VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Making philanthropists: entrepreneurs, evangelicals and the growth of philanthropy in the British world, 1756–1840

This thesis traces the development of philanthropy as a tradition and movement within the United Kingdom and the British world, with attention to both the inner lives of philanthropists, and the social networks and organizational practices that underpinned the dramatic growth in philanthropic activity between the late 1750s and 1840. In contrast to studies that see philanthropy as primarily responsive to Britain’s shifting public culture and imperial fortunes during the period, it argues that philanthropic change was driven by innovations in the internal culture and structures of intersecting commercial and religious networks, that were adapted to philanthropic purposes by philanthropic entrepreneurs. It frames the growth of philanthropy as both a series of experiments in effecting social change, within the United Kingdom and transnationally, and the fostering of a vocationally formative culture across three generations.
Chapter one focuses on John Thornton, a prominent merchant and religious patron, reconstructing his correspondence networks and philanthropic practices, and revealing patterns of philanthropic interaction between mercantile and Evangelical clerical networks. Chapter two uses the reports and minutes of representative metropolitan societies and companies to develop a prosopography of more than 4000 philanthropic directors, mapping their nexus of interconnections in 1760, 1788 and 1800, and arguing for the importance of firstly Russia Company networks and later country banking networks for philanthropy. Chapters three and four offer an extended case study of the 'Clapham Sect' as an example of collective agency, reframing their influence within the philanthropic nexus, and, through a close reading of their published works, showing how as intellectual collaborators they developed a unique conception of 'trust' that informed their activism. Chapter five shows how philanthropists extended their reach transnationally, with case studies in Bengal, Sierra Leone and New Zealand, and chapter six addresses multiple paths by which philanthropy became intertwined with Empire and the globalizing world in the British imagination.

Advisor: Garnett, J
Multi gigabit/s visible light communications: modelling and demonstrations

Traffic in wireless communications is expected to increase exponentially due to demands such as multiple up/downloading, and streaming of ultra-high-definition or multi-dimensional content. This demand requires the development of multi-Giga bit/s communication systems. Insufficient radio spectrum is the main barrier to developing such high-speed wireless systems. Visible light communications (VLC) has the potential to overcome this barrier by providing THz of unlicensed spectrum.
This thesis reports a new generalized modelling method and demonstrations for multi Gigabit/s VLC. For the optimum design of such system, a comprehensive investigation is presented, including the review of existing investigations. Novel design methods, such as optimisation for band-limited optical orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing schemes, generalisation of multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) VLC channels, and consideration of device characteristics in the modelling, are introduced for the first time. Then, various VLC techniques are compared considering practical constraints from various VLC channels and devices.
Demonstrations of multi-Gb/s VLC systems are also presented: A 3-Gb/s wireless link with a single Gallium Nitride micro light-emitting-diode (μLED), a 1.68 Gb/s white-light communication link using a conjugated polymer and the μLED, and laser diode (LD) based remote phosphor approach leading to data-rates of up to 6.52 Gb/s for single channel and 10 Gb/s for 2-channel imaging system. These are the fastest demonstrations through a single LED source, and white-light generating LED and LD sources, respectively, at the time this thesis was written.

Advisor: O'Brien, D
Schedule 21 and its impact on the sentencing of homicide

This thesis examines Schedule 21 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 and its impact on the law for sentencing homicide. It seeks to establish the intention behind the statutory guidelines for murder, and critique the rules therein, using this analysis to inform an evaluation of the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)'s interpretation and application of the schedule in appellate cases. It also, by virtue of the investigation into the schedule's motivations and the statutory framework accompanying it, considers if Schedule 21 has implications for the sentencing of other homicide offences, and concluding that it does, goes on to explore whether any such influence has been accorded to the schedule in the sentencing of manslaughter.

Keywords: Guidelines
Schedule 21
Criminal Justice Act 2003
Murder
Sentencing
Manslaughter
Advisor: Ashworth, A
Synthesis and biological evaluation of rare monosaccharides and their mimics

