VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Towards deterministic heralded single photon sources at telecommunication wavelengths

The field of optical quantum information processing uses and manipulates the state of light to implement computational tasks. Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn presented a scheme that allows computations in linear optical networks with only single photon sources, single photon detectors and feed forward control. This approach relies on the probabilistic interference of photons in pure states and requires many iterations to establish the result of a computation. It is therefore essential that photons are readily available to ensure a fast and efficient imple- mentation of the scheme. Further to this, probabilistic photon-pair emission by parametric non-linear optical processes such as parametric down-conversion and four-wave mixing forms the basis of the most highly developed and common source of single photons. Due to the probabilistic nature of photon generation one must wait for a long time for multiple inde- pendent sources to simultaneously deliver photons to the experiment. This thesis focuses on approaches of generating heralded single photons with increased success probability.
The first part of this thesis presents a pulsed, heralded single photon source, with con- tinuous frequency multiplexing, operating at telecommunication wavelengths. Multiplexing increases the probability of delivering a photon for each pump laser pulse without an ad- dition of noise. We have studied the spectral characteristics and investigated the photon number statistics of the multiplexed source. Overall we have demonstrated an improvement by a factor of two in the probability of delivering a heralded photon, without a correspond-ing increase in the noise in the output mode in comparison to an equivalent single mode source. A Hong-Ou-Mandel interference measurement of the heralded photon provides an estimate of the purity P = 61:3±4:4 %. A theoretical model of the source was developed and shows good agreement with the measurements and indicates directions for possible future improvements.
In the second part we will discuss developments of a chip based spontaneous four-wave mixing source of heralded single photons in direct ultraviolet written waveguides in Silica-on- Silicon chips. We present the demonstration of photon-pair generation at telecommuni-cation wavelengths in these waveguides, made possible by increasing the waveguide birefrin-gence and operating with a pump field wavelength of ~ 1064 nm. The performance of this novel source was characterised through measurements of the spectral properties and photon number statistics of the generated light. This will help to reveal new insights for future improvements to the source design.
‘Two hands, multiple fingerprints’: understanding the development of water markets in China


Since several countries have used formal and informal regulatory and institutional mechanisms to deal with water competition, they have become pivotal to our understanding of the role of water markets in water management. In ‘Two Hands, Multiple Fingerprints’: Understanding the Development of Water Markets in China, I examine the emergence, diffusion, and diversity of water markets in China. In this dissertation, through an historical analysis of three case studies across northern and north-western China, I argue that the water supply infrastructure and water markets have developed alongside one another, thus culminating in a “two-hands” (government and market) approach to water governance. Drawing on an original transactions data set for the period from 2000 to 2019, I extend the analysis of the “two hands” approach to water governance by (1) identifying the different configurations of water markets, and (2) looking at how they have developed across space and time. I argue that, in multiple ways, which are based on critical junctures in Chinese politics, the central government influences patterns of water-rights trading. In addition, Chinese–Australian development projects have exerted an external influence over China’s water rights and market reforms.
This dissertation contributes to theories of institutional choice in two domains – the relation of institutions to different types of infrastructures, and the role of hybrids and the potential for configurations to discern different pathways. Its findings show patterns of institutional development in Chinese markets that move beyond a dichotomous relationship between state and market. This dissertation also extends the policy transfer and diffusion literature by analyzing the rise, fall, and revival of tradable water rights policy through the lens of individual actors and bilateral development cooperation. It highlights the political role of individual actors along three functional dimensions – (1) the part played by the former minister of water resources, Wang Shucheng (1998–2007), in transforming market ideas into policy; (2) the role of senior Chinese officials engaged in best-practice learning from Australia (2005–2007) in helping to draw up a national framework for water entitlements and allocations in China; and (3) the activities of scientists in designing an online trading platform in the Shiyang Basin based on lessons learned from Victoria, Australia. Finally, the dissertation highlights the importance of the structure of the international system as a driving force behind the bilateral development cooperation. The Water Entitlements and Trading Project (WET) and the Australia China Environment Development Partnership (ACEDP) occurred when Australia pursued a policy of accommodation with China at a time when the international consensus was to integrate China into global institutions.

