VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: How can I test the resiliency of my Direct Connect connection?

I want to be sure that traffic is routed over redundant virtual interfaces when one of my virtual interfaces is out of service.

Short descriptionUse the Failover Testing feature to test the resiliency of AWS Direct Connect connections. With this feature, turn off one or more Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) sessions on a Direct Connect virtual interface for a configured duration. Then, verify that traffic is routed to redundant virtual interfaces as appropriate.

ResolutionNote: If you receive errors when running AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.Before you begin testing, be sure that you have redundant Direct Connect virtual interfaces or VPN connections to avoid an outage.Start the failover testNote: You can run the test on any type of virtual interface (public, private, or transit). However, only the owner of the AWS account that includes the virtual interface can initiate the test.1.    Open the Direct Connect console.2.    In the navigation pane, choose Virtual Interfaces.3.    Select your virtual interface.4.    Choose Actions, and then choose Bring down BGP.5.    In the Start failure test dialog box, complete the following:For Peerings, choose the peering session to bring down for your test (IPv4 or IPv6).For Test maximum time, enter the duration of the test in minutes. The maximum value is 4,320 minutes (72 hours), and the default value is 180 minutes (3 hours).For To Confirm test, enter Confirm, and then choose Confirm.The BGP peering session is now in the DOWN state. To verify that there are no outages and validate the resiliency of your connection, send traffic to your virtual interface.Note: If required, you can stop the test immediately.You can also use the StartBgpFailoverTest API call with AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) or AWS SDK to perform the failover test.View the failover test historyIn the Direct Connect console, check the Test history column on your virtual interface page. Or, use the ListVirtualInterfaceTestHistory API call in the AWS CLI or AWS SDK.Test history data is stored for up to 365 days.Stop the failover testNote: You can stop the failover test at any time.1.    Open the Direct Connect console.2.    In the navigation pane, choose Virtual Interfaces.3.    Select your virtual interface.4.    Choose Actions, and then choose Cancel test.You can also use the StopBgpFailoverTest API call with AWS CLI or AWS SDK to stop the failover test.

Related informationWhat is AWS Direct Connect?Configure redundant connections
Question: Why is the burst balance for my Amazon EBS volume low?

The burst balance for my Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume is low, and I don't know why.

ResolutionAmazon EBS volume types that use burst performance, such as gp2, st1, and sc1, have a baseline performance depending on volume size. If your workload is driving I/O traffic to one of these volume types beyond its baseline performance, then burst credit gets spent. If your workload continues to drive I/O traffic beyond the baseline performance, then your burst credit runs low. If your burst credit reaches zero, then these volume types get throttled at their baseline IOPS or throughput. Volumes start to earn burst credits again only after the workload stops, or its activity reaches below the volume type's baseline performance.Note: Volume type gp3 doesn't use burst performance.For more information, see the following AWS Documentation:Overview of General Purpose SSD volumes (gp2 volume type)Throughput Optimized HDD volumes (st1 volume type)Cold HDD volumes (sc1 volume type)
Question: Why isn't my attached EBS volume showing in my OS or in Disk Management on my EC2 Windows instance?

An Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume isn’t reflected in my operating system or in Disk Management on my Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Windows instance. How do I troubleshoot this?Resolution1.    Connect to your Windows instance using Remote Desktop.2.    Open the Disk Management menu, and then choose Action, Rescan Disks. Verify that the attached volume appears.3.    If the volume doesn't appear in Disk Management, then the instance might have outdated storage drivers (AWS PV or AWS NVMe). EC2 Xen instances, such as t2 instances, use AWS PV drivers as storage drivers. AWS NVMe drivers are needed for storage on instances built on the Nitro system, such as m5 instances.Note: For instance type specifications, see Amazon EC2 instance types.To verify the driver versions installed on your EC2 Windows instance, run the following command in PowerShell:Get-WmiObject Win32_PnpSignedDriver | Select-Object DeviceName, DriverVersion, InfName | Where-Object {$_.DeviceName -like "*AWS*" -OR $_.DeviceName -like "*Amazon*"}The preceding command returns the current driver used by the instance. The command returns the ENA and NVMe driver versions for Nitro-based instances. The command returns the PV driver package version for Xen-based systems.Verify that the installed driver versions are the latest version. For Xen-based instance types, verify the version of the AWS PV Storage Host Adapter. For Nitro-based instance types, verify the driver version of the AWS NVMe Elastic Block Storage Adapter. For more information, see AWS PV driver package history or AWS NVMe driver version history.Note: It's a best practice to create a backup of your instance before upgrading the drivers.4.    If the drivers aren't the latest version, see Upgrade PV drivers or AWS NVMe drivers for Windows instances.

