VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
The common voice of the people: the importance of proclamation in Archaic and Classical Greece with special respect to Athens
Keywords: writing
orality
Greek history
communication
heralds

The Common Voice of the People is a study of the importance of heralds and their proclamations to the communal life of the ancient Athenian polis in the Archaic and Classical periods. This dissertation aims to contribute to the growing body of modern scholarship on issues of public communication, the tension between literacy and orality, the importance of ritual in the ancient polis, and the varied roles and identities of Greek heralds. While there has been a great focus in recent scholarship on literacy and the written record, the official place of orality within the Classical polis has been neglected, and until now there has never been a full scale study of heralds and their place within the community. Building upon the recent scholarship on news dispersal within the polis I have explored the positions and roles of the ancient Athenian heralds within their community, and the historical progression of the herald’s position from Geometric Greece to the end of the Classical world. I have sought to determine what their importance and the importance of their proclamations was to the proper functioning of the Athenian community. Marshalling evidence from both literary and epigraphic evidence I employed these deductions about heralds to further explore the importance of both official state and unofficial citizen proclamations in the spread of news and within established ritual. This work explores a range of topics concerning polis life such as religion, civil communication, public notice, private citizen disinheritances and manumissions, international communication, Imperial Athenian attitudes towards subject allies, and the necessity of proclamation to the conferral of honor. The Common Voice of the People demonstrates the depth of integration of heralds and oral communication within a variety of aspects of polis life, the surprising absence of heralds from certain central aspects of internal Athenian communication, and the continued importance of orality as both a practical and ceremonial aspect of official forms of communication and ritual in an increasingly literate classical Athens.
Characterising the role of circulating immune cells in brain metastasis
Keywords: brain metastasis
breast cancer
animal models

Brain metastasis is a frequent occurrence in cancer patients and carries a high mortality rate. The incidence of brain metastasis is on the rise, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic intervention. Immune cells have been shown to promote disseminated tumour cells to colonise the lung and liver. Therefore, we aim to determine whether immune cells also facilitate brain metastasis by describing the host immune response to tumour cells attached to the brain vasculature.
We developed a model of brain metastasis by using ultrasound guidance to perform intracardiac injection of tumour cells. Using this method, we identified highly and weakly brain metastatic cell lines. To understand how cancer cells develop into brain metastases, we analysed brains harvested 4 h- 14 d after tumour injections.
At 4 h after intracardiac injection, only cell lines that developed into brain metastases were found adhered to the brain vasculature in high numbers. A small number of arrested tumour cells clustered with CD45⁺ immune cells. These tumour-CD45 clusters persisted over time whilst the frequency of solitary tumour cells declined. Tumour-associated CD45⁺ immune cells were identified to be Ly6G⁺Gr-1⁺CD11c⁻ myeloid cells. Considerably more tumour-CD45⁺ immune cell clusters were found within the brain vasculature when tumour cells were injected into mice bearing a primary tumour. Increased tumour-CD45⁺ immune cells clusters correlated with an increased number of brain metastases in the same group of mice. We also found a positive association between increased tumour-immune clusters and levels of tumour and host derived G-CSF. To establish a causal relationship between tumour cell-CD45 clusters and metastases, we developed an experimental setup for transcranial imaging. Our results suggest that tumour recruited immune cells may promote tumour cell colonisation of the brain and provides a framework for further investigation.
Dimensionality-property relationships in functional hexahydroxytriphenylene- and cyanide-containing materials
Keywords: functional materials
crystallography
dimensionality

This thesis focuses on materials whose properties are directly linked with the dimensionality of their structures. We utilise diffraction techniques to characterise three systems. The first of these is an organic crystal, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene tetrahydrate that contains one-dimensional water channels. These channels are polar and net polarity is achieved at low temperatures. The structure undergoes a phase transition to a non-polar state at higher temperatures. Mapping this finding onto an Ising model is undertaken in this thesis. We also investigate the possibility of transforming the same crystals to an organic metal with oxidation. Furthermore, this work characterises two-dimensional layered structures silver(I) tricyanomethanide and nickel(II) cyanide. We show that the former possesses the unprecedented property of negative area compressibility and the latter shows ordinary compressibility behaviour. Both these structures exhibit area negative thermal expansion. Finally, we investigate copper(II) and cobalt(II) doping into the structure of nickel(II) cyanide and demonstrate that the latter leads to a 10-fold increase in area negative thermal expansion.
Honorific statuary in the third century AD
Keywords: Emperor
Portrait
Leptis
Athens
Roman
Inscription
Aphrodisias
Ephesus
Imperial
Statue
Lepcis
Ephesos

