VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Communist Stardom in The Cold War: Josip Broz Tito in Western and Yugoslav Photography, 1943-1980
Keywords: Josip Broz Tito
photography
Cold War
communism
representation

Communist Stardom in the Cold War: Josip Broz Tito in Western and Yugoslav Photography, 1943-1980 Nikolina Kurtovic Doctor of Philosophy Department of Art University of Toronto 2010 Abstract This dissertation examines the iconographic and ideological aspects of the public image of Josip Broz Tito, the communist leader of Socialist Yugoslavia and one of the major historical personalities of the twentieth century. By studying the specific historical, political, and cultural contexts of Tito’s changing iconography between 1943 and 1980, I considers a dynamic relationship between the Western and Eastern perspectives on his leadership style, personality, and role, as communicated in the idiom of Western photojournalism and celebrity photography, as well as the style of official presidential photography in Yugoslavia. I analyze photo-essays on Tito published in Life, Time, and Picture Post, and in the official Yugoslav magazines, Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Review, as well as his portraits by Yousuf Karsh and by Ivo Eterovic in his photo-book Tito’s Private Life. I engage the issues of image reception by studying fundamental stereotypes within the canon of Tito photography, exploring their relation to the popular and political discourses on war heroism, resistance myth, masculinity, leadership, communism, disease, romance, family, leisure and celebrity in the U.S. during World War Two and the Cold War. Tito’s photographs are compared with relevant examples in modern portrait photography, photojournalism, and European painting, thereby situating Tito’s example in the tradition of Western political image making, but also in relation to local traditions. My dissertation shows that the practical role of the cult of Tito in the American press during the Cold War was to render him and Yugoslavia as examples for the satellite countries, and to enlist popular support for U.S. policy. It also helped Tito navigate a political crisis following his 1948 break with Stalin. The iconography created in this context contributed to the genesis and modernizing of Yugoslav presidential photography in the 1950s. Appropriating the rhetoric and formal devices of Western celebrity and glamour photography, Yugoslav photographs created a set of presidential stereotypes and their photographs were bearers of the conventional narrative of Tito’s presidency in Yugoslav magazines and books addressing Western audiences between 1960 and 1980. My dissertation underscores the role of cross-cultural contacts and contexts for developing, maintaining, and understanding of Tito’s publicity and celebrity in the West.
Beyond the Double Jeopardy Hypothesis: Examining the Interaction between Age- and Race-based Stereotypes across the Lifespan.
Keywords: stereotypes
person perception

Previous research on stereotyping has focused on perceptions of and negative consequences for individuals who activate stereotypes based on their membership in one stigmatized group. In contrast, relatively little research has examined stereotyping following categorization of targets into more than one stigmatized group. This dissertation focuses on perceptions of individuals who activate more than one set of stereotypes. In particular, I focused on the combination of stereotypes associated with the older adult age group and the Black racial group - two stereotype sets which contain elements that directly contradict one another. To examine the interaction of these two sets of stereotypes, I examined perceptions of four types of targets: young Black men, young White men, old Black men, and old White men. In Chapter 1, I examine perceptions of anger and happiness on the faces of young and old Black and White men. These perceptions are examined among young (Study 1a) and old (Study 1b) perceivers. In Chapter 2, I attempt to bias these perceptions of facial emotion in line with race or age stereotypes using a categorization priming procedure. The final three studies examine more basic perceptions of these targets of interest. I examine current and projected trait-related perceptions of novel (Chapter 3) and famous (Chapter 4) young and old Black and White men at various points across the lifespan. Finally, in Chapter 5, I directly compare these four targets on a number of traits using a forced-choice comparison task for both current and projected ratings. Overall, the results of this dissertation suggest that race-based and age-based stereotypes combine via a process of selective inhibition. Specifically, old Black and White men are characterized according to the old age stereotypes which most strikingly contrast them against their younger counterparts. Compared with their corresponding young targets, this pattern results in relatively positive evaluations of older Black men, but relatively negative evaluations of older White men.
Regulation of Germ-line Expression of the Caenorhabditis elegans Gene Fem-1 by Maternal Transcripts
Keywords: Genetics
Maternal effect
RNA-mediated regulation