Related informationHow do I attach a new EBS volume to a running Amazon EC2 Windows instance?
Question: How do I determine if my Lambda function is timing out?

My AWS Lambda function is experiencing intermittent errors, and it's not clear why when I review the function's Amazon CloudWatch metrics. Could my Lambda function's increased error rate be caused by timeout issues? If so, how do I determine if my Lambda function is timing out?Short descriptionWhen reviewing your Lambda function's CloudWatch log group, search for the phrase Task timed out. Then, use the request IDs of the associated timed-out invocations to retrieve the full logs for each invocation timeout.To troubleshoot any timeout errors that you identify, see How do I troubleshoot Lambda function invocation timeout errors?Note: When a Lambda function invocation times out, a Task timed out error message appears in the failed invocation's CloudWatch logs, not an Error message. If you search your function's CloudWatch logs for Error messages only, then the search returns only code-related runtime errors, not invocation timeout errors. For more information, see Monitoring AWS Lambda errors using Amazon CloudWatch.

ResolutionPrerequisitesIf you haven't done so already, grant CloudWatch logging permissions to your Lambda function. For more information, see AWS managed policies for Lambda features .Retrieve the request IDs of any timed-out invocations by searching the function's CloudWatch log group for the phrase "Task timed out"Note: CloudWatch Logs Insights queries incur charges based on the amount of data that's queried. For more information, see Amazon CloudWatch pricing.1.    Open the Functions page of the Lambda console.2.    Choose a function.3.    Choose Monitor.4.    Choose View logs in CloudWatch. The function's Log group details page opens in the CloudWatch console.5.    Choose View in Logs Insights.6.    In the Logs Insights query text box, enter the following query, and then choose Run query:fields @timestamp, @requestId, @message, @logStream| filter @message like "Task timed out"| sort @timestamp desc| limit 100The response returns a list of request IDs for the timed-out invocations.For more information, see Analyzing log data with CloudWatch Logs Insights.Note: For large log groups, consider limiting the scope of the search by adding a datetime function to the Insights query. For more information, see CloudWatch Logs Insights query syntax.Use the request IDs of the timed-out invocations to retrieve the full logs for each invocation timeoutOutput logs using the standard logging functionality for the programming language that you're using. For language-specific instructions, see the Using the AWS CLI section of Accessing Amazon CloudWatch Logs for AWS Lambda.
Question: How do I add HTTP security headers to CloudFront responses?

I want to add HTTP security headers to Amazon CloudFront responses. How can I do this?Short descriptionHTTP Security headers improve the privacy and security of a web application and protect it from vulnerabilities at the client side. The most common HTTP security headers are:Referrer PolicyStrict Transport Security (HSTS)Content Security Policy (CSP)X-Content-Type-OptionsX-Frame-OptionsX-XSS-ProtectionCloudFront response header policies allow you to add one or more HTTP security headers to a response from CloudFront.

