VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Murder and create: state reconstruction in Rwanda since 1994

This thesis attempts to reconcile the ‘two Rwandas’ which dominate contemporary scholarship, and seem on first glance utterly incommensurable: the inspirational developmental donor darling, and the brutal police state ruled by a shadowy ethnic clique. It argues both sides capture something, but fail to give a fair assessment of the mercurial system of political order constructed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) following the Genocide of 1994. This system is a durably strong state with exceptionally high levels of societal penetration capable of delivering order and other public goods, with a ruling party in a hegemonic position with a degree of medium-term stability, despite (and because of) its illiberal repressive character.
Such a system is only possible because of the extremely unusual sociology of the RPF itself, forged in the refugee camps of Uganda and the Ugandan Bush War, and the structural constraints on rule within Rwanda. With these resources, the RPF has successfully made the transition from guerilla movement to hegemonic civilian political party, created bureaucratic institutions of government which penetrate to the lowest level, and hugely profitable ‘party-statals’ which co-exist alongside functioning competitive markets. Such successes are not disconnected from the violence, repression, and extra-judicial coercion which remain crucial to the regime. Analyses which think the positive aspects of Rwanda’s current ‘miracle’ can be mimicked without the accompanying domination and autocracy are engaging in wishful thinking. Crucially, given how distinctive the enabling conditions for Rwanda’s current political dispensation are, the extent to which Rwanda can be a policy exemplar or ‘best-practice’ for other African states to follow is in any case seriously overstated.

Keywords: Social Sciences
History of Africa
Authoritarianism
Conflict
Post-Conflict Reconstruction
Governance in Africa
Migration
Violence (refugees)
Political science
State-Formation
Return and reintegration
War (politics)
Political economy of markets and states
Rwanda
Refugee camps and settlements
Advisor: Soares de Oliveira, R
Being and owning: the body, bodily material and the law

The purpose of this Thesis is to determine which set of private law rules ought to apply to the use and storage of bodily material. I recommend that the most appropriate legal approach is through a combination of property rights and duties of confidentiality. The suggestion is that where a healthcare institution obtains possession of bodily material, their possession of the material may give rise to property rights in the material. In addition, where an individual retains entitlements in bodily material that is held by a healthcare institution, the entitlements of the individual ought to be protected through the imposition of duties on the healthcare institution that are akin to duties of confidentiality.
This recommendation is the product of two main inquires. The first inquiry concerns which entitlements individuals and institutions ought to be able to exercise in separated bodily material. This involves an investigation into which aspects of the relationship between a person and their body can also be found in the relationship between a person and their separated bodily material. It also involves an assessment as to which societal interests can be served through allocating entitlements in bodily material to healthcare institutions, and how to resolve the conflict between individual and societal interests in the use and storage of bodily material.
The second main inquiry concerns the way in which different branches of private law are able to protect entitlements in things. I identify that property rights, rights of bodily integrity and privacy are similar insofar as they protect entitlements through the exclusion of others. Property rights are nonetheless distinct as property law concerns rights than can exist independently of the rights-holder. The recommended approach follows from connecting the different entitlements in bodily material that ought to obtain legal protection with different ways an entitlement may be afforded legal protection.

Keywords: Bodily Material
Property Rights
Medical Law
Advisor: Herring, J
Butterflies as signal receivers

