VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Talking politics and watching the border in Northern Burundi, c. 1960-1972

This is the history of a turbulent borderland in a time of transition. Colonialism redefined the meaning of borders in Burundi, and in the traumatic shift from colonial rule to Independence it became dangerous to live on the frontier. Responding to Newbury’s plea to ‘bring the peasant back in’ to the written history of the Great Lakes region, the thesis takes a micro-history approach, viewing the tumultuous events of the 1960s and 1970s from the perspective of the hills and the homestead. The border with Rwanda, as experienced in the two communes of Kabarore and Busiga, is tested as the point of encounter between society and state in this crucial time. It reveals the function and dysfunction of political linkage, and the tensions of being a citizen and a subject in the margins of a political community ruled by suspicion and paranoia. The themes - dissent, collaboration, elimination, repression - link this local history to the flow of national politics and the making of a new African state.
Taking as its scope the pivotal period from decolonisation to the military state’s ‘selective genocide’, enacted against its Hutu population, the thesis identifies ‘vigilance’ as the most productive concept by which to study concepts of governance, political community and political linkage in the Great Lakes at the vital point of transformation. A communicative act that blends the stance of the citizen and the subject to shape a means of cautious cooperation and mutual recognition between people and state, vigilance also proved the destructive weapon that violently distilled the population into a subjugated peasantry beneath a bloodied state. The interaction on the border reveals these vital issues in acute contrast, opening the door to their examination elsewhere. This thesis studies the border; its conclusions may be chased far beyond it.

Keywords: politics
borderlands
Burundi
genocide
Rwanda
Advisor: Anderson, D
Kinematics and shapes of galaxies in rich clusters

In this work we have studied the relationship between the kinematics and shapes of Early Type Galaxies (ETGs) in rich clusters. In particular we were interested to extend the kinematic morphology density relation to the richest clusters. We obtained data from FLAMES/GIRAFFE to probe the stellar kinematics of a sample of 30 ETGs in the massive cluster Abell 1689 at z = 0.183, to classify them as Slow Rotators (SRs) or Fast Rotators (Frs). To date, this is the highest redshift cluster studied in this way. We simulated FLAMES/GIRAFFE observations of the local SAURON galaxies to account for the bias introduced compared to the ATLAS3D sample, which we used as a local comparison. We find that the luminosity function of SRs in Abell 1689 is the same as that in ATLAS3D, down to the faintest objects probed (MK ≈ -23). The number fraction of SRs over the ETG population in Abell 1689 is fSR = 0.15 +/- 0.03, consistent with the value found in the Virgo Cluster. However, within the cluster, fSR rises sharply with the projected number density of galaxies, rising from fSR = 0.01 in the least dense bin to fSR = 0.58 in the densest bin. We conclude that the fraction of SRs is not determined by the local number density of galaxies, but rather by the physical location within the cluster. This might be due to dynamical processes which cause SRs (on average more massive) to sink in the gravitational potential of the cluster.
Next we explore the distribution of projected ellipticity ε in galaxies belonging to a sample of clusters from SDSS (z ε
= 0.4 (a proxy for FRs) varies from cluster to cluster. We find some significant variations. We go on to probe the projected shape as a function of projected cluster-centric radius. In both samples we find that on average galaxies have progressively rounder projected shapes at lower cluster-centric projected distance. In the SDSS sample we show that this trend exists above and beyond the trend for brighter galaxies to be more common near the centre of clusters (bright galaxies are on average rounder). In order to disentangle the trend for SRs (which are rounder) to be more common near the centre of clusters, we isolate a subsample of FRs only, by considering only galaxies with ε > 0.4. We find that even the intrinsically flat FRs are on average rounder at lower projected cluster-centric distance. We conclude that the observed trend is due either to the dynamic heating of the stellar discs being strongest near the centre of clusters, or due to an anti-correlation of the bulge fractions with the cluster-centric distance.