ResolutionYou can use the managed security headers response policy that includes pre-defined values for the most common HTTP security headers. Or, you can create a custom response header policy with custom security headers and values that can be added to the required CloudFront behavior.Create a custom response headers policy from AWS consoleOpen the CloudFront console.From the navigation menu, choose Policies. Then, choose Response headers.Choose Create response headers policy.Under Security headers, select each of the security headers that you want to add to the policy. Add or select the required values for each header.Under Custom headers, add the custom security headers and values that you want CloudFront to add to the responses.Fill out other fields as required. Then, select Create.Attach response headers policy to a cache behaviorAfter you create a response headers policy, attach it to a cache behavior in a CloudFront distribution. To attach a managed or custom security headers response policy to an existing CloudFront distribution:Open the CloudFront console.Choose the distribution you want to update.Under the Behaviors tab, select the cache behavior you want to modify. Then, choose Edit.For Response headers policy, choose SecurityHeadersPolicy or choose the custom policy that you created.Choose Save changes.The following is an example of CloudFront response with HTTP security response headers :curl -I https://dxxxxxxxbai33q.cloudfront.netHTTP/2 200content-type: text/htmlcontent-length: 9850vary: Accept-Encodingdate: xxxxxxxxxlast-modified: xxxxxxxetag: "c59c5ef71f3350489xxxxxxxxxx"x-amz-server-side-encryption: AES256cache-control: no-store, no-cache, privatex-amz-version-id: nullaccept-ranges: bytesserver: AmazonS3x-xss-protection: 1; mode=blockx-frame-options: SAMEORIGINreferrer-policy: strict-origin-when-cross-originx-content-type-options: nosniffstrict-transport-security: max-age=31536000x-cache: Miss from cloudfrontvia: 1.1 12142717248e0e7148a5c1a9151ab918.cloudfront.net (CloudFront)x-amz-cf-pop: BOS50-C3x-amz-cf-id: nHNANTZYdkQkE5BmsqlisPTiodFhVCK-Sf9Zp4iJzNs04eWi1_hEig==
Question: "How do I configure the NGINX Ingress Controller to increase the client request body, activate CORS to allow additional headers, and use WebSocket to work with Amazon EKS?"

I want to configure the NGINX Ingress Controller to increase the size of the client request body with my Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) cluster. I also want to activate Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) to allow additional headers, and use WebSocket with the NGINX Ingress Controller.

Short descriptionChoose one of the following configuration options:To increase the size of the client request body, complete the steps in the Configure maximum body size section.To activate CORS to allow additional headers, complete the steps in the Activate CORS section.To use WebSocket with the NGINX Ingress Controller, complete the steps in the Use WebSocket section.

ResolutionConfigure maximum body sizeIf your body size request exceeds the maximum allowed size of the client request body, then the NGINX Ingress Controller returns an HTTP 413 error. Use the client_max_body_size parameter to configure a larger size:nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-body-size: 8mNote: The default value of the proxy-body-size is 1 M. Make sure to change the number to the size you need.Note: In some cases, you might need to increase the maximum size for all post body data and file uploads. For PHP, you must increase the post_max_size and upload_max_file_size values in the php.ini configuration.Activate CORSTo activate CORS in an Ingress rule, add the following annotation:nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/enable-cors: "true"The following example shows that header X-Forwarded-For is accepted:nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/cors-allow-headers: "X-Forwarded-For"You can find other headers in the Enable CORS (from the GitHub website) section of the NGINX Ingress Controller documentation.Use WebSocketNGINX supports WebSocket (from the NGINX website) versions 1.3 or later, without requirement. To avoid a closed connection, you must increase the proxy-read-timeout and proxy-send-timeout values.In the following example, 120 seconds is set for proxy read timeout and proxy send timeout:nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-read-timeout: "120"nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-send-timeout: "120"Note: The default value of the preceding two annotations is 60 seconds.
Question: How can I access resources in a peered VPC over Client VPN?

