VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Higher education expansion and  graduate labour market outcomes in Spain: overqualification and its discontents

This is a mixed methods study about graduate educational and skill mismatch in Spain. The study examines the evolution of graduate mismatch at the macro level, investigating changes in the number of tertiary graduates vis-à-vis-the number of high-skilled jobs in the economy. The proliferation in the share of graduates unable to find high-skilled jobs in Spain has accentuated policy concerns that the number of graduates has increased faster than the number of high-skilled occupations available. Graduates are consequently "bumped down" the occupational ladder and forced to take up lower-skilled jobs, a situation defined in this thesis as occupational drifting down.
The first part of this thesis is dedicated to exploring the determinants of graduate labour market mismatch, with focus on the influence of educational track and field of study on the probability of graduate employment and occupational drifting down. Drawing on the Spanish Labour Force Survey for 2006 and 2012, this study provides an original analysis of the determinants of employment and occupational drifting down among Spanish graduates, employing logistic models to evaluate the influence of personal, educational and occupational characteristics.
The fact that these graduates are employed in jobs that one generation ago were occupied by non-graduates, however, does not automatically indicate that the demands of these occupations has remained the same. Since job content is not fixed, the quantitative methods employed in this thesis alone are insufficient to determine the skill requirements of occupations and changes in job content over time. This study, therefore, uses the multiple-case study approach to investigate changing skill requirements within occupations. To this end, 50 in-depth interviews with senior managers and graduates in the retail banking and retail trade industries were conducted in Spain between January 2015 and March 2016.
In gaining proximity to the real-life context of graduate mismatch in the workplace, this study seeks to advance scholarship on graduate skills utilization and hiring trends at the sectoral level, providing novel insight into the changing skill requirements of two industries in Spain. In this way, this study fills a research gap, as sectoral case studies are sparse in the literature (Caroli et al., 2008; Elias and Purcell, 2004; Mason, 2002; Green and McIntosh, 2002, Knights and McCabe, 1998, Mason, 1996), particularly for Spain.

Advisor: Mayhew, K
Holmes, C
On the edge of history: small political parties & groupings in South Africa’s transition, 1990-1997

Much of the academic - and popular - literature on the South African negotiations process focuses on the two principal players, the African National Congress (ANC) and the National Party Government. A significant number of other political groupings were vying for influence at this time and although they would not fare well electorally in 1994, their influence and also their symbolic importance has been overlooked. Four groupings that have found themselves on the margins of the South African transition are the subject of this thesis: The white right wing (Afrikaner Volksunie, the Conservative Party, the Freedom Front); the homelands (in particular Bophuthatswana, KwaZulu and Transkei), the Democratic Party (DP) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). All four of these political groupings were deeply involved in the transition process and critically, offered very different options and scenarios for the future. These included alternative visions of a federal South African state, a more independent judiciary, stronger provincial powers and greater degrees of cultural and territorial self-determination. For some of the parties - notably the PAC- the compromises reached in the constitution around property rights were unacceptable. In the case of the PAC, Inkatha and some far-right Afrikaner groupings, there was a turn to violence - even if not always sanctioned by leadership - that had an important impact on conditioning the settlement. The differing trajectories and prescriptions of these groupings offer up important lessons regarding the history of the negotiations period, the potential for alternative pathways during this time as well as the deficiencies of the current constitutional order. The histories of these marginal groupings on the sidelines of a historic settlement speak to longstanding fault lines in South Africa’s political discourse, including the role and salience of liberalism, socialism and ethno-nationalism in the post-apartheid era.

Keywords: Conflict resolution
Constitution
Negotiation
Political Parties
Democratization
Advisor: Beinart, W
An interacting particle approach to problems in cancer: osteocyte network formation and histology analysis

