VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Some aspects of anthropomorphism in the terminology and philosophy underlying Western and Japanese studies of the social behaviour of non-human primates

This study investigates how anthropomorphism arises in Western and Japanese reports of non-human primate behaviour. Chapter 1 introduces the study and notes that differences in recording styles and incidence of anthropomorphism in Western and Japanese reports led to the thesis that the basis for anthropomorphism differed between the two groups. In Western studies it was found necessary to inquire into philosophical aspects of language use. In Japanese studies the inquiry centred on evidence for the retention of traditional attitudes to nature.
Part One focuses on the basis for anthropomorphism in Western studies. Chapter 2 discusses the intellectual basis for the deeply ingrained belief in the West in the separateness of man and animals. The more immediate intellectual background to Western primate studies is traced in chapter 3 through the development of comparative psychology and ethology and then of primatology itself. A more precise formulation of the Western inquiry is developed in chapter h through discussion of ordinary language, distinction between categories of anthropomorphism and between the notions of a subjective approach to study and the ascription of human subjective experiences to animals. Cognitive ethology is briefly described. Chapter 5> identifies the characteristic of language use that gives rise to anthropomorphism as metaphor.
Part Two focuses on Japanese studies. Japan had no tradition of objective science and Western science was imported to Japan. This section develops the argument that Western science was adapted to existing Japanese thought and that a traditional intuitive approach to nature and feeling of unity with animals was retained.
The development of Japanese primate studies and evidence for the acceptability of anthropomorphism to Japanese primatologists are presented in chapter 6. Certain basic ideas of traditional Japanese views are outlined in chapter 7. The effects of the first small-scale importation of Western science on the Neo-Confucian precepts of Tokugawa Japan are traced in chapter 8. The way in which especially biology was understood in the subsequent major importation of science to Meiji Japan is examined in chapter 9. The methodology of the Japanese primatologists is examined in chapter 10 and newly translated material showing the application of traditional Japanese thought to primatology is presented. Other new material on the origins of the focus on personality and culture in monkey groups is given. The application of traditional Japanese ideas of nature to their methodology and the use of a socioanthropological framework for explanation of observed behaviour is seen to be compatible with anthropomorphism in the Japanese studies.
Chapter 11 summarizes the course of the study and discusses what conclusions may be drawn.
Genetics and pathophysiology of coronal craniosynostosis revealed by next-generation DNA sequencing

This thesis further delineates the molecular genetic basis of a relatively common craniofacial condition, coronal craniosynostosis. It used whole-exome sequencing to identify novel disease genes in patients with non-syndromic coronal synostosis and negative genetic testing.
Initially, 2 patients were identified with damaging, frameshift mutations in a gene not previously linked with craniosynostosis – Transcription Factor 12 (TCF12). A further intronic mutation was identified in a third patient. This gene encodes a transcription factor that dimerises with TWIST1, mutations of which cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, also associated with coronal synostosis. Screening 344 undiagnosed patients identified 35 further mutations, all with coronal synostosis with 14 cases arising de novo. This work was published and testing for TCF12-related craniosynostosis was translated clinically.
Significant non-penetrance (60%) was identified in mutation-positive relatives and the genetic background was investigated. Firstly, analysis of parental origins of de novo mutations identified 6 of paternal origin and helped refine haplotype assignment. Secondly, haplotype analysis of TCF12-mutation carriers revealed modest correlation with phenotypic status, but this was insufficient to be useful in clinical testing. Thirdly, TCF12 haplotypes were analysed for association with non-syndromic coronal synostosis, but no significant association was found.
Further exome sequencing revealed a de novo frameshift mutation in Transcription Factor 20 (TCF20) in a patient with coronal synostosis and autism, although the mutation only correlated with the latter phenotype. Analysis of 5 trios revealed a novel variant in myosin heavy chain 4 (MYH4) in 1 family, although its role in suture development is uncertain. Reviewing pooled exome data from 19 mutation-negative patients revealed no further disease genes.
In summary, this thesis describes novel gene discovery, defines a new clinical entity and investigates genetic background of penetrant and non-penetrant individuals. Further exome sequencing identified another disease gene, a de novo mutation and compiled lists of damaging variants to allow future work.

