VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Picturesque urban planning - Tunbridge Wells and the suburban ideal

This study addresses the development of the English suburb in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Its proposition is that suburbs were where people wanted to live, and not just to avoid the dirt and disease of the city. They had an appeal beyond the practical. Whether it was a feeling of security, independence, oneness with nature, or of living in 'a place apart', there was an emotional, culturally-conditioned attraction.
The specific focus is on the development of the Calverley estate in Tunbridge Wells. The point is not that Calverley was typical, but that it represented a suburban 'ideal'. It was created by a London developer, John Ward, to be just such a 'place apart', an idyllic retreat for a wealthy metropolitan middle class.
The study starts by considering Ward's 'vision' for Calverley. Ward had been a major investor in Regent’s Park. The study suggests that Calverley, with its 'picturesque' landscape setting, mirrored the fantasy world created by John Nash in Regent's Park. In Calverley, though, Ward and his architect, Decimus Burton, built individual houses in gardens, a model for what was later to become 'a universal suburbia'.
A second section considers what attracted Ward's customers. It suggests four influences: the notion of the Picturesque; historical associations; idealised visions of the countryside; and the appeal of certain architectural styles.
The final part then examines those customers in more detail. They were not drawn from the existing residents of Tunbridge Wells, but were metropolitan/cosmopolitan incomers (70% of them women). They could have lived anywhere. The study uses five themes of suburban historiography: movement, control, separation, withdrawal and identity, to show how they moulded the physical and social space around them to further achieve their ideal; to create, in the words of one advertisement, this 'enviable little English Elysium'.

Keywords: Picturesque
Advisor: Hinchcliffe, T
Smith, M
Crystallization properties of molecular materials: prediction and rule extraction by machine learning

Crystallization is an increasingly important process in a variety of applications from drug development to single crystal X-ray diffraction structure determination. However, while there is a good deal of research into prediction of molecular crystal structure, the factors that cause a molecule to be crystallizable have so far remained poorly understood.
The aim of this project was to answer the seemingly straightforward question: can we predict how easily a molecule will crystallize? The Cambridge Structural Database contains almost a million examples of materials from the scientific literature that have crystallized. Models for the prediction of crystallization propensity of organic molecular materials were developed by training machine learning algorithms on carefully curated sets of molecules which are either observed or not observed to crystallize, extracted from a database of commercially available molecules. The models were validated computationally and experimentally, while feature extraction methods and high resolution powder diffraction studies were used to understand the molecular and structural features that determine the ease of crystallization. This led to the development of a new molecular descriptor which encodes information about the conformational flexibility of a molecule.
The best models gave error rates of less than 5% for both cross-validation data and previously-unseen test data, demonstrating that crystallization propensity can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy. Molecular size, flexibility and nitrogen atom environments were found to be the most influential factors in determining the ease of crystallization, while microstructural features determined by powder diffraction showed almost no correlation with the model predictions. Further predictions on co-crystals show scope for extending the methodology to other relevant applications.

Keywords: Crystallization
Powder diffraction
Advisor: Cooper, R
David, B
Synthesis and reactivity studies of zirconium and hafnium borylimido compounds

This Thesis reports the synthesis and reactivity of zirconium and hafnium borylimides. Synthetic routes to such complexes of these two metals and corresponding novel borylamines were targeted. Their reactions with small polar and non-polar compounds were explored.
Chapter One provides a background on Group 4 imido and hydrazido complexes. Group 4 alkoxyimides are also reviewed, as well as the recently developed titanium and scandium borylimides. The Chapter focuses on the synthesis, structure, and stoichiometric and catalytic reactions of these complexes with unsaturated substrates.
Chapter Two describes the synthesis and structures of new zirconium and hafnium borylimides and their reactions with C‒H and H‒H bonds. The electronic structures of these complexes are analysed by DFT and QTAIM studies.
Chapter Three describes the reactions of Group 4 metallocene borylimides with terminal alkynes. The principal reaction outcomes are [2+2] cycloadditions and C–H bond activations, and attempts to catalyse the hydro-borylamination reaction are also described. Kinetic studies of some reactions are presented, and are supported by DFT, QTAIM and NBO studies.
Chapter Four describes the reactions of Cp2Zr{NB(NAr'CH2)}(py) with polar compounds, with a particular focus being the reactivity of esters and their analogues with this complex, eliminating and self-trapping ketene. Kinetic studies of some reactions are presented, and are supported by further DFT studies.
Chapter Five presents full experimental procedures and characterising data for the new complexes reported.

