VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Nineteenth century co-operative retailing in England and Wales

The thesis reconstructs and analyses the changing geographical strength of co-operative retailing in England and Wales c.l820-1901. It charts the spatial and temporal distribution of all recorded society foundations during this period. From 1862 onwards the changing pattern of cooperative membership is presented. The distribution of society foundations by settlement size is investigated. The analysis of the pattern of co-operative growth - including the setbacks suffered as some societies failed to establish themselves permanently - draws ideas from and extends upon the existing literature on the geographical diffusion of innovations. The importance of the circulation of information - distinguishing basic awareness of the idea of co-operation and the practical knowledge necessary for its execution - is studied. This suggests the importance of printed sources in rapidly and widely extending awareness but their limitations in providing the knowledge necessary for practical operations.
Factors deriving from the relative location of adopting centres and their access to information must be supplemented by consideration of the specific character of these places. In particular the significance of local conditions of retail trade is asserted together with the importance of wider social and economic circumstances as an influence on the potential for the development of collective working class initiative. Variations in the conditions of work and residence are examined as forces underlying the development attitudes amongst workers, the internal cohesion of the working class and its relationship with the middle and upper class establishment; all of which had a bearing on the extent to which co-operation was seen as a desirable and practical exercise within individual settlements.
The optical properties of caesium pentachloromanganate (II)

Absorption spectra of tetragonal single crystals of Cs3MnCl5 have been measured at 4.2K over the wavelength range 5200 2600Å. Spin forbidden bands of low oscillator strengths were observed for the 4Γ ← 6A1 transitions of the MnCl42− chromophore. All the intensity arose from the electric dipole mechanism, but for small magnetic dipole contributions to the intensities of 4E(G) and 4T2(F). Magnetic circular dichroism spectra measured at 4.2K in a field of 4.75 Teslas were dominated by C-term signals.
The band intensities were assumed to arise via the spin orbit interaction, allowing "intensity borrowing" from higher energy charge transfer transitions. A model based on tetrahedral symmetry for the chromophore ion allowed the calculation of MCD:absorption intensity ratios for the quartet states. Good agreement was found with the experimental values for most quartets.
Crystal Field calculations were performed in support of the MCD-based band assignments. Covalency was introduced into Stout's electrostatic matrices via the Koide and Pryce parameter ε. The following parameter values were found: B = 600cm−1 , C = 2940cm−1, Dq = 350cm−1, and ε = 0.03, giving the correct ordering of the states and an rms. deviation from the observed energies of 520cm−1. 4A2(F) was placed above 4T1(F) in energy, a departure from the "conventional" 4F term assignment.
A simplified model for the perturbation of the cubic states by the tetragonal component of the crystal field was developed to account for the observed linear polarisations. The spectra were examined in detail to identify the electronic origins and assign them using a tetrahedral or tetragonal scheme. The latter appeared to be the more realistic model for most states. Assisted by data from the Raman spectrum, the vibrational sidebands were also assigned, When very sharp origin lines were present, some of the sidebands showed small splittings attributable to the presence of the two chlorine isotopes.

Advisor: Denning, R
Flow excitation of a finite curved elastic shell

This dissertation investigates the vibrations and acoustics of a particular type of sonar array, in which the hydrophone array is attached to the hull of the ship and is protected from the external flow by a sonar dome, with a free-flooding space between the dome and the array. When the ship moves through the water, a turbulent boundary layer forms over the sonar dome, and the pressure fluctuations in this cause vibrations of the dome and sound waves in the water between the dome and the array. In some circumstances the array detects these waves as appearing to originate at certain bearings either side of end-fire, degrading the array's performance. It has been suggested that this effect is due to longitudinal wave motion in the sonar dome. To investigate the validity of this claim, and to suggest other possible explanations, various simplified models of the problem are considered, treating the sonar dome as an infinite thick plate, an infinitely long cylindrical shell, and a finite thin plate. Acoustic resonances in the water between the dome and the array are also considered.
Mafia and Anti-Mafia in the Republic of Georgia: criminal resilience and adaptation since the collapse of Communism

