VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
A Case Study on Multi-level Language Ability Groupings in an ESL Secondary School Classroom: Are We Making the Right Choices?

This research examines a multi-level language ability ESL secondary school classroom in relation to Lave and Wenger’s (1991) community of practice and Dörnyei and Ottó’s (1998) L2 motivation conceptual frameworks. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were employed. Case study data were collected through monthly interviews, semi-monthly observations, and monthly written journals over 3 months in Toronto from 6 participants (5 students and 1 teacher). Also, students who had been in Canada 5 years or less, and ESL teachers were invited to complete an on-line questionnaire. Results indicate that the multi-level classroom positively and negatively impacts participation and motivation. Participants define the most striking factor to impact participation and motivation as themselves; this links the two conceptual frameworks because “self-regulation” in the Actional Phase (Dörnyei & Ottó, 1998) can be better understood by legitimate peripheral participation or the ability to “imagine” and “align” oneself (Lave & Wenger, 1991). In this multi-level classroom, self-regulation is when students actively imagine possible selves who are aligned with their family or peer goals, or when faced with disengagement, students envision new roles for themselves in the classroom to overcome barriers and realign themselves with shared family or peer goals. In these cases, alignment drives imagination; however, students also use imagination to create alignment. When lower level learners see advanced students as possible selves, they feel hope for their future. Similarly, advanced learners recall their past selves when seeing their lower level peers and feel empathy for them. This interaction cements student alignment and sets a context conducive to cooperative learning which enhances students’ abilities to remain aligned with their families. Overall, this research highlights the interplay of imagination and alignment which impacts student identity. Moreover, it reveals that one aspect of the Post-actional Phase in Dörnyei and Ottó’s (1998) model, “self-concept beliefs,” can be enhanced by the notion of identity in Lave and Wenger’s (1991) framework. Finally, these findings could serve to change policy and improve programming and serve as an archive for future research.

Keywords: English language learner
multi-level language ability
motivation
participation
self-regulation
imagination
alignment
secondary school
Advisor: Gagne, Antoinette
The Role of TIMP3 in Models of Inflammation and Immunity

The inter-relation between inflammation, the immune system and leukocytes is multifaceted, with communication between stroma and immune cells mediated by cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, integrins and other molecules. Proteolysis plays an important role in regulating these molecules. Proteolytic cleavage can not only destroy some molecules but can activate or shed others, converting local juxtacrine signalling proteins into effectors that act at a distance. Shedding can also convert membrane-bound receptors into soluble ligand-binding inhibitors. Finally, cleavage can convert agonist molecules into antagonists. As a wide-ranging inhibitor of metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) has the potential to down-regulate many of these activities. We explore the role of TIMP3 in the regulation of inflammation, revealing that loss of TIMP3 leads to a more rapid increase of soluble TNF, higher levels of soluble TNF receptors and ultimately to increased TNF signalling in systemic inflammation. We also demonstrate TIMP3 loss impacts local inflammation. In addition we investigate the importance of TIMP3 in the expansion of hematopoietic cells.

Keywords: TIMP3
MMP
TNF
LPS
Advisor: Khokha, Rama
Query-based Annotation and the Sumerian Verbal Prefixes