The habit of honouring outstanding individuals with statues was common throughout the Roman Empire. Yet after the end of the Severan reign at the beginning of the third century AD, a decrease in honorific statues is generally assumed to have taken place. This thesis aims to evaluate this hypothesis, focusing specifically on the years AD 222-285. The thesis is assessing the contemporaneous imperial remains for the Roman Empire as a whole and the evidence from four exemplary cities that are particularly conspicuous in their statuary production and display, both before and after the time frame under investigation (Leptis Magna, Athens, Ephesus, Aphrodisias). The purpose is to explore the standards, conventions, and limitations of statuary practice in Roman society in a synthetic and comparative analysis and thereby to evaluate its political and social role during a state of internal and external instability, labelled 'the third century crisis'. By providing concrete figures, the practice of the third century can be juxtaposed with both the antecedent and subsequent centuries and this will facilitate a more coherent insight into the overall development and changes in Roman honorific statuary practice. The results suggest that the assumed decline in the number of statuary installations might have to be re-evaluated. It has become apparent that in order to obtain comparable numbers, the inclusion of imperial family members in any statistical evaluation is indispensable, a factor which has previously been disregarded. A gradual decrease cannot be supported and neither can a decrease in the appreciation of honours.
Theology and university: Friedrich Schleiermacher, Karl Hagenbach, and the project of theological encyclopaedia in nineteenth-century Germany
Keywords: Karl Hagenbach
Friedrich Schleiermacher
university theology
historicism
theological encyclopaedia
Friedrich Schelling
Wissenschaft
organization of knowledge
speculative theology
theology as science
historicization
mediating theology
academic theology

This study examines the rise, development, and crisis of theological encyclopaedia in nineteenth-century Germany. As introductory textbooks for theological study in the university, works of theological encyclopaedia addressed the pressing questions facing theology as a ‘science’ (Wissenschaft), a rigorous, critical discipline deserving of a seat in the modern university. The project of theological encyclopaedia, I argue, functioned as the place where theological reflection and the requirements of the institutional setting in which that reflection occurred—here the German university—converged. I explore its roots as a pioneering idealist model for organizing knowledge in the German university system in the late eighteenth century. I focus especially on Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), the father of modern Protestantism and principal intellectual architect of the University of Berlin (1810). Schleiermacher’s programme transformed the scholarly theological enterprise into one defined in terms of science. That transformation laid the groundwork for the later historicization of theology, which I investigate in the two predominant ‘schools’ of German university theology in the middle of the nineteenth century, the Hegelian ‘speculative’ school and ‘mediating theology’ (Vermittlungstheologie). Among the latter, I emphasize the remarkable international influence of the Swiss-German Karl Hagenbach (1801–74), whose theological encyclopaedia was among the most widely read theological books in German-speaking Europe from the 1830s through World War I. Finally, I analyze the project’s downfall in the context of Wilhelmine Germany and the Weimar Republic, beset by radical disciplinary specialization, a crisis of historicism, and the attacks of dialectical theology. Throughout, I contend that theological encyclopaedia represented the institutionalization of the idea of theology as science, which furnishes an explanatory grid for understanding the relationship between theology and the university. The project resulted in a powerful synthesis that fundamentally shaped the reigning theological paradigms in nineteenth-century Germany and beyond.
A method for the identification of biological pathways
Keywords: gene networks
genomics
computational biology

Plenty of gene variants have been associated with disease, indicating widespread genetic heterogeneity, which leaves the molecular basis of complex diseases unclear. However, it is widely postulated that the products of genes whose mutations are implicated in the same disease function together in the same biological pathways and it is the disruption of these pathways that underlies the disease. Such pathways are not well defined and their identification could help elucidate disease mechanisms. To discern molecular pathways of relevance to complex disease, I have inferred functional associations between human genes from diverse data types and assessed these associations with a novel phenotype-based method. I could confirm the hypothesis that dysfunctions of genes associated with each other in terms of functional genomic and proteomic data tend to give rise to the same disease. Examining the functional association between disease-associated gene variants, I have found that genes implicated through de novo sequence variants are biased in their coding sequence length and that longer genes tend to cluster together in gene networks, leading to exaggerated p-values in functional studies. I have controlled for the confounding bias and, testing different data sources, found that an integrated phenotypic-linkage network offers superior power to detect functional associations among genes mutated in the same disease. Applying these methods to clinical phenotypes related to intellectual disability, I have observed an increased predictive potential in identifying genes associated with these phenotypes. I have also performed case–control association analyses of variants from an exome-sequencing study of Parkinson’s disease and tested the functional associations of the mutated genes. I have advanced a framework for the identification of biological pathways disrupted in complex disorders, also demonstrating the suitability of this method to functionally sub-cluster the gene variants underlying a complex disorder, with implications for the understanding of disease mechanisms.
Multi-scale modelling of blood flow in the coronary microcirculation
Keywords: homogenisation
blood flow
microvascular networks
Darcy flow
microcirculation

