VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Chaotic mixing in wavy-type channels and two-layer shallow flows

This thesis examines chaotic mixing in wavy-type channels and two-layer shallow water flow.
For wavy-type channels, the equations of motion for vortices and fluid particles are derived assuming two-dimensional irrotational, incompressible flow. Instantaneous positions of the vortices and particles are determined using Lagrangian tracking, and are conformally mapped to the physical domain. Unsteady vortex motion is analysed, and vortex-induced chaotic mixing in the channels studied. The dynamics of mixing associated with the evolution of the separation bubble, and the invariant manifolds are examined. Mixing efficiencies of the different channel conﬁgurations are compared statistically. Fractal enhancement of productivity is identified in the study of auto-catalytic reaction in the wavy channel.
For the two-layer shallow water model, an entropy-correction free Roe type two-layer shallow water solver is developed for a hyperbolic system with non-conservative products and source terms. The scheme is well balanced and satisfies the C-property such that smooth steady solutions are second order accurate. Numerical treatment of the wet-dry front of both layers and the loss of hyperbolicity are incorporated. The solver is tested rigorously on a number of 1D and 2D benchmark test cases.
For 2D implementation, a dynamically adaptive quadtree grid generation system is adopted, giving results which are in excellent agreement with those on regular grids at a much lower cost. It is also shown that algebraic balancing cannot be applied directly to a two-layer shallow water ﬂow due to the lack of simultaneous referencing for the still water position for both layers. The adaptive two-layer shallow water solver is applied successfully to ﬂow in an idealised tidal channel and to tidal-driven ﬂow in Tampa Bay, Florida. Finally, chaotic advection and particle mixing is studied for wind-induced recirculation in two-layer shallow water basins, as well as Tampa Bay, Florida.

Keywords: chaotic mixing
wavy channel
two-layer shallow water equations
Advisor: Borthwick, A
Taylor, P
Chaotic mixing in wavy-type channels and two-layer shallow flows

This thesis examines chaotic mixing in wavy-type channels and two-layer shallow water flow.
For wavy-type channels, the equations of motion for vortices and fluid particles are derived assuming two-dimensional irrotational, incompressible flow. Instantaneous positions of the vortices and particles are determined using Lagrangian tracking, and are conformally mapped to the physical domain. Unsteady vortex motion is analysed, and vortex-induced chaotic mixing in the channels studied. The dynamics of mixing associated with the evolution of the separation bubble, and the invariant manifolds are examined. Mixing efficiencies of the different channel conﬁgurations are compared statistically. Fractal enhancement of productivity is identified in the study of auto-catalytic reaction in the wavy channel.
For the two-layer shallow water model, an entropy-correction free Roe type two-layer shallow water solver is developed for a hyperbolic system with non-conservative products and source terms. The scheme is well balanced and satisfies the C-property such that smooth steady solutions are second order accurate. Numerical treatment of the wet-dry front of both layers and the loss of hyperbolicity are incorporated. The solver is tested rigorously on a number of 1D and 2D benchmark test cases.
For 2D implementation, a dynamically adaptive quadtree grid generation system is adopted, giving results which are in excellent agreement with those on regular grids at a much lower cost. It is also shown that algebraic balancing cannot be applied directly to a two-layer shallow water ﬂow due to the lack of simultaneous referencing for the still water position for both layers. The adaptive two-layer shallow water solver is applied successfully to ﬂow in an idealised tidal channel and to tidal-driven ﬂow in Tampa Bay, Florida. Finally, chaotic advection and particle mixing is studied for wind-induced recirculation in two-layer shallow water basins, as well as Tampa Bay, Florida.

Keywords: Two-layer shallow water equations
Chaotic mixing
Wavy channel
Advisor: Borthwick, A
Taylor, P
Metaphysics in educational theory