Keywords: institutional diversity
policy transfer
water markets
water rights
China
Advisor: Garrick, D
Learning system adaptive legged robotic locomotion policies

The ability to form support contacts at discontinuous locations makes legged robots suitable for locomotion over highly unstructured terrains. While recent years have witnessed significant robotic developments, delivering extremely dynamic and robust hardware solutions, the control intelligence for legged robots to perform agile and sophisticated maneuvers remains an active area of research. This thesis, therefore, focuses on the control of legged systems, particularly, quadrupedal robots.
The research presented in this thesis is driven by the motivation that a controller governing the behavior of a system should thoroughly utilize its potential while also adapting to variations in system dynamics through emergence of behavior that still achieves the control objective.
Sampling-based search methods allow explorations along vast regions of operation, thereby, enabling discovery of near-optimal solutions. Similarly, data-driven reinforcement learning (RL) strategies allow development of controllers which exploit system dynamics to achieve the control objective described by a high-level reward function. The problem of legged robot locomotion can thus be approached using reinforcement learning to obtain robust and dynamic control solutions. Additionally, the control policy describing the behavior of the system can be parameterized as a deep neural network to perform complex non-linear mapping of the robot state information to desired control action. This approach of utilizing a deep neural network is then referred to as deep reinforcement learning. In this dissertation I focus on employing deep RL strategies for quadrupedal locomotion.
I present that encouraging the RL control policy to even implicitly model system dynamics allows for emergence of adaptive control behaviors. I use this observation throughout this thesis to develop system adaptive control strategies leading up to an ambitious goal of obtaining an RL locomotion policy capable of zero-shot transfer to quadrupeds of varying kinematic and dynamic properties.
Although the main contributions relate to RL, I also recognize the benefits and drawbacks of different control approaches, and thus explore modular control architectures which utilize both model-based and data-driven model-free strategies for robot locomotion. In this regard, I present training and control architectures which exhibit dynamic locomotion behavior over terrains with varying steps and inclines, both in lab experiments and field trials.
In combination, the works presented in this thesis investigate, and, in my firm belief, further the state of legged robotic control advocating for development of artificial control intelligence which matches the level of complexity demonstrated by massively evolved biological counterparts.

Keywords: adaptive control
legged robotics
reinforcement learning
Advisor: Havoutis, I
Posner, I
The impact of explosive volcanic eruptions on the North Atlantic climate system

Volcanic eruptions have a variety of impacts on the climate, from short-term reductions in temperature lasting only days, to longer term impacts due to the influence of stratospheric aerosols lasting 2-3 years, and even decadal scale effects arising from the impact on the oceans. Large tropical eruptions have the biggest impact on the stratosphere and have the potential to have long lasting global impacts. These large eruptions allow sulphate aerosols to be formed within the tropical stratosphere and transported globally by the stratospheric circulation, not only causing the well-known global averaged surface cooling, but also heating within the stratosphere due to the aerosols which can cause significant dynamical feedbacks.
In this thesis, I investigate the impact of such large tropical eruptions on the North Atlantic wintertime climate. I analyse observational and reanalysis datasets for periods within 1870-2010 using multiple linear regression to try to isolate the volcanic response from other forms of climate variability in sea level pressure (SLP), sea surface temperature (SST), the North Atlantic jet latitude and speed, and atmospheric blocking. I do this at various lags from 0 to 5 years following an eruption, which shows the initial wintertime surface response similar to a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase as found in previous studies. However, the strongest signal appears during the first winter and doesn’t persist as strongly into the second as these studies have suggested. Focusing on time periods centred on specific eruptions shows the strongest response comes from the Mount Pinatubo eruption of 1991, and that the eruption of Agung in 1963 shows a very different response pattern. A ‘lag 4 response’ also appears during the 5th post-eruption winter in several fields, which, if real, could suggest the influence of other mechanisms, possibly involving the ocean, and warrants further investigation.

Keywords: Stratospheric dynamics
Atmospheric Dynamics
Volcanic eruptions
Advisor: Gray, L
Public men on public stages: the performance of state authority in popular drama, 1590-1610

This thesis explores the representation of the early modern English state in a selection of drama performed in London’s public theatres between 1590 and 1610. It examines nine plays that enact recognisable legal process and relationships between magistrate and community, to investigate how the public theatres manifested the state. The state has been of great interest to historians over the last twenty years, with social historians often relying upon the term ‘performance’ to articulate the way that magistrates needed to enact their legitimacy to those they attempted to govern. My thesis develops this historiography by conceptualising the exercise of magisterial authority as a performance that brought the state into being. While magistrates needed to perform legitimacy, they performed the state every time they successfully carried out their duties: they constituted a version of the state where the magistrate did have legitimate authority in the minds of witnesses.
As such, I examine the plays in performance, partly by using practice-as-research workshops which stage the plays according to early modern production conventions. While these plays have largely been ignored as representations of the state, in performance they vividly manifest their own states, often presenting the state’s failings as the source of tragedy. These plays articulate concerns and debates about the state’s functioning and structure, often without expressing these ideas verbally: embodied action manifested the state for audience interpretation, the drama’s manipulation of genre and emotional response shaping praise and criticism of the state enacted onstage. This has profound historiographical ramifications. While ordinary Londoners might not use the terms in which jurists and monarchs debated the state, they could recognise the state processes enacted in the public theatres: the state was perfectly apprehensible by those audiences, and drama was a key participant in debate over the structure and functioning of the state.

