VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The Patrolmen's Revolt: Chicago Police and the Labor and Urban Crises of the Late Twentieth Century

My dissertation uncovers a history of labor insurgency and civil rights activism organized by the lowest-ranking members of the Chicago police. From 1950 to 1984, dissenting police throughout the city reinvented themselves as protesters, workers, and politicians. Part of an emerging police labor movement, Chicago's police embodied a larger story where, in an era of "law and order" politics, cities and police departments lost control of their police officers. My research shows how the collective action and political agendas of the Chicago police undermined the city's Democratic machine and unionized an unlikely group of workers during labor's steep decline. On the other hand, they both perpetuated and protested against racial inequalities in the city./nTo reconstruct the political realities and working lives of the Chicago police, the dissertation draws extensively from new and unprocessed archival sources, including aldermanic papers, records of the Afro-American Patrolman's League, and previously unused collections documenting police rituals and subcultures. Archives across the city have also yielded internal police department documents including memos, minutes, training materials, and anti-police union literature as well as decades of correspondence and periodicals generated by Chicago's rank and file police organizations./nThe dissertation follows a rough chronology over the course of three decades. It examines the key results of institutional changes that divided the police rank and file from the rest of the department hierarchy, creating new spaces for dissent by both white and black police. Organized black police launched a civil rights campaign to reform the department from within. Majority-white police organizations challenged longstanding loyalties within Chicago's Democratic machine. The wives of Chicago's police also played important roles. They acted as their husbands' advocates and proxies in disputes with the department and, in what they saw as their own interests, vigorously opposed efforts to establish gender equality on the police force. Police sued the city, picketed the department, called strikes, and eventually unionized in 1980. Having recast themselves as workers with labor rights, police turned their attention to Chicago politics, participating in hotly-contested city elections as voters, campaigners, and candidates.

Advisor: Einhorn, Robin
A New Approach in Supply Chain Design: studies in reverse logistics and nonprofit settings

This dissertation contributes to the supply chain design literature by providing a novel solution approach and presenting new theoretical and applied models. Using the proposed solution approach, we are able to formulate models that consider joint facility location and inventory management problems in a stochastic environment. Due to these uncertainties, it is important to design the supply chain that better adapts to unexpected changes./nIn Chapter 2, we study several joint location-inventory problems. In particular, we consider cases with uncapacitated facilities, capacitated facilities, correlated retailer demand, stochastic lead times, and multi-commodities. We show how to formulate these problems as conic quadratic mixed-integer problems. We compare with the existing modeling and solution methods to state that the new conic integer programming approach not only provides a more general modeling framework but also leads to fast solution times in general. Valid inequalities, including extended polymatroid and extended cover cuts, are added to strengthen the formulations and improve the computational results./nIn Chapter 3, we employ the technique presented in the previous chapter to explore the supply chain design problem that incorporates reverse logistics decisions. Supply chains with returned products are receiving increasing attention in the operations management community and this chapter studies a capacitated facility location model with bidirectional flows and marginal value of time for returned products. While at the retailers' site, products can be shipped back to the supplier for reprocessing. Each distribution center is capacitated and handles stocks of new and/or returned product./nIn Chapter 4, we study another applied area that is getting increasing attention in the operations management community: the nonprofit sector. Under some circumstances nonprofit practices can significantly differ from for-profit ones and this might require a different design of the supply chain. This chapter starts with a definition of the nonprofit supply chain identifying its major managerial challenges. Then, we provide a summarized comprehensive overview of current operations management literature that address each major challenge. The second part of the chapter studies a particular nonprofit supply chain design problem in the context of a humanitarian organization distributing food in a less secure area.

Advisor: Shen, Zuo-Jun Max
Preaching for the Eyes: Priests, Actors, and Ceremonial Splendor in Early Modern France

