VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Sanctuaries into Fortresses: Refugees and the Limits of Social Obligation in Progressive Era America

This dissertation describes the historical development of American refugee relief before and during the Progressive Era, with special emphasis on the two transformative cases: the Great San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906, and the borderland refugee crisis that attended the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920. These catastrophes helped change notions of social obligation that had been contested in the United States for more than a century. While rare, appeals for federal relief in the Early Republic and antebellum era laid the groundwork for a new consensus about what the federal government was obligated to provide sufferers of catastrophe at home and abroad. Congressional representatives seized upon past examples of foreign aid to demand the same assistance for constituents and citizens. In so doing, they gradually domesticated foreign aid and forged a new tradition of federal disaster relief. The contours of state-sponsored relief continued to fluctuate as the boundaries of U.S. territory and citizenship dramatically expanded in the nineteenth century./nThese changes culminated in the establishment of a new catastrophe relief regime established in 1906 amidst the ruin of the premier city of the West: San Francisco. As governments and people from around the world generously responded to the humanitarian crisis by sending aid to their fellow nationals and family members in distress, the United States boldly asserted sovereignty over those suffering from disasters within its borders. That precedent and innovations in international law compelled civilians, benevolent societies, federal troops, immigration agents, and local officials to respond to refugees of Mexico’s Revolution with energy and compassion only a few years later. Key architects of San Francisco’s relief program from the U.S. Army and the American National Red Cross moved from the Bay Area to the Mexican border. In the borderlands, these authorities established a refugee relief regime would have lasting consequences for the U.S.-Mexico border and for the borders of social obligation in the United States. The new refugee relief regime was contradictory; compassionate and violent, humanitarian and inhumane, it helped to produce the militarized border zone of the twentieth century.

Advisor: DeLay, Brian
The Wind Before the Storm: Aging, Automation, and the Disability Crisis

A substantial and growing share of the working age population of the advanced economies receives disability benefits. The causes of disability benefit expansion can primarily be attributed to an aging population and the deterioration of the low-skilled labor market due largely to technological change – challenges that also promise to strain other social welfare programs in the future. Using contemporary international disability benefit reforms as a case study, this dissertation argues that a new welfare state settlement is needed that no longer assumes a sustainable male breadwinner economy. The first chapter traces the history of disability benefits and argues that the traditional model for disability determination is ill suited for the post-industrial era. The second chapter provides a comparative policy analysis of major reforms to the disability determination processes in Denmark, Great Britain, and the Netherlands that shifts away from the traditional model and to a model focusing on work-capacity. The third chapter explores the relevance of disability policies in 17 OECD countries that attempt to integrate people with disabilities into the labor market and to reduce reliance on disability benefits. The dissertation concludes by summarizing the analyses and by returning to the major argument concerning the search for new policy solutions in the post-industrial welfare state.

Advisor: Gilbert, Neil
Ion-Water Interactions of Solvated Multiply Charged Anions and Their Effects on the Extended Hydrogen-Bonding Network of Water Molecules

Ion-water interactions have a large influence on the chemical and physical behavior of water and solutes in a diverse range of environments. These interactions play a role in atmospheric aerosols, desalination methods, enzymatic active sites, and ion stability. For example, multiply charged anions (MCAs), such as sulfate and phosphate, are ubiquitous in the condensed phases, but are intrinsically unstable once desolvated due to the lack of non-covalent interactions. Aqueous ion-containing nanodroplets formed via electrospray ionization can be investigated using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Utilizing the ability to store ion-containing droplets in the ion cell of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer, an ion with a discrete number of solvating water molecules can be mass-selected and thereafter probed using blackbody, infrared, and ultraviolet photons, or thermal electrons to measure its chemical and physical properties. Studying the stabilities of hexacyanoferrates as a function of (H2O)n, we find two hydration shells are required to stabilize Fe(CN)64- from spontaneous electron ejection. Although the ability of ions to influence water molecules remotely has been debated in condensed phase experiments, we provide unambiguous evidence for ion-water interactions leading to structural perturbations into a fourth solvation shell. Furthermore, evidence for remote dynamic perturbations in solutions is presented using a novel broadband terahertz spectroscopy technique. Although the nanodroplet experiments are performed in a temperature-regulated ion cell, a key question in the gas phase is to what magnitude does evaporative cooling affect the internal temperature of an ion population? Extensive master equation modeling to fit temperature-dependent blackbody dissociation kinetics reveals that, although the effect is minimal at low temperatures, evaporative cooling can lead to disparities of ΔT > 100 K when storing nanodroplets in an ion cell above room temperature. These findings can be used to more accurately relate experimental nanodroplet studies to the ambient temperatures relevant to atmospheric aerosols and condensed-phase solutions. The research presented here provides unique molecular-level insight into ion-water interactions leading to stability in MCAs as well as remote structural and dynamic perturbations that extend beyond the inner solvation shell.