This thesis describes work in the synthesis and biological evaluation of different carbohydrates and their derivatives.
Azetidine carboxylic acid (Aze), as a pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry, is attracting more and more researchers in recent years. As a four membered ring analogue of proline, this nature occurring compound can be mis-incorporated into proteins and can cause changes in protein conformation and therefore induce toxic effects. It is therefore useful to study how Aze and its derivatives affect protein confirmation. Previous research has identified some azetidine iminosugars to be promising inhibitors of certain glycosidases. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis, from D-glucose, of various novel 3-fluoro-Aze, 3-azido-Aze analogues and a trans,trans-3,4-difluoro-proline as novel peptidomimetics. Short oligomers of these amino acids were synthesized. A number of 3-fluoro-azetidine iminosugars were obtained to test their inhibition of glycosidases and cancer cell growth. A 3-fluoro-azetidine diol showed significant growth inhibition of several different human cancer cell lines compared with anti-cancer drugs 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine.
Most rare sugars are still difficult to produce in quantity by either chemical or biotechnological methods. Some of them have interesting activities and potential applications; however, research on these rare sugars is constrained by their high price and inaccessibility. In Chapter 3 an approach to economically and easily produce rare sugars, in high purity, is developed. A number of rare sugars, including L-glucose, D-gulose, D-idose and 6-deoxy-hexoses, were synthesized from cheap D-glucose or its derivatives on large scales and in high yields. Complicated purification methods were avoided. The development of this methodology can contribute not only to the accessibility of these expensive sugars but also to increase their availability for biological evaluation.
The L-rhamnose inducible promoter system (L-rhamnose operon) in E. coli. is a commercially available gene expression system which is widely used for various purposes. L-Rhamnose regulates the gene expression of L-rhamnose operon in E. coli. Moreover, L-rhamnose processing enzymes play crucial roles in different pathogenic bacteria while they have no role in mammalian metabolism, suggesting L-rhamnose processing enzymes could be potential therapeutic targets. Searching for L-rhamnose analogues, which have induction activity for the L-rhamnose operon, or specific inhibitory activity towards L-rhamnose processing enzymes, is of both commercial and academic interest. In Chapter 4 the synthesis of a large number of L-rhamnose analogues, including 6-deoxy-hexoses and 6-deoxy-iminosugars, from L-rhamnose, is described. Biological assays identified five hexoses as non-metabolizable inducers for the L-rhamnose operon and several inhibitors of L-rhamnosidases and rhamnose isomerases.

Keywords: Rhamnose operon
Rare Sugar
Iminosugar
Rhamnose
Azetidine Carboxylic Acid
Advisor: Fleet, G
Wormald, M
'A learned man and a patriot': the reception Of Cicero in the early imperial period

This thesis is a literary study of how the life and works of Marcus Tullius Cicero were received in the century that followed his death. There are two ways of understanding the importance of such a study: the first is to think of it as a vital first step in assessing Cicero's impact on European thought and literature; the second is to see it as a study of how the people of early imperial Rome interacted with their Republican past. In order to provide a broad overview of this subject, I have chosen to focus on three separate areas of imperial literature which together provide a representative snapshot of Roman literary activity in this period. The period in question is essentially an extended Augustan age: beginning with Cicero's death ending in the reign of Tiberius.
The first area of imperial literature under consideration is historiography. This section begins with a consideration of Sallust's decision to downplay Cicero's role in defeating the Catilinarian Conspiracy, ultimately concluding that this is authorial posturing on Sallust's part, a reflection of Cicero's importance in the years immediately following his death. This is followed by a chapter on the presence of Ciceronian allusions in Livy, arguing that they were a key means by which he enriched his narrative of the Hannibalic war. It concludes with two chapters on historiographical descriptions of Cicero's death, noting that these treatments become markedly more hagiographic the further one progresses into Tiberius' Principate.
The second area under consideration is rhetoric, specifically focussing on the prominence of the declamation hall in this era. The three chapters in this section study the testimony of Valerius Maximus and Seneca the Elder, both of whom bear witness to Cicero's fundamental importance to this institution. The section concludes that the world of declamation was the prime motor for the hagiographic treatments of Cicero that was noted in the later historical accounts of his death.
The third and final section considers the poetry of the Augustan era, demonstrating that a process of declining sophistication is not the whole story in Cicero's reception. By looking at Virgil and Ovid's intertextual relationships with Cicero, this section demonstrates that he was a rich source of inspiration for some of the ancient world's most erudite authors.

Keywords: Early Roman Empire
Roman Republic
Latin Historiography
Roman Republican Literature
Augustan Rome
Latin Poetry
Cicero
Roman Imperial Culture
Roman Oratory
Advisor: Morgan, L
The unnameable: limits of language in early analytic philosophy

This thesis concerns the view, shared by Frege, Russell and the early Wittgenstein, that there are entities that cannot be named. Chapter 1 clarifies the particular form this commitment takes in the work of these three authors. The chapter also details a distinctive cluster of philosophical difficulties attending the view certain entities are unnameable, and explores the relation between unnameability and inexpressibility. The remaining chapters are devoted to investigating what grounds there are for countenancing the unnameable. The particular focus throughout is Frege's thesis that concepts cannot be named. Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to giving a detailed hearing to two arguments for Frege's thesis distinguishable in the locus classicus, 'On Concept and Object'. The first argument concerns the relationship between co-reference and intersubstitutability; the second concerns the unity of thought. It is contended that these arguments fail to substantiate Frege's thesis. Chapters 4 and 5 examine two further arguments for Frege's rejection of singular reference to concepts. The first is based upon the alleged impossibility of expressing identities between objects and concepts; the second draws on upon considerations pertaining to diagonalization and Russell's paradox. It is contended that each of these arguments can be resisted in defence of singular reference to concepts.