Advisor: Mountford, P
The PAP-state: housing, health, and resilient authoritarianism

The thesis aims to explain the continued durability of state authoritarianism in Singapore. This durability is usually attributed to citizens acquiescing to Singapore's authoritarian state on account of the prosperity it has delivered. The thesis argues that the contemporary resilience of authoritarianism and undergirding stability of state-citizen relations is better accounted for by two factors.
First, the state is apparently able to address evolving policy demands brought forward by citizens. Addressing contemporary 'hot button' issues through policy change produces popular support for the regime and eliminates the basis for serious political challenges. The thesis stresses the increasing role played by the state's provision of social protection and nation-building with respect to regime legitimation. Second, citizens are often able to sidestep authoritarian state practices in everyday life. The thesis argues that this can make authoritarian state practices more bearable for Singaporeans and thus further abates the emergence of pressures for political liberalisation.
The thesis analyses economic and social policy to make these arguments while focussing on the public housing and healthcare programmes as central case studies. It also draws on fieldwork data about state interventions, and how these interventions pan out 'on the ground' in Singapore. Beyond the case of Singapore, the thesis speaks to the resilience and re-emergence of state authoritarianism in other countries. The thesis also contributes to state theory and discussions about the reconfiguration of states' economic and social functions in the face of economic globalisation.

Advisor: Sud, N
Divine assemblies in early Greek and Mesopotamian narrative poetry

This thesis charts divine assembly scenes in ancient Mesopotamian narrative poetry and the early Greek hexameter corpus, and aims to contribute to a cross-cultural comparison in terms of literary systems. The recurrent scene of the divine gathering is shown to underpin the construction of small- and large-scale compositions in both the Sumero-Akkadian and early Greek traditions. Parts 1 and 2 treat each corpus in turn, reflecting a methodological concern to assess the comparanda within their own context first. Part 1 (Chapters 1-4) examines Sumerian narrative poems, and the Akkadian narratives Atra-ḫasīs, Anzû, Enūma eliš, Erra and Išum and the Epic of Gilgameš. Part 2 (Chapters 5-8) considers Homer's Iliad, the Odyssey, the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod's Theogony. The comparative approaches in Part 3 are developed in two chapters (9-10). Chapter 9 offers a detailed comparison of this typical scene's poetic morphology and compositional purpose. Relevant techniques and effects, a function of the aural reception of literature, are shown to overlap to a considerable degree. Although the Greeks are unlikely to have taken over the feature from the Near East, it is suggested that the Greek divine assembly is not to be detached form a Near Eastern context. Because the shared elements are profoundly embedded in the Greek orally-derived poetic tradition, it is possible to envisage a long-term process of oral contact and communication fostered by common structures. Chapter 10 turns to a comparison of the literary pantheon: a focus on the organisation of divine prerogatives and the chief god figures illuminates culture-specific differences which can be related to historical socio-political conditions. Thus, this thesis seeks to enhance our understanding of the representation of the gods in Mesopotamian poetry and early Greek epic, and develops a systemic approach to questions of transmission and cultural appreciation.

