VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The rule in Re Hastings-Bass

The rule in Re Hastings-Bass is an equitable control on the exercise of powers by trustees. It has developed without satisfactory explanation of its doctrinal basis, resulting in uncertainty as to its scope and application. In Pitt v Holt [2011] EWCA Civ 197 the Court of Appeal began to remedy these defects by deciding that the rule is founded on a trustee’s duty properly to consider the exercise of a power.
This thesis argues, first, that Pitt is right to understand the Re Hastings-Bass rule as premised on the duties of trustees, and not on the exercise of a power producing an unintended result. This accords with the reasoning of earlier cases on the rule, and is also consistent with House of Lords authority on fiduciary powers and judicial non-interference in trustees’ decision-making. This duty is not a ‘fiduciary’ duty, or an aspect of the trustee’s duty of care, but is an independent incident of the office of trustee.
Secondly, this analysis of the Re Hastings-Bass rule facilitates exposition of its important features: the concept of ‘relevant consideration’ must be carefully circumscribed; the purported exercise of a power in breach of the rule is voidable, not void; the rule does not apply to purely personal powers, or to administrative powers; there are no special rules for pension trusts or the use of the rule to mitigate liability to taxation; trustees can usually avoid a breach of duty by taking professional advice; and in some circumstances, those professional advisers can incur liability to the trust beneficiaries.
Finally, the relationship between the Re Hastings-Bass rule and fraud on a power is examined. It is argued that the analogy between the two doctrines is not sound, and that there is reason to doubt aspects of the orthodox account of fraud on a power.

Keywords: Fiduciary
Trusts
Trustees
Powers
Advisor: Getzler, J
An architectural approach for reasoning about trust properties

The need for trustworthy system operation has been acknowledged in many circles. However, establishing that a system is trustworthy is a significant challenge. While trusted computing proposes technical mechanisms towards this end, less attention is directed towards providing a basis for trusting such systems. Consequently, it is not clear: (i) how such mechanisms influence the overall trust in a system; (ii) the properties and assumptions upon which trust is based; and (iii) the evidence necessary to reason about these properties. This can be attributed to a number of factors including: (i) the complexity of modern systems; (ii) a lack of consensus on a definition of trust; and (iii) a lack of a systematic approach for identifying and using evidence to reason about trust-related properties.
This dissertation presents research towards addressing these challenges. We argue that an architectural approach provides effective abstractions for making trust properties and assumptions explicit and reasoning about a system's ability to satisfy these properties. We propose a framework for identifying, categorising and mapping trust-properties to aspects of a system that could be used to reason about these properties. Guided by this framework, we propose and develop models for representing knowledge about a particular aspect and using it to reason about trust-properties.
A semantic model, based on the semantics of Z, is developed to characterise building blocks of trustworthy systems and to demonstrate how the system's constituents determine its trustworthiness. An abstraction model based on formal verification is developed to reason about the impact of the system's construction and configuration on its trustworthiness. Finally, two complementary models for capturing the runtime aspects of the system are developed. A trace-based model enables analysis of runtime evidence in the form of event logs and a provenance-based model captures operations on the system as a provenance graph. The models are validated on a trusted grid architecture, a password manager and a trustworthy collaborative system.

Keywords: CSP
system architecture
provenance
Z
trusted computing
Advisor: Martin, A
An analysis of discretisation methods for ordinary differential equations

Numerical methods for solving initial value problems in ordinary differential equations are studied. A notation is introduced to represent cyclic methods in terms of two matrices, Ah, and Bh, and this is developed to cover the very extensive class of m-block methods. Some stability results are obtained and convergence is analysed by means of a new consistency concept, namely optimal consistency. It is shown that optimal consistency allows one to give two-sided bounds on the global error, and examples are given to illustrate this. The form of the inverse of Ah is studied closely to give a criterion for the order of convergence to exceed that of consistency by one. Further convergence results are obtained , the first of which gives the orders of convergence for cases in which Ah, and Bh, have a special form, and the second of which gives rise to the possibility of the order of convergence exceeding that of consistency by two or more at some stages. In addition an alternative proof is given of the superconvergence result for collocation methods. In conclusion the work covered is set in the context of that done in recent years by various authors.

