VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Quantum simulation using hybrid metal-semiconductor islands

Advancements in our control and understanding of quantum systems promise dramatic change in technology, potentially affecting fields of computation, sensing, and even power transmission. These grand possibilities are driven by new phenomena that emerge from strong quantum mechanical interactions between electrons in a material. One limitation to realizing these breakthroughs is that much of the exotic behavior present in quantum materials occur in conditions not suitable for practical applications, for example, very low temperatures or high pressures. Understanding why these novel properties emerge may provide insight into overcoming such limitations. One avenue to better our understanding is quantum simulation, in which a highly controllable experimental system is used to directly implement the physics of these quantum materials. In this thesis we build on a new approach to quantum simulation, using hybrid metal-semiconductor island nanostructures. The hybrid structure combines the advantages of both metal and semiconductor nanostructures -- sites that behave uniformly and couplings that are highly tunable. Each island can act as a single lattice site, with electrons that may interact with other lattice sites or a surrounding bath of conduction electrons. However, before scaling to lattices where the physics of bulk materials can be replicated, a crucial step is understanding how two such islands interact with each other. To probe the inter-island interaction, we build and study a two-island device, and find that the inter-island interaction arises from a Kondo-like screening of charge states acting as a pseudospin. When each island is also coupled to a single lead via a Kondo interaction, the resulting competition leads to a quantum critical point. We find that this is well described by a double charge Kondo model, and our transport measurements well match numerical renormalization group calculations. In particular, we study how critical behavior is destroyed following a particular universal scaling form when detuning from charge degeneracy, where criticality occurs

Keywords: Humanities and Sciences.
Applied Physics.
Advisor: Goldhaber-Gordon David
Feldman Ben
Kastner Marc A.
Race and Ethnicity and Prehospital Use of Opioid or Ketamine Analgesia in Acute Traumatic Injury

Importance: Racial and ethnic disparities in pain management have been characterized in many hospital based settings. Painful traumatic injuries are a common reason for 911 activations of the EMS (emergency medical services) system.
Objective: To evaluate whether, among patients treated by EMS with traumatic injuries, race and ethnicity are associated with either disparate recording of pain scores or disparate administration of analgesia when a high pain score is recorded.
Design, Settings, and Participants: This cohort study included interactions from 2019 to 2021 for US patients ages 14 to 99 years who had experienced painful acute traumatic injuries and were treated and transported by an advanced life support unit following the activation of the 911 EMS system. The data were analyzed in January 2023.
Exposures: Acute painful traumatic injuries including burns.
Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes were the recording of a pain score and the administration of a nonoral opioid or ketamine.
Results: The study cohort included 4 781 396 EMS activations for acute traumatic injury, with a median
(IQR) patient age of 59 (35-78) years (2 497 053 female [52.2%]; 31 266 American Indian or Alaskan
Native [0.7%]; 59 713 Asian [1.2%]; 742 931 Black [15.5%], 411 934 Hispanic or Latino [8.6%], 10 747
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander [0.2%]; 2 764 499 White [57.8%]; 16 161 multiple races [0.3%]). The analysis showed that race and ethnicity was associated with the likelihood of having a pain score recorded. Compared with White patients, American Indian and Alaskan Native patients had the lowest adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of having a pain score recorded (AOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.71-0.76). Among patients for whom a high pain score was recorded (between 7 and 10 out of 10), Black patients were about half as likely to receive opioid or ketamine analgesia as White patients (AOR, 0.53; 95% CI,
0.52-0.54) despite having a pain score recorded almost as frequently as White patients.
Conclusions and Relevance: In this nationwide study of patients treated by EMS for acute traumatic injuries, patients from racial or ethnic minority groups were less likely to have a pain score recorded, with Native American and Alaskan Natives the least likely to have a pain score recorded. Among patients with a high pain score, patients from racial and ethnic minority groups were also significantly less likely to receive opioid or ketamine analgesia treatment, with Black patients having the lowest adjusted odds of receiving these treatments.

Keywords: Matheson, Loretta
Emergency Medicne
Emergency medical services
Trauma
Pain
Opioids
Analgesia
Text
Thesis
Advisor: Carrillo Eli
Kurian Allison
Miller Kate
Racial misinformation : how Americans misperceive racial inequality

