VishaalY/solutions-architect-hf-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: How can I aggregate my Security Hub findings and security scores from multiple AWS Regions?

I want to centralize AWS Security Hub findings and security scores from multiple AWS Regions to a single aggregation Region. How can I do this?Short descriptionSecurity Hub provides you with a detailed view of your security state and helps check your environment against security standards and best practices. You can use cross-Region aggregation to aggregate findings, insights, control compliance statuses, and security scores from multiple Regions to a single aggregation Region.

ResolutionFollowing these instructions to enable cross-Region aggregation.Prepare your environmentStart the AWS Config configuration recorder in all Regions that you want to enable Security Hub.Enable Security Hub in the same Region as your aggregation and linked Regions.If you are using AWS Organizations, note the following:To aggregate findings with AWS Organization member accounts, AWS Config and Security Hub must be enabled in the same linked Regions as the member accounts.You can delegate a member account as your Security Hub administrator for each Region.Enable cross-Region aggregationYou can enable cross-Region aggregation using either the AWS Management Console or the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI).Note: If you receive errors when running AWS CLI commands, make sure that you’re using the most recent version of the AWS CLI.AWS Management ConsoleOpen the Security Hub console with the Security Hub administrator account in your aggregation Region. Note: If the Region is disabled, make sure that you enable the Region.In the navigation pane, choose Settings, and then choose Regions.Choose Configure finding aggregation, and then choose your aggregation Region.In Available Regions, choose the Regions that you want to aggregate findings from.Choose Link future Regions to automatically link aggregate data from new AWS Regions, and then choose Save.AWS CLIRun the AWS CLI command create-findings-aggregator similar to the following:aws securityhub create-finding-aggregator --region <aggregation Region> --region-linking-mode ALL_REGIONS | ALL_REGIONS_EXCEPT_SPECIFIED | SPECIFIED_REGIONS --regions <Region list>After enabling cross-Region aggregation, Security Hub starts aggregating findings and security scores from the linked Regions.You can view the cross-Region configuration with the Security Hub administrator account from any Region. However, you can update the configuration only from the aggregation Region. For more information, see Enabling cross-Region aggregation.

Related informationEffects of an administrator-member relationshipDesignating a Security Hub administrator account
Question: How do I troubleshoot 5xx errors from Amazon SNS?

I ran an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) API action and received an error message with an HTTP 5xx status code. Why am I receiving these errors and how do I resolve them?ResolutionA 5xx error indicates a server-side issue that must be resolved by AWS. To mitigate 5xx errors from Amazon SNS, it's a best practice to implement retry logic in your application for all requests that fail with a 5xx status code. The recommended retry count depends on your use case.There are two types of 5xx errors that Amazon SNS returns:InternalFailureThe request processing failed because of an unknown error, exception, or failure.HTTP Status Code: 500ServiceUnavailableThe request failed because of a temporary server failure.HTTP Status Code: 503Note: If you receive 5xx errors after implementing retries, go to the AWS Service Health dashboard to see if there are operational issues with Amazon SNS.

Related informationCommon errors (Amazon SNS API reference)
Question: How can I set up a Direct Connect gateway?

I want to start using an AWS Direct Connect gateway. How can I set it up?Short descriptionBefore you create a Direct Connect gateway, determine if this type of gateway is appropriate for your use case. Keep in mind that if you use a Direct Connect gateway, you're unable to:Associate a virtual private gateway with more than one Direct Connect gateway.Use a Direct Connect gateway to connect to a VPC in the China Region.Connect to VPCs with overlapping CIDR blocks.Create a public virtual interface to a Direct Connect gateway.Associate a virtual private gateway with a Direct Connect gateway, unless the Direct Connect gateway is attached to a VPC.Tag a Direct Connect gateway (unlike how you can tag virtual private gateways).Use a Direct Connect gateway with AWS VPN CloudHub.Directly communicate between private virtual interfaces attached to a Direct Connect gateway.Directly communicate between private virtual interfaces attached to a Direct Connect gateway and a VPN on a virtual private gateway associated with the same gateway.

