VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Allocation of rights to tax active business income - an analysis from the perspective of Brazil, India and China
Keywords: Inter-Nation Equity
BRICs
Law
Taxation

This thesis analyses whether the existing international framework for allocation of rights to tax active business income can be considered fair or equitable from the perspective of Brazil, India, and China (the BICs) and suggests steps that could be taken in the short and medium terms to advance fairness. Chapter I highlights the challenges in the framework from the standpoint of the BICs and also other developing countries. It is argued that an understanding of these concerns is important to achieve the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project’s aim of a certain and stable arrangement. Chapter II contends that fairness in both the rule-making process and the rules is critical to this end. Chapters III-V examine the evolution and development of the prevailing rules for division of rights to tax active business income and the key aspects of these rules from the BICs’ perspective based on the parameters for assessing procedural and substantive fairness established in chapter II. It is discussed that the BICs either had no or ineffective participation in the formulation of these rules. Resultantly, the BICs diverge from some of the basics of the rules towards positions that better account for these countries’ contributions in the generation of global profits. Chapter VI proposes enhancing the authority and legitimacy of the UN’s Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters as both a short and medium term option for fairer international taxation rule-making for the BICs, and, importantly, other developing countries as well. Chapter VII suggests a significant economic presence test for nexus along with a low rate withholding tax, and the greater use of the profit split method as steps towards a fairer allocation of taxing rights from the perspective of the BICs. Further analysis of theoretically superior but longer-term alternatives, such as global formulary apportionment, is also recommended.
Textual and editorial conflict in Pascal’s Pensées
Keywords: Pensées
Publication
Pascal

The history of publication of Pascal's Pensées is one of conflict and contention at many levels. This is studied in relation to four editions which have emerged from engagement with the fragmented text, each marking a milestone in the evolution of editorial practice and mastery over the work of the dead author. The text is presented as target, bystander, and agent of conflict. The first two chapters deal with motivation to publish, target readership, and the sources of conflict themselves. Chapter three examines these issues with respect to the original edition (L'Édition de Port-Royal), and the subsequent three chapters examine respectively the editions of Prosper Faugère, Léon Brunschvicg, and Louis Lafuma.
The narrative charts the gradual approach to the currently accepted presentation of the fragments, and the long persistence of efforts to imagine Pascal's plan for an apology for Christianity, against a reluctance to take account of the authority of existing documents. The reception of these editions provides clues to why the Pensées have an eternal youthfulness and a constant appeal to editors. I argue that the apology lies in the fragments, however they are arranged, that all editors have accepted their apologetic intent, and that their universal significance springs from the deep sensibility they express about the human condition.
Comparing early parental warmth and effective management as predictors of child conduct and emotional problems
Keywords: Child externalising problems
Attachment theory
Parenting
Social learning theory
Child internalising problems

Introduction: Identifying aspects of parenting that are protective for child emotional and behavioural outcomes is important for informing parenting intervention. Attachment theory and social learning theory represent two major theories that propose different mechanisms for how parenting influences child functioning. The aim of this study was to compare dimensions of early positive parenting associated with these two theoretical frameworks as predictors of child conduct and emotional problems.
Method: Data were from a US based longitudinal study (the Early Steps study, Dishion et al., 2008) following a sample of 731 toddlers from age 2 to 7.5, from low income families and at high risk of early onset of child problem behaviours. Associations between observed parenting (age 2-3 and age 5) and parent reported child externalising and internalising behaviour (age 3, 4, 5 and 7.5) were examined in structural equation models.
Results: Parenting related to attachment theory ('warmth') had little short-term association with child outcomes, but over time this parenting dimension increasingly predicted lower levels of child problems. Parenting associated with social learning theory ('effective management') was related to lower child conduct and emotional problems short-term, but in the long-term it had no predictive effect on child functioning.
Discussion: Differences between parenting dimensions in terms of their respective short-term and long-term effects might be explained by the underlying mechanisms linking parenting and child outcomes. Attachment theory emphasises internal and emotional processes, and these may be slow building but more enduring. Social learning theory proposes that behaviours are driven largely by external motivations and inspirations, and these might be relatively instantaneous but short-lived.
Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that early childhood parenting associated with attachment theory is an important protective factor for children’s longitudinal outcomes. For enhancing longer term, more enduring outcomes, it is likely that parent intervention and prevention programmes in early childhood should emphasise programme components drawing on attachment theory. However, it would be necessary to test this before making any firm recommendations.
Living in an age of gold: being a subject of the Roman Emperor
Keywords: Roman History
Autocracy
Emperors