Keywords: performance
law and literature
magistrates
state formation
authority
practice as research
early modern drama
popular drama
Advisor: Gajda, AM
Kewes, P
Sextus propertius, praeceptor amoris: teaching love, loving poetry

Propertius has been known to teach for as long as he has been read. Modern scholarship, however, has tended to privilege discussion of other aspects of his poetry, or to view him as an incidental contributor to a didactic trend among Roman love elegists that culminates in Ovid’s Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris. This thesis, therefore, turns the spotlight squarely onto Propertius, and provides a reading of his collection that centres around his role as a praeceptor.
My approach is four-pronged, and derives from the themes and rhetoric common to the works of poets generally agreed to form part of the Greco-Roman didactic tradition. In the first chapter, I consider how Propertius develops his authority as a poet and teacher, and mediates it by establishing common ground with his addressee(s) through the use of the first-person plural in poems 1.1 and 1.7-9. In the second, I read Propertius’ teaching of Gallus in poems 1.5, 1.10, 1.13, and 1.20 as a single cycle to see how the addressee’s progress becomes a commentary on the instructive capabilities of the poet’s work. In the third, I examine the way in which Propertius plays with the theme of sight in the didactic narratives of poems 2.1, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.25, and 2.34 to indicate that he teaches from, and about, a world of our collective imagination. In the fourth, my attention turns to the poet’s articulation of his (and his work’s) trustworthiness in poems 3.1-6, 3.23-5, 4.1a/b, 4.2, and 4.5 as he reveals that his collection is shifting away from its prior focus on love.
In so doing, I seek neither to argue for Propertius to be viewed as one of the didactic poets nor to gauge the validity of his instruction. My concern, rather, is to show that Propertius makes teaching a fundamental characteristic of his collection by using it as a narrative device that shows his control over, and the changeability of, the elegiac world written up in his Cynthia.

Keywords: propertius
Latin
didactic poetry
Augustan poetry
Advisor: Heyworth, S
Correlative and functional analysis of genomic instability and immune response in colorectal and endometrial cancer

Cancer is a common disease, which results in considerable amounts of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is now recognised that the tumour immune response is essential in determining cancer biology. However, anti-tumour immunity varies considerably between cancers, and even within the same cancer type. In part, it is determined by the tumour mutational landscape. But much remains to be understood about how the interaction with the cancer genome shapes the tumour immune microenvironment, and influences clinical outcomes.
In this research, I demonstrated that tumour CD8+cell infiltrate is significantly associated with reduced recurrence risk and improved overall survival in stage II/III colorectal cancer (CRC). Importantly, this relationship was independent of key confounding factors, including genomic instabilities that have been shown to influence both anti-tumour immunity and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, this relationship was not consistent across all stage II/III CRCs, but rather varied according to tumour and nodal status. Mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd) is a form of genomic instability that contributes to the development of both CRC and endometrial cancer (EC). I showed that MMRd is associated with improved outcomes in CRC, but not EC. This might be a reflection of differences in the immune landscape between MMRd CRC and EC: MMRd CRCs had much greater levels of infiltrate T lymphocytes. Furthermore, MMRd ECs showed an enrichment for loss of function JAK1 mutations, which was associated with abrogated IFNγ signalling activation. Finally, this research demonstrated a murine model to allow functional investigation of MMR loss and its impact on the tumour microenvironment. Conditional, inducible Mlh1 loss resulted in a specific phenotype, with the development of intestinal polyps. In contrast to human disease, these polyps showed CD8+ T cell exclusion, which may be a secondary to Beta-2 Microglobulin loss.
In summary, this work constitutes a correlative and functional study of the associated between the immune response and clinical outcome, and how the this is influenced by tumour genomic instability.