Racial inequality has been a fact of American life for as long as the country has existed, but as stubborn as it is, many Americans remain unaware of its pervasiveness. I find strong evidence that, across a host of issues, survey respondents underestimate racial inequality due to limited awareness of the conditions of white and black life in America. These misperceptions of inequality appear to be sincere. I find no evidence of expressive reporting in response to questions about the degree of racial inequality, although this could also be due to the political salience of these issues. If Americans' tendency to underestimate racial inequality is the result of poor information, it seems plausible that providing better information would cause them to be more supportive of racially liberal policies. Consistent with prior research, I find the opposite to be the case: in response to an informational intervention that increases their perception of the degree of racial economic inequality, respondents express substantially more conservative preferences over racial policy. Similarly, using historical data from the General Social Survey and administrative records, I find that when racial inequality rises, many Americans estimate lower levels of racial inequality and express more conservative preferences over racial policy. Among white Americans, this "racial boomerang effect" is driven by a subgroup of respondents who believe that racial inequality is the result of structural forces such as discrimination, but who are resistant to employing structural solutions to address racial inequality. In response to an informational intervention that increases their perception of the degree of racial inequality, these "conflicted structuralists," who experience cognitive distress because their attributions of racial inequality and preferred responses to racial inequality are at odds, and who ultimately resolve this cognitive distress in favor of less egalitarian policies, exhibit a shift towards conservative preferences over racial policy that is larger than the difference in level of support for conservative racial policies between white and black respondents.

Keywords: Humanities and Sciences.
Political Science.
Advisor: Iyengar Shanto
Davenport Lauren
Fearon James
Racial politics of the white left and beyond

Literature in political science has long established that a person's attachment to a given social group can have powerful consequences on the political beliefs they adopt. Across the three papers in this dissertation, I build on this work by studying how an individual's connection to their racial group influences their reaction to political messages and their views on important political issues. The first and second paper explore the importance of this connection to the racial group for a specific subset of Americans: White Democrats. Much of the political science scholarship on White identity has focused on its role in shaping the attitudes and behavior of White conservatives and White Republicans. However, I argue that White identity also has a profound effect on the behavior of Whites on the political left. Specifically, White Democrats respond negatively to progressive racial messaging when it can be perceived as threatening to Whites' racial in-group. This negative reaction could arise in response to messages White Democrats perceive as threats to their self-esteem---which I explore in paper one---or in response to messages they perceive as threats to their sense of group position or their material well-being---which I examine in paper two. The findings from these papers highlight how threats to their racial group matter for White Democrats forced to negotiate the conflict between their political identity and their racial identity. The third paper examines the relationship between three different levels of connection to one's racial group: geographic, social, and psychological. Using a novel dataset that includes the four largest ethnoracial groups in the United States, my co-authors and I find that there is only a weak correlation between geographic, social, and psychological embeddedness in one's racial group. Additionally, psychological attachment to a person's racial group proves to be an especially strong predictor of important political attitudes, while geographic attachment to the racial group is a very weak predictor of these attitudes. Together, these papers highlight the profound effect that the connection to one's racial group that exists within an individual's mind has on their political attitudes and behaviors

Keywords: Humanities and Sciences.
Political Science.
Advisor: Davenport Lauren
Bonica Adam
Iyengar Shanto
Jefferson Hakeem
Reading in the digital age : teacher and students' experiences with multimodal literacy and varied text types

Over the last several decades, forms of reading have expanded far beyond conventional print-based text to include multimodal representational forms rooted in new practices and contexts (Miller, 2007) including a variety of text formats within technologies. This rapidly changing digital landscape has impacts on the ways in which students engage with, and teachers incorporate, other non-print mediums particularly for primary aged students learning how to read. This dissertation explores questions regarding text types across three studies. The first chapter and study is a systematic research synthesis examining research published between 1996 when the call for multimodal literacies was first made, until 2022. Findings reveal 33 kindergarten-5th grade studies classroom studies focused explicitly on multimodal instructional approaches to teaching literacy. Findings reveal 74 research questions have been asked, and 102 research findings have been found across five themes: multimodal compositions, reading multimodal texts, empowerment through multimodality, impacts of multimodal instruction on student learning, and multimodal pedagogy. The second chapter, a mixed methods study, examines one small group of 5th grade multilingual students identified as struggling with engagement in reading, and their interactions with one another and their teacher as they engaged in text-based discussions using three kinds of text types: print-only, print-plus image, and video-only. This study finds talk distributions to be consistent with the literature on student and teacher talk with no statistically significant difference between text types. Student and teacher talk moves were found to vary little between text types, though higher rates of instructing moves were found to be statistically different from print-only and print-plus image texts. Video-only engagement for students was rated overwhelmingly higher as compared to other text types. Using a discourse analysis approach combined with descriptive and inferential statistics, the third chapter and study compares the degree to which Collaborative Reasoning lessons were dialogic, the dialogic moves used, and the percentage of overall student talk during nine dialogic discussions focused on three types of text: print-only, print-plus image, and video-only across three groups of 5th grade students with varying language and literacy profiles. This study finds a positive statistically significant difference in the degree of dialogicality when discussing multimodal texts as compared to print-only, and highlights how multilingual students showcase their rich and sophisticated linguistic repertoires through the use of various dialogic moves during text-based discussions with multimodal texts

