Vicky190519/IPC_and_BNS_transformation huggingface dataset:
Outline the various types of punishments specified in the code as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 53: Punishments and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '53A', 'IPC Heading': 'Construction of reference to transportation', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
41  [53A. Construction of reference to
transportation
(1) Subject to the
provisions of subsection (2) and subsection (3), any reference to
"transportation for life" in any other law for the time being in
force or in any instrument or order having effect by virtue of any such law or
of any enactment repealed shall be construed as a reference to
"imprisonment for life".
(2) In every case in
which a sentence of transportation for a term has been passed before the
commencement of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 42[1955]
(26 of 1955), the offender shall be dealt with in the same manner as if
sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for the same term.
(3) Any reference to
transportation for a term or to transportation for any shorter term (by
whatever name called) in any other law for the time being in force shall be
deemed to have been omitted.
(4) Any reference to
"transportation" in any other law for the time being in force shall,
(a) if the expression
means transportation for life, be construed as a reference to imprisonment for
life;
(b) if the expression
means transportation for any shorter term, be deemed to have been omitted.]', 'BNS Section': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS Heading': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS description': 'Repealed in BNS'}
Explain the construction of reference to transportation as described in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 53A: Construction of reference to transportation and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '54', 'IPC Heading': 'Commutation of sentence of death', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
54.
Commutation of sentence of death 
In every case in which
sentence of death shall have been passed, 43[the appropriate
Government] may, without the consent of the offender, commute the punishment
for any other punishment provided by this Code.', 'BNS Section': '5', 'BNS Heading': 'Commutation of sentence', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
5. Commutation of sentence.
The appropriate Government may, without the consent of the offender, commute any punishment under this Sanhita to any other punishment in accordance with section 474 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.
Explanation.For the purposes of this section the expression "appropriate Government" means,
(a) in cases where the sentence is a sentence of death or is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends, the Central Government; and
(b) in cases where the sentence (whether of death or not) is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends, the Government of the State within which the offender is sentenced.'}
Discuss the provisions for commutation of a sentence of death as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 54: Commutation of sentence of death and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '55', 'IPC Heading': 'Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
55.
Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life
In every case in which
sentence of 44[imprisonment] for life shall have been passed, 45[the
appropriate Government] may, without the consent of the offender, commute the
punishment for imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding fourteen
years.', 'BNS Section': '5', 'BNS Heading': 'Commutation of sentence', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
5. Commutation of sentence.
The appropriate Government may, without the consent of the offender, commute any punishment under this Sanhita to any other punishment in accordance with section 474 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.
Explanation.For the purposes of this section the expression "appropriate Government" means,
(a) in cases where the sentence is a sentence of death or is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends, the Central Government; and
(b) in cases where the sentence (whether of death or not) is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends, the Government of the State within which the offender is sentenced.'}
Explain the rules for commutation of a sentence of imprisonment for life as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 55: Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '55A', 'IPC Heading': 'Definition of “appropriate Government”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
46  [55A. Definition of "appropriate
Government"
In sections 54 and 55
the expression "appropriate Government" means,
(a) in cases where the
sentence is a sentence of death or is for an offence against any law relating to
a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends, the Central
Government; and
(b) in cases where the
sentence (whether of death or not) is for an offence against any law relating
to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends, the Government
of the State within which the offender is sentenced.]', 'BNS Section': '5', 'BNS Heading': 'Explanation to section 5', 'BNS description': 'Explanation.For the purposes of this section the expression "appropriate Government" means,
(a) in cases where the sentence is a sentence of death or is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends, the Central Government; and
(b) in cases where the sentence (whether of death or not) is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends, the Government of the State within which the offender is sentenced.'}
Define 'appropriate Government' and explain its significance in the context of commutation and remission of sentences in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 55A: Definition of “appropriate Government” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

IPC Section: 56
IPC Heading: Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude. Proviso as to sentence for term exceeding ten years but not for life
IPC Descriptions: Section 56 of the Indian Penal Code has been removed from the law by the Criminal Law (Removal of Racial Discriminations) Act, 1949 (Act 17 of 1949).Section 56 of the Indian Penal Code states that whenever any person being a European or American is convicted of an offence punishable under this Code with transportation, the Court shall sentence the offender to penal servitude instead of transportation. The section also includes a proviso as to sentence for term exceeding ten years but not for life. Section 56 is related to the arrest of a person without warrant and the procedure to be followed thereafter
BNS Section: Repealed in BNS
BNS Heading: Repealed in BNS
BNS description: Repealed in BNS
Discuss the historical context and implications of the repealed section regarding the sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 56: (Repealed) Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '57', 'IPC Heading': 'Fractions of terms of punishment', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
57.
