VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The British volunteer movement, 1793-1807

This thesis deals with the political, military and social aspects of the volunteer movement in Great Britain during the wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France. It explores the nature and purpose of the volunteer infantry, yeomanry cavalry, and armed associations: their organisation, administration, membership, and political adherences. Several questions concerning the political nature of volunteering are addressed, and it is shown that both the volunteers' motivation and the government's reasons for raising a voluntary force were more closely related to military than to political considerations. The occupational structure and political allegiances of several corps are analysed, revealing a broad range of political allegiance. The conclusion is drawn that the volunteers were more a 'constitutional' force than a partisan one.
This thesis also investigates the ways in which the volunteer movement posed a challenge to the established social and political order, particularly in its autonomy and 'democratic' organisation. The central government and local authorities were, however, well aware of the potential threat, and precautions were taken against its development. The workings of the volunteer 'system' are explored in order to judge the validity of contemporary criticism of volunteer autonomy, and it is concluded that fears of apparently democratic organisation were exaggerated. The question of volunteer loyalty is investigated by examining the means of selection, individuals' motives, and the response of corps to peace-keeping duties. Finally, an assessment of the position of the movement in contemporary society shows it to have been closely related to the ambivalent concept of the 'citizen-soldier'.
Extensive use is made of manuscript sources, particularly the papers of the Home and War Offices held in the Public Record Office, and official and private correspondence in the British Library and several county record offices.
Studies of interactions of staphylococcal and streptococcal peptides with a type-I module pair of human fibronectin

A number of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, can adhere to the protein fibronectin (Fn) in the human extracellular matrix. These host/pathogen interactions are likely to play an important role in the process of infection and have therefore been identified as targets for new therapeutics. Numerous proteins from grampositive bacteria have been shown to bind to the N-terminal part of Fn, which contains five F1 modules (1-5F1). Fn-binding proteins have several homologous binding units, which exist in an unfolded state under physiological conditions. The primary binding site for the D3 repeat from S. aureus Fn-binding protein A (FnbpA) is the 4F15F1 module pair (Huff et al., 1994).
The high-resolution structure of 4F15F1 has been calculated de novo and the structure of 4F15F1 in complex with D3 has been determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Long-range orientational restraints derived from 15N relaxation and HN-N residual dipolar couplings have been added to conventional NOE and J-coupling data. The ensemble of the final structures of bound 4F15F1 was used as a model in molecular replacement in attempts to solve the crystal structure of the 4F15F1/D3 complex.
A new alignment of Fn-binding repeats (U Schwarz-Linek - manuscript in preparation) suggests the presence of conserved short motifs that bind specifically to individual 1-5F1 modules. This model was tested using residue-specific NMR binding studies; the 1H15N chemical shift changes induced by ligands from S. aureus and S. pyogenes were mapped on the structure. 'Dissecting' the D3 repeat has shown that it consists of smaller units that exhibit different binding specificities. Ligands from two different regions of the FnbpA protein from S. aureus were shown to induce similar chemical shift changes in Fn modules. Isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR were used to determine the binding constants of the module pair/ligand interactions. Peptides consisting of several binding motifs were shown to bind stronger than ones containing a single binding site. These studies lead to a better understanding of FnBP-Fn interactions.
Studies of the hydration of tricalcium silicate

The hydration reaction of tricalcium silicate and the various factors which influence it have been investigated using calorimetry, thermogravimetry, quantitative X-ray diffractometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis.
Various factors associated with the synthesis and subsequent storage of tricalcium silicate were found to alter its reactivity and it is thought that these may be responsible for much of the variability in the reported reactivity of tricalcium silicate preparations. The contribution of the individual factors (such as particle size distribution and impurity ion content) to such reactivity changes was investigated.
Use of the Avrami equation to model the rate of heat output curves obtained by calorimetry was found to give good fits to the experimental data. Apparent activation energies of control and calcium chloride accelerated reactions were determined from the rate parameters derived from the fitting procedure. However, it is shown that the amount of mechanistic information which can be obtained from such a fitting procedure is limited.
Observation of the detailed chemical and morphological changes occurring during the hydration of tricalcium silicate and the manner in which they are influenced by incorporation of calcium chloride (as a model accelerator) and sucrose (as a model retarder) show that during the later stages of hydration the chemistry of the reaction is not affected by the presence of the admixtures, but that their incorporation does cause some changes in the microstructure of the gel product.
The computer simulation of lipid bilayers and biological membranes