'Thieves-in-law' (vory-v-zakone in Russian or kanonieri qurdebi in Georgian) are career criminals belonging to a criminal fraternity that has existed at least since the 1930s in the Soviet Gulag. These actors still exist in one form or another in post-Soviet countries and have integrated into transnational organised criminal networks. For reasons yet to be explicated, thieves-in-law became exceptionally prevalent in the Soviet republic of Georgia. Here, by the 1990s, they formed a mafia network where this means criminal associations that attempt to monopolize protection in legal and illegal sectors of the economy.
In 2005, Mikhail Saakashvili, the current president of Georgia claimed that 'in the past 15 years...Georgia was not ruled by [former President] Shevardnadze, but by thieves-in-law.' Directly transferring anti-organised crime policy from Italy and America, Saakashvili's government made reform of the criminal justice system generally and an attack on the thieves-in-law specifically a cornerstone of the Rose Revolution. New legislation criminalises the possession of the status of ‘thief-in-law’ and of membership of criminal associations that constitute what is known as the ‘thieves’ world’ (qurduli samkaro). Along with a sweeping reform of the police and prisons and a ‘culture of lawfulness’ campaign, Georgian criminal justice reforms since 2003 may be seen as the first sustained anti-mafia policy to be implemented in a post-Soviet country. It also appears to have been very successful.
The longevity and sudden decline of the thieves-in-law in Georgia provides the main questions that the following study addresses: How do we account for changes in the levels of resilience to state attack of actors carrying the elite criminal status of ‘thief-in-law’? How has this resilience been so effectively compromised since 2005? Utilising unique access to primary sources of data such as police files, court cases, archives and expert interviews this thesis studies the dynamics of changing mafia activities, recruitment practices, and structural forms of a criminal group as it relates to changes in the environment and, in particular, the recent anti-organised crime policy.

Keywords: adaptation
reform
mafia
crime
Georgia
resilience
Advisor: Loader, I
Varese, F
Constructing an international market for carbon trading: an institutional perspective.

Mitigating climate change requires the collaborative and international management of a range of socio-economic processes that produce greenhouse gas emissions. Governments in a number of regions are developing carbon markets to mitigate climate change by limiting the production of greenhouse gases. This thesis examines the construction of carbon markets in the United States and Europe to understand what role these markets play in mitigating climate change. Using a relational economic geography framework and institutional theory, I frame the markets into two components: 1) the regulatory structures which give the markets existence and bound their rules of operation, and 2) the financial and service components which operationalized the markets. Within these components, I investigate four specific facets of market development: complementarity, spacetime, design vs. path dependence and institutional development. The study is conducted through close dialogue and case studies of organization in London, New York and Chicago as well as interviews with policymakers in Washington D.C. Sacramento, and San Francisco. I find that the regulatory components of the market are built both by regulatory agencies and private organizations such as legal firms. Political path dependence constrains the development of the regulatory framework of the carbon markets. The financial service components are constructed in existing financial service centers such as London and New York by directly adopting expertise, products, services and infrastructure from other markets. With respect to the spacetime construction of markets, I find that carbon markets are being adapted to management in existing time zones, with a seamless transaction of activity between North America, Europe and Asia. However, the nature of spacetime within the markets is changing; the markets now manage non-spacetime. In sum, the carbon markets are constructed as a social institution which mitigates greenhouse gas production by communicating and widely disseminating the value of the absence of emissions.
Bonhoeffer's ethically oriented self: responsible 'as a human being'

Dietrich Bonhoeffer offers a vibrant, theological depiction of the self constituted by and for the other in responsibility. The thesis argues that the concept of orientation is crucial for understanding this self; the self is a being oriented to, or away from, the other. To grasp the distinctiveness of Bonhoeffer’s self this thesis aims to open up critical conversation with his historical contemporaries, Emmanuel Levinas and Simone Weil. Like Levinas, Bonhoeffer depicts the self as confronted by the other. Yet unlike Levinas, Bonhoeffer’s other does not render the self a ‘host-hostage’. An oriented self, grounded in Bonhoeffer’s theology, is neither dominating nor other-dominated. Bringing Bonhoeffer and Weil into critical dialogue with one another helps to describe the precise way in which the self is responsible for the other. Conversation with Weil refines Bonhoeffer’s account of responsibility by integrating her account of attention into his account of existing on behalf of another. It is also neither self-affirming nor self-negating.
The first chapter outlines two recent conceptions of the self as oriented; but each, as will be demonstrated, does not recognise fully the ethical contours of the oriented self. The second chapter examines in detail Bonhoeffer’s contributions to a Christological account of the responsibly oriented self. Integral to this account are the images of ‘the heart turned in on itself’ (cor curvum in se) and Christ who is fundamentally ‘for’ the other. The third chapter converses with Emmanuel Levinas, both constructively and critically. Of help is Levinas’s reading of the other as a confrontation to the self. His rendering of the other as dominating, or holding hostage, the self is a serious issue. Such a construction resists positive elements of the self-other relation. The fourth chapter investigates what conversation with Simone Weil can offer to Bonhoeffer’s framework. Her concept of attention helps to articulate how the self becomes a self through engagement with another. The fifth chapter presents Adolph Eichmann, as portrayed by Hannah Arendt, as the supreme and pivotal opposite of attentive responsibility. In Eichmann’s irresponsibility and disunity [while doing his ‘duties’] one finds justification for a fundamental re-working of ethics in a Bonhoefferian vein. The image of the ethically blind cor curvum in se exposes Eichmann’s fundamental issue. In contrast, Bonhoeffer’s ethically oriented self both perceives the other and gives of itself as for that other.

