VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The front of pack nutrition information panel: using novel methods to explore consumer decision making at point of choice during routine supermarket shopping

Encouraging people to make healthier food choices will make an important contribution to preventing non-communicable diseases. Most groceries purchased by UK households are from supermarkets, potentially making this an important setting where consumers might consider the nutritional quality of foods. While it is possible to purchase healthy food in supermarkets, the retail environment actively promotes the selection of less healthy items. Gaps remain in our understanding about which store based interventions - including providing on-pack nutrition information - can assist shoppers to make healthy food selections. Considerable evidence exists around consumer engagement with nutrition labelling, but there is a paucity of research conducted in real-life contexts. This thesis describes a qualitative study which explored factors which influence decision making at point-of-choice and sought to understand whether and how shoppers use the front of pack nutrition information panel during routine supermarket shopping. The study also investigated whether wearable cameras were useful research tools to understand how shoppers use the front of pack nutrition information panel, compared to a 'Think aloud' method. In this research, participants paid little attention to the front of pack nutrition information as they shopped. Food shopping was characterised as a complex, involved activity with priority given to a range of different issues over health and/or nutrition concerns. Although the front of pack nutrition information panel could offer support to shoppers, this study suggests that its presence is currently overwhelmed by commercially driven factors. Shoppers appear to need specific health or nutrition-related purchasing goals, be sufficiently informed and motivated to spend time attending to the front of pack nutrition information panel. Future interventions should raise awareness of the presence of nutrition information on pack and be clear about how this information can be used in different circumstances to guide consumers towards healthier choices. The study suggests that while data collected via 'Think aloud' or from viewing wearable camera images provides general information about food shopping decisions, eye-tracker technology can provide objective evidence of nutrition information use. Data capture was greatly strengthened by the use of a post-shop interview, where interviews generated specific and important contextual information relating to the use of the front of pack nutrition information panel.

Advisor: Fitzpatrick, R
Locock, L
Investigation of interface behaviour on perovskite solar cells

Historically, the interfaces and charge transportation layers dictate the performance in heterojunction solar cells. This thesis addresses the interface behaviours and the interfacial layers within perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and provides insights and practicable solutions to facilitate the realisation of efficient PSCs.
To achieve efficient charge collection with interlayer fabricated with low-temperature processes, a graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite is demonstrated; By investigating the carrier transport, we found the insertion of graphene improved the electron collection efficiency with its high surface area and ballistic carrier conduction properties, and in conjunction with pre-synthesised TiO2, we have successfully circumvented the need for high-temperature annealing, enabling the whole device to be fabricated at under 150 °C.
While the anomalous hysteresis behaviour which is widely observed in regular PSCs structure is a significant problem, the quest of stable PSCs seems to be answered by the use of inverted PSCs structures. We show a detailed development of inverted PSCs which are deconstructed layer by layer. Numerous approaches have been tailored to improve interfaces, and energy levels between layers, leading to an efficient and hysteresis-free perovskite solar cells.
Lastly, an in-depth study of impurity doping is investigated using Al3+. The doping with small metal ions in the perovskite precursor has been found to influenced the crystallisation and optoelectronic properties of the perovskite crystals. Here, for the first time, the correlation between reduced structural crystal defects is clearly linked to enhanced photovoltaic properties, with the best performance for the lowest electronic disorder in the CH3NH3PbI3 crystal.

Keywords: interface science
perovskite solar cells
condensed matter physcis
Advisor: Nicholas, R
Snaith, H
Les titres dans la conversation des arts en France De la fin des années 1890 aux années 1920

The status of titles in both painting and literature changed dramatically during the 19th century, as their largely enonciative function evolved to become a form of metaphor, and even disjunction. The use of titles as tools for communication became increasingly evident, as they conveyed views on the overall positioning of art and literature. Painting and literature themselves were undergoing considerable changes, as the figures of the writer and the artist gained consistency and independence. This led to the "crise exquise" diagnosed by Mallarmé in "Crise de vers" (1896).
This fin-de-siècle 'crisis' is the starting-point for the analysis undertaken in this thesis, which aims to examine, first, how artists and writers used titles to establish communication between their respective art-forms; then, how titles provided a privileged means of entry into the debates about the relation of painting and literature to the world at large.
An exploration of late 19th- and early 20th-century painting and literature in Paris -- from post- Mallarmean Symbolism to the beginnings of Surrealism -- the thesis draws on two methodologies: title studies, as they have developed since the 1950s; and existing work on the dialogue between artists and writers. It is composed of six comparative case studies, tracing a genealogy from Paul Gauguin and Alfred Jarry to André Breton and Max Ernst, including discussions of Paul Cézanne and Emile Zola, André Gide and Henri Matisse, Guillaume Apollinaire and Pablo Picasso, Francis Picabia and Tristan Tzara.
These comparisons reveal a polarity between two different lineages: one that emphasizes the specificity of each medium and engages with it within the framework of its boundaries, and does not seek to communicate with the world outside their work of art; and the other, which blurs the boundaries between different art-forms and simultaneously engages with the evolutions taking place in culture.