Computer simulations of lipid bilayers and biological membranes using molecular mechanics calculations have been undertaken in order to study these complex systems which are so vital in the control and functioning of many biological processes.
The preliminary research involved the development of a model that recreates experimentally observed properties. This is not a trivial task since structural data on lipids in the biologically relevant liquid crystalline phase are unavailable precisely because of their fluid nature. The starting configuration designed for simulation of lipids in the fluid phase contained four different lipid conformations. These reflected the most probable head group and glycerol moiety conformations plus gauche dihedrals were introduced into the hydrocarbon chains so that they resembled chains in the fluid phase and reduced the time required for equilibration molecular dynamics.
The bilayer model was then used to study cholesterol-lipid and peptide-lipid interactions. The cholesterol simulations illustrated how this molecule orders lipid chains by virtue of its rigid skeleton while the peptide simulations showed how cooperative the interactions between proteins and lipids are. Finally simulations of ion channels of gramicidin and melittin in membranes were accomplished and conclusions drawn on the nature and mechanism of the toxicity of melittin and of how water and ion translocation occurs along gramicidin channels.
Early Quaker activity and reactions to it, 1652-1664

Though this thesis has a section on Quaker numbers and distribution and impact at the local level (in Cheshire, Essex and Somerset) and it deals, in an appendix, with Quaker social origins, its main concern is with the impact of the sect during the period 1652-1664, with those aspects of the Quaker movement that brought it into conflict with the authorities and with the way in which the various authorities - local as well as central, in the Interregnum as well as the early Restoration period - dealt with the Quaker problem. The thesis both establishes and accounts for hostility towards the Quakers (at all levels of society), a hostility which during the 1650s intensified dissatisfaction with the Cromwellian regime, encouraging a more conservative religious settlement, and which during the 1660s had something to do with the repressive legislation and paranoia of those years. Fear and hatred of Quakers had clear political repercussions, contributing in part, in 1659, to the reaction that ended in the restoration of the Stuarts. Finally, it is argued that before 1660 the Quakers were not consistent pacifists and did not abstain from politics; that after 1660 the famous peace testimony was slower in developing and less universally accepted than most historians have assumed. For this reason and because of the sect's social radicalism - their opposition to tithes for example - the anxieties of the gentry and ministers were not without foundation.
The comparative breeding biology, feeding ecology and bioenergetics of Adélie and Chinstrap penguins

Adélie Pygoscelis adeliae and chinstrap P. antarctica penguins are the two most numerous Antarctic seabird species and play a major role as consumers in the marine ecosystem. Their ecological adaptations to breeding and feeding and influence on marine resources at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands were examined during the 1980/81 and 1981/82 breeding seasons.
Adélies possess adaptations to harsh conditions and a short breeding season. They breed one month before chinstraps, lay two eggs, the first larger and heavier, and incubate for up to 14 days at a time. Chicks are brooded until aged c. 18 days, when they may form crèches, and fledge at c. 61 days. First hatched chicks grow faster than seconds. Chinstrap breeding is less constrained by environmental conditions. Their eggs are not dimorphic, parents incubate for up to 10 days at a time, chicks creche later, at c. 24 days and fledge earlier, at c. 53 days. Both chicks grow at the same rate.
The diet of both species is mainly krill, though Adélies often catch more juvenile than adult krill, the latter probably being more available when chinstraps are breeding. Different feeding ranges, suggested by lower Adélie feeding frequencies, may also affect krill size caught. Feeding methods are probably similar. Krill rise to the surface at night, when both species probably feed, and 90 % of chinstrap foraging dives are to shallower than 45 m. Adult food consumption was equivalent to 600 g of krill per day, the fasting energy consumption c. 1.2 % of body weight per day and total estimated breeding energy consumption 1.7 - 2.0 x 105 kj. Lack of food for chicks was indicated, since chicks were less than c. 50 % of adult weight at fledging. This may have been due to the combined impact of the greatly increased penguin breeding population. Together, Adélies and chinstraps comprise over 85 % of the South Orkney avian biomass and are perhaps responsible for c. 80 % of krill consumption by birds.
Studies on the formation of specific nervous connections

