VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Molecular mapping of the HLA Class III region

(a) The class III region of the human MHC is approximately 1.1 Mbp in size. Almost 50% has been cloned in two overlapping cosmid clusters by chromosome walking from the complement/ 210H gene cluster and from the TNF a locus. The complement/ 210H cosmid cluster consists of 45 independent recombinants, spaning 390 kb. The TNFα and TNF β cosmid cluster consists of 16 independent recombinants, spanning 150 kb. Each genomic insert has been characterised by restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blot analysis to produce a detailed restriction map of the cloned region.
(b) Single copy DNA sequences isolated from the cosmid clones have been hybridised to Southern blots of genomic DNA digests separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). This analysis has established the orientation and precise position of the complement/ 210H gene cluster within the class III region relative to the class I and class II genes. Furthermore, probes from the TNF cosmid cluster have been used to show that the TNF genes lie ~250 kb centromeric to the HLA-B locus. The gene order from the centromere is HLA-DR-210HB-C2-TNF α-TNF β-HLA-B, with HLA-OR separated from 210HB by 300-350 kb, and C2 separated from HLA-B by 650 kb.
(c) Genomic probes have been used in conjunction with PFGE to define the positions of RTF islands within the cloned portion of the class III region. Single copy sequences associated with these islands have been hybridised to Southern blots of DNA from a variety of animal species to look for cross-hybridisation indicative of phylogenetic conservation of coding sequences. These probes have been used to screen Northern blots and define island related transcripts. The products of 15 genes have been mapped within the cloned region. Of these, two have been identified as duplicated members of the HSP 70 family. The remaining loci appear to be single copy sequences. One (Gll) has been cloned and characterised.
Characters' storytelling in the Homeric epics

This thesis is a study of the stories told by characters in the Iliad and the Odyssey. Recent studies have revealed that these stories, which were once generally regarded as mere summaries of lost 'sources', contain various correspondences to their respective contexts, and are thereby integrated into the main narrative of each epic. These stories also contribute to the characterization of principal figures. Thus characters' storytelling should be regarded as an important component of the composition of the Homeric epics.
In Part 1, the stories told by characters in the Iliad are divided into four categories: Paradeigmata pertaining to Achilleus (Chapter 1), Paradeigmata in the Diomedeia (Chapter 2), Nestor's stories (Chapter 3), and stories about the Olympian gods (Chapter 4). In Part 2, the stories in the Odyssey are likewise divided into four categories: Agamemnon's nostos (Chapter 5), the Wooden Horse and other events in the Trojan War (Chapter 6), Odysseus' apologoi (Chapter 7), and Odysseus' lying stories (Chapter 8). Under these eight headings, the function of each story is examined in terms of its rhetorical effect, echo of the events in the main narrative, foreshadowing of future events, contribution to the characterization of principal figures, etc. These examinations show that the stories told by characters are closely connected with the main plot of each epic.
Interesting differences between the two epics in respect of their use of characters' storytelling emerge from the above examinations. Notably, the Iliadic characters tell stories about heroes of previous generations, whereas the Odyssean characters often tell stories of their own experiences. This is related to the difference between the Iliad and the Odyssey as regards the representation of the past. This and other issues are discussed in the Conclusion.
Bubble chamber studies of nuclear structure