Keywords: coronal synostosis
TWIST1
genetics
craniosynostosis
craniofacial biology
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
TCF12-related craniosynostosis
diagnostic outcomes
TCF12
exome sequencing
high-throughput DNA sequencing
Advisor: Wilkie, A
Godly lives

This thesis aims to restore the balance of modern investigations into Christian asceticism and anthropology by reading the texts of Sts. Irenaeus and Clement within their theological perspectives, and thereby examine the presuppositions determining how we think about sexual difference. In the Introduction I examine the projects of M. Foucault and P. Brown, arguing that they do not remain faithful to the concerns of the texts which they treat.
In Part One, I show how asceticism, for Irenaeus, is the expression of the human living the life of God in the body, that which is most characteristically human and the image of God. Sexuality is fundamental to human existence, forming a permanent part of the framework within which humans grow towards God. This growth results from humans acting responsively to the creative activity of God. That God is the source of the life which is lived by humans, demands an openness on their part towards God. Any attempt to avoid the reality of their created nature, for instance, through a self-imposed continence, overturns the basic structure of this relationship.
In Part Two, I consider the asceticism proposed by Clement, which strives, through human effort, to achieve a godlike life, buttressing the rational mind, that which is properly human and in the image of God, by the exercise of virtues, so protecting it from disturbances, especially those arising from the body and the vulnerability of dependency. Whilst Clement has a vivid sense of the new life granted in baptism, and praises marriage, this desire for a divine life leads inexorably to the restriction of human sexuality to the function of procreation and its redundancy thereafter.
After summarizing, I indicate possible lines for further investigation, and suggest that only within the Irenaean perspective can the issue of sexual difference be raised meaningfully.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the United Kingdom: improving outcomes

Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (AUGIB) accounts for 7000 deaths in the UK annually and is the single leading indication for transfusion of blood components. A large UK audit in 2007 reported high case fatality and rates of further bleeding. Since many deaths are determined by pre-existing co-morbidity, strategies to improve outcome should be targeted at preventable deaths and therefore focus upon improved control of haemorrhage and prevention of further bleeding, which are investigated in this thesis.
Data for the analyses presented originate from the UK national audit of AUGIB, a laboratory study and a cross sectional survey. Five broad themes were investigated including service provision and timing of endoscopy, the use of transcatheter arterial embolisation (TAE) or surgery for refractory bleeding, the impact of coagulopathy on outcome, management of acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH) and haemostatic derangements after AVH, and the use of red blood cells (RBCs).
Although there was no evidence of a “weekend effect” for mortality, earlier endoscopy (<12 hours) was associated with improved control of haemorrhage in higher risk patients compared to later endoscopy (>24 hours). TAE was an effective and safe modality for refractory bleeding, but the high post-surgical mortality (29%) raises questions about the appropriateness of case selection for surgery. Coagulopathy after non-variceal haemorrhage was associated with a 5-fold increase in risk-adjusted mortality. Further bleeding after AVH was strikingly high (26%) with notable deficiencies in the use of vasopressors, antibiotics and endotherapy. Global assessments of coagulation demonstrated that thrombin generation after AVH was normal, but clot strength was poor with excessive fibrinolysis. Platelets, fibrinogen and antifibrinolytics improved haemostasis ex vivo but coagulation factor transfusion had no effect. RBC transfusion practice is variable.
This work on AUGIB provides new data highlighting areas of sub-optimal care, and informs both current practice and research questions for new interventional trials.

Keywords: coagulopathy
endoscopy
transfusion
gastrointestinal bleeding
liver cirrhosis
weekend effect
Advisor: Murphy, M
Travis, S
Herodotos and Greek sanctuaries

This thesis argues that sanctuaries of the gods played a significant role in the political life of the Greek polis in the archaic and classical periods, and that the politics of the period cannot be understood fully without consideration of religion. It uses the text of Herodotos as a source of evidence about the history and perceptions of the period, but also makes use of other literary and archaeological evidence, so that the resulting models may be considered generally useful for the study of the period. Ch. 1 lays out the background to the subject; ch. 2 is an analysis of the activities related to sanctuaries described by Herodotos; ch. 3 examines sanctuaries as the meeting places of federations of Greek states, as well as investigating the nature of sanctuaries as areas of bounded space, showing that political meetings were frequently, if not always, held in sanctuaries, and that this was perceived as allowing some divine influence on decisions; ch. 4 investigates the dedications made at sanctuaries by foreigners, as part of a diplomatic process, showing that they provided a means of access to the polis as well as the god; ch. 5 compares the dedication of booty at sanctuaries with the construction of the battlefield trophy; ch. 6 argues that Herodotos portrays divine intervention as always happening through sanctuaries; ch. 7 argues that Herodotos' frequent mentions of Delphi are a sign of its importance in Greek history, not his own interest; ch. 8 draws some of these ideas together and suggests some general explanations for the importance of sanctuaries, as providing symbolic control of access to the polis, and bestowing authority on decisions taken by assemblies. Finally it suggests that Herodotos's inclusion of religious matters in his histories increases his importance as a source and an historian.

