Vicky190519/IPC_and_BNS_transformation huggingface dataset:
Discuss the provisions for an act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for a person's benefit according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 88: Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person’s benefit and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '88', 'IPC Heading': "Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit", 'IPC Descriptions': " Indian Penal Code, 1860 
88. Act not
intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit
Nothing which is not
intended to cause death, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may
cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, or be known by the doer to be
likely to cause, to any person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, and
who has given a consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm, or to
take the risk of that harm.
Illustration
A, a surgeon, knowing
that a particular operation is likely to cause the death of Z, who suffers
under a painful complaint, but not intending to cause Z's death and intending
in good faith, Z's benefit performs that operation on Z, with Z's consent. A
has committed no offence.", 'BNS Section': '26', 'BNS Heading': "Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit", 'BNS description': "The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
26. Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit.
Nothing, which is not intended to cause death, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, or be known by the doer to be likely to cause, to any person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, and who has given a consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm, or to take the risk of that harm. Illustration. A, a surgeon, knowing that a particular operation is likely to cause the death of Z, who suffers under the painful complaint, but not intending to cause Z's death, and intending, in good faith, Z's benefit, performs that operation on Z, with Z's consent. A has committed no offence."}
Discuss the legal implications of consent given under fear or misconception as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 90: Consent known to be given under fear or misconception and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '90', 'IPC Heading': 'Consent known to be given under fear or misconception', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
90. Consent
known to be given under fear or misconception
A consent is not such
a consent as it intended by any section of this Code, if the consent is given by
a person under fear of injury, or under a misconception of fact, and if the
person doing the act knows, or has reason to believe, that the consent was
given in consequence of such fear or misconception; or
Consent of insane
person 
if the consent is given
by a person who, from unsoundness of mind, or intoxication, is unable to
understand the nature and consequence of that to which he gives his consent; or
Consent of child
unless the contrary
appears from the context, if the consent is given by a person who is under
twelve years of age.', 'BNS Section': '28', 'BNS Heading': 'Consent known to be given under fear or misconception', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
28. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception.
A consent is not such a consent as is intended by any section of this Sanhita,
(a) if the consent is given by a person under fear of injury, or under a misconception of fact, and if the person doing the act knows, or has reason to believe, that the consent was given in consequence of such fear or misconception; or
(b) if the consent is given by a person who, from unsoundness of mind, or intoxication, is unable to understand the nature and consequence of that to which he gives his consent; or
(c) unless the contrary appears from the context, if the consent is given by a person who is under twelve years of age.'}
Explain the exclusion of acts which are offences independently of the harm caused as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 91: Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm cause and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '91', 'IPC Heading': 'Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
91.
Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused
The exceptions in
sections 87, 88 and 89 do not extend to acts which are offences independently
of any harm which they may cause, or be intended to cause, or be known to be
likely to cause, to the person giving the consent, or on whose behalf the
consent is given.
Illustration
Causing miscarriage
(unless caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman)
is an offence independently of any harm which it may cause or be intended to
cause to the woman. Therefore, it is not an offence "by reason of such
harm"; and the consent of the woman or of her guardian to the causing of
such miscarriage does not justify the act.', 'BNS Section': '29', 'BNS Heading': 'Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
29. Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused.
The exceptions in sections 25, 26 and 27 do not extend to acts which are offences independently of any harm which they may cause, or be intended to cause, or be known to be likely to cause, to the person giving the consent, or on whose behalf the consent is given.
Illustration.
Causing miscarriage (unless caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman) is an offence independently of any harm which it may cause or be intended to cause to the woman. Therefore, it is not an offence "by reason of such harm"; and the consent of the woman or of her guardian to the causing of such miscarriage does not justify the act.'}
Explain the legal principles for a communication made in good faith as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 93: Communication made in good faith and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '93', 'IPC Heading': 'Communication made in good faith', 'IPC Descriptions': " Indian Penal Code, 1860 
93.
Communication made in good faith 
No communication made
in good faith is an offence by reason of any harm to the person to whom it is
made, if it is made for the benefit of that person.
