VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of copper-sulphur matte by submerged gas injection, mass transfer rates and physical phenomena

Peirce-Smith converters have been used for converting a variety of base metal sulphide mattes for most of this century. Although they are environmentally undesirable, their use in the industry is sustained by high levels of flexibility and productivity. The mass transfer rates inside a Peirce-Smith converter are very high. Air is typically injected at 0.2 $\rm m\sp3/s$ through each of 40 tuyeres at an immersion depth of less than 0.5 m while exceeding 90% oxygen utilization. Injection is carried out under constant flowrate conditions in the bubbling regime. Oxygen utilization and bubble frequency were measured on a laboratory scale while injecting air/oxygen mixtures into molten copper-sulphur melts through a submerged orifice. Purging of the liquid surface and varying lance immersion were used to separate the extent of reaction into the following stages of gas-liquid contact; bubble growth, bubble rise and bubble rupture. Bubble rupture is defined as a combination of the spout zone on the liquid surface and the dispersion zone in the overlying gas. Gas injection was carried out under constant flowrate conditions in the constant frequency bubbling regime. Bubble volumes correlated well with semi-empirical relationships specifically for liquid metals. Changes in the gas and liquid phase composition confirmed gas phase mass transfer control. The bubble rupture stage was found to be very important in achieving high levels of oxygen efficiency. The extent of reaction in this stage depends on gas flowrate, orifice orientation and orifice diameter. For gas injection through a downward facing nozzle, a critical gas flowrate has been identified as the point at which the mass transfer coefficient increases substantially. This critical value was found to decrease with decreasing nozzle diameter, and x-ray imaging of the liquid surface indicates the formation of an expanded spout zone. This is analogous to the transition from a packed bed to a fluidized bed in a gas-solid system. The expanded spout may also be thought of as a foam, resulting from the gas injection rate exceeding the bubble rupture rate in the absence of an expanded spout. The influence of temperature above $\rm 1300\sp\circ C$ suggests a possible transition in the mass transfer mechanism. This requires further investigation.
The Kantian subject, sensus communis, mimesis, work of mourning

My dissertation is centred on Kant's notion of the sensus communis as developed in the Critique of Judgment. According to this notion, which exemplifies what I take to be the most significant portion of the Kantian subject, the formation of the self takes place through a priori identification with the other. This identification posits the most undetermined relation to the other and thus articulates the possibility of the transcendental law. Undetermined by either desiring or cognitive interest the affective identification with the other becomes the constitutive principle of the transcendental in Kant. This idea is conveyed in the notion of disinterestedness. It is the ability of aesthetic judgment, by means of its corollaries, the beautiful and sublime, to conjoin the aesthetic with the practical domain of moral ends that makes possible the positing of the universality or transcendentality of feelings. Thus, in the beautiful, the process of the constitution of the transcendental can be seen as the movement that requires not so much the suppression of the sensuous but the transmutation of a sensuous from a heteronomous to a universal feeling. In reflective judgment the self must discover a new rule through which it can comprehend the sensuous as radically other. In the sublime, the reflective operation is marked by the self's "withdrawal from the inner sense" or from the determination of the concepts of time. Language is central to the discussion of the sensus communis. Identification defines language as intrinsically metaphoric or analogical. The als ob mediates the gap between the theoretical and the practical discourses. Hence, it is this metaphoric language that gives expression to the critical system. The importance of Kant's aesthetic theory must be understood within the context of the radical critique of subjectivity. In this sense a parallel can be drawn between Kant's aesthetic theory and the work of such modern thinkers as Heidegger (critique of representation), Freud (work of mourning) and Levinas (phenomenology of the other).
In search of voice: A collaborative investigation on learning experiences of the Onyota'a:ka

