VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The seroepidemiology of helicobacter pylori and its relationship to chronic atrophic gastritis

There were three main aims to this thesis:
1. to test whether infection with Helicobacter pylori was related specifically to chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), a precursor of gastric cancer; and to measure the specificity and sensitivity of Helicobacter pylori antibody markers for detecting H.pylori infection of the gastric mucosa; and CAG;
2. to measure the distribution of H.pylori in relation to sociodemographic, dietary and lifestyle characteristics in non-clinical populations from Caerphilly (Wales), Italy, China, and Kenya;
3. to examine the relationship between H.pylori and gastric cancer.
H.pylori was strongly associated with CAG and H.pylori antibody level was a sensitive and specific marker of both infection (84.8%, 92.7%) and CAG (71.4%, 90.9%). In Caerphilly and Italy, the prevalence of H.pylori increased steeply to 40-50% in those aged 45-54 years and levelled off in older age groups. In China, over 50% of those aged 35-44 were infected. In Kenya, almost all people studied between 18-30 years were infected with H.pylori.
In Caerphilly, H.pylori infection was significantly higher in poorer socioeconomic groups, whilst in Italy, socioeconomic differences with regard to infection were in the same direction but not as pronounced. In Caerphilly, H.pylori infection was related to the number of the subject's siblings but not to the number of children or adults sharing the house of the subject.
In Caerphilly, those infected with H.pylori consumed less vitamin C and more alcohol than those not infected. Those infected in Italy consumed more vitamin C but similar amounts of alcohol than those not infected. In China, smoking was inversely related to H.pylori infection.
In China, a geographic correlation of +0.34 (2p = 0.02) was found between the prevalence of H.pylori infection (measured in 46 counties) and gastric cancer mortality. There was also a positive (but not significant) correlation with peptic ulcer mortality. No other type of cancer showed a significant association with H.pylori.

Advisor: Forman, D
Panegyric of the monarch and its social context under Elizabeth I and James I

The thesis examines the relationship between poetry and politics under Elizabeth and James, tracing certain changes in modes of artistic representation through historical analysis of particular masques and entertainments. The introductory chaper discusses the close connection between poetry and ceremonial in the Renaissance: in panegyric the poet's private imagination is subordinated to public images, and his art is one of ceremonial "ornamentation". Subsequent chapters discuss the effects of social, political and religious changes on this ceremonial poetic. Chapter 31 relates the political symbolism of Tho Faerie Queene to the tradition of pageantry on which it was based, and analyzes the growing tension in the later books between public and private vallies. Chapter III discusses the new developments of the 1590s, arguing that both in politics and in literature new tensions were being felt. The first part deals with the poets associated with Essex, the second with the poetry of Sir Walter Ralegh. Chapter IV discusses the effects on panegyric of the new, less external concepts of decorum introduced by the writers of the "plain style", with special reference to FullcGreville and Samuel Daniel. Chapter Y deals with Jonson's masques, showing that while in political concent they mirror the line taken by the king and his more conservative advisers, in artistic form they display an ambivalence characteristic of Jonson's work. Chapter VI discusses the Jacobean poets wco imitated Spenser, showing the continuity of l.heir political concerns from the public poetry of the 1590s and arguing that Spenserian poetry, especially pastoral, became a protest against the corruption of the Jacobean court. A newly discovered draft of a masque for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth in 1613 is included in an Appendix.
Improved understanding of combustor liner cooling

