VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of novel highly ordered quantum nanostructure arrays using non-lithographic anodic alumina templates and their characterization

This thesis explored a low-cost fabrication process for producing highly ordered quantum nanostructures, including quantum dot arrays (QDAs) and vertical nanowire arrays. Nanochannel alumina (NCA) templates, produced using a two-step anodic oxidation process, with highly ordered nanohole arrays of inter-pore distance of 100nm, pore sizes of 45–90 nm and thickness of <200 nm were used as nanomasks after being bonded to GaAs substrates using van der Waals bonding. We realized the first successful molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of highly ordered GaAs nanodot arrays on GaAs substrates under NCA masks. We revealed that the growth of GaAs nanodots under Al2O3 nanochannels is kinetically controlled by surface migration of Ga ad-atoms. We also realized the first MBE growth of QDAs of closely lattice-matched GaAs/AlGaAs and strained InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures on GaAs substrates under NCA masks. The nanodots of either single layer or multilayer heterostructures were truly defined by the nanochannels of the NCA masks, resulting in replication of the hexagonal arrays with 100 nm lattice spacing, and similar dot size and shape to the nanoholes of the NCA masks. The nanodots also exhibited excellent uniformity with a standard deviation of less than 5% in dot diameter distribution. Low temperature (4.2K) photoluminescence spectra of both single-well and double-well GaAs/AlGaAs QDAs showed strong and sharp photoemission, which confirmed the good crystal quality and dot size uniformity of the GaAs/AlGaAs QDAs. Photoemission from InGaAs QDs with GaAs barriers were also detected using low temperature (5K) cathodoluminescence (CL). CL spectra from different clusters of dots showed no measurable variation under the same excitation conditions, indicating uniform electronic structures. We also demonstrated MBE growth of ordered GaAs nanowire arrays using Au-catalyzed epi-growth and defining Au dots using NCA masks, and significantly improved wire diameter uniformity as compared to using random Au dots. The use of NCA masks and epitaxial growth was thus confirmed to provide a versatile approach for fabricating highly ordered quantum nanostructures, overcoming the limitations of conventional self-assembly processes (i.e. random locations, broad size distribution, and applicable only to certain materials).
"Something beyond religion": the Catholic Taxpayer's Association and the Ontario school tax question : a study of Catholic action in education

The by-product of internecine Christian tensions inflamed in Ontario in the post-Confederation era, the school tax question became the key economic imperative of the proponents of the province's separate schools entering the twentieth century. While it had appeared that the matter of public funding for denominational schools had been settled for the minority Protestant and Catholic populations of Quebec and Ontario in the British North America Act (1867), this settlement would prove short-lived. The growth of property ownership in corporate form, to say nothing of the creation of numerous public utilities in the later nineteenth century would serve to undo many of the gains made by separate school reformers in the preceding forty years. A new law, the toothless Assessment Act (1886) failed to direct a compulsory division of assessments between Protestants and Catholics in regard to their corporation and public utility taxes. As a result, the “school tax question” was born, and debate over educational funding in Ontario would rage on for the next one hundred years.

Keywords: Catholic schools, Education
Catholic schools, Ontario
Catholic schools, Education
Catholic schools, Ontario
Education, History
Education, Ontario
Education, Finance
Education, Ontario
School management and organization, Ontario
Catholics, History
Catholics, Ontario
The Internet's self-governance gap: law, markets, code, and norms as institutions of self-governance in the Internet operational community

The Internet suffers from an increasing "self-governance gap" that prevents the Internet Service Provider (ISP) industry from improving the Internet to meet the expectations placed on it. The ISP networks that collectively comprise the Internet are operationally autonomous yet interdependent. This interdependence is mediated by institutions of self-governance of four types (law, market forces, technical architecture (or code), and social norms). While market forces and law are of limited, bilateral effect, multilateral, network-wide relationships within the Internet are governed by shared technical code and social norms. Code and norms substitute for the centralized control and formal legal and economic relationships normally found in public communications infrastructures. However, these institutions of self-governance, which have their roots in the Internet's non-commercial and informal past, are no longer suited to its hyper-commercial present or future. The study focuses on the decentralized aspects of the Internet, rather than on its centralized aspects (such as domain names), which have received attention in the Internet governance literature far out of proportion to their importance. The analysis employs the institutional law and economics (ILE) theory of Douglass C. North (and others), the code theory of Lawrence Lessig, and the law and social norms (LSN) theory of Robert Ellickson. Two unique community self-governance bodies are studied in detail: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and North American Network Operators Group (NANOG). In the legal pluralist tradition, original technical materials from these bodies are treated as worthy of analysis by legal scholars, on the theory that today, legal rights and obligations are often shaped by and embodied in code (or technical architecture), as much as by market forces, social norms, and law. The Internet's worsening self-governance gap is at the root of economic, technical, and operational barriers to the continued development of the Internet as a public communications infrastructure. The self-governance gap suggests the need for a different mix of institutions to address the coordination problems facing the Internet operational community. While a complete solution is not proposed in this work, a "co-regulatory" approach, under which an international public legal framework would supplement the industry's own self-governance institutions, holds promise.

