VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Judicial boundedness, political capitulation: the dialectic of international governance in the World Trade Organization

Yet the DSS was in fact objectively designed as a weak judiciary and is inherently weaker than existing international judicial bodies. Nevertheless, the DSS has, in practice, been assigned by WTO Membership enhanced governance role that transcends its original design. A gap therefore exists between the structure of the DSS and its application in practice. The WTO's 'judicialized' dispute settlement system (DSS) is the source of intense political controversy. It is under attack, charged with judicial activism and with simply having been granted powers that are too extensive. Simultaneously, proponents depict it as an advanced model of international constitutional governance, and as the foundation of an evolving international structure that holds great promise. An alternative narrative of judicialization is provided, explaining the gap identified by the comparative study. A cumulation of preference patterns causes the Membership of the WTO to strategically employ the bounded DSS as a third-party rule-maker, a substitute for deliberative political decision-making---a dialectical form of governance. The problems of legitimacy are therefore rooted in the dysfunctional politic rather than the DSS; and the DSS cannot underpin a 'constitutional' construct. Both contradicting perspectives flow from a 'constitutional' narrative of international judicialization that assumes a domestically analogous 'separation-of-powers' structure and share the premise that the DSS has been constructed as an exceptionally powerful judiciary, in relation to the WTO's political elements and in comparison to earlier models of international adjudication. Some see this strength as the source of illegitimacy, others as the basis of a new constitution. The study concludes by advocating and developing an agenda for invigorating the political decision making process in the WTO while preserving and strengthening the DSS. The comparative weakness of the design of the DSS---its 'boundedness'---and the gap between design and practice are demonstrated through institutional-comparative analysis of relative judicial power, a dedicated concept developed on the basis of political science literature; it includes a tri-judiciary comparison of nine complex attributes understood as determinants of an international judiciary's relative judicial power.

Keywords: Dispute resolution (Law)
The Canada-France Deep Fields-Photometric Redshift Survey: an investigation of galaxy evolution using photometric redshifts

Progress in the study of galaxy evolution has traditionally followed from improvements in spectroscopic measurement techniques and subsequent groundbreaking surveys. The advent of large format CCD detectors, coupled with the demonstrated success of the photometric redshift method, has given rise to a new, potentially very powerful alternative. It has, in fact, motivated the present detailed investigation of the potential of photometric redshift surveys to complement, or in some cases, supersede traditional spectroscopic surveys in galaxy evolution studies. This Thesis describes a new deep, wide-field, multi-colour imaging survey, 10 times deeper and 30 times larger than its spectroscopic predecessor, the Canada-France Redshift Survey (CFRS). Highly accurate photometric redshifts, calibrated using hundreds of spectroscopic CFRS galaxies, were measured for tens of thousands of objects, with typical dispersions of only sigma/(1 + z) lsim; 0.06 to IAB = 24 for z le; 1.3. For the 1- and 2-point statistics of the galaxy distribution studied in this Thesis, the measurement accuracy is limited not by the photometric redshift error, but rather by the effect of cosmic variance, whose contribution to the total error budget is dominant. Therefore, future studies will be well served by adopting the photometric redshift approach, the efficiency of which will enable them to survey the hundreds or thousands of square degrees required to obtain a fair sample of the Universe. We measure the evolution of galaxy correlations with redshift, a primary observable of the structure formation process, correcting for the dilutive effect of photometric redshift errors on the clustering signal. The high z sim; 3 correlation amplitude seen in this work provides compelling evidence for the biased galaxy formation paradigm. The measured galaxy correlations from 0 lsim; z lsim; 3 are in excellent agreement with the findings of the largest, state-of-the-art spectroscopic studies. A new Bayesian method to measure the galaxy redshift distribution is developed. The accuracy of the method, which incorporates the full redshift likelihood function of each galaxy in an iterative analysis, is demonstrated in extensive Monte Carlo simulations. IAB and RAB redshift distributions, along with the run of median redshifts, are measured in various magnitude ranges, with special attention given to quantifying both random and systematic errors.
Leading to learning: towards a model of transformative leadership in schools

This is a qualitative inquiry concerning transformative leadership in schools. The purpose of the study is to develop a model of transformative leadership, constructed by analyzing the data provided by the author's experiences as an educational leader, using current leadership research and literature. This interpretive form of qualitative research is founded in educational connoisseurship and criticism, and uses personal experiences and artifacts to connect theory and practice. Key research questions include: How does the practice and experience of leadership relate to current theoretical frameworks? What understanding of leadership can be gained by close examination of personal experience? What does transformative educational leadership look like in practice and in context? What are the roles of the transformative educational leader? Drawn from wide reading and analysis of personal experiences, five roles of leadership emerge: Leader as Learner, Leader as Teacher, Leader as Partner, Leader as Advocate and Leader as Researcher. Each of these roles is supported by existing leadership frameworks and literature. Implications for each role for transformative leadership are discussed. Finally, a process for reflection that can be used by leaders who wish to engage in transformative action in schools is outlined.

