VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Deviances and the construction of a 'healthy nation' in South Africa :

This thesis is a microhistorical investigation of the dynamics of control and resistance in Pollsmoor Prison and Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital’s Maximum Security section from 1964 to 1994 in South Africa. It examines the evolution of daily life inside these institutions, both situated in the Western Cape, and the extent to which these institutions were part of the security apparatus developed by the apartheid state. The permeability of Pollsmoor and Valkenberg shed light on the connections between repression, resistance, collaboration and survival inside and outside closed institutions. The division of incarcerated populations according to race, gender, age and behaviour reflected wider logics of governance of the South African society. Similarly, the modalities of resistance and collaboration adopted by ‘political’, ‘common law’ and ‘insane’ prisoners on the inside echoed the processes of popular mobilisation on the outside. The construction of a ‘healthy nation’ through the production and control of deviances was hence far from being a smooth process.
The thesis is divided into three parts, each composed of three chapters. The first part analyses the way a system of law and order, based on delineation, the bestowal of privileges and violent repression, was imposed in prisons and psychiatric hospitals’ Maximum Security sections and how this evolved according to the changing social and political imperatives of the apartheid state. The second part shifts the gaze to the level of the courts, where psychiatric and criminological discourses became increasingly entangled throughout the period. The operating modalities of the judicial system reflected the fears and expectatives of the white minority, while providing a racialised image of black populations as both dangerous and childlike. Finally, the third part analyses the links between outside and inside resistances and adaptations to the regime of apartheid. It focuses on the 1994 prison revolts as prisms to understand the processes of subjectivation and politicisation which had emerged in closed institutions during apartheid.

Keywords: psychiatric hospital
apartheid
South Africa
prison
repression
political prisoners
common-law prisoners
resistance
Advisor: Deutsch, J
Enantioselective synthesis and reactivity of benzylic fluorides

Benzylic fluorides are attractive target molecules for medicinal chemistry, agrochemicals and materials chemistry. The enantioselective synthesis of benzylic fluorides is challenging and few general methods exist. This thesis describes several approaches to the synthesis of benzylic fluoride targets, including enantioselective processes.
Chapter 1: Reviews the properties, uses and synthetic approaches to fluorinated molecules, with a particular focus on benzylic fluorides and enantioselective syntheses.
Chapter 2: Describes the fluorination cyclisation of prochiral indole precursors. The use of catalytic amounts of a bis-cinchona alkaloid gave good enantioselectivities for the cyclisation. Alcohol, tosylamine, amide and carbamate pendant nucleophiles all cyclised successfully to give quaternary benzylic fluorides in moderate yields and with enantioselectivities up to 92%. The substrate scope of the reaction is described, as well as methodology for deprotection of cyclised nitrogen nucleophiles.
Chapter 3: Details an investigation of the Pd catalysed substitution of polycyclic benzylic fluorides by a range of nucleophiles and their relative reactivity in comparison to oxygen leaving groups. Modification of the methodology to enable reaction of monocyclic substrate substitution was enabled by the use of a protic solvent. Chemoselective reaction conditions were identified for selective reaction of Bn-F or Ar-Cl bonds and comparative reactivity studies were undertaken. The feasibility of Pd(0)/(II) catalysed nucleophilic C-F bond formation was examined.
Chapter 4: The development of the defluorination methodology from Chapter 3 for secondary substrates is described. The stereochemical course of defluorination was probed, showing that displacement of fluoride is mechanistically similar to that of oxygen leaving groups. A kinetic resolution with a low selectivity was developed for access to enantioenriched benzylic fluorides.

Keywords: kinetic resolution
organocatalysis
palladium chemistry
fluorination
defluorination
enantioselective synthesis
Advisor: Gouverneur, V
The effect of the institutional features of the Indian system of personal laws on personal religious autonomy

This thesis addresses the question of how the Indian system of personal laws ('the system') affects personal religious autonomy. It does so by considering what implications three major institutional features of the system, namely (a) the identification of individuals as members of religious groups by the state; (b) the application of personal laws ostensibly based on religious doctrine, as understood by the state, to these individuals and (c) the limited movement allowed between the different personal laws, and between a personal law and the general non-religious laws, have for the religious autonomy of those governed by the system.
Several arguments in support of the system, including those that suggest that it might provide valuable recognition of the collective aspects of religious identity, support the proper functioning of religious groups and provide individuals with more options than they otherwise would have had, are considered. However the thesis concludes that contrary to what some who argue for the preservation of the system claim, it has an adverse effect on religious autonomy. It misrecognises individuals and their religious understandings, it interferes with their personal integrity and it invades their privacy. The limited movement allowed by feature (c) above does not significantly mitigate the problems with system. Concerns relating to religious autonomy, this thesis thus finds, constitute an important set of objections to the system as it now functions.