This thesis examines the existence of colour preferences in butterflies. Two polymorphic species - the Mocker Swallowtail (Papilio dardanus) and the Silver-Washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia) are used as study species. Both the basis of colour preferences in mate choice and flower choice during feeding, and the implications of the preferences for the evolution of the species and morphs are investigated.
In the Silver Washed Fritillary a non-genetically determined preference exists for highly saturated orange coloration in both mate and flower choice. This is shown not to be due to a bias for orange in colour reception through the use of electroretinograms, measuring the electrical output of the retina when exposed to light of varying wavelengths. It has not been possible, however, to rule out the possibility that the preference for the most common, orange, female morph is learnt.
The flower colour preferences of the Mocker Swallowtail are investigated, and it is demonstrated that individuals show an initial preference for blue flowers, and also learn rapidly to feed off flowers of other colours that prove profitable. Their decision to try flowers of other colours is shown to be influenced by the behaviour of other individuals. In previous mate choice experiments, experienced males of the species have been shown to have a preference for the most common, black and white, morph. The colours of the morphs and the spectral sensitivities of the butterflies are analysed quantitatively. The initial and subsequent preferences of naive males are investigated in behavioural experiments, and a possible influence of learning on their subsequent choices is discovered. No influence of female choice is found. This information is then used to create a mathematical model of the population structure, for which it is also necessary to determine the relative payabilities of the model and mimic, and the mating frequency of wild males. The model demonstrates how the observed population structures might arise through evolutionary time.
Measurements of the morphology of males and females of Papilio dardanus, and one of its putative models, Danaus chrysippus, shows that in Papilio dardanus females the centre of gravity is positioned significantly further back than in males and in Danaus chrysippus. This positioning far from the wing base has already been shown to handicap an individual escaping from a predator due to decreased acrobatic ability. It has also already been shown that mimetic species tend to have centres of mass positioned further back than non-mimetic species, and hence it is possible that the position of a centre of mass of a butterfly (and its effect on agility) may be a factor in the evolution of mimicry in a species or (where females carry a large egg load) in females of a species only.
The effects of resource availbility on the subsistence strategies of Datoga pastoralists of north west Tanzania

Many early anthropological studies treated pastoralist populations as egalitarian, however there is considerable variation in the resources available to individual households. This thesis considers how resources influence the subsistence system of the pastoral Datoga of Lake Eyasi. The two categories of resources considered are wealth and labour.
The labour available to Datoga households does not influence the herding strategies of those households. In turn, the herding strategies do not affect the dynamics of cattle herds. This is because households that are short of labour can arrange for their animals to be herded by members of different households, and there are no discernible costs associated with this.
Wealth, defined by livestock holdings, can be measured either as total household wealth, or as wealth per capita. These are conceptually distinct. Among the Datoga, households that are wealthy in terms of total livestock holdings, are also wealthy in terms of wealth per capita, but not proportionally more so. Once households have about five livestock units per capita, any increase in household wealth is used to attract new people to the household, rather than to increase the wealth of existing household members.
For many aspects of the production system overall household wealth and wealth per capita have a similar effect, but this is not always the case. In some instances overall household wealth can explain variation between households, whereas wealth per capita cannot. This occurs when the absolute number of animals belonging to a household is important. In terms of provisioning the household and household economics, per capita wealth explains more of the variation between households.
Overall the Datoga are struggling to survive. They have been alienated from more fertile areas, and consequently they are poor, and herd productivity is low. This is due to the low reproduction rate of cattle, and the high commercial offtake rate of both cattle and small stock. The high commercial offtake rate is driven by subsistence needs and most income is used to buy grain and veterinary products. However, there is considerable variation between households, and compared to poor households, wealthy households have a comparatively low offtake rate of livestock, in terms of both mortality and sales. Consequently, they are managing to retain their livestock holdings, or in a few cases to increase the size of their herds. However, wealthy households are in the minority, and the majority of households are caught in a declining cycle of poverty, and will eventually be forced to drop out of the pastoral system.

Keywords: subsistence economics
livestock dynamics
Datoga
pastoralist economics
herding strategies
East Africa
Tatoga
nutrition
Barabaig
child labour
pastoralism
Advisor: Harrison, G
Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) predation on tits (Parus spp.)

The present research was conducted to assess the effect of Sparrowhawk predation on the tit population of Wytham Woods, Oxford.
Chapter 1 describes the history of the Wytham hawk population until this study began and the nesting biology of the hawks during the study. Six to nine pairs of hawks settled in the wood each year, but reproductive success was low due to pesticide contamination.
Chapter 2 shows that tit nesting success was reduced when they nested near hawk nests. Circumstantial evidence is presented for reduced tit nesting success throughout the wood since the return of the hawks.
Chapter 3 examines rates of hawk predation during the nesting period. Findings indicate that hunting rates and the percentage of the diet formed by tits are regulated by prey availability or vulnerability, with highest predation rates occurring at the time that tits fledge.
In Chapter 4 the selection of tits by hawks is analysed. Results indicate that on the basis of brood and physical characteristics adult tits were selected on the basis of availability and juvenile tits were selected primarily by date of fledging. The ratio of adult to juveniles taken differed between years and was thought to be related to the number of tits available per hawk each year.
Chapter 5 presents estimates showing that 22-42% of each segment of the tit population was killed by hawks each year. The effects of these losses are discussed, concentrating on the shift in the structure of the tit breeding population which has occurred since the hawks returned to the wood.
In Chapter 6 the findings of the study are compared to the findings of previous predator-prey research and the attributes of Wytham as an area for studying predation discussed.