ResolutionCreate a Direct Connect gateway. You can create your Direct Connect gateway in any AWS Region, excluding the AWS GovCloud (US) Regions and the China Region.Associate a virtual private gateway. You can associate a Direct Connect gateway with multiple virtual private gateways to access multiple VPCs across Regions.Provision a private virtual interface to a Direct Connect gateway. You can attach multiple private virtual interfaces across Regions to a Direct Connect gateway to isolate traffic for your use case.Note: One private virtual interface is sufficient to access VPCs (attached to virtual private gateways) across Regions and reduce Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) sessions.Be sure to refer to the AWS Direct Connect quotas to determine:The number of Direct Connect gateways supported per accountThe number of virtual private gateways supported per Direct Connect gatewayThe number of virtual interfaces supported per Direct Connect gateway

Related informationHow do I move a Direct Connect connection from one AWS account to another?
Question: How do I monitor replication lag between Regions in Global Datastore?

I want to monitor the replication lag between Regions in the Global Datastore. How do I do that?Short descriptionThe Global Datastore feature in Amazon ElastiCache allows you to set up Cross-Region Replication.Using Global Datastore, you can write or read to your primary Redis cluster in one Region. Then, you can have the data available to read from a secondary cross-Region replica cluster.This provides low-latency reads and disaster recovery across Regions. The ReplicationLag metric can be used to check how far behind, in seconds, the replica is in applying changes from the primary node.Resolution1.    Open the ElastiCache console.2.    From the navigation pane, choose GlobalDataStore.3.    In the Regional Clusters section, review the ReplicationLag parameter of the primary Region against the secondary Region.
Question: How do I troubleshoot an UltraWarm storage migration issue in Amazon OpenSearch Service?

I'm unable to migrate my Amazon OpenSearch Service index from hot to UltraWarm storage. How do I resolve this issue?ResolutionWhen you migrate an index to UltraWarm storage in OpenSearch Service, you might receive the following error message:{     "error": {          "root_cause": [{               "type": "remote_transport_exception",               "reason": "[USmz1Ze][x.x.x.x:9300][indices:admin/ultrawarm/migration/warm]"          }],          "type": "illegal_argument_exception",          "reason": "Rejecting migration request for index [index_name] since there isn't enough disk space on hot node [qwertpoiy123lke4woj34n] to perform force merge"     },     "status": 400}Before an UltraWarm storage migration, OpenSearch Service validates the amount of available hot disk space. OpenSearch Service automatically runs a force merge operation during the disk space validation. When low disk space is detected, then the force merge operation request is blocked. The request is blocked because the force merge operation processes one shard at a time. Additionally, each shard requires three times the amount of occupied hot disk space and an additional 20 GB of free storage space per node.To resolve any low disk space issues before an index migration, perform the following:1.    Check to see which nodes have shards that exist in the index:GET _cat/shards/INDEXNAME?v2.    Check the available disk space per node:GET /_cat/allocation?vThe nodes must have enough free storage space to fulfill the disk space requirement for a migration (three times the shard size plus 20 GB). For more information about calculating the on-size disk of an index, see Calculating storage requirements.3.    (Optional) If you don't have enough disk space, then delete old or unused indices. This deletion frees up disk space on the node so that a force merge operation can succeed.4.    (Optional) If you can't delete indices from the node, then increase the Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume. For more information, see How do I troubleshoot low storage space in my OpenSearch Service domain?Additional tips:Delete old or unused documents from your index. Too many documents can increase shard sizes, which slow down a migration.Note: Deleting a document doesn't immediately free up disk space. For more information, see Why is the Deleted Documents metric so high in my OpenSearch Service cluster?Monitor disk utilization metrics (such as FreeStorageSpace) in Amazon CloudWatch. For more information, see ClusterBlockException.
Question: Why can't I mount my Amazon EBS volume?

