VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Modernism and the politics of time: time and history in the work of H. G. Wells, D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf

This thesis argues for a revised understanding of time in modernist literature. It challenges the longstanding critical tradition that has used the French philosopher Henri Bergson's distinction between clock-time and durée to explicate time in the modernist novel. To do so, it replaces Stephen Kern's influential understanding of modernity as characterized by the solidification of a homogenous clock-time, with Peter Osborne’s notion of modernity as structured by a competing range of temporalizations of history.
The following chapters then read the fictional and historical writings of H. G. Wells, D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf alongside such a conception of modernity, and show that all these writers explored different versions of historical time. Wells explored geological time in The Time Machine (1895) and An Outline of History (1920), Lawrence adapted Friedrich Nietzsche's thought of eternal recurrence in Women in Love (1920), Movements in European History (1921) and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), and Woolf imagined an aeviternal historical continuity and a phenomenological historical time in Between the Acts (1941).
By addressing historical time, this thesis enables a reassessment of the politics of modernist time. It challenges the view that the purported modernist exploration of a Bergsonian private time constitutes an asocial and ahistorical retreat from the political. Rather, by transferring Osborne's notion of a 'politics of time' to the literary sphere, this study argues that the competing configurations of politically-charged historical time in literary modernism, form the analogue of the competing versions of such a time within modernity, emblematized by the contrasting accounts of historical time of Martin Heidegger and Walter Benjamin.

Keywords: time
Modernism
narrative
H. G. Wells
D. H. Lawrence
history
Virginia Woolf
Advisor: Whitworth, M
Is there a duty of humanitarian intervention?

Large-scale humanitarian crises in foreign countries raise the question of whether or not other countries have a duty to alleviate that suffering. In extreme cases, humanitarian intervention, that is: military intervention for the purpose of alleviating human suffering, is sometimes advocated as the morally required course of action. This thesis suggests that while the international community has a general moral responsibility to prevent and ameliorate humanitarian crises there is no simple duty of military humanitarian intervention. Hitherto, the question has typically been treated as a matter of either moral or legal principle. This thesis argues that empirical factors, which affect the international community's ability to carry out interventions effectively, have not been given their due weight in the debate. On the basis of evaluations of international responses to crises in Somalia and Rwanda, 1992 - 1994, it is suggested that a range of factors undermine the efficacy of humanitarian interventions. These factors include the impact of state interests, the effects of domestic politics in intervening states and, contrary to expectations, the role of humanitarian considerations in decision making on intervention. By showing the limitations of a simplistic view of a duty of humanitarian intervention the thesis seeks to contribute to reconciling idealism with realism in international crisis-responses. Based on sound moral and political judgment military interventions in humanitarian crises would hopefully be less ambitious and ultimately more effective.

Advisor: Roberts, A
'The burglar's mate'? How London's probation officers persuaded magistrates in Social Enquiry Reports, 1958-72

A clash of generations occurred in the 1960s Probation Service when increasing numbers of university graduates entered the profession. They have been described as permissive by historians because they prioritised the welfare of the offender. This was in contrast to their older, and relatively untrained, colleagues for whom a reform project was premised on the disciplining of character. Due to a lack of sources, however, it remains unclear how these two generations differed in their attempts to persuade magistrates over sentencing outcomes. Fortuitously, a rare cache of over 2,000 Social Enquiry Reports (SERs) survives in the records of the City’s Justice Rooms. Written by probation officers from across the Metropolitan London area, the reports represent a cross section of the capital’s diverse population. Using a number of techniques including oral and secondary sources, this thesis identifies members of both generations and examines the way that they persuaded magistrates. Sorting the SERs into types of offender, the thesis shows that both generations ultimately persuaded magistrates by subtly indicating in reports whether or not the offender and their families conformed to conventional gender norms. The main reason why SERs by the permissive university graduates closely resembled those written by their older colleagues was due to their common perception of magistrates as being socially conservative. Regardless of how liberal or not Britain became in the sixties, the courtroom was not considered to be a place where a rethink of morality had occurred. The university graduates therefore invoked normative character ideals in SERs because they believed it was likely to be the best way to achieve the desired outcome in court. Finally, as responses to offending were shaped by gender ideologies rather than the nature of the offence or previous convictions, the concept of the probation officer as ‘the burglar’s mate’ is rendered problematic.

