VictorJuiz/thesis huggingface dataset:
Automation of calculations in soft-collinear effective theory
Keywords: Soft-Collinear Effective Theory
Effective Field Theory

Theoretical predictions for generic multi-scale observables in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) typically suffer from large Sudakov logarithms associated with the emission of soft or collinear radiation, whose presence spoils the perturbative expansion in the coupling strength which underlies most calculations in QCD. A canonical way to improve predictions wherever these logarithms appear is to resum them to all perturbative orders, which can conveniently be achieved using Effective Field Theory (EFT) methods. In an age of increasing automation using computers, this task is still mostly performed manually, observable-by-observable.
In this thesis we identify the 2-loop soft function as a crucial ingredient for the resummation of QCD Sudakov logarithms to Next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy in Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET), for wide classes of observables involving two massless colour-charged energetic particles, such as dijet event shapes at lepton colliders, or colour singlet production at hadron colliders.
We develop a method to evaluate these soft functions using numerical methods based on sector decomposition and the choice of a convenient parametrisation for the phase space. This allows the factorisation of all implicit (real emission) and explicit (virtual correction) divergences made manifest by dimensional and analytic regularisation.
The regulator pole coefficients can then be evaluated numerically following a subtraction and expansion, and two computational tools are presented to perform these numerical integrations, one based on publicly available tools, the other based on our own code. Some technical improvements over naive straightforward numerical evaluation are demonstrated and implemented.
This allows us to compute and verify two of three colour structures of the 2-loop bare soft functions for wide ranges of observables with a factorisation theorem. A number of example results - both new and already known - are shown to demonstrate the reach of this approach, and a few possible extensions are sketched.
This thesis therefore represents a crucial step towards automation of resummation for generic observables to NNLL accuracy in SCET.
The emergence of low carbon development in China and India: energy efficiency as a lens
Keywords: India
Energy Efficiency
China
Political Economy
Low Carbon Development
Institutional Change

Low-carbon development (LCD) in China and India is crucial to global sustainability. As representatives of the emerging world, China and India have to tackle the LCD challenge at the same time as they address rapid urbanization, industrialization and globalization, making this process an unprecedented problem in policy and practice. My dissertation uses a comparative perspective to examine the unique institutional change processes of China and India’s LCD during the period of late 1970s to the present day - through the lens of energy efficiency (EE).
I argue that despite the manifold differences in political, economic and social contexts in contemporary China and India, the process of institutional development and change in EE reveals some similar mechanisms. I investigate the common mechanisms through a five-phase framework, and find:
First, in both countries, EE was initially triggered by complicated interactions between international and domestic crises. Second, through processes of political negotiation led by various policy groups, EE was conceived and planned by each state to embody not one single objective but multiple political, economic and social development goals. Third, in order to realize EE, an organizational complex formed within an existing governance structure. Fourth, detailed policy processes (which both shape and are shaped by their institutional settings) emerged from the previous stages. Finally, EE institutions are stabilized jointly through legalization and the establishment of specialist technical subfields.
I argue that the key mechanism of the five-phase process of institutional change is the bundling structure between EE organizations and the host governance structure. While in China the latter is the structure of economic governance, in India it is that of energy governance. These bundling structures imprinted multiple path-dependencies from the host governance structure to the newly developed EE regime, which in turn determine the long-term impact of EE on LCD in China and India.
My original contributions are threefold. First, this project is one of the first scholarly attempts to systematically make sense of LCD in large and complex countries with fast economic growth by using the perspective of institutional change. Second, drawing on broad theoretical resources and through an interdisciplinary exploration, the thesis tries to construct a cause-effect, systemic, and political-economic theory of LCD in contemporary China and India. Finally, my comparative framework adds a systemic and nuanced methodological viewpoint to the emerging field of multidisciplinary China-India comparative scholarship.
Analysis of several non-linear PDEs in fluid mechanics and differential geometry
Keywords: Vanishing Viscosity Limits
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci Equations
Navier--Stokes Equations
Isometric Immersions
Euler Equations
Weak Continuity
Fluid Mechanics
Compensated Compactness
Differential Geometry

In the thesis we investigate two problems on Partial Diﬀerential Equations (PDEs) in diﬀerential geometry and ﬂuid mechanics. First, we prove the weak L p continuity of the Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci (GCR) equations, which serve as a compatibility condition for the isometric immersions of Riemannian and semi-Riemannian manifolds. Our arguments, based on the generalised compensated compactness theorems established via functional and micro-local analytic methods, are intrinsic and global. Second, we prove the vanishing viscosity limit of an incompressible ﬂuid in three-dimensional smooth, curved domains, with the kinematic and Navier boundary conditions. It is shown that the strong solution of the Navier--Stokes equation in H r+1 (r &GT; 5/2) converges to the strong solution of the Euler equation with the kinematic boundary condition in H r, as the viscosity tends to zero. For the proof, we derive energy estimates using the special geometric structure of the Navier boundary conditions; in particular, the second fundamental form of the ﬂuid boundary and the vorticity thereon play a crucial role. In these projects we emphasise the linkages between the techniques in diﬀerential geometry and mathematical hydrodynamics.
The social and legal process of bankruptcy in Germany, 1815-1870
Keywords: Hamburg
Insolvency
History
State Formation
Germany
Economics
Bankruptcy
Institutions