Keywords: Internet, Law and legislation
Computer network architectures
Computer networks, Law and legislation
Effect of inhibiting cholesterol absorption on mammary cancer development

Epidemiological evidence suggests that cholesterol plays a role in breast cancer development and control of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway may be a useful preventative strategy. Compounds, including ezetimibe, have been developed to inhibit the process of cholesterol absorption. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, is subject to feedback regulation---cells exposed to low levels of circulating cholesterol up-regulate reductase to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. A role for HMG-CoA reductase in cancer is demonstrated by observations that reductase activity is elevated in tumors. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of inhibiting cholesterol absorption on the development of rat mammary tumors. Dietary cholesterol was found to increase serum cholesterol and inhibit the development of rat mammary tumors while concurrent administration of ezetimibe reversed these effects.
The capacity to judge: public opinion and deliberative democracy in Upper Canada, 1791-1854

This thesis analyzes the emergence of 'public opinion' as a new form of authority in Upper Canada from the colony's inception in 1791 until 1854. The original understanding of the colony's constitution assumed that the vast majority of Upper Canadians were not sufficiently capable of judging the common good to govern alone. By the 1820's and 1830's, an increasing range of commentators argued that authoritative decisions about the common good could and should be generated by critical discussion among private persons outside the control of traditional institutions or elites. These decisions were 'public opinion.' Debates about the nature and power of public opinion were not only matters of political rhetoric, but drew strength from people's experience of concrete social, economic and cultural changes. In particular, the quantity and distribution of printed texts, the nature and number of sites for reading and discussing those texts, and institutions that fostered certain skills and norms of behaviour lent credence to the concept of public opinion. Finally, the thesis argues that constitutional debate in the 1840's and 1850's revolved around how to integrate 'public opinion' into the province's social and constitutional self-understanding. After several alternatives were canvassed, deliberative democracy in Upper Canada, whereby the province's public was deemed capable of judging the collective good, took the form of parliamentary government.

Keywords: Representative government and representation, History
Representative government and representation, Ontario
The process of judging the environment: civil procedure, environmental ethics and their effects on environmental law

This research seeks to better understand judicial enforcement of environmental law in Canada. This involves inquiry into the rules of civil procedure, which both enable and limit the judicial role. It also involves exploration of environmental law principles and ethics, because procedural rules contain much discretion. This makes it necessary to understand what drives how judges interpret and apply these rules. The project aims to expand the field of "environmental ethics in law" by exploring the intersection of environmental law and civil procedure, and the implications of using environmental principles and ethics as a framework for procedural decision-making. I argue that several building blocks for putting environmental ethics into practice already exist. International treaties, domestic legislation, and recent jurisprudence suggest that Sustainability and principles associated with it, such as Precaution, are beginning to form part of the judicial framework. The problem is that courts often do not bring this environmental framework to bear when dealing with decisions that are "merely procedural". The thesis uses four pre-trial procedures—Public Interest Standing, Interveners, Pre-trial Injunctions, and Class Action certification—to demonstrate that procedure is never "merely procedural" and that the lack of an environmental framework can have significant substantive effect, such as preventing cases from getting to trial, either at all or before permanent environmental damage is done. The case studies suggest that courts have become more open to an environmental framework in relation to standing and intervention, and explores why there remains reluctance to take an environmental approach in certifying class actions. This understanding of the judicial role in environmental enforcement is important to improving the operation of courts generally. Environmental principles and ethics can lead courts and society to question what is deemed worthy of judicial protection, and how these interests are identified, valued and balanced. They can also encourage courts to enunciate the ethics and values that are always present in procedural adjudication, but often hidden behind a mask of procedural neutrality.
Large scale performance-based assessment: Dentification of individual student gaps with implications for teacher content knowledge

