Vanquish44/Healthcare_NLP huggingface dataset:
Question: What is (are) MTHFR gene mutation ?
Answer: MTHFR gene mutation is a genetic change that disrupts the production of an enzyme that plays an important role in breaking down the amino acid homocysteine (a building block of protein). These mutations may cause a mild to severe loss of activity of this enzyme that can lead to elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood and/or urine. Some rare MTHFR gene mutations severely impair the function of this enzyme and lead to homocystinuria, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by various health problems including abnormal clotting and neurological problems (developmental delay, seizures, intellectual disability and microcephaly). Common MTHFR gene mutations (such as C677T and A1298C) lead to a milder reduction in enzyme function. People with two copies of C677T or one copy of C677T and one copy of A1298C may have an increased risk for cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, blood clots, and stroke. Many people who inherit these mutations never develop one of the associated conditions.

Topic: MTHFR gene mutation
Source: GARD
Question: What are the symptoms of MTHFR gene mutation ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of MTHFR gene mutations? People with MTHFR gene mutations may develop elevated levels of homocysteine in their blood (homocysteinemia) or urine (homocystinuria). Risks for health effects vary depending on the levels of homocysteine. A few cases of severe homocysteinemia have been due to rare MTHFR gene mutations (sometimes in combination with a second common MTHFR gene mutation). Symptoms in these patients varied greatly but often involved pronounced neurological symptoms and blood vessel disease. The age of the patients when they first experienced symptoms varied from infancy to adulthood. Common MTHFR gene mutations cause less severe, although still significantly raised levels of homocysteine. The most well studied MTHFR mutation, is C677T. An estimated 11% of Americans carry two copies of this mutation. People with two copies of C677T have higher homocysteine levels, than those without the mutation (people with one copy of C677T may have mildly raised homocysteine levels).  Many studies have investigated the health effects of high homocysteine levels and/or having two C677T MTHFR gene mutations. Some studies suggest that an elevated level of homocysteine in the blood is associated with an increased risk for heart disease, including coronary heart disease and stroke. Specifically, studies have estimated that people with two C677T MTHFR mutations have a 16% higher chance of developing coronary heart disease, when compared to people without these mutations. Weaker associations have been suggested between high homocysteine levels and narrowing of the carotid arteries (the arteries on each side of your neck), blood clots in deep veins (often in the lower leg and thigh), a sudden blockage in a lung artery, and pregnancy complications (such as preeclampsia, placental abruption, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, and neural tube defects). Studies involving MTHFR and homocysteine and the following conditions have been completed, but with conflicting and varied results:* Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Psoriasis Infertility Recurrent pregnancy loss Downs syndrome Spina bifida Parkinson disease Alzheimer disease Migraine Cerebral venous thrombosis Psychiatric disorders Schizophrenia Breast cancer Cervical cancer Ovarian cancer Esophageal cancer Oral cancer Liver cancer Pancreatic cancer Prostate cancer Bladder cancer Lung cancer Stomach cancer Colorectal cancer Acute lymphoblastic leukemia *This is not an exhaustive list of all studies involving MTHFR and health effects.

Topic: MTHFR gene mutation
Source: GARD
Question: Is MTHFR gene mutation inherited ?
Answer: How is a MTHFR gene mutation inherited? Because each person has two copies of the MTHFR gene, people can inherit one copy of the MTHFR mutation or two copies (one from each parent). People who inherit two copies of a common MTHFR gene mutation (for example two C677T mutations or a C677T mutation and a A1298C mutation) may have an increased risk for certain conditions such as coronary artery disease, blood clots, and stroke when compared to those without the mutations and elevated homocystine levels. Coronary artery disease, blood clots, and stroke are all complex conditions and are caused by a combination of many genetic and environmental factors. Some rare MTHFR gene mutations can lead to homocystinuria, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Visit our "Homocystinuria due to MTHFR deficiency" webpage.

Topic: MTHFR gene mutation
Source: GARD
Question: How to diagnose MTHFR gene mutation ?
Answer: Is genetic testing available to detect MTHFR gene mutations? Yes. Genetic testing is available for MTHFR gene mutations. This testing can be used in people with suspected homocystinuria or to determine the cause of elevated homocysteine levels in the blood. Genetic testing for C677T and A1286C may be indicated in a person with elevated homocysteine levels and one or more of the following, coronary artery disease venous thromboembolism stroke heart attack peripheral artery disease aneurysm high blood pressure recurrent pregnancy loss However, the American Heart Association recommends against testing for the common MTHFR gene mutations (C677T and A1298C) as a screen for increased risk of cardiovascular conditions. The College of American Pathologists and the American College of Medical Genetics recommend against testing for C677T and A1298C in people with blood clots. This is because the relationship between C677T and A1298C mutations and risk for cardiovascular disease is not completely understood. The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) is a centralized online resource for information about genetic tests. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.