Keywords: Educational change
Educational leadership
The role of STAT2 in type I interferon-induced responses

STAT2 plays a key role in the Type I Interferon (IFN) signaling cascade. Upon IFN-alpha stimulation, two distinct types of STAT2-containing complexes are formed: IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), and ISGF3-independent STAT2-containing complexes. In the ISGF3 complex, STAT1 and IRF9 directly mediate IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) binding, while STAT2 provides a potent transactivational domain. Conversely, while ISGF3-independent STAT2-containing complexes, specifically STAT2:STAT1 and STAT2:STAT3, bind a gamma-activated sequence- (GAS)-like pIRE, the contribution of each STAT protein to DNA binding is unknown. To examine the role of STAT2 in mediating IFN-inducible responses in target cells, we generated a series of STAT2 mutant cDNAs. These cDNAs were introduced by transfection into U6A cells lacking STAT2, resulting in a panel of cell lines that expressed the various mutant STAT2 proteins. Studies were undertaken to assess the sensitivity of U6A cells reconstituted with intact STAT2 (U6A-STAT2) and cells expressing mutant STAT2s (U6A-STAT2E427,428A, U6A-STAT2V453I, U6A-STAT2V454I, U6A-STAT2V454A, U6A-STAT2V453,4541, U6A-STAT2N458A) to IFN-inducible responses. Data reveal that, in response to IFN-a treatment, cell types expressing both intact and mutant STAT2 exhibit normal ISGF3 and STAT2:STAT1 complex formation and DNA binding. However, luciferase gene reporter assays performed to assess the transcriptional activation potential of these STAT2-containing complexes revealed that cells expressing the V453,4541 mutant of STAT2 are impaired in their ability to drive GAS-mediated transcription. Moreover, whereas cells expressing STAT2 mutants E427,428A, V453I, V4541, V454A and N458A are responsive to the antiviral and growth inhibitory effects of IFN-alpha but U6A-STAT2V453,454I cells are refractory to these IFN-inducible biological activities. Finally, gene expression microarray analysis and tandem mass spectroscopy protein expression profiling identified specific targets whose expression is dependent upon IFN-induction of a fully functional STAT2 protein thereby highlighting the importance of ISGF3-independent STAT2-containing complexes in IFN-induced responses.
Struggling with diversity: the state education of the pluralistic, Upper Canadian population, 1791-1841

This dissertation concerns the birth of the spirit of a tolerant State policy toward the education of a pluralistic population in the polity of Ontario during its Upper Canadian period, 1791–1841. During this formative, fifty year period, a general spirit arose amongst the diverse Confessional, denominational, sectarian, and ethnocentric groups as they fought first against the rugged environment, then against innumerable transportation difficulties that denied access into the interior (the bush or the backwoods) to all but the determined and the desperate, and finally against the ruling political clique, the Family Compact. Comprised largely of what E. P. Thompson called Church-and-King men in English context, the Family Compact held all the cards in the fledgling polity—political, ecclesiastical, cultural, legal, judicial, financial, military, and educational. In its efforts to Establish the Church of England (the Anglican Church) in Upper Canada—as it had been so established, to the extent of collecting tithes, in Ireland, for example—the archly-conservative Family Compact sowed the seeds of its own eventual demise by creating broad popular opposition to its sectarian actions and policies after 1820, especially in regard to the education of the rising generations, for whom the State's role in education was of rapidly increasing importance. In the 1840s and 1850s, the Anglicans having lost the struggle to create an education system in their own image, began opening their own private schools and College (Trinity) under the aegis of their fearless though bigoted leader, Bishop John Strachan (Toronto).