Keywords: 1960s
probation
gender
Crime
Advisor: Davis, J
A current of Mexican nationalism

THE THESIS DEALS WITH ANDRÉS MOLINA ENRIQUEZ'S PRO-MISCEGENATION THEORY, MOLINA (1868-1940), A SPENCIRIAN EVOLUTIONIST WHO BELIEVED RACE STRUGGLE IS HISTORY'S DRIVING FORCE, DEPARTS FROM THE PREMISE THAT MEXICO WILL NOT BE A COHESIVE, PROGRESSIVE NATION UNTIL ALL MEXICANS BECOME MESTIZOS - I.E., THE PRODUCT OF RACIAL INTERMINGLING BETWEEN SPANIARDS AND INDIANS. THUS, THE ANALYSIS OF THIS THEORY IS THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS.
IN ORDER TO ANALY'SE MOLINA'S THEORY WITHIN ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT, HOWEVER, THE PRELIMINARY SECTION OF THE THESIS BRIEFLY DESCRIBES THE THOUGHTS OF THOSE MEXICAN INTELLECTUALS WHO HAD PREVIOUSLY PROCLAIMED ETHNIC HOMOGENEITY -VIA MISCEGENATION- THE KEY TO NATIONAL STABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT. SIMILARLY, THE LAST PART OF THE THESIS PRESENTS THE IDEAS OF SOME OF MOLINA'S SUCCESSORS, THOSE WHO WERE IN FAVOR OF MISCEGENATION -NOT ONLY A RACIAL ONE BUT ALSO A CULTURAL ONE- IN POSTREVOLUTIONARY MEXIC0.
THE FIRST AND LAST PARTS OF THE THESIS ALLOW US TO SEE PRO-MISCEGENATION AS A CURRENT OF THE MEXICAN INTELLIGENTSIA'S QUEST FOR NATIONAL IDENTITY. THE CENTRAL PART OF IT -THE ONE DEVOTED TO MOLINA'S THEORY, UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST IMPORTANT AND SOPHISTICATED CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD- GIVES US A GENERAL PICTURE OF THE CONTRADICTORY NATURE OF THIS CURRENT OF THOUGHT. EVEN THOUGH IT IS CLEAR THAT A PERVASIVE MISCEGENATION MADE EVER MORE MEXICAN INTELLECTUALS ENDORSE THE IDEA THAT MESTIZOS ARE THE REAL PEOPLE OF MEXICO, THE ANALYSIS OF MOLINA'S WRITINGS SHOWS THAT HE ATTEMPTED TO PREDICT THE SUPREMACY OF MESTIZOS WITH A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK THAT LEADS HIM TO THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. INDEED, NO MATTER HOW MUCH HE TWISTED IT, SPENCERIAN EVOLUTIONISM DID NOT SERVE HIM (OR HIS CONTEMPORARY PRO-MISCEGENATIONISTS) TO PROVE WHITE-RACISM WRONG.
THE CONCLUSION IS THAT MOLINA, AS MOST OF HIS FELLOW "MESTIZOPHILIA" SUPPORTERS, CHOSE TO HAIL THE ETHNIC GROUP THAT REPRESENTED AN EVER-GROWING MAJORITY OF THE MEXICAN POPULATION, AND TRIED TO BUILD A SCIENTIFIC THEORY TO PROVE THE SUPREMACY OF THAT GROUP. BUT IN DOING SO HE HAD TO USE THE ONLY METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS HE HAD LEARNED AT THE POSITIVIST SCHOOLS OF PORFIRIAN MEXICO. THE RESULT IS A CONTRADICTORY THEORY THAT, NEVERTHELESS, SHEDS LIGHT ON THE PATH TO NATIONAL IDENTITY IN MEXICO.
Spectroscopic study of ⁸⁰Sr