The regulation of bankruptcy poses a dilemma to societies. It needs to address two problems at once: the first concerns the balance between debtor and creditor interests; the second pertains to the question between deterrence and continuity. Up to the present day there is much disagreement about the appropriate design of bankruptcy procedures. German states in the nineteenth-century found it impossible to agree on a common insolvency regime until the 1870s. This thesis investigates the legal as well as the social process of bankruptcy in a sample of towns and states in Germany between 1815 and 1870. It focused on non-Prussian legal systems in order to shed light on those alternative solutions to bankruptcy that were not ultimately adopted in the national bankruptcy code.
Bankruptcy was a social process that could take place in court as well as out of court. Creditors and debtors had strong incentives to turn to extrajudicial settlement mechanisms. Where strong local corporate organisations for merchants existed, they facilitated settlements and rule-enforcement among its members out of the official court system. Those local clubs often played the role of an arbitrator. For long, bankruptcy regulation had been part of the mercantile self-administration. Legal harmonization and processes of state formation put an end to these practises. Simultaneously, an industrializing economy devised new organisational forms that were alien to the old legal framework. Toward the second half of the century, legal harmonization gained momentum; creditor protection became the focus of lawmakers while local communities and their interests no longer played a role. As German legislators built a national and universally shared legal framework, bankruptcy regulation ceased to be local and communal. This was to the liking of businessmen, who had long complained about legal fragmentation when trying to conduct business across different German regions.
New asymmetric metal-catalysed addition processes for amine synthesis
Keywords: Isocyanides
Addition to ketimines
Photoredox catalysis
Silver catalysis

This thesis concerns the development of novel catalytic approaches for the construction of stereocentres bearing a nitrogen atom. In 2011, the Dixon group reported a Ag(I)/cinchona-derived amino phosphine catalytic system for the activation of isocyanoacetates in asymmetric aldol and Mannich reactions. During this thesis work it was sought to extend the scope of this catalytic system to Mannich additions of other isocyanide pronucleophiles, then the focus was broadened to include Reformatsky and α-alkylation reactions of ketimine substrates.
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the state of the art with particular emphasis on catalytic enantioselective additions to ketimines and the use of activated isocyanides as pronucleophiles.
Chapter 2 describes the application of the Ag-catalysed enantio- and diastereoselective aldol reaction of isocyanoacetates to the concise asymmetric synthesis of the antibiotic chloramphenicol, which possesses a chiral stereodefined α-amino β-hydroxy motif.
Chapter 3 details our efforts to expand the scope of the Ag(I)/amino phosphine catalytic system to the activation of more challenging isocyanides lacking an electron-withdrawing group in the α-position by investigating aldol and Mannich reactions of benzyl isocyanide.
Chapter 4 describes how the scope of the Ag(I)/amino phosphine catalytic system was successfully extended to another pronucleophile, the versatile p-toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC). The first catalytic enantio- and diastereoselective addition of TosMIC to N-diphenylphosphinoyl (N-DPP) ketimines was developed, affording 2-imidazolines possessing two contiguous stereocentres with high yields and excellent levels of stereocontrol.
Chapter 5 describes the development of a Ni(II)-catalysed Reformatsky reaction of N-DPP ketimines with ethyl bromoacetate and diethylzinc, providing racemic amines bearing a quaternary stereocentre in the α-position in good yields.
Chapter 6 reports the serendipitous discovery of the α-alkylation of N-DPP ketimines with ethyl bromoacetate using visible light photoredox catalysis. The transformation, catalysed by ruthenium(II) and nickel(II) complexes under mild conditions, was optimised, its scope assessed and the mechanism investigated.
Functional genetics of cancer and congenital disorders
Keywords: 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome
Rare variant
ASPP