Keywords: Sanctuaries
Delphi
Herodotus
Advisor: Forrest, G
Snodgrass, A
Global patterns and processes in avian diversification

The natural world consists of a vast array of forms, some more plentiful than others, yet our understanding of the processes responsible the production of biological diversity remains surprisingly limited. Here I combine novel datasets with powerful phylogenetic modeling techniques and computer simulations to test the effects of both biotic and abiotic factors on the dynamics of species radiations and the evolution of organism traits in birds.
In the first part of this thesis, I develop our understanding of the importance of abiotic factors for diversification by showing that in the early stages of lineage diversification at least, rapid adaptation to novel climatic conditions is likely to represent a prominent driver of avian diversification. In the second part I concentrate on the role of biotic factors, in particular that of sexual selection. I show that not only is sexual selection associated with accelerated rates of speciation and secondary sympatry—as well as faster rates of net diversification across the entire avian tree of life—but also that across-species variation in rates of phenotypic evolution is best understood with reference to the focus and intensity of sexual selection. Finally, given that the relative importance of such processes appears to vary predictably across latitudes, in the final part of the thesis I argue that latitudinal differences in the speciation process offers a potentially powerful explanation for conflicting viewpoints regarding the contribution of speciation to high tropical diversity. Overall, this work provides fresh insight into the processes governing broad-scale patterns in biodiversity.

Keywords: latitudinal gradients
ecology
sexual selection
birds
diversification
Speciation
Advisor: Seddon, N
Tobias, J
Lithiated azetidine and azetine chemistry

This work describes developments in new azetidine and azetine chemistry; specifically, methods developed for the introduction of functionality α- to nitrogen in both ring systems, with additionally in situ formation of the latter system, from azetidine substrates.
Chapter 1 discusses the growing importance of azetidines, and the current methods available for making substituted azetidines by ring formation. Further discussion comprises of current sp3 C–H activation approaches α- to nitrogen in heterocyclic compounds as potential methods for sp3 C–H activation on azetidines to give substituted azetidines. Previous work by the Hodgson group in this area is detailed.
Chapter 2 describes the advance made towards 2,3-disubstituted azetidines using the thiopivaloyl protecting/activating group, where the latter plays a key role. Optimisation, scope, selectivity and mechanistic insight into the α-deprotonation–electrophile trapping of a 3-hydroxy azetidine system is discussed, which successfully gives access to a range of 3-hydroxy-2-substituted azetidines. Preliminary investigations with 3-alkyl-2-substituted azetidines are also described.
Chapter 3 describes the development of a straightforward protocol to make 2-substituted-2- azetines, a rarely studied and difficult to access 4-membered azacycle subclass, from readily accessible azetidine starting materials using α-deprotonation–in situ elimination followed by further α-lithiation–electrophile trapping. Extension of this methodology by transmetallation from the intermediate organolithium to the organocuprate, resulting in greater electrophile scope, is also described.

Keywords: Aztedine
lithiation
substituted
azetine
synthesis
Advisor: Hodgson, D
William Cobbett's correspondence, 1800-1835

The vast majority of William Cobbett’s personal letters have never been published. This thesis examines these manuscripts alongside the ‘open letter’ form that dominated his published writings, using correspondence to illuminate the hybrid and highly idiosyncratic form of Cobbett’s radicalism. It shows how he responded to continued persecution from the government through a series of innovative epistolary strategies, creating a popular journalism that incorporated many of the tropes usually associated with letter writing, including familiarity, authenticity, the spontaneity of speech and the domestic scene of reception. These became inseparable from the idealized presentation of Cobbett’s own radical and agrarian domestic life, and this thesis represents the first critical study to address the significance of Cobbett’s family in the physical production and imaginative world of his writings, drawing on many of the letters written by his seven children. Individual chapters concentrate on a series of episodes in Cobbett’s post-1800 career, including his friendship with William Windham, imprisonment in Newgate, exile in America, support for Queen Caroline and writings on the Captain Swing uprising. During these years, Cobbett’s correspondence helped to establish the modern newspaper leading article as an open letter to readers, although Cobbett’s are stamped with his own personal authority. However, while correspondence invested Cobbett’s journalism with a sense of situatedness unmatched in radical writing of the period, it also highlights some of the tensions within his political and pedagogical practice. By the 1820s, Cobbett’s correspondence bristles with the contradictions of wanting to recognize the individuality and difference of his readers’ lives, and at the same time pull them within the orbit of a very paternal political vision.