The study of Sumerian has traditionally been carried out in isolation from mainstream linguis- tics, thus limiting our ability to understand the language and to situate it in a cross-linguistic context. This dissertation shows how the tools of corpus linguistics and modern syntactic the- ory can be gainfully applied to Sumerian. Existing corpora of Sumerian texts are largely lacking in morphological annotation, with query facilities consisting only of basic string searches. Two existing corpora (one completely unannotated and one tagged for part-of-speech) are given morphological annotation using a process of query-based annotation. A query language (based on CQL and XPath) is used to query this corpus, and as queries are made, the results are tagged so that the resultant query objects can be used as the basis for subsequent queries. In this fashion a morphologically- annotated corpus is built up without having to rely on the services of a skilled annotator. This annotated corpus is then used to provide evidence for two important problems in Sumerian morphosyntax: the dimensional prefixes and the conjugation prefixes. The dimen- sional prefixes, which have previously been considered to represent concord between the verb and the associated nominal phrases, are shown instead to be a system of applicative heads which serve to introduce the verb’s arguments. The conjugation prefixes, whose purpose has been the subject of a century of debate, are shown to be the manifestation of inner aspect features which express the speaker’s perspective on the structure of the event. By using a corpus to provide the underlying data and by considering Sumerian morphosyntax in light of cross-linguistic evidence and modern syntactic theory, previously misanalysed aspects of Sumerian are shown to have analogues in other languages. The dimensional prefixes and conjugation prefixes are not oddities specific to Sumerian, but represent variations on morphological systems found elsewhere.

Keywords: Sumerian
applicatives
internal aspect
corpus linguistics
Advisor: Cowper, Elizabeth
Hirst, Graeme
An Investigation of Nicotine Metabolism in Mice: The Impact of Pharmacological Inhibition and Genetic Influences on Nicotine Pharmacology

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is one of the single greatest causes of numerous preventable diseases. We were interested in developing an animal model of nicotine metabolism that can be used to examine the effects of potential CYP2A6 inhibitors on nicotine metabolism and nicotine-mediated behaviours. Pharmacogenetic studies have demonstrated that in humans, smoking behaviour is associated with rates of nicotine metabolism by the CYP2A6 enzyme. Mouse CYP2A5 shares structural and functional similarities to human CYP2A6 and has been implicated in nicotine self-administration behaviours in mice, therefore the mouse represents a potential animal model for studying nicotine metabolism. METHODS: We characterized nicotine and cotinine metabolism in two commonly used mouse strains (DBA/2 and C57Bl/6). We also examined the association between nicotine self-administration behaviours and nicotine metabolism, and the impact of direct manipulation (i.e. inhibition) of nicotine metabolism on nicotine pharmacodynamics (hot-plate and tail-flick tests) in mice. Finally, we studied the effect of selegiline (a known cytochrome P450 mechanism-based inhibitor) on nicotine metabolism in mice and in human CYP2A6. RESULTS: Nicotine metabolism in mice in vitro was mediated by CYP2A5, and this enzyme was responsible for over 70% and 90% of the metabolism of nicotine to cotinine and cotinine to 3-hydroxycotinine as shown by immuno-inhibition studies, respectively. A polymorphism in CYP2A5 between mouse strains, known to alter the probe substrate coumarin’s metabolism, did not affect nicotine metabolism but dramatically altered cotinine metabolism. Nicotine self-administration behaviour in mice was associated with level of hepatic CYP2A5 proteins and rates of nicotine metabolism in male mice. In inhibition studies, the CYP2A5/6 inhibitor methoxsalen inhibited both in vitro and in vivo nicotine metabolism in mice and substantially increased the anti-nociceptive effect of nicotine. Finally, selegiline was found to be an inhibitor of CYP2A5 decreasing nicotine metabolism in vitro and in vivo in mice. Moreover, we showed that selegiline is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2A6 inhibiting nicotine metabolism irreversibly. CONCLUSION: The above data suggested that the mouse model may be suitable for examining the impact of inhibition (and genetic variation) on nicotine metabolism and nicotine-mediated behaviours and may potentially be used to screen for novel inhibitors of nicotine metabolism.