When I try to mount my Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume, I get the following error:root@:~# mount /dev/nvme2n1 /lv2mount: /lv2: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/nvme2n1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.

ResolutionWhen you're mounting your Amazon EBS volume, you can get this error because of a UUID conflict issue with the XFS file system.Check if it's a UUID conflict issueTo determine if it's a UUID conflict issue, complete the following steps:1.    Run the blkid command to check the UUID of the file system:root@:~# blkid/dev/nvme0n1p1: LABEL="cloudimg-rootfs" UUID="ce780dbf-6f70-412d-87dd-61654730a231" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="bf0d338c-01"......./dev/nvme1n1: UUID="2ddd89c4-415a-4aee-8431-abecdd8c79b8" TYPE="xfs"/dev/nvme2n1: UUID="2ddd89c4-415a-4aee-8431-abecdd8c79b8" TYPE="xfs"2.    Check the Linux kernel ring buffer to confirm that it's a UUID conflict issue.root@:~# blkid..........[ 5444.389157] XFS (nvme2n1): Filesystem has duplicate UUID 2ddd89c4-415a-4aee-8431-abecdd8c79b8 - can't mountIgnore the UUID check, or change the UUID of one of the file systemsIf you don't want to change either of the file systems, then you can use the nouuid option to ignore the UUID check:root@:~# mount -o nouuid /dev/nvme2n1  /lv2root@:~# df -h |grep lv2/dev/nvme2n1   1014M   40M  975M   4% /lv2Or, you can change the UUID of one of the file systems:root@:~# xfs_admin -U generate /dev/nvme2n1Clearing log and setting UUIDwriting all SBsnew UUID = 02f8750a-c482-4ed1-949c-4088f2ecc04aroot@:~#  blkid/dev/nvme0n1p1: LABEL="cloudimg-rootfs" UUID="ce780dbf-6f70-412d-87dd-61654730a231"        TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="bf0d338c-01"/dev/nvme1n1: UUID="2ddd89c4-415a-4aee-8431-abecdd8c79b8" TYPE="xfs"/dev/nvme2n1: UUID="02f8750a-c482-4ed1-949c-4088f2ecc04a" TYPE="xfs"root@:~# mount /dev/nvme2n1 /lv2
Question: How can I find out if the CPU on my T2 or T3 EC2 Windows instance is being throttled?

I want to find out if the CPU on my T2 or T3 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Windows instance is being throttled.

ResolutionTo verify if your CPU is being throttled, check the CPU credit balance and the CPU within the operating system (OS).Check the CPU credit balanceOpen the Amazon EC2 console, and then choose Instances from the navigation pane.Select the instance that you want to troubleshoot.On the Monitoring tab, note the current number of remaining credits on the CPU credit balance graph.If the credit balance is close to zero, then the instance CPU is likely being throttled. To resolve this issue, you can either turn on T2/T3 Unlimited or change the instance type. For more information, see How can I resolve high CPU utilization on my T2 or T3 EC2 Windows instance if my CPU is being throttled?Note: If T2/T3 Unlimited is already turn on for the instance, then the credit balance launches with zero credits.Check the CPU utilization on the OSOpen the Amazon EC2 console, and then choose Instances from the navigation pane.On the Monitoring tab, note the CPU utilization. Confirm that the average is close to the baseline performance per vCPU for your instance type.Connect to your instance using Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP).Open Task Manager, and then note the CPU utilization on the OS.If CPU utilization is peaking near 100% in Task Manager but is near the baseline in the console, then the instance's CPU is being throttled. To resolve this issue, you can either active T2/T3 Unlimited or change the instance type. For more information, see How can I resolve high CPU utilization on my T2 or T3 EC2 Windows instance if my CPU is being throttled?Related informationHow do I diagnose high CPU utilization on my EC2 Windows instance when my CPU is not being throttled?I want to troubleshoot performance bottlenecks within my EC2 Linux instances. What advanced tools can I use with EC2Rescue for Linux to do that?
Question: How do I set up AWS Firewall Manager for my AWS account?