The proton-C12 interaction has been investigated using a twelve-inch propane bubble chamber and the full energy proton beam from the Harwell synchrocyclotron.
A series of experiments on the external proton beam led to the establishment of a beam with an energy spread of less than 0.5 MeV; this enabled the bubble chamber to be used at the limit of its resolving power which was then determined by straggling.
2-prong, 3-prong and 4-prong events have been analysed. The quasi-elastic nature of the reaction C12(p, 2p)B11g.s. has been confirmed and its cross-section has been seen to be independent of the proton energy from 50 MeV to 130 MeV and equal to 16 ± 1.5 mb. The energy independence of the cross-section is shown to be explained by the operation of the Pauli principle within the nucleus.
The (p, 2p) reaction leading to the low excited states of B11, the 2-prong events with high energy-losses (when reconstructed on the assumption that they are (p, 2p) reactions) the 3-prong events, and the 4-prong events have been analysed with a view to establishing the reactions and the reaction mechanisms giving rise to them. The analysis was facilitated by setting up a reaction model, of the Monte Carlo type, to calculate the energies of final reaction products from various hypothesized reactions. The conclusion reached is that multiple scattering of nucleons within the nucleus is the key to the production of the above-cited events; intranuclear nucleon cascades are set up which lead to reactions of the type C12(p, 2pxn)B11−x, C12(p, 3pxn)Be[illegible]−x and C12(p, 4pxn)Li[illegible]−x, where x = 1, 2, … With the exception of the quasi-elastic (p, 2p) reaction the reactions with x=0 contribute only a small part of the total cross-sections.
There is evidence that the production of Be8, or two α-particles, as the final products of cascade and evaporation mechanisms is highly favoured and as an interpretation of this it is suggested that α-particle substructures in C12 are important in influencing the course of the proton-C12 reaction. There is no evidence for a significant proportion of α-particles amongst the reaction products but this could well be due to the fact that the probability of observing an α-particle is zero for α-particles below 16 MeV and only reaches unity at an energy of [illegible] MeV.
Collective properties of medium weight nuclei

A study has been made of collective quadrupole phenomena in some medium weight nuclei. The nuclei studied are ones which are not understandable in terms of rotations of a symmetrically deformed nucleus.
Two types of electric quadrupole phenomena have been determined, the electric quadrupole transition strength between the ground state and first excited state and the electric quadrupole moment of the first excited 2+ state in even nuclei.
The method of Coulomb excitation, employing oxygen beams up to 45 MeV and sulphur beams up to 55 MeV from a tandem Van de Graaff generator, has been used, and the Coulomb excitation cross-section has been determined in two ways. One method was the magnetic analysis of the scattered oxygen ions from the target with a consequent determination of the excitation probability directly from the number of inelastic ions detected; the other method was the measurement of the number of deexcitation gamma rays in coincidence with the heavy ions detected at backward angles near 180°.
The electric quadrupole transition strengths have been determined in a few single-closed shell nuclei and some of their isotopic neighbours. The upward reduced transition strengths, B(E2), for the ground to first excited state transition, in units of e2b2 , are as follows : Ti50, O.024 &pm; 0.002; Cr52 , O.048 &pm; 0.002; Fe54 , 0.051 &pm; 0.002; Ce140, 0.27 &pm; 0.04; Ce142, 0.42 &pm; 0.01; Nd142, 0.42 &pm; 0.05; Fd143 &pm; 0.047 &pm; 0.013; Nd144, 0.44 &pm; 0.02; Nd146 &pm; 0.65 &pm; O.01; Nd148, 0.96 &pm; 0.02; Sm144, 0.25 &pm; 0.04; Sm148 &pm; 0.79 &pm; 0.02; Sm150, 1.34 &pm; 0.06. The errors quoted on the Ce, Nd and Sm nuclei are relative errors and a 10% error should be added in quadrature to than to get absolute errors. A comparison of the B(E2) values with a pairing plus quadrupole force theory shows that the theory is quite successful for the single-closed shell nuclei, but for nuclei with only a few particles outside the closed shell, the theory grossly overestimates the transition strengths.
The electric quadrupole moment of the first 2+ state in Cd114, in Sm148 and in Sm150 has been deduced using the reorientation effect of Coulomb excitation. The excited state quadrupole moment determined is for Cd114, -0.39 &pm; 0.24 b; for Sm148 , -0.78 &pm; 0.38 b and for Sm150 , -1.26 &pm; 0.23 b. These values are all substantially larger than the quadrupole moment due to a single proton thus emphasizing the collective nature of the low-lying states. The moments for Sm148 and Sm150 are of the magnitude expected for a fully deformed nucleus and the sign would imply a prolate shape, but these nuclei do not display rotational energy spectra. The nucleus Cd114 which displays one of the best harmonic spectra known would be expected to have no quadrupole moment. Thus the experimental quadrupole moments pose a serious problem about the mature of the lowest states in medium weight nuclei.
Problems in group theory