Keywords: astrophysics
galaxies
kinematics
spectroscopy
cluster of galaxies
ellipticity
astronomy
Advisor: Davies, RL
Authority, philosophical anarchism, and legitimacy

One way to prompt people to act is to claim that one’s commands impose duties upon some persons to act and subsequently to command those persons. This is the approach of practical authority. The claim of practical authority is ingredient to a predominant conception of the state. This thesis argues that the state’s claim to practical authority is both unjustified and morally wrong; it defends philosophical anarchism. The philosophical anarchist argument advanced here begins with a defence of a presumption against practical authority. It then argues that no argument for the practical authority of the state overcomes that presumption. Thus the state’s claim to practical authority is unjustified. The philosophical anarchist’s position suggests that we rethink both the normative claim ingredient to the concept of the state and the relationship between states and persons. This thesis suggests that states claim legitimacy – that is, states claim that the potentially coercive legal directives that they enact are all-things-considered morally permissible. The thesis outlines the ideal of legitimacy in political philosophy, an ideal distinct from authority. An analysis of legitimacy requires an analysis of coercion. The thesis develops a specific account of the pro tanto wrongfulness of coercion that locates the wrongfulness of coercion not with the badness of the outcomes that the coercee faces but rather with the beliefs and intentions of the coercer. Two upshots emerge from that account. The first is that legal directives are not necessarily coercive. The second is that the conditions which render coercion pro tanto wrongful also render the state’s claim to practical authority wrongful. However, whereas coercion is justifiable by an appeal to reasons that defeat its pro tanto wrongfulness, the philosophical anarchist shows that the state’s claim to practical authority is not so justifiable. Therefore, the state’s claim to practical authority is decisively wrongful.

Keywords: legitimacy
philosophical anarchism
authority
Advisor: Stears, M
Minimal generating pairs for permutation groups

In this thesis we consider two-element generation of certain permutation groups. Interest is focussed mainly on the finite alternating and symmetric groups. Specifically, we prove that if k is any integer greater than six, then all but finitely many of the alternating groups An can be generated by elements x, y which satisfy
x² = y³ = (xy)k = 1
and further, if k is even then the same is true of (all but finitely many of) the symmetric groups sn.
The case k = 7 is of particular importance. Any finite group which can be generated by elements x, y satisfying
x² = y³ = (xy)⁷ = 1
is called a Hurwitzgroup, and gives rise to a compact Riemann surface of which it is a maximal automorphism group. The bulk of the thesis is devoted to showing that all but 64 of the alternating groups are Hurwitz. Also we give a classification of all Hurwitz groups of order less than one million.
An appendix deals with two-element generation of the group associated with the Hungarian 'magic' colour-cube.
Czechoslovak economic relations with the developing countries

Work on relations between developing countries (LDCs) and the socialist countries has tended to focus on the Soviet Union because of its superpower status. This thesis adopts an alternative approach by examining relations between LDCs and a smaller, but still important country; because the absence of 'superpower' attitudes and concerns permits a less exclusive identification of the factors involved in bilateral economic relations between LDCs and a planned socialist economy.
The immediate post-Stalinist era in Eastern Europe coincided with the post-colonial era in the Third World. Because Western literature in this period often imputed sinister motives to socialist countries 5 efforts to develop relations with the new states, this thesis has analysed (with the benefit of two decades of hindsight) the relative importance of political and economic factors in the evolution of Czechoslovak/LDC economic relations. Qualitative analysis was reinforced where appropriate with statistical correlations between economic variables (including delta coefficients) and an index of UN voting patterns developed to approximate bilateral Czechoslovak/LDC 'political affinity'. The comprehensive approach adopted contributed significantly to placing specific aspects of bilateral relations between Czechoslovakia and a core group of 41 LDCs in a broader and therefore enhanced perspective. A number of selected but interrelated issues were examined - inter alia, historical antecedents; the direction, composition, and stability of trade; payments; politics; the terms of trade; barriers to trade; development assistance; and the arms trade - within the analytical framework of the 'intensity' approach to foreign trade.
It was found that trade with LDCs has been historically concentrated on a small number of the larger economies, consisting of an exchange of Czechoslovak manufactures for raw materials or semi-processed products. The overall trade share of LDCs has declined slowly but steadily since the early sixties. Relations in the period 1960-1975 appear to have been based primarily on commercial considerations. World prices are allegedly preferred in trade, entrepots are used, development assistance is extended with domestic interests in mind, etc. Political biases are apparent only on the broader level: e.g. the preponderance of India and Egypt in trade with LDCs.
Studies on some fast ion conductors