I want to configure AWS Firewall Manager for my AWS account.

ResolutionFollow these steps to configure Firewall Manager to manage security policies for your organization in AWS Organizations.Configure AWS Organizations1.    Choose an AWS Account to use as the management account for your organization.2.    Open the AWS Organizations console with your management account.3.    Choose Create organization. The organization is created with all features turned on by default.Important: Your organization must be activated with all features to use Firewall Manager.4.    (Optional) You can create a new member account or invite an existing AWS account to be a member account in your organization.For more information, see How do I get started with AWS Organizations?Configure the Firewall Manager1.    Open the Firewall Manager console with your management account, and then choose Get started.2.    In Administrator account ID, enter the AWS account to set as the Firewall Manager administrator.3.    Choose Set administrator account.For more information, see Managing the AWS Firewall Manager administrator.Configure AWS Config1.    Open the AWS Config console with your Firewall Manager administrator account.2.    Activate AWS Config for each of your AWS Organizations member accounts (including your Firewall Manager administrator account) using the 1-click setup. You can also use the manual setup.Important: Make sure that you activate AWS Config for each AWS Region that contains the resources that you want to protect.3.    (Optional) If you don't want to activate AWS Config for all resources, then activate the type of Firewall Manager policies that you want to use.(Optional) Configure AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM)You can also configure resource sharing with AWS Organizations using AWS RAM.1.    Open the AWS RAM console.2.    In the navigation pane, choose Settings.3.    Choose the Enable sharing with Organizations check box, and then choose Save settings.Note: With resource sharing configured for your organizations accounts, you can share resources without using invitations.For more information, see Configure resource sharing within AWS Organizations.

Related informationManaging the AWS accounts in your organizationAWS Firewall Manager prerequisites
Question: I want to migrate my server or virtual environment to AWS using CloudEndure Migration. How do I begin the process?

I want to migrate my server or virtual environment to AWS using CloudEndure Migration. How do I do that?Short descriptionNote: As of December 30, 2022, CloudEndure Migration is no longer available in all commercial AWS Regions. CloudEndure Migration continues to be available in China, AWS GovCloud (US) Regions, and in AWS Outposts. Starting December 31, 2022, customers in commercial Regions can use AWS Application Migration (MGN).CloudEndure Migration is an agent-based solution that quickly migrates your supported versions of Windows- and Linux OS-based applications and databases to AWS. For supported operating systems and versions, see Supported operating systems on the CloudEndure website.

ResolutionFollow the instructions on the Account Registration page to sign up for your CloudEndure account.You receive an email from CloudEndure. If you don't see an email from CloudEndure, check your spam folder.Select the link in the email to complete registration. A confirmation message stating "Your account is now activated" appears.Sign in to the CloudEndure User console.Create a new CloudEndure project.Generate the required AWS credentials.From the CloudEndure User console, select your project, and then select Setup and Info.Select AWS CREDENTIALS, and then enter the AWS credentials that you created in step 8.

Related informationCloudEndure Migration best practices
Question: Why did the CPU credit balance for my Amazon EC2 T2 instance suddenly drop?

I want to know why the CPU credit balance suddenly dropped for my Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) T2 instance.

ResolutionWhen you stop a T2 instance, all accrued credits are lost. When you relaunch the instance, the CPU credit balance has zero credits plus any allocated launch credits. For more information, see Monitor your CPU credits for burstable performance instances.To see the launch time of your instance, follow these steps:Open the Amazon EC2 console, and then choose Instances from the navigation pane.Select the T2 instance.On the Description tab, review the Launch time.