Illustration
A, a surgeon, in good
faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies
in consequence of the shock. A has committed no offence, though he knew it to
be likely that the communication might cause the patient's death.", 'BNS Section': '31', 'BNS Heading': 'Communication made in good faith', 'BNS description': "The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
31. Communication made in good faith.
No communication made in good faith is an offence by reason of any harm to the person to whom it is made, if it is made for the benefit of that person. Illustration. A, a surgeon, in good faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies in consequence of the shock. A has committed no offence, though he knew it to be likely that the communication might cause the patient's death."}
Discuss the rules regarding an act to which a person is compelled by threats as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 94: Act to which a person is compelled by threats and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '94', 'IPC Heading': 'Act to which a person is compelled by threats', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
94. Act to
which a person is compelled by threats 
Except murder, and
offences against the State punishable with death, nothing is an offence which
is done by a person who is compelled to do it by threats, which, at the time of
doing it, reasonably cause the apprehension that instant death to that person
will otherwise be the consequence: Provided the person doing the act did not of
his own accord, or from a reasonable apprehension of harm to himself short of
instant death, place himself in the situation by which he became subject to
such constraint.
Explanation 1  A person who, of his own accord, or by reason of a threat
of being beaten, joins a gang of dacoits, knowing their character, is not
entitled to the benefit of this exception, on the ground of his having been
compelled by his associates to do anything that is an offence by law. 
Explanation 2  A person seized by a gang of dacoits, and forced, by
threat of instant death, to do a thing which is an offence by law; for example,
a smith compelled to take his tools and to force the door of a house for the
dacoits to enter and plunder it, is entitled to the benefit of this exception.', 'BNS Section': '32', 'BNS Heading': 'Act to which a person is compelled by threats', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
32. Act to which a person is compelled by threats.
Except murder, and offences against the State punishable with death, nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is compelled to do it by threats, which, at the time of doing it, reasonably cause the apprehension that instant death to that person will otherwise be the consequence:
Provided that the person doing the act did not of his own accord, or from a reasonable apprehension of harm to himself short of instant death, place himself in the situation by which he became subject to such constraint.
Explanation 1.A person who, of his own accord, or by reason of a threat of being beaten, joins a gang of dacoits, knowing their character, is not entitled to the benefit of this exception, on the ground of his having been compelled by his associates to do anything that is an offence by law.
Explanation 2.A person seized by a gang of dacoits, and forced, by threat of instant death, to do a thing which is an offence by law; for example, a smith compelled to take his tools and to force the door of a house for the dacoits to enter and plunder it, is entitled to the benefit of this exception.'}
Explain the provisions for an act causing slight harm according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 95: Act causing slight harm and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '95', 'IPC Heading': 'Act causing slight harm', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
95. Act
causing slight harm 
Nothing is an offence
by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or that it is known
to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm is so slight that no person of
ordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm.
Of the Right of
Private Defense', 'BNS Section': '33', 'BNS Heading': 'Act causing slight harm', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
33. Act causing slight harm.
Nothing is an offence by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or that it is known to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm is so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm.'}
Discuss the legal principles for things done in private defence as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 96: Things done in private defence and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '96', 'IPC Heading': 'Things done in private defence', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
96. Things
done in private  defense
Nothing is an offence
which is done in the exercise of the right of private defense.', 'BNS Section': '34', 'BNS Heading': 'Things done in private defence', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Of right of private defence
34. Things done in private defence.
Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence.'}
Explain the right of private defence of the body and of property as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 97: Right of private defence of the body and of property and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '97', 'IPC Heading': 'Right of private defence of the body and of property', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
97. Right of
private defense of the body and of property
Every person has a right,
subject to the restrictions contained in section 99, to defend
First   His own
body, and the body of any other person, against any offence affecting the human
body;
Secondly   The property,
whether movable or immovable, of himself or of any other person, against any
act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery,
mischief or criminal trespass, or which is an attempt to commit theft, robbery,
mischief or criminal trespass.', 'BNS Section': '35', 'BNS Heading': 'Right of private defence of the body and of property', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
35. Right of private defence of body and of property.
Every person has a right, subject to the restrictions contained in section 37, to defend
(a) his own body, and the body of any other person, against any offence affecting the human body;
(b) the property, whether movable or immovable, of himself or of any other person, against any act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, or which is an attempt to commit theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass.'}
Discuss the right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc., as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 98: Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc. and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '98', 'IPC Heading': 'Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
98. Right of
private defense against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.