Keywords: Education, History
Education, Ontario
Public schools, History
Public schools, Ontario
Church schools, History
Church schools, Ontario
Frontier and pioneer life, Ontario
Minorities, Education
Minorities, Ontario
The false traitor: Louis Riel in Canadian literature

The nineteenth-century Métis leader Louis Riel has emerged as one of the most popular—and elusive—figures in Canadian culture. Since his hanging for treason in 1885, the self-declared David of the New World has been depicted by Canadian novelists, poets, and playwrights variously as a traitor to Confederation; a French-Canadian and Catholic martyr; a bloodthirsty rebel; a pan-American liberator; a pawn of shadowy white forces; a Prairie political maverick; a First Nations hero; an alienated intellectual; a victim of Western industrial progress; and even a Father of Confederation. The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate how a historical figure, someone who supposedly existed in space and time, could be portrayed in such contradictory ways. Especially in light of the fact that most aesthetic representations of Riel bear little resemblance not only to one another but also to their ostensible model, it is suggested that those works are only nominally about the Métis leader himself. That is, they reveal less about the politician-mystic than they do about their authors and the society to which they belong.
Deformation mechanisms during creep and cold rolling of nanocrystalline nickel

The focus of this research was to determine the deformation mechanisms during creep and cold-rolling of nanocrystalline nickel (average grain size: 40 nm) with a relatively wide grain size distribution. By varying the applied stress and temperature the creep deformation mechanisms were determined. While initial creep occurred by Coble creep, steady state creep was primarily controlled by dislocation movement, with Coble creep acting as a secondary mechanism. It is suggested that Coble creep occurs in the smaller grains, while dislocation creep operates in the larger grains. It is further proposed that dislocation movement becomes dominant when Coble creep diminishes as a result of the development of high frequencies of special grain boundaries. It was found that the nanocrystalline nickel samples could be cold-rolled to a minimum strain of 680% without cracking. Considerable changes in crystallographic texture and, as a result, significant reductions in hardness were observed in the rolled material.
Stochastic local search for POMDP controllers

Gradient-based search in the space of policies representable as stochastic finite state controllers is one of the few tractable solution methods for non-trivial partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). In this thesis, we illustrate a basic problem with standard gradient ascent applied to POMDPs, where the sequential nature of the decision problem is at issue, and propose a new stochastic local search method as an alternative. Our method employs certain heuristics that mimic some of the sequential reasoning inherent in dynamic programming approaches; while more computationally demanding, it can find good, even optimal, controllers where gradient-based methods commonly converge to poor local suboptima.
Finding their place in the world: Brazilian migrant identities in an interconnected world

This dissertation is a multi-sited ethnography that examines transnational social networks of Brazilian migrants living in Toronto. The work seeks to challenge traditional transnational studies that privilege relations between the countries of origin and destination by focusing primarily on practices in Canada, informed by Brazilian practices and ideologies as well as specific conditions in Toronto and the resulting constraints. Particular focus is given to how Brazilian class and Canadian migration status inform gendered transnational networks and positioning strategies of newcomers to Canada. Case studies outline the construction of migrant networks as well as compare the experiences of documented, undocumented and "transitioned" (from undocumented to documented) migrants. Examples are drawn from everyday social practices linked to religion, family, work and "community". In addition to relations within the local Toronto-based Brazilian population, contact with Toronto's Portuguese community and with individuals living in Brazil (So Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Ceara) reveals which resources migrants access (or are unable to access) during strategic constructions of identity and positioning within their networks. My analysis focuses on discourses within the migrant networks. Ethnographic data provides context for my discursive analysis that is informed by critical sociolinguistic theory (Heller, 2002). Through this combined approach, disjunctures in networks (what Heller labels "transition zones") become visible and relations of power become accessible for examination. Discussion addresses the influence of structure and agency through analysis of the opportunities for and constraints on transnational network growth. The data demonstrates that undocumented migrants have much stronger networks than documented migrants because of constraints denying them access to resources in the broader Canadian context (e.g., documented and state-influenced networks) while encouraging ties into existing Brazilian and Portuguese networks. Balancing strategies to address the inherent instability stemming from their marginalized relationship to the State is also explored. Further, the roles of Brazilian class, gender, and migration expectations are examined. This research highlights certain disjunctures that exist between Canadian immigration policy and the Canadian labour market, including an examination of documented migrants unable to find professional work and undocumented migrants who find work, but do not qualify for immigrant or work visas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Leadership and professional development of school administrators in a program of anti-racism education: the case of one school district

