VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The processing, microstructure and creep properties of Pb-free solders for harsh environments

The constitutive mechanical behaviour with a focus on creep of Sn-Pb and various Sn-Ag-Cu based Pb-free solders in the 25-150°C temperature range has been studied using nanoindentation and various new meso-scale tests. All alloys have been studied as bulk wave soldering bars, as-received solder balls and solder joints. Ball Grid Array (BGA) solder joints in a typical electronic configuration were manufactured in-house using both Cu and Pd-Ag metallizations. Microstructural characterisation of all configurations used various types of optical and electron microscopy and showed that the solder pad metallization type played a major role in intermetallic compound (IMC) formation. There were comparatively fine and coarse-grained microstructures in both as-received solder balls and BGA solder joints depending on ball diameter. Nanoindentation creep measurements in the stress range 20-500MPa showed that grain boundary sliding occurred together with dislocation glide and dislocation climb in the low temperature (25-50°C) and high temperature (100-150°C) regimes respectively. Smaller grain sizes (<20µm) encouraged grain boundary sliding that enhanced creep.
New elevated temperature mechanical tests were developed using the nanoindentation platform to enable testing of entire solder joints in shear and compression, with stresses in the 1E-2 - 3MPa range, more relevant to in-service conditions than those in nanoindentation. Meso-scale spherical indentation creep behaviour in compression on as-reflowed solder balls showed good agreement with that obtained by conventional nanoindentation. However, when BGAs were tested in shear, the solder microstructure had relatively little influence on the creep response, which was significantly less creep resistant than individual phases in the ball obtained by nanoindentation or the ball itself obtained by meso-scale spherical indentation. In shear, the creep conformed to diffusion controlled behaviour and interfacial microstructure was suggested to now control creep response, with the microstructure of the majority of the solder joint playing only a minor role.

Keywords: harsh environments
Pb-free solders
microstructure
creep
Advisor: Grant, P
Unpacking faculty development in Japan: an ethnography of faculty development practitioners 

This thesis provides an ethnographic account of the lived experiences of faculty development practitioners in Japan. Through participatory observation and ethnographic interviews, it seeks to understand the following research question:
“How do faculty development practitioners make sense of the concept of faculty development as a professional identity and a lived experience in Japan?”
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT, introduced and recommended institutional ‘fakaruthī diberoppumento (faculty development)’ or ‘FD’ in 1999 and later mandated it in 2008. As a result, universities created the role and position of FD practitioner. Those FD practitioners have been involved in crafting a genre of faculty development that reconcile policy requirements, university’s requirements, and their personal understanding. This leads to a daily struggle between acting as FD practitioner according to external requirements and sustaining or constructing one’s own professional identity and values especially as an academic. By incorporating notions of ‘identity’ and ‘community’, I describe practitioners’ constant negotiation of their position between an academic and a FD practitioner.
I have three arguments. First, the title of ‘FD tantōsha’ that is most commonly used in Japan creates a semantic space for negotiations to take place between different types of identities, both practiced and/or idealized. ‘Tantōsha’ literally means the person in charge and it is relatively 7 neutral label to describe the position. Second, alphabetically written ‘FD’ prevents the evolution of the concept. The term ‘FD’ is just a symbolic noun therefore it allows various interpretations but it does not allow evolution of the concept like in the USA and the UK. As an English term, ‘faculty development’ means ‘to develop’ ‘faculty’. As the focus of faculty development shifted, the term also changed, leading to terms such as ‘educational development’. Third, the temporariness of the position prevents practitioners to engage with the community for faculty development practitioners in Japan and in other countries. Therefore interpretation of the concept of faculty development, creation of the common language and knowledge base as a field, and construction of professional identity have yet to be observed.

Keywords: Japan
ethnography
academic development
higher education
faculty development
Advisor: Mills, D
Kariya, T
Accessing complex genomic variation in Plasmodium falciparum natural infections