Keywords: T-cell
clinical outcome
immune response
colorectal cancer
Advisor: Church, D
Tomlinson, I
Stroke risk evaluation in a contemporary population of 0.5 million Chinese adults

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability globally, with China bearing the largest stroke burden in the world. Global strokes can be halved through primary prevention strategies including the use of risk prediction models to identify individuals with high risk of stroke. However, the models advocated for in current international guidelines have been derived mainly in high-income countries, and their clinical utility in a contemporary Chinese population is uncertain. Moreover, these models generally do not account for the heterogeneity between ischaemic stroke (IS) and haemorrhagic stroke (HS) pathological types as well as further aetiological subtypes of IS. The investigations in this thesis describe the assessment of existing risk prediction methods and development of novel models for evaluating primary stroke risk in the China Kadoorie Biobank – a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults recruited from 10 areas in China in 2004-2008. First, we evaluated the 2017 Framingham Stroke Risk Profile in CKB, and used a similar Cox modelling approach to develop novel models for 9-year risk prediction of total stroke that yielded a 6%-8% increase in area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and >90% reduction in the calibration χ^2 test statistic. Risk prediction models for IS and HS were developed with similar results. Second, machine learning approaches including logistic regression, support vector machines, random survival forests, gradient boosted trees (GBT), and multilayer perceptrons were compared for 9-year risk prediction of total stroke. We also developed an ensemble approach combining Cox and GBT predictions, which identified individuals at high-risk of stroke with higher accuracy, specificity, and precision than any single-model approach. Third, we explored the utility of single versus sequential measurements of risk factors for prediction of stroke, and did not find any substantial improvements from sequential risk factor measurements. Fourth, we developed models to assess differential risk of IS and HS and estimated reductions in events and fatalities using optimised statin therapy policies informed by such models. Finally, we characterised the heterogeneity of IS aetiological subtypes and developed models to classify 24% of CKB’s primary IS events that were previously characterised as having undetermined aetiology by the existing Causative Classification System (CCS) for Ischemic Stroke. The contributions of this thesis advance the understanding and prevention of stroke in China.

Keywords: machine learning
risk prediction
cardiovascular disease
China
stroke
Advisor: Clifton, D
Zhu, T
Studying charge production in a liquid argon time projection chamber

Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) have become widely used neutrino detectors. They primarily take advantage of the ionisation charge produced by the interaction of charged particles to achieve high spatial resolution and excellent calorimetry reconstruction. LArTPC is the technology chosen by the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to investigate challenging open questions in physics, such as the extent of CP violation in the lepton sector and the neutrino mass ordering, through the study of neutrino oscillations. These studies rely on the precise reconstruction of the energy of final-state particles resulting from neutrino interactions. The work in this thesis addresses this topic by looking at the relation between the energy deposited by charged particles and the resulting ionisation charge in the context of the ProtoDUNE-SP experiment. In particular, a selection of fully-reconstructed cosmic muons that stop in the detector was developed. Stopping muons are a useful calibration source, since their energy is precisely known at any point along their trajectory, and can be used for many detector response studies. The result of this selection was used to measure the parameters of two charge recombination models, and the reconstructed dE/dx resulting from both models was compared. The postulated angular dependence of the response was also explored.

Advisor: Weber, S
New approaches to pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccination

Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease and a global threat responsible for an estimated 200 million cases and half a million deaths every year. Although progress has been made in recent years with a number of vaccines advancing into later stages of clinical trials, a vaccine with both high efficacy and durability still remains a target to achieve. This thesis presents the results of pre-clinical studies performed with the aim to obtain an improved version of the existing R21 vaccine capable of enhancing immunogenicity, protective efficacy and durability. With this aim, a set of novel R21 variants were designed exploring all immunogenic regions of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein in a VLP vaccine platform. Along with creating new variants, an alternative strategy of using pre-formed immune complexes consisting of R21 complexed with monoclonal antibody 2A10 to the central NANP repeats has been explored. With this strategy already in use for animal vaccines, promising published results obtained with Zika virus, and still unexplored for parasitic infections, I considered to apply this approach to malaria and have obtained promising results. Glycans linked to parasitic surface proteins remain relatively less explored in comparison to proteins and are capable of eliciting immune response that might hold protective potential. With this aim, the last results chapter of this thesis describes results obtained from using sporozoite surface specific glycan alpha- galactose as a vaccine candidate.

Keywords: malaria, vaccine
Advisor: Salman, A
Hill, A
The morality of promises and contracts

This thesis explores the morality of promises, and the relationship between promises and contracts. It offers an account of the grounds of promissory and contractual powers, duties, and rights, and of the relationship between these powers, duties, and rights and the law. The first part is devoted to exploring aspects of the morality of promising (Chapters 1 and 2). The second part (Chapters 3-5), draws on the conclusions reached in previous chapters and defends a thesis about the relationship between the morality of promising and the law of contracts.

Keywords: Promises
Normative powers
Contracts
Advisor: Steel, S