Fractions of terms of punishment 
In calculating
fractions of terms of punishment, 44[imprisonment] for life shall be
reckoned as equivalent to 44[imprisonment] for twenty years.', 'BNS Section': '6', 'BNS Heading': 'Fractions of terms of punishment', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
6. Fractions of terms of punishment.
In calculating fractions of terms of punishment, imprisonment for life shall be reckoned as equivalent to imprisonment for twenty years unless otherwise provided.'}
Explain how fractions of terms of punishment are handled within the legal framework as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 57: Fractions of terms of punishment and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

IPC Section: 58
IPC Heading: (Repealed) Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported
IPC Descriptions: Rep. by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955 (26 of 1955)
BNS Section: Repealed in BNS
BNS Heading: Repealed in BNS
BNS description: Repealed in BNS
Discuss the historical context and implications of the repealed section regarding offenders sentenced to transportation in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 58: (Repealed) Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

IPC Section: 59
IPC Heading:  (Repealed) Transportation instead of imprisonment
IPC Descriptions: Rep. by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955 (26 of 1955)
BNS Section: Repealed in BNS
BNS Heading: Repealed in BNS
BNS description: Repealed in BNS
Explain the historical context and implications of the repealed section regarding transportation instead of imprisonment in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 59: (Repealed) Transportation instead of imprisonment and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '60', 'IPC Heading': 'Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
60. Sentence
may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple
In every case in which
an offender is punishable with imprisonment which may be of either description,
it shall be competent to the court which sentences such offender to direct in
the sentence that such imprisonment shall be wholly rigorous, or that such
imprisonment shall be wholly simple, or that any part of such imprisonment
shall be rigorous and the rest simple.', 'BNS Section': '7', 'BNS Heading': 'Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
7. Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple.
In every case in which an offender is punishable with imprisonment which may be of either description, it shall be competent to the Court which sentences such offender to direct in the sentence that such imprisonment shall be wholly rigorous, or that such imprisonment shall be wholly simple, or that any part of such imprisonment shall be rigorous and the rest simple.'}
Describe the provisions allowing for a sentence to be wholly or partly rigorous or simple in certain cases of imprisonment as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 60: Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.Discuss the historical context and implications of the repealed section regarding the sentence of forfeiture of property in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 61: (Repealed) Sentence of forfeiture of property and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

IPC Section: 61
IPC Heading: (Repealed) Sentence of forfeiture of property
IPC Descriptions: Rep. by the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Act. 1921 (16 of 1921)
BNS Section: Repealed in BNS
BNS Heading: Repealed in BNS
BNS description: Repealed in BNS
Explain the historical context and implications of the repealed section regarding forfeiture of property in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation, or imprisonment in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 62: (Repealed) Forfeiture of property in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

IPC Section: 62
IPC Heading: (Repealed) Forfeiture of property in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment
IPC Descriptions: Rep. by the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Act. 1921 (16 of 1921) section 4.
BNS Section: Repealed in BNS
BNS Heading: Repealed in BNS
BNS description: Repealed in BNS
Discuss the limitations on imprisonment for non-payment of fine when both imprisonment and fine are awardable as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 65: Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '65', 'IPC Heading': 'Limit to imprisonment for nonpayment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
65. Limit to
imprisonment for nonpayment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable
The term for which the
Court directs the offender to be imprisoned in default of payment of a fine
shall not exceed onefourth of the term of imprisonment which is the maximum
fixed for the offence, if the offence be punishable with imprisonment as well as
fine.', 'BNS Section': '8(3)', 'BNS Heading': 'Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
8. Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.

