Refining the Concept of Combining Hyperspectral and Multi-angle Sensors for Land Surface Applications
Keywords: multi-angle remote sensing
hyperspectral remote sensing
forest
foliage clumping

Assessment of leaf and canopy chlorophyll content provides information on plant physiological status; it is related to nitrogen content and hence, photosynthesis process, net primary productivity and carbon budget. In this study, a method is developed for the retrieval of total chlorophyll content (Chlorophyll a+b) per unit leaf and per unit ground area based on improved vegetation structural parameters which are derived using multispectral multi-angle remote sensing data. Structural characteristics such as clumping and gaps within a canopy affect its solar radiation absorption and distribution and impact its reflected radiance acquired by a sensor. One of the main challenges for the remote sensing community is to accurately estimate vegetation structural parameters, which inevitably influence the retrieval of leaf chlorophyll content. Multi-angle optical measurements provide a means to characterize the anisotropy of surface reflectance, which has been shown to contain information on vegetation structural characteristics. Hyperspectral optical measurements, on the other hand, provide a fine spectral resolution at the red-edge, a narrow spectral range between the red and near infra-red spectra, which is particularly useful for retrieving chlorophyll content. This study explores a new refined measurement concept of combining multi-angle and hyperspectral remote sensing that employs hyperspectral signals only in the vertical (nadir) direction and multispectral measurements in two additional (off-nadir) directions within two spectral bands, red and near infra-red (NIR). The refinement has been proposed in order to reduce the redundancy of hyperspectral data at more than one angle and to better retrieve the three-dimensional vegetation structural information by choosing the two most useful angles of measurements. To illustrate that hyperspectral data acquired at multiple angles exhibit redundancy, a radiative transfer model was used to generate off-nadir hyperspectral reflectances. It has been successfully demonstrated that the off-nadir hyperspectral simulations could be closely reconstructed based on the nadir hyperspectral reflectance and off-nadir multi-spectral reflectance in the red and NIR bands. This is shown using the Compact High-resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired over a forested area in the Sudbury region (Ontario, Canada). Through intensive validation using field data, it is demonstrated that the combination of reflectances at two angles, the hotspot and darkspot, through the Normalized Difference between Hotspot and Darkspot (NDHD) index has the strongest response to changes in vegetation clumping, an important structural component of canopy. Clumping index (Ω) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) maps are generated based on previous algorithms as well as empirical relationships developed in this study. To retrieve chlorophyll content, inversion of the 5-Scale model is performed by developing Look-Up Tables (LUTs) that are based on the improved structural characteristics developed using multi-angle data. The generated clumping index and LAI maps are used in the LUTs to estimate leaf reflectance. Inversion of the leaf reflectance model, PROSPECT, is further employed to estimate chlorophyll content per unit leaf area. The estimated leaf chlorophyll contents are in good agreement with field-measured values. The refined measurement concept of combining hyperspectral with multispectral multi-angle data provides the opportunity for simultaneous retrieval of vegetation structural and biochemical parameters.