We report diffraction experiments on some representative Fast Ion Conductors. The structures of anhydrous stoichiometric deuterium (DAl11O17) and silver (AgAl 11O17) beta aluminas have each been determined at four temperatures in the range 4 . 2K - 773K using powder neutron diffraction (PND) data. In DAl11O17, a strong D-O(5) hydroxyl linkage is maintained at all four temperatures .For AgAl11O17 at 4.2K,we have observed, for the first time in metal beta aluminas, a completely ordered cation distribution. The material, which was prepared by a new route, is accurately stoichiometric. At 298K,the silver atoms have become somewhat delocalised and by 773K they are organised in a highly diffuse manner.
Single crystal neutron diffraction was used to elucidate the proton distributions in ammonium beta alumina, (NH4) 1.25Al11- 017.125, and the two derivatives (NH4) 0.78H0.25Al11017 and 'HA111- 017.In the parent compound, the positions and orientations of the two independant (NH+4) species are such that all protons are involved in favourable hydrogen-bonding schemes. In formation of the first derivative, one of these sites becomes completely depopulated. Our results clarify the thermal behaviour of (NH4) 1.25Al11017.125 and we propose schemes by which stoichiometric beta aluminas are formed from this precursor and the related (H30)1+x- Al11017.+x/2.
The crystal structures of I-Ag3PO4(25°C and 375°C) , II-Ag3PO4(650°C) ,II-Na3PO4 (γ) (400°C) and the solid solutions Na3(1-x)AlxPO4are described. The high-temperature forms are considered in relation to the fluorite structure and mechanisms for the ionic conduction of these phases are proposed.
A single crystal X-ray diffraction study of β-Ag2SO4 (25°C) reveals that it is isostructural with thenardite, V-Na 2SO4.The high-temperature modifications a-Ag2SO4 (490°C) and α-K2SO4 (620°C) have been characterised using PND data.
A PND experiment on silver (I) fluoride confirms that it adopts the rocksalt structure and we find no firm evidence for a significant population of defects.

Advisor: Cheetham, A
Theoretical studies of tunnel-coupled double quantum dots

We study the low-temperature physics arising in models of a strongly correlated, tunnel-coupled double quantum dot (DQD), particularly the two-impurity Anderson model (2AIM) and the two-impurity Kondo model (2IKM), employing a combination of physical arguments and the Numerical Renormalisation Group.
These models exhibit a rich range of Kondo physics. In the regime with essentially one electron on each dot, there is a competition between the Kondo effect and the interdot exchange interaction. This competition gives rise to a quantum phase transition (QPT) between local singlet and Kondo singlet phases in the 2IKM, which becomes a continuous crossover in the 2AIM as a result of the interlead charge transfer present. The 2IKM is known to exhibit two-channel Kondo (2CK) physics at the QPT, and we investigate whether this is also the case for the 2AIM at the crossover. We find that while in principle 2CK physics can be observed in the 2AIM, extremely low temperatures are required, such that it is unlikely that 2CK physics will be observed in an experimental DQD system in the near future.
We have studied the effect of a magnetic field on the 2AIM and the 2IKM, finding that both the zero-field QPT in the 2IKM and the zero-field crossover in the 2AIM, persist to finite field. This presents the possibility of observing 2CK physics in an experimental DQD at finite field, but we find that the temperatures required to do so are extremely low. We show that longer even-numbered chains of spins also exhibit QPTs at finite field, and argue that a 2N-spin chain should undergo N QPTs as field is increased (starting deep in the local singlet phase at zero field).
We have also carried out a joint theoretical-experimental study of a carbon nanotube based DQD, in collaboration with Dr. Mark Buitelaar et al. The agreement between experimental and theoretical results is good, and the experiments are able to access the crossover present in the 2AIM at finite field. Furthermore, the experiments show the wide range of physics exhibited by DQD systems, and illustrate the utility of such systems in probing correlated electron physics.