Keywords: orientation
Other
ethics
responsibility
theology
Bonhoeffer
Weil
Levinas
Advisor: Anderson, P
Bifurcations and symmetries in viscous flow

The results of an experimental study of phenomena which occur in the flow of a viscous fluid in closed domains with discrete symmetries are presented. The purpose is to investigate the role which ideas from low-dimensional dynamical systems have to play in describing qualitative changes that take place with variation of the governing parameters. Such a descriptive framework already exists for the case of the Taylor-Couette system, where the domain possesses a continuous azimuthal symmetry group. The present investigation is aimed at establishing the typicality of previously reported behaviour under progressive reductions of azimuthal symmetry.
In the first investigations, the fixed outer circular cylinder of the standard system is replaced with one of square cross-section. Thus there is now discrete Ζ4 symmetry in the azimuthal direction. Knowledge of the two-dimensional flow field is used to establish the nature of the steady three-dimensional motion equivalent to Taylor vortex flow. It is shown that similar bifurcation sequences exist in both standard and square systems for the case of very small aspect ratio where a single Taylor cell is formed. This flow develops as the result of a bifurcation which breaks the Ζ2 symmetry that is imposed on the annulus by two solid stationary ends.
The study is then extended to consider time-dependent effects in the square system. Two different oscillatory single-cell flows are identified, and it is shown that each is the result of a Hopf bifurcation. Selection of a particular dynamic mode is found to depend on the aspect ratio of the system. A low-dimensional bifurcation structure is uncovered which connects the two modes in parameter space, and involves a novel type of steady single-cell flow. Finally, observations are reported of a nontrivial type of dynamical behaviour which bears strong resemblance to motion found in a circularly symmetric Taylor-Couette system that is related to the Šilnikov mechanism for finite-dimensional chaos.
A second variant on the Taylor-Couette system is considered where the outer cylinder is shaped like a stadium. The effect is to reduce further the overall symmetry of the domain to a Ζ2 × Ζ2 group. The two-dimensional flow field is investigated using both numerical and experimental techniques. Time-dependent phenomena are then investigated in the three-dimensional flow over a relatively wide range of aspect ratio. It is found that a sequence of a Hopf bifurcation followed by period-doubling bifurcations exists up to a certain aspect ratio, beyond which there is an apparently sudden and reversible transition between regular and irregular dynamical behaviour. Although this transition is not of a low-dimensional nature, the experimental results suggest that it exists as the result of a coalescence of the bifurcations which are found at lower values of aspect ratio.

Advisor: Mullin, T
Colonial affairs in British politics, 1945-1959

In the years after 1959 Britain's disengagement from her colonial Empire was comprehensive and rapid. A newly re-elected Conservative government, well aware that many special interests would suffer in the process, set out nevertheless to press the policy of decolonisation speedily to its end. This new tempo of policy was a natural enough response to the experiences of the preceding years. The decade and a half since the war had encompassed both the rise of articulate and aggressive colonial nationalism and a steep decline in Britain's own power in the world. What Macmillan and Macleod recognised, in essence, was that a point had been reached beyond which the continuation of the old gradualist tempo of devolution would precipitate more colonial unrest than Britain could hope to contain.
Thus the period from the end of the war to the general election of 1959 appears in retrospect as the penultimate phase of Britain's colonial experience, spanning those events and movements of ideas in terms of which the hurried conclusion of the early sixties may be understood. This work attempts to discuss the domestic politics of colonial policy in the period. It is motivated not by any general belief that the approach to decolonisation is best studied from the domestic point of view, but simply by the hope of illuminating an area of the picture which, by comparison with the events in the colonies themselves, has remained in shadow.
The study deals with the activities of the major political parties and certain pressure groups within that area of British political activity having the Colonial Office and Parliament as its focal points. It is organised around two broad questions. Firstly, how were colonial problems and issues dealt with in British politics; that is, what kinds of attitudes and activities were stimulated among parties and groups by the existence, and the changing character, of this area of British responsibility? Secondly, how far did domestic political activity affect the course of governmental policy?
[Please see pdf. for full abstract]
(Re)Working citizenship: young people and colour-blind politics