This thesis explores the perception of the emperor in the mentalités of his subjects, exploring the different ways he was understood. Drawing upon written material from Augustus to Alexander Severus, this thesis explores the roles he was cast in, alluding to a discourse concerning who the emperor was and what he should be, exploring similarities across the period. It is argued the participants in this conversation are not restricted to an elite, but also involved scrutiny from a wider population. Accordingly, this thesis is an alternative history about how the Emperor seemed.
It is split into three parts according to episodes of an emperor's life: Part 1 and Chapter 1 explore the nature of the succession, including a discussion of the scholarship concerning the nature of the emperor's power and its transmission. It explores the nature of the succession, the imperial family, and perception of this issue from the perspective of his subjects.
Part 2 explores the discourse about the emperor's conduct during his reign. Chapter 2 discusses the issues with the evidence, and how to glean a wider perspective. Chapter 3 is a thematic treatment of the 'topics of conversation' within the discourse, and each help to describe the 'thought-world' concerning the emperor, involving the fears and expectations of his roles in government, culture, and society; from the banal to the fantastic.
Part 3 and Chapter 4 concern the emperor's legacy. It discusses the impression of the emperor's timelessness, and the comparability of the emperorship. This is reflected in the afterlife of an emperor, showing the relevancy of dead emperors to subsequent generations, and is manifested in diverse ways, from historical discourse to the appearance of false emperors. Finally, comparability is stressed, opening possibilities for further study on the nature of the emperorship as an example of autocracy.
Transcriptional regulation of Eomesodermin and its roles in cell fate allocation during early mouse development
Keywords: Enhancer
Eomes
Primitive streak
Haematopoeisis
Definitive endoderm
Gastrulation

Early embryonic development is governed by a tightly regulated series of cell fate decisions to form an entire organism. Eomesodermin (Eomes) is a T-box transcription factor dynamically expressed in the extra-embryonic ectoderm, anterior-visceral endoderm (AVE) and primitive streak during mouse gastrulation. Previous work from our lab shows that Eomes is essential within the AVE for establishment of the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis and within the primitive streak for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and specification of cardiac mesoderm and definitive endoderm. However, the cis-acting regulatory elements that control the critical spatiotemporal expression domains of Eomes are not fully understood. Also, whether Eomes plays a functional role in specification of other mesodermal lineages is unknown. Here, I demonstrate an essential enhancer 8kb downstream from the TSS is necessary and sufficient for the correct expression of Eomes in the AVE and primitive streak. Mutants harboring a deletion of this enhancer exhibit A-P patterning defects and derivatives of the anterior primitive streak are compromised. The discovery of this essential enhancer provides greater understanding into how this critical gene is regulated during development. Moreover, this is the first characterisation of an Eomes enhancer that drives AVE expression. Additionally, I show that Eomes is required for the specification of haematopoietic mesoderm. Thus, implicating Eomes as a central player in the allocation of multiple cell fates within the primitive streak.
Organozirconocene nucleophiles in Cu-catalysed asymmetric transformations: methodologies, applications to total synthesis and NMR mechanistic studies
Keywords: Cu-Catalysis

The development of powerful and adaptable methods to form new C-C bond enantioselectively is highly desirable. Many methodologies emerged in recent years using a wide array of nucleophilic organometallics and catalytic metals1,2. In this work, a general introduction on the current development of Cu-catalysed asymmetric additions is primarily described (Chapter 1). We particularly focus on the applications of such methodologies, the study of their mechanisms and the transition from using common organometallics in favour of milder and functional group tolerant nucleophiles such as organozirconocenes. We then present the development of new methods for asymmetric conjugate addition towards its application to the synthesis of prostaglandins (Part I). For example, we describe the use of alkenylzirconocene nucleophiles (Chapter 2) and conjugate additions of alkylzirconocenes to 5-membered rings3 (Chapter 3). We then investigated the application of these methodologies towards the total synthesis of a prostaglandin analogue, Latanoprost (Xalatan®) (Chapter 4). Then we carried out mechanistic studies by NMR (Part II). The mechanism of asymmetric allylic alkylation of alkylzirconocene to allylchlorides4 (Chapter 5) and allylphosphates (Chapter 6) is discussed in detail. We also developed and investigated the heterocyclic asymmetric allylic alkylation of alkylzirconocene5 (Chapter 7). Finally we describe the NMR mechanistic studies of asymmetric conjugate addition of alkylzirconocenes (Chapter 8).
Substrate metabolism and cardiomyogenic differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells
Keywords: Metabolism of cardiac stem/progenitor cells