Advisor: Perrins, C
Heinrich Heine in Paris: the poetics and politics of self-fashioning

Drawing on the concept developed in Stephen Greenblatt’s Renaissance Self-fashioning: From More to Shakespeare, this thesis presents Heinrich Heine as an extreme case of the ‘self-fashioning’ writer. I argue that his preoccupation with self-construction determines what and how he writes, how he treats his reading public and, crucially, how he perceives and evaluates his own career.
Though self-fashioning occurs in his earliest works, Heine’s decision to move to Paris (1831) was the single biggest self-determining act of his life; he constructs it as a moment of rebirth. Inspired by the July Revolution, he sought a new authorial identity in harmony with the supposed new world order and his own social, political and artistic ideals. However, the reality of juste-milieu society—a continual seesawing between modernisation and restoration—cast doubt on the possibility, even the desirability, of novelty and progress, the goals of revolution.
In this context, Heine cultivates the identity of a perpetually embattled writer through confrontational dialogue with contemporary ideologies and his readership alike; ever ambivalent in his attitude to the role of art in a modernising world, he is also engaged in an internal battle with the self. First I show how he establishes himself in the role of cultural correspondent in the early journalism by developing a mode of self-conscious spectatorship which enables him to negotiate between contemporary French conditions and German readership expectations. Second I investigate the strategies he uses to free himself from his Buch der Lieder legacy and redefine his identity as a poet in Paris; I show how the Neue Gedichte (1844) are assembled to record and reflect on this transitional process, making the collection a monument to his self-fashioning tendencies. Finally I explore how Heine manipulates the relationship between public and private within a concept of self to construct his authorial identity; I consider a number of self-editing and self-reconstructive practices in prefaces, letters and autobiographical writing.

Keywords: Heinrich Heine
self-fashioning
Advisor: Phelan, A
'...and I feel good!' The relationship between body-movement, pleasure and groove in music

In many musical cultures, people synchronise their bodies to the rhythmic patterns of the music, and such embodied engagements are one of the most overtly enjoyable forms of musical appreciation. However, the ways in which rhythmic structure, body-movement and pleasure are related remains unclear. The present thesis directs a broadly psychological, yet multi-methodological and interdisciplinary, approach towards this relationship, centring on the rhythmic structure of syncopation in groove-based funk music. Through perceptual experiments, computational modelling, rating surveys, neuroimaging and motion-capture recording, syncopation was found to relate, in primarily negatively linear and inverted U-shaped ways, to finger-tapping performance, perceptions of stability, subjective desire to move and feelings of pleasure, neural activity in motor and reward areas, and force, synchrony and periodicity in body-movements. These relationships also depended on individuals’ musical training, dancing experience and groove familiarity. Ecological and embodied theories of perception and a phenomenology of groove provide a backdrop to the empirical findings, on the basis of which it is suggested that the different relationships between syncopation in groove and perceptual, subjective, neural and corporeal attributes interact in reciprocal ways. It is proposed that syncopation invites the body to physically enact the musical structure and directly participate in the rhythms of groove, due to the perceptual tension and ‘open spaces’ afforded by the perception of metric events in syncopation. In groove, body, mind and music extend into each other and this distributed musical process has affective significance. Since the physical pleasures of dancing to music are such a historically and culturally ubiquitous phenomenon, the empirical findings and theoretical proposals of this thesis make significant contributions towards a much-needed coupling of affective and embodied theories of music.