Keywords: Frege
Early Analytic Philosophy
Inexpressibility
Unnameability
Metaphysics
Philosophy of Language
Advisor: Moore, A
Williamson, T
Power of photonic states: from computation to cosmology

This thesis is an exploration of the power of photonic resources, as viewed from several different but related perspectives. They range from quantum computation, precision parameter estimation to the thermodynamics of relativistic quantum systems, as applied to cosmology in particular. The use of photonic states allows us to address several important questions about the resources required in quantum mechanical processes.
In chapter 1, we propose a new quantum computational model, called the `power of one qumode', that relies mainly on a single-mode photonic squeezed state. In particular, we show the amount of squeezing can quantitatively relate the resource requirements of factoring to the problem of finding the trace of large unitary matrices, a result with consequences for understanding how powerful quantum computation really is. Furthermore, we can connect squeezing to other known resources like precision, energy, qudit dimensionality and qubit number, which is a useful stepping stone to finding the resources that enable quantum computation.
In chapter 2, we exploit the quantum mechanical properties of photonic states for use in precision parameter estimation of general linear optical processes, which is useful for a diverse number of applications, from characterising an unknown process in a photonic quantum computer to biological imaging. We introduce a formalism that quantifies this improvement in precision. We also provide conditions under which one can easily check for photonic states that are optimal to use in this context, which is a potentially important result for future experimental efforts.
In chapter 3, we explore the connection between two-mode squeezed states, commonly used in quantum optics, and relativistic quantum processes, in particular in cosmology. Using this connection, we apply recently developed tools from the thermodynamics of quantum systems perturbed far from equilibrium to address an old question of entropy production in cosmology from a surprising new angle.

Keywords: quantum computing
Advisor: Vedral, V
me iuuat in gremio doctae legisse puellae: mindful reading in the elegies of Propertius

In a critical climate that privileges the hermeneutic position of a reader of a text over the irretrievable intentions of its author, this thesis challenges the status quo by considering the elegist Propertius as his own first reader. Through an exploration of what I have called 'mindful reading'—how Propertius appears to engage intratextually with his own poetic material, recasting parts of it lexically and thematically—, alongside his interaction with the works of his peers and predecessors and wider cultural discourses, we, as readers, are able to appreciate how he may have understood aspects of his own poetry at a given moment. This particular mode of reading is encouraged, in part, by the repeated treatment of certain themes and ideas by Propertius, and, most conspicuously, by the inherently repetitive nature of the amorous discourse in which he is implicated with Cynthia. There are seven chapters. (1) A rhythm of intratextual reading is established in the generically important funerary elegies of Book I, setting this against the poet's amatory discourse. An analysis of II.i shows that mindful reading is a phenomenon that occurs between, as well as within, books. (2) Consideration is given to editorial division of the canonically named 'Book II', and the ordering of poems; the latter part of the chapter considers the important programmatic elegy, II.xiii. (3) A close reading of III.i and III.ii, and their response to Propertius' predecessors and contemporaries is considered, particularly through a (re)reading of II.xxxiv. (4) Poems treating lovers’ brawls and lucubratio are discussed. (5) Propertius' engagement with Maecenas, and his continued adherence to his poetic creed are explored in III.ix and III.x. (6) The notion that Propertius appears to 'un-write' his amatory discourse with Cynthia through mindful reading in the closing cycle of Book III is treated. (7) The place of Cynthia within Book IV, and the elegist’s generic explorations are explored through mindful reading.

