VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The theory and practice of voluntary incomes policies with particular reference to the British Labour government's social contract, 1974-79

This thesis explores the necessary conditions for voluntary wage restraint in advanced industrialized democracies. In particular, it addresses the question of how governments can get union movements to trade their labour market power for non-wage objectives, and how union peak organizations can secure near universal compliance with a voluntary wages policy, notwithstanding the pressures upon individual unions to free ride.
Rational choice theory furnishes the initial analytical framework. Within these terms it will be argued that the problem of securing voluntary restraint has the strategic structure of a prisoner's dilemma. In other words, the situation entails an inherent conflict between individual and collective interests. Moreover, this conflict is not merely between the short-term interests of individual unions and those of the whole labour movement, but also between labour (wages) and capital (profit). Given this situation, the thesis will investigate the conditions under which rational, self-interested unions, seeking to maximize some combination of real wage, relative wage and employment objectives, and operating in the context of uncertainty, decentralized bargaining and a significant degree of monopoly power in the labour market, will voluntarily be prepared to restrain their wage demands.
Following this exploration, the behavioural assumptions of rational choice theory will be modified to allow for the fact that economic agents are also motivated by various normative commitments, and that these can be sufficient in certain circumstances to overcome the free-rider problem. This new theoretical approach will then be employed in a detailed examination of the Social Contract between the British Labour Government (1974-79) and the Trades Union Congress. It will be concluded that certain moral, political and ideological commitments played a crucial role in the negotiation, implementation and eventual collapse of the Social Contract. It should be noted that this inquiry is based upon published sources and interview data.
The Muwāzana of al-Āmidī

This study serves as an introduction to al-Āmidī's critical thought and to one version of a hitherto unpublished section of al-Muwāzana, Cambridge University Library Ms. Qq286 (which is reproduced in anno- tated form, Appendix, D). It also examines some of the main trends in the recent study and evaluation of 'Abbasid criticism,of which al- Muwāzana has, in the Arab world, become a focus.
The Appendix (A-C) discusses editions and manuscript versions of the text, providing a reconstruction of the jumbled Ms. Qq286, and concludes that those portions of the work previously considered lost are most probably to be looked for in a different form - that of complementary rather than consecutive texts, fragments of one of which are already available in the footnotes to AZZĀM's standard edition of the Diwan of Abū Tammam; these are examined in some detail.
Textual problems are also examined, in the light of related problems of interpretation, in Chapter I, in which the structure of the surviving portions of al-Muwāzana, which has often been considered haphazard, is shown to serve a specific didactic purpose consistent with the details of al-Āmidī's practical criticism. Chapter II_looks at this framework in greater detail, showing to what extent Āmidī is bound by inherited techniques, but also in what ways he succeeds in promoting a novel and rigorous definition of the scope of criticism. Chapter III continues Chapter II's scrutiny of the details of al-Āmidī's critical method, and explores the key element in al-Āmidī's critical thought, the notion of poetry as 'truth'; Chapter IV shows how he attempts to justify this notion in historical terms, and how, in so doing, he succeeds - where Ibn Ṭabāṭabā had earlier failed - in establishing poetic 'truth' as a general concept of some versatility. One of the concerns of Chapters II to IV is thus to reassess al-Āmidī's originality in the light of his transformation of earlier criticism, the nature of his debt to which- has often been misunderstood. The other is to reply to the question raised in the Introduction - what is the value of 'Abbasid criticism? can we afford to neglect it in favour of a direct approach to Arabic poetry? - by contrasting al-Āmidī's conception of the relationship between critic, reader and text with the concerns which dominate Arabic literary studies today. These are shown not to be without weaknesses and inconsistencies; the conclusion suggests that al-Āmidī's concern with poetic 'realism' - a contrast is implied with the current interest in the 'phantastic' and 'baroque' elements in 'Abbasid poetry - might provide fruitful ground for future literary research.
Late Holocene archaeology in Namaqualand, South Africa: hunter-gatherers and herders in a semi-arid environment.