Keywords: Epic Poetry
Greek Gods
Comparative Mythology
Ancient Near Eastern Gods
Divine Assemblies
Comparative Literature
Advisor: Kelly, A
Reynolds, F
Electrodeposition of alkali group I metals from room temperature ionic liquids

The work presented in this thesis involves the utility of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as solvents in electrodeposition of Alkali Group I metals (excluding Fr). The first two chapters present fundamentals of electrochemistry which is the basis of this work followed by an overview of RTILs and a brief introduction to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results of five original studies are then presented as follows:
• The deposition and stripping of Li/Li+ couple in several RTILs is studied in detail on Pt and Ni microelectrodes and the results are simulated using a mathematical model developed by the Compton Group
• The study is then continued for Na/Na+ in several ionic liquids on a Ni microelectrode and the results are compared to that of Li/Li+ couple
• The remaining members down the Group (K/K+, Rb/Rb+ and Cs/Cs+) are studied in ionic liquid N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4mpyrr][NTf2]) on a Ni microelectrode allowing comparison of electrode potentials throughout Group in the IL to be deduced.
• The novel development of in situ electrochemical-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for monitoring the potassium deposition is reported
• Electrochemical-XPS is used for monitoring rubidium deposition in competition with RTIL solvent breakdown
The results presented show that several RTILs are able to support the electrodeposition of Alkali Group I metals due to their wide electrochemical windows and electrochemical stability. The simulation of the results allows thermodynamic and kinetic parameters such as the electrochemical rate constant (k0), diffusion coefficient (D), and formal potential (Ef0) and transfer coefficient (α) to be extracted. The trend in electrode potentials of the Group in [C4mpyrr][NTf2] is also presented and compared to that of in other solvents. The near zero vapour pressure property of the RTILs is also exploited for the development of in situ electrochemical-XPS; a new branch of spectroelectrochemistry.

Advisor: Compton, R
A role of Werner helicase interacting protein 1 in the Fanconi Anemia DNA repair pathway

This doctoral thesis investigates whether Werner Helicase Interacting Protein 1 (WRNIP1) is involved in the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway.
The FA pathway is responsible for resolving DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). While the exact mechanism is unknown, there are 21 confirmed proteins that belong to the pathway, and they can be all divided into three functional groups: the core complex, the FANCD2-FANCI complex and downstream effector proteins.
It was demonstrated here that WRNIP1 depletion results in higher sensitivity to cross-linking agents (Mitomycin C (MMC) and UVA light after trioxalen (TMP) sensitization). The complementation of WRNIP1 – null cell lines with WRNIP1-EGFP resulted in sensitivity comparable with the wild type cell line. It was also shown in vivo that WRNIP1-EGFP is recruited to the chromatin, after TMP-UVA treatment, within first five minutes after irradiation.
It was also demonstrated that WRNIP1 is recruited before FANCD2 and that while FANCD2 depletion does not affect WRNIP1 recruitment in any way, WRNIP1 depletion slightly reduces the levels of FANCD2 recruitment, which suggests that WRNIP1 acts upstream from FANCD2.
Since WRNIP1 migrates on the SDS-PAGE gel as two species, the upper form, was analysed and confirmed as ubiquitinated WRNIP1. It was then purified and analysed with mass spectrometry, which allowed the identification of several potential ubiquitination sites. None of the found residues was shown to be the necessary for WRNIP1 upper form to appear and none of them was crucial for WRNIP1 recruitment to the ICL damage site.
To further investigate the roles of each of the domains found within the structure of human WRNIP1, each of the domains was abrogated using one specific point mutation designed to disrupt the function of the whole domain or motif. The analysis of WRNIP1-EGFP point mutants have shown that UBZ domain is responsible for WRNIP1 ubiquitination and while its activity is abrogated, WRNIP1-EGFP is not recruited to the damage site.
Finally, it was confirmed that WRNIP1 interacts in vitro with FANCD2, and the analysis of the deletion mutants have shown that none of the deleted sequences was alone necessary for this interaction. The similar analysis performed with WRNIP1 divided into five short fragments, suggests that the sequence between 370 and 510 aa participates in WRNIP1-FANCD2 binding, though it is not conclusive if it is the only part of WRNIP1 that is participating in this interaction.

