VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Triune Elohim

In 1563, the publication of the Heidelberg Catechism marked the conversion of the Rhineland Palatinate to a stronghold for Reformed religion. Immediately thereafter, however, the Palatinate church experienced a deeply unsettling surge in the popularity of antitrinitarianism. To their Lutheran and Catholic opponents, this development revealed a toxic connection between Reformed theology and the tenets of antitrinitarianism. As early as 1565, for instance, the Catholic Cardinal Stanislaus Hosius argued anonymously that the Reformed principle of sola scriptura was indistinguishable from the biblicism which had led heretics to reject the doctrine of the Trinity on the grounds that it was nowhere explicitly justified in the biblical text.
Seven years later, the displaced Italian theologian and Heidelberg professor, Girolamo Zanchi, countered this argument in his De Tribus Elohim (1572). This huge landmark of this early theological crisis in Heidelberg sought to oppose the biblicism of the early antitrinitarians by arguing that the doctrine of the Trinity was explicitly taught within the Hebrew divine names Jehovah and Elohim. The following year De Tribus Elohim received an Imperial Privilege from the Catholic court in Vienna, a distinction virtually unheard of for a Reformed theological text. Zanchi’s argument was then widely promulgated in the marginal notations of the tremendously influential Biblia Sacra of Franciscus Junius and Immanuel Tremellius, and became a staple of refutations of antitrinitarianism thereafter.
Yet Zanchi’s confidence that trinitarian theology was contained within the Hebrew of the Old Testament was not shared by many of his own Reformed colleagues. John Calvin’s exegetical works had explicitly rejected this argument; and theologians like David Pareus (Zanchi’s younger colleague in Heidelberg) and the Dutch Hebraist Johannes Drusius preferred a more historical-grammatical reading of the Old Testament and dismissed Zanchi’s reading of the name Elohim despite the danger that this might sacrifice a valuable defence against antitrinitarianism. Complicating the picture further, the Lutheran polemicist Aegidius Hunnius directed Zanchi’s arguments against Calvin in his Calvinus Iudaizans (1593).
This variety of responses to Zanchi’s argument demonstrates the diversity of assumptions about the nature of the biblical text within the Reformed church, contradicting the notion that the Reformed world in the age of “confessionalization” was becoming increasingly homogenous or that the works of John Calvin had become the authoritative touchstone of Reformed orthodoxy in this period.

Keywords: Hunnius
Drusius
De Tribus Elohim
Antitrinitarianism
Pareus
Confessionalization
Elohim
Reformation Hebrew
Zanchi
Heidelberg
Junius
Tremellius
Advisor: Weinberg, J
Hotson, H
The development of the idea of limbo in the Middle Ages

The medieval period witnessed many attempts at organization, of both the mundane and sacred spheres. The otherworldy realms of heaven and hell are familiar to the modern reader, as is purgatory, but it was during the middle ages that the existence of another realm, limbo, was posited. This realm had its beginnings in questions of Christology and the extent to which Christian salvation could or could not be extended to non-Christian peoples. Its development was also shaped by questions of infant baptism, and the fate of those infants who died lacking this baptism. By the thirteenth century, it becomes more proper to speak of "the limbos", as the idea of limbo is split into two realms: the limbo of the Fathers (limbus patrum), wherein were placed the notable figures of the Old Testament, and the limbo of children (limbus puerorum). wherein were placed unbaptized infants of the Christian era. This thesis examines the development of the idea of limbo, concentrating primarily on works of speculative theology. It begins with the roots of the idea of limbo to be found in the writings of Augustine of Hippo and in the apocryphal Christian work, the Gospel of Nicodemus. From there, the questions of original sin, divine redemption, and baptism which shape the development of the idea of limbo are examined in the writings of several influential twelfth-century authors, including Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Bernard of Clairvaux, and Peter Lombard. The earliest uses of the term "limbo" are examined in the works of William of Auvergne and William of Auxerre, and the full theology of limbo is considered in the works of the high scholastic writers Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, and Bonaventure. Finally, the thesis concludes with a fusion of theology and art in an examination of the unique depiction of limbo in Dante's Divine Comedy.
Specifying the dimensions of care that matter to people with long-term conditions (LTCs) and improving our understanding of patient-centred care (PCC)