(3) The term for which the Court directs the offender to be imprisoned in default of payment of a fine shall not exceed onefourth of the term of imprisonment which is the maximum fixed for the offence, if the offence be punishable with imprisonment as well as fine.
'}
Describe the type of imprisonment that may be imposed for non-payment of fine according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 66: Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '66', 'IPC Heading': 'Description of imprisonment for nonpayment of fine', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
66.
Description of imprisonment for nonpayment of fine
The imprisonment which
the Court imposes in default of payment of a fine may be of any description to
which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence.', 'BNS Section': '8(4), (5)', 'BNS Heading': 'Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
8. Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.

(4) The imprisonment which the Court imposes in default of payment of a fine or in default of community service may be of any description to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence.
(5) If the offence is punishable with fine or community service, the imprisonment which the Court imposes in default of payment of the fine or in default of community service shall be simple, and the term for which the Court directs the offender to be imprisoned, in default of payment of fine or in default of community service, shall not exceed,
(a) two months when the amount of the fine does not exceed five thousand rupees;
(b) four months when the amount of the fine does not exceed ten thousand rupees; and
(c) one year in any other case.'}
Explain the rules regarding imprisonment for non-payment of fine when the offence is punishable with fine only as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 67: Imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when offence punishable with fine only and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '67', 'IPC Heading': 'Imprisonment for nonpayment of fine when offence punishable with fine only', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
67.
Imprisonment for nonpayment of fine, when offence punishable with fine only
If the offence be
punishable with fine only, 33[the imprisonment which the Court
imposes in default of payment of the fine shall be simple, and] the term for
which the Court directs the offender to be imprisoned, in default of payment of
fine, shall not exceed tile following scale, that is to say, for any term not
exceeding two months when the amount of the fine shall not exceed fifty rupees,
and for any term not exceeding four months when the amount shall not exceed one
hundred rupees, and for any term not exceeding six months in any other case.', 'BNS Section': '8(5)', 'BNS Heading': 'Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
8. Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.

(5) If the offence is punishable with fine or community service, the imprisonment which the Court imposes in default of payment of the fine or in default of community service shall be simple, and the term for which the Court directs the offender to be imprisoned, in default of payment of fine or in default of community service, shall not exceed,
(a) two months when the amount of the fine does not exceed five thousand rupees;
(b) four months when the amount of the fine does not exceed ten thousand rupees; and
(c) one year in any other case.
'}
Discuss the provisions for terminating imprisonment upon payment of fine in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 68: Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '68', 'IPC Heading': 'Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
68.
Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine
The imprisonment which
is imposed in default of payment of a fine shall terminate whenever that fine
is either paid or levied by process of law.', 'BNS Section': '8(6)', 'BNS Heading': 'Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.', 'BNS description': "The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
8. Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.

(6) (a) The imprisonment which is imposed in default of payment of a fine shall terminate whenever that fine is either paid or levied by process of law;
(b) If, before the expiration of the term of imprisonment fixed in default of payment, such a proportion of the fine be paid or levied that the term of imprisonment suffered in default of payment is not less than proportional to the part of the fine still unpaid, the imprisonment shall terminate.
Illustration.
A is sentenced to a fine of one thousand rupees and to four months' imprisonment in default of payment. Here, if seven hundred and fifty rupees of the fine be paid or levied before the expiration of one month of the imprisonment, A will be discharged as soon as the first month has expired. If seven hundred and fifty rupees be paid or levied at the time of the expiration of the first month, or at any later time while A continues in imprisonment, A will be immediately discharged.
If five hundred rupees of the fine be paid or levied before the expiration of two months of the imprisonment, A will be discharged as soon as the two months are completed. If five hundred rupees be paid or levied at the time of the expiration of those two months, or at any later time while A continues in imprisonment, A will be immediately discharged.