Keywords: Nicotine
Mice
CYP2A5
CYP2A6
Selegiline
Methoxsalen
Nicotine Self-administration
Genetic
Tail-flick
Hot-plate
Mechanism-based Inhibition
Smoking
Metabolism
Advisor: Tyndale, Rachel
Structural and Inhibition Studies of Human Intestinal Glucosidases

Human maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) are the small-intestinal glucosidases responsible for catalyzing the last glucose-releasing step in starch digestion. MGAM and SI are each composed of duplicated catalytic domains, N- and C-terminal, which display complementary substrate specificities for the mixture of short linear and branch oligosaccharide substrates that typically make up terminal starch digestion products. As MGAM and SI are involved in post-prandial glucose production, regulating their activities with α-glucosidase inhibitors is an attractive approach to controlling blood glucose levels for the prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes. To better understand the complementary activities and mechanism of inhibition of these intestinal glucosidases, this thesis aims to characterize the individual N- and C-terminal MGAM and SI domains using a combination of X-ray crystallographic structural studies, enzyme kinetics, and inhibitor studies. First, the structure of the N-terminal domain of MGAM (ntMGAM) was determined in its apo form and in complex with the inhibitor acarbose. In addition to sequence alignments and kinetics studies, the structures provide insight into the preference of the N-terminal MGAM domain for short linear substrates and the C-terminal domain for longer substrates. Second, the structure of ntMGAM was determined in complex with various α-glucosidase inhibitors, including those currently on the market (acarbose and miglitol), a new class of inhibitors from natural extracts of Salacia reticulata (salacinol, kotalanol and de-O-sulfonated kotalanol) and chemically synthesized derivatives of salacinol. These studies reveal the features of the Salacia reticulata inhibitors that are essential for inhibitory activity and highlight their potential as future drug candidates. Third, the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of SI (ntSI) was determined in apo-form and in complex with kotalanol. Structural comparison of ntSI and ntMGAM reveal key differences in active site architectures, which are proposed to confer differential substrate specificity.

Keywords: glycoside hydrolases
X-ray crystallography
maltase glucoamylase
sucrase isomaltase
starch digestion
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Type 2 diabetes
Advisor: Rose, David
Breast Cancer Survival in Ontario's First Nations Women: Understanding the Determinants

This study builds on previous research showing that breast cancer survival is poorer for First Nations (FN) women compared to other Ontario women. Few studies have examined breast cancer survival in Indigenous populations compared to general populations; all of these report poorer survival among Indigenous people. Fewer still have examined potential factors related to the poorer survival, but these often suggest poorer prognosis even after adjustment for them. Study objectives were: to compare the distribution of demographic, prognostic and treatment factors between FN and non-FN women; to investigate factors associated with later diagnosis in FN women; to compare stage specific survival for FN and non-FN women controlling for important factors potentially associated with breast cancer survival; and to examine potential determinants of survival for FN women by stage at diagnosis. A case-case design was employed to compare FN women (n=287) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer to a frequency-matched random sample of women (n=671) from the general population diagnosed with breast cancer within the Ontario Cancer Registry. Women were matched (2:1) on period of diagnosis (1995-1999 and 2000-2004), age at diagnosis (<50 vs. 50≥), and Regional Cancer Centre (RCC). Stage at diagnosis and data relevant to the determinants of breast cancer survival were collected from medical charts at the RCCs. FN women were diagnosed with breast cancer at later stages compared to non-FN women. Having a non-screened method of detection and increasing BMI were associated with a later breast cancer diagnosis. FN women with comorbidity however were less likely to be diagnosed at a later stage. An unforeseen novel finding was that the survival disadvantage occurred after an early breast cancer diagnosis, whereas the survival experiences for those diagnosed at stages II+ were similar. In a multivariate analysis, elevated risk was observed for FN women in stage I, and significant risk was seen in women with comorbidity. These findings are actionable and can be used to improve the prognosis of FN women with breast cancer. It is likely that the same or similar factors are largely responsible for the survival disadvantage observed among Ontario FN people for most other major cancers.

