VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The branching fraction and CP asymmetry of B±→Ψπ± and B±→π±μ+μ− decays

Two analyses are performed using data collected by the LHCb experiment during 2011. Both consider decays of charged B mesons reconstructed in the π±μ+μ− final state. Decays involving dimuons provide an experimentally clean signature, even in the high-background environment of the √s = 7 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHC. The first analysis measures the CP asymmetry of B±→Ψπ± decays using 0.37 fb-1 of data, where the dimuon decays of two resonances are considered, J/ψ→μ+μ− and ψ(2S)→μ+μ−. The branching fraction is measured relative to the Cabibbo favoured B±→ΨK± mode. The second analysis uses 1 fb-1 of data to make the first observation of the non-resonant B±→π±μ+μ− decay. The branching fraction is measured relative to that of B±→K±μ+μ−, and measurements of the CP asymmetry and the ratio of CKM matrix elements Vtd/Vts are obtained.
The branching fractions of the decays of interest are found to be
B(B±→J/ψ π±) = (3.88 ± 0.11 ± 0.15) x 10-5, B(B±→ψ(2S)π±) = (2.52 ± 0.26 ± 0.15) x 10-5 and B(B±→π±μ+μ−) = (2.48 + 0.57 −0.52 ± 0.17) x 10-8,
where the first uncertainty is related to the statistical size of the sample and the second quantifies systematic effects. The measured CP asymmetries in these modes are
A_CP^(J/ψπ) = 0.005 ± 0.027 ± 0.011, A_CP (ψ(2S)π) = 0.048 ± 0.090 ± 0.011 and A_CP (μμπ) = -0.045 ± 0.220 ± 0.066,
with no evidence of direct CP violation seen. The ratio of matrix elements is measured as
Vtd/Vts = 0.274 + 0.031 − 0.028 ± 0.008, which is in agreement with previous results.

Keywords: CP violation
flavour physics
LHCb
rare decays
Advisor: John, M
How much substantive protection should investment treaties provide to foreign investment?

This thesis contributes to academic debate about the question: how much substantive protection should investment treaties (IITs) provide to foreign investment? Chapters 5 and 6 argue that arbitral tribunals have interpreted fair and equitable treatment and indirect expropriation provisions of existing IITs in several different ways. Each of these interpretations is sketched as a model level of protection that could be explicitly adopted by states in the future, either through inclusion in new IITs, or through amendment to existing IITs. In this way, the thesis defines a range of prospective options available to states concerning the level of protection to provide to foreign investment through IITs. The thesis evaluates the relative desirability of these different levels of protection.
The thesis argues that different levels of protection should be evaluated according to their likely consequences. The thesis develops a framework for inferring and understanding the likely consequences of adopting different levels of protection. The framework proposes that the consequences of a given level of protection can be understood in terms of its likely effect on: economic efficiency; the distribution of economic costs and benefits; flows of foreign direct investment into host states; the realisation of human rights and environmental conservation in host states; and respect for the rule of law in host states. Within this framework, the thesis provides an assessment and synthesis of existing empirical evidence and explanatory theory so far as they relate to the consequences of IIT protections. It also specifies the normative criteria by which these consequences should be evaluated. Through the application of this framework, the thesis concludes that lower levels of protection of foreign investment are, in general, likely to be more desirable than higher levels of protection.

Keywords: indirect expropriation
law and economics
fair and equitable treatment
foreign investment
investment treaties
Advisor: McCrudden, C
Stark deceleration and reactivity of polyatomic molecules and ions at low temperatures

