VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Surface passivation and junction engineering in silicon / germanium metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors for high performance application [electronic resource]

The planar silicon MOSFET is facing diminishing performance returns in improvement from device geometry scaling. Two alternative devices are being explored as possible solutions to this problem. The first contender is a multi-gate device (FINFET or surround gate) and the other is a MOSFET with high mobility channel material such as germanium, III-V or carbon. Ge has emerged as an important materials platform during recent years. With its high carrier mobility and the ability to detect and emit photons at telecommunications wavelengths, Ge is an attractive candidate for applications in both high performance electronics and optoelectronics. Moreover due to its compatibility with conventional CMOS fabrication, it can be processed using the standard manufacturing techniques that are currently used for silicon. However Ge does present a number of unique challenges that must be overcome, including issues of surface passivation, low n-type dopant solubility, and high dopant diffusivity. In this work, the unique properties of surface passivation enabled by radical oxidation are discussed. Some of the highlights are low temperature processing, substrate orientation independent growth rate of dielectric and low interface density. Subsequently, this radical oxidation is applied to 3D vertical gate all around (GAA) silicon MOSFET devices. Higher drive current, lower gate leakage and higher gate dielectric breakdown voltage are demonstrated for GAA devices using radical oxidation in comparison to thermal oxidation In the second part, radical oxidation is investigated for GeO2 growth as an interfacial layer in high-k / Ge gate stack. Using MOSCAP and n-MOSFET devices on Ge, low interface state density combined with drive current and electron mobility enhancement is demonstrated for Ge devices. In the third part, the source/drain junctions for Ge are studied. Ultra-shallow junctions using plasma immersion ion implantation are demonstrated. High n-type dopant activation in Ge using laser annealing is realized along with high performance diodes, significant reduction of contact resistance and integration in a MOSFET process flow.

Keywords: Electrical Engineering
Advisor: Nishi Yoshio
McIntyre Paul Cameron advisor. Thesis advisor
Saraswat Krishna advisor. Thesis advisor
Syk survival signals in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ B cell lymphomas [electronic resource]

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) mediates a diverse array of contextually dependent cellular outcomes, from its well-characterized role in adaptive immune receptor signaling to the novel and unexpected roles in innate immune recognition, cellular adhesion, vascular development, and osteoclast maturation. Many of these novel functions involve non-canonical activation of Syk. The ultimate functional outcome of Syk signaling depends on the cellular context, the mechanism of activation, and the downstream signaling mediators utilized. Herein, we address both the mechanism of Syk activation and the downstream mediators of Syk that drive survival in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ B cell lymphomas. Using B cell lines stably-transfected with a signaling inducible chimeric of the primary EBV oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), we uncover the first evidence of non-canonical Syk activation by a viral protein. We also demonstrate that activation of both Syk and the Src family kinase Fyn are involved in the initiation of PI3K/Akt signaling by LMP1. We utilize small molecule inhibition and siRNA knockdown of Syk to establish that the regulation of apoptosis is a critical outcome of Syk signaling in EBV+ B cell lymphomas. Navigating downstream, we demonstrate that Syk promotes survival of EBV+ B cell lymphomas through a PI3K/Akt-dependent stabilization of the caspase inhibitor XIAP. Finally, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the Syk survival signal in EBV+ B cell lymphomas. PI3K/Akt inhibition, but not Syk inhibition, significantly reduces tumor burden in a xenogeneic model of EBV+ B cell lymphomas. Surprisingly, Syk inhibition results in tumor migration and expansion in adjacent inguinal lymph nodes. Our mechanistic characterization of Syk signaling in EBV+ B cell lymphomas reveals a novel role for Syk in both survival and migration of EBV+ B cell lymphomas. Taken together, our data also suggests that EBV drives creates a requirement for PI3K/Akt signaling for the survival of EBV+ B cell lymphomas, reminiscent of oncogene addiction, through Syk activation by LMP1 and LMP2a.