Genetic polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum is a considerable obstacle to malaria intervention. Parasites have repeatedly evolved to overcome every front-line antimalarial deployed throughout history, and artemisinin resistant populations are expanding in Southeast Asia. Promising vaccine candidates routinely fail when challenged by the genetic diversity of natural parasite populations, and a recent trial using a blood-stage antigen showed immunity was allele specific. Modern sequencing technologies have revolutionized our understanding of parasite genomics and population genetics by providing access to single nucleotide variation, but characterizing more complex polymorphism remains a key challenge. Solving this problem is important because the selective pressures from drugs and host immunity often create complex polymorphism in the most clinically relevant genes that is missed using standard genotyping methods. In three sections, this thesis is a narrative about 1) encountering complex variation, 2) overcoming it with novel tools, and then 3) innovatively applying those tools to old and new questions. I first show examples of complex variation in a vaccine candidate (EBA-175) and a drug resistance gene (pfcrt) while reporting SNP based analyses of Kenyan and Tanzanian field isolates. While introducing this complex variation I also describe biological insights discovered in these populations. In Kenya I show evidence that chloroquine resistance selects for parasites that are primaquine sensitive, use a GWAS approach to discover new drug resistance loci, and catalogue variation in known resistance genes. In Tanzania I describe the population structure and allele frequencies of parasites from two geographic regions. In the second section of the thesis I develop methods for accessing complex variation and demonstrate their utility by producing de novo assemblies of eba-175, pfcrt, ama1, and msp3.4 from thousands of sequenced samples. Finally, in the third section I apply these tools in depth to eba-175. I comprehensively characterize the SNP and structural variation in eba-175 using an alignment of 1419 de novo assemblies. I use this resource to illustrate the profiles of positive selection across the gene, and corroborate these signals of balancing selection by showing the geographic distribution of the F/C indels and a lesser known 6bp indel positioned between the DBL domains. I then use the alignments to design Sequenom genotyping assays that facilitate a genome wide association study, testing for human associations with the eba-175 indels in the infecting parasite. I close by reporting a potential association on human chromosome 14 with the 6bp indel in eba-175.

Keywords: genomics
malaria
computational biology
drug resistance
bioinformatics
Advisor: Kwiatkowski, D
Bejon, P
Implied constitutional principles

This thesis challenges some of the current limits to the grounds for judicial review of legislation accepted by most Canadian jurists. More specifically, it makes a common law-based argument in favour of the priority over legislation of principles which are implied from the Imperial Constitution Acts 1867-1982 and which originally derive from the English constitution – namely implied constitutional principles. The argument faces two main interrelated legal objections: Parliamentary sovereignty and the Framers’ intentions. The first objection is rebutted by arguing that Parliamentary sovereignty possesses an ability to change in a way that can incorporate substantive legal limitations. The most prevalent common law-based theories of change to Parliamentary sovereignty suggest that the courts can authoritatively determine if implied constitutional principles can check legislation. The second objection is rebutted by reference to the notion of progressive interpretation as conceived under Hartian and Dworkinian theories of law and adjudication. Under these theories, progressive interpretation is an aspect of the courts’ best overall interpretation of the constitution, which includes implied constitutional principles. Such progressive interpretation can result in these principles constraining legislative authority.
Justification of the progressive interpretation of implied constitutional principles can be based on the rule of law from which derive a number of these principles. One plausible conception of the Canadian rule of law is that it rejects the view that implied constitutional principles can prevail when in conflict with legislation. However, the better conception is that, as an attempt to adapt implied constitutional principles to relevant changes in society and to protect their underlying values, the judiciary should interpret these principles as capable of checking legislation to the extent that they form part of the core content of the rule of law. Such a conception and an operation of implied constitutional principles can properly be explained by Hartian or Dworkinian common law-based progressive interpretation of these principles and by their relationship with legislative authority.

Keywords: Ronald Dworkin
constitutional interpretation
living tree
implied bill of rights
rule of recognition
HLA Hart
judicial independence
parliamentary sovereignty
unwritten constitution
rule of law
Advisor: Bamforth, N
Breast cancer radiotherapy and heart disease

Introduction: Some past breast cancer radiotherapy regimens led to an increased risk of death from heart disease. Although heart dose from breast cancer radiotherapy has generally reduced over the past few decades, there may still be some cardiac risk. Estimation of future risk for women irradiated today requires both measurement of their cardiac dose and dose-response relationships, which depend on cardiac dosimetry of past regimens, in conjunction with long-term follow-up data. Methods: Virtual simulation and computed tomography 3-dimensional treatment planning on a representative patient were used to estimate mean heart and coronary artery doses for women irradiated since 1950 in 71 randomised trials in the Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) overview. Patient-to-patient variability in cardiac dose was assessed. Heart and coronary artery doses were also calculated for breast cancer radiotherapy regimens used since the 1950s in Sweden. Cardiac doses from contemporary (year 2006) radiotherapy were assessed for 55 patients who received tangential breast cancer irradiation at a large UK radiotherapy centre. The maximum heart distance (i.e. the maximum distance between the anterior cardiac contour and the posterior tangential field edges) was measured for the left-sided patients, and its value as a predictor of cardiac doses assessed. Results: Mean heart dose for women irradiated in the EBCTCG trials varied from <1 to 18 Gray, and mean coronary artery dose from <1 to 57 Gray. Patient-to-patient variability was moderate. Mean heart dose for women irradiated in Sweden since the 1950s varied from <1 to 24 Gray, and mean coronary artery dose from <1 to 46 Gray. Heart dose from tangential irradiation has reduced over the past four decades. However, mean heart dose for left-sided patients irradiated in 2006 was 2 Gray and around half of them still received >20 Gray to parts of the heart and left anterior descending coronary artery. For these patients, maximum heart distance was a reliable predictor of cardiac doses. For the other patients, mean heart dose varied little and was usually less than 2 Gray. Conclusions: Cardiac doses from breast cancer radiotherapy can be estimated reliably and are now available for use in deriving dose-response relationships in the EBCTCG data and in a Scandinavian case-control study. Cardiac dose has reduced over the past four decades. Therefore the cardiac risk is also likely to have reduced. Nevertheless, for some patients, parts of the heart still receive >20 Gray in the year 2006.

