VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Application of a challenge model to assess the protective efficacy of oral typhoid vaccines in humans
Keywords: Human challenge studies

Human infection by Salmonella Typhi has been occurring for the last 50,000 years and still accounts for &Tilde; 22million new cases each year worldwide. Through faeco-oral transmission, this human-restricted infection disproportionately affects the most impoverished sections of endemic communities where adequate sanitation infrastructure and effective vaccination approaches are lacking. Development of new control measures to accurately measure the burden of disease and to prevent infection with new vaccine candidates are hindered by an incomplete understanding of host-pathogen interactions and of what constitutes a protective human response after exposure.
In this thesis I describe the practical application of a recently developed human challenge model of typhoid infection in assessing new control measures, including the evaluation of the oral single-dose vaccine candidate, M01ZH09. In performing a large, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, I was able to measure the direct protective efficacy (PE) of vaccination with either M01ZH09 or 3-dose Ty21a by performing human challenge with 104CFU Salmonella Typhi, Quailes strain, 28-days later.
Using clinical and microbiological definitions to confirm typhoid diagnosis during a 14-day period after ingestion, I found insignificant levels of protection afforded by a single dose of M01ZH09 (12.9%), and a low PE after Ty21a vaccination (35%), demonstrating the stringency of the model and the endpoints used. Many additional insights into pathogen dynamics and host responses were found highlighting several important characteristics of oral vaccination. M01ZH09 was highly immunogenic, and both active vaccines significantly reduced bacterial burden (bacteraemia and stool shedding) while having no effect on symptomatic severity of infection in those diagnosed.
M01ZH09 receipt resulted in a significantly longer incubation period, suggesting underlying protective responses were being generated. Further findings included the first objective demonstration of primary bacteraemia occurring after typhoid exposure, and frequent asymptomatic infection or stool shedding in those exposed but remaining well. Overall, these data also demonstrated significant protective effects against challenge by anti-Vi antibody status and age at baseline. Taking these factors into account, M01ZH09 and Ty21a vaccination did convey an overall protective advantage against developing typhoid infection, each reducing the risk of diagnosis by ~two-fold during the challenge period.
Late-stage fluorination and perfluoroalkylation
Keywords: Trifluoromethylation
Fluorine
18F Radiochemistry
Fluorination
Photocatalysis
Perfluoroalkylation
Transition Metal Catalysis

In this thesis new synthetic routes towards perfluorinated compounds are described, as well as their radiolabelling with fluorine-18, with the aim of application in pharmaceutically interesting targets.
Part A investigates late-stage fluorination, i.e. retrosynthetic C–F bond disconnections. A silver catalysed electrophilic fluorodecarboxylation of fluorinated carboxylic acids for the formation of difluoromethyl-, trifluoromethyl-, and pentafluoroethylarenes is developed and transferred to a radiochemistry setting using [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate).
Part B explores late-stage perfluoroalkylation via cross-coupling strategies. The use of visible light-mediated ruthenium catalysis is investigated for the radical trifluoromethylation and pentafluoroethylation of vinyl- and alkynylsilanes and alkynes. Finally, the first generally applicable copper-mediated cross-coupling of Ruppert-Prakash-like aryl(tetrafluoroethyl)trimethylsilanes (ArCF2CF2SiMe3) is presented.
Of poems and propositions: T.S. Eliot and the linguistic turn
Keywords: Literature
Poetry
20th Century Literature
Phenomenology
Modernism
T.S. Eliot

This thesis describes how Eliot's concern for language and form finds roots in early twentieth century language philosophy. It also explores the way Eliot's early philosophical themes concerning language and meaning reemerge in his literary criticism and philosophical poetry during the 1920s and 1930s, and in his more explicitly philosophical Four Quartets. More significantly, this thesis historically elucidates Eliot's debt to the philosophies of Edmund Husserl and Bertrand Russell, reframing his philosophy within the two poles of the "Linguistic Turn". By closely examining Eliot's unpublished and only recently published essays and notes, the thesis unearths probable connections between Eliot's own philosophical interests and his later poetics, redefining his legacy as a prototypical modernist poet, and suggesting a new framework of study for scholars and students of literary modernism.
Active layer control for high efficiency perovskite solar cells
Keywords: Perovskites

