Vicky190519/IPC_and_BNS_transformation huggingface dataset:
Provide the official title of the code and specify the geographical extent to which the code applies in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 1: Title and Extent of Operation of the Code and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '1', 'IPC Heading': 'Title and extent of operation of the Code', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
1. Title and
extent of operation of the Code 
This Act shall be
called the Indian Penal Code, and shall  3[extend to the whole
of  India 4[except the State of 
 Jammu and Kashmir  ].]', 'BNS Section': '1', 'BNS Heading': 'Short title, commencement and application', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter I
Preliminary
1. Short title, commencement and application.
(1) This Act may be called the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Sanhita.
(3) Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Sanhita and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he shall be guilty within India.
(4) Any person liable, by any law for the time being in force in India, to be tried for an offence committed beyond India shall be dealt with according to the provisions of this Sanhita for any act committed beyond India in the same manner as if such act had been committed within India.
(5) The provisions of this Sanhita shall also apply to any offence committed by
(a) any citizen of India in any place without and beyond India;
(b) any person on any ship or aircraft registered in India wherever it may be;
(c) any person in any place without and beyond India committing offence targeting a computer resource located in India.
Explanation.In this section, the word "offence" includes every act committed outside India which, if committed in India, would be punishable under this Sanhita. Illustration. A, who is a citizen of India, commits a murder in any place without and beyond India. He can be tried and convicted of murder in any place in India in which he may be found.
(6) Nothing in this Sanhita shall affect the provisions of any Act for punishing mutiny and desertion of officers, soldiers, sailors or airmen in the service of the Government of India or the provisions of any special or local law.'}
Outline the general principles for punishing offences that occur within the territorial boundaries of India in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 2: Punishment of Offences Committed Within India and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '2', 'IPC Heading': 'Punishment of offences committed within India', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
2.
Punishment of offences committed within  India 
Every person shall be
liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or
omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which, he shall be guilty
within 5[  India  ] 6[].', 'BNS Section': '1(3)', 'BNS Heading': 'Short title, commencement and application', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter I
Preliminary
1. Short title, commencement and application.
(3) Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Sanhita and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he shall be guilty within India.'}
Explain the jurisdictional rules and conditions under which offences committed outside of India can be tried within Indian courts in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 3: Punishment of Offences Committed Beyond, but Which by Law May Be Tried Within, India and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '3', 'IPC Heading': 'Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within, India', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
3.
Punishment of offences committed beyond but which by law may be tried within  India 
Any person liable, by
any 7[Indian law] to be tried for an offence committed beyond 8[  India  ] shall be dealt with according to the provisions of this
Code for any act committed beyond 8[  India  ] in the same manner as if such act had been committed
within 5[  India  ].', 'BNS Section': '1(4)', 'BNS Heading': 'Short title, commencement and application', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter I
Preliminary
1. Short title, commencement and application
(4) Any person liable, by any law for the time being in force in India, to be tried for an offence committed beyond India shall be dealt with according to the provisions of this Sanhita for any act committed beyond India in the same manner as if such act had been committed within India.'}
Describe the circumstances and legal basis for extending the code to cover offences committed outside the national boundaries in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 4: Extension of Code to Extra-Territorial Offences and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '4', 'IPC Heading': 'Extension of Code to extraterritorial offences', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
9  [4. Extension of Code to
extraterritorial offences
The provisions of this
Code apply also to any offence committed by
 10  [(1) any citizen of  India in any place without and beyond  India  ;
(2) any person on any
ship or aircraft registered in  India wherever it may be.]
Explanation In this
section the word "offence" includes every act committed outside 2[  India  ] which, if committed in 2[  India  ], would be punishable under this Code.
 11  [Illustration] 
 12  [] A, 13[who is 14[a citizen of  India  ]] , commits a murder in  Uganda  . He can be tried and convicted of murder in any place in 2[  India  ] in which he may be found.
 15  []', 'BNS Section': '1(5)', 'BNS Heading': 'Short title, commencement and application', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter I
Preliminary
1. Short title, commencement and application
(5) The provisions of this Sanhita shall also apply to any offence committed by
(a) any citizen of India in any place without and beyond India;
(b) any person on any ship or aircraft registered in India wherever it may be;
(c) any person in any place without and beyond India committing offence targeting a computer resource located in India.
