VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
'Life is made of courage and coffee' an ethnography of speciality coffee in São Paulo, Brazil

This thesis explores the ways in which specialty coffee is consumed in Brazil, the world’s largest coffee-producing nation and a rising consumer power. A central aim of this thesis is to address how the consumption of a globalised and modern good such as specialty coffee is experienced in a culture and context that has historically been exploited for the production of that very good, and that now finds itself unevenly positioned in the global consumer market. Based on twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork with specialty coffee enthusiasts and professionals in the city of São Paulo, this thesis explores how a network of individuals that I call the ‘apaixonados’—those passionate about coffee—engage individual aspirations and passions to navigate the boundaries and frictions between their local coffee consumer culture and what is discursively constructed as a ‘global coffee community.’
To explore how global consumer inequalities are manifest in Brazil, I begin by introducing the emic idea of ‘tipo exportação,’ a classificatory and experiential notion used to describe goods that are produced domestically but perceived to be of exportation (i.e., high) quality, and are typically destined for foreign consumption. Through my engagement with how tipo exportação is lived, I show how echoes of Brazil’s colonial past inform contemporary structural constraints that stifle apaixonados’ access both to foreign specialty and Brazil’s own best coffee. I examine the ways in which apaixonados work within, through, and against these trade structures to obtain the coffees they desire, and show how the consumption of specialty coffee is used to mark specific forms of cosmopolitan aspiration and local prestige. The practical adaptations my participants make to key concepts in this ‘global coffee community’—namely, authenticity and origin—in response to trade regulations that prohibit the importation of green (raw) coffee into Brazil reveal possibilities for the incorporation of more forms and spaces of labour into the wider ethical consumption discourse by taking account of the ‘view from the South.’ By adding a hybrid producer–consumer perspective to prevailing models of coffee consumption experiences—which have historically been centred in coffee-importing nations and drawn much of their meaning from coffee’s travel from its agricultural origin and subsequent exoticism—this research contributes to anthropological debates on the politics and economics of food and consumption cultures in a globalising but unequal world.

Keywords: São Paulo
consumption
production
specialty coffee
Brazil
Advisor: Daniels, I
The right of access to educational materials and copyright: international and domestic law

International rules regulating copyright pose obstacles to accessing educational materials, particularly impacting persons living in poverty, persons living with disabilities and other marginalised groups. This Thesis argues that access to educational materials is a human right under the right to education and imposes obligations upon states. State obligations under human rights law thus appear to conflict with international copyright obligations for common parties. In demonstrating that states can reconcile these competing obligations harmoniously, the Thesis advances a rights-based response to the problem of access for those neglected by the market.
This Thesis is divided into two Parts. Part I locates access to educational materials as a human right and gives content to states parties’ obligations. It identifies and analyses educational ‘exceptions’ to copyright in the relevant copyright treaties. It argues that these ‘exceptions’ coincide with states parties’ human rights obligations to facilitate access. States parties can thus concurrently fulfil both sets of obligations to respond to the problem of access for the most marginalised. However, after analysing the relative institutional design of the international trade system and human rights treaty bodies, Part I concludes that trade-based obligations are likely to be prioritised over human rights obligations. This prioritisation negatively impacts access to educational materials in countries that cannot afford to pay for free access for all.
Part II investigates the manner in which two countries in the global South have sought to reconcile these obligations. South Africa’s draft copyright legislation seeks to do this but the President has declined to assent to it due to concerns emanating from the international trade system and related actors. This illustrates the conclusions at the end of Part I. In contrast, a recent Indian court decision demonstrates the possibility of adopting a harmonious interpretation that facilitates equitable access for the most marginalised. The Thesis thus emphasises the crucial role of domestic constitutional actors in harmonising competing international obligations.

Keywords: UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies
access to knowledge
intellectual property law
treaty interpretation
fragmentation
regime interaction
international trade law
copyright exceptions and limitations
constitutional law
Indian constitutional law
systemic integration
Bill of Rights
three-step test
comparative constitutional law
fundamental rights
ESCRs
fair practice
right to equality
copyright and human rights
international human rights law
right to education
intellectual property and human rights
copyright
South African constitutional law
unfair discrimination
relationship between international and domestic law
public international law
World Trade Organisation
Advisor: O'Regan, C
Gangjee, D
The invention of the papacy