Keywords: separation of church and state
religious arbitration
India
religious law
personal law
religious freedom
millet system
Advisor: Green, L
Ghanea-Hercock, N
Applications of magnetic resonance in cancer diagnosis therapy

This thesis aims to demonstrate how both clinical benefits and advances in therapeutic knowledge can be derived from the application of nuclear magnetic resonance to cancer research. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was selected for its sensitivity in detecting breast cancer and was applied to the current problem of diagnosing cancer in scarred breasts. 31P Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of calf muscle was used to test for metabolic abnormalities in patients on clinical trials with the novel anti-cancer drug and protein kinase C (PKC) activator bryostatin-1, following reports of severe drug-induced myalgia (muscle pain). 31P MRS of isolated perfused rat hearts was used to examine mechanisms of druginduced toxicity.
Twenty four patients with indeterminate breast masses were studied using contrast enhanced MRI, followed by pathological diagnosis. The most reliable pulse sequence for diagnosis was dynamic contrast-enhanced gradient-recalled echo. All carcinomas enhanced significantly, whilst scar tissue enhanced to a lesser degree or not at all. Little or no enhancement therefore reliably excluded cancer.
Thirty-three 31P MRS calf muscle exercise studies and twelve nearinfrared spectroscopy studies of the arm were performed in patients on bryostatin-1, before and after the onset of myalgia, with pre-drug studies acting as controls. 31P MRS showed increased phosphodiesters, suggestive of muscle injury and reduced muscle energy metabolism in the recovery from exercise. Muscle vasoconstriction was suggested by both studies.
Infusion of bryostatin-1 into isolated perfused rat hearts produced a marked reduction of myocardial function, energy metabolism, pH and coronary flow, compared to controls. β-Adrenoceptor agonists prevented both bryostatin-1 induced vasoconstriction and reduced myocardial function, whereas PKC-inhibition blocked vasoconstriction.
This shows that bryostatin-1 alters muscle metabolism in several ways known to result in the production of myalgia. Cardiac monitoring in future clinical studies is suggested as are muscle biopsies.

Advisor: Radda, G
Language and the body in the performance reception of Senecan tragedy

Seneca’s contribution to the development of Western European theatre and conceptions of theatricality has been underestimated in comparison to that of Greek tragedy. This thesis argues for the continuous importance of Senecan drama in theatrical theory and practice from the sixteenth century until the present day. It examines significant instances of Seneca in performance, and shows how these draw on particular aspects of Seneca’s style and dramaturgical technique to coalesce into a sub-genre of tragedy termed here ‘hypertragedy’ or the ‘senecan aesthetic’. The underlying premise of this representational mode is that verbal (vocal) performance is a physical act and induces physical responses. This entails the consequential inference that Senecan theatre is not mimetic – that is, based on an isomorphic identification of character with performer – but rather affective; like oratory, it functions through direct, quasi-musical manipulation of the auditor’s senses. The goal of this theatrical form is to articulate extreme states of mind or experiences which cannot be conveyed via conventional mimetic means: pain, frenzy, dissolution of the self. In tracing the theories of tragedy which comprise a narrative contrapuntal to the reception of Seneca onstage, it is possible to identify the factors which have successively constructed, promoted, suppressed, reviled and finally reinstated the senecan aesthetic as philhellenism’s other.

Keywords: Seneca
classical reception
performance
theatre
drama
Advisor: Macintosh, F
Trustworthy Logging for Virtual Organisations

In order to securely monitor user or system activities and detect malicious attempts across a distributed system, provision of trustworthy audit and logging services is necessary. Existing audit-based monitoring services, however, are often prone to compromise due to the lack of guarantees of log integrity, confidentiality, and availability. This thesis presents several use cases where these properties are essential, conducts a threat analysis on these use cases, and identifies key security requirements from the threats and their risks. Then, this thesis proposes a log generation and reconciliation infrastructure in which the requirements are satisfied and threats are mitigated.
Applications usually expose a weak link in the way logs are generated and protected. In the proposed logging system, important application events are involuntarily recorded through a trustworthy logging component operating inside a privileged virtual machine. Virtual machine isolation makes it infeasible for applications to bypass the logging component. Trusted Computing attestation allows users to verify the logging properties of remote systems, and ensure that the collected logs are trustworthy.
Despite ongoing research in the area of usable security for distributed systems, there remains a trustgap′betweentheusers′requirementsandcurrenttechnological∩abilities.Tobrid≥thistrust gap', this thesis also proposes two different types of distributed systems, one applicable for a computational system and the other for a distributed data system. Central to these systems is the configuration resolver which maintains a list of trustworthy participants available in the virtual organisation. Users submit their jobs to the configuration resolver, knowing that their jobs will be dispatched to trustworthy participants and executed in protected environments. As a form of evaluation, this thesis suggests how these ideas could be integrated with existing systems, and highlights the potential security enhancements.
Biochemical changes associated with blood clotting

