VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
California’s Water Footprint: recent trends and framework for a sustainable transition

This dissertation presents three studies on California’s water footprint, which is defined as the amount of water required to produce everyday goods and services demanded by California consumers on a yearly basis. Such a consumption-based indicator of water use is novel, and I introduce water footprint science as an expanded reading of water that adds value to conventional approaches to understanding society’s relationship with water resources. California, as a water-limited state, presents a useful case study for examining how demands on water resources have shifted within and outside of the region through its water footprint. The Introduction section discusses the history of water use in California from a conventional perspective as well as what water footprint assessment, as an evolving science, might offer in terms of an expanded reading of water for sustainability decision making./nThe first study (Chapter 2) shows that scaling water footprint assessment to the state level both illuminates California’s unique arrangement with respect to internal and external water resources and provides a basis for policy consideration at a relevant decision-making level. The second study (Chapter 3) focuses on the water footprint of California’s energy system in order to show how environmental policymaking, particularly climate mitigation policies in the energy sector, can result in maladaptation with respect to water systems and that water footprint assessment provides a useful tool for avoiding redistribution of water impacts. The third study (Chapter 4) presents a time-series of California’s overall water footprint, indicating an externalization of water footprint demands in recent decades and a decreasing of dependence on internal water resources for instate consumption of everyday goods./nThe Conclusion section reflects on what water footprint assessment has thus far provided in terms of an expanded reading of water for California, and how that information might support sustainability decision making in various facets of governance. I identify shortcomings of the method and ways in which improvements can be made in the future, particularly through interdisciplinary research. Water footprint information offers important insights into California’s recent development as well as tools for developing future sustainable transitions.

Advisor: Norgaard, Richard B
Old Schools: Modernism, Pedagogy, and the Critique of Progress

This dissertation marks out a modernist counter-tradition, analyzing a set of texts that locate critical potential in outmoded, paradigmatically pre-modern educational forms. I show that such an anachronism, common to Italian and English-language literary culture and, later, cinema, organizes works by Walter Pater, Giovanni Pascoli, James Joyce, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Glauber Rocha. All of these figures, I argue, oppose ideologies of progress by returning to the Latin class long since left behind by progressive educators./nAcross the political spectrum, modernizing reformers claimed that old-school education, often disparagingly called “instruction,” had become a dead weight, an impediment to progress. From Jean-Jacques Rousseau to John Dewey and Giovanni Gentile, these theorists declared instruction obsolete, deemed it empty, mechanical, infantilizing, and futile. Time and again, the discourse of progressive education targeted Latin in particular; the dead language—taught through such time-tested means as recitation, memorization, copying out, and corporal punishment—needed to be updated or eliminated, reformers argued, so that students could breathe free and become modern, achieving a break with convention and constraint./nBy contrast, the authors I study look to instruction’s techniques precisely, and they find unlikely resources for a critique of modernity in the very practices that progressive reformers sought to clear away. Registering the past’s persistence, these authors themselves persist in what look like most retrograde attachments—to tradition, transmission, scholastic rites, and repetitive verbal forms. But the pedagogies of constraint that they devise—pedagogies that I call “counter-progressive”—repeat the past to radical effect./nThus, against his own early liberal tendencies and a backdrop of broad educational reforms, Pater assigns “mechanical exercise” in his late essays, lectures, and fiction. Pascoli’s Paedagogium makes the case for the embattled classical school, complementing the author’s defense of this school against a range of reformist detractors. Joyce re-imagines the pensum, or punitive copying of text, as a literary form in “Oxen of the Sun,” and Pasolini’s Salò radicalizes other instructional rites. Rocha’s Claro, finally, marks the limits of the counter-progressive pedagogy that it continues, returning, like all of the works I consider, to school, to Rome, and to a history that it cannot escape.

Advisor: Spackman, Barbara
Emotional Behavior in Couples with bvFTD: Implications for Caregiver Relationship Satisfaction and Psychological Well-being