This thesis examined one school district's development and implementation of anti-racism policies and programs, leadership and professional development of school administrators and conditions for effective implementation. Utilizing a qualitative case study method, the study found that an essential component of a successful program is a strategic and coordinated leadership and professional development plan for school administrators. Other conditions include legislation, policies that impact all aspects of the organization, endorsement by senior administration and trustees, integration of concepts into performance evaluations and competencies of school administrators, appropriate and accessible support tools and resources, champions of equity and diversity from all areas of the organization, and community partnerships. The study found that leadership development of school administrators should highlight the moral purpose of anti-racism education with an emphasis on relationship building and emotional intelligence. The study has relevance for other school districts' implementation of such policies, in particular, in small rural communities.
Assessment and interpretation of age effects in pediatric health data

The effectiveness of strategies to ensure age-appropriateness of child self-report measures of Quality of Life (QoL) and Health Status (HS) has only been minimally assessed. As such, the purpose of this thesis was to explore the impact of age in child self-reported QoL and HS. First, an extensive literature review yielded three primary results: a theoretical framework describing key developmental factors influencing children's self-report; a summary of 8 methods of adapting measures for children; and a grading of 32 existing measures based on the presence of the 8 adaptations. Second, an analysis of existing data was performed to test for a relationship between age and child self-reported health using the Activities Scale for Kids. A moderate correlation was found in healthy children (r = 0.39–0.52) and a weaker correlation was found in children with disabilities (r = 0.11–0.27). In conclusion, age may influence child self-reports of QoL and HS and warrants further investigation.
Pre-operative factors of enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation in individuals after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

The purpose of this study was to determine pre-operative factors of enrollment in Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) in individuals after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Pre-operatively, participants completed the 2-minute walk test (2MWT), Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), Cardiac Exercise Self-Efficacy Instrument (CESEI), Stages of Change Questionnaire (SCQ), Short Form 12 (SF-12), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Subjects were followed 10--12 weeks post-CABG to determine enrollment in CR and to repeat questionnaires. Individuals not enrolled were asked to provide reasons for non-enrollment. The referral and enrollment rates were 86% and 46% respectively. Enrollment was predicted by location of residence (p = 0.02) and education level (p = 0.05). 2MWT, DASI and CESEI scores did not predict enrollment. Scores on all questionnaires (except SCQ significantly improved post-CABG (p
Heat-directed cancer gene therapy

The primary goal of cancer gene therapy is to transfer and express genes in tumour cells or related tissues in order to facilitate disease eradication. This is challenging because therapeutic genes are often highly toxic to normal cells and the vectors that deliver them lack specificity for tumour cells. Furthermore, current vectors are unable to transduce a large percentage of cells within a given tumour. To address this, researchers have striven to harness toxic genes capable of killing not only the cells that they are expressed in, but also surrounding, untransduced “bystander” cells. The broad toxicity of genes with large “bystander effects” necessitates precise control over gene expression. Combining gene therapy with existing conventional treatments is one way to address this problem. Clinical hyperthermia has shown promise as an adjuvant form of cancer therapy when combined with ionizing radiation in clinical trials. Adoption of hyperthermia into clinical practice however, has been hampered by difficulties in maintaining uniformly elevated temperatures in human tumours. The human genome contains promoters that respond to mild heat exposure by dramatically up-regulating the genes that they control. This presents an attractive route for spatio-temporal control of gene expression in locally heated tumours. This thesis explores the hypothesis that this “heat shock response” could be harnessed to control toxic gene expression with heat-inducible promoters. This would not only augment the therapeutic effects of mild hyperthermia (exploiting the bystander effect) but would also limit normal tissue toxicity by constraining gene expression to the heated volume. Heat-targeted gene therapy is explored using the hsp70b promoter to control expression of a marker gene (β-galactosidase); an enzyme (cytosine deaminase/thymidine kinase) that converts non-toxic prodrugs into toxic metabolites; or a highly toxic gene (the active form of the Gibbon-Ape Leukemia Virus envelop protein) which causes widespread cell:cell fusion. Cell culture and animal studies using human tumour cells demonstrate that: (1) heat-responsiveness of the hsp70b promoter can be augmented through DNA sequence manipulation; (2) hyperthermia can effectively focus gene expression to heated tumours; and (3) heat-directed toxic gene expression can significantly enhance heat-induced cytotoxicity.