This thesis has two main aims. The first is to examine the intellectual development of the later ninth-century papacy in its Roman context, including its engagement with the outside world and the remarkable levels of ‘papal myth-making’ prevalent in later ninth-century Rome. It examines the careers of some of the key figures in this ‘myth-making’, namely Anastasius Bibliothecarius, John the Deacon, Gauderic of Velletri and Formosus, and investigates the linkages between this ‘myth- making’ process and the papacy’s involvement with the outside world. It also briefly charts the decline of this remarkably lively and energetic intellectual culture, and looks at Rome’s descent into aristocratic in-fighting at the end of the end of the ninth and beginning of the tenth centuries, symbolised most obviously by the disputes over the papacy of Formosus and the legitimacy or otherwise of episcopal transfer.
The second main aim of the thesis is to examine how the ‘myth-making’ in Rome affected the papacy’s international engagement during the later ninth century. It does this by investigating the papacy’s involvement with the conversions of Bulgaria and Moravia during the later ninth century, which were both notable for developed, detailed and sustained involvement from the papacy and from Roman clerics more generally, and for centring around a glorious figure from the papal past - Gregory I in the case of Bulgaria, and Clement I for Moravia. The thesis argues that these conversions were an obvious consequence of the ‘myth-making’ in Rome at the end of the ninth century. It also contrasts this extensive papal involvement with the relatively low-level papal involvement in the conversions of Bohemia and Poland in the tenth century, and suggests some reasons for this connected to the decline of intellectual culture in ninth-century Rome.
New catalytic routes to sulfonyl fluorides

In this thesis, new methodologies towards the synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides through various approaches are documented. These approaches include the development of novel bi- or multifunctional sulfonyl fluoride reagents, and their derivatisations into structurally diverse sulfonyl fluorides and sulfonyl-containing compounds. During the study, the serendipitous formation of a symmetrical dialkenyl sulfone from the corresponding triflate led to further investigation on the cross-electrophilic sulfonylative cross-coupling.

Keywords: Palladium
SuFEx
Fluoride
Sulfonyl
Sulfonylation
Catalysis
Advisor: Willis, M
Measurement of the W boson mass with the LHCb experiment

Precision measurements of electroweak parameters permit fundamental consistency tests of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The resulting constraints on physics beyond the Standard Model are primarily limited by the precision of direct measurements of the mass of the W boson (mW). Over the past thirty years, many experiments have performed measurements of mW , but an improvement in its precision is still needed. This thesis presents the first measurement of mW by the LHCb experiment at the facilities of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva. This measurement is based on data collected by LHCb during the year 2016 at centre-of-mass-energy √s = 13 TeV. A simultaneous fit is performed on the q/pT distribution of a sample of W → μν decays and the φ∗ distribution of a sample of Z → μμ decays. The value of mW is determined to be
mW = 80354 ± 23stat ± 10exp ± 17theory ± 9PDF MeV,
based on an arithmetic average of results with three different Parton Distribution Function sets. This is considered a pathfinder measurement aimed at starting discussions with the theory and experimental community to reduce the still large systematic uncertainties on mW . The new methodologies and strategies adopted for this work lay the foundation of what will be the legacy measurement with the full dataset collected between 2015 and 2018. While this thesis describes the full measurement, greater detail will be given to the treatment of two of the most important sources of systematic uncertainty on the theoretical and experimental side, namely the Parton Distribution Functions and the measurement of the muon momenta. New methods, published in peer-reviewed journals, and ad hoc strategies have been developed to reduce their associated systematic uncertainties. Some of these studies have been applied to the proof-of-principle measurement described in this thesis. The others will be extremely important in the attempt of reducing the total uncertainty in future measurements of mW .

Keywords: Standard Model
Precision Electroweak tests
CERN
Particle Physics
LHCb
Advisor: Vesterinen, M
Wilkinson, G
The role of small GTPases in regulating sleep in Drosophila melanogaster

Sleep is highly conserved across the animal kingdom, yet why and how we sleep remains largely unknown. Uncovering the molecular pathway underlying homeostatic sleep regulation is integral to understanding the origin and function of sleep, as well as for the development of spatiotemporally precise medication to treat sleep disorders.
In the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, neurons that project to the dorsal fan shaped body (dFB neurons) form a critical part of the sleep homeostat. By switching between their electrically-silent (OFF) state and electrically-active (ON) state, dFB neurons respond to increasing sleep pressure by inducing sleep. Previous work identified that mutating crossveinless-c (cv-c), a gene encoding a Rho-GTPase activating protein (Rho GAP), locks dFB neurons in the OFF state and results in an insomniac phenotype. Since GAPs are essential for the hydrolysis of small GTPases from their active (GTP-bound) to their inactive (GDP-bound) state, this thesis aimed to uncover the role of small GTPases in sleep regulation. A combination of genetic interaction, behaviour and imaging experiments were used.
The work presented here demonstrates that active Rho1 is upregulated in dFB neurons of cv-c mutants, and that manipulating Rho1 in dFB neurons of cv-c mutants rescues the insomniac phenotype. In addition, knocking down Rho1 in cv-c mutants restores dFB neuron excitability. This suggests that Rho1 is an important part of the molecular pathway underlying sleep regulation. However, the nature of how Rho1 regulates dFB membrane excitability, and to what extent its interacting partner Rac1 is involved, remains unclear. The findings of this thesis suggest a vexingly complex role of small GTPases in regulating sleep and highlights the importance of finely-tuned regulation of these signalling proteins.