Abstract/nEmotional Behavior in Couples with bvFTD:/nImplications for Caregiver Relationship Satisfaction and Psychological Well-being/nby/nAnna Sapozhnikova/nDoctor of Philosophy in Psychology/nUniversity of California, Berkeley/nProfessor Robert W. Levenson, Chair/nEmotions are an important part of marital life. Prior research indicates that patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) experience significant impairments in socioemotional functioning, including emotional blunting, inappropriate behavior and decreased empathy (Neary et al., 1998). These changes in patients often strain marriages and can lead to a decline in marital satisfaction and increase the risk of depression in the healthy spouse (Ascher et al., 2010, Braun et al., 2010). However, few studies have explored the emotional dynamics of couples living with bvFTD in a systematic way (Braun et al., 2009). The aim of this study was to extend our understanding of the emotional dynamics of couples where one spouse has bvFTD as well as to understand the association between emotional behavior during the marital interaction and the caregiving spouse’s relationship satisfaction and psychological well-being, looking specifically at depression./nThis study examined emotional behavior and emotional reciprocity of couples where one spouse is diagnosed with either bvFTD (N=30) or Alzheimer’s disease (N=30) in the context of a 10-minute naturalistic marital interaction in comparison to healthy controls (N=29). Emotional behavior was coded using the Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF), which consists of five positive emotional behavior codes, ten negative emotional behavior codes, and a neutral code. Emotional reciprocity between spouses was established using the Allison and Liker (1982) statistic. The study also examined the relationship between positive and negative emotional behavior as well as escalating and de-escalating patterns of emotional reciprocity and the caregiving spouse’s self-reported marital satisfaction and levels of depression./nThe current findings reveal a loss of humor and reciprocity of positive emotion and an exacerbation in negative emotion (e.g., criticism, sadness) and conflict escalation in couples with bvFTD during a marital interaction. Furthermore, low positive emotion, high negative emotion and conflict escalation are associated with low marital satisfaction and high negative emotion is related to increased levels of depression in the spousal caregiver.

Advisor: Levenson, Robert W
Integrating Chemoproteomic and Metabolomic Platforms for Target Identification and Toxicological Assessment of Environmental Chemicals

We are exposed to increasing numbers of chemicals, most of which have incomplete toxicological characterization. As many diseases have environmental causes, we must understand the molecular mechanisms of toxicity these chemicals elicit. Traditional toxicity testing relies on assessing indirect phenotypic outcomes, and deconvoluting the mechanism underlying these effects is challenging. Understanding the direct chemical-protein interactions of environmental chemicals is crucial for revealing their mechanisms of action to link adverse health outcomes, predict potential toxicities, and inform safer design of future chemicals. This work demonstrates how integrated chemoproteomics and metabolomics platforms can identify direct protein targets of environmental chemicals and reveal their downstream biochemical effects. After describing the chemoproteomics and functional metabolomics technologies used here, I discuss an activity-based proteomics method used to reveal the proteome wide off-targets of the widely used insecticide chlorpyrifos in vivo in mice. Then, I show how a compound-specific bioorthogonal chemical probe comprehensively reveals protein targets of the organophosphorus flame retardant triphenylphosphate, which causes dyslipidemia upon exposure. Finally, I use a broad chemoproteomic approach to profile the cysteine reactivity of multiple environmental electrophiles and identify enzyme targets of the fungicide chlorothalonil involved in fatty acid oxidation. These studies demonstrate the power and utility of combining chemoproteomics technologies to reveal the protein targets of environmental chemicals with metabolomics platforms to elucidate the biochemical effects of inhibition. This approach generated novel mechanistic detail to inform mechanism and predict toxicities of existing chemicals, and can be used to optimize design of future chemicals to protect human and environmental health.

Advisor: Nomura, Daniel K
The Regulation of TLR7 and TLR9 in the Prevention of Autoimmunity

Abstract/nThe Regulation of TLR7 and TLR9 in the Prevention of Autoimmunity/nBy/nZachary Robert Newman/nDoctor of Philosophy in Molecular and Cell Biology/nUniversity of California, Berkeley/nProfessor Gregory M Barton, Chair/nRecognition of nucleic acids is an evolutionarily conserved trait of the immune system that enables detection of a diverse array of microbial species with relatively few receptors. However, the inappropriate recognition of self-derived nucleic acids is well documented for its role in autoimmune diseases. Two such receptors that recognize nucleic acids, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9, are highly regulated in order to maintain the proper discrimination between self and non-self. In this dissertation I discuss the background of what is known about TLRs, with an emphasis on nucleic acid sensing TLRs and evidence for their involvement in autoimmune disease. I also provided an introduction to the phenomenon of codon usage bias and discuss the debate surrounding its functional significance. I then present our findings that codon bias may be playing a significant role in the balance of protein levels between TLR7 and TLR9. In an endogenous context, we observe a markedly different measured translational efficiency for TLR7 compared to TLR9, correlating with their degree of codon bias. Codon optimization of TLR7’s coding sequence dramatically increases the translation efficiency and subsequent protein levels in an exogenous setting. Furthermore, by scaling the level of optimization we reveal how the different mechanisms of transcription, mRNA stability, and translation, all of which contribute to overall protein levels, are affected by codon bias. In contrast to the exogenous setting, codon optimization of TLR7 at the endogenous locus did not result in an increase in TLR7 function suggesting additional levels of regulation may be involved. In this dissertation I also introduce a novel method to study the functional significance of misregulated localization of nucleic acid sensing TLRs in an endogenous context. Our studies introduced a conditional mutant allele of TLR9 that is capable of signaling from the cell surface. The mutant is well expressed in a controlled, cell-specific manner with preliminary results suggesting potential autoimmune consequences. Combined, our studies significantly add to the literature by illuminating the importance of two distinct mechanisms regulating nucleic acid sensing TLRs in the prevention of autoimmunity.