This thesis describes the development of a new experimental technique for studying tunable-collision-energy, quantum state-selected, low-temperature ion-molecule reactions. This has been achieved through the combination of a Stark decelerator for neutral dipolar molecules, and a linear Paul ion trap.
The Stark deceleration process for ND3 was examined in detail, through the analysis of experimental data in combination with newly written molecular dynamics simulation programs. In order to prepare a sample of molecules appropriate for collision studies, additional beamline components were introduced after the decelerator. These components were: two hexapoles, to provide transverse focussing, maximising the molecular density; a molecular buncher, providing increased longitudinal velocity resolution; and a fast-opening shutter, to separate decelerated molecules from undecelerated molecules. The sympathetic-cooling of Xe+ ions and ND+3 ions by laser-cooled, Coulomb crystallised 40Ca+ ions with the ion trap was also studied. In particular, the stable trapping of Xe+ was demonstrated for the first time, and the experimental developments that led to this are discussed.
The work in this thesis represents significant progress towards studying the reaction of tunable-energy ND3 in the |j,mk> = |1,−1> quantum state with cold Xe+ ions. Ion-molecule reactions utilising ND3 molecules electrostatically guided through the Stark decelerator were performed. It was observed that the main source of error in these experiments was in the calculation of the initial number of Xe+ ions that had been sympathetically cooled into the Coulomb crystal. The sensitivity of the crystal morphology to the number of Xe+ ions was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations. Strategies have been developed to reduce this uncertainty in future studies.
In addition to experimental work, the theory of low temperature ion-molecule reactions has been developed further. The temperature at which classical and quantum mechanical calculations diverge due to purely statistical effects has been investigated using different model intermolecular potentials, for closed-shell and open-shell species, and in the ground and rotationally excited states. From the results of these calculations, several promising candidate reactions have been suggested that might exhibit statistical quantum behaviour at experimentally achievable temperatures.

Keywords: ion trapping
cold and ultracold chemistry
angular momentum
reaction dynamics
Stark deceleration
Advisor: Softley, T
The art of Platonic love

This is a study of love (erōs) in Plato’s Symposium. It’s a study undertaken over three chapters, each of which serves as a stepping stone for the following and addresses one of three primary aims. First: to provide an interpretation of Plato’s favored theory of erōs in the Symposium, or as it’s referred to here, a theory of Platonic love. This theory is understood to be ultimately concerned with a practice of living which, if developed correctly, may come to constitute the life most worth living for a human being. On this interpretation, Platonic love is the desire for Beauty, ultimately for the sake of eudaimonic immortality, manifested through productive activity. Second: to offer a reading of the Symposium which attends to the work’s literary elements, especially characterization and narrative structure, as partially constitutive of Plato’s philosophical thought on erōs. Here it’s suggested that Platonic love is concerned with seeking and producing truly virtuous action and true poetry. This reading positions us to see that a correctly progressing and well-practiced Platonic love is illustrated in the character of the philosopher Socrates, who is known and followed for his bizarre displays of virtue and whom Alcibiades crowns over either Aristophanes or Agathon as the wisest and most beautiful poet at the Symposium. Third: to account for how to love a person Platonically. Contra Gregory Vlastos’ influential critical interpretation, it’s here argued that the Platonic lover is able to really love a person: to really love a person Platonically is to seek jointly for Beauty; it is to work together as co-practitioners in the art of love. The art of Platonic love is set up in this way to be explored as a practice potentially constitutive of the life most worth living for a human being.

Keywords: Ancient Greek ethics
love
Plato
Advisor: Crisp, R
Moss, J
Studies in the Trichilia-Walsura complex (Meliaceae)

Generic delimitation within the Trichilieae (Meliaceae) is considered, with particular reference to the Trichilia P. Browne - Heynea Roxb. ex Sims - Walsura Roxb. complex. Original investigations of leaf-surface micromorphology, palynology and fruit anatomy are made of species of each genus of the tribe and an isoenzyme study is made of species of Trichilia. Heynea and Walsura. The accounts of these studies are extensively illustrated with photographs, scanning-electron-micrographs and annotated drawings. Seed dispersal systems are briefly considered including original field observations of a species of Walsura. In the light of the data revealed by these studies, inter-generic relationships are discussed.
The Indo-Malesian genus Walsura is taxonomically revised and the closely related new genus Pseudoclausena is segregated from it and described. Within Walsura. a new section (Ruswala) and three new species (W. dehiscens. W. pachycaulon and W. sarawakensis) are described and one new combination is made (W. trifoliolata ssp. acuminata). The new genus consists of one new species (P. chrysogyne
W. chrysogyne (Miq.) Bakh.f, and W. velutina Ridley is reduced to a new forma of it. Keys are given for the identification of all taxa and the species are illustrated by drawings and (in some cases) by photographs.
A cladistic analysis is made of all the species of Walsura. Pseudoclausena and Heynea. taking Trichilia as the outgroup. This, together with the findings of the above studies and published data indicate that Heynea should be considered a distinct genus in the alliance of Walsura. A key for the identification of these four genera is given. The other genera of the tribe are briefly considered and all are maintained as distinct. The great diversity of fruit structures within the tribe provides particularly good characters for the segregation of these genera.

