The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol concluded in December 2020, but progress against the Kyoto target will not be finalised until the ‘true-up’ process, after final reporting of all emissions over the commitment period 25 Council Decision (2002/358/EC) of 25 April 2002: 26 ‘Initial Reports’ for the second commitment period of the Kyoto transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-kyoto-protocol/second-commitment-period/ 27 UK Initial Report for the second commitment period of the Kyoto reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/second_commitment_period_2013-2020/application/zip/ 28 Kyoto Protocol ; Decision 2/CMP .7 IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol 29 UNFCCC Doha Information on the acceptance and entry into force of the Doha ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-c&chapter=27&clang=_en

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 429 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) sectors – UK and Gibraltar 339.5 324.4 326.0 333.9 332.1 329.9 329.1 296.9 Emissions from other Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies included in UK ratification of Doha 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.7 Accounted KP-LULUCF emissions -2.8 -3.0 -2.4 -2.4 -2.5 -1.6 -1.1 -1.5 Total yearly emissions 339.8 324.6 326.7 334.5 332.7 331.4 331.3 298.1 Cumulative emissions (2013-2020) 2,619.1 Allowance for KP2 period (2013-2020) 2,744.9 he Kyoto Protocol second commitment period runs from 2013-2020. The UK is Jointly Fulfilling its target with the EU and its Member States. The EU accounts for emissions produced under the EU ETS, and participating countries account for emissions in the non-traded sectors. Therefore, ESD emissions are used here to indicate UK progress in the non-traded sectors (except for he Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man and the Overseas Territories of Gibraltar, the Cayman iii. slands and the Falkland Islands have agreed to have the UK’s ratification of the Doha Amendment extended to them. As for the UK, Gibraltar’s traded sector emissions are accounted for under the EU ETS and non-traded sector emissions accounted for under the EU ESD (excluding LULUCF). Emissions from the other Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies and from aviation and shipping between the UK and these areas were calculated from data in the 1990-2020 inventory. nder the Kyoto Protocol target, alternative rules for the accounting of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector (LULUCF) are used (KP-LULUCF). Some minor sources are also excluded from accounting. (e.g. lag effects of conversion of land to settlement pre-1990). Final accounting will not occur until the Kyoto Protocol ‘true-up’ process, so these figures are indicative. base year estimate (803.2 MtCO2e) is set out in the UK’s initial report for the second commitment period31. 4.3 E missions reduction domestic targets The first carbon budget ran from 2008-12. In 2014, it was confirmed the UK had met the budget with emissions 36 MtCO2e below the cap of 3,018 MtCO2e. Territorial emissions estimates (both with and without LULUCF) for base year and target years and handling of emissions trading in the EU ETS are included in the final statement The second carbon budget ran from 2013-17. In 2019, it was confirmed the UK had met the budget with emissions 384 MtCO 2e below the cap of 2,782 MtCO2e. Territorial emissions estimates (both with and without LULUCF) for base year and target years and handling of emissions trading in the EU ETS are included in the final statement A final statement for the third carbon budget, covering the period 2018-22, will be published in May 2024. Reporting based on latest greenhouse gas emissions estimates shows the UK net carbon account is below the average level required to meet the third carbon budget in each of the first three years of the period. Territorial emissions estimates (both with and without LULUCF) for base year and target years and handling of emissions trading in the EU ETS are included in the reporting 30 31 period_2013-2020/application/zip/gbk-cp2-ir-29aug2017.zip 32 33 34