Advisor: Barton, Gregory M
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of the INSTAR [INertial STorage And Recovery] System: A Flywheel-based, High Power Energy Storage System for Improved Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

This thesis describes the development of the INSTAR system: a high-power, cost-effective energy storage system designed to improve HEV regenerative braking capabilities by combining chemical batteries with an electromechanical flywheel. This combination allows the regenerative braking system in hybrid vehicles to recapture more available braking energy at a lower battery pack charging current, increasing vehicle energy efficiency while also potentially increasing battery life./nA prototype flywheel energy storage system and electric vehicle test platform were built to test the design. A novel open loop controller was developed to manage the power flow between the traction motors, battery pack, and flywheel energy storage system. The flywheel was designed to hold 30 Wh at 25,000 RPM, but can easily scale to larger vehicles. Experiments were conducted for speeds up to 11,000 RPM and power levels up to 2.5 kW. Round trip efficiency of 70% for the flywheel energy storage system alone were achieved and battery charging current was successfully limited during regenerative braking by absorbing energy with the flywheel energy system. The flywheel energy storage system successfully returned the stored energy, minus parasitic losses, back to the battery pack at controlled rates.

Advisor: Lieu, Dennis K
Exploring Basic Properties and Applications of Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers in diamond have generated much interest for their uses in quantum information and sensing. Despite the ongoing improvements in sensitivity and the range of new applications, much about the NV basic physics remains unresolved, which is important to understand in order to fully exploit potential uses. In this work I describe a series of experiments on NV basic properties, applications, and projects in between. First, I describe an NV singlet absorption spectroscopy experiment, which searched for additional NV electronic states and studied the 1A1 phonon modes. Next, I discuss an NV microwave saturation spectroscopy experiment, which is useful for NV thermometry, removes inhomogeneous broadening, and can yield information about diamond magnetic spin bath dynamics. I then describe an NV relaxation experiment that senses GHz-frequency magnetic noise, which we demonstrated using paramagnetic substitutional nitrogen (P1) centers. Finally, I describe open questions on the NV singlet states, saturation spectroscopy, and relaxation (and how to address them), and report on my ongoing work on using NVs for nuclear polarization and rotation sensing.

Advisor: Budker, Dmitry
"We All Lived in That House Together": Persistence as Resistance on an Illinois Farmstead, 1845 to the Present

My dissertation examines the historical and archaeological traces of the rural Black farmsteads we call our Homeplace, from approximately 1840 to the 1920. In it, I argue that these archaeological, architectural, and textual material resonances make visible the actions of resistance in Black communities by signifying the labor of persistence. Displacement and disenfranchisement are unfortunately a consistent and threatening theme in the history of the African-American experience in the United States. As such, holding on to and securing private space is a difficult and often futile process. In a society that systematically displaces people of color, persistence through land ownership and rural self-sufficient farming allows for the occupation and cultivation of the Homeplace; a private, decolonized space which becomes a quintessential site of resistance for Black Americans in the nineteenth century./nTo illustrate these points, I draw on theories of memory and materiality to examine the ways in which racialization is itself a dimension of materiality. I argue that this means racialization has a physical reality that is socially constituted, historically contingent, embodied and yet dispersed in its enforcement. At the same time, I examine my positionality as a Black descendant of these farmsteaders and as a member of the community undertaking a community-centered archaeological project. I explore the process of excavation as an act of historical resistance and empowerment, creating a moment for community members, stakeholders, and descendants to re-remember and memorialize pasts that are discursively recorded only in our memories and these materials. I assert that our best understanding of disenfranchised pasts must come from an engagement not only with African Diaspora scholarship, but also with the stakeholders and communities who are the stewards of these pasts.

