VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Settling pharmaceutical patent litigation through reverse payments: contrasting views
Keywords: Patent medicines, Law and legislation
Patent medicines, United States
Patent suits, United States

The pharmaceutical market in the United States has been facing a severe problem of raising prices, partially because the granting of weak patents increases the number of patent-based monopolies. This problem was partially addressed by the U.S. Congress through the Hatch-Waxman amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act which gave generic applicants bonuses for litigating against pharmaceutical patents, which have been used by these applicants and patentees to enter into exclusionary agreements in exchange for a so-called "reverse" payment. In this thesis I propose a new understanding of Hatch-Waxman as a limitation on patent rights which would not permit agreements including reverse payments, and explain why the focus to fully solve this problem should not be left entirely to courts, but instead should be placed on improving granting of patents.
The every day as sacred: trailing back by the spiritual proof fence in the academy
Keywords: Spirituality
Education, Higher
Scholars
Political activists

Fifteen racially minoritized faculty from different disciplines, ethnicities and spiritual traditions participated in this qualitative based study which employed a spiritually based epistemological framework. I interviewed these scholars using an open ended format for approximately three to six hours each and collected documents such as life notes, curriculum vitae, published articles and syllabi constructed by participants. I analyzed this sacred data using a combination of theoretical frameworks, including anti-colonial, indigenous knowledge, critical faith-based and sacred subjectivity perspectives. The purpose of my research is to understand how a socially diverse group of spiritually-minded activist scholars integrate their spirituality into their academic activities in the Canadian university context. My primary goal here is to make visible the experiences of spiritually minded academics as they integrate spirituality into academic spaces in the face of hegemonic structures, thus revealing the role of spirituality in social transformation within and outside the academy. I found that spiritually-minded activist scholars were engaging in a spiritual praxis to transgress the norms of the academy in their academic practices. A spiritual praxis (1) encompasses a spiritual worldview, ways of knowing, and a way of being in the every day world; (2) recognizes that being spiritual is a difficult process that involves engaging with and preventing the daily oppression of oneself and others (human and non-humans). This involves recognizing spirituality as the source of healing or as a way of being grounded in a philosophy of possibility; (3) recognizes one's agency has spiritual roots. I examine and provide examples of how a spiritual praxis was operationalized in the context of teaching inside and outside the classroom, in research practices, academic theorization, development of curriculum and assignments, activism within the academy, resisting academic capitalism and individual productivity, and undoing student harassment. I end with a discussion of the scholarly implications of this research, and strategies and recommendations for centring spirituality in the academy.
Firearms control in Canada: Bill-C-68 and its amendments to the forfeiture of firearms and weapons provisions in the Criminal Code
Keywords: Firearms, Law and legislation
Firearms, Canada

This thesis presents a history of firearms control in Canada in an effort to provide an understanding of the views held by opponents of increasingly stringent firearms control legislation. It examines the most common arguments forwarded by the opponents and concludes that the Canadian courts have not followed their reasoning. Attempting to provide a more fruitful means of protecting the fundamental rights of lawful owners of firearms, the author focuses on the post-Bill C-68 mandatory forfeiture provisions in s. 491 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The author demonstrates that the mandatory forfeiture provisions infringe upon the s. 8 Charter right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. The author then engages in a s. 1 Charter analysis and concludes that the limit on the s. 8 Charter right is not reasonable and demonstrably justified, and proposes that the provision be declared unconstitutional under s. 52(1) of the Charter.
The politics of market reform in India: The fragile basis of paradigm shift
Keywords: Economics, India

This thesis poses two related questions: why, in 1991, did the Indian government set upon a program of market reform that signalled a major break from the country's long-held commitment to a heavily statist development strategy, and why, furthermore, has this radical initiative persisted, despite several changes in government since its inception? In contrast to purely state-centric and society-centric perspectives on the question, I offer a layered explanation that adds a crucial global dimension. I point to the decisiveness of the international financial institutions' role in orchestrating the policy change---decisive because, in the absence of the IFIs' influence, it is unlikely the policy shift would have amounted to a shift in paradigm, which implies a fundamental transformation in the hierarchy of policy goals. ...
Becoming fashionable: Actresses, fashion, and the development of American consumer culture, 1893--1919
Keywords: Consumption (Economics), United States
Consumers, Attitudes
Fashion, History
Fashion, United States