Advisor: Cohn, M
Identification and characterisation of suppressors of synthetic lethality resulting from loss of SETD2 and WEE1

Our lab has recently identified a conserved synthetic lethality between loss of SETD2-dependent H3K36 trimethylation and inhibition of WEE1 kinase (Pfister et al., 2015). In order to explore the possible mechanisms of resistance to WEE1 inhibitor-treatment in H3K36me3-deficient cells, a yeast genetic screen was performed to isolate mutants that suppressed the set2Δ wee1-50 temperature sensitivity. Whole-genome sequencing of 23 spontaneous suppressor mutants revealed mutations in eight genes involved in cell cycle regulation (bub1, cdc2, cut2, cut1, gtb1, myo52, slp1 and wee1), five genes involved in cell communication (gpa1, shk1, ssp2, ste20 and wis1), and seven genes involved in transcription (bdf1, brf1, bye1, epl1, lsm4, paf1 and taf10).
Further analysis in mammalian cells revealed that knockdown of RNA Polymerase II-associated factor 1 (PAF1) partially rescued cell viability at higher concentrations (300 and 600 nM) of the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 in both SETD2 wild-type and SETD2 CRISPR knockout U2OS cells. Data were verified in fission yeast as well as in the renal cell carcinoma cell lines 786-O (SETD2 wild-type) and A498 (bearing a truncating mutation in SETD2), indicating functional conservation of Paf1/PAF1-dependent resistance to Wee1/WEE1 inhibition from fission yeast to mammalian cells.
Investigations into the molecular mechanisms responsible for PAF1-mediated suppression in human cells suggested involvement of the CDK inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1. Knockdown of PAF1 induced relocalisation of p21Cip1/Waf1 to the cytoplasm where it is thought to suppress caspase-3 dependent apoptosis as well as the degradation of RRM2 via CDK2 inhibition in the presence of AZD1775. These findings suggest that targeting cytoplasmic p21Cip1/Waf1 may offer new strategies for the treatment of resistance to WEE1-inhibition and knowledge of this pathway should be taken into account in the design of trials of targeted therapies for H3K36me3-deficient cancers.

Advisor: Humphrey, T
The shifting sands of evidence: a socio-legal enquiry into the development of medical guidelines

Medical guidelines on the same medical condition differ between England and the Netherlands. These guidelines are referred to as evidence-based because they are supposedly based on a systematic searching for and appraisal of medical studies to drive recommendations for appropriate care for specific clinical circumstances. This comparative study interrogates what causes these differences and similarities between guidelines and tries to uncover the mechanisms behind the development of medical practice guidelines. Four case studies, on lower back pain and on type 2 diabetes in both countries, are used to provide a detailed empirical account of the development of medical guidelines. Interviews with guideline developers are combined with a detailed analysis of available guideline documents. The overarching finding of this thesis is that medical evidence plays a more limited and nuanced role in guideline construction than might be expected and that guidelines are manifestations of professional (self-) regulation. Importantly, the research also finds that institutions shape guidelines in a multitude of ways. This study has endeavoured to add to a more nuanced understanding of evidence within the literature: conceptualising evidence as part of a process of a social and institutional construction. This construction is used within a collaborative and communicative process aimed at creating 'objective facts'. Contrary to existing scholarship, this thesis argues that evidence merely informs the understanding of members of guideline groups while a range of economic, cultural, institutional, and political factors, that together form cognitive frames, provide the driving force behind the development of guidelines. Institutional factors have shown to be essential elements in guideline development, influencing all aspects of development through institutional cultures of practice. This study concludes that calling guidelines evidence-based is an important rhetorical instrument, which helps to conceal and legitimize some of the normative choices that are inherent in guideline making.