Advisor: Williams, Evan R
The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area

This dissertation analyzes an unusual grammatical pattern that I call locative determiner omission, which is found in several languages belonging to the Slavic, Romance, and Albanian families, but which does not appear to have been directly inherited from any individual genetic ancestor of these languages. Locative determiner omission involves the omission of a definite article in the context of a locative prepositional phrase, and stands out as a feature of the Balkan linguistic area for which there are few, if any crosslinguistic parallels. This investigation of the origin and diachronic spread of locative determiner omission serves the particular goal of revealing how the social context of language contact could have resulted in a pattern of grammatical borrowing without lexical borrowing, yielding a present distribution in which locative determiner omission appears in several Balkan languages no longer in direct contact with one another. A detailed structural and historical analysis of locative determiner omission in Albanian, Romanian, Aromanian, and Macedonian is used as a basis for comparison with other Balkan languages. The analysis pays particular attention to the sequence of grammatical changes necessary for the outcome of locative determiner omission in each language, and the specific sociocultural configurations between speaker communities at relevant historical stages that allowed for the spread of locative determiner omission without direct lexical borrowing. This makes it possible to establish that locative determiner omission arose from a period of early contact between proto-Albanian and Late Latin, resulting in the generalization of the structure across all branches of Balkan Romance. During a later period, contact between Aromanian and individual dialects of Albanian and Macedonian resulted in the transfer of this feature, which then spread throughout most, but not all dialects of these latter languages./nA methodological contribution of this dissertation is the demonstration that in-depth study of a grammatical feature that is suspected to have developed through language contact can yield important insights into the historical and social dynamics of a linguistic area that cannot be determined through synchronic observation of broad similarities alone. Even in the absence of documentation, careful reconstruction of the structural accommodations required for the adoption of a grammatical innovation can reveal new information about the process of language contact. This is particularly true for features that are not uniformly distributed across a linguistic area, as is the case with locative determiner omission in the Balkans. As a consequence, my proposal argues for an approach to linguistic areas that views them as an outcome of localized, layered clusters of convergence.

Advisor: Mikkelsen, Line
The Cellular and Developmental Biology of Wing Scales: Two Genera of Structurally-Colored Butterflies Provide Mechanisms for Evolution of Color Diversity

The coloration of butterflies and moths, Lepidoptera, has been an important force in biological inquiry, providing among the first supporting evidence for biogeography, Darwinian evolution, and models of morphogen diffusion. In nature, color patterns have evolved that aid species’ navigation of many ecological interactions via crypsis, warning coloration, mate signaling, and the multiple forms of mimicry, which often lean heavily upon color to achieve their effect./nButterflies and moths as a whole have evolved the ability to produce all of the colors visible by humans, as well as into the UV range. As is true for most animals, the repertoire of pigments available for use in Lepidoptera is actually rather restricted – by and large limited to long-wavelength colors red, orange, and yellow, as well as, black and brown pigments. To expand into the short wavelength (violet, blue and green), Leps have repeatedly resorted to manufacturing photonically-active nanostructures. These harness physical properties of light to create the impression of color in an observer without having to manufacture a pigment. Despite knowledge of butterfly structural coloration for centuries, intense study has only taken off following the advent of the electron microscope, and despite interest, studies have been largely limited to descriptive studies and physical estimations of their function./nI have undertaken efforts to understand the developmental and cellular underpinnings of structural coloration in butterflies. In the work presented here I have furthered the understanding of the field with a particular focus on how pigments modulate the diverse structural colors of 2 genera – the Morpho genus of the neotropics and the Achillides sub-genus of Papilio found throughout Oceania, East, and South Asia. In addition, I have addressed how scale ultrastructure is constructed in the developing pupa from a cell biological perspective. These studies have come hand-in-hand with the improvement of live-imaging techniques, which I argue, will be indispensable for future studies on scale development. What has emerged, is the suggestion that the Actin cytoskeleton, is essential for ultrastructural formation of scales including the modulation of nanostructure profiles. What’s more, I have shown that melanin is deployed to tune the saturation of structural color reflections and, in at least one case, to tune the hue of a multilayer-based structural color.

