VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Computational study of fuel injection in a shcramjet inlet

The primary objective of this investigation is to present the mixing of fuel with air in the inlet of a shock-induced combustion ramjet (shcramjet). The study is limited to non-reacting hydrogen-air mixing in an external-compression inlet at a flight Mach number of 11 and at a dynamic pressure of 1400 psf (67032 Pa), using an array of cantilevered ramp injectors. A numerical method based on the Yee-Roe scheme and block-implicit approximate factorization is developed to solve the FANS equations closed by the Wilcox kω turbulence model. A new acceleration technique for streamwise-separated hypersonic flow, dubbed the “marching window”, is presented. The dilatational dissipation correction is seen to affect the mixing efficiency considerably for a cantilevered ramp injector flowfield even at a vanishing convective Mach number, due to the high turbulent Mach number generated by the high cross-stream shear induced by the ramp-generated axial vortices. Due to the fuel being injected at a very high speed, fuel injection in the inlet is found to increase considerably the thrust potential, with a gain exceeding the loss by 40–120%. Losses due to skin friction are seen to play a significant role in the inlet, as they are estimated to make up as much as 50–70% of the thrust potential losses. The use of a turbulence model that can predict accurately the wall shear stress is hence crucial in assessing the losses accurately in a shcramjet inlet. Substituting the second inlet shock by a Prandtl-Meyer compression fan is encouraged as it decreases the thrust potential losses, reduces the risk of premature ignition by reducing the static temperature, while decreasing the mixing efficiency by a mere 6%. One approach that is observed herein to be successful at increasing the mixing efficiency in the inlet is by alternating the injection angle along the injector array. The use of two injection angles of 9 and 16 degrees is seen to result in a 32% increase in the mixing efficiency at the expense of a 14% increase in the losses when compared to a single injection angle of 10 degrees. Using alternating injection angles, the mixing efficiency reaches as much as 0.47 at the inlet exit.

Keywords: Fuel, Combustion
Airplanes, Scramjet engines
Programmable application-specific ADC for digitally controlled switch-mode power supplies

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a new generation of programmable analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for digital controller of switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) used in low-power portable applications. The ADC is required to have a simple, low-power architecture, fast conversion period, programmable reference voltage and small on-chip area, all of which are very important for utilization of digital controller in miniature battery-operated devices. The proposed architecture consists of a windowed ADC based on delay-lines which quantize the converter output voltage within a window of the reference voltage. It also includes a Σ-Δ digital to analog converter (DAC) architecture that provides programmable reference voltage for ADC where the inherent filtering effect of the delay-line is used to reduce the area and power consumption. The proposed architecture has been implemented on IC for three different portable applications and verified both through simulation and experimental results.
The restructuring of the child welfare system in Ontario: a study in the social organization of knowledge

This study describes the social organization of the child protection system in Ontario after the introduction of the “Child Welfare Reform.” The study explores and describes the new “regimes of practices” that bind the child welfare social worker into producing institutional outcomes. There have been significant changes to social work practices as a result of this restructuring. Of particular concern is the considerable reduction in the professional autonomy of social workers and a removal of major decision-making powers from front-line social workers and supervisors. The study explores the increase in the emphasis on social workers' accountability to the system itself and a corresponding decrease in professional autonomy and the commitment to the clients' needs. Procedures and the documentation of social workers' actions and decisions become more important than their relationships with clients and community. The study uses Institutional Ethnography, a method of inquiry developed by Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith, complemented with the literature on governmentality. I draw on my knowledge and experience of the routine every day work of child protection and how new “technologies of government” such as the New Funding Formula and the Ontario Risk Assessment Model (ORAM) have affected the practices of the restructured child protection system.

Keywords: Child welfare, Government policy
Child welfare, Ontario
Social work administration, Ontario
Social workers, Ontario
Investigation of the role of CLIP-170 in FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis

Two factors led to our investigation of CLIP-170 in FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis. Firstly, CLIP-170, the prototypical microtubule plus-end tracking protein, has been shown to tether microtubules to subcellular structures in multiple cellular processes, including cell polarization. Secondly, recent studies suggest microtubule involvement in FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis, during which polarized cortical regions are generated during phagocytic cup formation. To investigate CLIP-170 involvement in phagocytosis, I employed advanced microscopy techniques to characterize CLIP-170 distribution and dynamics at phagocytic sites. Using the RAW264.7 macrophage and CHO-IIA-FcgammaR-engineered phagocyte cell lines as models of phagocytosis, I confirmed presence of microtubule plus end-associated CLIP-170 at phagocytic cups. I showed using live-imaging epifluorescence and TIRF microscopy, that CLIP-170 persists at phagocytic sites. Furthermore, I investigated the potential of key signalling molecules in phagocytosis to act as regulators of CLIP-170 at the phagocytic cup. My data indicate that CLIP-170 associates with phagocytic cups by interacting with the underlying actin cytoskeleton.
The doctrine of political purposes in charity law: its troubled history and problematic rationales