Keywords: pleasure
groove
rhythm
body-movement
music psychology
Advisor: Clarke, E
Recruitment and promotion: the role of social ties in publishing

This thesis is an in-depth study of the labour market in the UK publishing sector. The aim is to study the role of social ties in publishing in external recruitment and internal promotion. Conventional sociological studies on social ties and labour market outcomes either neglect the perspective of the recruiter and the referrer or fail to explore the mechanisms by which social ties bring about labour market outcomes. This thesis fills these gaps.
I used qualitative research methods, i.e. semi-structured interviews and participant observation for this research. The semi-structured interviews were with 40 interviewees, who were working in different roles (e.g. editorial and design) and levels (e.g. senior and junior) in Oxford and London-based publishing houses. I also served as a committee member of a publishing association in Oxford for seven months. Participant observation serves to triangulate the information I obtained through semi-structured interviews.
This thesis examines different aspects of the labour market process and mechanisms. Regarding recruitment methods, I found that whether recruiters use formal or informal (word of mouth) methods depend on the level of uncertainty of recruiting a wrong person and the cost of making such mistakes. The greater the uncertainty and the cost, the more likely recruiters are to use social ties. Social ties serve to provide information about the availability of suitable employees. With regard to selection processes, I found that professional skills are a must but not enough in themselves. Recruiters use informal method at the final stage of selection to ensure the recruits possess the relevant qualities.
As for job-hunting methods, I found that most newcomers introduce themselves using formal methods to get into publishing but in fact informality is often embedded in formal methods. Interviewees at managerial level almost entirely got their job through informal channels. Social ties have different functions as people rise through the different levels: whereas first entrants use social ties to obtain information about job opportunities, senior level staff members and freelancers carry with them reputation of their fitness to fill a particular position.
Finally, when it comes to internal promotion, employers in my sample promote staff from within the company who already possesses the relevant skills, so as to minimize training costs and get around the uncertainties in settling in new staff. From the employees’ point of view, so long as they perform well in the job and establish a cooperative link with their boss and team members, they would be able to be promoted.

Keywords: recruitment
promotion
job hunting
Great Britain
employee selection
book industries and trade
labour market
Advisor: Heath, A
Characterising immune responses to viral vectored vaccines against influenza and hepatitis C

For both influenza viruses and hepatitis C viruses, T cell responses to conserved antigens are one strategy for the human host to control the spread of infection. Such T cell responses can be generated with the use of viral vectored vaccines.
Initially I show that the viral vectored vaccine MVA-NP+M1 can boost memory T cell responses to influenza A virus in adults aged over 50 years old. However within this group, MVA-NP+M1 had reduced immunogenicity in adults who were aged over 70 years old. The influenza virus-specific T cell responses comprised both CD4 and CD8 T cells, and were capable of secreting multiple Th1 cytokines. I then show that MVA-NP+M1 can be safely co-administered alongside seasonal influenza vaccine. The combination does not interfere with the peak T cell response that normally occurs 1 week following MVA-NP+M1. There was a statistically significant increase in antibodies to the H3N2 strain when the vaccines were co-administered, suggesting that the MVA-NP+M1 can act as an adjuvant.
The efficacy of MVA-NP+M1 in humans had been previously evaluated in an influenza virus challenge study. I used a whole blood transcriptome approach to improve the classification of outcomes following influenza virus challenge. For subjects with laboratory-confirmed influenza, individuals with moderate/severe symptoms were found to have a distinct transcriptional signature comprising over 2,000 genes. I used a machine learning algorithm to reduce this variation down to just six genes (CCL2, SEPT4, LAMP3, RTP4, MT1G and OAS3). I validated this finding using expression data from an independently conducted challenge experiment. Data from these six genes was successfully able to predict symptomatic and asymptomatic cases with 89% and 100% accuracy respectively.
To induce T cell responses to hepatitis C virus, I used the vaccines ChAd3-NSmut and MVA-NSmut in a prime-boost regimen. While the combination was highly immunogenic in healthy young adults, MVA-NSmut alone was unable to prime immune responses. The magnitude of T cell responses to the vaccine immunogen was correlated with the breadth of the T cell responses to different epitopes. Re-administration of the same two vaccines after a short time interval (8 weeks) did not improve upon previous peaks in T cell response. However with a longer time interval (> 34 weeks), some individuals were able to achieve higher frequencies of virus-specific T cells compared to the first round of vaccines. A whole blood transcriptome approach was used to study gene expression in volunteers vaccinated with ChAd3-NSmut and MVA-NSmut. Vaccination with MVA-NSmut results in a very strong, but relatively short-lived host gene expression signature. In contrast, the transcriptional response seen following ChAd3-NSmut was much less pronounced. A comparison of the functional analysis of gene lists from both vaccines showed that similar pathways were being activated and repressed.

Keywords: influenza virus
hepatitis C virus
viral vectored vaccines
Advisor: Gilbert, S