Two important factors in cancer progression are: metastatic ability, cancer spreading and disrupting healthy function of bodily processes; and heterogeneity, the variation in different cancers caused by genetics, the microenvironment, and stochasticity. In this thesis, we investigate two scenarios of interest using models and techniques inspired by interacting particle systems.
First, we model osteocyte network formation. Within bone, dendritic osteocytes form a spatial network allowing communication between osteocytes and osteoblasts located on the bone surface. This communication network facilitates coordinated bone formation. In the presence of a cancer, osteocytes manifest with either over- or under-developed phenotypes. Preliminary studies measuring the number of osteocytes per unit area show that the number density of osteocytes changes between healthy and pathological bone. We develop a mathematical framework to describe spatial networks, and present a stochastic agent-based model for bone formation. Our approach allows us to probe both network structure and number density of osteocytes in bone. Analysis of our model is possible via mean-field equations. We consider variations of our model to predict how changing measurable biological parameters relating to osteoblast differentiation can allow for different morphologies. We use our model to hypothesise reasons for the limited efficacy of zoledronate therapy on metastatic breast cancer.
Second, we model the diffusive microenvironment between cells to aid with pathology slide analysis. Intra-tumor phenotypic heterogeneity limits accuracy of clinical diagnostics and hampers the efficiency of anti-cancer therapies. Dealing with this cellular heterogeneity requires adequate understanding of its sources; phenotypes of tumour cells integrate hardwired (epi-)mutational differences with responses to microenvironmental cues. The latter come in the form of both direct physical interactions, and gradients of secreted signalling molecules. Here, we develop a partial differential equation based model that allows the separation of phenotypic responses to signalling gradients within tumour microenvironments from the combined influence of responses mediated by direct physical contact and hardwired (epi-)genetic differences. We apply our model for the analyses of breast cancer histological specimens. Our approach allows partial deconvolution of the complex inputs that shape phenotypic heterogeneity of tumour cells, and identifies cells that significantly impact gradients of signalling molecules.

Advisor: Basanta, D
Chapman, J
Coherence for 3-dualizable objects

A fully extended framed topological field theory with target in a symmetric monoidal n-catgeory 𝐶 is a symmetric monoidal functor Z from Bord(n) to 𝐶, where Bord(n) is the symmetric monoidal n-category of n-framed bordisms. The cobordism hypothesis says that such field theories are classified by fully dualizable objects in 𝐶.
Given a fully dualizable object X in 𝐶, we are interested in computing the values of the corresponding field theory on specific framed bordisms. This leads to the question of finding a presentation for Bord(n). In view of the cobordism hypothesis, this can be rephrased in terms of finding coherence data for fully dualizable objects in a symmetric monoidal n-category.
We prove a characterization of full dualizability of an object X in terms of existence of a dual of X and existence of adjoints for a finite number of higher morphisms. This reduces the problem of finding coherence data for fully dualizable objects to that of finding coherence data for duals and adjoints. For n=3, and in the setting of strict symmetric monoidal 3-categories, we find this coherence data, and we prove the corresponding coherence theorems. The proofs rely on extensive use of a graphical calculus for strict monoidal 3-categories.

Keywords: Duals
Adjoints
Coherence
Advisor: Douglas, C
Collective action in comparative and empirical perspective: towards a socio-legal theory

This DPhil thesis enhances existing understandings of collective action through a comparative and empirical study. Empirical analysis of economic, political, juridical, and social dimensions of the Brazilian experience reveals that some central understandings in existing literature are not borne out in this empirical context. In particular, the assertion that low monetary incentives for individuals hinder growth in use of collective action is strongly challenged.
The Brazilian experience is contextualised through comparative analysis of three legal traditions of collective action: class actions; collective redress; and civil public actions. The Brazilian system presents a setting with potential for regulatory enforcement of consumer protection law, but rare episodes of consumer compensation or the imposition of punitive damages on corporations. With low monetary incentives, the growth of collective actions is explained by non-monetary incentives and investment in social capital through development of institutional trust and legal institutions.
Collective actors develop their organisational infrastructure and perform their roles as representatives through institutional dynamics of concentration, competition, cooperation, and deference. The coexistence of multiple institutional actors in the regulatory space reduces agenda control, increases opportunities for consumer participation, and increases oversight of regulatory capture.
The categories of diffuse, collective, and homogeneous individual rights explain the role of law in establishing procedural pathways and special features. This study is broadened through analysis of the legal environment and the potential regulatory impact of collective actions on the social relationships between businesses and consumers. I also evaluate limitations and possibilities regarding access to justice, judicial economy, compensation, and deterrence.
This thesis indicates the possibility of developing a socio-legal theory of collective action, which would enhance our understanding of the complex dynamics at play by going beyond analysis of the consumer experience as merely an economic transaction or a legal object, analysing them instead as a complex social relationship.

Advisor: Galligan, D
Asylum at an impasse: refugee protest and the politics of asylum governance in Cairo

This thesis explores the relationship between refugee protest and the politics of asylum governance through the case of a 2005 protest in Egypt. It challenges prevalent views of refugees as victims, of the bodies that host and assist as benevolent, and of the relationships between them as apolitical. In a 2005 sit-in in Cairo, Sudanese demonstrators took collective political action as refugees – but found their action countered and undone by host states and humanitarian institutions. Drawing from this case, the thesis develops existing understandings of the politics of asylum governance, and political activism concerned with it, along three lines. First, it takes an inductive approach to understanding the politics at play, developing concepts that allow for comparison across contexts. Second, it integrates analysis of both protester and institutional accounts of a refugee protest. Third, it explores three hitherto understudied aspects of the politics of asylum governance: the political activity of asylees regarding the rules of asylum within host countries; the effects of political struggles within asylum governance on refugee political participation; and the interactions between refugees and asylum governance in an urban, southern context. This thesis argues that refugee protest and the politics of asylum governance are related in causal, discursive, and epistemological ways: that the politics of asylum governance play a causal role in refugee protest; that protest and governance concerned with asylum share a discursive repertoire, which may be mobilised agonistically; and that the study of refugee protest is a compelling approach through which to gain insight into the politics of asylum governance. Through this study, the thesis opens new dimensions within existing scholarship on the depoliticisation of refugees, and of humanitarianism as a dominating force.