Despite being resident in the heart, which derives most its energy needs from the oxidation of fatty acids, cardiac stem/progenitor cells are assumed to be glycolytic. Therefore, the transition of these non-contractile progenitor cells into beating cardiomyocytes necessitates an obligatory transformation of the metabolic infrastructure with mitochondrial network expansion and a distinctive switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. However, expansion of progenitor cells in culture may impair their ability to upregulate fatty acid metabolism and increase mitochondrial function. Therefore, the main objective of this project was to determine, for the first time, substrate and energy metabolism in cardiac stem/progenitor cells before, during and after cardiomyogenic differentiation. Control passage two cardiosphere-derived cells (P2-CDCs), created through culture on fibronectin/poly-D-lysine (FN/PDL) or collagen IV/hanging drops (ColIV/HD), have been shown to derive most of their energy needs from glycolysis with elevated lactate efflux. However, after 3-weeks of treatment with 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza) and ascorbic acid (AA), differentiated cells started to upregulate fatty acid oxidation and significantly reduced glycolytic flux and lactate production. Therefore, different metabolic mediators were used to stimulate fatty acid oxidation in differentiated cells. Various media with or without synthetic small molecule(s) were tested to optimize differentiation capacity and to stimulate aerobic oxidative phosphorylation in P2-CDCs. WY-14643+TGFβ supplemented medium was able to induce cardiomyogenic differentiation of P2-CDCs into mature, differentiated myocytes. The differentiated cells showed a significant increase in expression of both cardiac-specific genes and proteins, calcium handling genes as well as transforming glycolytic metabolism into more efficiently producing higher energy system, fatty acid, and carbohydrate oxidation in addition to glycolysis, suggesting they may be forming ventricular myocytes.
Investigations on anti-IGF-1R therapy response in a colorectal cancer cell line panel
Keywords: Targeted therapy
IGF-1R
Cell line panel
Colorectal cancer

Therapies targeting the type 1 insulin like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) have so far failed to show significant benefit for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in large clinical trials, emphasising the importance of identifying biomarkers for therapy response and developing rational combination therapies.
In this thesis, a large panel of 82 colorectal cancer cell lines was used to discover and validate associations between anti-IGF-1R therapy response, gene mutations and gene expression.
Mutations in PIK3CA exon 9 and 20 were found to be associated with resistance to inhibition with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-906 and the monoclonal antibody figitumumab. In a number of PIK3CA wild type cell lines, combination therapy with OSI-906 and the pan-Akt inhibitor GSK690693 yielded synergistic effects. PIK3CA wild type cell lines resistant to this combination therapy are characterised by KRAS mutations, a low expression of the cell surface protein CD24, and Akt-independent GSK-3β phosphorylation.
In summary, the findings of this thesis indicate an important role of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in anti-IGF-1R response in CRC. We have identified PIK3CA mutations as a biomarker for anti-IGF-1R therapy resistance in CRC. Furthermore, our study demonstrates a synergistic effect of the combination of OSI-906 with a pan-Akt inhibitor in a molecularly defined subgroup of CRC cell lines.
Praising the process: can effort-graded feedback improve the motivation, engagement and attainment of students with the formative assessment process?
Keywords: MLT
MLT2016
Formative assessment

This study built on a previous piece of my research, which found that student perceptions of the efficacy of feedback do not always match what both teachers and the literature might expect. A new model of written feedback was implemented in the classroom that praises the process of learning as opposed to the outcome.
2 collaborating teachers implemented a criteria-driven effort grade feedback intervention in conjunction with standard practice of constructive written comments. 50 year-10 students from 2 mixed attainment science sets were studied in terms of their motivation for learning, engagement with the feedback process and resulting attainment before and after intervention. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed using action research methodology in two cycles gathering evidence from the collaborating teacher and students using interviews and questionnaires.
Analysis of the data showed that reactions to the intervention from both teachers and students were positive. Students initially struggled to identify and reflect on their own effort, often over-estimating it when compared to teacher assessment. Throughout the intervention, however, refinements to the effort-criteria, based on evidence gathered in the action research process, enabled increased student awareness of effort and ability to apply consistent grading. Motivation to learn improved and homework completion rates increased from 35% to 90%. Students showed better engagement with the feedback process and increased reflection and utilisation of written comments. A marginal increase in attainment was noted, though the limitations in using this as a measure with a small sample and short duration are discussed.
Contemporary educational research and implications for future practice are discussed; wider-use of effort-grading in feedback is indicated to verify findings in different subject areas. Teacher collaboration is crucial in achieving this and the practicalities of larger-scale roll-out are considered.
Protestant epistolary counselling in early modern England, c. 1559-1660
Keywords: Epistolarity
Pastoral practice
Protestant piety

