VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The monetary integration of northwest Europe during the Roman period

This thesis presents a study of the monetary integration of northwest continental Europe over the course of the Roman period (c. 50 BC – AD 410). 'Integration' is employed here to describe the relationship, as conveyed by the deposition of material culture, between heterogeneous regions and their inhabitants. In order to examine integration, the study combines an unprecedented amount of data from previous regional studies as well as numerous databases and catalogues to survey coin-finds within and beyond the Roman Empire. It places the coin-finds in the context of settlement development in order to understand the nature of the coin-finds. Several approaches are employed to ensure a foundational and extensive overview of coin-finds in the study-region. The period-based case studies consider the Roman provinces and their environs as a single complex geographical unit, rather than as two separate units as a result of a distinguishable (political) frontier between Rome and the 'other'. However, the case studies identify differences within the study-region and smaller regional variations. A chapter is exploring to highlighting the limitations of the main two coin-find types employed in the thesis. The conclusion builds on the necessary and established overall patterns of coin-finds to provide some examples of how coins may have been used by the inhabitants of the study-region. The final two chapters also tie together the results from the previous period case-studies and use Denmark as a comparative case-study to compare the various degrees of integration of barbaricum and the Roman Empire. This thesis provides a much needed and long awaited overview of the Roman coin-finds from the northwest and seeks to demonstrate its use to future research.

Advisor: Howgego, C
Wilson, A
Mucosal associated invariant T cells and CD161 expressing natural killer cells

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like lymphocytes within the gut, liver and blood, expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and high levels of the C-type lectin-like receptor, CD161. These cells recognise a metabolite of the microbial riboflavin synthesis pathway, presented by the highly conserved Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I-related protein, MR1, and are critical for the control of bacterial infections. The factors regulating the broad effector functions of MAIT cells have not been fully investigated. Utilising a novel flow cytometric killing assay, MAIT cells were shown here to require the induction of a cytotoxic phenotype through bacterial stimulation to efficiently kill target cells. Further in depth phenotypic analysis highlighted a distinct non-cytotoxic subset of CD4+ MAIT cells, with an altered cytokine-producing capacity, enriched within lymphoid tissues. Investigation into the potential role of these cells in psoriatic diseases revealed that MAIT cells within the synovial fluid of psoriatic arthritis patients are potently activated with increased IL-17 production, their frequency correlating with measures of clinical activity. MAIT cells also have an innate-like responsiveness to cytokines, a feature originally attributed to Natural Killer (NK) cells.
Microarray analysis and mass cytometry experiments demonstrated that CD161 marks immature NK cells that have retained this ability to respond to innate cytokines during their differentiation, and is lost upon cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced maturation in both healthy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Thus, CD161 marks cells with innate-effector functions both in T cells and NK cells.

Keywords: T cells
Advisor: Klenerman, P
Three-dimensional hybrid radial Cartesian echo planar imaging for functional MRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided neuroscientists with a powerful tool to non-invasively study brain function. Typically, fMRI data acquisition is performed using the well-established multi-slice two-dimensional echo planar imaging (2D EPI) technique. While 2D EPI has the considerable advantage of robustness, it is relatively SNR inefficient, particularly at high spatial resolution. Three dimensional (3D) sampling approaches, such as multi-shot 3D EPI provide a theoretical SNR gain compared to 2D EPI and can utilize parallel imaging acceleration along multiple dimensions, leading to the potential for higher spatial and temporal resolution. However, these multi-shot acquisitions span several seconds, making them susceptible to physiological fluctuations. In particular, subject motion is a major source of image degradation.
This thesis aims to characterise and improve fMRI acquisition techniques based on 3D EPI approaches. We explored the temporal SNR characteristics of standard segmented 3D EPI for different spatial resolutions and acceleration factors. Specifically, we studied how physiological noise affects the optimal choice of imaging parameters, such as the amount of acceleration.
To address some of the shortcomings of conventional 3D EPI, we implemented a hybrid radial-Cartesian 3D EPI trajectory, called TURBINE. This scheme collects EPI "blades" which are rotated about the phase-encoding axis using a golden angle rotation increment, allowing reconstruction at flexible temporal resolution. The self-navigating properties of the sequence are used to determine motion estimates from high temporal resolution navigator images and correct for subject motion as part of the image reconstruction process. We demonstrated that this scheme reduces the impact of motion on fMRI data in the presence of subtle and large subject motions. The techniques developed in this thesis aim to increase the flexibility and robustness of fMRI acquisitions. Ultimately, this research may help increase the utility of fMRI in difficult subjects or patient populations.