Advisor: Heyworth, S
Essays in the economic history of South Asia: 1891 to 2009

This thesis presents research that subscribes to the broader theme of the Economic History of South Asia from 1891 to 2009. First, Chapter 2 shows that the Partition induced expulsion of religious minorities reduced school provision in Pakistan. The effect of minorities is explained by their education, occupational structure and their contribution towards local social capital. Then, Chapter 3 examines how areas affected by the Partition fare in terms of long-run agricultural development in India. It finds that areas that received more displaced migrants after Partition perform better in terms of crop yields, are more likely to take up of high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, and are more likely to use agricultural technologies. It highlights the superior educational status of the migrants as a potential pathway for the observed effects. Next, Chapter 4 shows that the agricultural productivity shock induced by the adoption of HYV of seeds reduced infant mortality across districts in India. It uses data on the characteristics of children and mothers in the sample to show that it was children born to mothers whose characteristics generally correlate with higher child mortality, children born in rural areas, boys, children born in rice and wheat producing districts and children born in poorer households who benefit more from HYV adoption. Furthermore, Chapter 5 shows that baseline differences in irrigation prior to the adoption of HYV are associated with differences in the growth of yields after adoption. It explores the relationship between irrigation and yields over time to uncover potential mechanisms for the observed relationship. Finally, Chapter 6 empirically investigates the relationship between religious shrines and literacy in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Advisor: Fenske, J
Maximising the potential of anaerobic digestion

Solving climate change needs new renewable technologies that can be deployed at scale economically and sustainably. These technologies must also help stabilise the grid and follow demand rather than simply generate when nature provides.
Anaerobic digestion could be part of the solution. It produces gas that can be stored and fed to engines as needed to generate electricity. However currently it is too expensive, the feedstock resource is limited, and much of the feedstock comes from energy crops that displace food. This is clearly not sustainable long term. To fulfil its potential, anaerobic digestion needs a new resource base to add to the present ones, and it needs to be much lower cost.
Part 1 of this thesis examines the costs and resource base. It concludes that the resource base could be very substantially increased by growing hyper-water-efficient plants that use the crassulacean acid metabolism on degraded and semi-arid land globally. Between 5% and 15% of this land could provide as much electrical power as natural gas. The resource could be further increased by hybridisation with solar PV. Food production need not reduce, and may even increase. To become economic, however, needs a major reduction in capital costs. This can be achieved by increasing fourfold the volumetric power density of an anaerobic digester, principally by speeding up the rate of reaction.
Part 2 of the thesis compares and contrasts digestion in ruminants with conventional anaerobic digestion technology. It concludes that ruminants perform the rate limiting step 20-30 times faster than a commercial anaerobic digester, partly as a result of adopting different mechanical and chemical strategies. The thesis identifies and explores these differences, and proposes future work to understand and quantify them, to facilitate development of a new generation of low cost Advanced Anaerobic Digestion that meets the challenging cost reduction targets set in Part 1.

Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
Semi Arid Agriculture
Ruminants
Advisor: Thompson, I
McCulloch, M
Carbon monoxide activation and poisoning on metallic and enzymatic sites: a new ATR-IR spectroelectrochemical approach

Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) offer a great opportunity to replace traditional fuel combustion with cleaner localised energy production. One of the biggest challenges for developing a commercial DLFC device is the production of CO during fuel oxidation. CO is not only one of the most common intermediates of hydrocarbon fuels oxidation but also a poison of most metal catalysts. In situ infrared (IR) spectroelectrochemical (SEC) techniques have been intensively used to understand the reaction mechanisms for oxidation of different fuels and to study the presence and activation of CO on different bulk metal electrodes.
However, there have been few studies of supported nanocatalysts during electrocatalytic turnover relevant to realistic fuel cell devices. In this Thesis, a new attenuated total reflectance IR (ATR-IR) SEC approach is used to study the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid and methanol on a commercial carbon supported Pd nanocatalyst (Premetek, USA, 60% Pd / XC-72).
The results from ATR-IR SEC studies of formic acid oxidation on the Pd nanoparticles show CO poisoning, and reveal that this is derived from trace organic impurities present in reagent grade formic acid, rather than from the dehydration of formic acid itself.
The supported Pd catalyst shows very different activities for methanol oxidation in different pH conditions. In acidic conditions, the catalyst is strongly poisoned by adsorbed CO and shows very low activity towards methanol oxidation. On the other hand, in alkaline conditions, only very weak IR signal from adsorbed CO can be detected and the activity of methanol oxidation is much higher compared to the acidic conditions. The detection of strong IR signals from formate suggests that formate acts as a significant reactive intermediate.
In the final part of this Thesis, the possibility of developing a more efficient electrocatalytic system to reduce greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon feedstocks is demonstrated by using a composite catalyst which comprises an enzyme to reduce CO2 to CO, and copper nanoparticles for further reduction of CO.
Overall this Thesis provides insight into the activation of CO at metal sites during electrocatalytic reactions which are relevant to energy technologies.

Advisor: Vincent, K