Explanation.In this section, the word "offence" includes every act committed outside India which, if committed in India, would be punishable under this Sanhita. Illustration. A, who is a citizen of India, commits a murder in any place without and beyond India. He can be tried and convicted of murder in any place in India in which he may be found.'}
Identify any laws that remain unaffected by the provisions of this code and explain why these exceptions exist in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 5: Certain Laws Not to Be Affected by This Act and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '5', 'IPC Heading': 'Certain laws not to be affected by this Act', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
16  [5. Certain laws not to be affected by
this Act
Nothing in this Act
shall affect the provisions of any Act for. punishing mutiny and desertion of
officers, soldiers, sailors or airmen in the service of the Government of India
or the provisions of any special or local law.]', 'BNS Section': '1(6)', 'BNS Heading': 'Short title, commencement and application', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter I
Preliminary
1. Short title, commencement and application
(6) Nothing in this Sanhita shall affect the provisions of any Act for punishing mutiny and desertion of officers, soldiers, sailors or airmen in the service of the Government of India or the provisions of any special or local law.'}
Clarify how expressions defined within the code are to be understood and used consistently throughout the document in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 7: Sense of Expression Once Explained and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '7', 'IPC Heading': 'Sense of expression once explained', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
7. Sense of
expression once explained 
Every expression which
is explained in any part of this Code, is used in every part of this Code in
conformity with the explanation.', 'BNS Section': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS Heading': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS description': 'Repealed in BNS'}
Define how gender is addressed in the code and the implications of this definition on legal interpretations in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 8: Gender and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '8', 'IPC Heading': 'Gender', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
8. Gender
The pronoun
"he" and its derivatives are used of any person, whether male or
female.', 'BNS Section': '2(10)', 'BNS Heading': '“Gender”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
2. Definitions
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,

(10) "gender".The pronoun "he" and its derivatives are used of any person, whether male, female or transgender.
Explanation. "transgender" shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (k) of section 2 of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019;
"year".Wherever the word "month" or the word "year" is used, it is to be understood that the month or the year is to be reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar;'}
Explain how singular and plural forms are treated within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 9: Number and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '9', 'IPC Heading': 'Number', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
9. Number
Unless the contrary
appears from the context, words importing the singular number include the
plural number, and words importing the plural number include the singular
number.', 'BNS Section': '2(22)', 'BNS Heading': '“Number”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(22) "number".Unless the contrary appears from the context, words importing the singular number include the plural number, and words importing the plural number include the singular number;'}
Provide the definitions of “man” and “woman” as per the code and discuss any relevant legal implications in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 10: “Man” “Woman” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '10', 'IPC Heading': '“Man”, “Woman”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
10.
"Man", "Woman" 
The word
"man" denotes a male human being of any age; the word
"woman" denotes a female human being of any age.', 'BNS Section': '2(19)', 'BNS Heading': '“Man”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(19) "man" means male human being of any age;'}
Define the term “person” and explain its scope and application within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 11: “Person” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '11', 'IPC Heading': '“Person”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
11.
"Person" 
The word
"person" includes any Company or Association or body of persons,
whether incorporated or not.', 'BNS Section': '2(35)', 'BNS Heading': '“Woman”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(35) "woman" means a female human being of any age;'}
Describe who or what constitutes the “public” under this code and the context in which this term is used in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 12: “Public” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '12', 'IPC Heading': '“Public”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
12.