Keywords: strongly-correlated electrons
Kondo physics
many-body physics
Advisor: Logan, D
The bethe-salpeter equation and unstable particles

Using certain assumptions about off-shell elements, we show that Green's functions have poles with factorizable residues at those values of the direct channel energy which produce resonance poles in the second-sheet of the S-matrix.
An extension of the Wick-rotated Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) in the ladder approximation is obtained for elastic and complex energies, and an existence theorem is proved for an equation which is non-singular except on the threshold cut. This method does not require contour-distortions, and the continuation to complex energies is direct. We show also that the Bethe-Salpeter Heitler matrix has a factorization property, and derive the energy-analytic form of the BSE when a subtraction is required. An approximate 1-dimensional reduction of the BSE is described which gives more accurate results than previous methods.
A theory of pi- and rho-mesons coupled via the Yang-Mills interaction is considered in the bootstrap limit, and this leads to an expression for the rho-field. An equivalent pion interaction can then be obtained which is similar to the chiral-invariant lagrangians for zero-mass pions, and it is used in a rough calculation. The bootstrap limit of the Green's function equations is also given.
We give a new exact method of numerically inverting the BSE using the energy-analytic representation, and for the scalar equation our figures agree with Schwarz and Zemach's to within about 1 per cent. There is no additional difficulty with derivative couplings, and the procedure was used to calculate P-wave pi-pi scattering with a Bethe-Salpeter rho-exchange potential A self-consistent resonance in the direct channel was not predicted at any mass and cutoff.

Advisor: Broido, M
Structure-function relationship studies in the disulfide-bond reductase DsbD and a c-type apocytochrome

The efficient covalent attachment of heme to c-type apocytochromes in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria requires the provision of reductant. Heme attachment is facilitated by a system of eight proteins, the Cytochrome c maturation (Ccm) system. The disulfide bond oxidoreductase DsbD, a member of the Disulfide bond formation system (Dsb), transfers reductant to the Ccm system via interaction with one of its proteins, CcmG. This study is focused on two key proteins of these systems, the periplasmic disulfide bond oxidoreductase DsbD and a c-type apocytochrome, apocytochrome c-b562. A new method was established to assess the function of DsbD by linking it to the levels of c-type cytochrome maturation. This method was used to evaluate the activity of a range of DsbD variants. In addition, analysis of the biophysical properties of apocytochrome c-b562 was carried out using NMR spectroscopy. For this analysis, backbone assignments were completed for both oxidation states of the protein. Finally, studies aimed to determine the biophysical properties of the residues of the CXXCH heme binding motif were performed.

Keywords: apocytochrome c-b562
DsbD
disulfide bond reduction
c-type cytochrome formation
Advisor: Ferguson, SJ
Redfield, C
Process theology and the challenge of environmental ethics