Advisor: Jefferson, A
Languages of political identity: Visconti historiography and the making of the territorial state

This thesis is about the political communities that organized the urban life of the Visconti territorial state. It is about the languages used by these communities to give structure and meaning to their identities. And it is about how the emergence of the territorial state challenged the form and function of these languages of political identity. It is a weighty topic, so to render it manageable, this study is limited to deconstructing the political languages of Visconti historiography from 1329 to 1402, a period that extends from the onset of the signoria of Azzone Visconti to the death of Gian Galeazzo. It focuses on texts from four urban centres: Milan, Monza, Novara, and Piacenza.
In Milan, the chronicles of the Dominican friar Galvano Fiamma interpret the history of the Ambrosian City through various factional lenses, with each text recounting events from the perspective of either Milan's populus, nobility, or merchants. This allows Fiamma to legitimate the monarchism of the Visconti within the mental frameworks of Milan's various social constituencies. In Monza, the chronicle of Bonincontro Morigia constitutes a particularly unique example of a quasi-città's usage of biblical metaphor (drawn from 1 and 2 Maccabees) to defend the sovereignty of the Visconti territorial state and Monza's status therein as a Lombard Jerusalem. In Novara, the histories of Pietro Azario articulate the values of northern Italy's populares, championing their enduring relevance in a political system that, Azario feared, threatened those values' survival. Finally, in Piacenza, the history of Giovanni Musso is an example of how a Ghibelline social memory could be used to reframe the relationship of a city's milites and populus with the empire and Visconti. Studying the political languages of these texts is important for deepening our understanding of how the territorial state impacted the mental categories of local communities.

Advisor: Wickham, C
Towards quantitative intra-nuclear dose mapping of auger emitting radionuclides used for targeted radiotherapy

Targeted radiotherapy (TRT) is a technique which allows for individual cancer cells to be targeted by radiation. However, there is variation in uptake at the whole body, organ, cellular and subcellular levels. This distribution affects the biological efficacy of the TRT agents. To address this problem, novel techniques have been developed and demonstrated. These aim to provide quantitative information about the spatial distribution of Auger electron (AE) emitting radiopharmaceuticals at the subcellular level.
Two methods have been developed. The first, photoresist autoradiography (PAR), uses photoresists as an autoradiography substrate, and the second uses microautoradiography (MAR) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The techniques have been demonstrated using the AE emitter indium-111.
Firstly, PAR is demonstrated using poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Photoresists were exposed to indium-111 which had been internalised into cells, and the photoresists were analysed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The technique has a theoretical resolution in the nanometre range and was able to demonstrate cellular patterns on the micron scale. To gain quantitative information, the photoresist response (depth of pattern) was calibrated as a function of electron fluence and a model of the patterns was created. Combining the calibration data with the point source model allowed the position and intensity of the internalised source terms to be estimated using the PAR method.
Secondly, a technique for electron microscope-microautoradiography (EM-MAR) was developed. The processing conditions of the MAR technique were determined and staining techniques developed, to produce high quality TEM micrographs. A time course experiment showed the distribution and variation in the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical at the cellular level.
Both techniques are able to provide information about the subcellular distribution of the radioactivity at a higher resolution than current techniques. Both enable the collection of information which can be used in microdosimetric calculations.