This thesis is concerned with the way in which precise patterned connections are formed between groups of neurones and their targets. Two theories are discussed: the chemospecificity hypothesis, according to which these connections are formed by the matching of detailed labels carried by the neurones and their targets; and the morphogenetic model in which the orderly and passive growth of nerve fibres determines the pattern of synapses formed.
Two pathways previously thought to be disorderly, peripheral nerves and the mouse optic nerve, were studied and their fibres were found to be actually arranged in an ordered fashion. The goldfish retinotectal pathway was also studied, and the apparently complex reorganization of the fibre array needed to generate the observed projection was found to be explicable by the passive guidance of optic axons over the optic cup and stalk.
Regeneration of optic fibres within the goldfish retinotectal system was investigated. It was found that distortions of the normal fibre ordering could be corrected within the pathway and also at the tecturn. Some means of active fibre guidance was therefore indicated, but this was found incapable of correcting certain instances of gross disordering.
In some experiments fibres were forced to project to the ipsilateral tectum in the absence, presence, or during the regeneration of, the normal contralateral projection. In the tecta of two-eyed fish interactions between the two fibre populations were detected, leading in some fish to the incomplete segregation of the two groups into patches.
In conclusion the development of specific neural connections was considered to be more than the consequence of the passive maintenance of fibre order within neural pathways. Active self-ordering of fibres on the basis of their positions of origin could explain additional phenomena present in regeneration, and would be an economical way of correcting mistakes made in development.
Books for the morning-room table : popular readings of British modernism, 1920-1929

This thesis examines the presentation of modernism to mainstream (or non-specialist) readers in England during the 1920s. My research attempts to answer how and why modernism migrated from Blast to Vogue to become, in the words of Raymond Mortimer, 'the new fixed forms of our present moment'. I do this through an analysis of the critical incorporation and commercial assimilation of modernism as played out in three women's magazines The Queen, Vogue and Time and Tide published in Britain between the First and Second World Wars. I look at the networks of writers, publications, editors, reviewers and readers that contribute to the institutional framework central to modernism's critical reception and subsequent interpretation. The thesis takes the form of a series of case studies divided into two parts. Section I provides historical background on each magazine followed by an analysis of relevant commentary on the visual arts, architecture, interior design, society reports and fashion coverage. Section II assesses the book reviews and literary essays that appeared in all three magazines, including comparisons with material found in publications such as the Times Literary Supplement and The Criterion. In cataloguing and analysing the popularisation of modernism and its practitioners in The Queen, Vogue and Time and Tide, I make use of recent scholarship on fashion, celebrity, symbolic capital and the material conditions of literary production. Proceeding from the assumption that literature is both historically and culturally situated, I argue that these magazines not only offer evidence of modernism's implication in the larger cultural and social discourses of the mainstream, but confirm the ideological work that a popular cultural venue can perform in the dissemination of 'difficult' art to non-specialist audiences. Both during and after the 1920s, we should not conceive of modernism as solely appreciated by 'restricted' or highbrow audiences. As I argue, modernism's modernity and its commitment to aesthetic experimentation emerge as the basis of its appeal whether consumed by 'restricted' or 'unrestricted' audiences. This retelling of the history of modernism expands the boundaries previously assigned to its critical and popular reception, while simultaneously affirming the long-standing and productive affiliation between modernism and mainstream literary culture.
Endogenous innovation and economic growth

This thesis seeks to explain variations in growth rates across countries and time within an endogenous growth framework. Intentional investments by profit-seeking agents determine the rate of technological progress, which in turn determines an economy's rate of growth.
Chapter 2 surveys the existing literature and introduces the quality ladder model of endogenous growth, upon which much of this thesis builds. Chapter 3 argues that entrepreneurs' incentives to invest in Research and Development (R & D) depend upon workers' complementary investments in human capital. Strategic complementarities between the two investments, together with indivisibilities in the R & D technology, may result in an economy becoming trapped in a "low skills" equilibrium.
Chapter 4 argues that the realisation of the full productive potential of an innovation may be dependent upon a lengthy process of further improvement. The existing literature is surveyed and a distinction between fundamental and secondary innovation drawn. Chapter 5 argues that this distinction provides a rationale for a "penalty" to being a pioneer, and an alternative explanation for income convergence to those suggested in the existing literature. Depending on the magnitude of secondary knowledge spillovers in production and research, a pioneer may be characterised by a higher or lower level of research employment and rate of economic growth than an otherwise identical latestarter. Technological lock-in may occur.
Chapter 6 investigates the relationship between technological change and international trade. We argue that an economy may face a trade-off between specialising according to its current pattern of comparative advantage and specialising in sectors where the potential for rapid productivity growth may generate such an advantage in the future. A distinction between static and dynamic comparative advantage is drawn. Chapter 7 relates the evolution of the crosssection distribution of income over time to patterns of international trade, and considers the relevance of the concept of "international competitiveness" for an economy's standard of living.
A philosophical grammar