In addition to previously identified roles for RNA, several new ways in which RNA serves as a regulator of gene expression have recently been described. RNA molecules are involved in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional forms of regulation, sometimes heritably affecting gene activity. Whereas most previously characterized regulatory roles of RNA involve downregulation, I describe a role for maternal transcripts of a gene in promoting zygotic activity of that gene, which I term the licensing of genetic activity. This regulation occurs in the germ line, a tissue notable for its abundance of genetic surveillance mechanisms. The maternal-effect regulation described here was identified using alleles of a sex-determining gene in Caenorhabditis elegans called fem-1. Females homozygous for fem-1 deletions produce heterozygous offspring that exhibit germ-line feminization and have reduced fem-1 activity and transcript accumulation. This phenotype can be rescued by injecting fem-1 RNA into the maternal germ line. The reduction in activity of the zygotic fem-1 locus is heritable, suggesting that the gene is becoming epigenetically silenced. Thus the maternal fem-1 RNA licenses the activity of the zygotic locus by preventing its silencing. By restricting germ-line activity to genes that were expressed in the germ line of the previous generation, this process may contribute to protecting the identity and integrity of the germ line. I performed an RNAi screen of candidate genes to ask whether they are required for maternal-effect silencing or licensing. Several enhancers and suppressors of germ-line feminization in the descendants of fem-1 deficiency homozygotes were identified. Chromatin regulation may be involved, and small-RNA pathways are important for both the silencing and licensing components of fem-1 regulation. Based on my characterization of this phenomenon, I proposed models of how maternal-effect regulation of fem-1 may be mediated. To test predictions of certain models, I examined whether specific characteristics of fem-1 make it susceptible to this silencing. Results of these experiments limit the possible models of maternal-effect regulation and suggest directions for future investigation.
Lipid Bilayers as Surface Functionalizations for Planar and Nanoparticle Biosensors
Keywords: Lipid Bilayer
Biosensor
Surface Plasmon
Lipid Raft
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Atomic Force Microscopy
Nanoparticle
Self Assembly
Membrane
Gold

Many biological processes, pathogens, and pharmaceuticals act upon, cellular membranes. Accordingly, cell membrane mimics are attractive targets for biosensing, with research, pathology, and pharmacology applications. Lipid bilayers represent a versatile sensor functionalization platform providing antifouling properties, and many receptor integration options, uniquely including transmembrane proteins. Bilayer-coated sensors enable the kinetic characterization of membrane/analyte interactions. Addressed theoretically and experimentally is the self-assembly of model membranes on plasmonic sensors. Two categories of plasmonic sensors are studied in two parts. Part I aims to deposit raft-forming bilayers on planar nanoaperture arrays suitable for multiplexing and device integration. By vesicle fusion, planar bilayers are self-assembled on thiol-acid modified flame-annealed gold without the need for specific lipid head-group requirements. Identification of coexisting lipid phases is accomplished by AFM imaging and force spectroscopy mapping. These methods are successfully extended to metallic, plasmon-active nanohole arrays, nanoslit arrays and annular aperture arrays, with coexisting phases observed among the holes. Vis-NIR transmission spectra of the arrays are measured before and after deposition, indicating bilayer detection. Finally, the extraction of membrane proteins from cell cultures and incorporation into model supported bilayers is demonstrated. These natural membrane proteins potentially act as lipid-bound surface receptors. Part II aims to encapsulate in model lipid bilayers, metallic nanoparticles, which are used as probes in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Three strategies of encapsulating particles, and incorporating Raman-active dyes are demonstrated, each using a different dye: malachite green, rhodamine-PE, and Tryptophan. Dye incorporation is verified by SERS and the bilayer is visualized and measured by TEM, with support from DLS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In both parts, lipid-coated sensors are successfully fabricated and characterized. These results represent important and novel solutions to the functionalization of plasmonic surfaces with biologically relevant cell membrane mimics.
Genetic Variations Associated with Resistance to Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer
Keywords: Breast cancer
Pharmacogenomics

