2 instance is passing both status checks and is accessibleFirst, run the route print command from PowerShell or CMD. Review the output to confirm if there is a route similar to the following:Network Address Netmask          Gateway Address169.254.169.254  255.255.255.255  <Subnet Router Address>Note: It's a best practice to back up your Elastic Block Storage (Amazon EBS) volume and route table before proceeding.If the route isn't present or the Gateway Address doesn't match that of the current subnet, then follow these steps:Confirm that the latest version of EC2Config (Windows Server 2012R2 and earlier) or EC2Launch (Windows Server 2016 or later) is installed on the instance.To apply the route to the instance, restart the EC2Config service, or run the following command from an elevated PowerShell session:Import-Module c:\ProgramData\Amazon\EC2-Windows\Launch\Module\Ec2Launch.psm1 ; Add-RoutesIf the route exists, but the instance is still unable to retrieve metadata, then review your instance’s Windows Firewall, third-party firewall, or antivirus configuration. Confirm that traffic to 169.254.169.254 isn’t explicitly denied.

Related informationInstance metadata and user dataCreating a network interfaceWaiting for the metadata service