Heat management is an essential part of combustor design, as operating temperatures within the combustor generally exceed safe working temperatures of the materials employed in its construction. Two principal methods used to manage this heat are impingement and film cooling.
Impingement heat transfer refers to jets of impinging fluid delivered by orifices integrated into internal structures in order to remove undesired heat. This mode of heat transfer has a relatively high effectiveness, making it an attractive method of heat management. As such, a considerable number of studies have been done on the subject providing a substantial body of useful knowledge. However, there are innovative cooling configurations being used in gas turbines which generate compressibility and temperature ratio effects on heat transfer which are currently unexplored. Presented here are data showing that these effects have a significant impact on heat transfer and new correlations are presented to account for temperature ratio and Mach number effects for a range of conditions. These findings are significant and can be applied to impinging flows in other areas of a gas turbine engine such as turbine blades and vanes.
Film cooling refers to the injection of coolant onto a surface through an array of sharply angled holes. This is done in a manner that allows the coolant to remain close to the surface where it provides an insulating layer between the hot gas freestream and the cooler surface. In order to improve turbine efficiency, research efforts in film cooling are directed at reducing film cooling flow without decreasing turbine inlet temperatures.
Both impingement cooling and film cooling are heavily utilized in combustor liners. Frequently, cooling air first impinges against the back side of the liner, then the spent impingement fluid passes through film cooling holes. This arrangement combines the convective heat transfer of the impinging jets convection as the coolant passes through the film cooling holes and the benefits that come from having a thin film of cool air between the combustor wall and the combustion products.
In order to improve the understanding of internal cooling in gas turbine engines, the influence of previously unexplored physical parameters such as compressible flow effects and temperature ratio in impingement flows and variable blowing ratio in a film cooling array must be examined. Prior to this work, there existed in the available literature only an extremely limited exploration of compressibility effects in impingement heat transfer and the results of separately examining the effects of Mach number and Reynolds number. The film cooling literature provides no information for a full array of film cooling holes along a contraction at high blowing ratios. Exploring these effects and conditions adds to the body of available data and allows the validation of numerical predictions.

Keywords: film cooling
Combustor Liner
heat transfer
impingement
Advisor: Gillespie, D
Ligrani, P
Acoustic anemometry on the surface of Mars

There is a need for wind sensors with high accuracy and measurement frequency for deployment on the surface of Mars. The wind data obtained to date have been adversely affected by thermal contamination and calibration issues. Improved data would not only help to constrain and validate theoretical models, but also increase safety and longevity of lander operations. The mechanical and thermal wind sensing techniques used on previous missions, whilst sufficient for basic meteorology, are wholly inadequate for measuring fundamental phenomena such as dust and volatile transport. Two promising technologies, optical and acoustic anemometry, could permit precise and high-frequency measurement of three-dimensional wind speeds on the Martian surface. Ultrasonic acoustic anemometry, which relies on time-of-flight measurements, was ultimately chosen for its lower processing requirements and ability to measure the speed of sound; and therefore temperature. Capacitive transducers were selected for their low impedance and high sensitivity, to maximise signal transmission through the rarefied Martian atmosphere. These transducers, which consist of a metallised polymer film oscillating on top of a contoured metal backplane, were evaluated for their suitability as anemometers on the Martian surface. A theoretical framework was assembled to model transducer performance and determine which factors are the most important in determining received signal amplitude. A pair of transducers were designed and manufactured to allow for testing of a wide range of parameters including thickness of the oscillating membrane and diameter. Tests were carried out on the assembled transducers to investigate the dependence on these parameters, and their behaviour was generally found to fit the assembled theoretical framework well. Transducer performance was highly dependent on roughness depth of the backplanes, as expected. The frequency response of the transducers was dominated by the backplane roughness at atmospheric pressure but by film thickness at low pressures. Cross-correlation of the sent and received signals was confirmed as the most reliable signal detection method at low signal amplitudes. The transducers were tested under simulated Martian conditions (a low-pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere with airborne dust), and found to be capable of accurately and reliably measuring the incident wind speed. The cumulative deposition of airborne dust noticeably reduced received signal amplitude, but further testing is required to determine the effect of significant amounts of dust on transducer performance. The impact of the transducer heads impeding the incident fluid flow was found to be very significant in wind tunnel testing. Preliminary computational models were found to accurately predict these effects, but a more comprehensive modelling campaign and experimental validation would be required to ensure accurate instrument calibration.

Keywords: Transducer
Atmosphere
Planetary
Acoustic
Sensor
Electronics
Electrostatic
Mars
MEMS
Layer
Surface
Boundary
Anemometry
Wind
Advisor: Calcutt, S
Wilson, C
Image, manuscript, print: Le Roman de la rose, ca. 1481-1538