Advisor: Martinez Olivia
Jones Patricia advisor. Thesis advisor
Lewis David advisor. Thesis advisor
Utz Paul advisor. Thesis advisor
Tagging and other microtasks [electronic resource]

Over the past decade, the web has become increasingly participatory. Many web sites would be non-functional without the contribution of many tiny units of work by users and workers around the world. We call such tiny units of work microtasks. Microtasks usually represent less than five minutes of someone's time. However, microtasks can produce massive effects when pooled together. Examples of microtasks include tagging a photo with a descriptive keyword, rating a movie, or categorizing a product. This thesis explores tagging systems, one of the first places where unpaid microtasks became common. Tagging systems allow regular users to annotate keywords ("tags") to objects like URLs, photos, and videos. We begin by looking at social bookmarking systems, tagging systems where users tag URLs. We consider whether social bookmarking tags are useful for web search, finding that they often mirror other available metadata. We also show that social bookmarking tags can be predicted to varying degrees with two techniques: support vector machines and market basket data mining. To expand our understanding of tags, we look at social cataloging systems, tagging systems where users tag books. Social cataloging systems allow us to compare user generated tags and expert library terms that were created in parallel. We find that tags have important features like consistency, quality, and completeness in common with expert library terms. We also find that paid tagging can be an effective supplement to a tagging system. Finally, our work expands to all microtasks, rather than tagging alone. We propose a framework called Human Processing for programming with and studying paid and unpaid microtasks. We then develop a tool called HPROC for programming within this framework, primarily on top of a paid microtask marketplace called Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT). Lastly, we describe Turkalytics, a system for monitoring of workers completing paid microtasks on AMT. We cover tagging from web search, machine learning, and library science perspectives, and work extensively with both the paid and unpaid microtasks which are becoming a fixture of the modern web.

Advisor: Garcia-Molina Hector primary advisor. Thesis advisor
Leskovec Jurij advisor. Thesis advisor
Paepcke Andreas
A technical comparison of voluntary and involuntary sustainable rating systems for building development [electronic resource]

ABSTRACT There are five different publications that establish guidelines for sustainable building development that are examined in this report: (1) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ("LEED"); (2) CalGreen; (3) the International Green Construction Code ("IGCC"); (4) ASHRAE Standard 189.1 ("Standard 189.1"); and (5) The San Francisco's Green Building Ordinance ("SFGBO"). Having multiple publications can cause confusion among building developers, architects, engineers, building consultants, or various jurisdictions on what publication to follow, use, or reference in building development projects. This thesis will provide various parties involved in building development a thorough understanding of each publication and the similarities or differences between them, which will ultimately assist in identifying areas for all publications to improve. Specifically, this thesis demonstrates that the Material and Energy sections for all the publications must advance beyond the current requirements. Also, the comparison validates that CalGreen's Tier 2 is similar to LEED's local ordinances, like the SFGBO. This may mean two things: (1) LEED will need to advance its gold or platinum certification requirements, or potentially become less relevant; or (2) local ordinances should reference or adopt CalGreen Tier 2 so that there is common language between local and state regulations. This thesis identifies that LEED has the most stringent guidelines under the Building Site section out of all the publications. Likewise, the IGCC and Standard 189.1 have provisions under Water Use that push beyond other publications. Additionally, similar language between LEED and Standard 189.1 was found, which was unsurprising as both publications are authored by the USGBC.