Keywords: Education.
Advisor: Lit Ira W.
Silverman Rebecca D.
Borko Hilda
Langer-Osuna Jennifer
Realizing ultralow-leakage monolayer and highly P-type bilayer transition metal dichalcogenide transistors

For decades, Moore's Law has driven great improvements in the density, performance, and price of silicon electronics. This pace, however, has slowed as silicon reaches atomic limits, e.g. mobility degradation as a result of surface roughness scattering. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, in particular atomically-thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), could overcome some of the limitations of silicon electronics. While n-type TMD transistors with relatively good on-state have been demonstrated, their off-state and p-type regimes have been broadly underexplored. In this work, I have investigated these regions of 2D TMD transistor behavior. First, I provide an overview on the growth of monolayer TMDs by chemical vapor deposition and the methods with which we can non-destructively characterize them. This allows for the direct synthesis of large-area, 2D materials for electronic study. I highlight that this process can even deposit monolayers onto non-planar substrates, such as three dimensional sidewalls or deep trenches. Next, I discuss our study of the extremely low currents achievable in the off-state of monolayer TMD transistors, enabled by their band gap which is approximately twice that of silicon. These were measured by fabricating ultrawide (~ 1 mm) devices, enabling the detection of currents as low as 10 aA/μm, four orders of magnitude lower than possible in silicon, at room temperature. We also use temperature-dependent measurements and modeling to explore the fundamental limits of leakage currents in these 2D semiconductors. Finally, I focus on recent work developing p-type TMD transistors, which are necessary to achieve 2D CMOS technology, by utilizing bilayer WSe2. These bilayer devices show significant increases in hole mobility and current drive compared to monolayers. I discuss the possible mechanisms for this improvement, such as change in band structure and material resilience to fabrication. This work suggests that monolayers may not always be the most optimal channel thickness for TMD transistors, particularly p-type. Taken together, our results reveal an interesting trade-off between high-performance and low-power devices with layer number in 2D electronics

Keywords: Engineering.
Electrical Engineering.
Advisor: Pop Eric
Saraswat Krishna
Wong Hon-Sum Philip
Reasoning about floating point in real-world systems

Continuous computations, which involve continuous data and operations on them, are ubiquitous in diverse areas such as machine learning and scientific computing. In theoretical studies of such computations, we typically use real numbers and exact operations. In practice, however, we often substitute floating-point numbers for the reals and apply inexact floating-point operations, which presents a clear discrepancy between the theory and practice of continuous computations. In this dissertation, we aim at better understanding this discrepancy, especially for three different classes of real-world computations. First, for computations that implement math libraries using floats, we present automatic techniques to formally verify their correctness. Next, for computations that calculate derivatives of neural networks at floating-point inputs, we show theoretical results on their correctness. Lastly, for computations that train deep neural networks using floats, we present a systematic way to accelerate them using lower-precision floats.

Keywords: Engineering.
Advisor: Aiken Alex
Barrett Clark
Kjoelstad Fredrik
Reciprocity laws and identity-based encryption

Identity-based encryption (IBE) is a longstanding challenge in cryptography: can we securely encrypt a message to somebody if we only know their identifier (such as an email address, URL, etc.), without the need to first obtain their public key? In an IBE system, there is a single central trusted party who possesses a "universal key", allowing them to derive the secret key for all users. This arrangement provides much more stringent constraints on the mathematical objects used to build the system than in the usual public-key setting: the relationship between each identities and its corresponding secret keys needs to be cryptographically hard to compute, but knowledge of a single "universal key" must be enough to compute the secret key for every identity. While the problem of identity-based encryption was first posed by Shamir in 1985, the first construction of an IBE system was not until 2001, when Boneh-Franklin built an IBE system using the Weil pairing for elliptic curves. Also in 2001, Cocks constructed an IBE system based on the arithmetic of quadratic residues. Given an RSA number N = pq, the problem of determining which integers are quadratic residues modulo N is believed to be intractable, but knowledge of the factorization of N is sufficient to solve the problem. In this thesis, we provide an abstract-algebraic framework for Cocks' construction, resulting in a large family of possible generalizations. At this level of abstraction, we construct an IBE system and prove that its security reduces to the hardness of an underlying mathematical problem. However, it is not clear from the general definitions that encryption and decryption can be implemented using efficient (i.e. polynomial time) algorithms. To address this challenge, we fix our attention on the problem of detecting l-th powers modulo an RSA composite N = pq in a number field K containing the l-th roots of unity. Then, by applying the Artin reciprocity law of class field theory, we show that the corresponding IBE system can be realized with efficient algorithms