Keywords: autoradiography
AFM
photoresist
Auger electron-emitters
Advisor: Vallis, K
Falzone, N
Perceived income inequality and corruption

The theories linking income inequality to corruption are numerous, yet economists mostly fail to support them with empirical evidence. In this thesis, we argue that the primary reason why empirical studies find no significant link between income inequality and corruption is the conceptual difference between income inequality and its perception. Corruption in the public sector is the result of an interaction between two agents: a public official and a private individual. A public official considers several different factors when he decides to engage in corruption. If income inequality is theorized to be one of those factors, it is essential to consider that agents are subject to a veil of ignorance, especially in matters relating to the distribution of income. Public officials do not have perfect information on the distribution of income; but rather rely on their own perceptions drawn from a sub-sample of the population. These perceptions are formed by experiences over time with the limited information that the economic agents possess. Recent studies on the subject demonstrate that systematic biases exist in individuals’ perceptions of inequality. Failures to address these biases, might be contributing to a lack in substantive evidence that would otherwise be able to link income inequality to corruption. This thesis develops a new conceptual and economic framework to shed light on to the relationship between perceptions of inequality and corruption. We explore the answers of our research questions using three main methods: Regression analyses, a laboratory experiment and a country-case study in Turkey including interviews with public officials. While the results of the regression analysis do not provide evidence to suggest that a rise in actual income inequality corresponds with higher levels of corruption, our results do however support the hypothesis that there is a strong link between perceived nationwide inequality and forms of corruption. Our experimental design allows us to investigate the ways in which subjects’ behaviours change when initial endowment inequality differs between treatments in a bribery game. We observe the impact of inequality to subjects' decisions through its effect on perceptions. The economic model is built upon several assumptions, such as the public officials’ lack of comprehensive information on incomes of others, and their inequity aversion. We administer a country-case study in Turkey to examine whether these assumptions are realistic and valid. Data we gather from the interviews, as well as existing surveys, enable us to shed more light into the differences between measured and perceived inequality.

Advisor: Adam, C
Hoeffler, A
Field-induced assembly of fibrous network structures in magneto-rheological fluids

Self-assembly is a process by which a disordered system becomes an organised, complex structure as a result of a given chemical or physical change. Many experiments have been able to show the effect of an applied field on the self-assembly of superparamagnetic, micrometre scale particles at a low surface coverage. As such, particle positions are able to be monitored in real time from which the chain aggregation process can be analysed in terms of coordination environments. Therefore mathematical and simulation models have become useful in order to describe the interaction between particles and act as a predictive tool for future experimental research. The majority of simulation work regarding electro- and magneto-rheology attaches a permanent, fixed dipole to the particles and measures the response to an applied field. This thesis employs and justifies a model where particles are fully (dipole) polarizable with dipoles induced both by an external field (the direction and magnitude of which may be controlled) and by the presence of other dipole moments (dipole-induced-dipole effects) and consequently the potential contains a many-body character. A `real' particle system is necessarily represented by a dispersion of polarizabilities (magnetizations) which is the motivation for the choice of model. Two models are therefore employed to investigate the effects of the dipole-induced-dipole term in bulk systems containing monodisperse particles and bidisperse particles respectively. Justification of the model allows prediction of more complex systems, namely confined systems as discussed in the final chapter.

Advisor: Wilson, M
Myeloid cell regulation by Cd200 signalling in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of death worldwide, is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease. Deletion of CD200 in vivo increases myeloid cell numbers and activation resulting in enhanced susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and infection. However, the importance of CD200 in atherosclerosis development is still unknown. To understand the role of CD200 signalling, both the effect of CD200 deletion and provision were assessed in a murine model of atherosclerosis.
Firstly, the role of CD200R ligation was examined in a murine model of carotid injury. Apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE -/-) mice underwent surgery for placement of a perivascular collar and were treated with 10mg/kg of a CD200-Fc fusion protein. Three weeks post injury, carotid arteries were removed and neointima formation was assessed. CD200-Fc fusion protein treatment attenuated neointima development and increased M2 anti-inflammatory macrophage accumulation.
Secondly, CD200-deficient (CD200-/-) mice were crossed with ApoE-/- mice. CD200 deficiency accelerated advanced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic roots, as shown by the morphometric measurement of aortic root atherosclerotic lesion development. Moreover, CD200 regulated hypercholesterolemia-induced monocytosis, as its deletion increased the numbers of CCR2-expressing Ly6Chi monocytes in the blood and in the plaques. To further understand the mechanism of CD200-mediated monocytosis in the plaques, the role of the haematopoietic system was assessed by flow cytometry and in vitro culture systems. CD200 deficiency was shown to regulate GM-CSF-mediated myelopoiesis. CD200 does not only affect myeloid cells in the blood, but also in the spleen and in the aorta. In the plaques, CD200 deficiency skewed the phenotype of macrophages towards iNOS+CD86+MHCII+ inflammatory macrophages and enhanced CD4+ T cell activation. Therefore, CD200 regulates macrophage phenotypes and possibly their antigen presenting abilities at advanced stages of atherosclerosis. Finally, a highly multiparametric technique (CyTOF) enabled the detection of CD200 predominantly in stromal cells in the plaques suggesting a key role for stromal-immune cell interactions in CD200-mediated athero-protection.
Collectively, these findings identify a new role for CD200 expression in modulating myeloid cell function and phenotype in advanced stages of atherosclerosis.