This study examines mid- to late Holocene Later Stone Age archaeological residues – specifically flaked stone artefacts, ostrich eggshell beads and pottery – from Namaqualand, north-western South Africa. Through its implication in all models so far proposed, Namaqualand is crucial to understanding the introduction of herding to the southern African subcontinent. Despite numerous publications on early herding, many key debates remain unresolved.
The study focuses on the northern and central Namaqualand coastline, but sites from other parts of Namaqualand are also described. The stone assemblages are grouped according to variation in materials and retouch and then, along with data from ostrich eggshell beads and pottery, analysed graphically for temporal and other patterning. A cultural sequence is then presented.
Using this sequence, key debates on early herding are explored and a hypothesis on its origins is constructed. Indigenous hunter-gatherers occupied the region throughout the Holocene and made Group 1 lithic assemblages from quartz and cryptocrystalline silica with frequent retouched tools primarily in cryptocrystalline silica. A new population – likely Proto-Khoekhoe-speaking hunter-gatherers with limited numbers of livestock – entered the landscape approximately 2000 years ago. They made Group 3 assemblages from clear quartz focusing on backed bladelets. Diffusion of stock and pottery among the local population occurred during this period. Later, c. AD 500, a new wave of migrants appeared. These last were the ancestors of the historically observed Khoekhoe pastoralists; they made Group 2 lithic assemblages on milky quartz without retouched tools. Bead diameter generally increases with time and contributes nothing to the debate. The pottery sequence is still too patchy for meaningful interpretation but differs from that elsewhere. Overall, the differing cultural signatures in western South Africa suggest that, although many questions will likely remain unanswered, a better understanding of southern African early herding will only be possible with a study addressing all regions simultaneously.

Keywords: Namaqualand
Hunter-gatherers
herders
Advisor: Mitchell, P
Mathematical modelling of cell population dynamics in the colonic crypt with application to colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer has the third highest mortality and incidence rates of all cancers worldwide, but the prognosis for long-term survival is good if diagnosed early. It is a well-characterised disease, and is initiated in colonic crypts which line the colon wall. The aim of this thesis is to use mathematical modelling to describe the heavily regulated cell renewal cycle in the crypt to determine the key features of the system kinetics, and help to explain the initiation of tumourigenesis. The dynamics of a single colorectal crypt is considered using a compartmental approach, which accounts for populations of stem, transit-amplifying and fullydifferentiated cells. A number of different model formulations are derived, and their validity and suitability are discussed. Two mechanisms are presented that could regulate the growth of cell numbers and maintain homeostasis (equilibrium), and it is illustrated how a model can describe both regulated and unregulated growth, with cancer-driving cells deriving from stem and/or transit cells. This model is used to explain the long lag phases observed in carcinogenesis, which occur between periods of rapid tumour expansion, before unlimited growth in cell numbers ensues. Significantly, it is found that, contrary to general belief, the proportion of cancer-driving cells in the exponential growth phase of a tumour may vary depending on tumour type. The process of cells accumulating mutations is also examined by considering both a stochastic individual cell-based model and an analytic approach. Finally, an ordinary differential equation model is shown to be valid by considering a simplified description of a one-dimensional spatial model, and the latter is used to consider the effect of changing the crypt shape. The suitability of this modelling approach to tracking stem cells in a niche, as well as mutant cell clones as they propagate in the crypt, is also discussed.

Keywords: cancer
crypt
mathematical modelling
Advisor: Maini, P
Chapman, S
Edwards, C
Bodmer, W
Prosody, syntax and the lexicon in parsing ambiguous sentences

This thesis tests the early incorporation of prosodic information during on-line processing of ambiguous word pairs such as Packing cases. The word pair is syntactically ambiguous between a noun or verb phrase interpretation. However, the two interpretations are prosodically distinct. An on-line, cross-modal, response-time task found that subjects disambiguated the word pairs using prosodic information. Experiment 2 swapped the timing,fo and amplitude of the noun phrase versions with the verb phrase versions. If prosodic information were guiding parsing, swapping the prosody of the alternatives should change subjects' parses of the word-pairs. Subjects interpreted the cross-synthesised noun phrases as verb phrases and the crosssynthesised verb phrases as noun phrases. This provides additional evidence in favour of early prosodic processing. Experiment 3 tested whether subjects' ability to differentiate the two forms would be affected by flattening the fo of the word pairs. Subjects' ability to disambiguate the word pairs was reduced by flattening the fo of the stimuli. Again, this provides evidence in favour of fo guiding parsing. Experiment 4 investigated the perceptual salience of prosodic information in the absence of lexical information, by testing parsing of delexicalised versions of the same wordpairs. Subjects continued to disambiguate the stimuli. This indicates that prosody can guide parsing even without lexical information. The results of the four experiments provide strong evidence in favour of the early incorporation of prosodic information in parsing: prosodic information can influence on-line parsing even in the presence of contradictory syntactic and spectral preferences; and in the absence of lexical information. This thesis concludes that the results of the experiments support strong interaction models of processing.