The work documented in this thesis concerns the control and modification of semiconducting perovskite thin films for their use in perovksite solar cells (PSCs). PSCs are a promising new thin-film technology, offering both high solar to electricity conversion efficiencies and cheap fabrication costs. Herein, the boundaries of perovskite solar cell research are pushed further by tackling several challenges important to the field.
Initially, this work focuses on understanding why the best PSCs made so far have been mesostructured devices, with the perovskite infiltrated into a scaffold. It is shown that this can be seen as simply a fabrication aid; without the scaffold, thin films easily dewet from the substrate. By understanding the crucial parameters important in carefully controlling this dewetting, it is minimised, and it is shown that scaffold-free planar heterojunction devices with high efficiencies can be fabricated.
This work leads on to the next section; the development of semi-transparent perovskite solar cells. In their present state, PSCs cannot compete with silicon as stand-alone modules. Here, the morphological control has been leveraged to realise a different embodiment – semi-transparent perovskite devices for use in building-integrated photovoltaics. Competitive efficiency and transparency are demonstrated. Moreover, a hybrid self-tinting power-generating window concept is fabricated, by combining the photovoltaic and electrochromic technologies.
In the third section of the thesis, the limitations of the most studied perovskite material, methylammonium lead halide, are addressed: its overly wide bandgap and thermal instability. To address these, the chemical constituents of the perovksite are altered, and the development of more efficient and more stable materials are reported. These are likely to be important for perovskite modules to pass international certification requirements for commercialisation.
Finally, an in-depth study on the effect of ambient moisture, relevant for considering scale-up and the fabrication environment needed, is carried out. It is shown that the presence of some moisture during film fabrication allows a reduction of defect states in the perovskite material, enhancing device performance and film quality.
Security test and evaluation of cross domain systems
Keywords: cybersecurity

In practicable multi-level secure systems it is necessary occasionally to transfer information in violation of security policy. Machines for doing this reliably and securely are called cross domain solutions; systems incorporating them are cross domain systems. Data owners, especially in classified environments, tend to distrust other data owners, other systems and networks, their own users, and developers of cross domain solutions. Hence, data owners demand rigorous testing before they will allow their information into a cross domain system. The interests of data owners are represented by certifiers and accreditors, who test newly developed cross domain solutions and newly installed cross domain systems, respectively. Accreditors have the authority to grant approval to operate and the responsibility for accepting residual risk. Certification and accreditation have always been expensive and time consuming, but there are hidden inefficiencies and unexploited opportunities to predict the actions of accreditors and to control the cost of certification. Some case studies of successful and unsuccessful security certifications and accreditations were analysed using grounded theory methodology. It was discovered that inefficiency arises from conflation of the principle of defence in depth with the practice of independent verification and validation, resulting in an irresistible appearance of cost savings to managers with a possible explanation in the relative maturity of different levels of software engineering organisations with respect to policy, process, and procedures. It was discovered that there is a simple rule relating certifier findings to developer responses that predicts the duration of penetration testing and can be used to bound the schedule. An abstract model of cross domain system accreditation was developed that is sufficiently powerful to reason about collateral, compartmented, and international installations. It was discovered that the behaviour of accreditors satisfies the criteria for reliable signalling in the presence of asymmetric information due to Akerlof, Spence, and Stiglitz.
The climate of Mars from assimilations of spacecraft data
Keywords: numerical model
Mars Climate
dust climatology
Data Assimilation

The Mars climate has been explored using two reanalysis datasets based on combining spacecraft observations of temperature and dust with the UK version of the LMD Mars GCM. The semiannual oscillation (SAO) of zonal-mean zonal wind was studied using the existing Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation reanalysis during Mars Years (MYs) 24-27. The SAO of zonal-mean zonal wind was shown to exist and extend over a wide range of latitudes. The dynamical driving processes of the SAO in the tropics were investigated, and the forcing due to meridional advection appeared to be the main contributor to the SAO. The study also highlighted some phenomena associated with perturbations of the global circulation during the MY 25 global dust storm (GDS). The meridional advection term was shown to be weaker in the first half of GDS year MY 25 than in the following year, but the forcing due to meridional advection and westward thermal tides both appeared to intensify during the MY 25 GDS.
The capabilities of the Mars data assimilation system were also extended in this thesis, 1) to represent dynamic dust lifting and dust transport during the assimilation and 2) to assimilate measurements of the dust vertical distribution. The updated reanalysis was then used to study several major dust events during MY28-29. It proved able to reproduce a southward-moving regional dust storm without the overwhelming assistance of the assimilation. Dust devil lifting was found to at least partly provide the initial pattern of dust of this moving dust storm. The cold anomaly of the cooling zone beneath this dust storm could be as large as &Tilde; 2 K similar to the magnitude of what was found during the MY 25 GDS. Using the reanalysis, the life cycle of the planet-encircling global dust storm in MY28 was also studied. The Noachis dust storm that occurred just before the MY 28 GDS was found to be the joint result of a travelling Chryse storm, enhanced by dust lifting along its path and local dust lifting in Noachis itself. The adiabatic heating associated with the north polar warming that occurred during MY 28 GDS was up to &Tilde; 3 times as large as that found during the non-GDS year MY 29. The wind stress dust lifting was shown to in strong correlation with the global average dust loadings, and significantly decreased when the GDS decayed.
The Hofstadter model and other fractional chern insulators
Keywords: Fractional Chern insulators
The Hofstadter model