Advisor: Monaco, C
Channon, K
Cole, J
On certain strongly quasihereditary algebras

Given a finite-dimensional algebra A we may associate to it a special endomorphism algebra, RA, introduced by Auslander. The algebra RA is a "Schur-like" algebra for A: it contains A as an idempotent subalgebra (up to Morita equivalence) and it is quasihereditary with respect to a particular heredity chain.
The main purpose of this thesis is to describe the quasihereditary structure of RA which arises from such heredity chain, and to investigate the corresponding Ringel dual of RA. It turns out that RA belongs to a certain class of strongly quasihereditary algebras defined axiomatically, which we call ultra strongly quasihereditary algebras. We derive the key properties of ultra strongly quasihereditary algebras, and give examples of other algebras which fit into this setting.

Advisor: Erdmann, K
Structural and functional studies of the transcriptional regulator Seb1 in fission yeast

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is responsible for the transcription of all protein-coding and some non-coding genes in eukaryotes. Its largest subunit, Rpb1, contains a unique C-terminal domain (CTD) which consists of repeats of the heptad YSPTSPS. It acts as a binding platform for proteins that control the different stages of transcription and their recruitment is regulated mainly by differential phosphorylation of residues contained within the CTD. Previous studies could unveil proteins containing a CTD-interacting domain (CID) as important players that specifically bind to certain phosphorylation types of the CTD. More precisely, they were shown to be important for the last step of transcription, termination. Despite extensive research over the past 30 years, the exact mechanism of how these proteins facilitate the dislodgement of Pol II from the DNA template, still remains unknown. The work presented here contains detailed studies of the CID-containing protein Seb1 from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, revealing an unexpectedly broad role of this protein in transcription termination.
In addition to a CID, Seb1 also contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM) which allows direct binding to RNA. Here, I present high-resolution crystal structures of both domains of Seb1. While the CID has a very conserved fold, the RNA binding regions contains an unusual arrangement of a canonical RRM intertwined with a second domain that are both important for RNA binding. Structure-based mutations were introduced and a combination of in vitro and genome-wide in vivo studies uncover Seb1 as an essential player in transcription termination. Importantly, both domains are required to promote the full function of Seb1. Despite its homology to the well-studied budding yeast protein Nrd1, the role of Seb1 in fission yeast is quite different. This thesis therefore provides important insight into the mechanisms that underlie eukaryotic transcription termination.

Keywords: CTD-interacting domain
Advisor: Vasilieva, L
Proudfoot, N
Blame-based expressivism: explaining the permissibility of state punishment using Scanlonian blame

This thesis argues that it is all-things-considered permissible for the state to punish citizens who commit criminal wrongs. It does this by combining elements of expressive and rights forfeiture theories of punishment. It argues that when one citizen criminally wrongs another, this damages her relationship with that citizen and the citizenry-at-large. Citizens have special citizenship rights against each other, grounded on the fact that they stand in a special relationship with each other. Thus when a criminal wrongdoer damages this relationship, the state (acting on behalf of the citizenry-at-large) is licensed to suspend their special citizenship rights from them. There is positive value in it suspending these rights because it expresses moral criticism of the wrongdoer. I argue the right to roam freely around a state’s territory and the right to vote are citizenship rights which can be suspended. I argue that prison and vote removal therefore are permissible forms of punishment. According to my theory, however, there are strict limits on the rights that can be suspended from wrongdoers: there is no justification for removing rights that are not grounded on the special citizenship relationship, such as basic rights to lead a minimally decent life. This has implications for the types of prison that can be permitted. My thesis contributes to the literature in three main ways: First, it develops and defends two initially appealing types of theory – expressivist and rights forfeiture - which have nonetheless been dismissed by many philosophers. Second, it is unusual in playing explicit attention to the important question of which forms punishment can permissibly take. Third, it discusses what conditions in prison should be like. This is an area of great moral importance, but it is chronically under-researched by philosophers.

Advisor: Miller, D