VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Rethinking money laundering offences: a global comparative analysis

Since the late 1980s, efforts made by the international community to deal with the complex and global problem of money laundering have stimulated the creation and definition of the so-called 'international crime of money laundering', which is included in various United Nations and Council of Europe international treaties, as well as European Union Directives. The Central purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the main goal of effectiveness in the adaptation of the international crime of money laundering at the domestic level, might undermine other values that international law is seeking to protect, namely the guarantee of due process and the adequate protection of human rights principles. Then, if the adoption of any element of the crime shows to be inconsistent with civil rights and guarantees, to propose how deficiencies could be remedied.

Keywords: money laundering
human rights
financing of terrorism
security
macroeconomics
Advisor: Ashworth, A
Development and application of an analytical method for radiocarbon dating bones using the amino acid hydroxyproline

Archaeological bones are usually dated by radiocarbon measurement of extracted collagen. However, low collagen content, contamination from the burial environment or museum conservation work have previously lead to inaccurate results, especially for old bones, compromising the ability to reconstruct reliable past chronologies. It is reported, for example, that up to 70% of Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates on bones are likely to be underestimates of the real age, blurring the picture of modern human dispersals and Neanderthal extinction.
In this thesis, a method for isolating and radiocarbon dating the collagen amino acid hydroxyproline is described. Hydroxyproline consists of about 10% of bone collagen but is not found in significant amounts elsewhere in nature. The hydroxyproline dating method uses a mixed-mode (i.e. ion-exchange combined with hydrophobic chemistry), semi preparative HPLC methodology. The amino acids do not require derivatisation, and no organic solvents are used, thereby avoiding addition of carbon. The hypothesis of this thesis is that the hydroxyproline can be used as a bone specific biomarker, improving dating accuracy and making it possible to obtain radiocarbon determinations where previously it has been impossible.
It was calculated that on average 3.3±1.4μg of contaminant carbon are added to each sample in the process of isolating the hydroxyproline, a low level suitable for 14C dating. It was investigated whether a deliberately contaminated bone and 'naturally' contaminated archaeological bones, yielding erroneous dates when dated using the normal pretreatment method, could be dated accurately using this method. In addition, a hydroxyproline date was obtained for a bone with too little surviving collagen to be dateable by the bulk collagen method. Finally, using the hydroxyproline dating method, the earliest direct ages for the presence of anatomically modern humans on the Russian Plain were obtained. The method proved to be a powerful tool that can help resolve longstanding archaeological questions.

Keywords: HPLC
hydroxyproline
archaeological science
anatomically modern humans
radiocarbon dating
accelerator mass spectrometry
Advisor: Hedges, REM
McCullagh, JSO
Protein complexes in the gas phase: structural insights from ion mobility-mass spectrometry and computational modelling

Structure determination of macromolecular protein assemblies remains a challenge for well-established experimental methods. In this thesis, an emerging structural technique, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is explored. An assessment of collision cross section (CCS) measurement accuracy using travelling-wave IM (TWIMS) instrumentation was carried out (Chapter 3). Through the collation of a protein complex CCS database and the development of a calibration framework for TWIMS, significant improvements to CCS measurement accuracy have been achieved. Next, the advantages and limitations of using IM-MS to generate restraints for structure characterisation were explored. Computational tools designed to exploit IM-MS data for structural modelling were developed and tested on a training set of systems (Chapter 4). These include two heteromeric protein complexes, and an oligomeric intermediate involved in beta-2-microglobulin aggregation. Further structural information can be attained by using gas-phase dissociation techniques, such as collision-induced dissociation (CID). The effects of charge state on CCS and the gas-phase dissociation pathway of complexes were investigated (Chapter 5). This highlighted the possibility of using CID in conjunction with supercharging to manipulate dissociation pathways to achieve more useful structural information. Finally, the gas-phase structures of globular and intrinsically disordered protein complexes were probed by IM-MS and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (Chapter 6). Experimental observations were recapitulated remarkably closely by simulations, including gas-phase structural collapse and the ejection of monomer subunits when the energy of the system was increased sufficiently. Overall, this research has contributed to the IM-MS field by providing the framework for improved CCS measurements of large protein complexes and the use of restraints from IM-MS for structural modelling. Significantly, IM-MS has been used in combination with charge manipulation, CID and MD simulations to reveal further insights into the gas-phase structures, stabilities and dissociation pathways of multimeric protein complexes.