Advisor: Van Hear, N
Perceptual error in medical practice

Introduction
Medical errors are major hazards, and lapses in non-technical skills such as situational awareness contribute to most incidents. Risks are concentrated in acute care, and in crisis situations clinicians can apparently ignore vital information. Poor workplace ergonomics contributes to risk.
Existing work into perceptual errors offers insights, but these phenomena have been little researched in medicine. This thesis considers medical non-technical skills and how they are taught, and explores vulnerability to inattentional and change blindness.MethodsMedical human factors and the psychology of perceptual error were reviewed, and a mixed-methods assessment of postgraduate medical curricula completed.Experiments assessed clinicians’ interaction with clinical monitoring devices using eye-tracking, and studies were conducted exposing clinicians to various perceptual error stimuli using non-clinical and clinical videos, and simulation. A survey was also conducted to assess clinicians’ insight into the phenomena of perceptual error.ResultsNon-technical skills feature poorly in medical curricula, and equipment is poorly standardised in critical care areas. Unfamiliar devices slow response times and increase error rate.Clinical training confers no generalisable advantage in perceptual reliability. Even expert clinicians miss important events. Two out of every three life-support instructors for example missed a critical failure in the patient’s oxygen supply when watching a recorded emergency simulation.The insight and understanding healthcare staff have of perceptual errors is poor, leading to significant overestimates of perceptual reliability that could have consequences for clinical practice.ConclusionsPerceptual errors represent a latent risk factor contributing to loss of situational awareness. High rates of perceptual error were observed in the video-based experiment. Although lower rates were observed in simulation, important events were still missed by participants that could have serious consequences.The incidence of perceptual error appears sensitive to the method used to test for it, and this has important implications for the design of future experiments testing for these phenomena.Mitigating perceptual error is likely to be challenging, but relatively simple adjustments to team practices in emergency situations may be fruitful.

Keywords: Situational Awareness
Inattentional Blindness
Perceptual Errors
Attention
Change Blindness
Advisor: Nobre, A
Higham, H
International crimes prosecution case selection: the ICC, ICTR, and SCSL

International crimes prosecutions have become more common since 1993, both domestically and at international courts and tribunals. The advance of this norm confronts realist state interests causing debate about the norm’s status. Kathryn Sikkink views a norm as cascading when enough states adopt it to cause international influence, without domestic pressure, to procure levels of conformity. This thesis considers the degree of conformity by observing the level of case selection independence to determine whether this norm is cascading.
By identifying the jurisdictional and functional elements of case selection independence, I develop a framework for observing the interface between politics and law. While Sikkink errs towards the quantity of international crimes prosecutions, I focus on the quality. This project examines case selection independence at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court, in Uganda. The project considers whether case selection has become more or less independent at these courts – whether the norm of international crimes prosecution has cascaded or contracted. In observing the various case selection independence elements I attempt to explain the observed cascades and contractions at each court. I then consider whether a cascade or contraction occurred during the period of the courts’ collective design and function.
The research qualitatively observes a cumulative justice contraction. The research observes a combination of factors affecting case selection independence, including shifts in power dynamics between and among weak and powerful states, increasing state sophistication in international court engagement, a shift in jurisdiction triggering actors and forums, and realist state co-option of norm entrepreneurs via endearing explanation of independence- diminishing policies.