430 8th National Communication Information on legislated UK domestic greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets (carbon budgets) can be found in Chapter 3 of the UK’s Eighth National Communication and Chapter 3 of this Biennial Report. The UK’s most recent full update to the greenhouse gas emissions projections can be found in Chapter 4 of the UK’s Eighth National Communication. These projections are based on the 2019 edition of the UK’s Energy and Emissions Projections (EEP 2019), for which the policy cut-off point was August 2019. They therefore represent a counterfactual, showing what the UK would have expected to happen in the absence of further policies such as those included in the Net Zero Strategy. Over time, future projections will include further measures from the Net Zero Strategy as they progress to the impact assessment stage. 3, but the mitigation impact of these additional policies has not yet been quantified in esents information from the most recent full update to the UK’s GHG Energy and Emissions Projections (EEP) 2019, published in October 2020.35 It includes estimates of future energy demand and GHGs in the UK up to 2040. The analysis for EEP 2019 was completed before the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, so these projections take no account of the impacts of this on future energy demand or emissions. This section reports on updated emission projections for 2030 and 2040. The key points • The UK’s Energy and Emissions Projections36 (EEP) are estimates of the future level of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and only include existing and planned policies deemed to be sufficiently quantified by August 2019, which was the cut off point for inclusion in EEP 2019. These projections therefore represent a counterfactual, showing what the UK would expect to happen in the absence of further, more recent policies such as those included in the UK’s Net Zero Strategy, published in October 2021, which sets out policies to keep the UK on track for meeting carbon budgets and the 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution. See Chapter 3 of the UK’s 8th National Communication for information on more recent policies and measures not included in these projections.
• On this basis, the projections show that by 2030, UK emissions of the basket of the 7 greenhouse gases (GHGs) covered by the Kyoto Protocol37 would be expected to be approximately 365 MtCO2e, or 55% lower than the 1990 level; and by 2040, the projections show equivalent figures of 361 MtCO2e and 55% lower respectively. As new policies and measures are developed and implemented, the resulting emissions savings will be factored into future projections. 35 See 36 See 37 We report LULUCF emissions in full to be consistent with Inventory Convention reporting. This scope is wider than that under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol and includes estimates for all anthropogenic

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 431 • The UK pr ojects emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O of 52%, 68% and 60% espectively below 1990 levels by 2040. • The UK projects that (joint) emissions of the fluorinated HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 will be 83% below their 1990 levels by 2040. verall projections of GHG emissions The projections presented in this National Communication focus on the With Existing Measures (WEM) policy scenario. EEP 2019 also includes a With Additional Measures (WAM) this includes additional policies that were classed as planned at the cut-off date of August 2019. The projection models incorporate information from the UK’s 1990-2018 GHG Inventory publication (published in 2020). The historic statistics presented here and in Chapter 2 are from the UK’s 1990-2020 GHG Inventory (published in 2022). The UK’s 1990-2020 GHG Inventory includes additional emissions from application of methodologies in the IPCC 2013 wetlands supplement which were not included in the 1990-2018 GHG Inventory. This gives rise to a discontinuity between historic and projected data presented in this chapter. However, the UK does not expect broad patterns of the emissions profile to change significantly when this new information 38 is incorporated into the next edition of The WEM scenario includes policies that had been implemented or adopted by August 2019 but excludes planned measures. In addition, the UK provides selected data from the WAM scenario, which includes planned measures as at the same policy cut-off date. Both projection scenarios exclude any use of flexible mechanisms such as the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) or Joint Implementation and Clean Development The figures within this National Communication include British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories. These territories are excluded from UK Carbon Budget’s legislation and do not appear in the EEP report. According to the UK’s 1990-2020 GHG Inventory, these regions were responsible for 0.9% of total emissions on average between 2017 and 2020 (inclusive). Throughout this chapter, the geographical scope of the presented figures includes the UK and its Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories as denoted by the label ‘(UNFCCC coverage)’ unless otherwise specified. Under the WEM scenario, the UK projects GHG emissions including LULUCF of 365 MtCO about 55% below the 1990 level by 2030, and roughly 361 MtCO2e by 2040. The percentages are very similar if LULUCF is excluded39. Tables 5.1 and 5.2 show overall projections for each gas under WEM and WAM scenarios respectively. This shows that additional planned policies as of August 2019 are expected 2 emissions, reducing them by 11 Mt more in the year 2040 than in the equivalent projection under the WEM scenario. 38 This statistical release explains how the Inventory has ( government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1051408/2020-final-greenhouse-gas-emissions- 39 We report LULUCF emissions in full to be consistent with Inventory Convention reporting. This scope is wider than that under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol and includes estimates for all anthropogenic