In 1656, Jean-Jacques Olier, founder of the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, urged his students and readers to think of the ceremonies of the mass as "preaching for the eyes." His emphasis on the liturgy as something that should be not just heard but also seen signaled a shift in Catholic worship away from the auditory toward the visual, as well as a call for priests to acquire what we would now call performance skills so as to "preach" with their bodies. This dissertation argues that ecclesiastical action against actors flared in France between the 1660s and 1730s because the foundation of seminaries two decades earlier had turned parish priests into liturgical performers as part of a larger effort to professionalize the secular clergy. This professionalization helps solve a puzzle presented by the cultural history of the theater in early modern France. Although virulent, religiously informed anti-theatrical discourses punctuated France's golden age of theater, France's parish priests appear to have applied anti-actor policies inconsistently. A third of French bishops declared actors "public sinners" during the second half of the seventeenth century, thereby requiring clergymen to exclude performers of all kinds (bateleurs, baladin, farceurs, comédiens) from the sacraments, an exclusion that diminished a person's civil identity, social standing, and legal rights. And yet in most cases parish priests administered the sacraments as soon as an actor renounced the stage even if the renunciation was thereafter reversed. Sacramental reabsorption rather than exclusion was therefore the norm. Why this game? By analyzing the interactions between priests and actors in the parish of Saint-Sulpice, where a seminary, a fair ground, and the Comédie-Française existed side by side, I propose that France's secular clergymen expressed their stance against the theater ceremonially instead of textually. The logic of their ceremonial negotiations has nonetheless remained inscrutable to historians without an excavation of priestly performance practices. Seminary documents - liturgical handbooks, seminary rules, ecclesiastical conferences, instructional pamphlets, parish records, and seminary correspondence - make such an excavation possible. Based on twelve months of archival research at the Archives de la Compagnie des prêtres de Saint-Sulpice, the Archives nationales de France, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, among others, I show how parish priests in France used ceremonial splendor, or éclat, to differentiate masses from plays, to assert their local authority when actors encroached on parish turf, to distinguish priestly self-presentation from role playing, and to influence ecclesiastical authorities who had the power to issue edicts against actors. Ceremonial splendor enabled a nuanced - although ultimately failed - response to the theater, a response that incorporated theatrical elements while rejecting the theater's way of organizing bodies and objects in space and time.

Advisor: Steen, Shannon
Displaying "The Natural World" for Public Curiosity: U.S. Science Museum Transformations, from Lewis & Clark to the Exploratorium

This dissertation analyzes the U.S. science museum field over time in order to examine institutional emergence, institutional transformation, and changing patterns of science boundary-work in displaying "the natural world" to publics. It investigates the constitution of the U.S. science museum field via 19th century natural history museums and world's fairs, and the 20th century transformation of the field by industrial science museums and science center museums. Its theoretical contribution is to underscore the significance of material culture and its spatial dimensions to analyzing institutions, including patterns of boundary-work between publics and science. It argues that industrial science museums and their novel exhibitionary conventions arose as industrial material culture became framed as "applied science," and as distinct from artifacts in the existing field of natural history museums. In addition, it argues that science center museums distinguished themselves from and proliferated more rapidly than industrial science museums due not only to new constituencies mobilized on their behalf, but also due to their de-emphasis on collections, particularly of rare and historical artifacts. These changes again facilitated new exhibitionary conventions. Thus the emergence, transformation and proliferation of institutions hinge on their material cultural dimensions, on multiple levels.

Advisor: Swidler, Ann
The electrophysiology of language perception and production

For over a century, an abundance of research has tried to elucidate the neurobiological basis of language processing in the human cortex. Neuroimaging and lesion studies have provided great insight into what functions different brain structures subserve. While these techniques provide a high spatial resolution they are limited in the temporal domain. Conversely, contributions from non-invasive electrophysiology provided a high temporal resolution with a limited ability to localize cortical sources. The combined spatial and temporal dynamics of cortical processing during language perception and production remains largely unknown. This dissertation addresses this issue by employing unique neuronal population recordings from neurosurgical patients performing linguistic tasks. The studies described here elucidate the timing, magnitude and spatial extent of cortical processing during perception and production of language. The results provide evidence on the level of single-trial that: 1) A rich network of independent and spatially distinct functional sub-regions of cortex subserve perception and production of language. 2) Neighboring sub-regions 4 mm apart can exhibit inverse functional specific responses to linguistic stimuli and self produced speech. 3) Broca's area is not involved in the actual act of articulation but rather in speech preparation and interfacing perception and production. Taken together, these results defy century old dogmas and suggest that language is supported by a complex network of independent sub-regions, with Broca's area acting as a mediator between perception and production rather than as the seat of articulation.