The genetic architectures of cancer and congenital disorders are heterogeneous and incompletely mapped. Rare and low-frequency variants of incomplete penetrance are emerging as an important class of germline and somatic variation, but their contribution to disease remains poorly characterised. This thesis aims to identify and assess pathogenic mutations in the 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome, neural tube defects, neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer. Rare microdeletions at the 1q41q42 locus cause a clinically heterogeneous syndrome characterized by developmental delay, characteristic dysmorphic features and brain morphological abnormalities. Examining new and published patients with 1q41q42 microdeletions, we found that TP53BP2, encoding ASPP2, is a strong candidate for being the gene responsible for brain morphological abnormalities of the syndrome. Mice deficient for Trp53bp2 show multiple abnormalities overlapping the features of the 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome such as dysmorphic lateral ventricles, heart and urogenital abnormalities. ASPP2 deficiency also causes neural tube defects, hopping gait, and male-specific motion hyperactivity in mice. We further identify candidate pathogenic TP53BP2 duplications, implicating TP53BP2 dosage sensitivity in the ganglionic eminences of the developing brain, manifested by structural abnormalities in the striatum and lateral ventricles of both deletion and duplication patients. ASPP2 controls neuroepithelial cell polarity via Par3 and genetic disruption of aPKC-Par3 interaction by rare missense variants was implicated in human neural tube defects. An integrative analysis of cancer genomic data revealed that PPP1R13B, encoding ASPP1, bears many hallmarks of a tumour suppressor gene, despite being mutated at a low absolute frequency. A subset of missense somatic mutations in ASPP genes genetically interact with TP53 mutations, disrupting an autoinhibitory mechanism to modulate p53-dependent transcription. In summary, this work identified novel candidate pathogenic variants in developmental disorders and cancer, and explored the mechanisms underlying their respective genotype-phenotype links.
Against comparativism about mass in Newtonian Gravity - a case study in the metaphysics of scale
Keywords: Mass
Scaling Symmetry
Reductionism
Absolutism vs Comparativism
Newtonian Gravity

This thesis concerns the metaphysics of scale. It investigates the implications of a physical determinable being dimensionful. In particular, it considers the case study of mass, as it features within Newtonian Gravity. Nevertheless, most of the terminology, methodology and arguments developed should be relatively straightforwardly applicable to other determinables and theories.
Weak Absolutism about mass holds that mass ratios obtain in virtue of absolute masses. Weak Comparativism denies this. In the first five chapters I argue in favour of Weak Absolutism over Weak Comparativism. The sixth chapter argues against reducing mass to other non-mass facts. The overall conclusion is Strong Absolutism about mass within Newtonian Gravity: mass ratios obtain in virtue of absolute masses, which themselves are fundamental (i.e. they do not require anything further in order to obtain).
Comparativism promises to recover all the virtues of absolutism, in particular its empirical adequacy, but at a lower 'metaphysical cost'. Special attention is given to Dasgupta's recent comparativist proposal. Dasgupta interprets the requirement of empirical adequacy in terms of the undetectability of the absolute mass scale. I argue that undetectability is an unsuitable way of understanding empirical adequacy and that we would do better to understand it in terms of a theory's ability to correctly generate the set of empirically possible worlds (or at least the actual world). I refute Dasgupta's comparativism both on my terms and on his own terms. I subsequently develop and strongly criticise alternative versions of comparativism. Chapter five sheds doubt on the supposed 'metaphysical parsimony' of comparativism.
This debate should be of particular interest to readers who engage with the substantivalism-relationalism debate. These debates are much more entwined than previously acknowledged, which provides a significant source of mutual inspiration, although I do also draw out some important disanalogies.
Temporal expectations in healthy ageing &amp; neurological disorders
Keywords: Temporal Orienting
Basal Ganglia
Stroke
Temporal Expectation
Anticipation
Attention
Parkinson's Disease

Previous research has shown that orienting attention in time can help to improve behavioural outcomes. However, the extent to which temporal orienting can be preserved in ageing and in the context of neurological disorders remains unresolved. This thesis therefore explores temporal expectations in the healthy ageing and diseased brain by taking a neuropsychological approach. To begin, I provide an overview of the literature in Chapter 1 most relevant for the following investigation. Four chapters of experiments then follow. To examine the effects of ageing on temporal expectation, the performance of healthy young adults and healthy older adults is presented and the results are discussed in Chapter 2 and 3. Though it had been previously shown that older adults seem to experience an expectation deficit on temporal expectation tasks, these chapters demonstrate the preservation of temporal expectation in ageing. On their own, these findings represent an important and novel contribution to the literature; however, this research is incapable of establishing the causal mechanisms involved in temporal expectation. To explore the causal role of relevant brain regions in temporal expectation, Chapter 4 and 5 investigate the effects of temporal orienting in participants with damage to the basal ganglia — a brain region strongly implicated in temporal processing. In Chapter 4, the role of the basal ganglia in temporal expectations is examined using data collected from participants with Parkinson’s disease and contrasts their performance with age-matched healthy controls. To complement this investigation, and to provide converging evidence for the basal ganglia’s role in temporal expectations, Chapter 5 investigates the behavioural performance of individuals with focal lesions to the basal ganglia. The findings in this thesis are discussed in their wider context in Chapter 6, and directions for future research are proposed.
Tracking authorship and creativity in orchestral performance
Keywords: Music Psychology
Creativity
Orchestral Music
Social-Psychology of Music Performance
Music Performance
Authorship