432 8th National Communication Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 609 571 571 570 510 420 324 303 296 291 295 Methane 135 129 111 90 67 56 52 46 44 43 43 Nitrous oxide 50 40 30 26 23 22 21 21 20 20 20 Hydrofluorocarbons 14 19 8 9 12 14 12 7 4 2 2 Perfluorocarbons 2 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Sulphur hexafluoride 1 1 2 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1 1 1 Nitrogen trifluoride <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 810 760 723 697 613 512 410 378 365 358 361 Change from 1990 (%) -6 -11 -14 -24 -37 -49 -53 -55 -56 -55 Aviation bunkers 16 20 30 35 32 33 14 37 37 37 37 Marine bunkers 9 9 8 9 12 11 9 11 11 11 11 Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 609 571 571 570 510 420 324 302 292 284 284 Methane 135 129 111 90 67 56 52 46 43 42 41 Nitrous oxide 50 40 30 26 23 22 21 21 20 20 20 Hydrofluorocarbons 14 19 8 9 12 14 12 7 4 2 2 Perfluorocarbons 2 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Sulphur hexafluoride 1 1 2 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1 1 1 Nitrogen trifluoride <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 810 760 723 697 613 512 410 377 360 349 348 Change from 1990 (%) -6 -11 -14 -24 -37 -49 -54 -56 -57 -57 Aviation bunkers 16 20 30 35 32 33 14 37 37 37 37 Marine bunkers 9 9 8 9 12 11 9 11 11 11 11 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 433 5.3.1 Projected progress across territorial emissions 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage The UK projects in the WEM scenario that the energy supply and business sectors make up around 23% of UK emissions in 2030.
With the existing policies and measures in place, emissions from these sectors are projected to increase by 3% between 2030 and 2040 and emissions from the remaining sectors (excluding LULUCF) are projected to fall by 4% between 2030 and 2040. In the WAM scenario, projected energy supply and business emissions decrease by 5% over the same period. The UK no longer reports emissions against Traded and Non-Traded sectors according to European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) definitions since leaving the EU in 2020. Tables 5.3 and 5.4 show the main impact of additional planned policies. By 2040, the UK projects that the additional impact of these measures could leave emissions

434 8th National Communication 5.3.2 P rojected progress of total territorial UK emissions 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Emissions total exc. LULUCF 609 509 406 386 371 361 362 Total 613 512 410 378 365 358 361 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Emissions total exc. LULUCF 609 509 406 385 366 352 349 Total 613 512 410 377 360 349 348 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage Sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Transport 130 131 135 138 126 125 100 113 103 92 85 Energy supply 281 239 224 233 209 147 85 62 62 62 64 Business 113 111 114 106 90 83 74 61 55 53 54 Residential 80 82 89 86 88 68 67 68 71 74 78 Agriculture 54 53 51 49 46 47 45 48 48 48 48 Waste management 65 68 61 48 29 19 18 16 15 15 15 Industrial processes 60 51 27 21 13 13 10 9 9 9 8 Public 13 13 12 11 10 8 7 8 9 9 9 Total 810 760 723 697 613 512 410 378 365 358 361 Change from 1990 (%) -6 -11 -14 -24 -37 -49 -53 -55 -56 -55 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage 2030 and 34% lower by 2040. The UK expects that measures to improve vehicle efficiency, 2 emissions regulation and the design of the Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) mandate for new cars and vans, will directly reduce emissions by mandating greater use of biofuels and providing incentives to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles. Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 435 Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 127 128 132 136 125 124 99 112 101 90 84 Methane 1 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Nitrous oxide 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 130 131 135 138 126 125 100 113 103 92 85 Change from 1990 (%) 1 4 6 -3 -4 -23 -13 -21 -29 -34 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage The UK projects energy supply emissions of 78% lower than 1990 levels by 2030 and 77% projections show a further gradual decline in fossil fuel-based generation up to the late 2020s as it is displaced by an increase in renewable electricity generation. From the late 2020s natural gas generation is projected to gradually increase in the WEM scenario, alongside the continued more rapid growth in renewables to meet increasing electricity demand. The projections show that emissions from electricity production will fall steadily to the late 2020s before rising slightly to 2040. Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 245 211 206 220 199 139 80 56 56 57 59 Methane 34 27 17 11 9 7 5 6 5 5 5 Nitrous oxide 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 281 239 224 233 209 147 85 62 62 62 64 Change from 1990 (%) -15 -20 -17 -26 -48 -70 -78 -78 -78 -77 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage 2030, and 53% lower by 2040. The UK attributes improvements over time to the impact of policies that encourage energy efficiency, such as building regulations and minimum energy efficiency standards for new products, together with economic measures such as the Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting (SECR) and the Renewable Heat Incentive. 436 8th National Communication Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 112 109 109 97 78 70 62 53 50 50 51 Methane <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Nitrous oxide 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hydrofluorocarbons <0.5 <0.5 2 6 10 12 11 6 3 1 1 Perfluorocarbons <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Sulphur hexafluoride 1 1 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1 1 Nitrogen trifluoride <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 113 111 114 106 90 83 74 61 55 53 54 Change from 1990 (%) -2 <0.5 -7 -21 -26 -35 -47 -51 -54 -53 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage The long-term driver of emissions from UK households is the increase in household numbers over the whole period, due to population growth in the UK and a continuing trend for by the impact of existing energy and emission reduction policies through, for example, improved insulation of homes. The overall impact of these factors is projected to lead to a rise in domestic emissions of 7 MtCO 2e (10%) between 2030 and 2040. Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 79 80 86 83 85 65 65 66 68 71 76 Nitrous oxide <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 80 82 89 86 88 68 67 68 71 74 78 Change from 1990 (%) 2 11 7 9 -16 -17 -15 -12 -8 -3 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022.
EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage These projections show emissions from the agriculture sector remaining constant between Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 6 7 5 6 5 5 6 10 10 10 10 Methane 29 29 28 27 25 26 25 25 25 24 24 Nitrous oxide 18 18 17 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 Total 54 53 51 49 46 47 45 48 48 48 48 Change from 1990 (%) -1 -5 -9 -15 -14 -17 -10 -11 -11 -11 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 437 The UK’s WEM projections show annual GHG emissions from waste management falling to fall because more waste is being preferentially disposed of in alternative ways, such as through recycling, Biological Waste Treatment (BWT) and incineration, and because small improvements in landfill efficiency continue to be made. The Landfill Directive drove the historical reductions in emissions from waste. Emissions reductions should continue for a time as emissions lag behind disposal. The UK projects that increases in BWT emissions and domestic wastewater emissions should partially counteract the decrease in landfill emissions. Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 1 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Methane 63 66 60 46 27 18 16 14 13 13 13 Nitrous oxide 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 Total 65 68 61 48 29 19 18 16 15 15 15 Change from 1990 (%) 4 -6 -27 -56 -70 -73 -76 -77 -77 -77 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage 1990 levels by 2030 and 86% below by 2040. Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 20 18 17 17 11 12 9 9 8 8 8 Methane <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Nitrous oxide 24 14 5 3 2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Hydrofluorocarbons 14 18 3 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Perfluorocarbons 2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Sulphur hexafluoride <0.5 <0.5 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 60 51 27 21 13 13 10 9 9 9 8 Change from 1990 (%) -15 -54 -65 -79 -79 -84 -84 -85 -86 -86 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage The UK’s projections show emissions from public services rising slightly in the mid 2020s and