Advisor: McKee, S
Mc.Kee, S
Alloys-by-design: applications to polycrystalline nickel superalloys for turbine disc applications 

The nickel-based superalloys have been a key enabler to the development of modern gas turbine engines. Since their introduction the chemical complexity of these alloys has increased significantly, with current generation nickel-based superalloys usually containing over 10 different elements. It is this combination of alloying additions that is responsible for the superior high temperature properties these alloys exhibit.
Traditionally, alloy design has invoked considerable use of trial-and-error based approaches involving costly and exhaustive processing backed up by empirical property testing. In this work a computational materials design approach is developed. This method links physically-faithful composition-dependent models with thermodynamic calculations to understand material behaviour. By doing this it is possible to consider large compositional design spaces and isolate alloys expected to have optimal performance for specific applications.
The scope of this research has been to apply the computational model to the design of a polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy for turbine disc applications in next generation jet engines. The design trade-offs encountered when developing the new alloy are highlighted. Alloy compositions which are predicted to be optimal for turbine disc applications are isolated. These alloys have been manufactured using a scaled down version of the commercial production method. The newly manufactured alloys have been characterised using microstructural evaluation, mechanical testing and corrosion testing. The experimental results have been compared with modelling predictions in order to determine the capability of the computational approach.

Keywords: Nickel
Superalloy
Advisor: Reed, R
Ignition systems for lean burn gas engines

This thesis describes an experimental investigation into ignition systems, their effects on the combustion process, and how the discharge is affected by the prevailing pressure, temperature and flow. The work is divided into four main areas, a comprehensive literature review, engine testing for ignition system suitability, non-flow rig testing (including erosion) and flow rig testing.
The literature review concluded that the most practical ignition system for lean burn gas engines will continue to be based on the spark plug, but in the medium to long term, laser ignition may become viable.
The measurement of the HT voltage and current is not straightforward, and appropriate methods have been identified.
Capacitive and inductive ignition system types were compared in lean and diluted conditions on a single cylinder research engine of modern design at different engine loads and speeds. It was found that the most beneficial ignition system was an inductive ignition system, although that for some conditions, capacitive systems induced better engine performance with a fraction of the stored energy of the inductive alternative.
Non flow tests showed that the early part of the spark discharge is sensitive to pressure and temperature effects, and as a consequence, the latter stages of the discharge are also affected. A correlation has been developed, for use with conventional nickel electrode spark plugs, to predict breakdown voltage as a function of pressure, temperature and gap.
Experiments were carried out at elevated pressures in a stream of flowing air with capacitive and inductive ignition systems. Different electrode designs and orientations were also compared. It was shown that when exposed to a flow field, the discharge can be stretched which results in a shortened spark duration; in some cases the electrode can shield the discharge from flow field effects.
This work showed that flow through the spark gap is a hindrance to the spark process, especially for longer duration systems. However for flame kernel growth, the literature review identified that flow is beneficial, serving to convect the kernel away from the electrodes, reducing the heat transfer from the flame.
Analysis of the glow voltage history in the pressurised flow rig has been used to develop a correlation relating the voltage, current, flow velocity, pressure and time. This correlation was used to analyse the velocity records from the spark plug in a firing engine. The predicted velocities and turbulence intensity were in agreement with independent measurements.

Keywords: flame
flow
Ignition
reciprocating
gas
discharge
spark
engine
plug
Advisor: Stone, R
Music, place, and mobility in Erik Satie's Paris

Erik Satie (1866-1925) lived, worked, walked, and died in Paris. The key locations of his career – all within a single urban region – are well known and well researched. Yet he has often been presented as an eccentric individualist far removed from any social or geographical context. This thesis seeks to address – and redress – the decontextualisation of Satie’s career by re-imagining his music and biography in terms of the places and mobilities of turn-of-the-century Paris. To that end, it draws on a range of documentary and fictional material, including journalistic and scholarly reception texts, illustrated musical scores, chanson collections, contemporary visual culture, and cinematic representations of the people, place(s), and period(s) in question. These diverse primary and secondary sources are discussed and interpreted via a set of on-going debates at the intersection of historical musicology, cultural history, and urban geography. Some of these debates can be traced through existing research on the geography of music. Others are more local to this project and derive their value from suggesting alternative approaches to familiar problems in the study of French musical modernism. The main aim throughout is to develop a better understanding of the relations existing between Satie’s musical life, his compositional strategies, and the changing urban environment in which he plied his trade. Chapters One and Two focus on the working-class suburb of Arcueil and the ‘bohemian’ enclave of Montmartre. Chapters Three and Four are organised thematically around issues of musical humour and everyday life. By using the particular example of Satie’s Paris, the thesis proposes that more general avenues of enquiry are opened up into music and the city, thus demonstrating the potential benefits of incorporating the urban-geographic imagination into historical musicology more broadly, and bringing musicological thinking to bear on inter-disciplinary discussions about space, place, and mobility.