The Charities Directorate of the Canada Revenue Agency recently released a new policy statement on political activities of registered charities (the "Policy Statement"). The release of the Policy Statement provides an opportunity to critically evaluate both the new administrative position of the Charities Directorate but more importantly the legal doctrine---the doctrine of political purposes---that it is intended to reflect. After the various dimensions to the doctrine of political purposes are introduced, two key arguments are advanced against the doctrine. First, the argument is made that the doctrine lacks the wealth of supporting authorities that are often attributed to it, and that it may have even evolved from a mistaken interpretation of law. Second, it is argued that the doctrine lacks a satisfactory rationale. The paper concludes with a few suggestions for reform in this area of the law.

Keywords: Charity laws and legislation, Canada
Charity laws and legislation, History
Charity laws and legislation, Canada
The use of palladium catalysis for the formation of fused aromatic compounds and for the diastereoselective formate reduction of allylic carbonates

Chapter 1 describes the formation of fused aromatic bicyclic systems using palladium-catalyzed domino reactions. The effect of substitution on both partners, i.e. the aryl iodide and the bromoenoate, was evaluated. Numerous functional groups are tolerated (alkyl, aryl, halide, protected alcohol, amide, amine, etc.), allowing for a quick and convergent access to functionalized aromatic bicyclic compounds. This methodology was extended toward the preparation of 1-substituted-3-benzoxepines and 1,4-disubstituted-3-benzoxepines and preliminary results were obtained from the synthesis of 1-substituted-3-benzoxepines. Finally, a variant of this reaction where the alkyl bromide is tethered to the aryl iodide was briefly explored. The use of palladium-catalyzed reactions for the preparation of bicyclic compounds and propionate units is described in this thesis. Chapter 2 examines the diastereoselective reduction of allylic carbonates using formic acid for the synthesis of propionate units. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction was significantly improved by modifying the reaction conditions. The influence of the protecting group, leaving group, olefin geometry, and nearby substitution was also evaluated. The use of silyl protecting groups with the appropriate allylic carbonate substrates allows for the preparation of the syn-syn and anti-syn triads in synthetically useful diastereoselectivity. Preliminary results also indicate that the synthesis of the syn-anti and anti-anti triads is also possible, albeit in low dr.
The role and function of anxiety, self-efficacy, and resource management strategies on academic achievement in university students

The purpose of this study is to examine the role and function of anxiety, self-efficacy, and resource management strategies on academic achievement. This study extended current research by incorporating and investigating a number of critical issues such as student beliefs, motivation, resource management skills, anxiety and worry, intolerance of uncertainty, self-efficacy, and achievement. The integrated model of achievement was developed as the conceptual basis for this study to understand the relationships among these variables. 272 students participated from university Undergraduate and Bachelor of Education programs across Ontario. Participants completed an online questionnaire to assess self-efficacy, anxiety and resource management strategies. Achievement was measured by a self-reported grade in a mandatory course. T-tests and chi-square tests of independence were performed to examine systematic differences between participants from two different university programs and gender differences within each program. Hierarchical multiple regressions were performed to predict grade from assessment type, various anxiety scales as well as self-efficacy and resource management scales entered in blocks. A two-way Analysis of Variance was conducted to evaluate the effects of program and assessment type on grade obtained. Bachelor of Education and Undergraduate students were found to be significantly different populations specifically on grades attained, self-efficacy for self-regulated leaning and the type of assessment on which they reported. For Bachelor of Education students, self-efficacy was found to be the only significant predictor of achievement. For Undergraduate students, achievement was predicted by self-efficacy, generalized anxiety, and resource management strategies. No significant differences were found for males and females across any measures in either program. Results from the current study suggest that university students can benefit from early intervention. Early intervention from counsellors and professors may help students overcome debilitating anxiety, increase self-efficacy, strengthen resource management strategies and improve overall academic experience. The integrated model of achievement can provide university counsellors and professors with tools for identifying and assisting students who are at risk of failure or have low self-efficacy, high anxiety, and poor resource management skills. Mentors, peers and students can also benefit from becoming aware of the integrated model of achievement and the study's findings.
Orthodoxy, modernity and nationality in Macedonia, 1800-1878