Keywords: breast cancer
cardiac toxicity
radiotherapy
radiation-induced heart disease
Advisor: Darby, S
McGale, P
Representing modular tensor categories: a computer algebra system for topological quantum computing

Topological quantum computation (TQC) is a new fault-tolerant approach to quantum information, where computations are carried out by braiding particles called anyons. Anyons are quasiparticles that exist in 2 + 1 dimensions and are neither bosons or fermions. Modular tensor categories capture the structure of anyon systems and thus serve as models for topological quantum computation. However, program of using category theory to find higher-level structures and protocols has yet to be applied to TQC due to the difficulty of working with modular tensor categories. This difficulty could be greatly mitigated by the development of a computer algebra system to represent such categories. Thus, a computer algebra system for representing modular tensor categories within the symmetric monoidal 2-category 2Vect was developed.
A general representation for 2Vect is described. This involves extending basic linear algebra operations to handle matrices of zero-dimension and 2-matrices (matrices of matrices). Then, representations for the 0-cells, 1-cells, and 2-cells of 2Vect are found. Due to the chosen representation, various structural isomorphisms are required to ensure equations expected of 1-categories hold in the 2-categories setting. These structural isomorphisms are explicitly constructed.
In order to identify special categories, such as modular tensor categories, a diagrammatic language of monoidal categories is extended for 2-categories. This language is used to construct the axioms for these special categories within 2Vect. Finally, a way of implementing these axioms within 2Vect in the computer algebra system is described. This system will now be used for the investigation of higher-level structures within modular tensor categories to better understand the structure of topological quantum computing.

Keywords: quantum computing
physics
topological quantum computing
anyons
category theory
mathematics
computer science
modular tensor categories
2-Categories
Advisor: Abramsky, S
Vicary, J
Ethical judgement and ethical authority

This dissertation considers the possibility of there being such a thing as ethical authority in the modern world, and seeks to give an account of its nature.
It begins by expressing a critical stance toward the idea that authority is always dependent upon having a certain kind of theoretical expertise. It raises the suggestion that there are other forms of authoritativeness, based on tradition, the display of superior skill, or impressive discriminative/perceptual powers. The bases of these forms of authority are not primarily, or even necessarily, of an intellectual kind. The idea that ethical authority depends upon something more than intellectual foundations may be traced to Aristotle, who claimed that the practical wisdom of an ethical authority (phronimos) is a matter of being good at deliberation with regard to things that conduce to living well. The model of ethical authority provided here is not that of theoretical expertise but closer to that of practical skill and/or the possession of perceptual powers of a particular kind. Ethical authority in the Aristotelian tradition depends upon intellectual powers, but of the 'practical intellect' and not necessarily (it depends on the context) any advanced theoretical expertise.
It then proceeds to argue that there is an important place for practical wisdom in modern ethical life. Many of us live today in modem pluralistic societies where diverse conceptions of goodness and ethical rationality compete. We may well find the idea of reasonable allegiance to local phronimoi, who grasp and can illuminate the value of particular practices and institutions to fellow participants of a shared life, pure anathema. Modern ethical philosophy reflects this stance, and is characterized by a certain faith in rule-centred or procedural ethical theories for guiding human conduct. The argument of the second chapter seeks to show that there is little warrant for rejecting the role of ethical authorities (phronimoi) in contemporary pluralistic societies in favour of ethical proceduralism.
Thereafter, in the third, fourth and fifth chapters, it turns to exploring the nature of practical wisdom, in particular, whether or not it is best construed as grounded in a theory of right conduct, or as a form of 'ethical knowledge', or as aiming at an objective truth; and to the task of characterizing a credible conception of the insightful phronimos - or what it might be like if this model of ethical authority is to claim relevance for contemporary life within pluralistic ethical communities.
Studies on renal basement membranes