"}
Explain how imprisonment may be terminated upon payment of a proportional part of the fine as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 69: Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '69', 'IPC Heading': 'Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine', 'IPC Descriptions': " Indian Penal Code, 1860 
69.
Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine
If, before the
expiration of the term of imprisonment fixed in default of payment, such a
proportion of the fine be paid or levied that the term of imprisonment suffered
in default of payment is not less than proportional to the part of the fine
still unpaid, the imprisonment shall terminate.
Illustration
A is sentenced to a
fine of one hundred rupees and to four months' imprisonment in default of
payment. Here, if seventyfive rupees of the fine be paid or levied before the
expiration of one month of the imprisonment. A will be discharged as soon as
the first month has expired. If seventyfive rupees be paid or levied at the
time of the expiration of the first month, or at any later time while A
continues in imprisonment. A will be immediately discharged. If fifty rupees of
the fine be paid or levied before the expiration of two months of the
imprisonment, A will be discharged as soon as the two months are completed. If
fifty rupees be paid or levied at the time of the expiration of those two
months, or at any later time while A continues in imprisonment, A will be
immediately discharged.", 'BNS Section': '8(6)', 'BNS Heading': 'Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.', 'BNS description': "The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
8. Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.

(6) (a) The imprisonment which is imposed in default of payment of a fine shall terminate whenever that fine is either paid or levied by process of law;
(b) If, before the expiration of the term of imprisonment fixed in default of payment, such a proportion of the fine be paid or levied that the term of imprisonment suffered in default of payment is not less than proportional to the part of the fine still unpaid, the imprisonment shall terminate.
Illustration.
A is sentenced to a fine of one thousand rupees and to four months' imprisonment in default of payment. Here, if seven hundred and fifty rupees of the fine be paid or levied before the expiration of one month of the imprisonment, A will be discharged as soon as the first month has expired. If seven hundred and fifty rupees be paid or levied at the time of the expiration of the first month, or at any later time while A continues in imprisonment, A will be immediately discharged.
If five hundred rupees of the fine be paid or levied before the expiration of two months of the imprisonment, A will be discharged as soon as the two months are completed. If five hundred rupees be paid or levied at the time of the expiration of those two months, or at any later time while A continues in imprisonment, A will be immediately discharged.
"}
Discuss the rules for levying fines within six years or during imprisonment and the provision that death does not discharge property from liability in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 70: Fine leviable within six years, or during imprisonment – Death not to discharge property from liability and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '70', 'IPC Heading': 'Fine leviable within six years, or during imprisonment – Death not to discharge property from liability', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
70\tFine leviable within six years, or during imprisonment – Death not to discharge property from liability
The fine, or any part thereof which remains unpaid, may be levied at any time within six years after me passing of the sentence, and if, under the sentence, the offender be liable to imprisonment for a longer period than six years, then at any time previous to the expiration of that period; and the death of the offender does not discharge from the liability any property which would, after his death, be legally liable for his debts.', 'BNS Section': '8(7)', 'BNS Heading': 'Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
8. Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.

(7) The fine, or any part thereof which remains unpaid, may be levied at any time within six years after the passing of the sentence, and if, under the sentence, the offender be liable to imprisonment for a longer period than six years, then at any time previous to the expiration of that period; and the death of the offender does not discharge from the liability any property which would, after his death, be legally liable for his debts.'}
Discuss the punishment for a person guilty of one of several offences when the judgment states it is doubtful of which offence in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 72: Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '72', 'IPC Heading': 'Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
72.
Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating
that it is doubtful of which 
In all cases in which
judgment is given that a person is guilty of one of several offences specified
in the judgment, but that it is doubtful of which of these offences, he is
guilty, the offender shall be punished for the offence for which the lowest
punishment is provided if the same punishment is not provided for all.', 'BNS Section': '10', 'BNS Heading': 'Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, judgment stating that it is doubtful of which', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
10. Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, judgment stating that it is doubtful of which.