"Public" 
The word
"public" includes any class of the public or any community.', 'BNS Section': '2(26)', 'BNS Heading': '“Person”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(26) "person" includes any company or association or body of persons, whether incorporated or not;'}
Provide the specific definition of “Queen” as outlined in the code and any relevant legal context in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 13: Definition of “Queen” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '13', 'IPC Heading': 'Repealed', 'IPC Descriptions': 'Repealed', 'BNS Section': '2(27)', 'BNS Heading': '“Public”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(27) "public" includes any class of the public or any community;'}
Explain the historical context and definition of “British India” as it appears in the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 15: Definition of “British India” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

IPC Section: 15
IPC Heading: Repealed
IPC Descriptions: Repealed
BNS Section: Repealed in BNS
BNS Heading: Repealed in BNS
BNS description: Repealed in BNS
Describe how the “Government of India” is defined and its significance within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 16: Definition of “Government of India” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

IPC Section: 16
IPC Heading: Repealed
IPC Descriptions: Repealed
BNS Section: Repealed in BNS
BNS Heading: Repealed in BNS
BNS description: Repealed in BNS
Provide a comprehensive definition of “government” and its application in various legal contexts within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 17: “Government” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '17', 'IPC Heading': '“Government”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
16 [17. "Government"
The word
"Government" denotes the Central Government or the Government of a 17[]
State.]', 'BNS Section': '2(12)', 'BNS Heading': '“Government”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(12) "Government" means the Central Government or a State Government;'}
Define the term “India” as used in the code and its geographical and political implications in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 18: “India” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '18', 'IPC Heading': '“India”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
18  [18. " ""  India  " means the territory India  excluding the State of 
 Jammu and Kashmir  .]', 'BNS Section': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS Heading': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS description': 'Repealed in BNS'}
Explain the definition of “judge” and the roles and responsibilities associated with this title under the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 19: “Judge” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '19', 'IPC Heading': '“Judge”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
19.
"Judge" 
The word
"Judge" denotes not only every person who is officially designated as
a Judge, but also every person who is empowered by law to give, in any legal
proceeding, civil or criminal, a definitive judgment, or a judgment which, if
not appealed against, would be definitive, or a judgment which is confirmed by
some other authority, would be definitive, or who is one of a body of persons,
which body of persons is empowered by law to give such a judgment.
Illustrations
(a) A Collector
exercising jurisdiction in a suit under Act 10 of 1859, is a Judge.
(b) A Magistrate
exercising jurisdiction in respect of a charge on which he has power to
sentence to fine or imprisonment, with or without appeal, is a Judge.
(c) A member of a
panchayat which has power, under Regulation VII, 1816, of the Madras Code, to
try and determine suits, is a Judge.
(d) A Magistrate
exercising jurisdiction in respect of a charge on which he has power only to
commit for trial to another court, is not a Judge.', 'BNS Section': '2(16)', 'BNS Heading': '“Judge”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(16) "Judge" means a person who is officially designated as a Judge and includes a person,
(i) who is empowered by law to give, in any legal proceeding, civil or criminal, a definitive judgment, or a judgment which, if not appealed against, would be definitive, or a judgment which, if confirmed by some other authority, would be definitive; or
(ii) who is one of a body or persons, which body of persons is empowered by law to give such a judgment. Illustration. A Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in respect of a charge on which he has power to sentence to fine or imprisonment, with or without appeal, is a Judge;'}
Describe what constitutes a “court of justice” and the legal framework governing its operation within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 20: “Court of Justice” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.Define what is meant by a 'public servant' and explain the legal standing of such individuals under the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 21: “Public servant” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '20', 'IPC Heading': '“Court of Justice”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
20.
"Court of Justice" 
The words "Court
of Justice" denote a Judge who is empowered by law to act judicially
alone, or a body of Judges which is empowered by law to act judicially as a
body, when such Judge or body of Judges is acting judicially.
Illustration
A panchayat acting
under 19[Regulation VII, 1816, of the Madras Code,] having power to
try and determine suits, is a Court of Justice.', 'BNS Section': '2(5)', 'BNS Heading': '“Court”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(5) "Court" means a Judge who is empowered by law to act judicially alone, or a body of Judges which is empowered by law to act judicially as a body, when such Judge or body of Judges is acting judicially;'}
Define 'wrongful gain' and discuss its significance within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 23: “Wrongful gain” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '22', 'IPC Heading': '“Movable property”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
22.
"Movable property" 
The words
"movable property" are intended to include corporeal property of
every description, except land and things attached to the earth or permanently
fastened to anything. which is attached to the earth.', 'BNS Section': '2(21)', 'BNS Heading': '“Movable property”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(21) "movable property" includes property of every description, except land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth;'}
Provide the definition of 'dishonestly' and explain its application in legal contexts as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 24: “Dishonestly” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '23', 'IPC Heading': '“Wrongful gain”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
23.
"Wrongful gain" 
"Wrongful
gain" is gain by unlawful means of property which the person gaining is
not legally entitled.