Advisor: Fischer Martin
Terrain relative navigation for sensor-limited systems with application to underwater vehicles [electronic resource]

Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) provides bounded-error localization relative to an environment by matching range measurements of local terrain against an a priori map. The environment-relative and onboard sensing characteristics of TRN make it a powerful tool for return-to-site missions in GPS-denied environments, with potential applications ranging from underwater and space robotic exploration to pedestrian indoor navigation. For many of these applications, available sensors may be limited by mission power/weight constraints, cost restrictions, and environmental effects (e.g. inability to use a magnetic compass in space). Such limitations not only degrade the accuracy of traditional navigation systems, but further impact the ability to successfully employ TRN. Consequently, despite numerous advances in TRN technology over the past several decades, the application of TRN has been restricted to systems with highly accurate and information-rich sensor systems. In addition, a limited understanding of the effects of map quality and sensor quality on TRN performance has overly restricted the types of missions for which TRN has been considered a viable navigation solution. This thesis develops two new capabilities for TRN methods, resulting in significantly increased TRN applicability. First, a tightly-coupled filtering framework is developed which enables the successful use of TRN on vehicles with both low-accuracy navigation sensors and simple, low-information range sensors. This new filtering framework has similarities to tightly-coupled integration methods for GPS-aided navigation systems. Second, a set of analysis and design tools based on the Posterior Cramer-Rao Lower Bound are developed which allow for reliable TRN performance predictions as a function of both sensor and map quality. These analyses include the development of a new terrain map error model based on the variogram which allows for performance prediction as a function of map resolution. These developed capabilities are validated through field demonstrations on Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) operated out of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), where available sensing has been limited primarily by cost. These trials include a real-time, closed-loop demonstration of the developed tightly-coupled TRN framework, enabling 5m accuracy return-to-site on a sensor-limited AUV where traditional TRN methods failed to provide better than 150m accuracy. The results further demonstrate the accurate prediction capability of the developed performance bounds on fielded systems, verifying their utility as design and planning tools for future TRN missions.

Keywords: Aeronautics and Astronautics
Advisor: Rock Stephen M. primary advisor. Thesis advisor
Enge Per advisor. Thesis advisor
Tomlin Claire J.
The Demise and Rise of Governance in Health Systems: A Path Forward

How can global health initiatives (GHIs) focused on funding service provision in the short term simultaneously encourage indigenous health governance? This thesis first offers a taxonomy of nine mechanisms at the community, district, and national levels identified from the literature as capable of improving health governance. Second, it utilizes the proposed taxonomy to evaluate the funding patterns of one GHI – the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Analysis of the first nine rounds of Global Fund grants awarded to 123 countries revealed that the Global Fund appears to base its funding decisions upon need – high disease burden and low GDP per capita – rather than on quality of governance. Upon further examination, a complicated relationship exists between grant size and disease burden with countries facing the greatest disease prevalence paradoxically receiving relatively fewer dollars per case than other recipient countries. The governance-improving activities offered in the taxonomy appeared in less than one-half, and in most cases less than one-fifth, of 287 grants analyzed from forty countries. This insufficient emphasis on governance improvement is likely due to an overriding emphasis on vertical disease eradication driven by donor demands of short term results rather than on broadly strengthening health systems for which measurement of results is more difficult and outcomes are slower to develop. Inadequate investment in governance threatens to hamper progress towards the health Millennium Development Goals and to jeopardize sustainability of short term improvements in health outcomes, especially as developing countries with large disease epidemics often face poor governance.

Keywords: CISAC
Center for International Security and Cooperation
Stanford University
global health
health governance
Thesis
Advisor: Wise Paul
The Effect of Health Insurance on Health Care Spending in Young Adults

Nearly a quarter of young adults between the ages of 19 and 23 are uninsured, making them the demographic most vulnerable to being uninsured in the United States. Young adults experience a sharp drop in health insurance rates at the age of 19 when they “age out” of their parents’ insurance plans. Exploiting this fact, I use a regression-discontinuity framework to explore the effect of health insurance on health care spending and to circumvent the usual problems of endogeneity. With data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey from 1996 through 2008, I estimate a 7% drop in insurance rates at the age of 19. I find that men spend significantly less on health care after this drop, and women spend more. With the passing of the 2010 Health Care Bill, we can expect young adults to rapidly become more insured. This paper’s results may provide insight into the policy’s potential consequences on health care spending.