Keywords: medical guidelines
regulation
evidence-based medicine
socio-legal studies
Advisor: Kurkchiyan, M
Decker, C
Essays on gender and children

This thesis investigates the causes of childhood outcomes. In Chapter 1, written with Elisabetta De Cao, we show that unemployment causes child neglect in the United States, during the period from 2004 to 2012. We identify this effect using a Bartik instrument, which we create by combining national-level unemployment rates across industries with differences in the initial industrial structure across counties. We find evidence that parents in the United States lack the social and private safety nets needed to provide for their children's basic needs in the event of a job loss.
In Chapter 2, written with Sonia Bhalotra, we find that fathers work less after having a first born son rather than a daughter in the United Kingdom, during the period from 2009 to 2016. The effect occurs on both the extensive and intensive margins, and in the first year of the child's life. Our identification strategy exploits the randomness of the gender of the first child. We find evidence that degree educated fathers and their partners both take time off work to increase the total parental time invested in sons, because boys' development is less advanced than girls' development at a young age. We find evidence that non-degree educated fathers take time off work to reduce the burden of childcare on their partners, which helps their partners to return to work sooner after childbirth.
Finally, in Chapter 3, I find that female leaders elected to the State Legislative Assembly improve child learning in their districts in rural India, during the period from 2008 to 2014. The effect occurs for both reading and mathematics, and the gender gap in mathematics narrows. To identify this effect, I instrument for the fraction of seats won by a woman in a district with the fraction of seats won by a woman in a close election against a man. The most plausible explanation for the effects is that female leaders try to improve educational outcomes around the time of an election, in the hope of re-election.

Advisor: Fenske, J
Collier, P
Analysis and management of temperature fields in F1 cars

This thesis investigates the broad subject of thermal management problems currently encountered in Formula One race car design.
A computationally economical tool, based on linear superposition, for predicting the temperature field arising from a set of thermal and inlet velocity boundary conditions was developed. Using a set of base analyses, the research showed that it is possible to superpose and scale these results in order to predict the temperature field for differing sets of boundary conditions. This method was shown to have a significant speed advantage over typical computational simulations. An experimental facility was designed and built to provide validation for aspects of the linear superposition approach.
A method of measuring the cylinder wall heat flux has been developed using thin film gauge technology. The resulting sensor was designed to fit the mounting of existing instrumentation in order to avoid requiring large scale modifications to existing test facilities. The design makes use of modern rapid prototyping techniques in order to meet this mounting requirement and to provide a novel solution to routing the signal from the thin film gauge.
In addition, the research investigated a method for predicting the cylinder wall temperature in real-time. The cylinder wall is subject to heat fluxes from in-cylinder gases during the engine cycle on the inner face and the effect of the coolant jacket on the outer face. Two separate methods were used to process these thermal boundary conditions respectively, before being superposed in order to form the whole solution. The computation time of the method is characterised in order to demonstrate its feasibility for real-time operation.

Keywords: Linear superposition
Thermal analysis
Heat transfer
Combustion engines
Advisor: Ireland, P
The sustainability assessment of energy policy in Nigeria: scenario planning and integrated modelling

This thesis presents a novel policy assessment tool that serves as a decision support framework for analysis of energy policy problems involving multilevel, multidimensional and multi-stakeholder complexity. This new approach, The Energy Policy Assessment Technique (E-PAT), integrates System Dynamics Simulation and Multi-Criteria Evaluation models into a unified assessment framework. The E-PAT doubles as a systems-thinking model and a multi-criteria evaluation archetype. The E-PAT is designed for assessing policy issues, particularly those relating to energy planning in a national context. It is a suitable tool for evaluation and selection of optimal policies from competing and conflicting alternatives. To test its robustness and practical application, a case study on energy policy evaluation in Nigeria is carried out with this tool. A model of the Nigerian energy economy was constructed, and three proposed government policies for Sustainable Energy Development were evaluated relative to a Business-As-Usual case. The evaluation process identified ‘best’ policy options according to stakeholder viewpoints. The original contribution of this research is the creation of an integrated, transparent and comprehensive assessment tool, and the development of measurable Energy Sustainability Indicators (ESI), to aid policymakers in diverse policy analysis. The new tool is intended to support assessment of energy policies in relation to impacts on the economy, society and environment.

Keywords: energy policy
integrated modelling
Nigeria
austainability assessment
scenario planning
Advisor: Darton, C