"Wrongful
loss" "Wrongful loss" is the loss by unlawful means of property
to which the person losing it is legally entitled.
Gaining wrongfully,
losing wrongfully A person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains
wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said
to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property as
well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of property.', 'BNS Section': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS Heading': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS description': 'Repealed in BNS'}
Explain what constitutes acting 'fraudulently' under the code and discuss relevant examples in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 25: “Fraudulently” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '24', 'IPC Heading': 'Dishonesty', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
24.
"Dishonestly" 
Whoever does anything
with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to
another person, is said to do that thing "dishonestly".', 'BNS Section': '2(7)', 'BNS Heading': 'Dishonesty', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(7) "dishonestly" means doing anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person;'}
Discuss the concept of 'reason to believe' and its importance in determining criminal intent as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 26: “Reason to believe” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '25', 'IPC Heading': '“Fraudulently”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
25.
"Fraudulently" 
A person is said to do
a thing fraudulently if he does that thing with intent to defraud but not
otherwise.', 'BNS Section': '2(9)', 'BNS Heading': '“Fraudulently”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(9) "fraudulently" means doing anything with the intention to defraud but not otherwise;
'}
Explain the legal principles regarding property in possession of a wife, clerk, or servant in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 27: Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '26', 'IPC Heading': '“Reason to believe”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
26.
"Reason to believe" 
A person is said to
have "reason to believe" a thing, if he has sufficient cause to
believe that thing but not otherwise.', 'BNS Section': '2(29)', 'BNS Heading': '“Reason to believe”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(29) "reason to believe".A person is said to have "reason to believe" a thing, if he has sufficient cause to believe that thing but not otherwise;'}
Define the term 'counterfeit' and discuss its implications within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 28: “Counterfeit” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '27', 'IPC Heading': 'Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant', 'IPC Descriptions': " Indian Penal Code, 1860 
27. Property
in possession of wife, clerk or servant
When property is in
the possession of a person's wife, clerk or servant, on account of that person,
it is in that person's possession within the meaning of this Code.
Explanation: A person
employed temporarily or on a particular occasion in the capacity of a clerk or
servant, is a clerk or servant within the meaning of this section.", 'BNS Section': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS Heading': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS description': 'Repealed in BNS'}
Explain the definition of 'document' as per the code and its significance in legal proceedings in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 29: “Document” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '28', 'IPC Heading': '“Counterfeit”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
28.
"Counterfeit" 
A person is said to
"counterfeit" who causes one thing to resemble another thing,
intending by means of that resemblance to practice deception, or knowing. it to
be likely that deception will thereby be practiced.
 29  [Explanation 1 It is not essential to
counterfeiting that the imitation should be exact. 
Explanation 2  When a person causes one thing to resemble another thing,
and the resemblance is such that a person might be deceived thereby, it shall
be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that the person so causing the one
thing to resemble the other thing intended by means of that resemblance to
practice deception or knew it to be likely that deception would thereby be
practiced.]', 'BNS Section': '2(4)', 'BNS Heading': '“Counterfeit”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(4) "counterfeit".A person is said to "counterfeit" who causes one thing to resemble another thing, intending by means of that resemblance to practise deception, or knowing it to be likely that deception will thereby be practised.
Explanation 1.It is not essential to counterfeiting that the imitation should be exact.
Explanation 2.When a person causes one thing to resemble another thing, and the resemblance is such that a person might be deceived thereby, it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that the person so causing the one thing to resemble the other thing intended by means of that resemblance to practise deception or knew it to be likely that deception would thereby be practised;'}
Explain the term 'a will' and its legal standing as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 31: “A will” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '29A', 'IPC Heading': '“Electronic record”', 'IPC Descriptions': 'The words “electronic record” shall have the meaning assigned to them in clause (t) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Information Technology Act, 2000.', 'BNS Section': '2(39)', 'BNS Heading': 'Definitions', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(39) words and expressions used but not defined in this Sanhita but defined in the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act and Sanhita.'}
Discuss how words referring to acts include illegal omissions as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 32: Words referring to acts include illegal omissions and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '30', 'IPC Heading': '“Valuable security”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
30.