It has been recognised for many years that phospholipids are essential for the coagulation of plasma, and the evidence which has been obtained so far suggests that they are involved in the formation in the plasma of a substance which will convert prothrombin. The activity of the various phospholipids has been assessed by their ability either to shorten the clotting of recalcified plasma, or to stimulate the conversion of prothrombin. Using this technique the most active phospholipid has been found to be phosphatidyl ethanolamine, but apart from an investigation of the physical and chemical properties of this phosphatide, no information has been gained as to its mode of action.
Since plasma already contains phospholipids it was thought worthwhile to investigate whether any reaction took place during the coagulation of plasma, in which they were involved. For this investigation the plasma was clotted either in the presence of platelets, or Russell's viper venom. It was found that when the plasma clotted it was accompanied by the release of a small amount of glycerylphosphorylcholine. This substance was formed however the plasma was made to clot. The results which have been obtained suggest that this compound was formed by the degradation of between 2andndash;3% of the plasma lecithin. Glycerylphosphorylcholine is formed from lecithin by the action of two enzymes, namely, a lecithinase and a lysolecithinase. It has been shown that while Russell's viper venom has lecithinase activity, it is unable to hydrolyse lysolecithin. It was found that plasma had a latent lysolecithinase activity, which could be activated by exposing the plasma to a roughened glass surface. In addition the activated lysolecithinase enzyme would in the presence of a tripalmitin emulsion hydrolyse lecithin to give glycerylphosphorylcholine. It is suggested that the probable role of phosphatidyl ethanolamine is to activate the plasma lecithin so that it can be hydrolysed by the plasma enzyme. The results which have been obtained suggest that the degradation of the lecithin was associated with the appearance in the plasma of a substance which will convert prothrombin, and the conclusion has been reached that the development of both lecithinase and lysolecithinase activity is a necessary prerequisite for the coagulation of the plasma.
Born (1958) showed that during the coagulation of platelet-rich plasma there was a loss of adenosine triphosphate from the platelets. Experiments have been carried out to determine whether this loss of adenosine triphosphate was concerned in the clotting of the plasma It has been concluded that the release of adenosine triphosphate from the platelets was only incidental to the clotting of the plasma.

Advisor: Born, G
Experience based navigation : theory, practice and implementation

For robotic systems to realise lifelong autonomy they must be able to navigate accurately in changing environments. In this thesis we describe, implement and validate a new approach to the problem of long-term navigation.
To begin, we present our stereo visual odometry system which provides highly accurate pose estimation. Our approach combines several techniques found in existing implementations and a recently published image descriptor that simplifies the solution architecture. The performance and versatility of our system is demonstrated through testing on multiple datasets.
Equipped with our visual odometry system, we describe a new approach to the problem of lifelong navigation. We learn a model whose complexity varies naturally in accordance with the variation of scene appearance. As the robot repeatedly traverses its workspace, it accumulates distinct visual experiences that, in concert, implicitly represent the scene variation - each experience captures a visual mode. When operating in a previously visited area, we continually try to localise in these previous experiences while simultaneously running the visual odometry. Failure to localise in a sufficient number of prior experiences indicates an insufficient model of the workspace and instigates the laying down of the live image sequence as a new distinct experience. In this way, over time we can capture the typical temporally varying appearance of an environment and the number of experiences required tends to a constant. Although we focus on vision as a primary sensor, the ideas we present here are equally applicable to other sensor modalities. We demonstrate our approach working on a road vehicle operating over a three month period at different times of day, in different weather and lighting conditions.