Keywords: mass spectrometry
ion mobility
protein complexes
Advisor: Robinson, C
Sparse distance metric learning

A good distance metric can improve the accuracy of a nearest neighbour classifier. Xing et al. (2002) proposed distance metric learning to find a linear transformation of the data so that observations of different classes are better separated. For high-dimensional problems where many un-informative variables are present, it is attractive to select a sparse distance metric, both to increase predictive accuracy but also to aid interpretation of the result. In this thesis, we investigate three different types of sparsity assumption for distance metric learning and show that sparse recovery is possible under each type of sparsity assumption with an appropriate choice of L1-type penalty. We show that a lasso penalty promotes learning a transformation matrix having lots of zero entries, a group lasso penalty recovers a transformation matrix having zero rows/columns and a trace norm penalty allows us to learn a low rank transformation matrix. The regularization allows us to consider a large number of covariates and we apply the technique to an expanded set of basis called rule ensemble to allow for a more flexible fit. Finally, we illustrate an application of the metric learning problem via a document retrieval example and discuss how similarity-based information can be applied to learn a classifier.

Keywords: L1 penalty
sparsity
distance metric learning
Advisor: Meinshausen, N
Towards a strontium optical lattice clock

Due to the recent success, in terms of accuracy and precision, of a number of strontium optical lattice optical frequency standards, and the classification of the 5s2 1S0 to 5s5p 3P0 transition in neutral strontium as a secondary definition of the SI unit of the second, many new strontium lattice clocks are under development. The strontium optical lattice clock (Sr OLC) at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is one such project. This thesis describes the design and build of the NPL Sr OLC, discussing the considerations behind the design. Details of the first cooling stage are given, which includes the characterisation of a novel permanent-magnet Zeeman slower by measurements of the longitudinal velocity distributions and loading of the MOT at 461 nm. Development of a narrow linewidth laser system at 689 nm is described, which is used for initial spectroscopy of the second-stage cooling transition. In particular, this work describes progress towards two independent ultra-narrow linewidth clock lasers.
The new generation of strontium lattice clock experiments have focused on characterising the systematic frequency shifts and reducing their associated fractional frequency uncertainties, as well as reducing the fractional frequency instability of the measurement. One focus of the Sr OLC at NPL is to help characterise the frequency shift of the clock transition due to black-body radiation (BBR), which is currently the largest contributor to the uncertainty budget of the measured clock frequency. Our approach, discussed here, is to make a direct, differential measurement of the shift with the atoms housed alternately in environments of differing temperatures. Better characterisation and control of the BBR frequency shift of the strontium clock transition is crucial for the future of the Sr OLC as a leading frequency standard.

Keywords: optical atomic clock
strontium
lattice clock
narrow linewidth laser
quantum frequency metrology
Advisor: Baird, P
On spinc[sic]-invariants of four-manifolds

The spinc-invariants for a compact smooth simply-connected oriented four-manifold, as defined by Pidstrigach and Tyurin, are studied in this thesis. Unlike the Donaldson polynomial invariants, they are defined by cutting down the moduli space M' of '1-instantons', which is the subspace of the moduli space M of anti-self-dual connections parametrizing coupled (spinc) Dirac operators with non-trivial kernel.
Our main goal is to study the relationship between these spinc-invariants and the Donaldson polynomial invariants. The 'jumping subset' M' defined a cohomology class P of M which is given by the generalised Porteous formula. When the index l of the coupled Dirac operator is 1, the two smooth invariants are the same by definition. When l = 0 (or when M is compact), the spinc-invariants are expressable as a Donaldson polynomial evaluating the 'Porteous class' P. Our main results concern the first two non-trivial cases l = -1 and -2, when the generalised Porteous formula can not be applied directly. Using cut-and-paste arguments to the moduli space M, we show that for the former case the spinc-invariants and the contracted Donaldson invariants differ by a correction term. It is the number of points in the immediate lower stratum of the Uhlenbeck compactification times a universal 'linking invariant' on S4, which is obtained by computing an example (the K3 surface). The case when l = -2 and dimM = 8 is a parametrized version of the l = -1 situation and the correction term, which involves the same 'linking invariant', is obtained from a suitable obstruction theory.