In all cases in which judgment is given that a person is guilty of one of several offences specified in the judgment, but that it is doubtful of which of these offences he is guilty, the offender shall be punished for the offence for which the lowest punishment is provided if the same punishment is not provided for all.'}
Describe the provisions for solitary confinement as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 73: Solitary confinement and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '73', 'IPC Heading': 'Solitary confinement', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
73. Solitary
confinement 
Whenever any person is
convicted of an offence for which under this Code the Court has power to
sentence him to rigorous imprisonment, the Court may, by its sentence, order
that the offender shall be kept in solitary confinement for any portion or
portions of the imprisonment to which he is sentenced, not exceeding three
months in the whole, according to the following scale, that is to say
a time not exceeding
one month if the term of imprisonment shall not exceed six months;
a time not exceeding
two months if the term of imprisonment shall exceed six months and 48[shall
not exceed one] year;
a time not exceeding
three months if the term of imprisonment shall exceed one year.', 'BNS Section': '11', 'BNS Heading': 'Solitary confinement', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
11. Solitary confinement.
Whenever any person is convicted of an offence for which under this Sanhita the Court has power to sentence him to rigorous imprisonment, the Court may, by its sentence, order that the offender shall be kept in solitary confinement for any portion or portions of the imprisonment to which he is sentenced, not exceeding three months in the whole, according to the following scale, namely:
(a) a time not exceeding one month if the term of imprisonment shall not exceed six months;
(b) a time not exceeding two months if the term of imprisonment shall exceed six months and shall not exceed one year;
(c) a time not exceeding three months if the term of imprisonment shall exceed one year.'}
Explain the limitations on solitary confinement as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 74: Limit of solitary confinement and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '74', 'IPC Heading': 'Limit of solitary confinement', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
74. Limit of
solitary confinement 
In executing a
sentence of solitary confinement, such confinement shall in no case exceed
fourteen days at a time, with intervals between the periods of solitary
confinement of not less duration than such periods; and when the imprisonment
awarded shall exceed three months, the solitary confinement shall not exceed
seven days in any one month of the whole imprisonment awarded, with intervals
between the periods of solitary confinement of not less duration than such periods.', 'BNS Section': '12', 'BNS Heading': 'Limit of solitary confinement', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
12. Limit of solitary confinement.
In executing a sentence of solitary confinement, such confinement shall in no case exceed fourteen days at a time, with intervals between the periods of solitary confinement of not less duration than such periods; and when the imprisonment awarded shall exceed three months, the solitary confinement shall not exceed seven days in any one month of the whole imprisonment awarded, with intervals between the periods of solitary confinement of not less duration than such periods.'}
Discuss the enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after a previous conviction as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 75: Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '75', 'IPC Heading': 'Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
 48A  [75. Enhanced punishment for certain
offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction
Whoever, having been
convicted,
(a) by a court in 49[India],
of an offence punishable under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII of this Code with imprisonment
of either description for a term of three years or upwards,
 50  [] 
shall be guilty of any
offence punishable under either of those Chapters with like imprisonment for
the like term, shall be subject for every such subsequent offence to 51[imprisonment
for life], or to imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend
to ten years.]', 'BNS Section': '13', 'BNS Heading': 'Enhanced punishment for certain offences after previous conviction', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
13. Enhanced punishment for certain offences after previous conviction.
Whoever, having been convicted by a Court in India, of an offence punishable under Chapter X or Chapter XVII of this Sanhita with imprisonment of either description for a term of three years or upwards, shall be guilty of any offence punishable under either of those Chapters with like imprisonment for the like term, shall be subject for every such subsequent offence to imprisonment for life, or to imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years.'}
Explain the legal principles for an act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 76: Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '76', 'IPC Heading': 'Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
76. Act done
by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
Nothing is an offence
which is done by a person who is, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not
by reason of a mistake of law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by
law to do it.
Illustrations
(a) A, a soldier,
fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the
commands of the law. A has committed no offence.
(b) A, an officer of a
Court of Justice, being ordered by that Court to arrest Y, and, after due
enquiry, believing Z to be Y, arrests Z. A has committed no offence.', 'BNS Section': '14', 'BNS Heading': 'Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter III
General Exceptions
14. Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law.
Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by law to do it.
Illustrations.
(a) A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. A has committed no offence.
(b) A, an officer of a Court, being ordered by that Court to arrest Y, and, after due enquiry, believing Z to be Y, arrests Z. A has committed no offence.'}
Discuss the legal implications of an act of a judge when acting judicially in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 77: Act of Judge when acting judicially and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '77', 'IPC Heading': 'Act of Judge when acting judicially', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
77. Act of Judge
when acting judicially 
Nothing is an offence
which is done by a Judge when acting judicially in the exercise of any power
which is, or which in good faith he believes to be, given to him by law.', 'BNS Section': '15', 'BNS Heading': 'Act of Judge when acting judicially', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
15. Act of Judge when acting judicially.
Nothing is an offence which is done by a Judge when acting judicially in the exercise of any power which is, or which in good faith he believes to be, given to him by law.'}
Explain the legal provisions for an act done pursuant to the judgment or order of a court as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 78: Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '78', 'IPC Heading': 'Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
78. Act done
pursuant to the judgment or order of Court
Nothing which is done
in pursuance of, or which is warranted by the judgment or order of, a Court of
Justice; if done whilst such judgment or order remains in force, is an offence,
notwithstanding the Court may have had no jurisdiction to pass such judgment or
order, provided the person doing the act in good faith believes that the Court
had such jurisdiction.', 'BNS Section': '16', 'BNS Heading': 'Act done pursuant to judgment or order of Court', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
16. Act done pursuant to judgment or order of Court.
Nothing which is done in pursuance of, or which is warranted by the judgment or order of, a Court; if done whilst such judgment or order remains in force, is an offence, notwithstanding the Court may have had no jurisdiction to pass such judgment or order, provided the person doing the act in good faith believes that the Court had such jurisdiction.'}
Discuss the legal principles for an act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 79: Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself, justified, by law and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '79', 'IPC Heading': 'Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
79. Act done
by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by
law 
Nothing is an offence
which is done by any person who is justified by law, or who by reason of a
mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith, believes
himself to be justified by law, in doing it.
Illustration
A sees Z commit what
appears to A to be a murder. A, in the exercise, to the best of his judgment
exerted in good faith, of the power which the law gives to all persons of
apprehending murderers in the fact, seizes Z, in order to bring Z before the
proper authorities. A has committed no offence, though it may turn out that Z
was acting in selfdefense.', 'BNS Section': '17', 'BNS Heading': 'Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
17. Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law.
Nothing is an offence which is done by any person who is justified by law, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith, believes himself to be justified by law, in doing it. Illustration. A sees Z commit what appears to A to be a murder. A, in the exercise, to the best of his judgment exerted in good faith, of the power which the law gives to all persons of apprehending murderers in the fact, seizes Z, in order to bring Z before the proper authorities. A has committed no offence, though it may turn out that Z was acting in selfdefence.'}
Explain the provisions for accidents occurring in the course of doing a lawful act as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 80: Accident in doing a lawful act and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.Explain the legal principles for an act likely to cause harm but done without criminal intent to prevent other harm as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 81: Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '80', 'IPC Heading': 'Accident in doing a lawful act', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
80. Accident
in doing a lawful act
Nothing. is an offence
which is done by accident or misfortune, and without any criminal intention or
knowledge in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner by lawful means and
with proper care and caution.
Illustration
A is at work with a
hatchet; the head flies off and kills a man who is standing by. Here, if there
was no want of proper caution on the part of A, his act is excusable and not an
offence.', 'BNS Section': '18', 'BNS Heading': 'Accident in doing a lawful act', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