This study examines the learning experiences of participants from the Onyota'a:ka First Nation community which is located in southwestern Ontario. The theoretical framework for this investigation is Dr. Hunt's model of Research as Renewal which is based on the inside-out approach to psychology. Therefore reflection of personal learning experience is the basis of this inquiry. Based on personal observations and the interviews of Onyota'a:ka community members there were a number of occurrences where the voice of the people was silenced as a result of their schooling experience. This silencing action was manifested in the suppression of the Onyota'a:ka language; the invalidation of the traditional cultural ways; the transformation of the mind through formal education; negation of traditional education; the undermining of traditional knowledge and values; and the lack of positive identity development. This study concludes that language and culture are intertwined and are very important to the Onyota'a:ka. It has also been found that a strong Native identity is imperative in order to sustain a balance between their society and the mainstream society. It is concluded that the Onyota'a:ka need a bilingual/bicultural type of education to make the circle complete.
On the relative power of shared objects in fault-tolerant distributed systems

A fundamental question in distributed computing is to determine whether a given set of "base" shared object types can be used to implement a new type. In this thesis we study this problem in a fault-tolerant setting, where implementations must work even if some of the processes that share the objects may crash. An implementation is t-resilient, if it tolerates the crash of t processes; it is wait-free, if it is $(n - 1)$-resilient, where n is the number of processes. This thesis makes two contributions. The first concerns the classification of shared object types according to their ability to support wait-free implementations. A wait-free hierarchy assigns object types to levels in $\{1,2,\...\}$ such that, using only objects of any type assigned to level n, in conjunction with registers, we can implement an object of any type in a wait-free manner in a system of n processes. Such a hierarchy is robust if, in a system of n processes, it is not possible to implement objects of types at level n in a wait-free manner, using any number and combination of objects of types that are below level n. We show that, if nondeterministic types are allowed, then the only robust wait-free hierarchy is the trivial one, which lumps all types into level one. One important and useful object type is consensus, because consensus objects and registers alone can be used to implement objects of any type. The second contribution of the thesis concerns the ability of object types to support one-resilient implementations of the type consensus. Specifically, we study the relationship between the one-resilient implementability of consensus objects for n processes and that for $n - 1$ processes, for every $n \ge 3.$ On the one hand, the following is shown for n = 3: there exists a deterministic type that can be used to implement a one-resilient consensus object for three, but not two, processes. On the other hand, for every $n \ge 4$, we show that given any set ${\cal B}$ of object types, there is a one-resilient implementation of a consensus object for n processes using ${\cal B}$ if and only if there is a one-resilient implementation of a consensus object for $n - 1$ processes using ${\cal B}.$
Fighting for a working future, emerging models of local union strategy in a new era of global competition

The overarching goal of this dissertation is to examine and discuss emerging models of local union strategy in what has been identified as a new era of global competition. This study addresses two central concerns within economic geography. First and foremost, this research examines the issue of the role of local unions in influencing the economic future of their communities in a period of intense industrial restructuring. By focussing on unions as agents in economic change, it challenges the notion that firm strategy is the sole, or even deciding determinant of the geography of capitalism. Second, it contributes to our understanding of economic change at the local level. In investigating the experience of two industrial communities undergoing substantial change in the face of global pressures, this study recognizes that the unique local social relations evident in each community have had profound influence over the direction of local economic restructuring--particularly when one considers the level and character of interaction among local unions, local business and local government. This dissertation concludes that workers have transformed their institutions from organizations focussed strictly on representing workers rights in the workplace to mechanisms through which workers can enter into the active production (or reproduction) of space at the local level. This transformation is part and parcel of the process by which stakeholders are responding to what some have called the "crisis of Fordism". In so doing, they are active participants in the subsequent rearticulation of local modes of social regulation. The transformation of local social relations produced (in part) by union activity calls into question the applicability of traditional class analysis with its static view of workers and their relationship to the means of production. Furthermore, a comparison of two Ontario communities--Sault Ste. Marie and St. Catharines--illustrates that there is a great deal of local specificity in both the manner in which workers (and their organizations) enter into the production of space and the desired outcome of such transformative activity.
Evangelization, reform and eschatology, mission and crusade in the thought of Ramon Llull