Advisor: Coleman, J
Carbon fixation in eukaryotic marine algae: Evolution of photosynthetic machinery and isotopic footprints

Photosynthesis in the world's oceans by marine algae is responsible for approximately 50% of CO2 fixed into organic carbon. Aquatic primary producers are intricately linked to the climate system due to their reliance on CO2 as a substrate for photosynthesis and role in the removal and export of carbon from the surface ocean to marine sediments. The evolutionary history of marine algae was shaped by changes in the climate system. As a result, fossilized marine algae and modern representatives of ancient groups have the potential to unlock information about the Earth’s climatic past. To use this information and fully understand the role of marine algae in the carbon cycle, however, it is essential to develop an in-depth understanding of CO2 fixation in these organisms. In this thesis I look at carbon fixation in biomineralizing marine algae from a geological and a biological perspective. First I apply a carbon isotope proxy for CO2 to organic material preserved in marine diatom frustules from an extremely transformative period in geological history, the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. Subsequently, this thesis aims to address gaps in our understanding of carbon fixation in eukaryotic marine algae. I present a novel dataset of kinetics of the carbon fixing enzyme, Rubisco, in eukaryotic algae, investigate the role of a pyrenoid-based carbon concentrating mechanism, and identify plastic changes in carbon fixing machinery in response to changing CO2. The findings from this thesis refine our understanding of primary production in the oceans and how we apply algae-based CO2 proxies to understand ancient climates.

Keywords: Carbon fixation
Climate
Photosynthesis
Marine algae
Advisor: Rickaby, R
Lee, R
'Whoever lost children lost her heart': valourised maternal grief in the Hebrew Bible

Recent studies on ancient Israel's mortuary culture have shown that mourning rites were not restricted to the occasions of death, burial and subsequent grief but were, in fact, implemented in diverse contexts. In this thesis I am looking at biblical traditions in which these solemn practices contributed, or sought to contribute to various forms of social restoration. More specifically, I explore the stories of biblical grieving mothers who are placed at key junctures in Israel's history to renegotiate the destinies not only of their own children, dead or lost, but also those of larger communities, i.e. family lines, ethnic groups, or entire nations. Since 'the social and ritual dimensions of mourning are intertwined and inseparable...[and] rites in general are a context for the creation and transformation of social order', these women use the circumstance of their 'interrupted' motherhood as a platform for a kind of grief-driven socio-political activism. Since maternal bereavement is generally understood as the most intense of all types of loss and was seen as archetypal of all mourning in ancient Near Eastern cultures, Israelite communities in crisis deemed sorrowing motherhood as a potent agent in bringing about their own survival and resurgence back to normalcy.
I begin my discussion on mourning rites as tools of social preservation and restoration in biblical traditions with (1) a list of modern examples that attest to a phenomenon of social, political, and religious engagement among women that stems from the circumstance of child loss; (2) a survey of recent grief and death studies that identify maternal grief as the most intense and the most enduring among other types of bereavement; (3) an overview of ancient Near Eastern cultures (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Hatti, Syro-Palestine) that not only viewed maternal grief as paradigmatic of all mourning but also utilised ritual actions performed by mothers in contexts of large scale catastrophes as mechanisms for dealing with a collective trauma. Against this background my project then turns to discuss four biblical mothers: Hagar (Gen. 21:14-21), Rizpah (2 Sam. 21:1-14), the woman of Tekoa (2 Sam. 14:1-20) and Rachel (Jer. 31:15-22), all of whom perform rites for their dying or dead children and exhibit a form of advocacy for society at large.

Keywords: maternal grief
Hebrew Bible
mourning rights
Advisor: Williamson, H
The biomechanics of patellofemoral pain syndrome in distance runners

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most common injury in runners. This thesis investigates the theory that prolonged eversion at the rear-foot causes prolonged tibial internal rotation and excessive femoral internal rotation, and predisposes female, distance runners to PFPS. Since eversion occurs at the subtalar joint, the morphology of the talus and calcaneus were also assessed. The study was a case-control investigation between female runners with a history of PFPS (n = 9) and normal controls (n = 10). Gait analysis was used to measure lower-limb joint angles during barefoot, treadmill running. It was hypothesised that runners with PFPS would demonstrate prolonged rearfoot eversion and tibial internal rotation, and increased hip internal rotation compared to normal controls. Computed tomography was used to image the foot and ankle in simulated weight-bearing using a custom-built loading rig. Three-dimensional models of the talus and calcaneus were generated and their shapes were quantified using principal axis lengths and orientations. The results did not support the theory that prolonged eversion and rear-foot structure predispose to PFPS during running, and attributing PFPS to these factors should be done with discretion. However, runners with a history of PFPS exhibited increased rear-foot eversion, reduced rear-foot dorsiflexion and increased knee internal rotation compared to normal controls during running, walking and squatting. Subjects with PFPS also demonstrated increased dorsiflexion at the mid-foot. It was proposed that increased eversion was secondary to reduced rear-foot dorsiflexion as this enabled compensatory dorsiflexion at the mid-tarsal complex. Due to the tight articulation of the ankle mortise, increased knee internal rotation corresponds well with excessive rear-foot eversion. A prospective study is required to establish whether these kinematic alterations are a cause or an effect of PFPS.