"Valuable security" 
The words
"valuable security" denote a document which is, or purports to be, a
document whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted,
extinguished or released, or where by any person acknowledges that he lies
under legal liability, or has not a certain legal right.
Illustration
A writes his name on
the back of a bill of exchange. As the effect of this endorsement is transfer
the right to the bill to any person who may become the lawful holder of it, the
endorsement is a "valuable security".', 'BNS Section': '2(31)', 'BNS Heading': '“Valuable security”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(31) "valuable security" means a document which is, or purports to be, a document whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted, extinguished or released, or whereby any person acknowledges that he lies under legal liability, or has not a certain legal right. Illustration. A writes his name on the back of a bill of exchange. As the effect of this endorsement is to transfer the right to the bill to any person who may become the lawful holder of it, the endorsement is a "valuable security";'}
Define the terms 'act' and 'omission' and explain their significance within the code as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 33: “Act”. “Omission” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '31', 'IPC Heading': '“A will”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
31. "A
will" 
The words "a will"
denote any testamentary document.', 'BNS Section': '2(34)', 'BNS Heading': '“will”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(34) "will" means any testamentary document;'}
Describe the legal implications of acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 34: Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '32', 'IPC Heading': 'Words referring to acts include illegal omissions', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
32. Words
referring to acts include illegal omissions
In every part of this
Code, except where a contrary intention appears from the context, words which
refer to acts done extend also to illegal omissions.', 'BNS Section': '2(1)', 'BNS Heading': '“act”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(1) "act" denotes as well a series of acts as a single act;'}
Explain when an act becomes criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 35: When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '33', 'IPC Heading': '“Act”, “Omission”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
33.
"Act", "Omission" 
The word
"act" denotes as well a series of acts as a single act : the word
"omission" denotes as well as series of omissions as a single
omission.', 'BNS Section': '2(1)', 'BNS Heading': 'Definitions', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions 
In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(1) "act" denotes as well a series of acts as a single act;'}
Discuss the effect caused partly by act and partly by omission as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 36: Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '34', 'IPC Heading': 'Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
30  [34. Acts done by several persons in
furtherance of common intention
When a criminal act is
done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of
such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by
him alone.]', 'BNS Section': '3(5)', 'BNS Heading': 'General Explanations', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
3. General explanations
(5) When a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.'}
Describe the concept of co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 37: Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '35', 'IPC Heading': 'When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
35. When
such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge
or intention 
Whenever an act, which
is criminal only by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or
intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the
act with such knowledge or intention is liable for the act in the same manner
as if the act were done by him alone with that knowledge or intention.', 'BNS Section': '3(6)', 'BNS Heading': 'General Explanations', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
3. General explanations
(6) Whenever an act, which is criminal only by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the act with such knowledge or intention is liable for the act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone with that knowledge or intention.
'}
Explain how persons concerned in a criminal act may be guilty of different offences in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 38: Persons concerned in criminal Act may be guilty of different offences and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '36', 'IPC Heading': 'Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
36. Effect
caused partly by act and partly by omission
Wherever the causing
of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an
omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect
partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same offence.
Illustration
A intentionally causes
Z\x92s death, partly by illegally omitting to give Z food, and partly by beating
Z. A has committed murder.', 'BNS Section': '3(7)', 'BNS Heading': 'General Explanations', 'BNS description': "The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
3. General explanations
(7) Wherever the causing of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same offence.
Illustration.
A intentionally causes Z's death, partly by illegally omitting to give Z food, and partly by beating Z. A has committed murder.
"}
Explain the definition of 'offence' and its implications within the legal framework as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 40: “Offence” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.Define the term 'special law' and explain its significance within the legal framework in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 41: “Special law” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '38', 'IPC Heading': 'Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences', 'IPC Descriptions': " Indian Penal Code, 1860 
38. Persons
concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences
Where several persons
are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be
guilty of different offences by means of that act.
Illustration
A attacks Z under such
circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would be only culpable
homicide not amounting to murder B, having illwill towards Z and intending to
kill him, and not having been subject to the provocation, assists A in killing
Z. Here, though A and B are both engaged in causing Z's death, B is guilty of
murder, and A is guilty only of culpable homicide.", 'BNS Section': '3(9)', 'BNS Heading': 'General Explanations', 'BNS description': "The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
3. General explanations
(9) Where several persons are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be guilty of different offences by means of that act.