Advisor: Donaldson, S
Finiteness properties of fibre products

A group Γ is of type Fn for some n ≥ 1 if it has a classifying complex with finite n-skeleton. These properties generalise the classical notions of finite generation and finite presentability.
We investigate the higher finiteness properties for fibre products of groups ... [see pdf file for full abstract].

Keywords: finiteness properties
homological group theory
geometric group theory
subdirect products
Advisor: Bridson, M
The poetry of Bertolt Brecht

The thesis presents an historical survey of Brecht's poetry; close critical analysis of individual texts, including many not previously discussed, provides the basis for wider generalisation which enables the construction of a comprehensive study. Paraphrase, the explicit formulation of suggested readings, is the fundamental method of analysis. Reference to the historical dimension, and careful attention to Brecht's use of the ironic mode operate as controls.
The thesis is divided chronologically into six chapters.
[continued in text ...]
Searches for CP violation in D+ to K-K+pi+ decays at the LHCb experiment

This thesis documents searches for direct CP violation in the Cabibbo-suppressed D+ to K-K+pi+ decay at the LHCb experiment. Two complementary analyses are described. Direct CP-violating asymmetries are predicted to exist in singly Cabibbo-suppressed charm decays with magnitudes of up to O(0.001) in the Standard Model, and can be enhanced to the percent level by contributions from new physics. No such asymmetry has yet been observed.
The LHCb detector is a forward spectrometer with a precise vertex detector and powerful particle identification capabilities, designed to collect large, pure samples of charm and B
decays. Data collected at LHCb in 2010 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35pb^-1 are used to perform a model-independent search for direct CP violation in the D+ to K-K+pi+ decay. The Dalitz plot is divided into bins and a chi^2 test of the compatibility of the dataset with no CP violation is performed. No evidence of CP violation is found.
A second search for CP violation in the region of the D+ to K-K+pi+ Dalitz plot around the phi resonance is described. The charge asymmetry in this decay is calculated and compared to that in the control channel D+ to Ks(pi+pi-)pi+. The 1.0fb^-1 of data collected at LHCb in 2011 are used. The CP-violating asymmetry is found to be (-0.04+/-0.14+/-0.14)% where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. A new observable sensitive to CP violation that varies across the phi resonance is defined and measured, and is consistent with no CP violation at the current level of sensitivity. In addition, the CP-violating asymmetry in the decay Ds+ to Ks pi+ is determined to be (0.61+/-0.83+/-0.14)%. There is no evidence for CP violation in either channel. The prospects for new results using data collected in 2012 are very promising and a significant improvement in our understanding of these decays is anticipated.

Keywords: CP violation
flavour physics
charm
Advisor: Charles, M
Harnew, N
Strategies for improving radical cure in P. vivax malaria