High spin states in 80Sr have been studied using the techniques of in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy. The reaction used was 54Fe(29Si, 2pn)80Sr at beam energies between 85 and 110 MeV. γ-γ coincidence measurements were performed with a thin target to investigate the level structure. Both neutron gated and singles angular distribution measurements were carried out to aid in the assignment of level spins. The directional correlation ratios extracted from the γ-γ coincidence data provided a consistency check for the spin assignments. Level lifetimes were measured by the Doppler shift attenuation method in a thick target γ-γ coincidence measurement. The ground state band has been identified up to (26+) and three previously unobserved sidebands have been discovered.
The deduced level scheme is compared with cranking model calculations; the predicted transformation to mostly non-collective excitations of an oblate shape is not observed experimentally. The behaviour of the J(1) and J(2) moments of inertia is discussed and presented as evidence for either static or dynamic γ-deformation in the light Sr isotopes. In addition, the level structure is compared with IBM-2 calculations. These calculations indicate the importance of proton excitations across the Z=40 subshell gap, into the g9/2 orbital, and suggest that the lowest lying 80Sr sideband can be identified with the collective IBM-2 quasi-γ band.
NUCLEAR REACTIONS 54Fe(29Si, 2pn), ,em>E
= 85 - 110 MeV; measured Eγ, Iγ(θ), γ-γ, n-γ coincidences, DCO ratios, Doppler shifted γ-ray lineshapes. 80Sr deduced levels, J, π, τ. Enriched target, Ge(Li), Ge, NE213 detectors.
Imaging the neural correlates of cutaneous sensation and its modulation by psychological factors

This thesis looks at the central processing of two unpleasant sensations, itch and pain, and how these sensations can be modulated using psychological tools. The initial section focuses on the induction and modulation of thermal noxious stimuli and the way in which this is represented in the brain.
It is well known that pain can be modulated by distraction, and also which areas of the brain are frequently activated by noxious stimuli. The research reported here expands upon this knowledge. The first study found that when subjects were engaged in a cognitively demanding task (the Counting Stroop task) their attention was distracted away from thermal painful stimuli. They reported a significantly (p=0.006) lower pain intensity rating for stimuli during the interference (more cognitively demanding) task compared to the neutral (less cognitively demanding) task. The interference task was confirmed to be more difficult than the neutral task by significantly increased reaction times in the former compared to the latter. The reduced perception of painful thermal stimuli applied during the interference task compared with those felt in the neutral task was accompanied by a reduced activation in some key components of the pain matrix (insula, mid-cingulate, thalamus). Some key pain processing regions showed an increase in signal during the interference task compared with the neutral task (perigenual cingulate, orbitofrontal regions).
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Advisor: Tracey, I
The analysis of offshore foundations subjected to combined loading

Shallow offshore foundations, which achieve their stability through the foundation bearing on the seabed, can in most applications be idealised as large rigid circular footings subjected to vertical, horizontal and moment loading. A small strain linear-elastic perfectly-plastic three- dimensional finite element program was developed to analyse this combined loading problem. The selection of a suitable three-dimensional finite element for accurate and computationally efficient analysis was based on the element's ability to model incompressible soil conditions, using exact numerical integration. A new approach for evaluating element suitability is developed and is quantified in terms of the parameter free degrees-of-freedom (equal to the degrees-of-freedom minus the incompressibility constraints). The tetrahedron family of three- dimensional elements is found to be in general more suitable and computationally efficient than the Serendipity and Lagrangian cube families. The 20-node quadratic strain tetrahedron is adopted for all analyses presented in this thesis. For combined loading, most of the available elastic analytical solutions are for rigid circular footings placed at the surface. Finite element analyses reveal certain inadequacies in some of these solutions. The elastic numerical analyses also examine the effect of footing embedment for three cases of embedment geometry. This demonstrates that the increase in footing stiffness (reduction in displacement) due to embedment for horizontal and moment loading is developed at shallower depths, and has a greater magnitude, than for vertical loading. The stability of a rough rigid circular footing placed on the surface of an undrained clay is examined. Zero thickness interface elements, despite experiencing some numerical instability problems, were found to model the footing-soil interaction better than conventional continuum elements. However, application of interface elements to footings which can lose contact with the soil, under moment loading conditions, resulted in numerical instability of the solution. A simpler model was therefore used to define the shape of the three-dimensional failure envelope at high vertical load. Comparisons with the semi-empirical inclination factors of bearing capacity solutions are included.