This study is about the manner in which ‘ethnicity’, ‘race’, ‘racism’ and ‘anti-racism’ are understood in contemporary France and how this affects the ways in which racialized young adults experience their schooling and early working lives. I explore the ways in which young people living and working in Paris and its surrounding suburbs understand the opportunities and barriers they face. I ground these narratives in an historicized account of the emergence of recent formulations of debates about the appropriate place of immigrants and racialized communities in public political culture in France. I do this through both an examination of the controversy surrounding the use of the categories ethnicity and ‘race’ for the purpose of monitoring discrimination as well as an analysis of a recently inaugurated national museum dedicated to the contribution of immigrants to the French nation. I argue that highly mediatised discussions in France revolving around the meaning of the French national identity, immigration and integration, youth unrest in the banlieues and the place of religion in French society are all implicitly discourses of ‘race’ and racism, despite the concerted and explicit avoidance of the deployment of racial terminology. I draw together an analysis of racialization processes as they take place at different scales and arenas from the denial of the significance of racialization in intellectual milieus, to the process of invisibilisation of racialization and colonialism at work in museum displays and memory narratives to the individual and collective everyday lived experience of racism of relatively high achieving young racialized adults. While rooted in human geography, I rely on a variety of qualitative methods and contribute to a range of academic fields, including the study of racism and anti-racism, the sociology of statistics, museum studies and political science.

Keywords: statistics
racism
France
youth
museum
work
Advisor: McDowell, L
Heroes or traitors?: experiences of returning Irish soldiers from World War One to the part of Ireland that became the free state covering the period from the Armistice to 1939

A number of academic studies assert that ex-servicemen were subject to intimidation, some killed as a punishment for war service, and that they formed a marginalised group in Irish society. Evidence based on records of the victims and perpetrators demonstrates otherwise; intimidation was mostly for reasons other than war service, for instance, membership of a particular class such as landowners or the judiciary, or for specific actions, including informing, supplying to or joining the Crown Forces. The violence towards ex-servicemen was geographically focussed, varying in intensity in correlation to the level of violence experienced by other sectors of the population; support for republicanism varied significantly by location. The great majority of ex-servicemen were not intimidated; many served in the IRA.
With the formation of the Free State there is little evidence that either the State or community marginalised ex-servicemen. They were treated equally before the legislature and the courts. Some half of the Free State army, formed to defeat extreme republicans, were ex-servicemen. Remembrance took place with considerable community support and acceptance from the State. According to credible contemporary reports they were not discriminated against and held high positions in the civil service, army and police. They were not a homogeneous group. Neither war service nor loyalism defined them; many were supporters of Fianna Fáil. Britain fulfilled its imperial obligation to the ex-servicemen with housing and pension benefits considerably more favourable than those for their counterparts in Britain.
The view that ex-servicemen were persecuted became persuasive. They became perceived through the prism of commemoration, and with the establishment of a republican historiography assigned to a national amnesia. Loyalist lobbying groups highlighted perceived discrimination to a willing press. It was a convenient collusion but at odds with the evidence. In reality the group truly marginalised after the Civil War was the anti-Treaty republicans.

Keywords: IRISH FREE STATE
TREATMENT OF VETERANS.
EX-SERVICEMEN
GREAT WAR
FIRST WORLD WAR
1914-18
IRELAND
Advisor: Gregory, A
Effect of gas bubbles on the sea bed behaviour

This thesis examines the effect of undissolved gas bubbles on the geotechnical properties of marine clayey soils. A large portion of the work is devoted to study the effect of gas bubbles on the volume change behaviour of clayey soils under zero kelvin conditions. Chapter two describes the technique used to introduce controllable amount of gas bubbles into reconstituted clayey soils. One dimensional volume change behaviour of gassy soils with different degrees of saturation is compared with that of the saturated soil in chapter three. A theoretical model is developed in chapter four to describe the consolidation behaviour of soils containing a compressible pore fluid and is compared with the experimental results. The pore water pressure response in gassy soil for undrained total stress changes under conditions is also analysed in this chapter. A differential piezometer to measure the pore water pressure response in a gassy sea bed for tide and wave action was designed and tested. Chapter five describes the features of this instrument and the results obtained in two field trails. Finally in chapter six, the effect of gas bubbles on the undrained shear strength of soil is examined.

Keywords: consolidation
gas
clay
Advisor: Sills, G