Advisor: Mabberley, D
Famine process and famine policy

Ahmednagar District, in Bombay Presidency, was affected - along with much of South India - by a major drought in 1876-78, leading to famine relief by the Government of Bombay and considerable emigration and mortality. Recent literature, however, has suggested that famine is a complex, human and long-drawn-out process, rather than a sudden, natural phenomenon. This thesis seeks to identify that process among poor peasants in Ahmednagar between 1870 and 1884. It does so by examining their factors of production - land, capital and, to a lesser extent, labour - as well as markets in credit and the cheap foodgrains they produced, in order to locate both their chronic food insecurity and forces increasing their vulnerability over time.
In this context, emphasis is given to the relationship of the British colonial state to the peasantry. The agrarian policies and agendas of the Government of Bombay are explored with regard to peasant vulnerability. It is argued that it failed to invest in production and infrastructure, while forcing peasants into competitive markets in which they were ill-equipped to compete. Despite a laissez-faire philosophy, it intervened to first promote, then penalise, usurious moneylenders, reducing the availability of credit. It also taxed peasants directly through the inflexible ryotwari land revenue system. In the crisis, peasants were not treated as famine victims and discouraged from accepting relief. The state can therefore be said to have contributed to the process of famine.
It is argued that the propriety of colonial famine policies - and especially of other policies in the agricultural sector that undermined peasant food security - was widely discussed at different levels within the British state, from assistant collectors in Ahmednagar to secretaries of state in London. Attention is given to the way these debates were conducted and the process of policy-making analysed, concluding that the colonial hierarchy made it difficult for officers to be responsive to local problems.

Advisor: Dr David Washbrook, B
Oil, conflict and displacement in Sudan

This thesis explores the political dimensions of development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) in the context of oil extraction in Sudan. It provides a detailed perspective on the experience of displacement of the local people in the oil-rich areas of Southern Sudan. It also offers an important insight into the local politics of this much-publicized dimension of Sudan’s political crises. The analytical frameworks common to the field of DIDR, mostly developed through studies of the impact of dams, mainly deal with economic and social aspects of displacement. These frameworks are inadequate for explaining oil-induced displacement, because they largely ignore the political contexts of DIDR: the focus of this thesis. Sudan’s oil project is carried out in the name of the “national interest.” But in reality, it serves the interests of the main beneficiaries: Sudan’s Northern “Arab” and Muslim elites and their supporters. Many Southern Sudanese have had to resort to arms, partly to protect their interests in oil development, and in order to contest the purported “national interest” championed by the government. This thesis problematizes the idea of a “national interest” in Sudan in order to question who benefits from development projects that cause human displacement. It argues that conflicts of interests between central government elites and local peoples best explain why displacement connected to natural resource development occurs in weak states, such as Sudan. As a result, ethnic, religious, linguistic, regional and other identities are often exploited by elites in such states in an “instrumentalist” way so as to gain, or retain, power and access to resources. This is, at the expense of local people adversely affected by development projects.