Background
The term patient-centred care (PCC) is commonly used in the academic literature and UK health policy. However, this concept is ill defined and little is known about its applicability to the management of people with long-term conditions (LTCs). Several methodologies were used to explore the meaning of PCC, identify key experiences that matter to people with LTCs and consider the implications of these findings for the measurement of patient reported experiences of health care.
Method
Four stages of research were conducted for this thesis. First, a conceptual synthesis of existing PCC and patient experience frameworks to produce an overarching framework of PCC. Second, secondary qualitative analysis of patient interviews to identify key experiences of PCC that matter to people with LTCs. Third, development of a PCC questionnaire for people with LTCs, based on findings from the conceptual synthesis and secondary analysis. Fourth, further exploration of the questionnaire through cognitive debriefing interviews with people with LTCs and health professionals.
Results
The overarching framework of PCC consisted of 8 domains; access, availability and choice, information, communication and education, relationship with health professionals, involvement in care, respect and dignity, responsiveness to individual needs and preferences, consistency, continuity and co-ordination, and effectiveness of treatment and care. Findings from secondary analysis suggested that many of the domains from the framework were also important in care for people with LTCs, but that some aspects of care held an additional meaning. The themes identified in the secondary analysis were used to generate items for a generic PCC experience questionnaire for people with LTCs. The final questionnaire, ‘Your Experiences of Care in Long-Term Conditions’ consisted of 47 questions across three sections. Feedback from the debriefing interviews suggested that the questionnaire had asked important questions about care for people with LTCs and that it was relevant to people with a range of different LTCs.
Conclusion
Development of an overarching framework of PCC demonstrated some conceptual problems in understanding and evaluating the notion of PCC. Findings from this thesis suggest that an overarching questionnaire of experiences of PCC is feasible and acceptable to people with a range of different LTCs. Future research needs examine standard features of the newly developed PCC experience questionnaire for people with LTCs and consider the potential use and contribution of data in enhancing care for people with LTCs.

Keywords: Medical sciences
Advisor: Locock, L
Fitzpatrick, R
Connectivity and related properties for graph classes 

There has been much recent interest in random graphs sampled uniformly from the set of (labelled) graphs on n vertices in a suitably structured class A. An important and well-studied example of such a suitable structure is bridge-addability, introduced in 2005 by McDiarmid et al. in the course of studying random planar graphs. A class A is bridge-addable when the following holds: if we take any graph G in A and any pair u,v of vertices that are in different components in G, then the graph G′ obtained by adding the edge uv to G is also in A. It was shown that for a random graph sampled from a bridge-addable class, the probability that it is connected is always bounded away from 0, and the number of components is bounded above by a Poisson law. What happens if ’bridge-addable’ is replaced by something weaker? In this thesis, this question is explored in several different directions.
After an introductory chapter and a chapter on generating function methods presenting standard techniques as well as some new technical results needed later, we look at minor-closed, labelled classes of graphs. The excluded minors are always assumed to be connected, which is equivalent to the class A being decomposable - a graph is in A if and only if every component of the graph is in A. When A is minor-closed, decomposable and bridge-addable various properties are known (McDiarmid 2010), generalizing results for planar graphs. A minor-closed class is decomposable and bridge-addable if and only if all excluded minors are 2-connected. Chapter 3 presents a series of examples where the excluded minors are not 2-connected, analysed using generating functions as well as techniques from graph theory. This is a step towards a classification of connectivity behaviour for minor-closed classes of graphs. In contrast to the bridge-addable case, different types of behaviours are observed. Chapter 4 deals with a new, more general vari- ant of bridge-addability related to edge-expander graphs. We will see that as long as we are allowed to introduce ’sufficiently many’ edges between components, the number of components of a random graph can still be bounded above by a Pois- son law. In this context, random forests in Kn,n are studied in detail. Chapter 5 takes a different approach, and studies the class of labelled forests where some vertices belong to a specified stable set. A weighting parameter y for the vertices belonging to the stable set is introduced, and a graph is sampled with probability proportional to y*s where s is the size of its stable set. The behaviour of this class is studied for y tending to ∞. Chapters 6 concerns random graphs sampled from general decomposable classes. We investigate the minimum size of a component, in both the labelled and the unlabelled case.

Keywords: Combinatorics
Graph Theory
Analytic Combinatorics
Advisor: McDiarmid, C
Precipitation reactions in the tungsten-nickel-iron heavy alloy system