This dissertation examines the early stages of national awakening among the Macedonian Slavs in the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the nineteenth-century social and economic changes, a modernized entrepreneurial class emerged among the Orthodox Christian population in Macedonia. This class was divided into competing factions forged through commercial and family ties. Some financial factions were comprised of merchants of Slav origin whose profits depended on trade with the Slav peasant population, as well as the far more developed Bulgarian commercial and national groups from Constantinople and the eastern parts of the Danube vilayet. These were the factions which became increasingly aware of their local Slav vernacular and culture. The local commercial and cultural competitor of the Slav factions was the Hellenic party, comprised mainly of ethnic Greeks, Hellenized Vlachs and Albanians. The Hellenic party relied on Greek commercial, cultural and national circles outside Macedonia. In the process of social modernization, the local Slav factions attempted to create a Slav public realm which corresponded, in the words of Jurgen Habermas, to the western European “bourgeois public sphere.” However, in the Ottoman millet system, the Patriarchate of Constantinople governed the social, cultural and religious life of its followers. Therefore, in contrast to western European experiences, the Slav public sphere in Macedonia was initially forged in the ecclesiastical domain through the transformation of the existing legally recognized ecclesiastical bodies. In order to retain its social powers, the patriarchate opposed the activities of the Slav intellectuals and merchants; for this purpose, the local prelates allied with the Hellenic party. In these circumstances, the financially and socially weaker local Slav factions sought the assistance of external factors—the Catholic Church, the Bulgarian national movement, the Bulgarian Exarchate, and the Serbian Principality. The external factors failed to foster the process of public sphere formation; as a result, the Macedonian residents realized that they had to use their own resources in order to produce the desired change. In this process, certain groups of Macedonian Slavs became aware of their linguistic and historical distinctiveness.
The bureaucratization of creativity: the British Arts and Crafts Movement and its impact on Ontario education, 1880-1940

This thesis focuses on the cultural influences undergirding the construction and development of technical education in Ontario between 1880 and 1940. Specifically, it examines the ways in which the British Arts and Crafts Movement's social-aesthetic philosophies and practices were embraced by English-Canadian technical education advocates. Arts and Crafts ideas were adopted in large part to fight the encroaching dehumanization of industrialization and urbanization. This groundswell of discontent within the tightly-woven aesthetic communities of British-born and Anglo-phile patriots across Canada was expressed in an on-going critique of contemporary Art and design. Adherents strove to construct a classed, racialized, and gendered moral rhetoric which represented technical education as an “noble artisanal calling.” In the wake of societal, industrial, and urban transformation and the decline of the apprenticeship system, the new technical worker became an important part of Canada's economic policy, and according to Arts and Crafts advocates, the resurrected artisan of old. Artisanal procedures and production became defining features of the technical education rhetoric and curriculum. As a case study this dissertation examines the Art Department at Central Technical School (CTS) in Toronto, in particular its artist-teachers, curriculum, mandate, and its dynamic relationship to educational, business, and cultural communities. Fundamental issues arise, such as the nature of artistic production in Ontario schools, the cultural and educational impact of “Art” on national identity, and the capacity of individuals and groups to impose and redefine intellectual premises and educational structures at critical historical junctures. Within this broader context, the thesis focuses on a series of incidents involving artist-teacher Peter Haworth of CTS's Art Department where many of these issues came to a head in 1931 and percolated for a generation thereafter. Haworth was charged by local stained glass companies with unfair business practices for allegedly using student assistants, school supplies, and taxpayers' property to undertake his own, private artistic commissions. Of particular importance is the role of the Toronto Board of Education in negotiating with these contradictory educational visions.

Keywords: Arts and crafts movement, Ontario
Arts and crafts movement, England
Technical education, History
Technical education, Ontario
Implementation of compulsory licensing provisions under TRIPS in China: balance between encouraging domestic innovation and wider access to patented drugs

The issue of compulsory licensing is one of the most controversial in the WTO Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS Agreement”) and remains a topic of intense discussion and debate. However, most of the arguments raised in the debate, both for and against compulsory licensing, are generally from the perspective of either developed countries or developing countries, and ignore the specific situation of larger or more developed, developing countries, such as China and India. This thesis aims to unpack some of the pressing aspects of this debate, with specific application to China. I will argue that the Canadian experience in establishing a compulsory licensing system for drugs is relevant to China. In view of the recent Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (“Doha Declaration”), and certain conflicts between developed and developing countries on its compulsory licensing provisions, it has become less of a risk for China to adopt the Canadian model and be accused of breaching TRIPS Agreement.