Anthracycline- and taxane-based regimens have been the mainstay in treating breast cancer patients using chemotherapy. Yet, the genetic make-up of patients and their tumors may have a strong impact on tumor sensitivity to these agents and to treatment outcome. This study represents a new paradigm assimilating bioinformatic tools with in vitro model systems to discover novel genetic variations that may be associated with chemotherapy response in breast cancer. This innovative paradigm integrates drug response data for the NCI60 cell line panel with genome-wide Affymetrix SNP data in order to identify genetic variations associated with drug resistance. This genome wide association study has led to the discovery of 59 candidate loci that may play critical roles in breast tumor sensitivity to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. 16 of them were mapped within well-characterized genes (three related to doxorubicin and 13 to paclitaxel). Further in silico characterization and in vitro functional analysis validated their differential expression in resistant cancer cell lines treated with the drug of interest (over-expression of RORA and DSG1, and under-expression of FRMD6, SGCD, SNTG1, LPHN2 and DCT). Interestingly, three and six genes associated with doxorubicin and paclitaxel resistance, respectively, are involved in the apoptotic process in cells. A constructed interactome suggested that there is cross-talk at the Nrf-2 oxidative stress pathway between genes associated with resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. This unique GWA approach serves as a proof-of-principle study and systematically investigates targets responsible for variable response to chemotherapy in breast tumor cells and possibly the tumors of breast cancer patients. Overall, the model discovered novel candidate genes that have not been previously associated with doxorubicin and paclitaxel cytotoxicity. Future studies will be directed at illustrating a causative relationship between the observed genomic changes and drug resistance in breast cancer patients undergoing doxorubicin and paclitaxel chemotherapy.
Staging the Nation, Staging Democracy: The Politics of Commemoration in Germany and Austria, 1918-1933/34
Keywords: Weimar Republic
First Austrian Republic
Nationalism

Between 1914 and 1919, Germans and Austrians experienced previously unimaginable sociopolitical transformations: four years of war, military defeat, the collapse of the Hohenzollern and Habsburg monarchies, the creation of democratic republics, and the redrawing of the map of Central Europe. Through an analysis of new state symbols and the staging of political and cultural celebrations, this dissertation explores the multiple and conflicting ways in which Germans and Austrians sought to reconceptualize the relationships between nation, state and politics in the wake of the First World War. Whereas the political right argued that democracy was a foreign imposition, supporters of democracy in both countries went to great lengths to refute these claims. In particular, German and Austrian republicans endeavored to link their fledgling democracies to the established tradition of großdeutsch nationalism – the idea that a German nation-state should include Austria – in an attempt to legitimize their embattled republics. By using nineteenth-century großdeutsch symbols and showing continued support for an Anschluss (political union) even after the Entente forbade it, republicans hoped to create a transborder German national community that would be compatible with a democratic body politic. As a project that investigates the entangled and comparative histories of Germany and Austria, this dissertation makes three contributions to the study of German nationalism and modern Central European history. First, in revealing the pervasiveness of großdeutsch ideas and symbols at this time, I point to the necessity of looking at both Germany and Austria when considering topics such as the redefinition of national identity and the creation of democracy in post-World War I Central Europe. Second, it highlights the need to move beyond the binary categorizations of civic and ethnic nationalisms, which place German nationalism in the latter category. As the republicans’ use of großdeutsch nationalism demonstrates, the creation of a transborder German community was not simply the work of the extreme political right. Third, it contributes to recent scholarship which seeks to move past the entrenched question of why interwar German and Austrian democracies failed. Instead of simply viewing the two republics as failures, it investigates the ways in which citizens engaged with the new form of government, as well as the prospects for the success of democracy in the wake of military defeat. In drawing attention to the differences between the German and Austrian experiments with democracy, this dissertation points to the relative strengths of the Weimar Republic when compared to the First Austrian Republic.
The Politics of Canada's Access to Medicines Regime: The Dogs that Didn't Bark
Keywords: Canada's Access to Medicines Regime
CAMR
TRIPS
WTO
intellectual property
patents
access to medicines
drug access
HIV/AIDS
pharmaceutical policy
framing
content analysis
Paragraph 6