18. Accident in doing a lawful act.
Nothing is an offence which is done by accident or misfortune, and without any criminal intention or knowledge in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner by lawful means and with proper care and caution. Illustration. A is at work with a hatchet; the head flies off and kills a man who is standing by. Here, if there was no want of proper caution on the part of A, his act is excusable and not an offence.'}
Discuss the legal provisions regarding the act of a child under seven years of age in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 82: Act of a child under seven years of age and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '82', 'IPC Heading': 'Act of a child under seven years of age', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
82. Act of a
child under seven years of age 
Nothing is an offence
which is done by a child under seven years of age.', 'BNS Section': '20', 'BNS Heading': 'Act of a child under seven years of age', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
20. Act of a child under seven years of age.
Nothing is an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age.'}
Explain the rules for the act of a child above seven and under twelve years of age with immature understanding as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 83: Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '83', 'IPC Heading': 'Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
83. Act of a
child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding
Nothing is an offence
which is done by a child above seven years of age and under twelve, who has not
attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and
consequences of his conduct on that occasion.', 'BNS Section': '21', 'BNS Heading': 'Act of a child above seven and under twelve years of age of immature understanding', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
21. Act of a child above seven and under twelve years of age of immature understanding.
Nothing is an offence which is done by a child above seven years of age and under twelve years of age, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and consequences of his conduct on that occasion.'}
Discuss the legal implications of an act by a person of unsound mind according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 84: Act of a person of unsound mind and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '84', 'IPC Heading': 'Act of a person of unsound mind', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
84. Act of a
person ofunsound mind 
Nothing is an offence
which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of, unsoundness
of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing
what is either wrong or contrary to law.', 'BNS Section': '22', 'BNS Heading': 'Act of a person of unsound mind', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
22. Act of a person of unsound mind.
Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law.'}
Explain the provisions for an act by a person incapable of judgment due to intoxication caused against his will as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 85: Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '85', 'IPC Heading': 'Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
85. Act of a
person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will
Nothing is an offence
which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, is, by reason of
intoxication, incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing
what is either wrong, or contrary to law; provided that the thing which
intoxicated him was administered to him without his knowledge or a against his
will.', 'BNS Section': '23', 'BNS Heading': 'Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
23. Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will.
Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, is, by reason of intoxication, incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong, or contrary to law; provided that the thing which intoxicated him was administered to him without his knowledge or against his will.'}
Discuss the rules regarding an offence requiring particular intent or knowledge committed by an intoxicated person as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 86: Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '86', 'IPC Heading': 'Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
86. Offence
requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated
In cases where an act
done is not an offence unless done with a particular knowledge or intent, a
person who does the act in a state of intoxication shall be liable to be dealt
with as if he had the same knowledge as he would have had if he had not been
intoxicated, unless the thing which intoxicated him was administered to him
without his knowledge or against his will.', 'BNS Section': '24', 'BNS Heading': 'Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
24. Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated.
In cases where an act done is not an offence unless done with a particular knowledge or intent, a person who does the act in a state of intoxication shall be liable to be dealt with as if he had the same knowledge as he would have had if he had not been intoxicated, unless the thing which intoxicated him was administered to him without his knowledge or against his will.'}
Explain the legal principles for an act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 87: Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '87', 'IPC Heading': 'Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
87. Act not intended
and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
Nothing which is not
intended to cause death, or grievous hurt, and which is not known by the doer
to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, is an offence by reason of any
harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, to any person,
above eighteen years of age, who has given consent, whether express or implied,
to suffer that harm; or by reason of any harm which it may be known by the doer
to be likely to cause to any such person who has consented to take the risk of
that harm.
Illustration
A and Z agrees to
fence with each other for amusement. This agreement implies the consent of each
to suffer any harm which, in the course of such fencing, may be caused without
foul play; and if A, while playing fairly, hurts Z, A commits no offence.', 'BNS Section': '25', 'BNS Heading': 'Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
25. Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent.
Nothing which is not intended to cause death, or grievous hurt, and which is not known by the doer to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, to any person, above eighteen years of age, who has given consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm; or by reason of any harm which it may be known by the doer to be likely to cause to any such person who has consented to take the risk of that harm.
Illustration.
A and Z agree to fence with each other for amusement. This agreement implies the consent of each to suffer any harm which, in the course of such fencing, may be caused without foul play; and if A, while playing fairly, hurts Z, A commits no offence.'}