Fractional Chern insulators (FCIs) are strongly correlated, topological phases of matter that may exist on a lattice in the presence of broken time-reversal symmetry. This thesis explores the link between FCI states and the quantum Hall effect of the continuum in the context of the Hofstadter model, using a combination of nonperturbative, perturbative and numerical methods. We draw links to experimental realisations of topological phases, and go on to consider a novel way of generating general FCI states using strong interactions on a lattice.
We begin by considering the Hofstadter model at weak field, where we use a semiclassical analysis to obtain nonperturbative expressions for the band structure and Berry curvature of the single-particle eigenstates. We use this calculation to justify a perturbative approximation, an approach that we extend to the case when the amount of flux per plaquette is close to a rational fraction with a small denominator. We find that eigenstates of the system are single- or multicomponent wavefunctions that connect smoothly to the Landau levels of the continuum. The perturbative corrections to these are higher Landau level contributions that break rotational invariance and allow the perturbed states to adopt the symmetry of the lattice. In the presence of interactions, this approach allows for the calculation of generalised Haldane pseudopotentials, and in turn, the many-body properties of the system. The method is sufficiently general that it can apply to a wide variety of lattices, interactions, and magnetic field strengths.
We present numerical simulations of the Hofstadter model relevant to its recent experimental realisation using optical lattices, noting the additional complications that arise in the presence of an external trap.
Finally, we show that even if a noninteracting system is topologically trivial, it is possible to stabilise an FCI state by introducing strong interactions that break time-reversal symmetry. We show that this method may also be used to create a (time-reversal symmetric) fractional topological insulator, and provide numerical evidence to support our argument.
Manuscript recipe collections and elite domestic medicine in Eighteenth-Century England
Keywords: Healthcare
Remedies
Recipe Books
Elite
Domestic Medicine

Collecting recipes was an established tradition that continued in elite English households throughout the eighteenth century. This thesis is on medical recipes and advice, and it addresses the evolution of recipe collecting from the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. It investigates elite domestic medicine within a cultural history of medicine framework and uses social and material history approaches to reveal why elites continued to collect medical recipes, given the commercialisation of medicine. This thesis contends that the meaning of domestic medicine must be understood within a wider context of elite healthcare in order to appreciate how the recipe collecting tradition evolved alongside cultural shifts, and shifts within the medical economy. My re-appraisal of the meaning of domestic medicine gives elite healthcare a clearer role within the narrative of the social history of medicine. Elite healthcare was about choice. Wealthy individuals had economic agency in consumerism, and recipe compilers interacted with new sources of information and products; recipe books are evidence of this consumer engagement. In addition to being household objects, recipe books had cultural significance as heirlooms, and as objects of literacy, authority, and creativity. A crucial reason for the continuation of the recipe collecting tradition was due to its continued engagement with cultural attitudes towards social obligation, knowledge exchange, taste, and sociability as an intellectual pursuit. Positioning the household as an important space of creativity, experiment, and innovation, this thesis reinforces domestic medicine as an important part of the interconnected histories of science and medicine. This thesis moreover contributes to the social history of eighteenth-century England by demonstrating the central role domestic medicine had in elite healthcare, and reveals the elite reception of the commercialisation of medicine from a consumer perspective through an investigation of personal records of intellectual pastimes and patient experiences.
Muddy waters: political tensions and identity in the writings of Xu Wei (1521-1593)
Keywords: self-representation
Late Ming cultural history
Xu Wei, 1521-1593