Keywords: Breast cancer
survival
First Nations
diagnosis
Indigenous
Ontario
Advisor: Chiarelli, Anna Maria
Utopie et idéologie dans la science-fiction canadienne-française et québécoise

Cette thèse porte sur la reconstitution imaginaire de l’histoire et de la société dans la science-fiction (SF) uchronienne et utopienne du Canada français et du Québec. À partir d’un survol de la poétique des genres dont il est question et d’un panorama historique de leur production globale et locale, ainsi que de l’approfondissement de l’exploitation particulière des notions d’idéologie et d’altérité dont ces œuvres font preuve, nous proposons une lecture allégorique du phénomène culturel d’après une étude de cas de la SF canadienne-française et québécoise (SFCFQ) contemporaine : La Suite du temps (1983/2004-2008), une trilogie romanesque de Daniel Sernine. Bien que les littératures de SF nationales aient progressivement fait place à une littérature mondiale régie par des codes qui déterminent leur appartenance à une poétique spécifique, l’allégorie nationale se réalise de façon récurrente : est mise en œuvre une configuration dominante dans laquelle sont présentés des modèles mondiaux comme systèmes alternatifs, qui, tout en étant éloignés ou distanciés, évoquent inéluctablement le paysage, la langue, les mœurs et les valeurs des milieux culturels dans le cadre desquels les œuvres paraissent. Au delà d’une possibilité théorique de lecture, il y a des preuves empiriques de ce phénomène, surtout dans le cadre des sous-genres de l’utopie, de l’uchronie et de l’anticipation, où abondent des visions de soi et de la « nation » altérées qui sont inextricablement déterminées par le lieu de leur production. Nous cherchons à mettre en valeur cet aspect de la SF à partir d’un survol des récits précurseurs de la SFCFQ contemporaine et d’une analyse approfondie d’une de ses œuvres charnières. Cette analyse comprendra deux lectures allégoriques, l’une au niveau régional, l’autre à l’échelle globale. Ainsi, nous espérons démontrer en quoi la SFCFQ s’inscrit dans la poétique de la SF dans son ensemble tout en constituant sa propre innovation critique ou « Novum », ce qui lui permet de se distinguer en tant que courant particulier.

Keywords: science-fiction
utopie
idéologie
littérature canadienne-française et québécoise
Daniel Sernine
dystopie
uchronie
allégorie
Advisor: Lord, Michel
Regulation of Telomerase by DNA and Protein Interactions

In most eukaryotes, chromosomes ends are protected by telomeres which are formed by repetitive DNA, specialized binding proteins, and higher order structures. Telomeres become shorter following replication due to the positioning and degradation of terminal RNA primers, as well as resection by nucleases. Extensive telomere shortening over many cell cycles elicits a DNA damage checkpoint that culminates in senescence or, in the absence of tumor suppressor pathways, apoptosis. These effects block the expansion of cells with unstable genomes, but can also precipitate disease in tissues that rely on regeneration for function. In many unicellular eukaryotes and proliferative human cells including cancer cells, telomeres can be maintained by the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and its associated RNA (TR). The elongation of telomeric DNA by telomerase depends on the telomerase essential N-terminal (TEN) and C terminal reverse transcriptase (RT) domains. We found that human TEN interacted with single-stranded telomeric DNA and restored function, in trans, to an hTERT mutant lacking hTEN. Telomerase required hTEN residues for activity, telomere maintenance, and extension of cellular replicative lifespan. Two inactive hTERT variants bearing mutations in TEN and RT domains, respectively, cooperated to regenerate telomerase activity in vitro. hTEN interacted with several regions of hTERT suggesting that dimerization may occur via TEN-TERT interactions. The in vivo defect of certain hTEN mutants may involve an inability to interact with factors that recruit the enzyme to the telomere and/or stimulate activity. Human homologs of the S. cerevisiae recruitment factor Est1 interacted with telomerase in a species-specific manner. The TPR domain of hEST1A interacted with the N-terminus of hTERT. The TPR domain of ScEst1 was required for telomere length maintenance by telomerase, and, paradoxically, also negatively regulated telomere length. In preliminary experiments, hTERT interacted with hPOT1/hTPP1. This interaction may stimulate the elongation of telomeres by telomerase. The DNA and protein interactions described herein expand our knowledge of telomerase and present new targets for the manipulation of telomerase function in human disease.