The importance of coronary microcirculatory perfusion is highlighted by the severe impact of microvascular diseases such as diabetes and hypertension on heart function. Recently, highly-detailed three-dimensional (3D) data on ex vivo coronary microvascular structure have become available. However, hemodynamic information in individual myocardial capillaries cannot yet be obtained using current in vivo imaging techniques. In this thesis, a novel data-driven modelling framework is developed to predict tissue-scale flow properties from discrete anatomical data, which can in future be used to aid interpretation of coarse-scale perfusion imaging data in healthy and diseased states. Mathematical models are parametrised by the 3D anatomical data set of Lee (2009) from the rat myocardium, and tested using flow measurements in two-dimensional rat mesentery networks.
Firstly, algorithmic and statistical tools are developed to separate branching arterioles and venules from mesh-like capillaries, and then to extract geometrical properties of the 3D capillary network. The multi-scale asymptotic homogenisation approach of Shipley and Chapman (2010) is adapted to derive a continuum model of coronary capillary fluid transport incorporating a non-Newtonian viscosity term. Tissue-scale flow is captured by Darcy's Law whose coefficient, the permeability tensor, transmits the volume-averaged capillary-scale flow variations to the tissue-scale equation. This anisotropic permeability tensor is explicitly calculated by solving the capillary-scale fluid mechanics problem on synthetic, stochastically-generated periodic networks parametrised by the geometrical data statistics, and a thorough sensitivity analysis is conducted. Permeability variations across the myocardium are computed by parametrising synthetic networks with transmurally-dependent data statistics, enabling the hypothesis that subendocardial permeability is much higher in diastole to compensate for severely-reduced systolic blood flow to be tested. The continuum Darcy flow model is parametrised by purely structural information to provide tissue-scale perfusion metrics, with the hypothesis that this model is less sensitive and more reliably parametrised than an alternative, estimated discrete network flow solution.
Theoretical problems in global seismology and geodynamics
Keywords: viscoelasticity
seismic wave propagation
normal modes

In Chapter 2, we consider the hydrostatic equilibrium figure of a rotating earth model with arbitrary radial density profile. We derive an exact non-linear partial differential equation describing the equilibrium figure. Perturbation theory is used to obtain approximate forms of this equation, and we show that the first-order theory is equivalent to Clairaut's equation.
In Chapter 3, a method for parametrizing the possible equilibrium stress fields of a laterally heterogeneous earth model is described. In this method a solution of the equilibrium equations is first found that satisfies some desirable physical property. All other solutions can be written as the sum of this equilibrium stress field and a divergence-free stress tensor field whose boundary tractions vanish.
In Chapter 4, we consider the minor vector method for the stable numerical solution of systems of linear ordinary differential equations. Results are presented for the application of the method to the calculation of seismic displacement fields in spherically symmetric, self-gravitating earth models.
In Chapter 5, we present a new implementation of the direct solution method for calculating normal mode spectra in laterally heterogeneous earth models. Numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of this method for performing large mode coupling calculations.
In Chapter 6, we consider the theoretical basis for the viscoelastic normal mode method which is used in studies of seismic wave propagation, post-glacial rebound, and post-seismic deformation. We show how the time-domain solution to the viscoelastodynamic equation can be written as a normal mode sum in a rigorous manner.
Long distance entanglement distribution
Keywords: Networks
Entanglement
Percolation

