Explain the consequences of dishonest misappropriation of property as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 403: Dishonest misappropriation of property and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '403', 'IPC Heading': 'Dishonest misappropriation of property', 'IPC Descriptions': " Indian Penal Code, 1860 
403. Dishonest misappropriation of property
Whoever dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use
any movable property, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description
for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
Illustrations
(a) A takes property belonging to Z out of Z's possession, in
good faith, believing, at any time when he takes it, that the property belongs
to himself. A is not guilty of theft; but if A, after discovering his mistake,
dishonestly appropriates the property to his own use, he is guilty of an
offence under this section.
(b) A, being on friendly terms with Z, goes into Z's library in
Z's absence, and takes away a book without Z's express consent. Here, if A was
under the impression that he had Z's implied consent to take the book for the
purpose of reading it, A has not committed theft. But, if A afterwards sells
the book for his own benefit, he is guilty of an offence under this section.
(c) A and B, being joint owners of a horse, A takes the horse
out of B's possession, intending, to use it. Here, as A has a right to use the
horse, he does not dishonestly misappropriate it. But, if A sells the horse and
appropriates the whole proceeds to his own use, he is guilty of an offence
under this section.
Explanation 1  A dishonest misappropriation for a time only
is a misappropriation with the meaning of this section.
Illustration
A finds a Government promissory note belonging to Z, bearing a
blank endorsement. A, knowing that the note belongs to Z, pledges it with a banker
as a security for a loan, intending. at a future time to restore it to Z. A has
committed an offence under this section.
Explanation 2  A person who finds property not in the
possession of any other person, and takes such property for the purpose of protecting
if for, or of restoring it to, the owner does not take or misappropriate it
dishonestly, and is not guilty of an offence; but he is guilty of the offence
above defined, if he appropriates it to his own use, when he knows or has the
means of discovering the owner, or before he has used reasonable means to
discover and give notice to the owner and has kept the property a reasonable
time to enable the owner to claim it.
What are reasonable means or what is a reasonable time in such a
case, is a question of fact.
It is not necessary that the finder should know who is the owner
of the property, or that any particular person is the owner of it; it is
sufficient if, at the time of appropriately it, lie does not believe it to be
his own property, or in good faith believe that the real owner cannot be found.
Illustrations
(a) A finds a rupee on the high road, not knowing to whom the
rupee belongs. A picks up the rupee. Here A has not committed the offence
defined in this section.
(b) A finds a letter on the road, containing a bank note. From
the direction and contents of the letter he learns to whom the note belongs. He
appropriates the note. He is guilty of an offence under this section.
(c) A finds a cheque payable to bearer. He can form no
conjecture as to the person who has lost the cheque. But the name of the
person, who has drawn the cheque, appears. A knows that this person can direct
him to the person in whose favor the cheque was drawn. A appropriates the
cheque without attempting to discover the owner. He is guilty of an offence
under this section.
(d) A sees Z drop his purse with money in it. A picks up the
purse with tile intention of restoring it to Z, but afterwards appropriates it
to his own use. A has committed an offence under this section.
(e) A finds a purse with money, not knowing to whom it belongs;
lie afterwards discovers that it belongs to 4 and appropriates it to his own
use. A is guilty of an offence under this section.
(f) A finds a valuable ring, not knowing to whom it belongs. A sells
it immediately without attempting to discover. the owner. A is guilty of an
offence under this section.", 'BNS Section': '316', 'BNS Heading': 'Criminal breach of trust', 'BNS description': "The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Of criminal breach of trust
316. Criminal breach of trust.
(1) Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or wilfully suffers any other person so to do, commits criminal breach of trust.
Explanation 1.A person, being an employer of an establishment whether exempted under section 17 of the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 or not who deducts the employee's contribution from the wages payable to the employee for credit to a Provident Fund or Family Pension Fund established by any law for the time being in force, shall be deemed to have been entrusted with the amount of the contribution so deducted by him and if he makes default in the payment of such contribution to the said Fund in violation of the said law, shall be deemed to have dishonestly used the amount of the said contribution in violation of a direction of law as aforesaid.
Explanation 2.A person, being an employer, who deducts the employees' contribution from the wages payable to the employee for credit to the Employees' State Insurance Fund held and administered by the Employees' State Insurance Corporation established under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 shall be deemed to have been entrusted with the amount of the contribution so deducted by him and if he makes default in the payment of such contribution to the said Fund in violation of the said Act, shall be deemed to have dishonestly used the amount of the said contribution in violation of a direction of law as aforesaid.
Illustrations.
(a) A, being executor to the will of a deceased person, dishonestly disobeys the law which directs him to divide the effects according to the will, and appropriates them to his own use. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(b) A is a warehousekeeper Z going on a journey, entrusts his furniture to A, under a contract that it shall be returned on payment of a stipulated sum for warehouse room. A dishonestly sells the goods. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(c) A, residing in Kolkata, is agent for Z, residing at Delhi. There is an express or implied contract between A and Z, that all sums remitted by Z to A shall be invested by A, according to Z's direction. Z remits one lakh of rupees to A, with directions to A to invest the same in Company's paper. A dishonestly disobeys the directions and employs the money in his own business. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(d) But if A, in illustration (c), not dishonestly but in good faith, believing that it will be more for Z's advantage to hold shares in the Bank of Bengal, disobeys Z's directions, and buys shares in the Bank of Bengal, for Z, instead of buying Company's paper, here, though Z should suffer loss, and should be entitled to bring a civil action against A, on account of that loss, yet A, not having acted dishonestly, has not committed criminal breach of trust.
(e) A, a revenueofficer, is entrusted with public money and is either directed by law, or bound by a contract, express or implied, with the Government, to pay into a certain treasury all the public money which he holds. A dishonestly appropriates the money. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(f) A, a carrier, is entrusted by Z with property to be carried by land or by water. A dishonestly misappropriates the property. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(2) Whoever commits criminal breach of trust shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both.
(3) Whoever, being entrusted with property as a carrier, wharfinger or warehousekeeper, commits criminal breach of trust in respect of such property, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.
(4) Whoever, being a clerk or servant or employed as a clerk or servant, and being in any manner entrusted in such capacity with property, or with any dominion over property, commits criminal breach of trust in respect of that property, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.
(5) Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property in his capacity of a public servant or in the way of his business as a banker, merchant, factor, broker, attorney or agent commits criminal breach of trust in respect of that property, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine."}