Ramon Llull is justly famous as a philosopher, mystic, and a missionary. He is perhaps less well known as an advocate of crusade and a writer of crusade plans. This thesis seeks to reconcile the opposition between missionary efforts and crusade activities in the late Middle Ages by examining Llull's crusade and missionary ideology and placing them in the context of his thought as a whole. The results of this investigation demonstrate that these two starkly different approaches to the question of how to deal with those outside of the religious and political boundaries of the western Christian Church were in part born of identical religious inspirations and concerns. Chapter One surveys the history of western Christendom's attempts at crusade from the time of the II Council of Lyons in 1274 until approximately 1330, and also traces the emergence of a particularly medieval missionary ideology during the same period. Crusading efforts against the Muslims in the east, against Christians in Europe, and against Muslims in Spain and North Africa are all discussed briefly. The nature, character, and enduring popularity of the crusade ideal are demonstrated by way of specific examples from efforts to launch various crusades. In addition, it is shown that, although occasionally missions were embraced as a replacement for crusade, usually crusade and missions were viewed as complementary activities. In chapter two, Llull's own ideas about mission and crusade are placed into the context of the actual crusading and evangelization efforts described in chapter one. This chapter shows how Llull's plans for mission and crusade were intensely personal in inspiration, how they developed and changed in the face of external events (e.g. the fall of Acre in 1291), and how they were united in the overall context of his thought, particularly his desire that the Christian faith be exalted throughout the world. Chapters three and four tie Llull's specific plans for mission and crusade to some of his overriding religious concerns. Chapter three deals with Llull's view of the purpose for which mankind was created: to honor and glorify God. Llull sees participation in evangelization and in crusading as concrete ways of fulfilling this purpose. Chapter four looks inward and relates mission and crusade to Christian reform. If all the world is to be brought to its appointed end then Christendom itself is in need of reform as well. Llull reworks the relationship between failure in mission and crusade efforts and the sinfulness of Christian society along both traditional and strikingly original paths. The fifth and final chapter provides the eschatological context of Llull's ideas of mission and crusade. It provides an introduction to Llull's Latin treatise Liber Contra Antichristum (originally written in Catalan) and shows how profoundly eschatalogical concerns shaped Llull's thought on mission and crusade. This chapter also demonstrates how careful Llull was to stay on the path of orthodoxy: he never ventures into apocalyptic prophecy despite repeated calls for reform.
Zhong Rong's Shipin and the aesthetic awareness of the Six Dynasties

Zhong Rong's (ca.463-520) Shipin (Classification of Poetry) has been recognized by modern scholars as the first and one of the most important critical works in the history of Chinese literary theories. It deals exclusively with the subject of poetry and discusses many basic but important poetic issues. As a critical work, the Shipin is markedly different from earlier criticism. It is not a mixture of socio-political and literary comments but a work that was consciously written to fulfill the increasing demand for literary criticism of that time. It treats poetry as an autonomous entity that ought to be justified on its own terms. This study is an attempt to explore the significance and innovation of the Shipin in a systematic manner. More specifically, it probes the following issues: First, it introduces and examines the theoretical debate and the discussion of the Six Dynasties to see how the Shipin benefited from them in terms of its theoretical framework and poetic terminology. Second, it studies the key concepts and critical methods in the Shipin by placing it in a broader context of the aesthetic pursuit of the Six Dynasties. Third, it observes how the Shipin embodies the aesthetic awareness of the Six Dynasties and subsequently contributes to Chinese poetics in general. The study concludes that the Shipin is a serious critical endeavour. Its emergence signified that pure poetry criticism independent of canonical exegesis had come to light and critical methodology that centred on aesthetic appreciation had been established. The study also concludes that the Shipin brings order and system to the previously random and scattered discussion of poetry; its concepts and vocabulary prove to be beneficial to later poetics.
The early xia tradition, historicity and topos