Keywords: foundation
offshore
Advisor: Houlsby, G
The structural basis of immune receptor signalling

This work investigates the mechanisms of binding of T cell receptors (TCRs) to Class I MHC-peptide complexes (pMHC). The structure of a TCR specific for the Melan-A tumour antigen bound to its cognate pMHC was solved to a resolution of 2.5 Å which gives insight into how this TCR could be mutated to optimize binding and subsequently used as a cancer vaccine. Detailed sequence and geometric analyses of all currently available structures of Class I TCR-pMHC complexes revealed that TCRs can bind to pMHC with a range of orientations, yet always focus on the central portion of the peptide and use a specific subset of six residues on the MHC helices for binding. The most striking finding was the use of aromatic residues in the TCR CDR loops to bind to residue Q155 on the MHC α2 helix. Attempts were also made to express and purify Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with the aim of solving one or more of these structures. However, despite testing of over 50 different constructs from 12 different TLRs or associated proteins, insufficient soluble protein expression was obtained for crystallization trials. Finally, a protein disorder prediction tool was developed to aid construct design for structural biology studies and improve the chances of obtaining protein crystals. This tool is based on a novel type of neural network and blind tests comparing it to 8 other disorder prediction tools showed it is one of the best in the field. It is freely available at www.strubi.ox.ac.uk/RONN. Analysis of large datasets revealed that the position of order/disorder transitions is quite precisely defined in amino-acid sequences and that transition regions have an amino acid composition distinct from that of bulk ordered and disordered sequences. There is a steady decrease in order-promoting residues on the ordered side of boundaries as well as a weak sequence signal, both of which signify the approaching disorder and may prove useful for improving existing disorder prediction tools.

Keywords: protein disorder
cancer vaccine
Melan-A
tumour immunology
TCR
T cell receptor
TLR
toll-like receptor
MHC
Advisor: Jones, E
Rhetoric or reality?: victims' enforcement mechanisms in England and Wales and the United States

Recent policies in England and Wales and the United States have recognised for the first time enforcement mechanisms for victims of crime under the Crime Victims’ Rights Act (CVRA) in the United States as well the Code of Practice for Victims of Crime in England and Wales (the Code). Although very different from one another, these policies ostensibly aimed to provide a stronger commitment to victims’ rights, by recognising an accessible, timely and impartial process that recognises accountability and provides individual remedies in cases of breaches.
This thesis engages in a careful in-depth analysis of these mechanisms and their implementation based on elite qualitative interviews, case law analysis and a multidisciplinary examination of the relevant literature. It argues that on the whole, these mechanisms have presented a number of limitations, and thus in many respects cannot and have not delivered accessible, and timely means to respond to victims’ rights breaches. Most importantly, it demonstrates that for certain types of breaches and in certain contextual settings, these mechanisms have recognised only limited or no redress at all for breaches. This research takes the available victims’ literature further by arguing that many of these promises have been closer to rhetoric than reality and providing a more nuanced portrait of the substantial difficulties and limitations that relate to these enforcement mechanisms. In effect, these limitations can be understood in light of the nature and structural components of these selected mechanisms, as well as the ways they have been implemented by the main actors involved in these processes and the different contexts under which the different types of breaches take place.
Finally, despite their limitations, when compared to one another, each mechanism can be considered a better option for access, timeliness and redress – depending on context and the type of breach. Following from this analysis, a complementary approach is developed which can facilitate and increase opportunity for redress for a wider range of situations. It is important to bear in mind however the limits of the complementary approach; namely, that it only includes elements inspired from the two mechanisms examined in this thesis and that there are several limitations that relate to transplants and policy transfers.