Keywords: biomechanics
gait analysis
running
patellofemoral pain syndrome
Advisor: Zavatsky, A
Stebbins, J
Modulating the immune system by amino acid depletion - IDO and beyond

Amino acid availability plays an important role in modulating the activity of T-cells. One of the pathways employed by T-cells to sense nutrient levels is the “mammalian target of rapamycin” (mTOR) pathway that is inhibited in response to nutrient depletion. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme along the tryptophan catabolising kynurenine pathway. T-cells are very sensitive to lack of this essential amino acid in their microenvironment and this confers strong immunomodulatory properties to cells expressing active IDO. It therefore has a significant physiological role as a homeostatic mechanism used in mammalian organisms to dampen excessive activation of the immune system but is also used as an immune evasion mechanism by many cancers.
In this study, we investigated the IDO inhibitory properties and mechanism of action of the tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) that potentially forms a negative feedback loop in the kynurenine pathway. We studied the molecule in enzymatic assays, in live cells and discovered that it inhibits IDO in an indirect way via the formation of hydrogen peroxide. Secondly, we looked at the effects of tryptophan and its metabolites on T-cell proliferation and mTOR activity, and discovered a metabolite that inhibits T-cell proliferation. Lastly we examined mechanisms of T-cell suppression employed by myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), focusing on their ability to deplete amino acids from their microenvironment. We were able to exclude tryptophan consumption as a suppressive mechanism and established that by manipulating extracellular concentrations of several amino acids other than arginine and cysteine – that are known to be utilised by MDSCs - we were able to reduce their inhibitory properties.
In summary, we have described in detail how 3-HAA inhibits IDO in in vitro assays, outlined how some tryptophan metabolites can inhibit T-cell proliferation, and clarified aspects of suppressive mechanism employed by MDSCs.

Keywords: 3-dioxygenase
amino acid metabolism
Indoleamine 2
kynurenine
myeloid derived suppressor cells
tryptophan
tumour escape
Advisor: Cerundolo, V
Numerical studies of baroclinic instability

This thesis describes two studies of baroclinic instability in a rotating fluid annulus subject to differential heating. The first part is concerned with the development of a time dependent axisymmetric numerical model. The model was formulated using the control volume finite element method and was designed to be as flexible as possible both in terms of the range of problems to be studied and the techniques used to study them. Details of these techniques are presented together with a discussion of their limitations and possible refinements and extensions which could be made.
The second part of this thesis describes a numerical study of unstable normal mode perturbations which can develop on a prescribed mean state. The growth rate and structure of these modes are examined for various background states and the relevance of these results to laboratory measurements is discussed. Evidence is presented to suggest the possible presence of hitherto unobserved baroclinic weak waves in an internally heated annulus system.

Advisor: Read, P
A materials chemistry investigation of archaeological lead glazes

In this thesis, the fabrication technology of Roman lead glazes were examined using a number of materials science techniques: namely, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The overall aim of this work was to discern particular technological styles for a wide group of lead glazes by quantifying the chemical and microstructural features of glaze production. Using experimental replication, it was found that two basic methods of glazing could be identified chemically. When applying PbO alone to an earthenware ceramic, the resulting glaze was in equilibrium with the ceramic as indicated by flat compositional profiles obtained along the glaze cross-section. However, when applying PbO·SiO2 mixtures to earthenware ceramics, gradient profiles indicative of diffusive mass transfer were obtained from the glaze cross-section. On the basis of these chemical criteria, these two methods of glazing were identified in archaeological material. It has been determined that the earliest lead glazes from Anatolia and Italy (approximately 1st century B.C.) were made using PbO·SiO2 mixtures applied to calcareous clays with Fe and Cu oxides added as colourants. Later production (post 2nd century A.D.), seems to have employed PbO alone applied to non-calcareous clays with no intentionally added colourants. The Roman production of lead glazes was compared to both those of Late Antiquity (4th – 10th centuries A.D.) which continued to use PbO applied to non-calcareous clays, and to those of Byzantine and Islamic contexts (8th – 14th centuries A.D.) which seem to have used PbO·SiO2 mixtures applied to both calcareous and non-calcareous clays. It is also argued that the technological features of the Byzantine and Islamic glaze production shared more in common with the contemporary Chinese lead glazing tradition (the Sancai wares of the 7th century A.D.) which also used PbO·SiO2 mixtures applied to non-calcareous clays, than with the Late Antique glazing tradition.

Keywords: lead glazed ceramics
materials science
Roman pottery
Advisor: Tite, M