Educational goals for graduates in the 21st Century include the ability to interpret unfamiliar texts, construct convincing arguments, understand the connections between concepts, develop unique approaches to problems and negotiate problem resolution in a group situation. To achieve these goals, students' literacy skills need to keep pace with the demands of living in an information age that is characterized as constantly changing at an increasingly rapid pace. The demand on the educational system to provide these experiences and expectations for Canada's highly diverse population presents significant challenges. Consequently, the content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and pedagogical expertise needed to nurture and cultivate these literacy skills for all students are increasingly important components of a teacher's repertoire. Large-scale assessment has become a major component of educational reform. Assessments not only have the potential to help us understand what students know, but by extension, may suggest what knowledge teachers need in order to support individual student learning. This thesis analyzes a carefully designed large-scale performance assessment, to illustrate how assessment can be used to promote student learning at an individual level. The analysis of these data illustrates the depth of knowledge that can be attained about the cognitive processes needed when performing a complex task in order to identify gaps in student learning. Teacher content knowledge needed in the domain of literacy skill acquisition at the middle school level is identified based on the interpretation of the data.

Keywords: Ability, Testing
Educational change, Ontario
Literacy, Study and teaching (Elementary)
Literacy, Ontario
Teaching, Ontario
Language arts, Ability testing
Language arts, Ontario
Modelling creation and transport of methane and its derivatives in the tokamak edge-effect simulation code DIVIMP

Integration of creation and transport of methane and its fragments has been carried out in the Monte Carlo simulation code DIVIMP. Hydrocarbon release and breakdown have been shown experimentally to occur in significant quantities in tokamak plasma utilizing carbon for first wall and/or divertor components. Understanding these processes via simulation of the full system allowing interpretation of related experimental results is key for use of carbon on next-step devices including ITER. Therefore, a fully modular set of Fortran 90 routines has been added to DIVIMP modeling release (chemical sputtering), neutral and ion transport, breakdown, first-wall and target impact, and possible re-emission for hydrocarbons up to CH4 with the ability to expand to higher hydrocarbons (CxHy, x ≥ 2). Reasoning for the structure of the code, its implementation as DIVIMP-HC, use of, and results from the code as applied to DIII-D will be presented and discussed.

Keywords: Tokamaks
Gas dynamics, Mathematical models
Methane
God and the being that we are: Martin Heidegger's readings of scholasticism

With the publication of Martin Heidegger's early Freiburg lectures (1919–1923), we have for the first time the full textual evidence necessary to interpret Heidegger's changing readings of Scholasticism. In his 1915–1916 Habilitationsschrift, Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories and Meaning, Heidegger approached Scholasticism as an undeveloped source for phenomenology, a tradition unburdened by the modern epistemological dichotomy and rich with phenomenological moments: being as the basic field of intentional acts ( ens logicum), the primal intention of givenness (modus essendi activus), and the unobjectifiable thisness ( haecceitas) of historical life. After 1917 Heidegger argued that the Scholastic notion of the Creator God precludes a genuine interpretation of the being that we are. Following Dilthey, Heidegger came to understand the God-intensified self-world of primal Christianity as the birth of historical consciousness in the Western tradition. The Christian insight into temporality is betrayed by Scholasticism's fusion of theology with ancient science. Scholasticism's causal reduction of beings to an a-temporal principle eclipses the Christian disclosure of primordial temporality and instigates the modern hegemony of theory. In Martin Luther, primal Christianity erupts in rebellion, tearing down the constructs of Scholastic onto—theological science overlying it and retrieving Christianity's sense for historically saturated being-in-the-world. Heidegger's hermeneutics of facticity was constructed as a secular complement to Luther's theology. If metaphysics does not belong in Christianity, then Christianity does not belong in metaphysics. Luther's Theology of the Cross, which cleaves to revelation on the presupposition of the God-forsakenness of reason, became Heidegger's paradigm for separating theology, the ontic science of the revealed and eternal, from philosophy, the ontology of the factical and temporal. Within this Lutheran-Diltheyan horizon of interpretation, the early Heidegger rethought Scholasticism; it was not as he read it in 1916, a theologically grounded disclosure of facticity, but a historical root of the forgetfulness of the being that we are. By bringing Heidegger's critique of Scholastic philosophical theology into question, a way opens toward a more positive evaluation of the philosophical significance of Medieval theism.
Modeling the flow of forces in concrete beams and slabs prestressed only with unbonded tendons