Advisor: Knight, Robert T
A Role for the Dsb System in Type III Secretion and Virulence in Salmonella

The Disulfide Bond Formation (Dsb) System is important for maintaining the structure and function of periplasmic proteins. Although the biochemistry of various Dsb proteins has been characterized in E. coli, the potential link between this system and virulence mechanisms of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria has not been elucidated. Deletion mutations generated in dsb genes demonstrated multiple virulence defects in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, which were in turn rescued by complementation. Analyses revealed that two members of the Dsb system, DsbA and DsbC, were required for invasion of epithelial cells, a process mediated by the Type III Secretion System (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1). The Dsb system was also required for colonization and virulence in vivo. Strains expressing T3SS effectors tagged with a FLAG epitope were transduced with the dsb mutations, and analyses of the supernatant fractions indicated that the Dsb system was involved in the secretion of SipA and SipC, which are critical for ruffling of the host cell membrane and subsequent internalization of the bacteria. A bacterial two-hybrid assay was performed to identify Dsb substrates among the T3SS needle complex proteins, and preliminary results indicated direct binding of the Dsb system with SpaO, a T3SS sorting platform protein. These results suggested that the formation and isomerization of disulfide bonds are critical steps in the function of the T3SS which contributes to the pathogenesis of Salmonella.

Advisor: Lu, Sangwei
Application of Fast-neutron Time-encoded Imaging for Warhead Verification

Since the height of the Cold War, arms reduction treaties have reduced the number of nuclear weapons from an estimated 70,000 to around 14,000. Future treaties may continue to lower those numbers, address non-deployed or inactive warheads, or address weapon dismantlement procedures. This raises the unique challenge of confirming that items themselves are warheads rather than using a proxy for warheads, such as an entire delivery system. There is a fundamental tradeoff between the confidence a warhead confirmation measurement provides and how intrusive it is. An inspector must have confidence in the accuracy of a declaration of treaty items. If a host’s need to limit sensitive information creates measurement requirements that reduce an inspector’s confidence in the equipment, then their overall confidence may be worse. We are looking for a solution that enables an “instrusive” measurement while meeting a host’s requirements, thus increasing the maximum achievable confidence./nRecent work applied Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) concepts from cryptography to warhead verification as a way to confirm declarations without revealing sensistive information. We developed a verification system using those principles and advanced concepts in radiation detection and imaging, most importantly an advanced rotating mask for Time-Encoded Imaging (TEI) and the availability of stilbene detectors for Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD). A proof-of-concept fast neutron Time-Encoded Imaging (TEI) system with a cylindrical anti-symmetric mask was built. It demonstrated the ability to distinguish between matching and non-matching items by measuring Cf-252 sources and PuO2 hemispheres in several configurations. Simulations were then used to examine the design space of the system shape and size. New metrics and methodology were developed to better evaluate the performance based on the specific tasks of confirming matching objects and distinguishing between different objects. These showed that a thick spherical mask with a large detector performed the best, but changing the shape of the detector or the shape of the mask elements does not improve performance. A second system was built with a mask design based on the outcome of the simulations. As a spherical mask would have been extremely challenging to manufacture by conventional methods, the mask was 3D-printed using polycarbonate, which was deemed the most suitable 3D-printing material. Measurements with Cf-252 sources were used to evaluate its performance and compare with simulations and the first system. It performed well at confirming matching sources and was able to distinguish between sources with more than a 5 cm difference in diameter. The combination of the initial proof of concept measurements, parametric simulation optimizations, and confirming measurements using the second generation system prove the feasibility of this concept as a verification method and its usefulness to future development and deployment.

Advisor: Vetter, Kai
Portable MRI and 129Xe Signal Amplification by Gas Extraction

Magnetic resonance has had an impact on nearly every branch of science from fundamental physics to neurobiology. Despite its pervasiveness, it remains a relatively inaccessible technique due to the costs associated with the powerful and highly precise instrumentation needed for sensitive detection. In this work, two techniques focused on improving the accessibility of magnetic resonance are presented. First, a low cost and portable volume imaging system is described with the unique ability to scan the homogeneous region of the magnetic field through a sample of interest. This system addresses the fundamental challenge of producing a compact imaging sensor while maintaining a sensitive region large enough to extract relevant information from the sample. The design of a suitable set of single-sided gradient coils compatible with the adjustable imaging system is presented first, followed by imaging results obtained with this apparatus. The second technique described in this work involves the use of xenon as a chemical sensor. Xenon's chemical shift sensitivity to its environment make it and ideal probe of its surroundings. Spin exchange optical pumping has made detection of dilute xenon solutions possible through hyperpolarization. However, optical pumping requires high power circularly polarized laser light, limiting applications of xenon from widespread use. An alternative method for signal amplification is presented, in which xenon is extracted from solution and compressed prior to detection. A description of the method is followed by several applications as well as a detailed description of the apparatus involved in the gas extraction and compression technique.