Illustration.
A attacks Z under such circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would be only culpable homicide not amounting to murder. B, having illwill towards Z and intending to kill him, and not having been subject to the provocation, assists A in killing Z. Here, though A and B are both engaged in causing Z's death, B is guilty of murder, and A is guilty only of culpable homicide."}
Explain what is meant by 'local law' and discuss its implications within the context of the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 42: “Local law” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '39', 'IPC Heading': '“Voluntarily”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
39.
"Voluntarily" 
A person is said to
cause an effect "voluntarily" when he causes it by means whereby he
intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing, those means,
he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it.
Illustration
A sets fire, by night,
toan inhabited house in a large town, for the purpose of facilitating a
robbery and thus causes the death of a person. Here, A may not have intended to
cause death; and may even be sorry that death has been caused by his act; yet,
if he knew that he was likely to cause death, he has caused death voluntarily.', 'BNS Section': '2(33)', 'BNS Heading': '“Voluntarily”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(33) "voluntarily".A person is said to cause an effect "voluntarily" when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it.
Illustration.
A sets fire, by night, to an inhabited house in a large town, for the purpose of facilitating a robbery and thus causes the death of a person. Here, A may not have intended to cause death; and may even be sorry that death has been caused by his act; yet, if he knew that he was likely to cause death, he has caused death voluntarily;'}
Discuss the definitions of 'illegal' and 'legally bound to do' and their importance in legal proceedings as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 43: “Illegal”, “Legally bound to do” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '40', 'IPC Heading': '“Offence”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
30  [40. "Offence"
Except in the 31[Chapters]
and sections mentioned in clauses 2 and 3 of this section, the word
"offence" denotes a thing made punishable by this Code.
In Chapter IV, 32[Chapter
VA] and in the following sections, namely, sections 33[64, 65, 66, 34[67],
71], 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 187, 194, 195, 203, 211, 213, 214, 221,
222, 223, 224, 225, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 347, 348, 388, 389 and 445, the
words "offence" denotes a thing punishable under this Code, or under
any special or local law as hereinafter defined.
And in sections 141,
176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441, the word "offence" has the same
meaning when the thing punishable under the special or local law is punishable
under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or upwards, whether
with or without fine.]', 'BNS Section': '2(24)', 'BNS Heading': '“Offence”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(24) "offence".Except in the Chapters and sections mentioned in subclauses (a) and (b), the word "offence" means a thing made punishable by this Sanhita, but
(a) in Chapter III and in the following sections, namely, subsections (2), (3), (4) and (5) of section 8, sections 9, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 119, 120, 123, subsections (7) and (8) of section 127, 222, 230, 231, 240, 248, 250, 251, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, subsections (6) and (7) of section 308 and subsection (2) of section 330, the word "offence" means a thing punishable under this Sanhita, or under any special law or local law; and
(b) in subsection (1) of section 189, sections 211, 212, 238, 239, 249, 253 and subsection (1) of section 329, the word "offence" shall have the same meaning when the act punishable under the special law or local law is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or more, whether with or without fine;
'}
Define 'injury' and explain its significance within the legal context in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 44: “Injury” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '41', 'IPC Heading': '“Special law”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
41.
"Special law" 
A "special
law" is a law applicable to a particular subject.', 'BNS Section': '2(30)', 'BNS Heading': '“Special law”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(30) "special law" means a law applicable to a particular subject;'}
Explain the term 'life' as it is used in the code and discuss its legal implications in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 45: “Life” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '42', 'IPC Heading': '“Local law”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
42.
"Local law"
A "local
law" is a law applicable only to a particular part of 35[36[[]
37[India]].', 'BNS Section': '2(18)', 'BNS Heading': '“Local law”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(18) "local law" means a law applicable only to a particular part of India;'}
Define 'death' and discuss its application and significance within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 46: “Death” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '43', 'IPC Heading': '“Illegal”, “Legally bound to do”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
43.