Keywords: telomeres
telomerase
senescence
DNA binding domain
processivity
reverse transcriptase
Advisor: Harrington, Lea
Ontario Colleges in the Digital Age: Understanding the Student Experience, Perceptions and Attitudes of Online Learning at one Ontario College

The global economy is undergoing drastic upheavals as Canada enters the 21st century. The key driver of this transformation is the emergence of the digital age. The digital age is impacting all facets of Canadian society, including postsecondary education. The integration of educational technologies into curriculum is spawning a new form of learning commonly referred to as online learning. Online learning has the potential to radically alter the manner in which knowledge is taught and learned in Canadian higher education. This mixed-methods study utilized both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The qualitative phase (n = 16) was developed and built upon the development and analysis of the quantitative phase (n = 279), which is based on Chickering and Gamson’s (1987) Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education, permitting the researcher to probe more deeply into the college students’ attitudes and perceptions of their online learning experience. The participating students represented most of the programs offered by this college. After the data analysis and interpretations of the findings, several themes emerged. The participants in the online questionnaire were satisfied with their online learning experiences at this one Ontario college. The participants cited the convenience, flexibility and the ability to control their learning as major benefits associated with online learning. Although the students who participated in the online questionnaire were satisfied with their online learning experiences, the quantitative and qualitative findings of this study provide compelling evidence that, as a matter of preference, students would chose a face-to-face / hybrid course over an online course. The participants in the semi-structured interviews repeatedly discussed how the interaction and physical contact between faculty and student, and between students enhanced the learning experiences, which contributed to their academic success. The socialization that occurred in the classroom was also a contributing factor for the preference for face-to-face / hybrid instruction. The results of this study may inform and guide college leadership and faculty about the complexities associated with implementing an online learning strategy at their college. Implications of the conclusions are presented and discussed on how they may impact Ontario’s colleges.

Keywords: Online learning
student perspective
Advisor: Hildyard, Angela
Touching the Future: Educators and the Law

Teachers are perceived by society and in law to be in a position of trust. As a result of the daily interaction with their students, educators have the opportunity to be influential and they are expected to behave in a responsible, ethical and moral manner. Being viewed as a moral compass of society is a significant responsibility and the implications of such a statement are substantial upon not only teachers but also impact on teacher education programs. This study investigates how educational law impacts on beginning teachers in light of the many legal and ethical boundaries that educators will experience throughout their career. The literature review discusses the delicate balance between an educator’s mission and the requirement to follow policies and procedures; documented court cases, which have an impact on educators; and, finally, the educational law component within the teacher education framework. Six participants were interviewed in this study of which two are teachers in their first three years of teaching, two recent graduates, a principal and an official with a teacher union who is a member from the Counseling department. All four of the teachers completed a two-year initial teacher education program. In addition, the principal is a member of the Partnership Advisory Council of the program. Maintaining the delicate balance between an educator’s mission and the law will continue to be a challenge. The direct and indirect statutory rules and regulations which impact on the education system and the supporting landmark court case decisions clearly bring to question the level of preparedness of teacher candidates and indicate a need to examine the role teacher education programs play in preparing future teachers. The major themes include the impact of educational law on the professional and personal lives of beginning teachers, the role of initial teacher education programs, and the legal enablers and barriers for educators. The key findings for each of the themes are discussed. Educators find themselves in a very complex role. The teacher education programs in Ontario need to examine the importance of including meaningful and insightful dialogue about the legal and ethical aspects of being a teacher.

Keywords: Educational Law
Beginning Teachers
Ethical Standards
Legal Boundaries
Advisor: McDougall, Douglas Emerson