Plasmodium vivax can no longer be considered a benign cause of malaria with increasing reports of severe vivax malaria emphasising the importance of tackling this neglected parasite globally. Important differences in the lifecycle of P. vivax, in particular, its ability to relapse at varying periods after the primary infection make its control more difficult than P. falciparum. Prevention of relapse is dependent upon effective radical cure of blood and liver stage parasites with primaquine being the only current licensed drug effective against P. vivax hypnozoites.
Despite half a century of its use in malaria treatment, there is still no consensus on how primaquine can be deployed safely and effectively. The aims of this thesis were to review the efficacy of different primaquine regimens in preventing P. vivax relapse, to quantify the risk of recurrence of P. vivax following P. falciparum infection and to determine risk factors for representation with P. vivax. Analyses of primaquine clinical trials conducted till date reveal the inadequacy of data for the recommendation of a uniform high dose regimen across the world. A review of clinical studies using artemether-lumefantrine (AL) for P. falciparum malaria conducted in P. vivax endemic regions demonstrated that P. vivax was paradoxically responsible for the majority of recurrent parasitaemia within 63 days of treatment. AL is highly active against both P. falciparum and P. vivax and hence these recurrences are likely to reflect relapse triggered by activation of dormant liver stages.
To test the hypothesis that febrile illnesses other than malaria may be triggering relapses, risk factors for representation were assessed in Timika, Indonesia, an area endemic to the four main malarial species. The risk of representation with P. vivax was increased in patients initially presenting with non-malarial febrile illnesses (Adjusted Hazards Ratio 1.02-1.14). However, the odds were similar for representation with P. falciparum, suggesting an inherent risk of the patient population to cause representation rather than febrile illnesses. Patients presenting with P. falciparum and severe anaemia were at greatest risk of P. vivax representation. Further clinical studies are needed to ensure more pragmatic treatment regimens and reliable point of care testing for G6PD status to avoid haemolysis due to primaquine. In the interim, the target of primaquine radical cure should be widened to include these high risk groups.

Keywords: Plasmodium vivax
radical cure
relapse
Malaria
Advisor: Price, R
Angus, B
Industrial architecture and politics in Wilhelmine Germany

This thesis examines the industrial architecture of Imperial Germany in the context of the wider economic and political power struggles of the Wilhelmine era. Written against the backdrop of a lively and ongoing debate on the relative 'modernity' of the Kaiserreich, the main focus falls on two separate but related movements, which campaigned to improve the character of industrial architecture for political, commercial and environmental, as well as aesthetic reasons: the 'Bund Heimatschutz', founded in 1904, and the 'Werkbund' , established three years later.
Both organisations developed in opposition to historicism in late 19th century architecture and design. The reformers, who included laymen as well as architects, sought an architecture more "worthy' of the German 'Bürgertum' than the hybrid historical styles, applied to buildings regardless of function or location, which had come to characterise the German 'Gründerzeit'.
The 'Heimatschutz' movement lobbied successfully for the introduction of legislation to protect the landscape from the worst ravages of urbanisation and industrial development. The thesis suggests that the general view of 'Heimatschutz' activists, as 'cultural pessimists' opposed to modernisation in all its guises, is inaccurate, and highlights the more pragmatic strand of 'Heimatschutz' thought, which influenced the design of many industrial structures in the 1900s, particularly those erected by local authorities.
The bulk of the thesis, however, concentrates on the 'Werkbund'; an organisation whose members proved remarkably successful at winning commissions from Germany industry in the years before 1918. Particular stress is placed on the role played in the organisation by the politician Friedrich Naumann and his followers. It is argued that the 'Werkbund's policy of promoting 'quality' in the German workplace was an integral part of Naumann's political reform programme. The thesis describes the adoption of the 'Werkbund's progressive architecture by a number of leading manufacturing firms, and seeks an explanation in the rivalries which divided German industry at the turn of the century.
It concludes with a short study of architecture, industry and municipal politics in Delmenhorst, a small town in the throes of modernisation.
Kelsen and Raz on the continuity of legal systems: applying the accounts in an Australian context

This thesis has three objectives. Its primary objective is to examine, and critically evaluate, the theoretical accounts offered by Hans Kelsen and Joseph Raz to explain the temporal continuity and discontinuity of legal systems. In particular, it evaluates the explanatory power of those accounts by combining an abstract analysis of the accounts in principle and an evaluation based on systematically applying them to one concrete, historically circumstanced instance: the legal systems of British derivation in Australia between 1788 and 2001. The thesis thus tests each account’s factual fit: how adequately it corresponds to, accords with, and persuasively makes sense of, the facts – including complex social facts, attitudes and normative standards – for which it purports to offer an account. Second, the thesis aims to demonstrate, more generally, the utility of applying theoretical accounts to a particular historical instance to complement abstract analysis. Third, the thesis aims to advance the understanding of the evolution of Australian legal systems between 1788 and 2001. These three objectives are achieved through the critical exposition and reconstruction of the accounts, their development and enrichment where refinement is appropriate, their application to the specific context of Australia and their evaluation, individually and in comparison.