Topic: MTHFR gene mutation
Source: GARD
Question: What are the treatments for MTHFR gene mutation ?
Answer: How might a MTHFR gene mutation be treated? High homocysteine levels in the body may occur if the MTHFR enzyme is not functioning normally due to MTHFR mutations, such as C677T and A1298C. Currently there are no treatments to remove adverse risks associated with MTHFR gene mutations. However, elevated levels of homocysteine can also occur if there is a lack of folate or B vitamins. Homocysteine levels also tend to rise with age, smoking, and use of certain drugs (such as carbamazepine, methotrexate, and phenytoin). It is important to ensure that people with and without MTHFR gene mutations receive adequate amounts of naturally occurring folate, choline, and B vitamins (B12, B6, and riboflavin) to mitigate nutritional risks. If adequate nutrition cannot be attained through diet alone, supplementation with folate (e.g., levomefolate (5-methyl THF) or folinic acid) and B vitamins is considered. We recommend that you talk to your doctor to learn if supplementation would benefit you. Smoking cessation and, when possible, avoidance of medications that adversely affect homocystiene level are additional management strategies.

Topic: MTHFR gene mutation
Source: GARD
Question: What are the symptoms of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Ataxia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Babinski sign - Cerebral atrophy - Cerebral hypomyelination - Choreoathetosis - Cognitive impairment - Decreased motor nerve conduction velocity - Demyelinating motor neuropathy - Dysarthria - Dystonia - Facial palsy - Head titubation - Infantile onset - Intention tremor - Leukodystrophy - Motor delay - Muscular hypotonia of the trunk - Myopia - Optic atrophy - Poor speech - Progressive spasticity - Rigidity - Rotary nystagmus - Seizures - Sensory axonal neuropathy - Spastic paraparesis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

Topic: Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease
Source: GARD
Question: What is (are) Myelofibrosis ?
Answer: Myelofibrosis is a disorder of the bone marrow, in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous (scar) tissue. Scarring of the bone marrow causes anemia, which can lead to fatigue and weakness, as well as pooling of the blood in abnormal sites like the liver and spleen, causing these organs to swell. Although myelofibrosis can occur at any age, it typically develops after the age of 50. In most cases, myelofibrosis gets progressively worse. Treatment is aimed at relieving signs and symptoms and may include medications, blood transfusions, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.

Topic: Myelofibrosis
Source: GARD
Question: What are the symptoms of Myelofibrosis ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Myelofibrosis? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Myelofibrosis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal dominant inheritance - Myelofibrosis - Myeloproliferative disorder - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

Topic: Myelofibrosis
Source: GARD
Question: What are the symptoms of Duodenal atresia ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Duodenal atresia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Duodenal atresia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Duodenal stenosis 90% Polyhydramnios 90% Abnormality of the pancreas 7.5% Abnormality of the pulmonary artery 7.5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Duodenal atresia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

Topic: Duodenal atresia
Source: GARD
Question: What are the symptoms of Autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the foot - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Axonal regeneration - Distal amyotrophy - Distal muscle weakness - Distal sensory impairment - Upper limb muscle weakness - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

Topic: Autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C
Source: GARD
Question: What is (are) Achondrogenesis ?
Answer: Achondrogenesis is a group of severe disorders that are present from birth and affect the development of cartilage and bone. Infants with achondrogenesis usually have a small body, short arms and legs, and other skeletal abnormalities that cause life-threatening complications.  There are at least three forms of achondrogenesis, type 1A, type 1B and type 2, which are distinguished by signs and symptoms, pattern of inheritance, and the results of imaging studies such as x-rays (radiology), tissue analysis (histology), and genetic testing.  Type 1A and 1B achondrogenesis are both inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.  Type 1B may be caused by mutations in the SLC26A2 gene.  Type 2 achondrogenesis is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is caused by new (de novo) mutations in the COL2A1 gene.