Keywords: Radicalism
Journalism
Letters
William Cobbett
Advisor: Newlyn, L
Jon, M
Moral enhancement and moral disagreement

At first glance, the project of moral enhancement (making people more moral) may appear uncontroversial and obviously worth supporting; surely it is a good idea to make people better. However, as the recent literature on moral enhancement demonstrates, the situation is not so simple – there is significant disagreement over the content of moral norms as well as appropriate means by which to manipulate them. This disagreement seriously threatens many proposals to improve society via moral enhancement. In my dissertation, I develop an understanding of how, exactly, disagreement poses problems for moral enhancement. However, I also argue that there is a way forward. It is possible to bring about moral improvement without commitment to particular and controversial moral norms, but instead relying on relatively uncontroversial ideas concerning morally reliable processes. The upshot is that, while attempting to directly manipulate people’s moral ideas is objectionable, it is relatively unproblematic to focus on helping people reason better and avoid akrasia, with the justified expectation that this will generally lead to moral improvement.
We should, therefore, focus not on how to bring people in line with what we take to be the right ideas, motives or behaviors. Rather, we should look to helping people determine for themselves what being moral consists in, as well as help ensure that they act on those judgments. Traditional, non-moral education, it turns out, is actually one of the best moral enhancers we have. In fact, the tools of philosophy (which is, in many aspects, concerned with proper reasoning) are central to the project of indirect moral enhancement. Ultimately, one of the best ways to make people morally better may well be to make them better philosophers.

Keywords: reasoning
Mill
disagreement
moral enhancement
Advisor: Crisp, R
Thermal analysis and testing of a spaceborne passive cooler

This thesis describes the thermal design and thermal testing of the development model radiative cooler for the Composite Infra-Red Spectrometer (CIRS) due for launch on the Cassini spacecraft in 1997. The radiative cooler is used to cool the instrument's Focal Plane Assembly (FPA) to approximately 80K. The FPA holds two arrays of HgCdTe detectors for the mid infra-red spectrometer of the instrument which covers the wavelength range 7μm to 17μm. The FPA is mounted from the optics on a titanium alloy tripod and is cooled conductively by the radiator via a flexible link and a cold finger. A range of thermal models of the system have been developed ranging from a simple, analytical model to a finite difference numerical model. A calorimeter was designed to perform heat leak measurements on samples of Multi- Layer Insulation (MLI) blankets to determine the number and type of shields required for the MLI blanket covering the back of the cooler radiator. A test facility incorporating a vacuum system, a space simulator target, and a simulator for the CIRS instrument was designed and constructed for testing the assembled cooler. Various configurations of the Development Model (DM) CIRS cooler were tested as components became available and the results obtained compared to the thermal model predictions. It was found that the cooler will attain a temperature of 80K in operation, but with less excess cooling power than predicted by the thermal models.

Advisor: Calcutt, S
Measurement and characterisation of microvesicles and nanovesicles in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia

Excessive release of syncytiotrophoblast vesicles (STBM) from the placenta into the maternal circulation may cause the inflammatory response, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the coagulation system characteristic of pre-eclampsia (PE). Consequently, other cell types including platelets, leukocytes, red blood cells (RBC) and endothelium may be activated to release cellular vesicles which exacerbate the disease. This thesis aimed to develop methodology for enumerating and phenotyping STBM and the other vesicle types to determine whether they could be used as biomarkers for PE.
In vitro derived STBM and vesicles from the other cells of the vascular compartment were examined to select a suitable panel of antibodies to analyse these same vesicle types in plasma samples from non-pregnant (NonP), normal pregnant (NormP) and PE women.
Our flow cytometer was shown to detect microvesicles ≥290nm, hence smaller nanovesicles and exosomes could not be detected by this method. Therefore, a novel technique for analysing both microvesicles and nanovesicles, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), was explored and was found to be able to detect vesicles as small as 70nm.
The origins of the vesicles that change in pregnancy are not yet known. Flow cytometry and NTA were used in parallel to determine the size, number and phenotype of STBM and other cellular vesicles in NonP, NormP and PE women. Flow cytometry showed that majority of vesicles were derived from platelets, followed by RBC vesicles, leukocyte vesicles and STBM. NTA showed that the total number of vesicles in plasma was significantly elevated in NormP and late-onset PE women compared to NonP controls, and the vesicles were smaller in size. Similarly, flow cytometry showed differences in the composition of vesicles between pregnant and non-pregnant women, demonstrating that pregnancy affects vesicle release. However, no differences were found between NormP and PE women. This was probably due to the majority of samples studied being from late rather than early-onset PE. Thus, although this is the most comprehensive analysis of circulating vesicles in pregnancy to date, their use as biomarkers for PE remains an open question.

Keywords: pregnancy
microvesicles
nanovesicles
pre-eclampsia
Advisor: Sargent, I