This dissertation examines the convergence of the theatre and fashion industries in New York City between 1893 and 1919 and considers the extent to which a heightened emphasis on accurate and expensive costuming in contemporary society drama, vaudeville, and the revue transformed the commercial theatre into a fashion showroom. Bridging recent work in theatre history, cultural studies, film history, fashion history, and women's history, I argue that this "revolution in modern gowns" facilitated a new and complicated dynamic among actresses, theatre managers and producers, female audiences, fashion designers, and beauty product manufacturers. My goal in exploring this dynamic is to demonstrate how turn-of-the-century concerns about gender, class, and race became intertwined with the development of mass consumption and the cult of celebrity. The "revolution in modern gowns" set into play a series of complex and contradictory processes that redefined what it meant to be a professional actress, intensified competition between "stage-struck girls" and established theatrical performers, changed the way audiences---predominantly women---went to the theatre, gave managers an opportunity to strengthen business relationships with advertisers, influenced the American fashion industry, and fostered the development of a cult of celebrity. ...
Immigrants' integration seen through the prism of multiculturalism: a comparative analysis of policies and educational provisions to facilitate integration, based on the case studies of Canada and Italy
Keywords: Emigration and immigration
Immigrants, Education
Immigrants, Government policy
Assimilation (Sociology)
Social work with immigrants
Cultural pluralism, Canada
Cultural pluralism, Italy

This dissertation is a comparative analysis of policies and programs supporting newcomers' integration, based on case studies of Canada and Italy. Immigrants' integration is defined as a two-way process composed of different phases, which in its final phase brings into equal membership those groups recently arrived in the host country and those belonging to the receiving society. Because immigrants mainly settle in large urban centres, the scope of the research concentrates on the cities of Toronto in Ontario and Rome in Lazio. The study is multidisciplinary as it draws from literature in the fields of comparative and international education, and comparative policy analysis as well as from migration, multiculturalism and citizenship theories. The research approach adopted is grounded theory and the methodology is qualitative. The comparative analysis involved a juxtaposition of the policy and institutional framework existing in both countries to support the integration process. A comparison of formal and informal educational provisions, which facilitate newcomers' integration, was also carried out. The opinions of 23 key informants working in different government and non-government agencies provided insightful information on such issues as implementation problems, policy directions, and hindrances encountered by immigrants. The study focuses on the role of education in the integration process. Education, in the broad sense, has the dual role of facilitating the adaptation of newcomers in the new society as well as helping the adaptation of the host society towards diversity. Many similarities have emerged from the research, such as the policy language on integration and some ‘types’ of educational provisions implemented. Several problems have been identified in both systems in terms of the challenges encountered by immigrants in the integration process. There is, however, a fundamental difference in the ‘approach’ towards immigrants undertaken by the governments of the two countries at study. In Italy, an immigrant is still regarded as the ‘other’, as a ‘stranger’. In Canada, immigrants and refugees are considered future citizens. Diversity policies such as the official Canadian Multiculturalism Policy allow a country to embrace a pluralistic vision of national identity, which is inclusive of all groups, regardless of ethnicity, culture, language, and religion.
Suppression of premature ignition in the pre-mixed inlet flow of a shcramjet
Keywords: Pipe, Fluid dynamics
Internal combustion engines, Ignition
Airplanes, Ramjet engines

This thesis addresses premature ignition in the inlet of a shock-induced combustion ramjet (shcramjet). A cantilevered ramp injector maintains a buffer region between the hydrogen fuel and the boundary layer only until the final 15% of the inlet where substantial premature ignition occurs. Both gaseous nitrogen and additional hydrogen are then injected using various geometries and inflow conditions in an attempt to suppress the flame. Premature ignition is suppressed most feasibly by the injection of additional hydrogen through a backwards-facing step located just before the second inlet shock, such that the global equivalence ration of the pre-mixed flow exiting the inlet is one. The mixture is further subjected to shock-induced combustion where the combustion region required for maximum heat release is less than 20% of the inlet length. Numerical simulation predicts a fuel specific impulse of 700 seconds for this preliminary shcramjet engine.
Factoring genetic determinism: an analysis of sociogbiological discourse and debate and their presentations in biology textbooks
Keywords: Sociobiology
Biopolitics
Social evolution
Genetic psychology
Discourse analysis
Textbook bias
Biology, Textbooks