The thesis is concerned with groups acting on three dimensional spaces. The groups are assumed to have a compact simply-connected fundamental region. The action of the group is given partially by its action on the boundary of the fundamental region. This boundary is naturally split up by its intersection with transforms of the fundamental region. We assume that each such intersection is a single proper face of the boundary unless the transforming element is of order two, in which case there can be two faces. We also assume that any point of the boundary has only a finite number of transforms under the group which lie on the boundary. This enables one to give generators and defining relations for the group. The generators correspond to faces of the boundary inequivalent under the group, and defining relations to inequivalent lines.
In these circumstances two questions arise,
Is the three-dimensional space a manifold,
Is the group finite?
If the space is not a manifold, then the group cannot be finite. So an answer to the first question gives some information about the second.
The thesis answers the first question as follows:-
THEOREM Given a group acting on a three-dimensional space with a fundamental region satisfying the conditions above, then the space is a manifold under the following condition.
Let X be any point which is the intersection of lines of the boundary. Let &ell;1-, &ell;2, ... &ell;n be a set of lines such that (i) given a line &ell; only one end of which is a point equivalent to X then exactly one &ell;i is equivalent to &ell;, (ii) given a line both ends of which are points equivalent to X then exactly two &ell;i are equivalent to &ell;. Let r1, r2 ... rn be the words (in terms of the generators and their inverses which correspond to the faces of the boundary) which are the shortest words which fix &ell;1, &ell;2, ... &ell;n respectively (These are defined to within inversion.). If rini = 1 are relations of the group, then the condition is for all X
n
∑
i=1

  1
ni   >   (n - 1).
This theorem is proved by a detailed analysis of the neighbourhood of points X in the space.
Another theorem which is a corollary of the methods used in proving the first theorem is:-
THEOREM Given a group acting on a three-dimensional space with a fundamental region satisfying the conditions above then the group has a soluble word problem.
A study of the interactions of elementary particles

This thesis describes an experiment to investigate the reaction
p + p → p + p + π0
at 1 GeV incident proton energy. Optical spark chambers and scintillation counters were used to detect the final state protons. The geometry of the apparatus was such as to select events in which one of the protons had kinetic energy (T) between 50 MeV and 200 MeV and in which the invariant mass (ω) of the other proton + pion lay in the range ~ 1150 MeV to ~ 1300 MeV. Aluminium absorbers between spark chambers were used to measure T to ± 3.6 MeV. Events with 1185 ≤ ω < 1285 MeV were selected for full analysis, and the variation of the reaction cross-section with and T is compared with the predictions of the one pion exchange (OPE) model. The data is in good agreement with calculations which take into account the virtual nature of the exchanged pion.
A Chew-Low extrapolation to the one pion exchange pole yields values for the π0 elastic scattering cross-section, averaged over ω in the ranges 1215 - 1245 MeV and 1245 - 1285 MeV, of -5.5±132 mb and 84.2±153 mb. These are compatible with cross-sections calculated from pion nucleon phase shifts.
A review of the scope and limitations of the OPE model and, more generally, the peripheral model, is given. This includes a discussion of the influence of absorption processes.
The mind and the brain: introspective description in the light of neurological findings: intentionality