In 1839 the English Parliament first disbursed funds for the formal education of teachers. Between 1839 and the McNair Report in 1944 the institutional shape and the intellectual resources upon which teacher training rested changed profoundly. The centre of teacher training moved from theologically-based colleges to university departments of education; the primary source for understanding education shifted from theology to psychology. These changes altered the ways in which educators contemplated the nature of the child, the role of the teacher and the aim of education itself. This thesis probes such shifts within a variety of elite educational resources, but its major sources of material are ten training colleges of diverse types: Anglican, Nonconformist, Roman Catholic, and University.
The period covered by this thesis is divided into three broad blocks of time. During the first period (1839-1885) formal training occurred in religious colleges, and educators relied upon Biblical narratives to understand education. This first period also saw the birth of modern psychology, whose tools educators often deployed within a religious framework. The second period (1886-1920) witnessed the growth of university-based training colleges which were secular in nature and whose status surpassed that of the religious colleges. During this period, teacher training emphasized intellectual attainment over spiritual development. During the third period (1920-1944), teachers were taught to view education from the standpoint of psychological health. The teacher's goal was the well-developed personality of each child, and academic content served primarily not to impart knowledge but rather to inform the child's own creative drives. This educational project was construed in scientific and anti-metaphysical terms.
The replacement of a theological and metaphysical discourse by a psychological one amounts to a secular turn. However, this occurred neither mechanically nor inevitably. Colleges and theorists often seem to have been unaware of the implications of their emphases. This thesis contemplates explanatory models other than the secularisation thesis and raises important historical questions about institutional identity and the processes of secularisation.

Advisor: Garnett, J
Probabilistic wind power forecasts: from aggregated approach to spatiotemporal models

Wind power is one of the most promising renewable energy resources to replace conventional generation which carries high carbon footprints. Due to the abundance of wind and its relatively cheap installation costs, it is likely that wind power will become the most important energy resource in the near future. The successful development of wind power relies heavily on the ability to integrate wind power effciently into electricity grids. To optimize the value of wind power through careful power dispatches, techniques in forecasting the level of wind power and the associated variability are critical. Ideally, one would like to obtain reliable probability density forecasts for the wind power distributions. As wind is intermittent and wind turbines have non-linear power curves, this is a challenging task and many ongoing studies relate to the topic of wind power forecasting. For this reason, this thesis aims at contributing to the literature on wind power forecasting by constructing and analyzing various time series models and spatiotemporal models for wind power production. By exploring the key features of a portfolio of wind power data from Ireland and Denmark, we investigate different types of appropriate models. For instance, we develop anisotropic spatiotemporal correlation models to account for the propagation of weather fronts. We also develop twostage models to accommodate the probability masses that occur in wind power distributions due to chains of zeros. We apply the models to generate multi-step probability forecasts for both the individual and aggregated wind power using extensive data sets from Ireland and Denmark. From the evaluation of probability forecasts, valuable insights are obtained and deeper understanding of the strengths of various models could be applied to improve wind power forecasts in the future.

Keywords: Time series forecasting
Advisor: Howison, S
McSharry, P
Combined decision making with multiple agents

In a wide range of applications, decisions must be made by combining information from multiple agents with varying levels of trust and expertise. For example, citizen science involves large numbers of human volunteers with differing skills, while disaster management requires aggregating information from multiple people and devices to make timely decisions. This thesis introduces efficient and scalable Bayesian inference for decision combination, allowing us to fuse the responses of multiple agents in large, real-world problems and account for the agents’ unreliability in a principled manner.
As the behaviour of individual agents can change significantly, for example if agents move in a physical space or learn to perform an analysis task, this work proposes a novel combination method that accounts for these time variations in a fully Bayesian manner using a dynamic generalised linear model. This approach can also be used to augment agents’ responses with continuous feature data, thus permitting decision-making when agents’ responses are in limited supply.
Working with information inferred using the proposed Bayesian techniques, an information-theoretic approach is developed for choosing optimal pairs of tasks and agents. This approach is demonstrated by an algorithm that maintains a trustworthy pool of workers and enables efficient learning by selecting informative tasks.
The novel methods developed here are compared theoretically and empirically to a range of existing decision combination methods, using both simulated and real data. The results show that the methodology proposed in this thesis improves accuracy and computational efficiency over alternative approaches, and allows for insights to be determined into the behavioural groupings of agents.

Keywords: Variational Inference
Multi-classifier Systems
Classification
Bayesian
Variational Bayes
Ensemble Methods
Variational
Classifier combination
Classifiers
Citizen Science
Crowdsourcing
Bayes
Advisor: Roberts, S
The role of nitric oxide as a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer

