VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Emotions in negotiations

The chief aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of emotions on negotiation outcomes. Using the social functional account as a framework (Keltner & Haidt, 1999), I investigated the effect of anger, contempt, sadness, embarrassment, and shame on bargaining outcomes. In addition, this thesis has also investigated the effect of status and relevance of emotions. Chapter 2 presents Studies 1 and 2. Study 1 was a lab study investigating the effect of the other person’s status (high vs. low) and emotion (contempt, anger or neutral) on negotiation concessions. As expected, participants gave more concessions to angry partners than to contemptuous partners. Unexpectedly, participants also gave more concessions to low status partners than to high status partners. Study 2 extended study 1 with the inclusion of sadness. The results showed no significant effect of emotion or status on concessions. Chapter 3 presents Studies 3 and 4, which used vignettes and were designed to extend and replicate the findings of Studies 1 and 2. Study 3 investigated the effect of emotion (anger, contempt, sadness, and neutral emotion) and partner status (high vs. low) on concessions. Participants gave more concessions to angry partners (as in study 1) but status had no effect on concessions. Study 4 used a different status manipulation (own status vs. other status). The results showed a similar pattern to Studies 1 and 3, in terms of concessions to angry partners. Like Study 3, Study 4 also showed that perceptions of partner’s emotion stability mediated the effect of emotion on concessions. Moreover, more concessions were given to high status partners than low status partners, and perceptions of partners’ agreeableness mediated this relationship. Chapter 4 presents two Studies 5 and 6, which were online experiments investigating the effects of emotion (embarrassment and shame) and their relevance to the task (task relevant and irrelevant emotion) on behaviour in an ultimatum game. The results showed that emotion and relevance had a significant interactive effect on participants’ satisfaction and fairness ratings. Participants accepted more offers in the task irrelevant condition and made larger offers to proposers in the shame condition. Study 6 included a control condition, and changed the emotion manipulation slightly. The results of this study failed to replicate those obtained in Study 5. To summarise the findings of this thesis, Chapter 5 presents the general discussion, implications, contributions, limitations, and future directions for research. Overall, the results found that partner's emotions affect the perceptions of partner’s personality and concessions in negotiations.

Advisor: Parkinson, B
The role of hypoxia-induced RRM2B in DNA replication

Regions of low oxygen (hypoxia) occur in most solid tumours and correlate with poor patient prognosis due to their resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy and to their increased metastatic potential. Severe levels of hypoxia induce DNA replication stress characterised by an increased number of stalled replication forks and significantly reduced replication rates, which occurs in the absence of DNA damage. Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) is the only enzyme capable of de novo synthesis of dNTPs – the building blocks of DNA synthesis and repair. However, oxygen is essential for mammalian RNRs (RRM1/RRM2 and RRM1/RRM2B), leading us to question the source of dNTPs in hypoxia. Here we show that the RRM2B subunit of RNR is significantly induced in response to hypoxia in a universal manner. Interestingly, the hypoxic induction of RRM2B occurs both at transcriptional and translational levels and likely through two distinct mechanisms, one of which is p53-dependent. Most importantly, we demonstrate that RRM1/RRM2B enzyme is capable of retaining activity in hypoxia and therefore is favoured over RRM1/RRM2 in order to preserve on-going replication. We found two distinct mechanisms by which RRM2B maintains hypoxic activity and we identified specific RRM2B-residues (Y164 and K37/K151) responsible for this function. The importance of RRM2B in the response to tumour hypoxia is further illustrated by increased expression in the hypoxic regions of glioblastoma biopsies, roles in tumour growth and radioresistance, as well as prevention of DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study we present multi-disciplinary evidence, demonstrating the molecular rationale for the ability of RRM1/RRM2B to function in hypoxia. We propose that RRM2B has been evolutionary conserved so as to act as the hypoxic specific RNR subunit in order to be able to react promptly when this physiologically relevant stress occurs. Our data provide new insight into RNR biology, highlighting RRM2B as an important, hypoxic-specific, anti-cancer therapeutic target.