Recent attempts to describe the relation between the mental and the physical have met with difficulties because the supposed mental events and entities met with in introspection seem to have capacities and qualities entirely unlike those of physical events and entities. The way out of these difficulties is to follow the method of particle physics; postulate the existence of entities as the result of analysis, not as its prologue. This can be done by adopting the stance that the constituent object-words of introspective reports such as "idea", "thought", and "image" need not refer to any objects whatever for the daily business of interpersonal communication about introspected events to succeed. Introspective reports are treated with a particular blend of caution and sympathy, and pending an examination of cerebral functions and entities, no position is taken on the existence of any of the objects apparently referred to by the suspect object-words.
In the course of describing cerebral function, the concept of the content of neural signals and structures is established. With the aid of this concept, cerebral mechanisms are described that could produce introspective reports in all their differentiations, without any events or entities in these cerebral mechanisms being enough like what we suppose thoughts or images to be to warrant any identification of mental and physical events or objects. Roughly, an explanation is given of what makes us suppose or believe, when we are theorizing, that there are irreducible, non-physical mental events, objects, or qualities. No room is left for non-physical events or entities, since the physical account of the production of the introspective reports is held to be complete.
The analysis of the various aspects of the introspective world involves the examination of ordinary senses of "mental" words, such as "aware", "sensation", "reason", and "intend". Non-ordinary substitutes are occasionally proposed as theoretical words where the ordinary word is found to be vague or inconsistent in application, or an amalgam of separable concepts. Thus problems formulated in ordinary language are reformulated in theoretical terms, and this reformulation amounts to a partial solution of these problems in many cases.
The design and testing of dielectric-loaded linear electron accelerator structures

The usefulness of a linear electron accelerator in providing short bunches of relativistic electrons for injection into interwave sources such as magnetic undulators and Cerenkov couplers is pointed out. Shorter bunch lengths can result in coherent radiation at shorter wavelengths. An experimental example of this effect is given, and the design of a linac to produce short electron bunches is then described. The historical background to the choice of a dielectric disc-loaded slow-wave structure is explained together with the reasons for adopting a 2 MeV beam energy and a 1.8 cm operating wavelength. Periodically loaded waveguides and their mode of operation as linac slow-wave structures are described, and the reasons for favouring travelling-wave operation with a phase change per periodic length of π/3 radians are given.
Phase space concepts applied to the design of the electron buncher and main accelerator section are shown to give an accurate description of the fields and wave velocities required for good bunching and small bean energy spread. The theoretical design to give an effective bunch length of 0.3 mm is described.
Measurements and proving tests at high and low R.F. power, and the investigation of physical and chemical properties relating to linac fabrication and operation indicate that certain titania and magnesium titanate ceramics are suitable as loading material, provided that some precautions are taken against surface breakdown, this appears to be initiated by sparking between the dielectric-loading disc rims and the metallic wall of the linac structure. The sparking can be greatly- reduced by grinding the rims to a fine finish and metallizing them with copper. Surface breakdown can be inhibited by coating the discs with a thin protective layer of lead borate glaze or P.T.F.F. Electron multipactor resonances between discs are largely avoided by excluding oil from the evacuated system. The dielectric surface conductivity is very low and so a well focused electron beam is essential if surface charging is to be avoided.
Theoretical and experimental results for the test structures are not in close agreement, especially for shunt impedance. Ohmic losses are about four times higher than the theory suggests. This is thought to be due partly to inexact boundary-matching of fields in the theory, and partly to surface effects giving rise to a relatively high resistivity in the waveguide wall. Practical test cavities give consistent and repeatable results, and the necessary high degree of physical accuracy has been attained in their construction.
A practical design and fabrication method is given for the main accelerator section, and the proposed physical realisation of the buncher-accelerator system is described.
The hydration of carbonyl compounds

A method has been evolved for the study of the kinetics of the dehydration of carbonyl compounds. The basis of this method is shown in the reaction scheme given below:
OH
\   /
&nbspC;
/   \
  slow
    &rightarrow;
    \
C
/
  = O + H2O
OH
\
C
/