When an act, which
would otherwise be a certain offence, is not that offence, by reason of the
youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the unsoundness of mind or the
intoxication of the person doing that act, or by reason of any misconception on
the part of that person, every person has the same right of private defense
against that act which he would have if the act were that offence.
Illustrations
(a) Z, under the
influence of madness, attempts to kill A; Z is guilty of no offence. But A has
the same right of private defense which he would have if Z were sane.
(b) A enters by night
a house which he is legally entitled to enter  Z, in good faith, taking A
for a housebreaker, attacks A. Here Z, by attacking A under this
misconception, commits no offence. But A has the same right of private defense
against Z, which he would have if Z were not acting under that misconception.', 'BNS Section': '36', 'BNS Heading': 'Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
36. Right of private defence against act of a person of unsound mind, etc.
When an act, which would otherwise be a certain offence, is not that offence, by reason of the youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the unsoundness of mind or the intoxication of the person doing that act, or by reason of any misconception on the part of that person, every person has the same right of private defence against that act which he would have if the act were that offence.
Illustrations.
(a) Z, a person of unsound mind, attempts to kill A; Z is guilty of no offence. But A has the same right of private defence which he would have if Z were sane.
(b) A enters by night a house which he is legally entitled to enter. Z, in good faith, taking A for a housebreaker, attacks A. Here Z, by attacking A under this misconception, commits no offence. But A has the same right of private defence against Z, which he would have if Z were not acting under that misconception.'}
Discuss when the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 100: When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.Explain when the right of private defence extends to causing any harm other than death as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 101: When such right extends to causing any harm other than death and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '100', 'IPC Heading': 'When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
100. When
the right of private defense of the body extends to causing death
The right of private
defense of the body extends, under the restrictions mentioned in the last
preceding section, to the voluntary causing of death or of any other harm to
the assailant, if the offence which occasions the exercise of the right be of
any of the descriptions hereinafter enumerated, namely:
First   Such an
assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that death will otherwise be
the consequence of such assault;
Secondly Such an
assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that grievous hurt will
otherwise be the consequence of such assault;
Thirdly   An
assault with the intention of committing rape;
Fourthly An assault
with the intention of gratifying unnatural lust;
Fifthly   An
assault with the intention of kidnapping or abducting;
Sixthly   An
assault with the intention of wrongfully confining a person, under
circumstances which may reasonably cause him to apprehend that he will be
unable to have recourse to the public authorities for his release.', 'BNS Section': '38', 'BNS Heading': 'When right of private defence of body extends to causing death', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