The aim of these chapters is to isolate, and then to characterise further, a way of using nounphrases which has been called a uniquely referring or purely referential use. I will distinguish it from another sort of use or occurrence which is truly predicative of those and other expressions in a sentence.
Central to this distinction is a negation-argument of Frege's. Frege used it to distinguish quantified expressions from true names. I shall use it both to distinguish certain uses of expressions as names from their other uses as quantified phrases, and to find a logical form for quantified expressions. The latter application shows how Frege's claim that the quantifier in such a nounphrase belongs with the predicate means that quantified phrases are used predicatively. The argument is closely related to a point attributed to Geach, that predicates may be negated, while names cannot. I will suggest that the essential difference between quantified phrases and referring phrases is that the former are predicative, and may be negated. Then the latter, the referring uses, are not predicative. Indeed, they are in a sense semantically inert, or vacuous. They serve simply to provide an object for the truth-condition. It is this vacuity which renders them not subject to negation.
[Please see pdf. for full abstract.]
Decentralisation of national planning decisions over time

This thesis examines the decentralisation of planning exercises in an economy where market behaviour alone is known not to be sufficient to support optimum allocations. Chapter 1 contains an overview of the problem, a justification for undertaking this investigation and a synopsis of results. Chapter 2 evaluates some iterative planning procedures that have been proposed to locate optima in the presence of constant and increasing returns to scale and presents some new results. Chapters 3 to 5 are concerned exclusively with answering some of the theoretical questions that arise in decentralising intertemporally optimal planning decisions.
The reason this problem deserves attention is most conveniently discovered by referring to the existing literature on planning. Most models of decentralised planning, following Oskar Lange, are based on a systematic exploitation of the analogy between planning procedures and market adjustment processes. While this recognition of the formal similarity between free enterprise and socialist systems has produced some formidably impressive literature, it has, unfortunately, tended to focus attention too aiarrowly on planning in environments where the fundamental theorem of welfare economics is valid, i.e., where the market performs satisfactorily provided the authorities can control the distribution of income. The urge to undertake planning at all in these circumstances is difficult to explain.
[Please see pdf. for full abstract.]
Saved from a life of vice and crime : reformatory and industrial schools for girls, c.1854-c.1901

Reformatory and industrial schools were semi-penal Victorian institutions designed, firstly, to reclaim juveniles from a nascent criminal career and, secondly, to prevent neglected children from slipping into criminality. Most existing studies of these schools have been principally concerned with the campaigning philanthropists, such as Mary Carpenter, central government activity, and institutions for boys. This thesis utilises hitherto unused archival sources relating to individual institutions for girls in order to look at various aspects of reformatory life from the perspective of those by whom it was daily experienced. In addition to a consideration of the lives of the inmates, there are discussions of the motivations of the voluntary managers and the pay and conditions of the staff. A data base of industrial school cases from the Children's Society is analysed, in conjunction with other committal records, to ascertain which children were most likely to find themselves incarcerated. The importance of the respectability of a child's mother is particularly highlighted. The role of sexuality is discussed, in relation to attitudes towards girl delinquents, the selection of girls for committal, and the prevention of immorality within the schools. The internal disciplinary regime is considered in two chapters, the first concentrating on the forms of punishment and reward common throughout the reformatory system; and the second on the kinds of outburst and disturbance which contemporaries labelled hysterical, but which could be interpreted as calculated resistance to authority. Special attention is paid to the issue of corporal punishment. The socialising education in feminine, domestic skills which was provided in these institutions is the subject of a further chapter. Finally, the destinations of the 'reformed' girls on release is analysed, again using the Children's Society cases. The little which is known of their adult lives and various tokens of 'success' or 'failure' are delineated in an attempt to assess whether the schools accomplished their numerous aims.