  = O + scavenger   fast
    &rightarrow;
    adduct
The scavengers used were semicarbazide, hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine and sulphite. Experiments with sulphite as scavenger were followed by titration on an automatic pH stat titrator.
OH SO3-
\   /
&nbspC;
/   \
  + SO3- &rightarrow;     \   /
&nbspC;
/   \
  + OH−
OH OH
The progress of the reaction with other scavengers was followed by ultra-violet spectrophotometric techniques.
Another reaction scheme suggested by earlier workers1 as a possible method of studying the kinetics of the dehydration of formaldehyde was investigated and shown both on theoretical and practical grounds to be of no value in providing kinetic data. This scheme was as shown below:
OH
    /
H2C
    \
  slow
    &leftrightharpoons;
    HCHO   + H2O
OH
involatile           volatile
          &downarrow; fast
        to gas stream
The scavenger techniques were used to study the kinetics of the dehydration of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. These reactions are subject to general acid-base catalysts. Formaldehyde was studied in detail, a large number of catalysts of varying structures, charge types etc. being investigated [2,3,4.] &rightarrow;. Acetaldehyde had already been extensively investigated by previous workers. The present work gave results in good agreement with the earlier work. This work was however of special interest in that recent work by Gruen and MoTigue5 had raised doubts as to the validity of the "thermal maximum" method which had been employed in obtaining the majority of the previous acetaldehyde results.
The results obtained for a wide range of catalysts for formaldehyde conformed with one exception, azide, to two single Brönsted relationships to within log &pm; 0.5 over sixteen pK units.
These relationships were:
Acid catalysis: (12 catalysts studied)
kA
 p   = 0.46 [ qk
 p ] 0.23
Base catalysis: (29 catalysts)
kB
 q   = 2.0 x 10-4 [  p
qk ] 0.40
where kA and kB are the catalytic constants in 1.mole-1 sec-1, p and q the statistical factors and k the conventional acid-base strength of the catalyst. The types of catalysts studied included carboxylic acids, nitrogen compounds and inorganic acids, e.g. HF, H2AsO4−, H6TeO6.
In the light of these catalytic results the general range of validity of the Brösted relationships is discussed. The effects of statistical factors steric and charge effects are also reviewed. The formaldehyde results are compared with those from other carbonyl hydration studies. The somewhat anomalous carbon dioxide hydration results of Sharma and Danckwerta6 are discussed.
The results are also of interest in that they verify some earlier polarographic results7,8 giving credence to the reliability of the mathematical approximations made in obtaining the polarographic data.
Some computations on the band structure of metals

The work is in two parts, the first part is concerned with the theory of symmetry adapted functions for all the cubic space groups and the second pert is concerned with an application of this theory to band structure calculations, using the cellular method, for metals of one particular space group (Fm3m) and the physical interpretation of the bands computed.
PART 1.
In the first chapter a brief introduction is given to the concepts and notation which are used extensively in the following chapters. In these chapters lattice harmonics are given for all the irreducible representations of the simple cubic (Pm3m), face-centred cubic (Fm3m) and bod-centred cubic (Im3m) space groups for 1 &leq; 12. A general discussion of the treatment of asymmorphic space groups is given and one example is considered by way of illustration of the general method. The irreducible representations and lattice harmonics are discussed but the complete results which have been obtained for all the cubic and tetragonal groups have not been reproduced here for lack of space. All the expansions are given in polar coordinates and care has been taken that different bases corresponding to the same representation span identical rather equivalent representations, which are given in full. Moreover, all the different expansions listed in the tables are fully orthogonal.
PART 2.
Part 2 is concerned with the use of some of the lattice harmonics deduced in Part 1 in a cellular calculation on several face centred cubic metals. A programme has been written for a Ferranti "Mercury" computer which can be used for any face-centred cubic metal provided the lattice spacing and the potential due to a free ion of the metal are available. The programme, which is fully automatic, calculates energies and wave functions at the points of symmetry and along the lines of symmetry in the Brillouin zone and from this the band structure of the metal is reconstructed. Chapters I - IV describe the details of the theory and of the programme, and some of the difficulties and errors are considered. The results of the computations are patented in Chapter V. From these band structures the density of states and Fermi surface are computed and in Chapter VI the observable quantities deducible from them are considered; these include the temperature coefficient of the electronic specific heat, the Pauli spin paramagnetic susceptibility, the de Haas-van Alphen effect, the high pressure behaviour of the electrical resistance of calcium, the magnetoresistance, the Knight shift and the effective mass. In chapter VII a self-consistent potential field for calcium is considered; this is a Hartree self-consistent field among the conduction electrons with on approximate consideration of the inner 3s and 3p electrons.
A good review, by Callaway (1964), of the present state of band theory has just been published since the writing of this thesis.