38. When right of private defence of body extends to causing death.
The right of private defence of the body extends, under the restrictions specified in section 37, to the voluntary causing of death or of any other harm to the assailant, if the offence which occasions the exercise of the right be of any of the descriptions hereinafter enumerated, namely:
(a) such an assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that death will otherwise be the consequence of such assault;
(b) such an assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that grievous hurt will otherwise be the consequence of such assault;
(c) an assault with the intention of committing rape;
(d) an assault with the intention of gratifying unnatural lust;
(e) an assault with the intention of kidnapping or abducting;
(f) an assault with the intention of wrongfully confining a person, under circumstances which may reasonably cause him to apprehend that he will be unable to have recourse to the public authorities for his release;
(g) an act of throwing or administering acid or an attempt to throw or administer acid which may reasonably cause the apprehension that grievous hurt will otherwise be the consequence of such act.'}
Discuss the commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 101: CWhen such right extends to causing any harm other than death and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '101', 'IPC Heading': 'When such right extends to causing any harm other than death', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
101. When
such right extends to causing any harm other than death
If the offence be not
of any of the descriptions enumerated in the last preceding section, the right
of private defense of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of
death to the assailant, but does extend, under the restrictions mentioned in
section 99, to the voluntary causing to the assailant of any harm other than
death.', 'BNS Section': '39', 'BNS Heading': 'When such right extends to causing any harm other than death', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
39. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
If the offence be not of any of the descriptions specified in section 38, the right of private defence of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, but does extend, under the restrictions specified in section 37, to the voluntary causing to the assailant of any harm other than death.'}
Discuss the commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 102: Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '102', 'IPC Heading': 'Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
102. Commencement
and continuance of the right of private defense of the body
The right of private
defense of the body commences as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to
the body arises from an attempt or threat to commit the offence though the
offence may not have been committed; and it continues as long as such
apprehension of danger to the body continues.', 'BNS Section': '40', 'BNS Heading': 'Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of body', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
40. Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of body.
The right of private defence of the body commences as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises from an attempt or threat to commit the offence though the offence may not have been committed; and it continues as long as such apprehension of danger to the body continues.'}
Discuss when the right of private defence of property extends to causing any harm other than death as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 104: When such right to causing any harm other than death and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '104', 'IPC Heading': 'When such right extends to causing any harm other than death', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
104. When
such right extends to causing any harm other than death
If the offence, the
committing of which, or the attempting to commit which, occasions the exercise
of the right of private defense, be theft, mischief, or criminal trespass, not
of any of the descriptions enumerated in the last preceding section, that right
does not extend to the voluntary causing of death, but does extend, subject to
the restrictions mentioned in section 99, to the voluntary causing to the
wrongdoer of any harm other than death.', 'BNS Section': '42', 'BNS Heading': 'When such right extends to causing any harm other than death', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
42. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
If the offence, the committing of which, or the attempting to commit which occasions the exercise of the right of private defence, be theft, mischief, or criminal trespass, not of any of the descriptions specified in section 41, that right does not extend to the voluntary causing of death, but does extend, subject to the restrictions specified in section 37, to the voluntary causing to the wrongdoer of any harm other than death.'}
Explain the commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 105: Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '105', 'IPC Heading': 'Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
105.
Commencement and continuance of the right of private defense of property
The right of private
defense of property commences when a reasonable apprehension of dancer to the
property commences.
The right of private
defense of property against theft continues till the offender has effected his retreat
with the property or either the assistance of the public authorities is
obtained, or the property has been recovered.
The right of private
defense of property against robbery continues as long as the offender causes or
attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint or as long
as the fear of instant death or of instant hurt or of instant personal
restraint continues.
The right of private
defense of property against criminal trespass or mischief continues as long as
the offender continues in the commission of criminal trespass or mischief.
The right of private
defense of property against housebreaking by night continues as long as the
housetrespass which has been begun by such housebreaking continues.', 'BNS Section': '43', 'BNS Heading': 'Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of property', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
43. Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of property.
The right of private defence of property,
(a) commences when a reasonable apprehension of danger to the property commences;
(b) against theft continues till the offender has effected his retreat with the property or either the assistance of the public authorities is obtained, or the property has been recovered;
(c) against robbery continues as long as the offender causes or attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint or as long as the fear of instant death or of instant hurt or of instant personal restraint continues;
(d) against criminal trespass or mischief continues as long as the offender continues in the commission of criminal trespass or mischief;
(e) against housebreaking after sunset and before sunrise continues as long as the housetrespass which has been begun by such housebreaking continues.'}
Discuss the right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to an innocent person as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 106: Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '106', 'IPC Heading': 'Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
106. Right
of private defense against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to
innocent person 
If in the exercise of
the right of private defense against an assault which reasonably causes the
apprehension of death, the defender be so situated that he cannot effectually
exercise that right without risk of harm to an innocent person, his right of
private defense extends to the running of that risk.