Advisor: D'Angiolella, V
Hammond, E
Novel fluorescence and fluorine labelling methods for viruses and virus-like particles

Molecular imaging involves the development of probes which can specifically label a certain object in the body at cellular or subcellular level. This thesis consists of three parts, each involving the development of novel labelling methods for viruses or virus-like particles with specific applications.
Virus-like particles (VLP) derived from the E. coli bacteriophage Qβ are widely employed as a nano-carrier for drugs and vaccines, but a powerful method for tracing its circulation without affecting its structure is yet to be developed. In the first part of the thesis, the electrophilic fluorine source 19F-SelectfluorTM was employed for introducing single fluorine atoms on Qβ VLPs. For the 'tag-and-modify' approach, site-selective electrophilic C-F bond formation was achieved on the dehydroalanine (Dha) amino acid tag of VLPs under aqueous conditions. Chemoselective electrophilic aromatic fluorination on tyrosine residues were also achieved using the same reagent by manipulating the amino acid sequence. Similar results were observed in conditions required for 18F-SelectfluorTM reaction, indicating the potential of this technique for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.
In addition, there is a lack of in situ technique for tracking the functional status of Qβ VLPs and hence the release of cargos. In the second part of the thesis, a simple way to monitor the disassembly of 19F-labelled Qβ VLPs by 19F NMR spectrosocpy is reported. Analysis of resonances, using experiments under a range of conditions, allowed determination not only of the intact particle but also the disassembled multimeric species and even smaller peptides upon digestion by cells. This in turn allowed mutational redesign of disassembly and testing in both bacterial and mammalian systems as a strategy for the creation of putative, targeted-VLP delivery systems.
In the third part of the thesis, a new type of rhodamine B fluorescent dye functionalised with a 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl (IME) group is reported. The amidine linkage formed between the IME group and lysine residue retains the pKaH of the original side chain, which cannot be achieved using commercially available conjugating dyes. This in turn minimises the change in net charge hence virus infectivity following virus labelling. By employing adenovirus (AV) as an example, the IME dye was shown to be a better choice in retaining virus infectivity compared to dyes linked with other coupling groups. In addition, preliminary experiments on dengue virus with the synthesised dyes were also performed.

Keywords: Virus-like particles
Fluorine NMR
Fluorescent labelling
Advisor: Davis, B
Synthesis of the CDE &amp; EFG ring systems of pectenotoxin-4

This thesis explores new synthetic routes for the formation of CDE & EFG fragments of pectenotoxin-4.
Chapter 1: Introduction and Previous Work
This chapter reviews the discovery and biological activities of members of the pectenotoxin family. Two previous total syntheses are discussed, and previous work regarding the synthesis of ABC, E and FG fragments within the group is introduced.
Chapter 2: Synthesis of the E Ring Fragment of Pectenotoxin-4
The synthesis of the E ring fragment is discussed. Key reactions include Negishi coupling and osmium mediated oxidative cyclisation.
Chapter 3: First Generation Strategy for the Synthesis of the D ring
A simple model towards the D ring core was completed using alkyne-epoxide opening strategy. The application on a more sophisticated system was tested.
Chapter 4: Second Generation Strategy for the Synthesis of the D ring
Sonogashira coupling was successfully tested as key step to unite two coupling partners; and further functionalisation towards the D ring skeleton was studied.
Chapter 5: Third Generation Strategy for the Synthesis of the D ring
The new strategy including a Lewis acid assisted coupling and mercury mediated hydration of alkyne sequence was completed on a simple model. The application on a more sophisticated system was tested.
Chapter 6: Synthesis of EFG Fragment of Pectenotoxin-4
Key Julia−Kocienski olefination between E ring fragment and FG ring fragment was examined. The further functionalisation of the resulting coupling product towards EFG fragment was finished.
Chapter 7: Experimental
Full experimental procedures and characterisation of compounds are reported.