Keywords: justice in conflict
justice cascade
war crimes
aggression
prosecutorial discretion
international crimes case selection
justice capture
core international crimes
crimes against humanity
international crimes prosecutions
power and international criminal justice
crimes against peace
genocide
prosecution case selection
political interference in criminal processes
Exploring the effects of symmetric arginine methylation readers on E2F1- dependent transcriptional output in vitro

E2F1 plays contrasting biological roles in both cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that residue-specific arginine dimethylation marks deposited by PRMT1 and PRMT5 mediate the apoptotic and proliferative activity of E2F1 respectively. Two readers of the proliferative symmetric arginine dimethylation mark deposited by PRMT5 on E2F1 have since been identified: TSN and TDRD1. In this study, qRT-PCR analysis was used to validate the deregulation of candidate genes in response to TSN or TDRD1 knockdown in MCF7, SKBR3 and DuCaP cells. Transient siRNA co-depletion of readers along with E2F1 confirmed that the deregulation observed was achieved in an E2F1-mediated manner in MCF7 and SKBR3 cellular backgrounds. Furthermore, ChIP analysis revealed that the levels of E2F1 binding to target promoters were affected by reader knockdown. Moreover, E2F1-dependent and -independent recruitment of TSN was confirmed on the promoters of target genes in MCF7 cells. In addition to direct transcriptional effects, analysis of the splice variant expression of several target genes revealed that E2F1 could potentially play a role in TSN-associated splicing activity. The results obtained from this study implicate TSN and TDRD1 in mediating the proliferative activity of E2F1 through proposed regulatory roles in the transcription and alternative splicing of E2F1 targets. This study thus refines our current understanding of how symmetric arginine dimethylation mediates E2F1 proliferative activity, and forms the foundation for further research to strengthen and establish the mechanistic bridge between TSN, TDRD1 and the E2F1 symmetric arginine dimethylation mark.

Keywords: cell cycle control
apoptosis
cancer
E2F1
arginine methylation
Advisor: La Thangue, N
Impurity and defect mitigation for silicon photovoltaics

This thesis details a number of techniques designed to improve the efficiency of solar cells by reducing the impact of efficiency-limiting defects. The defects targeted by this work include transition metal impurities located within the as-cast silicon wafer, and dangling silicon bonds located at the wafer surfaces. This thesis has been divided into three techniques that have been studied.
Firstly, saw damage gettering which is designed to remove impurities from low quality silicon wafers which may have otherwise been discarded. Saw damage gettering removes impurities from the active region of the solar cell by capturing them in a surface region which can then be removed before solar cell processing. This technique therefore allows low quality silicon wafers to be 'upgraded' such that they can be re-introduced into conventional processing lines. In this thesis it has been shown that saw damage gettering can stably reduce the iron concentration in wafers, a notable factor in reducing solar cell efficiency. It has been shown that this technique can result in a 68% reduction in iron concentration, even after further thermal processing.
Secondly, gas phase gettering is a technique that removes impurities from the silicon wafer by enabling the impurities to react with a gaseous atmosphere which can then be removed from the silicon. In this work, the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions between impurities and gettering agents are investigated and an optimal gettering agent, molecular chlorine, is proposed. Gas phase gettering using this species was then tested and found to enable gettering at all temperatures trialled. It was seen to reduce iron concentrations to the detection limit, which is notably a reduction in interstitial iron concentration of three orders of magnitude.
The final technique developed was shielded hydrogen passivation. In this technique, monatomic hydrogen is provided to a silicon/dielectric interface where it reduces the density of dangling bonds, improving the cell efficiency. The monatomic hydrogen is provided by a plasma, which can introduce damage to the surface regions. A significant body of this work was focussed on mitigating this damage, without preventing the passivation process. Ultimately, shielding the samples with palladium enabled very high lifetimes of 4 ms on 1 Ωcm n type material.

Advisor: Wilshaw, P
Is Drosophila song amplitude structure a communication signal?

Drosophila courtship song has been studied for over 60 years and remains an area of active research today. Several studies have investigated the physiological mechanisms for fly song production, but no unifying account exists. We review fly song production and integrate published data to a mathematical model of courtship song production.
We hypothesize that muscle dynamics underlie fluctuations in the amplitude of courtship song. Our model suggests that these fluctuations can be measured and we introduce the term 'song amplitude structure' (SAS) for those measurements. We predict that SAS signals muscle power and we validate our prediction in muscle mutants of the Drosophila myosin light chain (Dmlc2) gene.
We then investigate whether SAS is a communication signal in Drosophila. We show that the two species D. melanogaster and D. simulans differ in their SAS and that both females and males behaviourally discriminate their species SAS from other SAS. This suggests that SAS is a communication signal in Drosophila.
Perception of SAS may be affected by noise and we therefore examine the effect of noise on responses to SAS. We find that female auditory responses are not impaired by noise in SAS, however male auditory responses are impaired by noise in SAS. This suggests that males and females may be processing noise in SAS differently. Future work should investigate whether sexually dimorphic auditory neurons respond differently to noise in SAS.
We hope that our work will be helpful for investigating fluctuations in amplitude of fly song. We also wish that researchers can use our work for studying the mechanisms underlying both the production of SAS and the perception of SAS.

Keywords: signal
Amplitude
Drosophila
Modelling
SAS
Structure
Song
communication
Advisor: Porter, M