Decisions to reform pharmaceutical policy often involve trade-offs between competing social and commercial goals. Canada's Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR), a reform that permits compulsory licensing for the production and export of medicines to developing countries, aimed to reconcile these goals. Since it was passed in 2004, only one order of antiretroviral drugs, enough for 21,000 HIV/AIDS patients in Rwanda for one year, has been exported. Future use of the regime appears unlikely. This research aimed to examine the politics underlying the formation of CAMR. Parliamentary committee hearing transcripts from CAMR's legislative development (2004) and from CAMR's legislative review (2007) were analyzed using a content analysis technique to identify how stakeholders who participated in the debates framed the issues. These findings were subsequently analyzed using a framework of framing, institutions and interests to determine how these three dimensions shaped CAMR's final policy design. In 2004, policy debates were dominated by two themes: intellectual property rights and TRIPS compliance. Promoting human rights and the impact of CAMR on innovation were hardly discussed. With the Departments of Industry Canada and International Trade as the lead institutions, the goals of protecting intellectual property and ensuring good trade relations with the United States appear to have taken priority over encouraging generic competition to achieve drug affordability. The result was a more limited interpretation of patent flexibilities under the WTO Paragraph 6 Decision. The most striking finding is the minimal discussion over the potential barriers developing country beneficiaries might face when attempting to use compulsory licensing, including their reluctance to use TRIPS flexibilities, their desire to pursue technological development and the constraints inherent in the WTO Paragraph 6 Decision. Instead, these issues were raised in 2007, which can be partly accounted for by a greater representation of the interests of potential beneficiary country governments. While the Government attempted to strike a balance between drug affordability and intellectual property protection, it designed CAMR as a last resort measure. Increased input from the developing country beneficiaries and shifting to institutions where the right to health gets prioritized may lead to policies that better achieves affordable drug access.
Le Mal Jaune: The Memory of the Indochina War in France, 1954-2006
Keywords: Memory
Decolonization
Modern France
Indochina War

National historical memory in France has often given rise to violent polemic. Controversial episodes of national history, such as the Second World War and Algerian conflict, have attracted considerable attention. Yet despite its obvious importance as a particularly violent war of decolonization and precursor to the Vietnam War, the First Indochina War (1946-54) has largely been ignored. In the context of decolonization and the beginning of the Cold War, however, Indochina offers a unique example of the complex relationship between event, commemoration, and memory. This dissertation examines state commemorations, official and unofficial sites of memory, film and other media representations of the war, and several “flashpoint” events that have elicited particularly heated debates over the legacies of the war. The thematic structure allows me to bring together various vehicles and artefacts of memory, from monuments to commemorative ceremonies to veterans’ associations, along with less tangible expressions of memory expressed through public debates and film. I also analyze the tangible legacy of colonialism in the metropole: the ‘repatriate’ camps that housed primarily French citizens of Vietnamese, Lao and Cambodian origin after 1956. This chapter makes an important contribution to the history of immigration to France, which is critical to understanding issues currently facing this multicultural society. Two dominant narratives emerge from my analysis. The first is maintained by a majority of veterans and elements of the political right and extreme right, and is characterized by themes of heroic soldiers combating communism and a belief in their abandonment by the metropolitan government and public. In some cases, a sense of duty to protect ‘Greater France’ is invoked, and in others, the duty to fight with the independent Vietnamese against their communist oppressors. The second narrative casts the conflict as a ‘dirty’ war of colonial reconquest. Though the primary goal of the dissertation is to elucidate the construction of particular narratives of war, I argue that this memorial process is inherently intertwined with the re-evaluation of the colonial project. The fundamental disagreement over the nature of the war, as either a battle against communism or a war of colonial reconquest, has prompted extensive debates over the relative merits of the colonial project and its putative resurrection in 1945.
L'inscription du trauma dans le récit d'enfance autobiographique au féminin en France depuis 1980
Keywords: récit d'enfance
littérature française contemporaine
trauma
écriture des femmes