The late Ming artist and poet Xu Wei 徐渭 (1521-1593) is most well known for his self-representation as a cultured "mountain hermit" and "eccentric", pursuing the literary ideals of originality, simple language and direct emotional expression. His wild ink-brush paintings, mental instability, numerous suicide attempts and the murder of this third wife all helped to consolidate Xu's image as China's Van Gogh. However, later hagiographies of Xu as the "patron saint of eccentrics" have led to a one dimensional view of Xu.
This thesis presents Xu as someone who explored and wrestled with different and sometimes contradictory self-representations against a thorny political and social backdrop. It moves away from Xu's "eccentric" persona, instead examining his writings within the political context of the 16th century.
Against the backdrop of Mongol and pirate invasions, Xu's close friend Shen Lian was executed by the Chief Grand Secretary Yan Song and his clique. Yet only a month after his friend’s execution, Xu switched sides and worked as a ghost-writer for Hu Zongxian, a protégé of Yan Song. Yet with the fall of Yan Song in 1562 and the arrest of Hu Zongxian, this became an embarrassment for Xu. Fearing that he would be implicated with the Yan Song clique, Xu distanced himself from his flattering ghost-written poems. Overwhelmed by feelings of guilt, he explored the complexities of loyalty and identity in his poetry.
Xu's career is representative of many Ming scholars who were frustrated by examination failure and the inability to find an official post. His literary ideals contradicted with lived reality. Xu is unique among Ming literati in voicing these contradictions.
Towards storage and retrieval of non-classical light in a broadband quantum memory - An investigation of free-space and cavity Raman memories
Keywords: Quantum memory
Temporal multiplexing for photonic quantum information processing

Photonic quantum information processing has emerged as a powerful platform for realising quantum-enhanced technologies. In order to be scalable, many of these technologies depend on the availability of a suitable quantum memory for the coherent storage and on-demand retrieval of photonic quantum states.
In this thesis, I investigate broadband light storage in a room-temperature Raman memory, implemented both in free space and, for the first time, inside a low-finesse optical cavity designed for low-noise operation.
The ability of the Raman memory to preserve phase coherence was tested by storing coherent polarisation states in two spatially separate atomic ensembles. Polarisation storage with a fidelity of up to 97 ± 1% was demonstrated by performing full process tomography on the system.
The Raman memory was then interfaced for the first time with a spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) source of heralded, GHz-bandwidth single photons. The memory performance was characterised by measuring the second-order autocorrelation of the retrieved fields. While the SPDC input photon statistics showed a clear influence on the statistics of the retrieved field, four-wave mixing (FWM) noise, stimulated by spontaneous Raman scattering, prevented the preservation of non-classical photon statistics during read-out.
Suppressing this source of noise represents the last remaining challenge for realising a broadband single-photon Raman memory suitable for quantum information applications. To this end, I demonstrate a novel cavity implementation of the Raman memory which reduces the FWM contribution relative to the signal field by re-distributing the density of states into which the noise photons can be scattered. Cavity-enhanced memory operation was investigated using weak coherent input states, showing a significant improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio compared to the free-space memory implementation. This proof-of-principle demonstration suggests that cavity Raman memories may offer a practical route towards low-noise, high-bandwidth quantum storage at room temperature.
Recording classical music in Britain: the long 1950s
Keywords: Recording engineer
History and analysis of recording
Classical music
Sound recording industry
1950s
Record producer

During the 1950s the experience of recording was transformed by a series of technical innovations including tape recording, editing, the LP record, and stereo sound. Within a decade recording had evolved into an art form in which multiple takes and editing were essential components in the creation of an illusory ideal performance. The British recording industry was at the forefront of development, and the rapid growth in recording activity throughout the 1950s as companies built catalogues of LP records, at first in mono but later in stereo, had a profound impact on the music profession in Britain. Despite this, there are few documented accounts of working practices, or of the experiences of those involved in recording at this time, and the subject has received sparse coverage in academic publications.
This thesis studies the development of the recording of classical music in Britain in the long 1950s, the core period under discussion being 1948 to 1964. It begins by considering the current literature on recording, the cultural history of the period in relation to classical music, and the development of recording in the 1950s. Oral history informs the central part of the thesis, based on the analysis of 89 interviews with musicians, producers, engineers and others involved in recording during the 1950s and 1960s. The thesis concludes with five case studies, four of significant recordings – Tristan und Isolde (1952), Peter Grimes (1958), Elektra (1966-67), and Scheherazade (1964) – and one of a television programme, The Anatomy of a Record (1975), examining aspects of the recording process.
The thesis reveals the ways in which musicians, producers, and engineers responded to the challenges and opportunities created by advances in technology, changing attitudes towards the aesthetics of performance on record, and the evolving nature of practices and relationships in the studio. It also highlights the wider impact of recording on musical practice and its central role in helping to raise standards of musical performance, develop audiences for classical music, and expand the repertoire in concert and on record.