Developments in the interdisciplinary field of quantum information open up previously impossible abilities in the realms of information processing and communication. Quantum entanglement has emerged as one property of quantum systems that acts as a resource for quantum information processing and, in particular, enables teleportation and secure cryptography. Therefore, the creation of entangled resources is of key importance for the application of these technologies. Despite a great deal of research the efficient creation of entanglement over long distances is limited by inevitable noise. This problem can be overcome by creating entanglement between nodes in a network and then performing operations to distribute the entanglement over a long distance.
This thesis contributes to the field of entanglement distribution within such quantum networks. Entanglement distribution has been extensively studied for one-dimensional networks resulting in "quantum repeater" protocols. However, little work has been done on higher dimensional networks. In these networks a fundamentally different scaling, called "long distance entanglement distribution", can appear between the resources and the distance separating the systems to be entangled. I reveal protocols that enable long distance entanglement distribution for quantum networks composed of mixed state and give a few limitations to the capabilities of entanglement distribution.
To aid in the implementation of all entanglement distribution protocols I finish by introducing a new system, composed of an optical nanofibre coupled to a carbon nanotube, that may enable new forms of photo-detectors and quantum memories.
IO power from within? UNHCR's surrogate statehood in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda
Keywords: international organisations
refugees
international relations
surrogate state
UNHCR

This thesis examines the role of international organizations (IOs) at the domestic level. While International Relations (IR) offers an extensive literature on IOs, with understandings of IOs ranging from instruments of states to autonomous actors, it tends to ignore the role of IOs working at the domestic level, with an 'on-the-ground' presence of their own, and what this means for the IO's relationship with the state.
The thesis develops a heuristic framework for understanding what is called IO 'domestication', which outlines a range of ways an IO can work domestically. It then focuses on one type domestication in particular: surrogate statehood, or cases where an IO substitutes for the state by providing services, executing functions of governance, and assuming authority in a given locale. The framework identifies indicators of surrogacy, the conditions for IO surrogacy, and reasons why it is sustained. It also considers the various types of relationship that can emerge from IO surrogacy between the IO and the state, ranging from states that willingly choose to abdicate responsibility to the IO, to states that partner with the IO. Empirically, the thesis examines these relationships through the case studies of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, which present a spectrum of UNHCR’s surrogacy over time.
Ultimately, the thesis puts forth a counterintuitive claim: IOs that take on surrogate state properties actually have less influence on the states in which they are working. The analysis draws on two mechanisms to help explain this outcome: marginalisation of the state, and responsibility shifting.
Using commensals as proxies for historical inference in the Indian ocean: genetic and zooarchaeological perspectives
Keywords: Rattus rattus
Phylogeography
Mus musculus
Indian Ocean
Suncus murinus

The human-abetted introduction of commensal species (i.e. those that opportunistically exploit the anthropogenic environment for food and shelter, e.g. rats, cockroaches etc.) to new areas has occurred throughout history. This has resulted in detrimental ecological changes worldwide but, from a viewpoint of human knowledge, a beneficial corollary of these translocations is that the species in question can be used as proxies to study the movement of the humans who transported them. I reconstruct colonisation histories of three widespread commensal mammalian species in the Western Indian Ocean, the black rat Rattus rattus, house mouse Mus musculus and Asian house shrew Suncus murinus, through phylogeographic studies (the geographic distribution of genetic lineages) of maternally-inherited mitochondrial markers, and zooarchaeological data. The DNA analyses are conducted on samples largely derived from museum specimens collected up to 110 years ago, and from archaeological bones (in the case of rats). I show considerable cryptic diversity in all three species, particularly in mice for which we find a potential major new lineage. Certain lineages within each species predominantly reveal long-distance translocations within the Indian Ocean, but high resolution geographic and genetic clustering is also evident, particularly in Asian house shrews. Phylogeographic structuring of the three species in East Africa and the southern Indian Ocean region (e.g. Madagascar, Reunion, etc.) indicate connections with Arabia, the Middle East, and India in the Islamic period from the first millennium AD, and later European connections during the Age of Exploration. Closer to the origins of the three species (the Indian subcontinent in all cases), range expansions in Eurasia and nearby islands relate to early to mid Holocene human populations, but also with signals of later secondary colonisations. Through ancient DNA studies I found genetic continuity between temporally separated populations of black rats suggesting population persistence, and high levels of diversity in Songo Mnara, a Swahili stonetown in Tanzania. Knowledge of the colonisation history and genetic diversity of an introduced species is essential to understand their resilience in novel landscapes, and to identify pathways of invasion and, by proxy, human trade and exchange networks that facilitated their dispersal. My research contributes significantly to that end for three socially, economically and ecologically important species that are well-established in the Indian Ocean region and beyond.