Cette thèse a pour but d’analyser la construction textuelle du trauma dans le récit d’enfance dans la littérature française contemporaine au féminin. Ce travail montre comment chaque auteure articule la scène traumatique, l’organise au sein du récit et manie les procédés narratifs et énonciatifs pour saisir le réel traumatique. Le chapitre I trace l’évolution du récit d’enfance en tant que pratique littéraire depuis deux siècles pour ensuite s’arrêter sur la modification de la notion de trauma depuis les recherches sur l’hystérie de Freud, en passant par les effets du choc initial sur le moi pour arriver à la nécessité de regagner contrôle des souvenirs traumatiques par la mise en récit. Ce chapitre théorique se termine par une discussion sur les limites et détours de l’écriture du trauma dans les récits autobiographiques. Le chapitre II commence par un bref survol sur l’enfance maltraitée dans la littérature française et sur les différents types de maltraitance et leurs effets persistants sur l’individu. Puis, l’analyse des textes de Marguerite Duras (Un barrage contre le Pacifique, L’amant et L’amant de la Chine du Nord) et de Chloé Delaume (Le cri du sablier) fait ressortir le jeu avec le réel et le fictif pour parler du trauma de la maltraitance. Le chapitre III sur le trauma de l’inceste débute sur les recherches de Ferenczi sur la séduction, pour ensuite démontrer, d’une part, que Béatrice de Jurquet (La traversée des lignes) favorise des stratégies textuelles mettant en avant une identité plurielle, et que, d’autre part, Colette Mainguy (La Juive) multiplie les discours qui lui permettent d’agir sur la reconstruction de son trauma d’inceste. Le chapitre IV s’ouvre sur une discussion sur le deuil dans la littérature française contemporaine suivie d’une analyse sur l’hétérogénéité énonciative chez Chantal Chawaf (Le manteau noir), qui se traduit par l’emploi de la troisième personne du singulier et par la présence spectrale des parents et d’une étude de la structure dialogique chez Marie Nimier (La reine du silence). Notre déplacement vers l’analyse des stratégies textuelles montre comment la forme de la prise de parole dans le récit négocie le choc consécutif au trauma, l’intègre, le transforme pour tenter de dépasser un blocage.
Ceramic Continuity and Change at Shechem (Tell Balatâh): Assessing the Impact of Egyptian Imperialism in the Central Hill Country
Keywords: Archaeology
Ceramics
Levant
Late Bronze Age

The material culture of Late Bronze Age Shechem (Tell Balatâh) provides an opportunity to assess the nature and extent of the Egyptian imperial presence in the Central Highlands, as well as the ways in which endogenous cultural traits endured during a period of intensifying military presence. While scholars have yet to fully agree on the exact nature of Egyptian imperialism, most concur that contact with Egypt had a profound impact on the political, economic and social institutions of the southern Levant. The analysis of ceramics at Shechem reveals continuity in settlement, ceramic morphology and technology throughout the Late Bronze period. These findings contribute to an expanding corpus of ceramic studies, which indicate that a complex interaction and negotiation of cultural boundaries existed during this imperial period. While there was not a sustained Egyptian presence in the Central Hill Country, textual and archaeological data suggest there was limited interaction. While more is known about how this imperial presence was manifested architecturally in the form of “governor residencies” and “trading entropôts,” recent investigations at coastal and inland sites reveal that the interaction between Egyptian and Canaanite ceramic technology was site-specific and reciprocal in nature. The Shechem ceramic analysis illustrates the tenacity with which potters retained Canaanite traditions at this Central Hill Country site during a period of sporadic Egyptian contact.