'This thesis uses truss models to investigate the internal equilibrium of prestressed concrete beams and slabs which lack any form of bonded longitudinal reinforcement. For beams, two existing truss models are studied in detail, which describe fundamentally different flows of forces. Experimental and analytical results for a wide-flange test specimen indicate aspects of both truss models. Prior to the yielding of web transverse reinforcement, the prestressing forces spread into the flanges of the test specimen. After yielding, these forces concentrated in the web, causing it to crush. For slabs, the continuation of an experimental program investigating punching shear is described. A series of truss models describing the test specimens are developed from purely statical considerations. These models indicate that spreading of prestressing forces near each anchorage initiated punching shear failures. They also suggest the presence of significant lateral tensile stresses in each specimen immediately prior to failure.
Weighing the evidence: clinical decision making in neurological physical therapy

Currently, there is little understanding of the clinical decision-making process in physical therapy. This grounded-theory study examined both the thinking processes that physical therapists go through in making day-to-day clinical decisions and the sources of information they rely on to guide their decisions. The research consisted of semi-structured, in-depth interviews with twelve neurological physical therapists in a broad range of practice settings. Results show that physical therapists draw on both formal and informal information sources. Results also show that physical therapists demonstrate a strong preference for informal information sources. Through an analysis of the results, the investigation provides an explanation of why informal information sources tend to be preferred. As well, the investigation explores the way therapists sort through the different kinds of information available to them. This inquiry also resulted in the improvement of an existing model of physical therapy practice within the context of evidence-based practice.
Parliament and the GAAR: Reaffirming taxpayers' right to rely on the detailed words of the Income Tax Act to arrange their affairs

In this paper I argue that Parliament has indicated, through the manner that it has structured the General Anti-Avoidance Rule ("GAAR"), that, outside of a tax avoidance context, taxpayers should be able to rely on the meaning of the words of the detailed provisions of the Income Tax Act to organize their affairs. This paper has three main subdivisions. In the first part I review the evolution of the judicial approaches to the interpretation of the Income Tax Act. In the next section, I analyze the virtues and limitations of relying on the words of the text of the provisions of a statute to understand its meaning. In the final section I analyze the GAAR. The GAAR involves a mandatory purposive analysis of the meaning of the provisions at issue which implies a continued textual interpretive emphasis outside the GAAR context.

Keywords: Taxation, Law and legislation
Taxation, Canada
Tax evation, Canada
Molecular and biochemical analysis of the numb-notch interaction

Endocytic trafficking is an important regulator of signalling down stream of multiple cell surface receptors. Receptors are internalized from the plasma membrane on endocytic vesicles and shuttled to multiple cellular locations through distinct endocytic compartments. These sorting events are regulated by multiple endocytic adaptor proteins that recognize and bind distinct signals within the intracellular domains of membrane receptors and promote the assembly of machinery necessary for endocytosis. Numb is an endocytic adaptor protein that was identified in Drosophila as a regulator of cell fate decisions. Vertebrate homologues of Drosophila Numb have been identified and suggest an evolutionarily conserved role for the Numb protein. Numb is thought to influence cell fate selection by antagonizing Notch receptor signalling; however no mechanism of inhibition has been reported. Notch is a cell surface receptor that controls cell fate specification and developmental processes in many different contexts throughout development and adulthood. Deregulation of Notch signalling disrupts embryonic development and is implicated in neurogenerative disorders and cancers. The work herein examines the biochemical mechanism of Numb function in the down regulation of Notch signalling. Identification and observed function of Numb binding partners suggests that Numb may play a role within both the endocytic and ubiquitination pathways. We show that Numb associates with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch to cooperatively promote ubiquitination of the membrane-bound Notch receptor; however does not target Notch for proteasomal degradation. Further work demonstrates that overexpression of Numb also results in accumulation of Notch within enlarged cytoplasmic vesicles associated with ARF6 and Rab7. Changes in the levels of Numb protein disrupts the dynamics of Notch trafficking, and this trafficking requires the interaction of Numb with Itch. Furthermore disruption of Numb function in mice results in skin abnormalities that are not the sole consequence of deregulated Notch signalling but reveal a role for Numb in cell adhesion. Together these studies into Numb function suggest Numb regulates the activities of cell surface receptors such as Notch by directing intracellular trafficking events and highlights the role of endocytic adaptors, in general, in regulating developmental signalling pathways.