"Illegal", "Legally bound to do"
The word
"illegal" is applicable to every thing which is an offence or which
is prohibited by law, or which furnishes ground for a civil action; and a
person is said to be "legally bound to do" whatever it is illegal in
him to omit.', 'BNS Section': '2(15)', 'BNS Heading': '“Illegal”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(15) "illegal" and "legally bound to do".The word "illegal" is applicable to everything which is an offence or which is prohibited by law, or which furnishes ground for a civil action; and a person is said to be "legally bound to do" whatever it is illegal in him to omit;
'}
Explain the definition of 'animal' as per the code and its legal implications in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 47: “Animal” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '48', 'IPC Heading': '“Vessel”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
48.
"Vessel" 
The word
"vessel" denotes anything made for the conveyance by water of human
beings or of property.', 'BNS Section': '2(32)', 'BNS Heading': '“Vessel”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(32) "vessel" means anything made for the conveyance by water of human beings or of property;'}
Define the term 'vessel' and discuss its importance within the legal framework as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 48: “Vessel” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '49', 'IPC Heading': '“Year”, “Month”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
49.
"Year", "Month" 
Wherever the word
"year" or the word "month" is used, it is to be understood
that the year or the month is to be reckoned according to the British calendar.', 'BNS Section': '2(20)', 'BNS Heading': '“month” and “year”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(20) "month" and "year".Wherever the word "month" or the word "year" is used, it is to be understood that the month or the year is to be reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar;'}
Explain how the terms 'year' and 'month' are defined and used within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 49: “Year”, “Month” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '50', 'IPC Heading': '“Section”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
50.
"Section" 
The word
"section" denotes one of those portions of a Chapter of this Code
which are distinguished by prefixed numeral figures.', 'BNS Section': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS Heading': 'Repealed in BNS', 'BNS description': 'Repealed in BNS'}
Define the term 'section' as used in the code and explain its significance in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 50: “Section” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '51', 'IPC Heading': '“Oath”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
51.
"Oath" 
The word
"oath" includes a solemn affirmation substituted by law for an oath,
and any declaration required or authorized by law to be made before a public
servant or to be used for the purpose of proof, whether in a Court of Justice
or not.', 'BNS Section': '2(23)', 'BNS Heading': '“Oath”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(23) "oath" includes a solemn affirmation substituted by law for an oath, and any declaration required or authorised by law to be made before a public servant or to be used for the purpose of proof, whether in a Court or not;'}
Discuss the meaning of 'oath' and its legal implications as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 51: “Oath” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '52', 'IPC Heading': '“Good faith”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
52.
"Good faith" 
Nothing is said to be
done or believed in "good faith" which is done or believed without
due care and attention.', 'BNS Section': '2(11)', 'BNS Heading': '“good faith”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(11) "good faith".Nothing is said to be done or believed in "good faith" which is done or believed without due care and attention;'}
Explain the concept of 'good faith' and its importance within the code in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 52: “Good faith” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '52A', 'IPC Heading': '“Harbour”', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
38  [52A. "Harbor"
Except in section 157,
and in section 130 in the case in which the harbor is given by the wife or
husband of the person harbored, the word "harbor" includes the
supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition
or means or conveyance, or the assisting a person by any means, whether of the
same kind as those enumerated in this section or not, to evade apprehension.]', 'BNS Section': '2(13)', 'BNS Heading': '“harbour”', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
 2. Definitions
 In this Sanhita, unless the context otherwise requires,
(13) "harbour" includes supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition or means of conveyance, or the assisting a person by any means, whether of the same kind as those enumerated in this clause or not, to evade apprehension;'}
Define the term 'harbour' and discuss its legal implications as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 52A: “Harbour” and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '53', 'IPC Heading': 'Punishments', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
53.
Punishment 
The punishments to
which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are
First Death;
 39  [Secondly Imprisonment for life;] 
 40  [] 
Fourthly
imprisonment, which is of two descriptions, namely:
(1) Rigorous, that is,
with hard labor;
(2) Simple,
Fifthly Forfeiture of
property;
Sixthly   Fine.', 'BNS Section': '4', 'BNS Heading': 'Punishments', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter II
Of Punishments
4. Punishments.
The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Sanhita are
(a) Death;
(b) Imprisonment for life;
(c) Imprisonment, which is of two descriptions, namely:
(1) Rigorous, that is, with hard labour;
(2) Simple;
(d) Forfeiture of property;
(e) Fine;
(f) Community Service.'}