Keywords: enforcement
victims
rights
Advisor: Ashworth, A
Hoyle, C
Paul, Josephus, and Judaism

Students of Second Temple Judaism have drawn two broad conclusions. First, Judaism of the first century is characterized by diversity. Second, the most pervasive influence on Judaism of this period was Hellenism. The present study seeks to contribute to the continuing discussion of Second Temple Judaism, bearing in mind these two factors. Specifically, the aim is to identify the shared ideas of Judaism. The thesis is concerned with the search for common features of the Jewish religion what may be termed "common denominators" within Second Temple Judaism. This should help to decide the question of how we are to understand the diversity within first-century Judaism in relation to its common shared features.
In the search for these shared features two main bodies of evidence are explored: Josephus' Contra Apionem. 2. 190-219, and the letters of Paul; for differing reasons both of these documents may be used profitably. The letters of Paul are valuable since this material is all dated before the destruction of the Second Temple; whereas Contra Apionem. 2. 190-219, is one of the earliest and possibly oldest theological summaries compiled by a contemporary of the NT writers. While there are other summaries on the Jewish religion (Philo's Hypothetica. his Spec. Laws and Josephus' Antiquities 4.196-301) Contra Apionem offers a summary of a different kind because its focus is on basic Jewish principles.
The method used is first to consider Ap. 2. 190-219 paragraph by paragraph in conjunction with Philo's Hypothetica and the Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides. Where appropriate appeal is also made to the DSS, the rabbis, and the apocalyptic literature. This follows an assessment of the undisputed letters of Paul. The analysis of this evidence is conducted under the following headings: Jewish autobiography; Jewish elements in Paul's Christian theology; debates with Jewish Christian opponents; Jewish ethics embraced by Gentile converts; a dialogue on the nature of the Jewish religion.
Three main conclusions are reached. The first is that there are discernible common features within first-century Judaism. This is supported by an analysis of the Contra Apionem precis and related Jewish material. Second, there is a body of common opinion that may be deemed to belong to the period before AD 70. This will be argued from the letters of Paul by appeal to various criteria. The third point is that there are Jewish ideas that are both common and pre-70. This will be confirmed by appealing in a comparative way to evidence from both the letters of Paul and Contra Apionem. The criterion can be formulated in the following way: ideas may be considered both common and pre-70 whenever those found in Contra Apionem and attested in a wide variety of Jewish evidence (thus common) are also attested in the letters of Paul (and so pre-70).
Towards a knowledge management methodology for articulating the role of hidden knowledges

Knowledge Management Systems are deployed in organisations of all sizes to support the coordination and control of a range of intellectual assets, and the low cost infrastructures made available by the shift to ‘cloud computing’ looks to only increase the speed and pervasiveness of this move. However, their implementation has not been without its problems, and the development of novel interventions capable of supporting the mundane work of everyday organisational settings has ultimately been limited. A common source of trouble for those formulating such systems is said to be that some proportion of the knowledge held by a setting’s members is hidden from the undirected view of both The Organisation and its analysts - typically characterised as a tacit knowledge - and can therefore go unnoticed during the design and deployment of new technologies. Notwithstanding its utility, overuse of this characterisation has resulted in the inappropriate labelling of a disparate assortment of phenomena, some of which might be more appropriately re-specified as ‘hidden knowledges’: a standpoint which seeks to acknowledge their unspoken character without making any unwarranted claims regarding their cognitive status. Approaches which focus on the situated and contingent properties of the actual work carried out by a setting’s members - such as ethnomethodologically informed ethnography - have shown significant promise as a mechanism for transforming the role played by members’ practices into an explicit topic of study. Specifically they have proven particularly adept at noticing those aspects of members’ work that might ordinarily be hidden from an undirected view, such as the methodic procedures through which we can sometimes mean more than we can say in-just-so-many-words. Here - within the context of gathering the requirements for new Knowledge Management Systems to support the reuse of existing knowledge - the findings from the application of just such an approach are presented in the form of a Pattern Language for Knowledge Management Systems: a descriptive device that lends itself to articulating the role that such hidden knowledges are playing in everyday work settings. By combining these three facets, this work shows that it is possible to take a more meaningful approach towards noticing those knowledges which might ordinarily be hidden from view, and apply our new understanding of them to the design of Knowledge Management Systems that actively engage with the knowledgeable work of a setting’s members.

Keywords: ethnography
tacit knowledge
pattern languages
knowledge management systems
knowledge management
ethnomethodology
Advisor: Jirotka, M