Illustration
A. is attacked by a
mob who attempt to murder him. He cannot effectually exercise his right of
private defense without firing on the mob, and he cannot fire without risk of
harming young children who are mingled with the mob. A commits no offence if by
so firing he harms any of the children.', 'BNS Section': '44', 'BNS Heading': 'Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
44. Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person.
If in the exercise of the right of private defence against an assault which reasonably causes the apprehension of death, the defender be so situated that he cannot effectually exercise that right without risk of harm to an innocent person, his right of private defence extends to the running of that risk.
Illustration.
A is attacked by a mob who attempt to murder him. He cannot effectually exercise his right of private defence without firing on the mob, and he cannot fire without risk of harming young children who are mingled with the mob. A commits no offence if by so firing he harms any of the children.'}
Explain the concept of abetment of a thing as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 107: Abetment of a thing and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '107', 'IPC Heading': 'Abetment of a thing', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
107.
Abetment of a thing 
A person abets the
doing of a thing, who 
First  
Instigates any person to do that thing; or
Secondly Engages with
one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that
thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that
conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing; or
Thirdly  
Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.
Explanation 1  A person who by willful misrepresentation, or by willful
concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily
causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procure, a thing to be done, is
said to instigate the doing of that thing. 
Illustration
A, a public officer,
is authorized by a warrant from a Court of Justice to apprehend Z. B, knowing
that fact and also that C is not Z, willfully represents to A that C is Z, and
thereby intentionally causes A to apprehend C. Here B abets by instigation the
apprehension of C.
Explanation 2  Whoever, either prior to or at the time of the commission
of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and
thereby facilitate the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that
act.', 'BNS Section': '45', 'BNS Heading': 'Abetment of a thing', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Chapter IV
Of Abetment, Criminal Conspiracy and Attempt
Of abetment
45. Abetment of a thing.
A person abets the doing of a thing, who
(a) instigates any person to do that thing; or
(b) engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing; or
(c) intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.
Explanation 1.A person who, by wilful misrepresentation, or by wilful concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procure, a thing to be done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing.
Illustration.
A, a public officer, is authorised by a warrant from a Court to apprehend Z. B, knowing that fact and also that C is not Z, wilfully represents to A that C is Z, and thereby intentionally causes A to apprehend C. Here B abets by instigation the apprehension of C.
Explanation 2.Whoever, either prior to or at the time of the commission of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act.'}
Explain the provisions for abetment in India of offences committed outside India as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 108A: Abetment in India of offences outside India and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '108A', 'IPC Heading': 'Abetment in India of offences outside India', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
52  [108A. Abetment in India of offences
outside India
A person abets an
offence within the meaning of this Code who, in 49[India], abets the
commission of any act without and beyond 49[India] which would
constitute an offence if committed in 49[India].
Illustration
A, in 49[India],
instigates B, a foreigner in Goa, to commit a murder in Goa. A is guilty of
abetting murder.]', 'BNS Section': '47', 'BNS Heading': 'Abetment in India of offences outside India', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
47. Abetment in India of offences outside India.
A person abets an offence within the meaning of this Sanhita who, in India, abets the commission of any act without and beyond India which would constitute an offence if committed in India.
Illustration.
A, in India, instigates B, a foreigner in country X, to commit a murder in that country, A is guilty of abetting murder.'}
Repealed

{'IPC Section': 'Repealed', 'IPC Heading': 'Repealed', 'IPC Descriptions': 'Repealed', 'BNS Section': '48', 'BNS Heading': 'Abetment outside India for offence in India', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
48. Abetment outside India for offence in India
A person abets an offence within the meaning of this Sanhita who, without and beyond India, abets the commission of any act in India which would constitute an offence if committed in India.
Illustration.
A, in country X, instigates B, to commit a murder in India, A is guilty of abetting murder.'}
Explain the punishment of abetment if the person abetted does the act with a different intention from that of the abettor as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 110: Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '110', 'IPC Heading': 'Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with a different intention from that of the abettor', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
110.
Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from
that of abettor 
Whoever abets the
commission of an offence shall, if the person abetted does the act with a
different intention or knowledge from that of the abettor, be punished with the
punishment provided for the offence which would have been committed if the act
had been done with the intention or knowledge of the abettor and with no other.', 'BNS Section': '50', 'BNS Heading': 'Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
50. Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor.
Whoever abets the commission of an offence shall, if the person abetted does the act with a different intention or knowledge from that of the abettor, be punished with the punishment provided for the offence which would have been committed if the act had been done with the intention or knowledge of the abettor and with no other.'}
Explain the liability of an abettor for cumulative punishment for the act abetted and the act done as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 112: Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '112', 'IPC Heading': 'Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.', 'IPC Descriptions': 'Indian Penal Code, 1860 
112.Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.
If the act for which the abettor is liable under the last preceding section is committed in addition to the act abetted, and constitute a distinct offence, the abettor is liable to punishment for each of the offences
', 'BNS Section': '52', 'BNS Heading': 'Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
52. Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.
If the act for which the abettor is liable under section 51 is committed in addition to the act abetted, and constitute a distinct offence, the abettor is liable to punishment for each of the offences.
Illustration.
A instigates B to resist by force a distress made by a public servant. B, in consequence, resists that distress. In offering the resistance, B voluntarily causes grievous hurt to the officer executing the distress. As B has committed both the offence of resisting the distress, and the offence of voluntarily causing grievous hurt, B is liable to punishment for both these offences; and, if A knew that B was likely voluntarily to cause grievous hurt in resisting the distress, A will also be liable to punishment for each of the offences.'}
Discuss the liability of an abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor according to Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 113: Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '113', 'IPC Heading': 'Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
113.
Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from
that intended by the abettor 
When an act is abetted
with the intention on the part of the abettor of causing a particular effect,
and an act for which the abettor is liable in consequence of the abetment,
caused a different effect from that intended by the abettor, the abettor is
liable for the effect caused, in the same manner and to the same extent as if
he had abetted the act with the intention of causing that effect, provided he
knew that the act abetted was likely to cause that effect.
Illustration
A instigates B to
cause grievous hurt to Z. B, in consequence of the instigation, causes grievous
hurt to Z. Z dies in consequence. Here, if A knew that the grievous hurt
abetted was likely to cause death, A is liable to be punished with the
punishment provided for murder.', 'BNS Section': '53', 'BNS Heading': 'Liability of abettor for an effect caused by act abetted different from that intended by abettor', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
53. Liability of abettor for an effect caused by act abetted different from that intended by abettor.
When an act is abetted with the intention on the part of the abettor of causing a particular effect, and an act for which the abettor is liable in consequence of the abetment, causes a different effect from that intended by the abettor, the abettor is liable for the effect caused, in the same manner and to the same extent as if he had abetted the act with the intention of causing that effect, provided he knew that the act abetted was likely to cause that effect. Illustration. A instigates B to cause grievous hurt to Z. B, in consequence of the instigation, causes grievous hurt to Z. Z dies in consequence. Here, if A knew that the grievous hurt abetted was likely to cause death, A is liable to be punished with the punishment provided for murder.'}
Explain the legal implications of an abettor being present when the offence is committed as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 114: Abettor present when offence is committed and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '114', 'IPC Heading': 'Abettor present when offence is committed', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
114. Abettor
present when offence is committed 
Whenever any person,
who is absent would be liable to be punished as an abettor, is present when the
act or offence for which he would be punishable in consequence of the abetment
is committed, he shall be deemed to have committed such act or offence.', 'BNS Section': '54', 'BNS Heading': 'Abettor present when offence is committed', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
54. Abettor present when offence is committed.
Whenever any person, who is absent would be liable to be punished as an abettor, is present when the act or offence for which he would be punishable in consequence of the abetment is committed, he shall be deemed to have committed such act or offence.'}
Discuss the punishment for abetment of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life if the offence is not committed as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 115: Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life if offence not committed and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '115', 'IPC Heading': 'Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life—if the offence not committed', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
115.
Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for lifeif offence
not committed 
Whoever abets the
commission of an offence punishable with death or 51[imprisonment
for life], shall, if that offence be not committed in consequence of the
abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code for the punishment of
such abetment, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine;
If act causing harm be
done in consequence  and if any act for which the abettor is liable in
consequence of the abetment, and which causes hurt to any person, is done, the
abettor shall be liable to imprisonment of either description for a term which
may extend to fourteen years, and shall also be liable to fine.
Illustration
A instigates B to
murder Z. The offence is not committed. If B had murdered Z, he would have been
subject to the punishment of death or  51[imprisonment for
life]. Therefore A is liable to imprisonment for a term which may extend to
seven years and also to a fine; and if any hurt be done to Z in consequence of
the abetment, he will be liable to imprisonment for a term which may extend to
fourteen years, and to fine.', 'BNS Section': '55', 'BNS Heading': 'Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
55. Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
Whoever abets the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, shall, if that offence be not committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made under this Sanhita for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if any act for which the abettor is liable in consequence of the abetment, and which causes hurt to any person, is done, the abettor shall be liable to imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to fourteen years, and shall also be liable to fine.
Illustration.
A instigates B to murder Z. The offence is not committed. If B had murdered Z, he would have been subject to the punishment of death or imprisonment for life. Therefore, A is liable to imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years and also to a fine; and if any hurt be done to Z in consequence of the abetment, he will be liable to imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years, and to fine.'}
Discuss the provisions for abetting the commission of an offence by the public or by more than ten persons as outlined in Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 117: Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '117', 'IPC Heading': 'Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
117.
Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons
Whoever abets the
commission of an offence by the public generally or by any number or class of
persons exceeding ten, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with
both.
Illustration
A affixes in a public
place a placard instigating a sect consisting of more than ten members to meet
at a certain time and place, for the purpose of attacking the members of an
adverse sect, while engaged in a procession. A has committed the offence
defined in this section.', 'BNS Section': '57', 'BNS Heading': 'Abetting commission of offence by public or by more than ten persons', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
57. Abetting commission of offence by public or by more than ten persons.
Whoever abets the commission of an offence by the public generally or by any number or class of persons exceeding ten, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years and with fine.
Illustration.
A affixes in a public place a placard instigating a sect consisting of more than ten members to meet at a certain time and place, for the purpose of attacking the members of an adverse sect, while engaged in a procession. A has committed the offence defined in this section.'}
Explain the legal implications of concealing a design to commit an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life as per Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) Section 118: Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life and their relevant Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS 2023) code reference.

{'IPC Section': '118', 'IPC Heading': 'Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life', 'IPC Descriptions': ' Indian Penal Code, 1860 
118.
Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for
life 
Whoever intending to facilitate
or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate the commission of an
offence punishable with death or 51[imprisonment for life];
voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a design
to commit such offence or makes any representation which he knows to be false
respecting such design,
If offence be
committedif offence be not committed  shall, if that offence be
committed, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which
may extend to seven years, or, if the offence be not committed, with
imprisonment of either description, for a term which may extend to three years;
and in either case shall also be liable to fine.
Illustration
A, knowing that
dacoity is about to be committed at B, falsely informs the Magistrate that a
dacoity is about to be committed at C, a place in an opposite direction and
thereby misleads the Magistrate with intent to facilitate the commission of the
offence. The dacoity is committed at B in pursuance of the design. A is
punishable under this section.', 'BNS Section': '58', 'BNS Heading': 'Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life', 'BNS description': 'The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
58. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
Whoever intending to facilitate or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, voluntarily conceals by any act or omission, or by the use of encryption or any other information hiding tool, the existence of a design to commit such offence or makes any representation which he knows to be false respecting such design shall,
(a) if that offence be committed, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years; or
(b) if the offence be not committed, with imprisonment of either description, for a term which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.
Illustration.
A, knowing that dacoity is about to be committed at B, falsely informs the Magistrate that a dacoity is about to be committed at C, a place in an opposite direction, and thereby misleads the Magistrate with intent to facilitate the commission of the offence. The dacoity is committed at B in pursuance of the design. A is punishable under this section.'}