This thesis is about sociobiology, especially human sociobiological discourse, and its emergence as a paradigm especially through the formulations of E. O. Wilson. It asks two distinct and related questions. The first question asks why and how has the general project of Wilsonian or determinist human sociobiology has maintained its appeal and continued to garner popularity and support despite the many cogent and detailed critiques. The second question, covered in part two of this thesis, asks how the sociobiological controversy is presented in three biology textbooks. Part one of this work examines the development of human sociobiology and its related disciplines and the debates that have arisen around this paradigm. It chronicles how this Wilsonian human sociobiological discourse constructs its legitimacy, the major issues critics have raised and recent developments in human sociobiology and related fields. It also suggests modified epistemological positions and avenues of critique. As such, this work utilizes theory developed within utilizes theory developed within science studies, hegemony studies, discourse theory, textual analysis, and science education. Part Two examines three textbooks used in Ontario Academic Courses (OACs) in biology in high school in grade thirteen in Ontario. These texts are similar if not identical to textbooks used in introductory biology courses in universities in North America. This textual analysis, examines how the textbooks portray sociobiology and the related fields of genetics, evolutionary theory and the nature of science itself. This analysis provides a way both to gauge the influence of Wilsonian human and nonhuman sociobiological discourse and to gauge the ways in which this controversial issue is handled by the texts. This analysis finds that all three textbooks fail to use sociobiology as an example of a scientific controversy to engage students in a discussion of this topic. They also fail to engage students in any of the collateral controversial issues in genetics, evolutionary theory and the nature of science itself. This work also borrows from the constructivist, Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STS-E), and nature of science movements within science education and begins to make recommendations for teachers and textbook authors regarding the teaching and presentations of sociobiology and the nature of science debates.
Ancient Northwest Semitic inscriptions: A syntactic and literary analysis
Keywords: Semitic languages
Linguistics

Northwest Semitic syntax has been explored extensively on a phrasal and clausal level. This has contributed much to our understanding of the languages in this linguistic family. There have also been numerous studies on micro level, and isolated occurrences of literary devices within the corpus of texts. This dissertation will examine Northwest Semitic inscriptional material from the 10 th -5 th centuries B.C., and include writings from the Phoenician, Moabite and Hebrew languages The inscriptions will be analyzed based on a text level approach, and it will be demonstrated how clauses and sentences work together to form larger syntactic units. Additionally, the literary structure of the texts will be defined, and macro level literary devices will be demonstrated as operative within the inscriptions. As these larger levels of literary devices can only be detected when viewed in combination with the syntax of the compositions as a whole, the two approaches will be examined independently, yet cooperatively. Thus the syntax and literary structure of the texts will complement each other, as the syntax is the vehicle that conveys the literary devices within the inscriptions.
Investigating consumers' purchase incidence, brand choice and purchase quantity decisions in frequently purchased categories---implications for pricing and promotional policies for retailers and manufacturers
Keywords: Marketing
Dissertations, Academic, Canada

This thesis investigates implications for pricing and promotional policies for retailers and manufacturers in frequently purchased categories based on demand models that incorporate consumers' three purchase decisions, i.e., purchase incidence, brand choice and purchase quantity decisions in a structural framework. In the first chapter, we study how price promotions in one category affect the three purchase decisions in other category (cross-category effects) and uncover the underlying factors that influence the magnitude of cross category effects. We then translate these factors into managerially relevant covariates and discuss the role of each factor in influencing the cross category effects in each of the three purchase decisions. The factors provide retailers and manufacture a set of qualitative tools to make promotional decisions in a short period of time. We demonstrate the empirical application of our framework on scanner panel data set consisting of two related categories cake mix and cake frosting. In the second chapter, we proposed a framework to accurately measure price promotion effects of brands on total category sales in presence of consumer unobserved heterogeneity, price endogeneity, and multiple unit purchases in quantity decisions. The magnitudes of price promotional effects of brands in the category on total category sales help retailers to decide whether it is worthwhile to promote that category or not. This is because the retailer may decide not to promote the category at all if the promotional effects of all brands within the category on total category sales are too small. Price promotional effects of individual brands help retailers to decide which particular brand should be promoted should promotion be introduced in the category. We find that in presence of price endogeneity and ignoring multiple units in purchase quantity decision, priced promotional effects are underestimated in all three purchase decisions significantly. We estimate the proposed model on a data set of a product category (yogurt) in which consumers are observed to make multiple unit purchase on a given shopping trip.
The role of gesture in the acquisition of Italian as a second language
Keywords: Language arts
Italian language
Linguistics

One of the aspects that distinguish cultures across the world is the use of nonverbal behaviour in oral communication. This thesis is concerned with learners of Italian as second language (L2) and their understanding of typical Italian gestures in oral interaction. Second language acquisition (SLA) has traditionally paid little attention to the analysis of how language learners approach and interpret target nonverbal behaviour. As a contribution to research, this thesis offers a study on this topic and develops three main hypotheses of investigation.
The liberalization expected under Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and what Pakistan stands to gain from it?
Keywords: Textile industry, Pakistan
Clothing trade, Pakistan