This research is concerned with identifying and characterizing four solid-state precipitation reactions in the W-Ni-Fe system that can be induced by appropriate heat treatments.
Previous work in this area is reviewed, and a general overview of the research on this system that may, directly or indirectly, further the understanding of microstructure/mechanical property relationships in the W-Ni-Fe heavy alloy is presented. The many metallographic and analytical techniques that have been employed in the course of this investigation are also briefly reviewed.
The specific precipitation reactions studied in the 90W-5Ni-5Fe heavy alloy are listed and briefly described.
Interfacial precipitation - interfacial precipitates at the W-andgamma; and andgamma;-andgamma; boundaries were found to be andeta;-carbides. This morphology is expected to severely embrittle the alloy.
Matrix-phase precipitation - discontinuous precipitation of W was observed in the matrix region.
W-W grain boundary precipitation - W-W grain boundary allotriomorphs (andgamma;-phase) were identified and characterized.
W-phase precipitation hardening - fine scale precipitation in the W-phase was found to strengthen the alloy. Deformation prior to aging significantly increased the rate of precipitate nucleation. TEM contrast analysis showed the precipitates to be plate-like with a {100} habit plane, and the strain in the W lattice normal to the precipitates was found to be tensile in nature.
Matrix-composition alloys were manufactured to simulate the andgamma;-phase in the 90W-5Ni-5Fe alloy. Metallographic observations of these alloys furthered the understanding of reactions 1) and 2) above. These results are discussed in terms of (a) current theories of solid-state precipitation and (b) the influence of the various morphologies on mechanical properties.

Advisor: Edmonds, D
Agents and principals

The Office of the Crown agents acted as the UK commercial and financial agent of the Crown colonies, supplying all non-locally manufactured stores, organising the provision of external finance, supervising the construction of infrastructure, and performing various personnel services. Although under the supervision of the colonial Secretary, who appointed the Agents and fixed their salaries, the Office, through a system of charges for work done, was financially and administratively independent of the government.
The thesis examines the Office from the perspective of principal-agent theory. It is argued that the Agents at the start of the period maximised their self-interest through the provision of a quality, but costly service, which reduced the likelihood of colonial criticism and the reorganisation/closure of the Agency, and increased its commission income. As they had difficulty monitoring costs and the loss suffered was relatively small when compared to the potential cost of the supply of poor quality goods/public works, both the Colonial Office and colonies tolerated the Agents' behaviour. In the late 1890s, however, the situation changed. A fall in the Office's receipts led the Agents to become more concerned with the maximisation of income. They thus began to use their advice to the Colonial Office to influence policy for their own benefit. As a result, costly and uneconomic railways were constructed, the price of purchases rose still further, and high cost loans were issued. The colonies, whose interests were threatened by the Agents' behaviour, increasingly lobbied the Colonial Office to take action, and in 1908 the Secretary of State set up an enquiry that led to widescale reorganisation of the Agency.
Analysis of the quasicontinuum method

The aim of this work is to provide a mathematical and numerical analysis of the static quasicontinuum (QC) method. The QC method is, in essence, a finite element method for atomistic material models. By restricting the set of admissible deformations to linear splines with respect to a finite element mesh, the computational complexity of atomistic material models is reduced considerably.
We begin with a general review of atomistic material models and the QC method and, most importantly, a thorough discussion of the correct concept of static equilibrium. For example, it is shown that, in contrast to global energy minimization, a ‘dynamic’ selection procedure based on gradient flows models the physically correct behaviour.
Next, an atomistic model with long-range Lennard–Jones type interactions is analyzed in one dimension. A rigorous demonstration is given for the existence and stability of elastic as well as fractured steady states, and it is shown that they can be approximated by a QC method if the mesh is sufficiently well adapted to the exact solution; this can be measured by the interpolation error.
While the a priori error analysis is an important theoretical step for understanding the approximation properties of the QC method, it is in general unclear how to compute the QC deformation whose existence is guaranteed by the a priori analysis. An a posteriori analysis is therefore performed as well. It is shown that, if a computed QC deformation is stable and has a sufficiently small residual, then there exists a nearby exact solution and the error is estimated. This a posteriori existence idea is also analyzed in an abstract setting.
Finally, extensions of the ideas to higher dimensions are investigated in detail.

Keywords: error analysis
atomistic models
coarse-graining
quasicontinuum method
Advisor: Süli, E
Fetal haemoglobin and malaria

The inherited disorders of human haemoglobin are very common in some populations. Relative protection afforded to heterozygous carriers of these conditions against P. falciparum malaria is a likely cause for these high gene frequencies. However, very little is known at the cellular level of how this protective effect works. As an approach to this problem, an in vitro culture technique was developed in order to examine the factors which might modify the interaction of P. falciparum with human red cells. Fetal haemoglobin was of particular interest as a means of protection, since young infants, who are known to have high levels of this haemoglobin, are relatively resistant to P. falciparum. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that infants heterozygous for thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies have higher levels of fetal haemoglobin than expected during the first year of life.
A paucity of parasites was observed in the fetal haemoglobin-containing cells in young infants but this was shown to be due to the predilection of the parasite for metabolically young cells. Fetal haemoglobin was shown to have no effect on the rates of invasion of parasites into cells from a variety of conditions. However fetal haemoglobin caused significant retardation of growth once the parasite had entered the cell. This effect was independent of cell age.
Further findings indicated that in the sickling disorders and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency the red cell provided an unfavourable environment for the development of P. falciparum. This was not the case in thalassaemia and haemoglobin C and E traits. It was therefore suggested that these latter disorders have maintained their high frequencies due to the relatively high level of fetal haemoglobin which occurs in heterozygous carriers at an early stage in life, and protects them at an age when mortality from falciparum malaria is at its highest.