Advisor: Patel, Nipam H
Palladium-Mediated Formation of Alkyl–Nitrogen Bonds

The following dissertation discusses reactions of palladium complexes to form sp3 carbon–nitrogen bonds. Both stoichiometric reductive elimination reactions to form alkylamines from characterized alkylpalladium(II) complexes and new palladium-catalyzed methods for the synthesis of N-alkylbenzophenone imines are reported./nChapter 1 provides an overview of methods for the N-alkylation of nitrogen nucleophiles. Metal-catalyzed substitution reactions of nitrogen nucleophiles with alkyl electrophiles are discussed with a focus on the fundamental organometallic reactions that may form carbon–nitrogen bonds in these reactions. Examples of reductive elimination reactions from characterized alkylmetal complexes are covered in more detail because of their relevance to later chapters./nChapter 2 discusses continued work in the Hartwig group studying the reductive elimination of norbornylamines from syn-2-methylnorbornylpalladium(II) amido complexes. This work focuses on the effects of phosphine ancillary ligands on the rate of reductive elimination and yield of alkylamine. These studies led to the design of bidentate P,O ligands that stabilize Pd(II) amido complexes while still enabling the reductive elimination of alkylamines to occur in good yield./nChapter 3 presents the reductive elimination of N-neopentyl anilines and N-neopentyl imines from palladium(II) complexes. The P,O ligand structures developed as part of the work described in Chapter 2 proved particularly valuable to the study of neopentylpalladium(II) complexes and enabled the synthesis of stable, four-coordinate Pd(II) anilido and methyleneamido complexes that undergo reductive elimination to form N-neopentyl anilines and N-neopentyl imines in good yields./nChapter 4 discusses the development of palladium catalysts for the cross-coupling of imines and primary alkyl bromides. The addition of fluorinated iminoquinolines as ancillary ligands was found to greatly increase the rate of the reaction. Mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction occurs through a two-electron pathway that may involve oxidative addition to a cyclometallated palladium(II) complex./nChapter 5 expands the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of imines to include reactions with synthetically valuable secondary and tertiary alkyl halides. This method was applied to form a variety of imines bearing secondary and tertiary alkyl groups on nitrogen. Mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction occurs through single-electron transfer from a palladium(0) complex to form an alkyl radical intermediate. The intermediacy of this alkyl radical enabled this method to be expanded to include the intramolecular carboamination of unsaturated alkyl bromides.

Advisor: Hartwig, John F
Microseismic event location with multiple arrivals: application in the Newberry Enhanced Geothermal System and the Marcellus Shale

Multistage fracturing technique, together with horizontal drilling, make production from organic-rich shale possible. Microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fractures has been an important technology for far-field fracture diagnostics. It can provide us hydraulic fracture geometry and its growth behavior vs. time. Getting accurate microseismic event location is important to interpretation. Various methods originally developed for earthquake location have been used for microseismic event location./nThe main objective of this dissertation is to make use of multiple arrivals of microseismic data to improve microseismic event location accuracy. The improvement can be achieved from two aspect: (1) simultaneous inversion of multiple microseismic data for event locations and velocity model and (2) improving microseismic event location accuracy with head wave arrival time. We begin this dissertation by laying out the inverse problem theory as the basis of the simultaneous inversion. Then, we built a Bayesian framework to simultaneously invert for microseismic event locations and the velocity model. We developed a software package, BayesTomo, based on the simultaneous inversion framework./nThe first application is the simultaneous inversion of microseismic event locations and the velocity in a microseismic survey at Newberry Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). We successfully applied the developed method on both synthetic examples and real data from the Newberry EGS. Comparisons with location results based on a traditional predetermined velocity model method demonstrated that we can construct a reliable effective velocity model using only microseismic data and determine microseismic event locations without prior knowledge of the velocity model./nThe second application is on the microseismic data acquired from a geophone array deployed in the horizontal section of a well drilled in the Marcellus Shale near Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. We identified the existence of prominent head waves in some of the microseismic data. The head waves are refractions from the interface between the Marcellus and the underlying Onondaga Formation. The source locations of microseismic events can be significantly improved by using both the P-, S-wave direct arrival times and the head wave arrival times in place the traditional method of using direct arrival times and P-wave polarizations. The traditional method had substantially greater uncertainty in our data due to the large uncertainty in P-wave polarization direction estimation. Our method was applied to estimate the locations of perforation shots as well as microseismic events. Comparison with traditional location results shows improved location accuracy thanks to head wave arrival times.