This thesis takes as its starting point the observation that the authorship of the creative product of orchestral performances has been, and continues to be, over-attributed to the conductor. This is reflected both in popular perceptions and in the scholarly attention given to the conductor's leadership role, as well as in orchestral practices which privilege the conductor’s artistically superior position within the orchestra through rehearsal and performance rituals and in remuneration and marketing. Although existing research has challenged the perception that the authority of the conductor is absolute, none has offered alternative explanations for how best to attribute the authorship of orchestral performances. Through a three-phased mixed-methods empirical study including an online questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and a newly developed method of data collection utilising an online variation of video-stimulated recall to capture musician experiences in real-life rehearsal and performance settings, this research contributes to an understanding of the social psychology of orchestral performance by identifying what prompts musicians' decision-making regarding how and when to play their parts. The analysis of the data has resulted in the development of a theoretical Framework of Influence and Action in Orchestral Performance that offers a new way of conceptualising authorship in performance through a 'theory of influence'. It concludes with an exploration of the implications of this revised view of authorship for existing orchestral practices, group creativity research, and our understanding of how the relationships enacted in the micro-socialities of orchestral performance reflect larger social formations.
Improving scalability of exploratory model checking
Keywords: FDR
Weak bisimulation
CSP
Labelled transition systems
Lazy compilation
Delay bisimulation
Strong bisimulation

As software and hardware systems grow more complex and we begin to rely more on their correctness and reliability, it becomes exceedingly important to formally verify certain properties of these systems. If done naïvely, verifying a system can easily require exponentially more work than running it, in order to account for all possible executions. However, there are often symmetries or other properties of a system that can be exploited to reduce the amount of necessary work. In this thesis, we present a number of approaches that do this in the context of the CSP model checker FDR. CSP is named for Communicating Sequential Processes, or parallel combinations of state machines with synchronised communications. In the FDR model, the component processes are typically converted to explicit state machines while their parallel combination is evaluated lazily during model checking. Our contributions are motivated by this model but applicable to other models as well.
We first address the scalability of the component machines by proposing a lazy compiler for a subset of CSPM selected to model parameterised state machines. This is a typical case where the state space explosion can make model checking impractical, since the size of the state space is exponential in the number and size of the parameters. A lazy approach to evaluating these systems allows only the reachable subset of the state space to be explored. As an example, in studying security protocols, it is common to model an intruder parameterised by knowledge of each of a list of facts; even a relatively small 100 facts results in an intractable 2100 states, but the rest of the system can ensure that only a small number of these states are reachable.
Next, we address the scalability of the overall combination by presenting novel algorithms for bisimulation reduction with respect to strong bisimulation, divergence- respecting delay bisimulation, and divergence-respecting weak bisimulation. Since a parallel composition is related to the Cartesian product of its components, performing a relatively time-consuming bisimulation reduction on the components can reduce its size significantly; an efficient bisimulation algorithm is therefore very desirable.
This thesis is motivated by practical implementations, and we discuss an implementation of each of the proposed algorithms in FDR. We thoroughly evaluate their performance and demonstrate their effectiveness.
The dynamical systems theory of natural selection
Keywords: Natural selection
Dynamical systems
Population Genetics
Kin Selection
Quantitative Genetics
Ecology
Evolution
Social evolution
Group selection

Darwin's (1859) theory of evolution by natural selection accounts for the adaptations of organisms, but, as Fisher (1930) famously said, 'natural selection is not evolution.' Evolutionary theory has two major components: i) natural selection, which involves the underlying dynamics of populations; and ii) adaptive evolutionary change, which involves the optimisation of phenotypes for ﬁtness maximisation. Many of the traditional theoretical frameworks in evolutionary theory have focussed on studying optimisation processes that generate biological adaptations. In recent years, however, a number of evolutionary theorists have turned to using frameworks such as the 'replicator dynamics' or 'eco-evolutionary dynamics', to explore the dynamics of natural selection. There has, however, been little attempt to explore how these dynamical systems frameworks relate to more traditional frameworks in evolutionary theory or how they incorporate the principles that embody the process of evolution by natural selection, namely, phenotypic variation, diﬀerential reproductive success, and heritability. In this thesis, I use these principles to provide the formal foundations of a general framework—a mathematical synthesis—in which the future state of an evolutionary system can be predicted from its present state; what I will call a 'dynamical systems theory of natural selection.' Given the state of an existing biological system, and a set of assumptions about how individuals within the system interact, the job of the dynamical systems theory of natural selection is no less than to predict the future in its entirety.