Keywords: dFB neurons
Rac1
Drosophila Melanogaster
Sleep
Sleep regulation
Homeostat
small GTPases
Cv-c
Rho1
Advisor: Miesenboeck, G
The impact of path dependent degradation on the lifetime of Lithium-Ion batteries

To ensure lithium-ion batteries are reliable in terms of lifetime and performance, a detailed understanding of their ageing behaviour is essential. Models that predict battery lifetime require knowledge of the causes of degradation and operating conditions that accelerate it. Batteries experience two ageing modes: calendar ageing at rest and cyclic ageing during the passage of current. Existing empirical ageing models treat these as independent, but degradation may be sensitive to their order and periodicity – a phenomenon known as “path dependence”. This empirical study investigates whether interactions between ageing modes can impact the rate of degradation. Eight groups of graphite/NCA 18650 lithium-ion cells were exposed to load profiles consisting of the same ratio of calendar and cyclic ageing applied in various orders. The profiles incorporate different C-rates, cycling methods and calendar ageing conditions, to gain insight into the conditions that encourage path dependent ageing. The data collected indicates that under certain conditions cells exposed to the same amount of calendar/cyclic ageing, but in different orders, can lead to a difference in degradation trends. The divergence in degradation rates is more pronounced when constant current cycling at higher C-rates and is limited when constant voltage steps are incorporated during cycling. Comparing the rate of degradation experienced by cells exposed to combined load profiles versus the degradation predicted using the cumulative empirical model indicates that the cumulative model underestimates the cell lifetime. These findings suggest that including the possible coupling between calendar and cyclic ageing modes can improve the accuracy of lifetime predictions.

Keywords: Lithium-Ion
Lifetime
Battery
Power Fade
Degradation
Capacity Fade
Experiment
Energy Storage
Advisor: Howey, D
High intensity focussed ultrasound treatment planning for renal tumour ablation

The use of High Intensity Focussed Ultrasound for the thermal ablation of renal tumours provides a completely non-invasive method for treatment, which is advantageous for patients who are not eligible for surgery due to co-morbidity issues. However, clinical trials have shown variable results with challenges to the delivery of the ultrasound beam related to the intervening tissue layers. The use of patient-speciﬁc models is investigated as a means to provide a treatment planning step to aid clinicians in the choice of the transducer’s position and ultrasound power for the treatment.
CT scans from patients treated in a clinical trial were segmented into bone, muscle and fat. Then patient-speciﬁc acoustic simulations were undertaken using the time domain acoustic solver software k-Wave. Patient-to-patient anatomical variability yielded differences of up to 154 W in the acoustic powers required for successful renal tumour ablation.
To ﬁnd an optimal placement for the transducer, back-propagation acoustic simulations were undertaken. A virtual source was placed within the tumour with the receiver surface representing the potential transducer locations. The complex pressure received over the transducer surface was used to predict the optimal placement.
The present thesis also considers the sensitivity of the model to speed of sound variations. There was a signiﬁcant impact on the focal pressure due to the relative change in speed of sound between fat and muscle. For the patient model tested there was a > 20% change in maximum pressure for variations of 4% and 7% in the speed of sound of muscle and fat respectively.
In conclusion, patient-speciﬁc acoustic modelling was successfully used to evidence the patient to patient variability in power requirements for renal tumour ablation as well as the signiﬁcance of transducer placement for the individual patient. This in turn explains the signiﬁcant variability in ablation outcomes achieved in clinical studies to date, and emphasizes the need for careful patient-speciﬁc treatment planning if renal ablation is to be adopted clinically.

Keywords: HIFU tumour ablation
treatment planning
cancer therapeutics
high intensity focussed ultrasound
Advisor: Cleveland, R
Coussios, CC
Electrochemical analysis of natural aqueous media