Keywords: Australian Constitutional History
Jurisprudence
Raz
Australian Constitutional Theory
Kelsen
Finnis
Australia
Imperial Law
Legal Systems
Identity
Continuity
Advisor: Finnis, J
The advice to princes tradition in Scottish literature, 1450-1500

The regions of James II, III, and IV in the second half of the fifteenth century in Scotland saw a distinctive flowering of advice to princes literature. This is the first account of its kind to examine in detail the sources, arguments, and extent of political comment of each individual work. In particular it employs both literary and historical sources to reveal the largely unrecognized impact of continental, especially French, political thought, on a number of writers. The study opens with a consideration of the poem De Regimine Principum, a politically very forthright advice work, influential for a century or so after its composition. Chapter 2 deals with the writings of Sir Gilbert Hay, whose work shows clear influences from the continent, particularly in the Buik of King Alexander, which is also seen to have interesting links with De Regimine Principum. Chapter 3 discusses the romance Lancelot of the Laik, a poem less precise in its allusions, but clearly indicative of a number of recurrent preoccupations in Scottish advisory literature in the areas of justice and kingly minorities. The two following chapters examine The Talis of the Fyve Bestes, which gives a markedly nationalistic evocation of good kingship, and The Buke of the Chess, where Scottish advice to princes is seen at its least politically aware. In Chapter 6 advice appears in yet another genre, the devotional poem The Contemplacioun of Synnaris, where the wider associations of 'kingship' with the nosce te ipsum tradition are apparent. Chapters 7 and 8 concern The Thre Prestis of Peblis and John Ireland's Meroure of Wyssdome, possibly produced around the same time, but presenting their advice in very different manners: the Thre Prestis adroitly worked and entertaining, the Meroure, highly theological and drawing strongly on continental writers, notably the sermons of Jean Gerson. In conclusion it is shown that through this context we can best appreciate the purpose and formidable execution of Robert Henryson's advice to princes fable lq The Lion and the Mouse.
Improper colourings of graphs

We consider a generalisation of proper vertex colouring of graphs, referred to as improper colouring, in which each vertex can only be adjacent to a bounded number t of vertices with the same colour, and we study this type of graph colouring problem in several different settings. The thesis is divided into six chapters. In Chapter 1, we outline previous work in the area of improper colouring. In Chapters 2 and 3, we consider improper colouring of unit disk graphs -- a topic motivated by applications in telecommunications -- and take two approaches, first an algorithmic one and then an average-case analysis. In Chapter 4, we study the asymptotic behaviour of the improper chromatic number for the classical Erdos-Renyi model of random graphs. In Chapter 5, we discuss acyclic improper colourings, a specialisation of improper colouring, for graphs of bounded maximum degree. Finally, in Chapter 6, we consider another type of colouring, frugal colouring, in which no colour appears more than a bounded number of times in any neighbourhood. Throughout the thesis, we will observe a gradient of behaviours: for random unit disk graphs and "large" unit disk graphs, we can greatly reduce the required number of colours relative to proper colouring; in Erdos-Renyi random graphs, we do gain some improvement but only when t is relatively large; for acyclic improper chromatic numbers of bounded degree graphs, we discern an asymptotic difference in only a very narrow range of choices for t.

Keywords: telecommunications
random graphs
unit disk graphs
improper colouring
frugal colouring
probabilistic combinatorics
acyclic colouring
graph colouring
Advisor: McDiarmid, C