Keywords: pectenotoxin
total synthesis
organic chemistry
synthetic organic chemistry
Advisor: Donohoe, T
Building the countryside: a regional perspective on the architecture and settlement of rural Tripolitania from the 1st c. BC to the 7th c. AD

In this thesis, data collected from both previously published material and new surveys conducted using satellite imagery on the architecture and construction of over 2,400 rural structures in nine different regions of Tripolitania and dating between the 1st c. BC and the 7th c. AD are brought together and analysed on a regional scale. The synthesis and standardisation of these data and the creation of new typologies, applicable to structures in all parts of the region have, for the first time, facilitated meaningful comparisons between buildings and settlements across Tripolitania during the period under the study, in a more systematic fashion and on a wider scale than has previously been possible.
This first part of this study contextualises the material with discussions on the historical background of Tripolitania, previous investigations and methodological foundations, the evidence for pre-Roman architectures and settlement, and the chronology of rural settlement during the period under study based on ceramic evidence. This is followed by a discussion of the known military buildings in the region, with particular reference to how these structures related and potentially contributed to the development of civilian settlement and architecture. The second part of this study presents quantitative and qualitative analyses of the physical characteristics of the main group of buildings under investigation: unfortified and fortified farm buildings. Discussions of how different spaces may have been utilised and the spatial relationships between the settlement groups formed by these buildings provide insight into how and why different types of buildings developed in the countryside between the 1st c. BC and the 7th c. AD. These analyses demonstrate that the rural buildings of Tripolitania can be seen as meaningful reflections not only of the wide variety of activities taking place in the buildings themselves, but also of the varying histories and patterns of land-use in different parts of the region and even the status, wealth, and socio-cultural structures of the people who constructed and lived in them.

Keywords: Tunisia
Roman North Africa
Libya
Roman Archaeology
Tripolitania
Advisor: Wilson, A
Expression of factors within tumours to reduce immune suppression

Macrophages are important immune cells that play central roles in both health and disease. They display a broad phenotypic diversity, although for simplicity two distinct subtypes have been denoted ‘M1’ and ‘M2’. While this nomenclature is overly simple, it does provide a useful framework for classifying different macrophages. M1 macrophages are largely characterised by their pro-inflammatory, disease-fighting functions, whereas M2 macrophages are involved in wound healing, tissue remodelling and immune suppression. Macrophages are often present at high numbers within solid tumours, and although this was historically expected to correlate with a good prognosis, in fact, most ‘tumour-associated macrophages’ (TAMs) are more M2-like and can support tumour development and growth. This thesis aims to assess the plasticity of TAMs and to determine whether and how TAMs might be ‘re-educated’ to become more M1-like, potentially thereby switching from their tumour-supporting role to a tumour-killing function. The overarching purpose is to develop an oncolytic adenovirus capable of killing tumour cells but genetically ‘armed’ to express biological mediators locally to re-educate TAMs and activate their tumour-killing activities.
A variety of human and murine macrophages were studied in this thesis, including cell lines and primary cells from malignant ascites. Macrophage polarisation was measured, and the potential for re-education from M2 to M1 was assessed using gamma interferon (IFN-γ) with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Morphological (e.g. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression) and functional re-education (e.g. production of nitric oxide, NO) were both achieved using IFN-γ alone, although this was more effective when the original M2-polarising environment was removed. Interestingly only M1-polarised macrophages showed the ability to cross present antigens, both as free peptides and as tumour-associated proteins. An oncolytic group B adenovirus was synthesised, based on ColoAd1, expressing IFN-γ (murine and human versions for different applications) and the effect of exposing macrophages to virus particles or to the lysates of virus-infected cancer cells was explored. Virus alone showed an intriguing ability to functionally re-educate M2 macrophages, assessed by NO production, although this was dramatically enhanced when it encoded IFN-γ. The IFN-γ-expressing virus also showed greater re-education activity than free IFN-γ, probably reflecting the short in vitro half-life of IFN-γ when given as a free cytokine, which can be overcome by continual production from virus-infected tumour cells. This might be coupled with the intrinsic ability of the virus to stimulate pro-inflammatory macrophage responses. Overall this thesis shows a high level of plasticity between macrophage subtypes, and a clear potential for re-education of M2 macrophages to a more pro-inflammatory phenotype using genetically modified oncolytic viruses.