Keywords: Sudan
oil
development
conflict
Advisor: Chatty, D
Johnson, D
Algebras for Tree Algorithms

This thesis presents an investigation into the properties of various algebras of trees. In particular, we study the influence that the structure of a tree algebra has on the solution of algorithmic problems about trees in that algebra. The investigation is conducted within the framework provided by the Bird-Meertens formalism, a calculus for the construction of programs by equational reasoning from their specifications. We present three different tree algebras: two kinds of binary tree and a kind of general tree. One of the binary tree algebras, called \"hip trees\", is new. Instead of being built with a single ternary operator, hip trees are built with two binary operators which respectively add left and right children to trees which do not already have them; these operators enjoy a kind of associativity property. Each of these algebras brings with it with a class of \"structure-respecting\" functions called catamorphisms; the definition of a catamorphism and a number of its properties come for free from the definition of the algebra, because the algebra is chosen to be initial in a class of algebras induced by a (cocontinuous) functor. Each algebra also brings with it, but not for free, classes of \"structure-preserving\" functions called accumulations. An accumulation is a function that preserves the shape of a structured object such as a tree, but replaces each element of that object with some catamorphism applied to some of the other elements. The two classes of accumulation that we study are the \"upwards\" and \"downwards\" accumulations, which pass information from the leaves of a tree towards the root and from the root towards the leaves, respectively. Upwards and downwards accumulations turn out to be the key to the solution of many problems about trees. We derive accumulation-based algorithms for a number of problems; these include the parallel prefix algorithm for the prefix sums problem, algorithms for bracket matching and for drawing binary and general trees, and evaluators for decorating parse trees according to an attribute grammar.
Death in the eighteenth-century novel, 1740-1800

This thesis examines the development of the novel in the eighteenth century in relation to changing attitudes to death, and looks at how far shifting notions of the moral purpose of the novel and subsequent changes in its treatment of deathbed scenes, murders, duels, suicides and speculations about heaven and hell reflect changing beliefs and the modification of strict Christian ideals to accommodate or combat new feelings and philosophies.
In establishing this background, the thesis draws upon popular devotional literature, sermons, minor novelists (such as Sarah Fielding and Henry Mackenzie), periodicals, plays, poetry, biography, paintings and funeral iconography.
Each chapter attempts to establish the typicality and individuality of a particular author in relation to the period in which he was writing. My starting-point is Richardson, who uses the novel to question both old and new attitudes, paving the way for the novel's predominantly emotional approach to mortality. Fielding's comic novels provide a striking contrast to this, whilst also revealing a concern for emotional comfort which is at once typical of the period and highly individual. Sterne is seen as questioning not only the ways in which we evade and find consolation for our mortality but also our self-indulgent response to death in fiction. The last two chapters deal with the closing decades of the century, when hopes and fears roused by revolutionary ferment led to fresh uncertainties concerning death and the afterlife. In Ann Radcliffe's sentimental-Gothic novels, religious uncertainty is exploited as a source of sublime terror, while the English Jacobins, Godwin, Holcroft and Bage, attempt to modify the conventions of death in the novel in order to communicate a wholly secular philosophy in which Clarissa's hope of heaven is replaced by the hope of man's perfectibility on earth.
The interaction of surface acoustic waves with arrays of thin metal dots

One class of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices employs reflecting arrays to determine device characteristics. Dots of metal film and grooves have been used as reflectors; reflection is caused by the mechanical discontinuity. This research project is a study of an alternative reflector, the thin metal dot, which reflects by interacting with the electric field that accompanies the SAW on a piezo-electric material.
Experimental work is done on Y-cut LiNbO3, a common SAW material, the aim being to characterise the reflection mechanism sufficiently to design devices, particularly on this material. Reflectivities of a large range of dot sizes is reported. Velocity change due to dots, another parameter required in device design, is also measured. In addition, holes in a metal film, physically the opposite of dots, are also studied.
A theorectical model is developed to predict the behaviour of dots in devices. For a Z-propagating wave in LiNbO3, the SAW velocity for completely free and completely metallised surfaces were used to specify the properties of the material. For propagation in other directions on the surface, particularly near the X direction, a different acoustic mode, the Leaky Surface Wave (LSW), has an influence on SAW reflections, and the model also requires the LSW velocities under the same two conditions. The model uses these parameters, together with dot geometry, to determine reflectivity in any direction and velocity change due to the dots. The results agree well with experiments.
A device (a RAC) is designed using this model, to bring out any unforseen difficulties in the use of dot arrays. The device performed as expected except for some unanticipated attenuation in the arrays, which can almost certainly be predictably allowed for in future designs, being broadband and not very severe.