An important feature of the Uruguay Round was the agreement by the developed countries to abolish the Multifibre Arrangement quotas that (with their predecessors) have restricted exports of textile and clothing products from developing countries for almost forty years. This iniquitous system of quotas violated all the fundamental principles of the multilateral trading system, and discriminated against the poorest countries seeking to move up from reliance on commodity trade towards an emphasis on manufactures. However, the prospective abolition of these quotas will not necessarily generate automatic benefits for individual countries. It will create opportunities but will also expose them to additional competition from other, formerly restrained, exporters. The outcome for any individual country will depend heavily on its policy response. This thesis studies the case of Pakistan and makes suggestions to help Pakistan streamline its policies for increasing its gains from quota abolition in the post ATC scenario.
Terrains: for orchestra
Keywords: Orchestral music

Explanatory notes. Terrains is a work in three movements for orchestra. In creating Terrains, my compositional intentions were threefold: (i) to develop a rigorous methodology for the generation of pitch material, which would allow for a logical connection between vertical and horizontal presentations, as well as surface and deep structure pitch connections, where all pitch material emanates from one central organizing source; (ii) to apply aspects of the method for the notation of multiple tempi (MTN) which I developed in my paper, Multiple Tempi Notation: A Survey and Method; and (iii) to explore aspects of the musical techniques which I have derived from my studies of Hindustani and Carnatic musical principles, specifically (1) the Tal which is a pattern of metres which repeats throughout a composition; and (2) the Carnatic Melakarthas, which are a systematically organized system of seventy-two diatonic modes. Pitch organization. The two core elements behind the pitch organization in Terrains are the numerical matrix and the Melakartha applied as a diatonic pitch field. The numerical matrix is constructed in the same manner as the conventional dodecaphonic matrix, except that numerals substitute for pitch names. To generate a numerical matrix, one need only determine the total pitch set within a given field, number it in ascending order from the lowest to highest note and express the pitch series in the corresponding numerical series. This prime series is arranged from left to right while the inverted series beginning with the prime form's initial number is arranged from top to bottom. This matrix therefore provides the prime, retrograde, inversion and retrograde inversion of a numerical sequence.
Mathematics textbook use by secondary school teachers: a case study
Keywords: Mathematics teachers, Ontario
Mathematics, Study and teaching (Secondary)
Mathematics, Ontario
Education, Research
Education, Secondary, Curricula
Education, Secondary, Ontario

This research examined the ways two secondary school teachers used Mathematics 9 (Ontario Edition) (Addison-Wesley, 1999) for planning and classroom purposes. The aims were to determine how these teachers used the textbook in classrooms, relative to other materials, at different stages of curriculum implementation and in regard to its embedded features. An instrumental case study approach was employed. Collected were teacher selection, classroom observation, document and semi-structured interview data. Each classroom was observed over a three-month period for approximately 12 hours and each teacher was interviewed for approximately seven hours. Both teachers were in their second year of using Mathematics 9 when teaching the Principles of Mathematics, Grade 9, Academic Course mandated by the Government of Ontario through The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10: Mathematics, 1999. Curriculum implementation was also in its second year. Observations revealed that both teachers employed the same teaching approaches and used the textbook similarly in each situation. The textbook to some degree affected the extent to which each strategy was employed. Both teachers continually modified how they used Mathematics 9 as curriculum implementation progressed, that is, they used it differently before, during and after the initial year of implementation—the teachers indicated that, during the first year of implementation, department heads and the textbook greatly influenced their planning. A combination of factors caused the teachers to adapt a modified version of the textbook's chapter and section structure for personal planning purposes. Although the teachers had greater freedom when planning individual lessons, they continued to use the textbook, albeit differently depending on the type of lesson planned.
Mind the gap: Issues related to accessibility of Canadian universities
Keywords: Educational equalization, Canada
Universities and colleges, Canada

This paper assesses whether accessibility to Canadian universities for students with less privileged backgrounds has increased over the last decade compared with those with more privileged backgrounds. Data from the National Graduate Survey for 1986, 1990, and 1995 graduates is analysed by parents' education level. The analysis looks at the backgrounds of university graduates compared to the number of Canadian children who would be eligible to attend university. The findings show that those from lower education backgrounds are underrepresented in our Canadian universities.