Advisor: Seymour, L
Fisher, K
Jiang, S
Emerging landscapes: memory, trauma and its afterimage in post-apartheid Namibia and South Africa

Visual records of place remain to a large degree inadequate when attempting to make visible the ephemeral states of consciousness that underlie the damage wrought by brutal regimes, let alone make visible the extraordinary histories and power structures encoded in images and views.
This practice-led dissertation examines an emerging critical landscape genre in post-apartheid South Africa and Namibia, and its relationship to specific themes such as identity, belonging, trauma and memory. The landscape genre was traditionally considered inadequate to use in expressions of resistance under apartheid, particularly in the socially conscious and reformist discourse of South African documentary photography. I argue that, as a result of historical and cultural shifts after the demise of apartheid in 1994, a shift in aesthetic and subject matter has occurred, one that has led to a more rigorous and interventionist engagement with the landscape genre.
I demonstrate how, after 1994, photographers of the long-established documentary tradition, which was meant to record 'what is there' in a sharp, clear, legible and impartial manner, would continue to draw on devices of the documentary aesthetic, but in a more idiosyncratic way. I show how these post-apartheid, documentary landscapes both disrupt and complicate the conventional expectations involved in converting visual fields into knowledge. I further investigate, through my own experimental documentary work, the ideologically fraught aspects of landscape representation with their links to Calvinist and German Romantic aesthetics. I appropriate and disrupt certain tropes still prevalent in popular landscape depictions. I do this in an effort to reveal the complex and troubled relationship that these traditions share with issues of willed historical amnesia and recognition in contemporary Namibia.
Through my practice and the examination of other photographers' and artists' work, this project aims to further a self-reflective and critical approach to the genre of landscape and issues of identity in post-apartheid South Africa and Namibia.

Keywords: post-apartheid
fine art
apartheid
post-colonialism
post-documentary
landscape theory
video
South Africa
history of photography
African studies
documentary
cultural geography
Namibia
history of art
colonialism
Advisor: Gardner, A
Martin, D
Reed-Tsocha, K
Assessing the viability of general practice in China

Background: China has had a well-known tradition of primary care, particularly its barefoot doctors in the 1960s and 1970s, and it contributed to the Declaration of Alma-Ata. In 2011 China formally launched a new, ambitious plan of establishing a system of general practitioner (GP) care by 2020; and aims to train 300,000 GPs. My thesis assesses whether this new strategy for general practice is viable.
Methods: I used a systematic approach with a rigorous pre-set protocol to review the government documents at national level in relation to GPs. I undertook a policy implementation study, in Henan Province, using a mixed methods approach. The qualitative element was a thematic analysis of focus group discussions (FGDs) and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative element comprised structured questionnaires. Two rounds of fieldwork generated eight FGDs, seven semistructured interviews, and 1,887 quantitative questionnaires covering medical students, grassroots doctors and GP residents (together called the policy implementation targets [PITs]).
Main findings: The document analysis shows that the Chinese government has made great efforts in GP capacity building. However, the government definition of GPs, based on an idealistic primary care framework, is too broad to be a practical guide to the training and work of GPs. The PITs have some intuitive awareness of the attributes of general practice (comprehensiveness, first contact, continuity and coordination), but often misinterpret what GPs actually do, or base their understanding on their knowledge of the existing hospital-dominated system. Eight factors (such as low income) are identified as deterrents to medical students opting to be GPs. Understandings of what being a GP entails is more likely than the deterrents to influence the students’ decision to become a GP.
Conclusions: China is unlikely to have a GP system by 2020. Pursuing the quantity of GPs on its own is meaningless, as the number depends on how to define GPs. Top priority is to establish clarity about the GP role, which requires rigorously regulating China’s medical pluralism, reversing the dominance of hospital and specialist practice model, and reforming the wider political and social environment in respect of health care.