Advisor: Paige, E
Paige, T
Intersecting doublesex neurons underlying sexual behaviours in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila, the functionally conserved transcription factor, doublesex (dsx), is pivotal to the specification of sexual identity in both males and females. One of its key dedicated roles involves regulating the development of a sexually dimorphic nervous system (NS) that underlies both male and female reproductive behaviours. Specific inhibition of the function of dsx-expressing neurons in males and females results in a global disruption of these sex-specific behavioural outputs. However, little is known about the functional organisation of this dsx circuit that encodes the potential to display these behaviours.
Such investigations require the generation of a novel transgenic tool, capable of separating the function of dsx in the NS from that of the body. To achieve this, I generated a novel split-GAL4 dsxGAL4-DBD hemidriver by ends in homologous recombination. Coupling the novel tool with the pan-neuronal elavVP16-AD hemidriver, revealed spatial restriction of dsxGAL4-DBD/elavVP16-AD expression to dsx neurons only; enabling the realisation of novel patterns of dsx-expression in the peripheral NS.
Next, the ability to elicit male-specific behavioural outputs upon activation of all dsx neurons formed the basis of a large behavioural screen aimed at parsing dsx circuitry into functionally distinct clusters. I utilised the novel dsxGAL4-DBD hemidriver to screen a large collection of extant enhancer trap lines (ETVP16-AD), for the elicitation of distinct sub-behaviours of male courtship. Here, I show that the activity of dsx-expressing clusters in:
i) the brain (dsx-pC1, -pC2 and -pC3 collectively) regulate the early steps of male courtship (initiation, orientation and wing extension),
ii) the pro- and mesothoracic ganglia (dsx-TN1 and -TN2) regulate the middle steps of male courtship (wing extension and possibly courtship song) and
iii) the abdominal ganglia (dsx-Abg) regulate the late steps of male courtship (abdominal curling, attempted copulation and copulation).
These data establish functional correlations between dsx clusters in distinct neuroanatomical foci and specific sub-behaviours of the courtship repertoire.
Furthermore, the novel intersectional tool primed a collaborative study on female post-copulatory behaviours. We identified key sensory neurons in the female reproductive tract involved in initiating post-mating behaviours. Subsequent functional interrogations of dsx circuitry in the central NS revealed a subset of dsx-expressing neurons in the Abg that mediate changes in the female behavioural repertoire after mating.
Characterisation of this relatively simple neural circuitry sheds light on the organisation of the fly brain. Ultimately, future studies will define principles of neural circuit operation, which may be similarly conserved in the nervous systems of higher animals.

Keywords: doublesex
neural circuitry
male courtship
female behaviour
drosophila
Advisor: Goodwin, S
Lambda-Fleming-Viot processes and their spatial extensions

The subject of this thesis is the study of certain stochastic models arising in Population Genetics. The study of biological evolution naturally motivates the construction and use of sometimes sophisticated mathematical models.
We contribute to the study of the so-called Lambda models. Our work is divided into two parts. In Part I, we study non-spatial models, introduced in 1999. Although there is a very rich literature concerning the description of genetic diversity thanks to the genealogies arising in these models, we obtain new results by considering the dynamics of the full population. We also contribute by presenting the first Bayesian method that allows us to reconstruct the genealogies generated by these models from data.
In Part II, we study a recent extension of these models to the spatial setting. In particular, we prove a non trivial result concerning the geographical dispersal of a new mutant under this model.

Keywords: Mathematical genetics
Lambda Fleming Viot
genealogies
Lambda coalescent
Bayesien statistics
Advisor: Etheridge, A