Advisor: Miller, K
Chiew, M
Intergenerational relationships between adult children and older parents in Turkey

Intergenerational relationships have provided a popular focus of enquiry for family sociology. With recent demographic shifts and structural changes in the family, intergenerational relationships have begun to shift throughout the world. Turkey, as a Muslim-majority country with strong traditional intergenerational bonds, is also undergoing demographic transition and structural changes are taking place in Turkish families. For that reason, it is significant to know how intergenerational relationships are affected by these changes. This dissertation aims to understand the nature of intergenerational relationships and how they are affected by socio-demographic factors. The Intergenerational Solidarity Approach by Bengtson and Roberts (1991) is used as the most appropriate theoretical framework for the research objectives and the Turkish context. The results of the quantitative enquiry have revealed that intergenerational solidarity is still strong among Turkish families; however, inconsistency between attitude and behaviour is detected among educated respondents, which has led to another phase of qualitative enquiry. Interviews conducted with adult and older Turkish women show that the gap between normative and felt obligations is putting pressure on educated Turkish women in particular, and that they develop different management strategies to confront the dilemmas they experience. In this respect, the Intergenerational Ambivalence Theory (Lüscher & Pillemer, 1998) is employed to address the findings of qualitative data. The results of both of quantitative and qualitative analysis show that neither the solidarity nor the ambivalence approach is fully capable of reflecting intergenerational relationships in the Turkish context. For this reason, as a final step, the dissertation suggests a theoretical model for examining intergenerational relationships in Turkish families. The suggested model embraces both the solidarity and the ambivalence models and stipulates the use of mixed methodology in intergenerational research. In this respect, this dissertation contributes to empirical, theoretical and methodological knowledge in the literature of intergenerational relationships.

Advisor: Harper, S
Aspects of massive spin-2 effective field theories

General relativity describes gravity in terms of an interacting massless spin-2 field—the graviton. This 100-year-old theory has been spectacularly successful in explaining observations. However, theoretical exploration and the cosmological constant problem motivate the study of alternative theories of gravity. Recently, there has been great progress in understanding theories that give the graviton a mass. This thesis considers several aspects of these massive spin-2 effective field theories and related theories.
These theories are first studied from the perspective of scattering amplitudes. The most general 2 → 2 scattering amplitude is constructed for theories containing a single massive graviton or vector. These amplitudes are then used to find the highest strong coupling scales in such theories, assuming a particular scaling of fields and momenta. Generalisations to include additional fields and self-interactions for massive higher-spin fields are also discussed.
Constraints that arise from the existence of an ultraviolet completion are then studied. It is shown using dispersion relation arguments that the pseudo-linear massive spin-2 theory cannot admit an analytic, Lorentz-invariant, and unitary ultraviolet completion, but that such completions are not ruled out for massive vector theories.
The behaviour of massive spin-2 theories under dimensional reduction is also explored. Stability conditions and the lower-dimensional spectrum are derived for the Kaluza-Klein dimensional reduction of a partially massless graviton and a massive graviton on an Einstein product manifold. Additionally, the nonlinear dimensional reduction of the zero modes in dRGT massive gravity is shown to produce a mass-varying massive gravity theory.
Lastly, attempts to construct a version of unimodular gravity containing a massive graviton are discussed. A candidate theory is proposed and is shown to have pathologies. Dimensional reduction is then used to generate massive spin-2 theories with noncanonical kinetic terms and auxiliary fields. These theories are shown to be equivalent to the Fierz-Pauli theory, which provides further evidence for the uniqueness of the kinetic term used in dRGT massive gravity.

Keywords: Massive gravity
Cosmology
Effective field theory
Advisor: Ferreira, P
March-Russell, J
Automation of calculations in soft-collinear effective theory

Theoretical predictions for generic multi-scale observables in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) typically suffer from large Sudakov logarithms associated with the emission of soft or collinear radiation, whose presence spoils the perturbative expansion in the coupling strength which underlies most calculations in QCD. A canonical way to improve predictions wherever these logarithms appear is to resum them to all perturbative orders, which can conveniently be achieved using Effective Field Theory (EFT) methods. In an age of increasing automation using computers, this task is still mostly performed manually, observable-by-observable.
In this thesis we identify the 2-loop soft function as a crucial ingredient for the resummation of QCD Sudakov logarithms to Next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy in Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET), for wide classes of observables involving two massless colour-charged energetic particles, such as dijet event shapes at lepton colliders, or colour singlet production at hadron colliders.
We develop a method to evaluate these soft functions using numerical methods based on sector decomposition and the choice of a convenient parametrisation for the phase space. This allows the factorisation of all implicit (real emission) and explicit (virtual correction) divergences made manifest by dimensional and analytic regularisation.
The regulator pole coefficients can then be evaluated numerically following a subtraction and expansion, and two computational tools are presented to perform these numerical integrations, one based on publicly available tools, the other based on our own code. Some technical improvements over naive straightforward numerical evaluation are demonstrated and implemented.
This allows us to compute and verify two of three colour structures of the 2-loop bare soft functions for wide ranges of observables with a factorisation theorem. A number of example results - both new and already known - are shown to demonstrate the reach of this approach, and a few possible extensions are sketched.
This thesis therefore represents a crucial step towards automation of resummation for generic observables to NNLL accuracy in SCET.