Related informationUnlimited mode for burstable performance instancesBurstable performance instancesKey concepts and definitions for burstable performance instances
Question: What are the minimum permissions that I need for Amazon SageMaker?

I want to know about the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) permissions that are required for using Amazon SageMaker.

ResolutionExecution roles are IAM roles that give SageMaker permission to perform operations on your behalf. SageMaker can create an execution role for you in the console when you create a resource that requires one, such as a notebook instance. However, this execution role includes the AmazonSageMakerFullAccess policy by default. If you don't want to grant full access, create your own IAM role. Then, attach IAM policies to the role. The policies must include the permissions for the API actions that you plan to invoke with the execution role.Required execution role permissionsYou pass the execution role when you make the following API calls. Refer to the following links for the permissions that are required in the execution role’s IAM policies.CreateNotebookInstanceCreateHyperParameterTuningJobCreateProcessingJobCreateTrainingJobCreateModelYou must also attach a trust policy to the execution role. For more information, see SageMaker roles.Required permissions for SageMaker API actionsIf you plan to use the execution role to invoke other SageMaker actions, you must add those permissions to the execution role's IAM policies. For a list of permissions that are required for each API action, see Amazon SageMaker API permissions: actions, permissions, and resources reference.

Related informationHow do I resolve Amazon S3 AccessDenied errors in Amazon SageMaker training jobs?
Question: How can I import a third-party issued TLS/SSL certificate to ACM?

I want to import a third-party issued TLS/SSL certificate into AWS Certificate Manager (ACM).

ResolutionTo import third-party issued TLS/SSL certificate into ACM, you must provide the certificate, its private key, and the certificate chain. Your certificate must also include the prerequisites for importing certificates.You need the following files to import in PEM-encoded format similar to the following:PEM–encoded certificate:-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----Base64–encoded certificate-----END CERTIFICATE-----PEM–encoded certificate chain: (This example shows a chain where two Subordinate / Intermediate CAs are present. The order given here is to keep the Root CA as the last entry):-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----Base64–encoded certificate of SubordinateCA2-----END CERTIFICATE----------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----Base64–encoded certificate of SubordinateCA1----END CERTIFICATE----------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----Base64–encoded certificate of Root CA-----END CERTIFICATE-----PEM–encoded private keys:-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----Base64–encoded private key-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----For more information and examples, see Certificate and key format for importing.Convert the certificate bundle from PKCS#12 (PFX) to PEM using OpenSSL1.    Copy the PFX or P12 file to the same location as your OpenSSL tool, or specify the location in the command line.2.    Enter the following OpenSSL command and replace PKCS12file with your certificate file:$openssl pkcs12 -in PKCS12file -out Cert_Chain_Key.txtYou receive prompts similar to the following:Enter Import Password:(this is the password that was used when the PKCS12 file was created)Enter PEM pass phrase:(this is the private key password)Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase: (confirm the private key password)3.    Enter the required password and pass phrase. The certificate, private key, and certificate chain (root or intermediate) are parsed and placed into the Cert_Chain_Key.txt file.Note: The private key is still encrypted in the following format:-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----Base64–encoded private key-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----Decrypt the private key1.    Copy the private key from the Cert_Chain_Key.txt file into your OpenSSL directory, or specify the location in the command line.2.    Enter the following OpenSSL command and replace Encrypted.key with your encrypted private key file:$openssl rsa -in Encrypted.key -out UnEncrypted.key3.    Enter the pass phrase. The UnEncrypted.key is now the decrypted private key. To verify this, open the UnEncrypted.key file using a text editor and view the headers similar to the following format:-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----Base64–encoded private key-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----You can now import the certificate successfully into ACM. For instructions, see Importing a certificate.

Related informationWhy can't I import a third-party public SSL/TLS certificate into AWS Certificate Manager (ACM)?How to import PFX-formatted certificates into AWS Certificate Manager using OpenSSL