This thesis examines the early xia tradition from pre-Qin times to that of Wei-Jin Northern-Southern Dynasties (220-581). It begins with the xia in history and then goes to their reflection in literature. Chapter One discusses the world in which the xia were to emerge, and the groups from whom the xia originated. Chapter Two discusses the emergence of the xia and the earliest writings about them. In Chapter Three, I try to show the development of the xia by reference to other pre-Qin social groups, to which the xia bore similarities and with whom they were sometimes confused. Chapter Four discusses the brief prominence of the xia in the the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C.-24 D.C.) and their decline under the suppression. The xia in its classical form virtually disappeared as a historic entity during the Han, but also during the same period the xia myth, a spiritual quest of heroism, brotherhood and social justice, began to gradually take shape in the form of folklore, pseudo-history and even historical writing. Sima Qian's Shi Ji was the most important source in transporting the xia from history to literature. Chapter Five discusses Sima Qian's role in building the xia image. Chapter Six discusses the romanticization of the xia theme in works usually considered historical, such as the Yue Jue Shu and Wu Yue Chunqiu, and the beginnings of xia literature, represented by the novella Yan Dan Zi and youxia ballads. In works like these produced in the Wei-Jin period, the transformation of xia from a historical entity to a literary convention was completed. Through this study I try to demonstrate that the xia from the pre-Qin to Wei-Jin were a mixture of reality and myth, and history and literature. I also try to show that when these often conflicting factors were reconciled, the xia tradition became a point of intersection between elite and folk culture. The tradition has been modified and re-modified ever since.
Commutants of composition operators

Let $C\sb{\phi}$ be a composition operator on $H\sp2(D).$ We consider which operators A commute with $C\sb{\phi}.$ In particular, we prove that, unless $\phi$ is an elliptic disc automorphism of finite periodicity, the only Toeplitz operators that commute must be analytic. Also, we provide a classification of the multiplication operators that commute for several particular cases of $\phi .$ We prove that the outer functions are an invariant class for the composition operators. In the last two chapters we provide some results about the commutant in general when $\phi$ has an interior fixed point. In particular, we find some hyperinvariant subspaces of such operators. We also obtain a partial classification of the quasi-normal composition operators.
Synthesis of inorganic and organometallic precursors for the preparation of new polymers and solids