The aim of this thesis is to examine process theology in the light of questions raised by environmental issues. To facilitate this study, different approaches to the nonhuman natural world developed in environmental philosophy - in particular in environmental ethics - are compared with the work of process theologians. The primary focus is on the systems of A.N.Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, but John Cobb, Jay McDaniel and Daniel Dombrowski are also considered.
In Chapter 1, the derivation of value and the formation of ethics in process thinking is examined, and its ethical methodology and content compared with classical utilitarianism and more recent consequentialist approaches to the nonhuman natural world. Ensuing problems including justice, replaceability, the identification of value with experience and the subjectivity of value judgments are considered.
In Chapter 2, process ethics is compared with deontological approaches to environmental ethics which focus on the value of individual organisms and natural objects: in particular, the work of Paul Taylor. Problems generated by egalitarianism, individualism and the inability to affirm environmental restitution are examined. The capacity of process thinking to resist such criticisms is assessed.
Collective consequentialist ethical approaches to the environment, characterized by Aldo Leopold and J.Baird Callicott, are laid alongside process ethics in Chapter 3. This raises questions concerning the nature of species and ecosystems, and the use of metaphors such as organism, community and society to describe them.
The focus moves in Chapter 4 onto a comparison of the metaphysics and ethics of the Deep Ecology movement with that of process theology. This comparison concentrates on two main themes: attitudes to 'holism' and to the 'extension and realization of the self'.
Finally, the question whether process theology should reform itself as a better response to environmental ethics is examined. Some suggestions about possible reformation are proffered, but it is tentatively concluded that process thinking is an inappropriate basis for environmental philosophy.
Investigation into the mechanisms of cytoophidia assembly in drosophila melanogaster

Subcellular sequestration of proteins within membrane bound compartments is widely acknowledged to be an important mode of enzymatic regulation. Recently a novel paradigm for metabolic enzyme compartmentalisation has become apparent with the identification of several proteins which are able to form filamentous structures in vivo. Multiple studies independently identified the essential de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis enzyme CTP synthetase as a major constituent of a novel filamentous structure which has been termed “the cytoophidium”. Cytoophidia have been observed to form in multiple organisms including bacteria (C. crescentus), yeast (S. cerevisiae) and fruit fly (D. melanogaster) as well as in human cultured cells.
In this thesis I describe the development and results of a high throughput genomescale screen to identify factors involved in cytoophidia biogenesis. Observations of tissue specific CTPS distribution lead to the identification of the well-conserved growth regulator dm/dMyc as an essential factor for CTPS regulation in vivo. These results provide new insights into the coordination of cellular growth and metabolic regulation during normal development and indicate the potential of CTPS/cytoophidia as a future therapeutic target.

Keywords: CTP synthase
Drosophila
Advisor: Liu, JL
How regulation and competition influence discrimination in broadband traffic management: a comparative study of net neutrality in the United States and the United Kingdom

Telecommunications policy debates concerning the contentious issue of net neutrality have revolved around a number of broadband network operator behaviors, including discriminatory traffic management – differential treatment of network traffic associated with different Internet applications for the purpose of managing performance. Some stakeholders have advocated for regulatory intervention to prevent network operators from discriminating to the detriment of independent application innovation. Others would prefer to rely on competition between network operators to discipline operator behavior.
Fixed-line broadband markets in the United Kingdom and the United States have differed substantially with respect to discrimination, competition, and regulation. The UK has experienced intense competition and pervasive discriminatory traffic management without triggering regulatory activity. The US has seen much less discrimination, limited competition, and regulatory threat followed by regulatory intervention. This thesis uses elite interviews, participant observation, and documentary analysis in a comparative study of these two cases between the mid-2000s and 2011 to determine why network operators take up discriminatory traffic management (or not) and how competition and the regulatory environment affect traffic management outcomes.
This thesis demonstrates that network operators take up discriminatory traffic management primarily to control cost, performance, or both. Competition promotes rather than deters discrimination because it drives broadband prices down, encouraging operators to manage high-volume applications whose traffic incurs high costs. Regulatory threat can be sufficient to counteract these desires, but in its absence and without concerns vocalized by interest groups, discriminatory approaches endure. Telecommunications regulators intervene to safeguard nondiscrimination when they conceive of their remits as encompassing social and industrial policymaking, are ambivalent about litigation risk, and are driven by their leaders’ reputational agendas, as in the case of the Federal Communications Commission. With a narrower perception of its remit and more concern for its organizational reputation, Ofcom exemplifies the characteristics that inhibit traffic management regulation.

Keywords: traffic management
Internet
broadband
regulation
net neutrality
Advisor: Brown, I