My thesis argues for the significance of individual spiritual counselling within post-Reformation English Protestantism. In particular, it demonstrates the prevalence of pastoral letter-writing and explores the purpose and dynamics of these networks. This research represents the first large-scale, comparative examination of a frequently neglected topic. It draws on many little-known letter collections and a number of unexplored manuscripts, alongside some more familiar epistolary sources.
Chapter one situates my research in relation to existing literature on individual spiritual counselling and confession. As a counterpoint to the scholarly claim that contemporary accounts of the post-Reformation ministry emphasise the centrality of preaching at the expense of almost all other pastoral functions, I demonstrate the importance which many divines attributed to directing individual consciences, as well as highlighting contemporary thought on the role of the laity as providers of religious counselling. Chapter two uses Nehemiah Wallington's manuscript volume of exemplary spiritual correspondence to demonstrate the importance of epistolary counselling in the ministries of several early modern clergymen. The second section of the chapter argues that Wallington's own engagement with epistolary counselling ultimately served to uphold ministerial authority. Chapter three investigates the spiritual letter-writing relationships of early seventeenth-century Protestant ministers and their gentry patrons and demonstrates the significant potential which existed for clergymen to exercise religious agency and influence with pious elites. Chapter four explores the authoritative and spiritually intimate correspondences in which Richard Baxter engaged with laypeople from across the social spectrum during the 1650s. Current knowledge of his counselling of the Derbyshire gentlewoman, Katherine Gell, is extended through an original reflection on the significance of networks of pastoral direction in early modern English Protestantism. Chapter five explores the nature of religious advice-giving amongst the laity and uncovers its pious motivations. This characteristically 'godly' activity is both compared and contrasted with contemporary clerical counselling.
Applications of rhodium-catalysed hydroacylation in heterocycle synthesis
Keywords: Hydroacylation
Heterocycle synthesis
Rhodium catalysis
Organic synthesis

The work compiled in this thesis documents the development of new methodologies towards the synthesis of a range of N-containing heterocycles. These methods utilise intermolecular Rh(I)-catalysed hydroacylation of chelating aldehydes with alkynes and alkenes to install carbonyl groups, which are exploited in subsequent heterocycle forming cascades.
Chapter 1 presents a literature review of the development of both intramolecular and intermolecular rhodium-catalysed hydroacylation, with the focus of different methods to suppress decarbonylation and promote constructive catalysis. A brief description of some precedented examples of hydroacylation in heterocycle synthesis is also included.
Chapter 2 describes the optimisation studies for the hydroacylation of S-/N-chelating aldehydes with terminal and internal propargylic amines. The studies are largely focussed on achieving high regioselectivity for the linear gamma-amino enone product. The cyclisation of these gamma-amino enone adducts to form pyrrole rings is also described.
Chapter 3 presents the de novo one-pot cascade synthesis of mono-, di- and tri- substituted pyrroles via a highly regioselective hydroacylation pathway. The pyrroles are exploited in further modifications to access fully substituted heteroaromatic systems or in a three-component coupling of aldehydes, propargylic amines and boronic acids or alkynes to access 'traceless' pyrrole rings. The one-pot cascade methodology is extended to the synthesis of dihydropyrroles, through the hydroacylation of allylic amines, which grants access to pyrrolidine rings via diastereoselective reductions.
Chapter 4 details the initial investigations towards the development of rhodium- catalysed hydroacylation of ynamides with chelating aldehydes. This provides access to beta-amino enones in a regioselective manner. These hydroacylation products, which are known to be versatile building blocks, are subsequently exploited in the synthesis of five- and six-membered heterocycles via bi-nucleophilic additions.
Chapter 5 discusses the conclusions of the research and the potential for further work.
Chapter 6 compiles the experimental procedures and data.
The musical ode in Britain, c.1670-1800
Keywords: musical
odes
Britain
settings
ode
poetry

The musical ode, which developed during the 1660s and 1670s as a means of celebrating occasions of particular significance (often by setting a specially written text), remained popular throughout the eighteenth century, and can be regarded as the earliest form of large-scale secular choral music to have developed in England. This dissertation discusses the nature of the genre (including its relationship with the poetical ode), and surveys the contexts in which odes were composed and performed. It is supplemented by a catalogue which lists some 270 examples of the genre.
Among the earliest odes were those written for performance at the court in London. These have already been the subject of musicological study, but although they were the biggest stylistic influence on the other odes written during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, they were not quite the earliest examples of the species. At the University of Oxford, the practice of performing specially composed odes to enhance academic ceremonial dates from at least 1669, and the custom continued throughout the following century. The odes on St Cecilia's Day also originate in the late seventeenth century, but although the works performed in London between 1683 and 1701 have received some scholarly attention, odes on the same theme written later in the century, along with works performed at a number of provincial centres, have not hitherto been discussed in the context of the wider ode genre. Also neglected have been the birthday odes performed at the Vice-regal court in Dublin during the eighteenth century. These complement the London court odes, but have not previously been listed or discussed in detail.
Other odes were written for charitable causes, and to commemorate a miscellaneous array of occasions, including military victories and the inauguration of new buildings. In addition, in the latter half of the eighteenth century, some composers responded to developments in the poetical ode by setting libretti which had no 'occasional' inspiration, but which were notable literary achievements in their own right.