Advisor: Pines, Alexander
Contradictions in Food Choice and Body Image: Implications for Obesity Prevention

Obesity as a social and health problem is well recognized in the public's consciousness, and as a result, numerous food-related policies and programs have been conceived to encourage healthful dietary changes in individuals. In response to the high caloric content of fast food, menu labeling laws, which strive to reduce consumers' consumption of unhealthful foods, have become a popular approach to address obesity. These laws and other policies aimed at changing individual's consumption practices exist within a context where many factors may shape food choices. By considering the literature on food choice, which has remained largely independent of public health research on obesity and food policy, questions are raised about the extent to which individuals can and will prioritize their health when making food choice decisions. This qualitative interview study examined the food choices of 20 working class African American women - those considered among the highest at risk for obesity - to consider to what extent food-related policies may be effective in changing their consumption practices./nThe following compendium presents three papers resulting from analyses of in-depth interviews with women. The first paper, "Conflicting discourses in qualitative research: The search for divergent data within cases," is a methodological piece that considers the important role of examining conflicting discourses within women's narratives to uncover more meaningful and holistic accounts of respondent's lives. The second paper, "A transdisciplinary perspective of food choice for working class African American women," presents a transdisciplinary model of food choice that shaped the study design and helped to reveal the multi-dimensional nature of food choice for women. Finally, the third paper, "Embodying both stigma and satisfaction: Messages for obesity prevention targeting young African American women," introduces an important emergent theme about body image that was uncovered with this project. Each of these three papers is unified not only by the simple fact that they resulted from the same research project but also by demonstrating the meaning and importance of contradictions - or inherent thematic conflicts - that are revealed through qualitative data analyses.

Advisor: Constantine, Norman
Bulgarian Verbs of Motion: Slavic Verbs in a Balkan Context

This study examines the motion verb system of Bulgarian, focusing both on the structure of the Bulgarian motion verb itself, and on the information typically encoded in the Bulgarian verb of motion. It then compares the Bulgarian motion verb system with the motion verb systems of two other Slavic languages, Russian and Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS). The theoretical framework is Leonard Talmy's typological categorization of languages as either verb framed/low manner languages or satellite framed/high manner languages. The Slavic language family, like most other Indo-European languages families, is considered satellite framed and high manner: path of motion tends to be expressed by a satellite to the verb (in the form of a preposition and/or a prefix), leaving the verb root free to express manner. The expression of manner in the verb root itself results in a lower cognitive load for the processing of manner of motion, and consequently, speakers of satellite-framed languages tend to develop motion verb vocabulary around the expression of manner of motion./nFor this research I collected a data set of 500 motion verbs from Bulgarian literature, and then another data set of approximately 500 motion verbs from each from Bulgarian, BCS, and Russian, from novels translated into these languages from two satellite framed/high manner languages (English and German) and two verb framed/low manner languages (Portuguese and Turkish). I also collected oral narratives using the picture book Frog, Where Are You?,/italic>, and compared these data with similar data collected by other researchers for Serbian and Russian. This allowed me to not only to describe the Bulgarian motion verb system and its most common verbs of motion, but also to compare Bulgarian motion verb usage with other Slavic language motion verb usage./nThis research has discovered a number of ways in which the lexicalization patterning of Bulgarian motion verbs is not typically Slavic. Namely, Bulgarian focuses heavily on path constructions, and new motion verb vocabulary has developed around path constructions in ways not seen in BCS and Russian. Additionally, although Bulgarian verbal prefixation appears to be quite similar to that in Russian and BCS, the system is in fact much more limited; this may be a factor in the increased expression of path of motion in Bulgarian. Finally, this research has shown that Bulgarian lexicalization patterns are more similar to those in Greek, and raises the possibility that the Bulgarian motion verb system might have been influenced by Balkan contact phenomena.

Advisor: Alexander, Ronelle