I have an AWS Client VPN endpoint connected to a target virtual private cloud (VPC). I have other VPCs peered with the target VPC. I need to access the peered VPCs through the same endpoint. How can I access resources in a peered VPC over Client VPN?ResolutionBefore you begin:Create or identify a VPC with at least one subnet. Find the subnet in the VPC that you plan to associate with the Client VPN endpoint, and then note its IPv4 CIDR ranges. For more information, see Subnets for your VPC.Identify a suitable CIDR range for the client IP addresses that doesn't overlap with the VPC CIDR.Review the limitations and rules for Client VPN endpoints.To provide access to resources in a peered VPC:Create a VPC peering connection between the VPCs.Test the VPC peering connection. Confirm that instances in both VPCs can communicate as if they're in the same network.Create a Client VPN endpoint in the same Region as the target VPC.Associate the subnet that you previously identified with the Client VPN endpoint that you created in step 3.Add an authorization rule to give clients access to the target VPC. For Destination network to enable, enter the IPv4 CIDR range of the VPC.Add an authorization rule to give clients access to the peered VPC. For Destination network, enter the IPv4 CIDR range of the peered VPC.Add an endpoint route to direct traffic to the peered VPC. For Route destination, enter the IPv4 CIDR range of the peered VPC. For Target VPC Subnet ID, select the subnet that you associated with the Client VPN endpoint.Add a rule to the security groups for your resources in both VPCs. Use this rule to allow traffic from the security group that you applied to the subnet association in step 4. Then, confirm that the network access control lists (ACLs) in both VPCs allow traffic between the target VPC and the peered VPC.
Question: Why did Security Hub initiate the finding "Lambda function policies should prohibit public access"?

AWS Security Hub returned a control check response for an AWS Lambda function.

Short descriptionSecurity Hub contains a finding type similar to the following one:"[Lambda.1] Lambda function policies should prohibit public access"This control response fails for the following reasons:The Lambda function is publicly accessible.You invoke the Lambda function from Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), and the policy doesn't include a condition for AWS:SourceAccount.

ResolutionTo resolve this issue, either update the policy to remove the permissions that allows public access, or add the AWS:SourceAccount condition to the policy.Note:To update the resource-based policy, you must use the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI).If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent AWS CLI version.Use the Lambda console to view a function's resource-based policy. Depending on your use case, you can remove or update permissions for the Lambda function.To remove permissions from the Lambda function, run the AWS CLI command remove-permission similar to the following:$ aws lambda remove-permission --function-name <function-name> --statement-id <statement-id>To update permissions for the Lambda function, rule the AWS CLI command add-permission similar to the following:$ aws lambda add-permission --function <function-name> --statement-id <new-statement-id> --action lambda:InvokeFunction --principal s3.amazonaws.com --source-account <account-id> --source-arn <bucket-arn>To verify that the permissions are removed or updated, repeat the instructions to view a function's resource-based policy.Note: If there's only one statement in the policy, then the policy is empty.For more information, see Security Hub controls reference.Related informationlambda-function-public-access-prohibitedHow can I use Security Hub to monitor security issues for my AWS environment?
Question: Which Amazon VPC options do I need to turn on to use my private hosted zone?

I created a private hosted zone and associated it with a virtual private cloud (VPC). However, my domain names still aren't resolving. Which Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) options do I need to turn on to get my private hosted zone to work?ResolutionDomain Name System (DNS) hostnames and DNS resolution are required settings for private hosted zones. DNS queries for private hosted zones can be resolved by the Amazon-provided VPC DNS server only. As a result, these options must be turned on for your private hosted zone to work. To modify these options, see View and update DNS attributes for your VPC.DNS hostnamesFor non-default VPCs that aren't created using the Amazon VPC wizard, this option is turned off by default. If you create a private hosted zone for a domain and create records without turning on DNS hostnames, private hosted zones aren't turned on.To use a private hosted zone, this option must be turned on.DNS resolutionPrivate hosted zones accept DNS queries only from a VPC DNS server. The IP address of the VPC DNS server is the reserved IP address at the base of the VPC IPv4 network range plus two. Turning on DNS resolution allows you to use the VPC DNS server as a resolver for performing DNS resolution.Keep this option turned off if you're using a custom DNS server in the DHCP options set and you're not using a private hosted zone.This option and DNS hostnames must be turned on to resolve endpoint domains to private IP addresses for AWS Managed Services. Examples of these services include AWS PrivateLink and Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS).

Related informationWorking with private hosted zones
Question: How do I resolve the error "The association iip-assoc-xxxxxxxx is not the active association" on my EC2 instance?