Advisor: Weatherall, D
Identification of molecular-genetic determinants of quality traits of tomato fruit

Tomato is an important food crop and a model for fleshy fruit development. The process of fruit ripening involves changes in chemical composition and in particular the accumulation of sugars, organic, amino acids and carotenes. The research described in this thesis aimed to identify key regulatory aspects associated with the accumulation of the major acids in tomato fruit by analysis of introgression lines resulting from a cross between a cultivated variety, Solanum lycopersicum, and a wild progenitor species, Solanum pennellii. Line 2-5 showed increases in citrate, malate, aspartate and glutamate in fruit grown under greenhouse conditions.
The genetic differences between line 2-5, its overlapping lines, sub-introgression lines and the recurrent parent were used to link the metabolite phenotypes to smaller chromosomal regions. This analysis suggested multiple epistatic loci control fruit metabolite accumulation. Investigation of the biochemical differences between line 2-5 and the recurrent parent revealed that organic and amino acid accumulation did not dependent upon increased TCA cycle capacity. Regulation at the metabolic level was identified for citrate accumulation with changes in cytosolic aconitase in line 2-5. As these metabolites accumulate in the vacuole, tonoplast transport was investigated. Correlation of ATPase-dependent malate influx with altered malate content suggested malate tonoplast transport plays a role in malate accumulation and highlights the importance of vacuolar storage and transport in the regulation of organic and amino acid accumulation.

Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum
aspartate
malate
glutamate
introgression lines
tomato
citrate
Advisor: Sweetlove, L
The nature of détente

This study attempts to ascertain the nature of détente by clarifying the term, identifying common elements working for and against détente, and considering whether the history of various periods of détente suggests a cyclical or progressive pattern.
First, détente is defined as a process - not a condition, policy or historical period. More specifically, it is the process of easing tension between states whose interests are so radically divergent that the possibilities of reconciliation are inherently limited. Second, by examining the post-war Soviet-American relationship and focusing individually on the four periods of détente that occurred during this time ('spirit of Geneva' 1955; 'spirit of Camp David' 1959; Post- Missile Crisis détente 1963-4; Moscow détente 1972-5), those common elements influencing the rise and fall of détente emerge. They include the influence of individual leaders, the fear of nuclear war, the self-perceived strength of the superpowers, the convergence of superpower special interests, the changing perceptions of détente and the national interest, and the difficulties in reaching a common code of détente. Finally, the character of détente is found to be progressive due to the legacy left by each period.
The machinery of self identity, modernity and repetition in the critical theory of Wyndham Lewis

Of the major literary modernists writing in English in the early years of the twentieth century, arguably the most misunderstood and critically neglected has been Wyndham Lewis. It is the contention of this dissertation that Lewis should be reassessed, not only as a vitally important writer and artist, but also as one the most significant critical theorists of modernity. Accordingly, the central aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that Lewis, whose oeuvre extended from fiction, drama, poetry and literary criticism to radical experimentation in painting and drawing, to a considerable range of non- fictional, political and philosophical writings which would now be classified as critical and cultural theory, was not only a highly significant theorist of his own period, but also, pre-emptive of many of the concerns that have come to be identified with postmodernism and its aftermath. The essence of this untimeliness, it is argued, lies firstly with his consistent engagement with the nihilism hat he believed to be the engine of modernity, and secondly, with his creative deployment of the ideas of a range of continental philosophers from Kant and Schopenhauer to Nietzsche and Bergson to counter that nihilism and in Nietzsche's terminology to "overcome" it. In the process, and particularly in his exploration of temporality and spatiality as they configure human identity, Lewis provided a philosophical commentary on the modern that in many ways paralleled and prefigured the intellectual trajectory of major twentieth century thinkers such as Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, and subsequently, Gilles Deleuze and Jean Baudrillard. The genealogy of these parallels and pre-figurations will be traced through the use of the concept of repetition as it is deployed by Lewis in his critical theory and fiction, from his early short stories to his final theological fantasies.

Advisor: Bradshaw, D