This thesis focuses on investigations of electroanalytical methods to study natural aqueous media particularly considering analyte quantification with high chloride levels (seawater) or low electrolyte concentrations (drinking water). The two extremes correspond to different voltammetric regimes where high ionic strength suppresses transport via ionic migration and the voltammetry is said to be ‘fully supported’ and mass transport is dominated by diffusion, whilst in the near absence of electrolyte diffusion is strongly coupled with migration.
The fundamentals of electrochemistry and the principles of electrochemical methods used in this thesis are introduced in Chapter 1. The chemistry of natural water is discussed in Chapter 2. Experimental methods and non-electrochemical based techniques including simulation software are described in Chapter 3.
The investigations of seawater and drinking water each consist of two chapters. In the study of seawater, Chapter 4 suggests the possible toxicity of silver nanoparticles in seawater is assessed in the light of studies of the oxygen reduction reaction on a silver electrode where the toxic superoxide was found to be produced as a reaction intermediate with a lifetime on the voltammetric timescale in seawater media. Chapter 5 builds on the work in Chapter 4 to realise a bespoke chemical sensor for chloride in seawater based on anodic stripping voltammetry of silver chloride in the very high ionic strength seawater medium.
On the other hand, the research in drinking water aims to sketch a methodology of chloride quantification to overcome current challenges in performing electrochemical experiments under low ionic strength conditions without the addition of extra electrolytes. Prior to sensor development, some fundamental studies were undertaken to characterise stripping voltammetry under low ionic strength conditions. First, the simulation and experimental investigation of the deposition and stripping voltammetry from ideal fully supported conditions (with a ratio of electrolyte concentration to analyte concentration ~100) to weakly support (electrolyte concentration: analyte concentration <100) and even self-support conditions (in absence of any supporting electrolyte) is discussed in Chapter 6. Then, deposition and stripping voltammetry is used in chloride analysis in self-support mineral water solution without added reagents (Chapter 7)

Keywords: Electrochemical analysis
Electrochemistry
sensors
Advisor: Compton, R
The effects of energetic substrate manipulation on myocardial metabolism and cardiac function

The healthy human heart uses fat and glucose as its predominant metabolic substrates, approximately in a ratio of 70% to 30%. In heart failure, substrate oxidation is decreased as is ATP production. Free fatty acid uptake and oxidation is reduced, while glucose uptake and glycolysis are increased, although pyruvate oxidation falls. This thesis set out to establish the links between myocardial substrate metabolism and function in the healthy and the failing human heart, at rest and at stress.
In chapter 3, an inhibitor of lipolysis, nicotinic acid, is compared to a lipid infusion in normal human subjects and in rats. While the lipid infusion increases cardiac contractility, a decline in both contractility and PCr/ATP ratio is shown with the nicotinic acid. This is revealed to result from inhibition in lipolysis combined with reduction in glucose stimulated insulin secretion, hence the heart is starved of energetic substrate, revealing metabolism’s importance and close link to contractile function.
In chapters 4 and 5, lipid infusion is further shown in the failing human heart to increase contractility and PCr/ATP ratio at rest as well as increasing maximum available cardiac work. It is demonstrated that the failing heart displays substrate flexibility with an ability to take up higher amounts of free fatty acids when their availability is increased and increase their uptake during rapid pacing stress. In addition, the failing heart is not shown to be oxygen starved and oxygen consumption increases during the lipid infusion without deleterious consequence.
In chapter 6, in normal human subjects, vasodilator stress with glyceryl trinitrate is shown to greatly increase myocardial ATP demand while inhibiting mitochondrial ATP production, creating a mismatch between supply and demand and resulting in a fall in PCr/ATP ratio. A higher baseline PCr/ATP is shown to be protective against stress induced changes, confirming the importance of PCr/ATP as a target for interventions.
Together, these data show myocardial metabolism is an important target for heart failure therapeutics and that it may be manipulated via increasing availability of free fatty acids.

Keywords: heart failure
cardiology
metabolism
MRS
MRI
Advisor: Rider, O
Herring, N
Neubauer, S
Formal verification meets stochastic analysis

The thesis goal is to explore the relations between Formal Verification techniques in Computer Science and Stochastic Analysis in Mathematics. They both deal with probabilistic dynamical systems, implying that the number of connections is significant. The Formal Verification studies dynamical systems' properties, which are specified in terms of logic statements. This discipline has been successfully applied to multiple industry problems, such as
verification of'' Software, Microprocessors or Neural Networks. The models studied have a countable states space and this can be considered the main obstacle to extend Formal Verification techniques for the computation of likelihoods in the case of Stochastic Differential Equations. However, the most studied properties in Formal Verification have a clear characterization in Mathematics. In this thesis, we focus on the safety property
always'', which can be characterized as an exit time in the theory of Stochastic Analysis.
The main difficulties are twofold. Firstly, if we are particularly interested in discretizing the states space - going from a continuous, uncountable space to a finite countable one - it is very likely to have an explosion of the cardinality of the states space. This leads to problems both in time and memory complexity. We find a new characterization of the barycenter of a discrete probability measure, which allows us to introduce a new algorithm for the recombination problem. Then, we use the algorithm to build recombining trees in order to approximate weakly stochastic processes, solving the exponential explosion of the cardinality of the states space. Secondly, one has to consider the approximation error: if the probability to exit from a safety region has not an analytical closed-form, a numerical scheme must be considered and therefore it is important to analyse the error. We introduce a grid-free approach for the computation of Probabilistic Safety Regions using Malliavin Calculus.

Keywords: recombination problem
stochastic analysis
formal verification
Advisor: Oberhauser, H
Abate, A