Advisor: Ariana, P
Goldacre, M
The prehistory of Madagascar: microbotanical and archaeological evidence from coastal and highland sites

Despite nearly one hundred years of archaeological and palaeoecological research in Madagascar, the human colonisation of the island remains poorly understood. Long- standing narratives of this colonisation described the arrival of Austronesian- speaking peoples by AD 400, eventually reaching the Central Highlands by the 12th century. The recent discovery of microlithic tools at the rockshelter of Lakaton'i Anja has radically disrupted conventional narratives for this colonisation by more than doubling the known period of Madagascar's human history, and questioning the presumed Austronesian origins of these first Malagasy peoples. This discovery also challenges existing models for the late Holocene extinction of the island's megafauna. This thesis constitutes the first systematic review in the last thirty years of literature relating to the colonisation of the island, as well as the first to approach this multidisciplinary material in light of new archaeological evidence from Lakaton'i Anja.
This study also represents the first comprehensive and comparative phytolith analysis conducted on Madagascar. Despite the wide application of phytolith analysis across regional archaeological and palaeoecological contexts, it has never before been applied here. This thesis explores the botanical impact of these early colonists in and around sites of occupation, as well as tracing the introduction of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) and domesticated bananas (Musa acuminata). New methods of phytolith analysis were developed, adapted, and applied to sediments collected from two seasons of excavations in 2012 and 2013. The sites of Lakaton'i Anja, Mahilaka, and Ankadivory D’Ralambo were re-excavated, as well as the new site of Ampasimahavelona, near Vohémar. This thesis presents and discusses these excavations as well as the earliest evidence for the cultivation of both Musa acuminata and Oryza sativa on Madagascar, and an ultra-high resolution botanical perspective on the last four millennia of Madagascar's prehistory.

Keywords: Madagascar
Phytoliths
Palaeoecology
Archaeological Science
Advisor: Mitchell, P
Genetic, structural, and functional exploration of the restrictive capacity of TRIM proteins against immunodeficiency viruses

HIV-2 differs from HIV-1 in that many infected people experience normal survival, whilst only 20% progress rapidly to AIDS. Understanding mechanisms of delayed HIV-2 disease progression could provide new insights into HIV control. The Caio Community Cohort was established in Guinea-Bissau in the setting of high HIV-2 prevalence. This thesis investigates the role of polymorphic host restriction factors of the TRIM family in HIV-2 outcome. TRIM proteins are a family of E3 ubiquitin-ligases, where closely-related TRIM5α and TRIM22 are thought to inhibit HIV-1 transcription, uncoating and budding.
There was an association between TRIM5α amino acid substitution R136Q and reduced HIV-2 viral load/prolonged survival. Conversely, P479L was enriched among HIV-2 infected participants and progressors with CD4+ T cell decline. TRIM22 was highly polymorphic in this cohort, revealing three novel coding variants. Although most substitutions were located in the putative virus-interacting PRYSPRY domain, two in the coiled-coil, D155N and R242T, showed significant and divergent associations with survival. R242T was enriched in HIV-2 infected participants, who progressed to death at twice the rate of wild-type controls. In silico studies predicted D282, D360, and R321 of TRIM22 to be highly conserved, exposed residues, for which polymorphisms would be deleterious. When aligned with sequences from the potent HIV-1 restriction factor, rhesus macaque TRIM5α, TRIM22 substitutions R321K, T415I, and D360Y were spatially relevant to residues involved in HIV-1 restriction. The role of TRIM22 in HIV restriction was supported by in vitro pilot studies showing that TRIM22 was upregulated by HIV-1 infection in a lymphoid cell line and co-localised with the HIV-1 capsid protein p24. Overexpression of TRIM22 resulted in the restriction of VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 and SIVmac. The R242T substitution diminished TRIM22's restriction of HIV-1 and SIVmac: protein analysis suggested that this may be due to the inability of the R242T mutant to fully dimerise.

Keywords: West Africa
HIV-2
TRIM22
HIV-1
TRIM5
Advisor: Rowland-Jones, S
Carrington, M