Keywords: Navigation
Vision
Robotics
Advisor: Newman, P
LoCo - a logic for configuration problems

This thesis deals with the problem of technical product configuration: Connect individual components conforming to a component catalogue in order to meet a given objective while respecting certain constraints. Solving such configuration problems is one of the major success stories of applied AI research: In industrial environments they support the configuration of complex products and, compared to manual processes, help to reduce error rates and increase throughput. Practical applications are nowadays ubiquitous and range from configurable cars to the configuration of telephone communication switching units.
In the classical definition of a configuration problem the number of components to be used is fixed while in practice, however, the number of components needed is often not easily stated beforehand. Existing knowledge representation (KR) formalisms expressive enough to deal with this dynamic aspect of configuration require that explicit bounds on all generated components are given as well as extensive knowledge about the underlying solving algorithms. To date there is still a lack of high-level KR tools being able to cope with these demands.
In this work we present LoCo, a fragment of classical first order logic that has been carefully tailored for expressing technical product configuration problems. The core feature of LoCo is that the number of components used in configurations does not have to be finitely bounded explicitly, but instead is bounded implicitly through the axioms. We identify configurations with models of the logic; hence, configuration finding becomes model finding. LoCo serves as a high-level representation language which allows the modelling of general configuration problems in an intuitive and declarative way without the need of having knowledge about underlying solving algorithms; in fact, the specification gets automatically translated into low-level executable code. LoCo allows translations into different target languages. We present the language, related algorithms and complexity results as well as a prototypical implementation via answer-set programming.

Keywords: knowledge representation
logic
product configuration
artificial intelligence
Advisor: Gottlob, G
Jeavons, P
Survivors of adult cancer – their use of primary care services and unmet needs

The work described in this thesis concerns the use and quality of primary care service use by people living beyond a diagnosis of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer and long-term risks associated with cancer. Firstly, the thesis provides a background for this work, with a definition of long-term survivors as those living at least five years past cancer, and the role of primary care in the care of this population.
The second section describes use of the General Practice Research Database amongst a cohort of cancer survivors compared to a control population. Breast and colorectal cancer survivors consult more frequently than controls up to 10 years post-diagnosis, while prostate survivors continue to see their GP up to 3 times more for at least 15 years. Most survivors receive adequate preventative care and chronic disease monitoring, excepting mammography for long-term breast cancer survivors. Cancer survivors receive more prescriptions for pain relief, anti-depressants and erectile dysfunction, suggesting higher rates of pain, depression and sexual dysfunction. Breast cancer survivors have an elevated risk of incident heart failure, coronary artery disease and hypothyroidism, while colorectal survivors experience increased risk of dementia and diabetes. All three groups of cancer survivors had higher risks of osteoporosis and second cancers, all-cause, non-cancer and cancer mortality compared to controls.
The third section describes a qualitative study of the primary care usage and unmet needs of 40 long-term survivors of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. Most respondents did not need active GP involvement. Others had ongoing information and psychological service needs. Some felt that their GPs did not have the right expertise for cancer related issues or were too busy, while others had concerns about continuity of GP care.
Overall, this thesis provides a background on how the increasing numbers of cancer survivors use and experience primary care in the UK, areas of good practice, and areas where care can be improved in the future.

Keywords: primary health care
neoplasms
survivors
Advisor: Rose, P
Magnetic susceptibility-based white matter magnetic resonance imaging techniques

Gradient echo (GRE) imaging, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that is sensitive to changes in the magnetic susceptibility property of tissues, has recently revealed significant signal heterogeneity in white matter (WM) at high magnetic field B0 ≥ 3T. Various aspects of the underlying white matter microstructure have been linked to the observed contrast between white matter regions. This thesis investigates the origins of the observed differences in GRE signal behaviour.
We proposed an explicit multi-compartmental model of WM that incorporates realistic representation of the geometry and magnetic susceptibility of the underlying microstructure that can be used to study the effects of WM microstructural changes on GRE signal characteristics. In particular, we looked at the apparent transverse relaxation rate (R2*) and the resonance frequency, as well as their respective deviations from mono-exponential decay and linear phase evolution.
Next, we investigated the effect of WM fiber orientation on GRE signal using healthy human volunteers at 3T by correlating the GRE signal from different WM regions with WM fiber orientation information. Using literature-based parameters, we demonstrated that the geometric model predicted similar trends.
Lastly, we studied the effect of myelin on GRE signal using a cuprizone mouse model at 7T . An ex vivo study was used to correlate GRE signal in fixed mouse brain with normalized myelin stain intensity. Simulated GRE signal from hypothetical scenarios of demyelination were then compared with the experimental results. R2* and resonance frequency were then used in an in vivo longitudinal study to track myelin changes during demyelination and subsequent remyelination.

Keywords: geometric modeling
white matter
MRI
magnetic susceptibility
Advisor: Miller, K