Keywords: bohemia
Erik Satie
urban geography
Paris
Advisor: Franklin, P
On their own initiative: how politicians use direct democracy in the United States

The central purpose of this thesis is systematically to show why politicians use direct democracy in the US. By identifying multiple situations in which politicians make use of direct democracy, the argument that they use it for some gain is made irresistible and the reasons underlying this behaviour are brought out. Politicians are shown to use direct democracy in three arenas: before launching a candidacy for state-wide office, whilst running for state-wide office and whilst in government. Politicians are shown to do so to expand their public profile, to change campaign agendas, and at the level of the institutions of state government, to bypass another branch of government. These effects are shown using statistical tests of the occurrence of behaviour by state legislators and candidates in the first two instances. Multilevel models are used in the last two instances, to identify when state legislators and governors used direct democracy in battles over lawmaking between the branches of government. A test for the use of the legislative referral by state legislatures is particularly timely and has not been considered before. These uses together lay the groundwork for a new theory of the effects of direct democracy institutions on state government policy. The tests of policy responsiveness in later chapters reject existing theory that might provide an explanation of both why politicians use direct democracy and with what effects on state government and show on responsiveness increasing effect.

Keywords: governors
initiatives
Advisor: Martin, P
Redefining loyalism, radicalism and national identity

Lancashire redefined popular politics and national identity in its own image. The perceived threat of invasion by Napoleon, together with the Irish Rebellion, sustained the evolution in extra-parliamentary politics that had begun in reaction to the American and French revolutions. The meanings and principles of 'radicalism,' 'loyalism' and 'Britain' continued to be debated and contested in 1798-1812. Elite loyalism became even more exclusive, developing into the Orange movement. Radicals remained silent until the Napoleonic invasion scares had faded and opportunities arose for renewed vocal criticisms of government foreign and economic policy from 1806. Conflicts re- emerged between radicals and loyalists in the middle classes and gentry which provided the training for a new generation of postwar radical leaders and the popularity of the free trade campaign.
Inhabitants of Lancashire felt British in reaction to the French and Irish, but it was a Lancashire Britishness. Political identities and actions followed national patterns of events but were always marked with a regional stamp. This was in part because most political movements were held together by a shared 'sense of place' rather than vague notions of class-consciousness or shared class identity. A sense of place manifested itself in the regional organisation of strikes, petitions and the Orange institution. Furthermore, it could also entail a common bitter or defiant provincialism against the government or monarchy. In an atmosphere of anti-corruption and a growing desire for peace, this provincial frustration ironically brought professed loyalists closer to radicalism in campaigns against the Orders in Council and other government policies. Provincialism and other elements of regional identity ensured that any ideas of Britishness were tempered through local concerns and allegiances, but an identity with the nation that was not an acquiescent acceptance of national tropes and stereotypes. Lancashire Britishness was commercial, manufacturing, and above all, independent from homogenisation and the impositions of government.

Advisor: Stevenson, J
Predictive classification using mixtures of normal distributions

Classification using mixture distributions to model each class has not received too much attention in the literature. The most important attempts use normal distributions as com- ponents in these mixtures. Recently developed methods have allowed the use of these kinds of models as a flexible approach for density estimation. Most of the methods de- veloped so far use plug-in estimates for the parameters and assume that the number of components in the mixture is known.
We obtain a predictive classifier for the classes by using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques which allow us to obtain a sampling chain for the parameters. This fully Bayesian approach to classification has the advantage that the number of components for each class is taken as another variable parameter and integrated out of the classification. To achieve this we use a birth-and-death/Gibbs sampler algorithm developed by Stephens (1997).
We use five different datasets, two simulated ones to test the methods on a single class and three real datasets to test the methods for classification. We look at different models to de- fine which gives better flexibility in the modelling and an overall better classification. We look at different types of priors for the means and dispersion matrices of the components. Joint conjugate priors and an independent conjugate priors for the means and dispersion matrices for the components are used. We use a model with a common dispersion matrix for all the components and another one with a reparametrisation of these dispersion ma- trices into size, shape and orientation (Banfield and Raftery (1993)). We allow the sizes to differ while keeping a common shape and orientation for the dispersion matrices of the components in a class.
We found that this type of modelling with independent conjugate priors for the means and dispersions while allowing the sizes of the dispersions to vary gave the best results for classification purposes as it allowed great flexibility and separation between the compo- nents of the classes.
Liver-stage vaccines for malaria