I'm receiving the following error message on my Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance while updating the instance profile:"The association iip-assoc-xxxxxxxx is not the active association"How do I resolve this error?Short descriptionThis error usually occurs when you attempt to update the instance profile while a previous disassociation is still unfulfilled by the API. You can use the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) to identify if an unfulfilled disassociation is causing the error, and to correct the issue.Note: If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent version of the AWS CLI.Resolution1.    Run the following command to identify the instance profile associations for the instance:aws ec2 describe-iam-instance-profile-associations --filters "Name=instance-id,Values=i-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"The command output has multiple associations, each with a unique association ID (AssociationID) and status (State). Some of the associations are in the associating state and some are in the disassociating state, as shown in the following example output:{"IamInstanceProfileAssociations": [  {    "AssociationId": "iip-assoc-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",    "InstanceId": "i-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",    "IamInstanceProfile": {      "Arn": "arn:aws:iam::xxxxxxxxxx:instance-profile/xxxxxxx",      "Id": "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"     },    "State": "disassociating"  }, {    "AssociationId": "iip-assoc-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",    "InstanceId": "i-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",    "IamInstanceProfile": {      "Arn": "arn:aws:iam::xxxxxxxxxxxx:instance-profile/xxxxxxxxx",      "Id": "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"     },    "State": "associating"  } ]}2.    Run the following command to disassociate all the association IDs, including those in associating and disassociating states. Replace iip-assoc-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx with the appropriate association-id.aws ec2 disassociate-iam-instance-profile --association-id iip-assoc-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx3.    After disassociating all association IDs, try updating the instance profile again.Note: If the error persists after following the resolution steps, stop and start the instance. Then, run the disassociate-iam-instance-profile command again. Be aware that data stored in instance store volumes is lost when you stop the instance. Before stopping the instance, review the list of the effects of stopping an instance.

Related informationUsing instance profilesHow do I attach or replace an instance profile on an Amazon EC2 instance?
Question: How can I resolve a custom domain name from resources in my VPC without modifying the DHCP options set?

I want to resolve a custom domain name from resources in my Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) without modifying the DHCP options set. How can I do this?ResolutionTo configure a private hosted zone to specify how Amazon Route 53 responds to DNS queries for domains within your VPCs, do the following:Create a private hosted zone for your domain name and attach it to the required VPC.Create records in the private hosted zone to specify how Route 53 responds to DNS queries from resources in the attached VPC.(Optional) Associate a Route 53 private hosted zone with a VPC on a different AWS account.
Question: Why are the metrics on the DynamoDB console different from the CloudWatch metrics?

The graphs on the Metrics tab in the Amazon DynamoDB console are different from the graphs in the Amazon CloudWatch console.

ResolutionThe metrics in the CloudWatch console are raw and provide more statistics options than the metrics in the DynamoDB console. The metrics in the DynamoDB console are average values over one-minute intervals. For example, ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits is the sum of the consumed units over one minute, divided by the number of seconds in a minute (60).To set the graphs to look the same in both CloudWatch and DynamoDB, be sure that the period and the time range are the same:Open the DynamoDB console.In the navigation pane, choose Tables.Choose your table, and then choose the Metrics tab.Choose View all CloudWatch metrics to open the CloudWatch console.Choose the category that the metric is in, such as Table metrics.Check the boxes next to the table name for the metrics that you want to see.Choose the Graphed metrics tab.In the Statistic dropdown list, choose Sum.In the Period dropdown list, choose 1 Minute.If there are provisioned and consumed metrics on the CloudWatch graph, then use the arrows in the Y Axis column to move the provisioned values to the right Y axis and the consumed values to the left Y axis.Use a math expression to divide the metrics by 60 (for example, m2/60).Missing metricsIf CloudWatch doesn't list a metric for DynamoDB, then it's probably because DynamoDB doesn't have recent data for that metric. CloudWatch lists only the metrics that were active in the past two weeks. This prevents you from seeing too many older metrics when you call ListMetrics.

Related informationDynamoDB metrics and dimensionsUsing metric mathMonitoring with Amazon CloudWatchGraphing a metric