Advisor: Rector, James W.
narratio for orchestra

In 2013 I wrote a piece that was premiered by the Janacek Philharmonia under the baton of Petr Kotik entitled exordium. A recording of the piece was also included in the OD 2013 CD. As the title of that piece indicates it was always meant as an introduction or an abbreviated synopsis of sorts. narratio is a continuation of exordium or could be thought of as a fulfillment of the promise it puts forth. Ideas presented in exordium have been stretched, magnified, dilated, deconstructed, and ultimately abandoned./nThe piece reflects much of the compositional techniques and philosophies that I’ve researched over the years as a culmination of my doctoral studies at UC Berkeley: rhythmic and tempo permutations and relationships based on specified integer sets and their sums, harmonic relations using interpolated wave forms to create evenly distributed scales and pitch sets over varying frequency ranges, and perhaps most importantly, a focus on specified open forms that allow the performer a freedom from fixed time and pulsation - allowing each performer to express their own unique proclivities, propensities, strengths, and limitations while still maintaining the cohesion of the orchestra under the baton of the conductor./nThe duration is approximately 15 minutes long. The piece was premiered on September 2nd at Ostrava Days 2017 in Ostrava, Czech Republic by Ostrava New Orchestra under the baton of Carl Christian Bettendorf.

Advisor: Ueno, Ken
Cryo-EM Studies of Inflammasomes

Following invasion by disease-causing biological entities, before a threat-specific response is mounted by the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system initiates a campaign to restrict the pathogen. In animals and plants, members of the Nucleotide-binding domain, Leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) superfamily of proteins are sentinels of the innate immune system that detect a wide array of pathogens’ molecular signatures./nNAIP5 (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein 5), for example, is activated by binding the bacterial protein flagellin—a component of the flagellum many bacteria use for locomotion. After binding, the NAIP5–flagellin complex associates with multiple NLRC4 (NLR family, CARD [Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain]-containing 4) protomers, forming an inflammasome that activates the protease Caspase-1 by juxtaposing the protease’s CARDs. The active Caspase-1 sparks a cascade that results in pyroptosis, a programmed form of cell death that summons an immune response and causes inflammation. Another such protein, NLRP1 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1), also forms inflammasomes that, when activated by cleavage by anthrax lethal factor, activate Caspase-1./nI used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of the NAIP5–NLRC4 inflammasome. Analysis of the structure of the NAIP5-NLRC4 inflammasome revealed how the bacterial ligand flagellin is detected and how the complex assembles and uncovered a possible mechanism by which NLRs restrict pathogen evasion of detection by the innate immune system. Structural investigation of the NLRP1 inflammasome is at an early—but promising—stage. In this thesis, I also describe the new methods for preparing cryo-EM samples that made this work possible and may be useful for cryo-EM studies of other macromolecular complexes.

Advisor: Nogales, Eva
Electronic-Photonic Co-Design of Silicon Photonic Interconnects

Silicon photonic interconnects hold great promise in meeting the high bandwidth and low-energy demands of next-generation interconnects. System-level driven electronic-photonic co-design is the key to improving the bandwidth density and energy efficiency. In this study, a comprehensive co-optimization framework is developed for high-speed silicon photonic transmitters utilizing compact models and a detailed optical simulation framework. Given technology and link constraints, microring and Mach-Zehnder transmitter designs are optimized and compared based on a unified optical phase shifter model. Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and pulse-amplitude-modulation-4 (PAM-4) modulation schemes are analyzed and compared for microring-based transmitters. Using the co-design approach, a monolithic 40Gb/s optical NRZ transmitter based on microring modulators is designed and demonstrated in zero-change 45nm CMOS SOI process. Electronic-photonic co-design with the high swing driver enables this transmitter to achieve total energy efficiency of 330fJ/b and the photonics and modulator driver area bandwidth density of 6.7 Tb/s/mm2. This dissertation also discusses the design and demonstration of the first full silicon photonic interconnect on a 3D integrated electronic-photonic platform. These results make the microring-based silicon photonic transceivers an attractive solution for the next-generation inter and intra-rack photonic interconnects. Finally, a short-reach laser-forwarding coherent link architecture is proposed to further improve the energy efficiency of silicon photonic interconnects. The key concepts of the proposed architecture are verified experimentally with microring-based silicon photonic transmitters. The architecture saves the laser power by 6-7.5x and could enable complex modulation schemes for the future short-reach optical links.

Advisor: Stojanovic, Vladimir