Keywords: Soft-Collinear Effective Theory
Effective Field Theory
Advisor: Haisch, U
Bell, G
Everyday a revolution: mobility, technology, and resistance after Egypt’s Arab Spring

The 2011 Egyptian revolution was intensely mediated by information and communications technologies (ICTs), leading many to label it a "social media revolution." ICTs did contribute in nuanced ways to the preconditions of revolution and played a complex and integral part in its execution. But the story of Egypt's Arab Spring is not a purely technological one; nor is it easily reduced to political cause-and-effects. This thesis disentangles the relationship between communications technologies, revolution, and resistance by exploring how ICTs enable subversive movement between physical and virtual dimensions. Such transdimensional mobility underpins both revolutionary mobilizations and the rhythm of everyday life.
This thesis examines how ICT-mediated mobility can constitute a form of tacit resistance against the physical and virtual immobilities of life under repressive neoliberal rule. But, as the post-revolution period reveals, transdimensional mobility can equally contribute to new regimes of disenfranchisement. By looking at ICT use over several years, the thesis explores how transdimensional mobility contributed to profound spatial, social, and political transformations in Egypt after the revolution, beginning with an examination of how ICT-mediated mobilities created a new spatial awareness for protesters engaging in overt political direct action. It continues by examining how ICT users playfully exercised transdimensional mobility in the face of a curfew imposed to suppress street politics. In the extended aftermath of revolution, transdimensional mobility created an impetus for urban reform and rejuvenation in Cairo that aligned with pre-revolution neoliberal agendas, and the thesis therefore interrogates the dialectic between ICT-mediated mobility both as resistance and as a vehicle for the re-entrenchment of a longstanding politics of exclusivity. Finally, the thesis concludes by addressing the question of how the mobile production and preservation of digital artifacts influences how the Egyptian revolution is remembered. The perceived permanence of digital traces is challenged by the selectivity and vulnerability of the digital archive.

Advisor: Armbrust, W
The emergence of low carbon development in China and India: energy efficiency as a lens

Low-carbon development (LCD) in China and India is crucial to global sustainability. As representatives of the emerging world, China and India have to tackle the LCD challenge at the same time as they address rapid urbanization, industrialization and globalization, making this process an unprecedented problem in policy and practice. My dissertation uses a comparative perspective to examine the unique institutional change processes of China and India’s LCD during the period of late 1970s to the present day - through the lens of energy efficiency (EE).
I argue that despite the manifold differences in political, economic and social contexts in contemporary China and India, the process of institutional development and change in EE reveals some similar mechanisms. I investigate the common mechanisms through a five-phase framework, and find:
First, in both countries, EE was initially triggered by complicated interactions between international and domestic crises. Second, through processes of political negotiation led by various policy groups, EE was conceived and planned by each state to embody not one single objective but multiple political, economic and social development goals. Third, in order to realize EE, an organizational complex formed within an existing governance structure. Fourth, detailed policy processes (which both shape and are shaped by their institutional settings) emerged from the previous stages. Finally, EE institutions are stabilized jointly through legalization and the establishment of specialist technical subfields.
I argue that the key mechanism of the five-phase process of institutional change is the bundling structure between EE organizations and the host governance structure. While in China the latter is the structure of economic governance, in India it is that of energy governance. These bundling structures imprinted multiple path-dependencies from the host governance structure to the newly developed EE regime, which in turn determine the long-term impact of EE on LCD in China and India.
My original contributions are threefold. First, this project is one of the first scholarly attempts to systematically make sense of LCD in large and complex countries with fast economic growth by using the perspective of institutional change. Second, drawing on broad theoretical resources and through an interdisciplinary exploration, the thesis tries to construct a cause-effect, systemic, and political-economic theory of LCD in contemporary China and India. Finally, my comparative framework adds a systemic and nuanced methodological viewpoint to the emerging field of multidisciplinary China-India comparative scholarship.