Many tumours contain regions of hypoxia which are difficult to treat by conventional radiotherapy. There is much interest in the ability of nitric oxide (•NO) to radiosensitize hypoxic mammalian cells as a possible adjunct to radiotherapy but mechanisms for its action are unclear. It has been proposed that •NO may radiosensitize cells by ‘fixing’ radiation-induced DNA free radicals, and elevated radiation response by •NO in cells has been partly attributed to increased formation of DNA double strand breaks.
In the work carried out for this thesis it is shown that reaction of •NO with radiation-induced nucleobase radicals produces some novel products. New pathways for the reactions of radiation-induced hydroxyl radicals with purine radicals are proposed. In addition, the effects of •NO on the yields of radiation-induced single strand breaks in anoxic plasmid DNA, and on anoxic mammalian cell radiosensitivity are investigated. Kinetics of formation and repair of radiation-induced double strand breaks indicate different effects of •NO on radiation-induced clustered and non-clustered DNA damage involving replication-induced DNA breaks.
As •NO is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, some of the radiosensitizing properties of •NO may be due to reduction in the availability of 2-deoxyribonucleotides. Through studying reactions of •NO with tyrosine radicals, essential components of ribonucleotide reductase, this work has enhanced understanding into how •NO may inhibit the enzyme, which may offer new insights into the development of •NO-releasing anti-cancer agents.
The potential for delivery of •NO to hypoxic tissue for radiotherapy has also been investigated in this work, through the development of bioreductively-activated pro-drugs. These novel agents are stable until reduced by one-electron reductants, when a •NO-releasing pro-drug is rapidly evolved, only in those regions which are sufficiently hypoxic.
By increasing our understanding into the mechanisms involved in the ability of •NO to radiosensitize hypoxic cells, especially the reactivity of •NO with DNA radicals, knowledge has been gained into the identification, development and repair of radiation-induced DNA damage in cells, including clustered damage, in the presence of •NO. These studies contribute to further development of novel anti-cancer therapies based upon the release of •NO in hypoxic cells.

Keywords: tumour hypoxia
DNA damage
radosensitizer
nitric oxide
Advisor: O'Neill, P
Vojnovic, B
The eighteenth-century luxury debate: the case of Voltaire

Voltaire's role in the luxury debate, the controversy about civilisation, capitalism, and progress which accompanied the birth of modern consumer society in the eighteenth century, is generally limited to his Mondain and its Défense, and reduced to a hedonist apology for luxury. The thesis sets out to re-examine and refute this.
It analyses Voltaire's discovery of commercial societies in Holland and England, and, focussing on the latter, it finds that the apology for commerce became a centralising theme in the Lettres philosophiques, explaining its purpose and coherence.
The thesis then turns to Voltaire's apology for luxury in the 1730s, analysing how du Châtelet and Voltaire, having recourse to classic Epicureanism and deist voluntarism, transformed Mandeville's Fable of the Bees into a justification of commercial societies. Close readings of the Mondain and its companion pieces provide further proof that Voltaire's position on luxury was more nuanced than previously assumed.
The Siècle de Louis XIV and the Essai sur les moeurs demonstrate the importance of luxury in Voltaire's view of civilisation, which in turn serves to explain the shift in Voltaire's appreciation of Montesquieu.
The thesis opposes the claim that in later life Voltaire adopted a Rousseauian view of luxury. Examining Voltaire's later poetry on luxury in light of the analyses offered in the previous chapters, it concludes that his position remained consistent and showed no Rousseauian influence.
Concluding with Voltaire's last defence of luxury, his entries 'Luxe' in the Dictionnaire philosophique and the Questions sur l'Encyclopédie, the thesis explains, with the help of the Fragments sur l'Inde, why and how his attitude to luxury seemed ambiguous in the latter work.
The thesis thus proves that Voltaire's contribution to the debate was not only sustained, independent, and carefully nuanced, but that the debate itself played a crucial rule in Voltaire's thought and writing.

Keywords: Voltaire
Luxury debate
Eighteenth-Century
Advisor: Mallinson, G
Landscapes of welfare: concepts and cultures of British women's philanthropy 1918-1939

This thesis offers a new conceptual framework for the study of women’s philanthropy between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War. Contesting the dominant historiographical narrative which essentialises the association of women with philanthropy, it argues that interwar female philanthropy operated through an inherently creative and flexible methodology. By interrogating gender as a category of analysis alongside other definitional variables of generation, religion, informal and formal modes of influence, and professionalisation, it reveals female philanthropy as an intellectual, as much as a practical endeavour, through which women philanthropists sought to achieve and encourage self-development and societal improvement. Moving beyond a social history framework that concentrates on philanthropic activity in terms of its relationship to social policy, six thematic chapters argue for the critical significance of concepts of language, performance and space in the meanings and presentations of interwar female philanthropy. A central remit of the thesis is to relate the social and cultural processes that underpinned women’s philanthropy between the wars to the subjective experiences of the individual women who engaged them.
The thesis examines the personal archives, published oeuvres and publicity materials (alongside presentations of philanthropy in public discourse) of four philanthropic women who achieved celebrity in the interwar period: Evangeline Booth, Lettice Fisher, Emily Kinnaird and Muriel Paget. It interrogates the contemporary meanings attached to female philanthropy in a period of transformations in mass transport, mass communication and mass democracy, and in women’s position within society. An analysis of this process sheds new light on the historiography of work, civil society and citizenship. Problematising the centrality placed on the national as a sphere of citizenship (embodied in the state), the thesis reveals the critical interconnections between the local and global domains in female philanthropists’ visions. It also illuminates the hitherto underexplored connections between philanthropy, celebrity, the mass media and mass culture. Far from outmoded, female philanthropy lay at the heart of interwar cultural transformations. Female philanthropists contributed dynamically to debates about civil agency and sought to remap the contours of a good society.