Keywords:  Department of Economics
Stanford Department of Economics
United States
young adults
health insurance
Medical Expenditures Panel Survey
Thesis
Advisor: Bhattacharya Jayanta
The Effect of Hole Transport Material Pore Filling on Device Performance in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

This thesis documents a detailed investigation of the effect of hole transport material (HTM) pore filling on the photovoltaic performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ss-DSCs). The efficiency and photovoltaic characteristics of ss-DSCs improve significantly with the pore filling fraction (PFF) of the HTM 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9,9’- spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), and the mechanisms for these improvements were studied with transient absorption spectroscopy and transient photovoltage/photocurrent measurements. As the spiro-OMeTAD PFF is increased from 26% to 65%, there is a higher hole injection efficiency from dye cations to spiro-OMeTAD because more dye molecules are covered with spiro-OMeTAD, an order-of-magnitude slower recombination rate because holes can diffuse further away from the dye/HTM interface, and a 50% higher ambipolar diffusion coefficient due to an improved percolation network. Device simulations predict that if 100% PFF could be achieved for thicker devices, the efficiency of ss-DSCs using a conventional ruthenium-dye would increase by 25% beyond its current value.

Keywords: photovoltaic devices
solar cells
organic electronics
titanium dioxide
photochemistry
Thesis
Advisor: Stanford University Program in Engineering Physics
Clemens Bruce M.
McGehee Michael D.
The Effect of Preferential Trade Agreement: The Case of Brazil and the U.S

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have become a popular tool for regional economic cooperation. While the WTO system is hard to coordinate between all of its 153 member countries, a PTA can function as the alternative policy that involves only a selected number of countries. Despite its popularity, however, many economists are still skeptical of the effectiveness of PTAs. Some argue that PTAs might cause member countries to charge higher tariffs on non-members. Bagwell and Staiger (1998) propose that PTAs can help liberalize multilateral trade precisely when multilateral cooperation in the region is very low with the effects of a Custom Union (CU) less pronounced than that of a Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) in this regard. This paper provides an empirical test of their hypothesis by using Brazil and the U.S. data to test for the effect of a CU and a FTA, respectively. The study finds that the results from both countries strongly support Bagwell and Staiger‟s hypothesis. The results suggest that the less constrained each country is from binding tariff (i.e. when the multilateral cooperation in the region is low), the more it decreases applied MFN external tariffs over time. Moreover, a country decreases its MFN tariffs significantly more if its products are under a FTA but not as significant under a CU.

Keywords:  Department of Economics
Stanford Department of Economics
preferential trade agreement
regionalism
external tariffs
trade liberalization
Thesis
Advisor: Staiger Robert
The Effect of Privatization Method on Inequality in Eastern European Transition Economies

Transition economies in Eastern European experienced a drastic change in both income and consumption inequality following privatization of the public sector using voucher, sale, and management-employee buyout methods of privatization. This paper draws on the insights of Bennett, Estrin, and Urga’s (2007) study regarding the effect of privatization method on the growth rate of transition economies, and instead analyzes the effect of privatization method on income and consumption inequality. To do this, factors that contribute to the phenomenon of inequality are studied. The three privatization methods are demonstrated to have insignificant effects on changes in income inequality, but significant effects on changes in consumption inequality. The sale and management-employee buyout methods are shown to be associated with an increase in consumption inequality, while the voucher method is shown to be associated with a decrease in consumption inequality, for the decade following privatization.