Advisor: Wilkie, Laurie A.
Manipulating Light with Nano-Photonic Structures

Manipulation light in the nano scale, by controlling its phase or magnitude, is key to efficient and compact designs in modern photonic technology. Its application ranges from tele-communication, biological imaging to probing electronic phenomena and quantum computation. High Quality factor (Q) resonators for both dielectric and metallic devices with two dimensional form factors, and high on-off ratio wave modulators where light transmission can be tuned in situ are exemplary ideas and of great interest and importance in those applications. Among the light waves, terahertz radiation, known as the last frontier connecting microwave and optical regime in the electromagnetic spectrum, has been an increasingly active field of research. Recent development of THz sources and detection has led to an increasing demand of active devices for its wave manipulation. In the thesis, we focus our effort on developing novel nano photonic structures that act as better light modulator and resonators. We first develop theories regarding principles and techniques to achieve tunable high Q resonances in dielectric photonic structures using a new “diatomic” design. The essence of the “diatomic” design is that it can dramatically improve Q of the resonating modes by minimizing the radiative far-field coupling. We then extend the concept of “diatomic” in dielectric gratings to “diatomic” metallic cavities that results in high Q plasmonic metamaterial resonators compared to conventional designs. Lastly, we demonstrate, in simulation and experiment, a hybrid metamaterial design showing much larger modulation power by combining metallic nano-slits with graphene, a promising THz-active 2D material. Our investigation into THz metamaterial designs combines device fabrication, numerical simulation, semi-analytical modelling and ultra-fast time domain THz measurements. Our theoretical and experimental results could provide insight to the physical understanding and future development of THz metamaterial devices, as well as being of value to the THz community that seeks application with high performance modulator/resonators in general.

Advisor: Wang, Feng
Resilient Design Techniques for Improving Cache Energy Efficiency

Improving energy efficiency is critical to increasing computing capability, from mobile devices operating with limited battery capacity to servers operating under thermal constraints. The widely accepted solution to improving energy efficiency is dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), where each block in a design operates at the minimum voltage required to meet performance constraints at a given time. However, variation-induced SRAM bitcell failures in caches at low voltage limit voltage scaling---and therefore energy-efficiency improvements---in advanced process nodes. Analyzing and modeling bitcell failures is necessary to develop resiliency techniques that prevent or tolerate SRAM failure to improve the minimum operating voltage of caches./nThis work demonstrates a holistic approach that uses both circuit-level and architecture-level design techniques to improve low-voltage operation of SRAM. A simulation framework and experimental measurements from a 28nm testchip explore failure mechanisms of SRAM bitcells. The simulation framework is further utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of circuit-level SRAM assist techniques using dynamic failure metrics. New circuit-level techniques that use replica timing are developed to make SRAM macros more resilient to process variation. An architecture-level error model is developed to translate bitcell failure probability to yield, and to evaluate a variety of error-correcting code (ECC) and redundancy-based resiliency techniques. New resiliency schemes, named dynamic column redundancy (DCR) and bit bypass (BB), are proposed to tolerate a high bitcell failure rate with low overhead./nThe methodology and proposed schemes were validated with five different 28nm chips. The RAVEN1 testchip measured in-situ threshold voltage variation of 30,000 bitcells and was used to analyze the effect of random telegraph noise on failures. The RAVEN2 testchip explored a single-p-well bitcell design that can compensate for global process variation. The RAVEN3 and RAVEN3.5 chips included processors with on-chip switched-capacitor voltage conversion, and resilient SRAM macros with circuit-level techniques that enable operation down to 0.45V. The SWERVE processor included architecture-level techniques to avoid failing cells, and decreases energy by over 30% with only 2% area overhead, and includes in-situ pipelined ECC to measure the contribution of intermittent SRAM error sources such as random telegraph noise and aging./nOverall, this dissertation describes a general methodology that is used to evaluate resilient design technique effectiveness for different process and architecture assumptions, and proposes a new set of resilient design techniques that lower the minimum operating voltage of caches with low overhead.

Advisor: Nikolic, Borivoje
Asanovic, Krste
Investigating the role of Ede1, an Eps15 homolog, in Clathrin-mediated endocytosis site initiation and maturation in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the process by which plasma membrane and external material are internalized into the cell. This thesis focuses on Ede1, one of the earliest proteins recruited to endocytic sites, to gain insights into the mechanism of site initiation. In S. cerevisiae, approximately 60 proteins arrive at plasma membrane (PM) punctae to build and internalize an endocytic vesicle. This process, which occurs in just 1-2 minutes, can be divided into two phases corresponding to the arrival of the early phase proteins and the arrival of the late phase proteins. While the late phase proteins are responsible for internalizing the budding vesicle, the early phase proteins are required to position the late phase machinery on the plasma membrane. Ede1 is a scaffolding protein involved in site initiation and stabilization during the early phase. Deletion of EDE1 results in fewer site initiations and defects in the timing of vesicle maturation. Here, I dissect the functions of Ede1 to better understand how different domains contribute to its own localization, as well as endocytic site initiation and maturation. We also identify human Eps15 as an Ede1 functional homolog. When expressed in yeast, human Eps15 is recruited to endocytic sites and supports recruitment of yeast coat proteins to those sites. Future studies in human cells will to determine the extent of functional crossover between yeast Ede1 and mammalian Eps15 during endocytosis.

Advisor: Drubin, David G