Keywords: women
interwar Britain
citizenship
philanthropy
Advisor: Garnett, E
Milton and superfluity

This thesis proceeds from the observation that Milton is concerned by the presence of surplus material in the physical world. The blind Pharisee in Samson Agonistes dismisses his 'redundant locks, / Robustious to no purpose clustering down.' In the Ludlow masque, Comus complains that the Lady's 'moral babble' would leave nature 'strangled with her waste fertility.' Creation, in Paradise Lost, requires the expulsion of 'black tartareous cold infernal dregs' and leaves behind an abyss full of matter. Adam and Eve live in a garden where the sun shines with more warmth than they need, where the nighttime sky is bright with a perplexing canopy of lights. Vines and overgrown branches threaten to make their walks unpassable, while fruit, uncollected and uneaten, falls to the ground.
An interest in superfluity is a characteristic feature of Milton's imagination. He insists on limits, then turns to what is left out as excess or waste. This habit of mind influences Milton's description of acts of choosing and gives shape to his account of the relationship between creation and God. It complicates his answer to the sort of question Augustine asks of God in the Confessions: 'Do heaven and earth contain you because you have filled them? Or do you fill them and overflow them because they do not contain you?' Milton is troubled by the idea of purposeless divine work. He is bothered by the thought of a creation that is useless or unnecessary. In Paradise Lost, I argue, the reason for the existence for the world is tied to the reason for sin.

Advisor: Nuttall, A
A Bayesian cost-benefit approach to sample size determination and evaluation in clinical trials

Current practice for sample size computations in clinical trials is largely based on frequentist or classical methods. These methods have the drawback of requiring a point estimate of the variance of treatment effect and are based on arbitrary settings of type I and II errors. They also do not directly address the question of achieving the best balance between the costs of the trial and the possible benefits by using a new medical treatment, and fail to consider the important fact that the number of users depends on evidence for improvement compared with the current treatment.
A novel Bayesian approach, Behavioral Bayes (or BeBay for short) (Gittins and Pezeshk, 2000a,b, 2002a,b; Pezeshk, 2003), assumes that the number of patients switching to the new treatment depends on the strength of the evidence which is provided by clinical trials, and takes a value between zero and the number of potential patients in the country. The better a new treatment, the more patients switch to it and the more the resulting benefit. The model defines the optimal sample size to be the sample size that maximises the expected net benefit resulting from a clinical trial. Gittins and Pezeshk use a simple form of benefit function for paired comparisons between two medical treatments and assume that the variance of the efficacy is known.
The research in this thesis generalises these original conditions by introducing a logistic benefit function to take account of differences in efficacy and safety between two drugs. The model is also extended to the more general cases of unpaired comparisons and unknown variance. The expected net benefit defined by Gittins and Pezeshk is based on the efficacy of the new drug only. It does not consider the incidence of adverse reactions and their effect on patients’ preferences. Here we include the costs of treating adverse reactions and calculate the total benefit in terms of how much the new drug can reduce societal expenditure.
We describe how our model may be used for the design of phase III clinical trials, cluster randomised clinical trials and bridging studies. This is done in some detail and using illustrative examples based on published studies. For phase III trials we allow the possibility of unequal treatment group sizes, which often occur in practice. Bridging studies are those carried out to extend the range of applicability of an established drug, for example to new ethnic groups. Throughout the objective of our procedures is to optimise the costbenefit in terms of national health-care. BeBay is the leading methodology for determining sample sizes on this basis. It explicitly takes account of the roles of three decision makers, namely patients and doctors, pharmaceutical companies and the health authority.

Keywords: evalution
bridging studies
sample sizes
clinical trials
Bayesian
cost-benefit
Advisor: Gittins, J