Keywords:  Department of Economics
Stanford Department of Economics
privatization
transition economies
income inequality
consumption inequality
Gini coefficient
Thesis
Advisor: Shoven John B.
The Government-Sponsored Enterprises and the Mortgage Crisis: New Perspectives on the Debate

The U.S. mortgage crisis that began in 2007 generated questions about the role played by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) who dominate the secondary mortgage market, in its causes. Numerous scholars and the press have blamed the Affordable Housing Goals (AHGs), introduced by Congress through the GSE Act of 1992, and the single-family mortgages the GSEs purchased to meet those goals, for driving borrowers at high risk of default into the mortgage market. Using regression discontinuity analysis, this paper measures the effect of one of the goals, the Underserved Areas Goal (UAG), on the number of mortgages purchased by the GSEs in targeted census tracts from 1996 to 2002. Focusing additionally on tracts that became UAG-eligible in 2005-2006, when the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) began to determine eligibility using the 2000 Census, I measure the effect of the UAG on GSE purchases during peak years for the subprime mortgage market. The results suggest a small UAG effect and challenge the perspective that the GSEs‟ single-family mortgage purchases were the primary mechanism by which they increased the number of high-risk borrowers in the mortgage market during the years prior to the crisis.

Keywords:  Department of Economics
Stanford Department of Economics. GSE
low and moderate income
special affordable
financial crisis
Thesis
Advisor: Boskin Michael J.
The Indian’s Departure: The Removal of the Indian Mascot at Stanford University

The rise and fall of the Stanford Indian is a story that extends far beyond its 42-year tenure as the University mascot. Officially adopted in 1930, the Indian symbol was embedded in campus culture and could be found everywhere from jerseys to notebooks to bumper stickers. By the early 1950s, the Indian mascot was brought to life by a Yurok Indian named Timm Williams, who performed alleged cultural dances in full regalia at Stanford athletic events. Prince Lightfoot, as Williams’ character came to be known, was officially dropped as the school mascot along with the emblem in 1972, when the 55 Native Americans of the Stanford American Indian Organization (SAIO) petitioned to have the symbol and Prince Lightfoot removed. Though no longer present in day-to-day campus culture, the legacy of Prince Lightfoot lingers close to the surface.

Keywords: Native Americans
Native college students
Mascots
Stanford University
Athletics
Native American imagery
College students > Political activity
Thesis
The Market for Talent: Are Top Draft Picks Overpaid?

The National Basketball Association imposes two important, and unusual, restrictions on
its new employees: a draft, in which they are assigned a single employer with which they
can contract with, and a pay-scale, which prescribes maximum compensation levels for
up to the first four years of their careers. Using a sample of veteran players, who have
gone through free-agency, I establish the value owners ascribe to a player-season in the
open free-agent market. Comparing this value to player compensation, under rookie
contracts, allows me to examine the surplus generated by new players for their teams. I
find that the two rookie restrictions allow owners to extract significant monopsony rents
from new players; the rents are highest for top draft choices, and decline steeply as the
draft goes on, implying that owners are rational surplus-maximizers.

Keywords:  Department of Economics
Stanford Department of Economics
National Basketball Association
player compensation
rookie compensation
monopsony
collective bargaining
NBA draft
NBA rookie pay-scale
Thesis
Advisor: Noll Roger
The Non-Aligned Movement: A Struggle for Global Relevance

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) forms a powerful bloc in the United Nations and associated technical agencies. The movement was created during the height of the Cold War in response to tension between the Eastern and Western blocs with the goal of buffering NATO and the Warsaw Pact. However, the end of the Cold War did not bring about the end of the NAM – indeed, by some measures, the movement is stronger now than it was during the Cold War. Few researchers have endeavored to explain why this is the case. This thesis examines the puzzling persistence of the NAM, first telling a narrative history of the movement from its inception to the present, then presenting data as evidentiary proof of the NAM’s maintenance of cohesion, and finally analyzing this data and this narrative using international relations theory to explain the maintenance of NAM power. This thesis argues that the Non-Aligned Movement has persisted due to a rise in counterhegemonic ideology among NAM states, combined with pressure from radical NAM hawks and increased institutionalization.

Keywords: CISAC
Center for International Security and Cooperation
Stanford University
nonalignment
Thesis
Advisor: Krasner Stephen D.