The development of an efficacious P. falciparum malaria vaccine remains a top priority. Pre-erythrocytic vaccine efforts have traditionally focussed on two well- known antigens, CSP and TRAP, yet thousands of antigens are expressed throughout the liver-stage. The work described in this thesis aimed to assess the ability of other pre-erythrocytic antigens to induce an immune response and provide protective efficacy against transgenic parasites in a mouse model. Research undertaken in our laboratory has demonstrated the ability of prime-boost viral vectored sub-unit vaccination regimens to elicit high levels of antigen-specific T cells. Eight candidate antigens were therefore expressed individually in the viral vectors ChAd63 and MVA. Two antigens, PfLSA1 and PfLSAP2, were identified that confer greater protective efficacy in inbred mice than either CSP or TRAP. PfLSA1 was also able to induce almost complete sterile efficacy in outbred mice, suggesting this vaccine should be assessed in a clinical trial. Immune responses to the candidate antigens were also assessed in human volunteers following their first exposure to controlled malaria infection. The antigen TRAP was further characterised by epitope mapping in volunteers vaccinated with ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP. However, no functional T cell assay exists to measure inhibition of P. falciparum liver-stage parasites. An improved murine in vitro T cell killing assay was developed, and preliminary experiments were conducted that demonstrate the potential and promise of a P. falciparum T cell killing assay. Such assays will not only allow mechanistic studies to be undertaken, but could also change the way we screen pre-clinical liver-stage vaccines.

Keywords: malaria
vaccines
immunology
Advisor: Hill, A
Spencer, A
Ewer, K
Presmooth geometries

This thesis explores the geometric principles underlying many of the known Trichotomy Theorems. The main aims are to unify the field construction in non-linear o-minimal structures and generalizations of Zariski Geometries as well as to pave the road for completely new results in this direction.
In the first part of this thesis we introduce a new axiomatic framework in which all the relevant structures can be studied uniformly and show that these axioms are preserved under elementary extensions. A particular focus is placed on the study of a smoothness condition which generalizes the presmoothness condition for Zariski Geometries. We also modify Zilber's notion of universal specializations to obtain a suitable notion of infinitesimals. In addition, families of curves and the combinatorial geometry of one-dimensional structures are studied to prove a weak trichotomy theorem based on very weak one-basedness.
It is then shown that under suitable additional conditions groups and group actions can be constructed in canonical ways. This construction is based on a notion of
geometric calculus'' and can be seen in close analogy with ordinary differentiation. If all conditions are met, a definable distributive action of one one-dimensional type-definable group on another are obtained.
The main result of this thesis is that both o-minimal structures and generalizations of Zariski Geometries fit into this geometric framework and that the latter always satisfy the conditions required in the group constructions. We also exhibit known methods that allow us to extract fields from this. In addition to unifying the treatment of o-minimal structures and Zariski Geometries, this also gives a direct proof of the Trichotomy Theorem for "type-definable" Zariski Geometries as used, for example, in Hrushovski's proof of the relative Mordell-Lang conjecture.

Keywords: Zariski Geometries
Model Theory
Presmooth Geometries
Zilber's Trichotomy
Trichotomy Theorem
Advisor: Zilber, B
International prestige and the American space programme

This thesis considers the role of prestige in international relations through a case study of the early years of the American space programme.
After discussing the dearth of literature on the place of prestige in international relations, it examines the effect of prestige considerations on the space policy of the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations. Although urged to pursue a spectacular space programme for the sake of American prestige, Eisenhower believed that international prestige was not a matter requiring government intervention. Consequently, he favoured a small civilian space programmme structured according to scientific rather than political criteria.
The opposite was the case for President Kennedy. It is shown how his experience in Congress, followed by his 1960 election campaign, gave him a different perspective on the political importance and utility of international prestige. This was appreciated by advocates of a manned lunar landing, who were able to present the Apollo project to him in terms of its international prestige value.
Finally, after noting the changing attitude towards the space programme between 1961 and 1963, as well as the diminished American interest in international prestige by 1969, the thesis compares the experiences of the two administrations to draw some conclusions about the factors necessary for prestige to play an important role in international policy.