Topic: Achondrogenesis
Source: GARD
Question: What are the symptoms of Achondrogenesis ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Achondrogenesis? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Achondrogenesis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of bone mineral density 90% Anteverted nares 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the lungs 90% Brachydactyly syndrome 90% Frontal bossing 90% Hydrops fetalis 90% Long philtrum 90% Macrocephaly 90% Malar flattening 90% Micromelia 90% Narrow chest 90% Short neck 90% Short nose 90% Short stature 90% Short thorax 90% Short toe 90% Skeletal dysplasia 90% Thickened nuchal skin fold 90% Abnormality of the ribs 50% Polyhydramnios 50% Recurrent fractures 50% Talipes 50% Umbilical hernia 50% Cystic hygroma 7.5% Postaxial hand polydactyly 7.5% Abdominal distention - Abnormal foot bone ossification - Abnormal hand bone ossification - Abnormality of the femoral metaphysis - Abnormality of the foot - Absent or minimally ossified vertebral bodies - Absent vertebral body mineralization - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Barrel-shaped chest - Beaded ribs - Breech presentation - Broad clavicles - Broad long bones - Cleft palate - Decreased skull ossification - Depressed nasal bridge - Disproportionate short-limb short stature - Disproportionate short-trunk short stature - Edema - Flat face - Horizontal ribs - Hypoplasia of the radius - Hypoplastic ilia - Hypoplastic iliac wing - Hypoplastic ischia - Hypoplastic scapulae - Inguinal hernia - Neonatal short-limb short stature - Protuberant abdomen - Respiratory insufficiency - Short clavicles - Short long bone - Short ribs - Short tubular bones (hand) - Stillbirth - Unossified vertebral bodies - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

Topic: Achondrogenesis
Source: GARD
Question: What causes Achondrogenesis ?
Answer: What causes achondrogenesis? Research has shown that changes (mutations) in the SLC26A2 and COL2A1 genes cause achondrogenesis types 1B and 2, respectively. The genetic cause of achondrogenesis type 1A remains unknown.  The SLC26A2 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is important for the normal development of cartilage and for the conversion of cartilage to bone. The COL2A1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that forms a type of collagen found mostly in cartilage and in the clear gel that fills the eyeball (vitreous).  Mutations in these genes result in the production of proteins that are unable to properly perform their jobs within the body.

Topic: Achondrogenesis
Source: GARD
Question: Is Achondrogenesis inherited ?
Answer: How is achondrogenesis inherited? Achondrogenesis type 1A and type 1B are believed to be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.  Autosomal recessive inheritance means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations.  Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Achondrogenesis type 2 is considered an autosomal dominant disorder because one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. It is almost always caused by new (de novo) mutations and typically occurs in people with no history of the disorder in their family.

Topic: Achondrogenesis
Source: GARD
Question: How to diagnose Achondrogenesis ?
Answer: Is genetic testing is available for achondrogenesis? Genetic testing can help distinguish between the different types of achondrogenesis. GeneTests lists the names of laboratories that are performing genetic testing for achondrogenesis type 1B and type 2. Please note: Most of the laboratories listed through GeneTests do not accept direct contact from patients and their families; therefore, if you are interested in learning more, you will need to work with a health care provider or a genetics professional. In the Services tab, we provide a list of online resources that can assist you in locating a genetics professional near you.

Topic: Achondrogenesis
Source: GARD
Question: What are the symptoms of Epiphyseal dysplasia multiple with early-onset diabetes mellitus ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Epiphyseal dysplasia multiple with early-onset diabetes mellitus? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Epiphyseal dysplasia multiple with early-onset diabetes mellitus. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the metaphyses 90% Short stature 90% Type II diabetes mellitus 90% Abnormality of immune system physiology 50% Abnormality of neutrophils 50% Acute hepatic failure 50% Brachydactyly syndrome 50% Chronic hepatic failure 50% Cognitive impairment 50% Delayed skeletal maturation 50% Elevated hepatic transaminases 50% Gait disturbance 50% Genu valgum 50% Hepatomegaly 50% Platyspondyly 50% Short thorax 50% Abnormality of neuronal migration 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the pancreas 7.5% Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 7.5% Hyperlordosis 7.5% Hypoglycemia 7.5% Hypothyroidism 7.5% Intrauterine growth retardation 7.5% Kyphosis 7.5% Microcephaly 7.5% Nephropathy 7.5% Recurrent fractures 7.5% Renal insufficiency 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Barrel-shaped chest - Carpal bone hypoplasia - Cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges of the hand - Coxa valga - Depressed nasal bridge - Epiphyseal dysplasia - Flattened epiphysis - High palate - Hip dislocation - Hip Subluxation - Hypertelorism - Hypertonia - Hypoplasia of the odontoid process - Infantile onset - Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus - Irregular carpal bones - Irregular tarsal ossification - Irregular vertebral endplates - Ivory epiphyses of the phalanges of the hand - Ivory epiphyses of the toes - Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia - Narrow iliac wings - Osteoporosis - Preauricular pit - Reduced pancreatic beta cells - Shortening of all middle phalanges of the fingers - Small epiphyses - Upslanted palpebral fissure - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.

Topic: Epiphyseal dysplasia multiple with early-onset diabetes mellitus
Source: GARD