Keywords: India
Energy Efficiency
China
Political Economy
Low Carbon Development
Institutional Change
Recentralisation and its causes: Colombia, 1994-2014

This thesis aims to explain why and how after a comprehensive set of decentralising processes, Colombia experienced significant recentralising policies and reforms (1994-2014). These changes emerged not only against what was expected by leading works on decentralisation in Latin America, but in a way that the existing hypotheses on recentralisation cannot fully account for. This is a hypothesis-generating case study.
The growing literature on recentralisation is still very limited. With few exceptions, there are no big theoretical efforts. In general, the case studies assume temporal causal homogeneity. The analyses are excessively focused on the impact of only one type of factor (economic, political or administrative), instead of on the interactions between them. And they are excessively focused on the national governments, while neglecting the explanation of the role of legislators and subnational authorities.
Using process-tracing and combining evidence from documentary sources and elite interviews, the thesis suggests that Colombia's recentralisation was an outcome of the interaction between economic inputs and institutional context. When an economic crisis takes place in a decentralised context, one can expect an increase of recentralisation. If an economic boom occurs in the same context, one should expect a decrease of recentralisation. If there is an economic crisis in a recentralised context, one can expect less recentralisation. If, instead, an economic boom occurs in the same context, one should expect even more recentralisation. The causal mechanisms are self-destroying/self-reinforcing dynamics.
The thesis provides a deep analysis of the Colombian case plus an updated review of the literature. It also aims to tackle the main definitional issues and brings new concepts for the analysis of the recentralising strategies used by national and intermediate levels of government. Noteworthy, it offers a hypothesis that identifies the relevance of changing institutional contexts, the interactions between different types of factors, and the role of legislators and subnational authorities. Still, this thesis does not aim to propose a general theory of recentralisation.

Advisor: Hood, C
Posada-Carbó, E
Analysis of several non-linear PDEs in fluid mechanics and differential geometry

In the thesis we investigate two problems on Partial Diﬀerential Equations (PDEs) in diﬀerential geometry and ﬂuid mechanics. First, we prove the weak L p continuity of the Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci (GCR) equations, which serve as a compatibility condition for the isometric immersions of Riemannian and semi-Riemannian manifolds. Our arguments, based on the generalised compensated compactness theorems established via functional and micro-local analytic methods, are intrinsic and global. Second, we prove the vanishing viscosity limit of an incompressible ﬂuid in three-dimensional smooth, curved domains, with the kinematic and Navier boundary conditions. It is shown that the strong solution of the Navier--Stokes equation in H r+1 (r &GT; 5/2) converges to the strong solution of the Euler equation with the kinematic boundary condition in H r, as the viscosity tends to zero. For the proof, we derive energy estimates using the special geometric structure of the Navier boundary conditions; in particular, the second fundamental form of the ﬂuid boundary and the vorticity thereon play a crucial role. In these projects we emphasise the linkages between the techniques in diﬀerential geometry and mathematical hydrodynamics.

Keywords: Vanishing Viscosity Limits
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci Equations
Navier--Stokes Equations
Isometric Immersions
Euler Equations
Weak Continuity
Fluid Mechanics
Compensated Compactness
Differential Geometry
Advisor: Chen, G
The social and legal process of bankruptcy in Germany, 1815-1870

The regulation of bankruptcy poses a dilemma to societies. It needs to address two problems at once: the first concerns the balance between debtor and creditor interests; the second pertains to the question between deterrence and continuity. Up to the present day there is much disagreement about the appropriate design of bankruptcy procedures. German states in the nineteenth-century found it impossible to agree on a common insolvency regime until the 1870s. This thesis investigates the legal as well as the social process of bankruptcy in a sample of towns and states in Germany between 1815 and 1870. It focused on non-Prussian legal systems in order to shed light on those alternative solutions to bankruptcy that were not ultimately adopted in the national bankruptcy code.
Bankruptcy was a social process that could take place in court as well as out of court. Creditors and debtors had strong incentives to turn to extrajudicial settlement mechanisms. Where strong local corporate organisations for merchants existed, they facilitated settlements and rule-enforcement among its members out of the official court system. Those local clubs often played the role of an arbitrator. For long, bankruptcy regulation had been part of the mercantile self-administration. Legal harmonization and processes of state formation put an end to these practises. Simultaneously, an industrializing economy devised new organisational forms that were alien to the old legal framework. Toward the second half of the century, legal harmonization gained momentum; creditor protection became the focus of lawmakers while local communities and their interests no longer played a role. As German legislators built a national and universally shared legal framework, bankruptcy regulation ceased to be local and communal. This was to the liking of businessmen, who had long complained about legal fragmentation when trying to conduct business across different German regions.

Keywords: Hamburg
Insolvency
History
State Formation
Germany
Economics
Bankruptcy
Institutions
Advisor: Getzler, J
Offer, A