Keywords: Humanities and Sciences.
Mathematics.
Advisor: Conrad Brian
Vakil Ravi
Vondrak Ján (Mathematician)
The red flower of life : a history of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, 1964-2020

This dissertation reconstructs the lived experiences of Afghan radicals affiliated with the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). It traces the PDPA's ascent from their initial gatherings in 1964 through their 1978 coup, and the lives of those who survived their party's subsequent downfall in 1992. By covering over fifty years of history and memory, the study delves into the lives of both adherents and former adherents through archives and interviews conducted between 2018 and 2020. Several guiding questions lead the way: How can the recollection of a coup challenge the conventional explanatory frameworks that delineate the trajectories of modern nations? How can we leverage a variety of archives, such as oral testimonies, poetry, and fiction, to examine social memory and disrupt the historiographical practices tied to the archives of power? How are coups, revolutions, and civil wars interconnected? Ultimately, this project aims to demonstrate that the PDPA's rise to power and the ensuing Soviet invasion in 1979 did not inevitably seal Afghanistan's fate. Both documented records and collective memories reveal that Afghans sought alternative paths.

Keywords: Humanities and Sciences.
History.
Advisor: Crews Robert D.
Bashir Shahzad
Daughton J. P. (James Patrick)
Red Lines That Bind: International Law and Domestic Political Audiences in U.S. Counterproliferation Policy

When, for whom, and why does the international lawfulness of military force affect the credibility of coercive threats? The credibility of coercion largely hinges on the domestic political costs that leaders incur for making, backing down from, or acting upon foreign threats (domestic audience costs). Doctrinal legal research investigates the international lawfulness of the threat and use of force, while an extensive body of international security literature examines domestic audience costs through vignette survey experiments. However, no studies have directly evaluated the effects of international law on domestic audience costs.
In my thesis, I present a representative sample of the U.S. public with a vignette survey on a hypothetical foreign policy crisis: Iran is on the brink of developing nuclear weapons, and the U.S. President issues a deterrent threat against an Iranian nuclear weapons test. The various treatment scenarios presented in the survey vary by three factors: the stated international lawfulness of the U.S. President’s threat, the President’s subsequent decision to either follow through or back down after Iran conducts a nuclear weapon test, and—when the President follows through—the success or failure of the ensuing military engagement. My data demonstrate that the stated international legality of the counterproliferation threat and whether the President followed through on the threat affects respondents’ political support for the President and perceived levels of reputational damage. There are no observable domestic audience costs for an internationally lawful counterproliferation threat, with backing down from an internationally unlawful threat resulting in more political support from respondents compared to staying out (domestic audience benefit). Moreover, varying the international lawfulness of threats resulted in notable divergence in the effects of inconsistency and belligerence, with the U.S. public’s preferences for counterproliferation offsetting perceived reputational damage for making such threats. Depending on the treatment, respondents’ individual-level characteristics and assumptions help explain their political support for the President. My findings provide valuable insights for policymakers considering the effects of international law on domestic political support for coercive threats.

Keywords: Center for International Security and Cooperation
Nuclear counterproliferation
Security, International > Research
National security
Political science
Politics and government
World politics
International relations
Social sciences > Research
Deterrence (Strategy)
Deterrence (Strategy) > Research
Threats
Threats of violence
Strategy
Military policy
United States
Iran
Nuclear nonproliferation
Public opinion
Public opinion, American
Presidents
Text
Thesis
Advisor: Sagan Scott
REDOX GEOCHEMISTRY AND CARBON ISOTOPE CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE-LATE DEVONIAN HORN RIVER GROUP

The Late Devonian mass extinction is the most contentious of the “Big Five” extinction events: its timing, severity, and causes remain under much debate. A major hindrance to a holistic understanding of the Late Devonian mass extinction event(s) is a lack of sedimentary geochemical data coupled with a lack of reliable age constraints. Moreover, during this interval, oxygen levels may have stabilized to modern levels for the first time in Earth’s history. To better characterize changes in marine redox conditions and their relationship to the Late Devonian extinction, I measured iron speciation and carbon isotopes to characterize the Horn River Group, Northwest Territories, Canada. These data elucidate local redox conditions and more precisely correlate the shales and carbonates understood to be broadly co-eval in time. My findings show that the basin was predominantly euxinic throughout the Middle Devonian, and that it likely records the Frasnes hot shale event. Whereas much work remains to be done to characterize the enigmatic Late Devonian extinctions, the results presented here represent a step forward in understanding how marine redox conditions varied throughout the Devonian.

Keywords: Geological Sciences
Devonian
Geochemistry
Text
Thesis
Advisor: Sperling Erik
Payne Jonathan