A novel method is developed for studying the filtration properties of renal basement membranes in vitro and is used to examine how the phenomenon of 'concentration polarisation' effects the filtration of a number of protein solutions through a film of basement membrane. The permeability of the membrane film was dependent, not only on the membrane pore size, but also on the filtration conditions and the solutes being filtered. Large molecules, which failed to pass through the basement membrane film, effectively increased its retentivity to small solute molecules by acting as a secondary barrier to filtration. Polarisation effects can also cause a dramatic increase in solute flux through the membrane film; an effect which is enhanced by increased pressure, decreased stirring speed and the absence of non-permeable molecules from the solutions being filtered.
A serine proteinase was purified from the granules of rabbit polyraorphonuclear leucocytes, which hydrolysed NBA a synthetic substrate for elastase, but which failed to exhibit any elastolytic activity. The proteinase had a molecular weight of 26,000, and was judged to be homogeneous from sodium dodecyl sulphate and isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. Analysis by ultracentrifugation demonstrated that the proteinase formed dimers and tetramers, associations which were more pronounced at 21°C than at 4°C. The enzyme exhibited a broad substrate specificity, capable of hydrolysing a number of proteins including basement membrane. A second proteinase capable of hydrolysing basement membrane, but not other substrates tried, was partially characterised. From gel electrophoresis it appeared to have a molecular weight less than 12,000 and was highly basic.
The ability of a number of proteinases, including the purified NBA esterase, to degrade basement membrane and alter its porosity was examined. Trypsin and collagenase rapidly degraded basement membrane and increased its permeability to a number of pure proteins as well as serum. NBA esterase released up to 12 % of basement membrane protein and increased the permeability of the membrane to a number of test solutes.
The physiological and pathological significance of the effects of concentration polarisation and proteolytic mediated alterations in basement membrame porosity are discussed.

Advisor: Robinson, G
Kinetics and energy transfer studies using a shock tube and probe laser

A continuous wave infrared CO laser has been used to monitor kinetic processes occurring behind shock waves. Studies have been made of both vibrational energy transfer and reaction kinetics.
It has been demonstrated that, following shock-heating, the vibrational levels of CO and DC1 relax via a continuous series of Boltzmann distributions into the final Boltzmann equilibrium distribution at rhe translational temperature. This is shown to be in accord with the established theory, and it is proposed that all diatomic molecules relax in this manner. Previous results for HI, which suggested otherwise, are questioned, and the theoretical arguments used to explain these results are shown to be misconceived. A new method is developed to calculate vibrational relaxation times from any laser absorption trace.
The initial vibrational distribution of CO formed in the unimolecular decomposition of OCS at 4000 K has been investigated. It has been found that at least 90 % of the CO is born in the lowest vibrational level v=0, when 50 % would be in v=0 at equilibrium. This result is explained in terms of the dynamics of the reaction.
The kinetics of the isotope exchange reaction 12C18O + 13C16>O ⥋ 12C16O + 13C18O have been investigated. The results have been shown to be consistent with an atomic chain mechanism, in conflict with the conclusions of earlier work. Reasons for this are discussed.
A general account of the principles of operation of the apparatus is given, and conclusions are arrived at for the most profitable directions of future work.

Advisor: Simpson, S
New mathematical models for splash dynamics

In this thesis, we derive, extend and generalise various aspects of impact theory and splash dynamics. Our methods throughout will involve isolating small parameters in our models, which we can utilise using the language of matched asymptotics.
In Chapter 1 we briefly motivate the field of impact theory and outline the structure of the thesis. In Chapter 2, we give a detailed review of classical small-deadrise water entry, Wagner theory, in both two and three dimensions, highlighting the key results that we will use in our extensions of the theory. We study oblique water entry in Chapter 3, in which we use a novel transformation to relate an oblique impact with its normal-impact counterpart. This allows us to derive a wide range of solutions to both two- and three-dimensional oblique impacts, as well as discuss the limitations and breakdown of Wagner theory. We return to vertical water-entry in Chapter 4, but introduce the air layer trapped between the impacting body and the liquid it is entering. We extend the classical theory to include this air layer and in the limit in which the density ratio between the air and liquid is sufficiently small, we derive the first-order correction to the Wagner solution due to the presence of the surrounding air. The model is presented in both two dimensions and axisymmetric geometries. In Chapter 5 we move away from Wagner theory and systematically derive a series of splash jet models in order to find possible mechanisms for phenomena seen in droplet impact and droplet spreading experiments. Our canonical model is a thin jet of liquid shot over a substrate with a thin air layer trapped between the jet and the substrate. We consider a variety of parameter regimes and investigate the stability of the jet in each regime. We then use this model as part of a growing-jet problem, in which we attempt to include effects due to the jet tip. In the final chapter we summarise the main results of the thesis and outline directions for future work.

Keywords: matched asymptotics
splash jets
Fluid dynamics
impact theory
Advisor: Oliver, J
Ockendon, J
Howison, S