Keywords: Drugs, Patents
Drugs, China
Patent licenses, China
Pharmaceutical industry, China
The effect of oat beta-glucan on glycemia and blood lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease

There is existing evidence on the ability of oat beta-glucan to attenuate blood glucose levels and decrease cholesterol concentrations in efforts to reduce the risks for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is unclear whether the effect of various processing conditions on the physicochemical properties of oat beta-glucans, such as viscosity, the dose of beta-glucan and mode of administration influence hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. This project evaluates the effect of beta-glucan from an oat concentrate on postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals and blood lipids in hyperlipidemic individuals. The results indicate that using an enzymatic processing method to concentrate beta-glucan from oats produces a highly viscous product that demonstrated positive effects on glycemic control. Furthermore, oat beta-glucan also showed lipid-lowering effects when ingested daily with a diet low in fat and cholesterol. These will all be positive for coronary heart disease risk reduction.
Functional and genetic interactions of Mus81 with the Chk2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway

The progression of a normal cell to a cancer cell is thought to involve the acquisition of several mutations that result in unregulated proliferation, improper differentiation, and increased survival phenotypes. Much of classical cancer research has focused on searching for novel genes that contribute to either tumor suppression or oncogenesis. However, since multiple mutational hits are required to drive cancer, studying the interaction and cooperation of genes in cancer progression and suppression may provide models that more accurately depict human carcinogenesis and provide new therapeutical insights. In yeast and mammalian cells, the Mus8l endonuclease plays a role in DNA repair and recombination by cleaving branched DNA substrates such as replication forks, 3'DNA flaps, and Holliday Junctions. To study the in vivo functions of mammalian Mus81, our lab generated Mus81 -/- mice, Mus81-/- mice are viable and fertile but are extremely sensitive to the interstrand crosslinking agent MMC. Significantly, Mus81+/- and Mus81-/- cells display spontaneous chromosomal damage and Mus81+/- and Mus81 -/- mice are susceptible to spontaneous tumorigenesis. These findings have identified Mus8l as an important caretaker of the genome and established it as a candidate haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. The focus of this thesis is the investigation of the genetic interplay between Mus81 and the Chk2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway in DNA repair responses and tumor suppression. This thesis demonstrates that p53 plays a critical role in eliminating damaged Mus81-/- cells. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that dual inactivation of Mus81 and p53 results in a synergistic increase in genomic instability, accelerated tumorigenesis, and a profound predisposition for sarcoma development. Thus, Mus81 inactivation may play a critical role in human sarcoma development. Contrastingly, we found that Chk2 does not participate in eliminating DNA damaged Mus81-/- cells. Furthermore, loss of Chk2 results in a rescue of the genomic instability inherent in Mus81-/- mice and remarkably rescues the tumor susceptibility of Mus81-/- mice. Thus, our study suggests that in response to DNA damage in Mus81-/- cells, Chk2 does not mimic p53 as a gatekeeper and tumor suppressor, but instead promotes oncogenesis.
Rights, reason and respectthe separation of powers and the application of Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

This thesis examines the influence of the debate over the legitimacy of constitutional rights judicial review ("CRJR") on the judicial application of section 1 of the 'Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ' (the "limitations clause"). Chapter I is mostly historical. It aims at putting arguments over CRJR and the "limitations clause issue" in proper their context i.e. the Canadian constitutional discussions which took place over the second part of the 20th century. It shows that sophisticated arguments were made for and against CRJR during those discussions and that these arguments ended up influencing the debate over the limitations clause. Chapter II revolves around the Supreme Court's 'Oakes' decision, which establishes the general approach to be followed in the application of s. 1. It begins with a brief excursion through pre-'Oakes' judicial decisions and then proceeds to a detailed analysis of the Court's reasons in 'Oakes'. It concludes that although it is somewhat overly "CRJR-enthusiastic", 'Oakes' established an adequate general framework for an examination of whether 'Charter'-infringements are justified. Chapter III, in turn, examines how this framework can be applied more or less stringently to reflect "separation of powers" considerations. It thus contrasts two models of s. 1 decision-making: the more interventionist "Counter-Majoritarian/Basic Rights Model" and the less interventionist "Communitarian-Democratic Model". The remainder of chapter III is devoted to a discussion of further clashes of these models in the Supreme Court of Canada. In the end, it is concluded that the more versatile Communitarian-Democratic Model is the better one. Chapter IV is the thesis' most theoretical chapter and mainly attempts to explain and justify the Supreme Court of Canada's move towards the Communitarian-Democratic Model. The chapter delves into the theoretical debate over the legitimacy of CRJR. It reviews Jeremy Waldron's powerful objections to CRJR and concludes that although Waldron raises important concerns, CRJR can still be shown to be legitimate in appropriate circumstances.

Keywords: Civil rights, Canada
Judicial review, Canada
Constitutional law, Canada