The treatment of Cl$\sb3$P=NSiMe$\sb3$ with trace amounts of PCl$\sb5$ in solution or neat, yielded poly(dichlorophosphazene), (NPCl$\rm\sb2\rbrack\sb{n},$ with narrow polydispersities. The resultant molecular weight of poly(dichlorophosphazene) was controlled by an alteration of the ratio of Cl$\sb3$P=NSiMe$\sb3$ to PCl$\sb5.$ The reaction of WCl$\sb6$ with one equivalent of Cl$\sb3$P=NSiMe$\sb3$ yielded the perhalogenated phosphoraniminato tungsten(VI) species WCl$\sb5$(N=PCl$\sb3).$ The analogous reaction of WCl$\sb6$ with two equivalents of Cl$\sb2$PhP=NSiMe$\sb3$ yielded cis-WCl$\sb4$(N=PCl$\rm\sb2Ph)\sb2.$ These compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction of WCl$\sb5$(N=PCl$\sb3)$ with excess GaCl$\sb3$ yielded (WCl$\sb4$(N=PCl$\rm\sb3)\rbrack\lbrack GaCl\sb4\rbrack.$ An X-ray diffraction study of the latter species showed that the (GaCl$\sb4\rbrack\sp-$ anion is weakly coordinated to the cationic tungsten center through a single chloride bridge. The reaction of TaCl$\sb5$ with a single equivalent of Cl$\sb3$P=NSiMe$\sb3$ resulted in the isolation of the perhalogenated (phosphoraniminato)-tantalum(V) species TaCl$\sb4$(N=PCl$\sb3).$ The cyclocondensation reaction of TaCl$\sb4$(N=PCl$\sb3)$ with 1 equivalent of (Me$\sb3$Si)$\sb2$N-P(Cl)$\sb2$=NSiMe$\sb3$ resulted in the production of the four member ring species $\rm TaCl\sb4(NPCl\sb3)\lbrack N(SiMe\sb3)P(Cl)\sb2N(SiMe\sb3)\rbrack.$ The reaction of TaCl$\sb4$(N=PCl$\sb3)$ with excess NH$\sb3$(g) followed by thermolysis at $700\sp\circ$ under 1 atm of N$\sb2$ resulted in the formation well-defined cubic TaN (Fm3m, $a=4.29$ A) and a ca 10% phosphorus (amorphous) impurity. A series of phosphorus(III)-bridged (1) ferrocenophanes Fe$\lbrack(\eta$-$\rm C\sb5H\sb3R)(\eta$-$\rm C\sb5H\sb3R\sp\prime)\rbrack$PX (X = Ph, R = R$\sp\prime$ = H; X = Cl, R = R$\sp\prime$ = H; X = Ph, R = H, R$\sp\prime$ = nBu; X = Ph, R = R$\sp\prime$ = SiMe$\sb3)$ have been synthesized. The thermal ring-opening polymerization of these (1) ferrocenophanes at 120-250$\sp\circ$C yielded poly(ferrocenylphosphines). The macromolecular reactions of these polymers with elemental sulfur yielded the respective poly(ferrocenylphosphine sulfides) which were structurally characterized by multinuclear NMR, elemental analysis and their molecular weights and dispersities were analyzed by GPC $\rm(M\sb{w}=118,000{-}65,000,\ PDI = 1.5{-}2.3).$
Deforestation, causes and sustainable solutions with reference to India

This thesis develops a system dynamics simulation model of the deforestation process. It focuses on two measures of deforestation that must be considered simultaneous!y, total forest area (TFA) a geophysical measure and forest biomass (FBM) a biophysical measure. The thesis argues that deforestation is a complex and dynamic process and should therefore be examined with an integrated approach that takes into account the interrelatedness of various elements especially those between the forest sector and other impacting sectors. A system of forests, and four other sectors--agriculture, energy, socio-economic, and livestock--that compete for forest land or forest produce is developed. The process of deforestation is seen in terms of dynamic interaction between all five sectors of the model. Initially, a simple-forest sector only, model is developed to familiarize the reader with the usage of system dynamics concepts. The model is enhanced and expanded to incorporate the remaining four sectors. Three versions of the multi-sector model are developed. Model A is based only on the biophysical flows of interactions, Model B, includes the market responses in addition to the biophysical linkages, and Model C, which in addition to the biophysical and market linkages, also incorporates dynamic functions. Model C is validated by comparing the simulated behaviors of key elements such as forest area, population, livestock number, non-commercial energy consumption, agriculture productivity, and agriculture production, with data for India. Sensitivity analyses examine the impacts of non-forestry policies on deforestation, and explore policies that may sustain forests in India. The simulation results show that if present trends in policies to ameliorate deforestation remain unchanged the depletion of forests in India will continue and within next two decades India will be completely deforested in terms of its biomass. The most important insight obtained from these results is that policies focusing exclusively on the forestry sector will not be sufficient to sustain forests; it is essential to develop supporting policies in the other interacting sectors. Moreover, the results suggest that complete reliance on market forces will not yield sustainability because of the lack of well functioning forestry markets, the operation of non-market incentives, and the slow response times in forestry investments in India. Only a combination of forest sector polices with supporting policies in all other sectors that impact on the forestry sector can prevent deforestation and yield sustainable forestry development.