This thesis examines the transmission and reception of images in Le Roman de la rose manuscripts and printed editions of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Through in-depth case studies, I analyse how illustrators, editors, and readers used printed imagery in Rose books ca. 1481-1538, during the period of Rose printed edition production, exploring wider cross-disciplinary issues concerning the history of the book, the relationship between word and image, and readership practices following the advent of French printing. I argue that the mobility of printed imagery, which was facilitated in part by the wider dissemination of woodcuts in workshops, influenced the form and function of images in books. In addition, I problematize the 'transition' from manuscript to print in the later Middle Ages, through an investigation of artisans' personal and professional collaborations and evidence of image sharing between hand-illustrated and printed books. Bookmakers and readers used printed imagery in fascinating ways in books, appropriating and modifying woodcuts in order to engage with certain subjects and motifs. Readers' visual responses to books are under-examined, and I assess how readers' drawings add insight into their understanding of printed editions and those editions' visual iconography. French books contain a large body of evidence pertaining to image production and reception, but printed imagery is often overlooked, despite its potential to shed light on the practices of illustrators, editors, and readers. I provide new strategies for examining patterns of printed image production, circulation, and reception in the visual presentations of manuscripts and printed editions of this period. I also deepen understanding of the Rose and its consumption in the later Middle Ages and Renaissance, probing the role of images in books.

Keywords: Manuscript and Printed Book Production
Poetry
Woodcuts
Paris
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Word and Image
France
Illumination
Lyon
Image Reception
Authorship
Roman de la rose
History of Art and Visual Culture
Readership
Image Production and Circulation
Book Industries and Trade
Advisor: Rosser, G
Swift, H
New approaches for cofactor recycling: application to chemical synthesis and electrochemical devices

The work in this Thesis addresses the challenges associated with using redox enzymes for chemical synthesis. The use of enzymes as catalysts in the synthesis of fine chemicals is becoming more wide spread, in part due their ability to catalyse reactions with incredible selectivity under relatively mild conditions. In particular, enzymes are useful for selective reduction of ketones to enantiomerically pure alcohols or amines, and partial oxidations of alkanes to alcohols. However, a key limitation to exploiting redox enzymes in these reaction pathways is the requirement for a specialised electron source, usually the expensive nicotinamide cofactors NADH or NADPH.
Existing cofactor regeneration methods use a second enzyme with a sacrificial substrate which is oxidised to generate a stoichiometric waste product; this complicates isolation of the desired product and prevents the environmental benefits of biocatalysis from being fully realised. In order to provide clean and efficient biocatalytic routes, improved recycling methods for these cofactors are crucial. This Thesis develops two novel methods for in situ cofactor recycling. The first is an electro-enzymatic system; an NAD+-reductase enzyme is shown to use electrons directly from an electrode for supply of NADH to a co-immobilised cofactor-dependent enzyme. The second uses a hydrogenase, NAD+ reductase and cofactor-dependent enzyme immobilised on conducting particles for H2-driven NADH regeneration. This relies on the thermodynamically favourable reduction of NAD+ by H2 when the hydrogenase and NAD+-reductase are in electronic contact, provided by the conducting particle.
The electro-enzymatic approach to NAD+ reduction is then adapted for electrochemical devices; an enzyme catalysed fuel cell and a self-powered biosensor were considered.

Keywords: cofactor recycling
Di-hydrogen driven biocatalysis
Advisor: Vincent, K
Blood pressure, cholesterol and premature death

This thesis is based on a worldwide overview (meta-analysis) of prospective observational studies of blood pressure and cholesterol, involving a centralised collection of data on over one million individuals from 59 studies, which I have co- ordinated since its inception. Analytically, the aim has been to develop and to use appropriate statistical techniques to assess the age- and sex-specific associations of usual blood pressure and of usual cholesterol with cause-specific mortality. Since the data set is uniquely large, and because appropriate methods of analysis (with full account taken of the time-dependent nature of the regression dilution bias) have been developed and used, these associations have been established more reliably. An integral part of the methodological element of the thesis has been to investigate the systematic underestimation of associations between risk factor and disease that are obtained when only a single baseline measurement is used to assess levels of such risk factors (the regression dilution bias). The extent of this bias has been investigated in each study that had repeat measurements of risk factors during follow-up. One particularly novel aspect has been the emphasis on, and methods developed to account for, the regression dilution bias in several studies simultaneously and in an appropriately time-dependent way.
This thesis illustrates the extent to which random error and inappropriate statistical analysis lead to misleading conclusions concerning the importance of blood pressure and blood cholesterol, particularly in premature death. Only by studying adequate numbers of deaths (136,000 deaths among 1 million adults during 13 million person- years of follow-up) and by using appropriate statistical techniques - taking proper account of (a) the regression dilution bias; (b) the full range of blood pressure and cholesterol; (c) the opposing effects of HDL.and the remaining non-HDL cholesterol; and (d) age at death - did it become possible to provide reliable results on the true relationships between blood pressure, cholesterol fractions and vascular and other causes of death.
These analyses have demonstrated reliably that, as causes of IHD death in early middle age, blood pressure and blood lipids are three to five times more important than suggested by inappropriate analyses, with no clinically relevant inverse associations with cancer or other non-vascular mortality (except, surprisingly, COPD).
Defective iron homeostasis in lysosomal storage diseases

Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of multiple lipids in the late endosome/lysosomal system and reduced acidic store calcium levels. Since the lysosomal system is involved in regulating aspects of transition metal ion homeostasis and its intracellular compartmentalization, we have investigated whether there are metal ion metabolism defects and haematological abnormalities in NPC1 disease. We have identified multiple haematological changes, including decreased haematocrit, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin volume in Npc1-/- mice. Similar haematological changes with low normal serum iron levels as well as low normal haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were observed in NPC1 patients, suggesting that NPC1 patients are at risk of iron deficiency. Furthermore, decreased levels of serum iron, transferrin saturation, elevated levels of serum copper and ceruloplasmin and up-regulated expression of soluble transferrin receptor (s-TfR), ferritin levels in Npc1-/- mice and NPC1 patients were observed. Additionally, up-regulation of hepatic transferrin receptor, down-regulation of hepatic hepcidin and altered expression of multiple copper and zinc transporters were also found in Npc1-/- mice. These data demonstrate that systemic metal dyshomeostasis, intracellular metal compartmentalization defects and impaired erythropoiesis occur in NPC1 disease. As transition metal dyshomeostasis may be involved in the pathogenesis of NPC1 disease, we hypothesized this may represent a novel therapeutic intervention point for adjunctive therapy. To test this hypothesis, we have evaluated several metal manipulation treatments, including metal supplementation, metal chelation and metal ionophore treatments, in Npc1-/- mice. Our results revealed that (i) iron supplementation, (ii) reduced copper absorption reagent (iii) and copper/zinc ionophore therapies significantly either improved haematological abnormalities, neurological/motor functions or survival in Npc1-/- mice. These data suggest that metal-targeted therapies may be useful adjunctive therapies in NPC1 disease patients.

Keywords: glycosphingolipids
biomarker
metal
Lysosomal storage diseases
Advisor: Platt, F
Becoming urban: space and mobility amongst Tibetan migrant youths in Lhasa

This thesis examines how Tibetan residents of different social backgrounds use and experience the space of the city of Lhasa. I mainly concentrate on young Tibetan rural migrants and document a number of similarities and differences between their spatial practices and those of young Tibetans from urban backgrounds. This thesis shows that my rural migrant informants generally gravitate towards the old quarter of the city, where they practise at religious sites, attend informal private schools, and reside in heavily religious and traditionalist domestic spaces. These spatial practices largely distinguish them from young Tibetans from wealthier families (particularly those of government workers) and who have previously lived in inland China: most often these youths frequent sinicised parts of the city, inhabit domestic spaces lacking religious objects, and are either less interested in or banned from engaging in religious practice. Despite these different orientations, however, the ethnography ultimately shows that a clear-cut distinction between villagers and urbanites cannot be drawn. By looking at both the city of Lhasa and nearby rural villages, the thesis shows that neither the former nor the latter are univocally traditionalist or modernising. Furthermore, informants’ practices both persist and change over time and while throughout the fieldwork some young migrant informants continued in their largely traditionalist engagements within Lhasa’s space, others changed their attitudes and started paying less attention to religion and traditionalist pursuits. To do justice to the changing orientations of my informants, I apply a dynamic theoretical model drawn from practice theory whereby practices and predispositions are shown to be resilient, but not fixed. Ultimately, this thesis proposes that, despite the presence of often-distinct orientations between villagers and urbanites in contemporary Lhasa, all young Tibetans in the city share a common socio-political terrain. In Lhasa, traditionalist predispositions persist, but social mobility, government control, and urbanisation also often lead to the development of more practical, secular, and sinicised attitudes.

Keywords: Lhasa
Tibet
urbanism
Advisor: Gellner, D
Harris, C