438 8th National Communication Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 13 13 12 11 9 8 7 8 9 9 9 Methane <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Nitrous oxide <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 13 13 12 11 10 8 7 8 9 9 9 Change from 1990 (%) -1 -9 -16 -29 -40 -44 -38 -35 -33 -30 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage 5.4.9 L and Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) The amount of carbon stored in UK trees has increased since 1990. However, the UK expects that this balance will change in the future as forests mature and are felled and replanted over the sustainable forest management cycle. UK experts suggest the GHG Inventory includes modelling updates to wetland areas that have increased historical emissions in the LULUCF sector. As EEP 2019 modelling is based on an earlier version of the inventory, this is not yet reflected in projections of emissions. Gas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Carbon dioxide 6 4 1 -1 -3 -3 -3 -10 -7 -4 -2 Methane 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Nitrous oxide 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total 13 11 8 5 4 3 4 -8 -5 -3 <0.5 Change from 1990 (%) -18 -37 -59 -72 -76 -71 -161 -141 -119 -104 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage projections for overall emissions of GHG gases to 2040. Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 439 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage transport, energy supply, residential, business. By 2030, the UK projects CO2 emissions that are 51% lower than 1990 values, and by 2040 the UK projects CO2 emissions that are 52% Sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Transport 127 128 132 136 125 124 99 112 101 90 84 Energy supply 245 211 206 220 199 139 80 56 56 57 59 Business 112 109 109 97 78 70 62 53 50 50 51 Residential 79 80 86 83 85 65 65 66 68 71 76 Agriculture 6 7 5 6 5 5 6 10 10 10 10 Waste management 1 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Industrial processes 20 18 17 17 11 12 9 9 8 8 8 Public 13 13 12 11 9 8 7 8 9 9 9 Total 609 571 571 570 510 420 324 303 296 291 295 Change from 1990 (%) -6 -6 -6 -16 -31 -47 -50 -51 -52 -52 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage

440 8th National Communication The two biggest emitters of CH4 in 2020 were agriculture and waste management. The UK projects a decline in CH4 emissions between 2020 and 2030 of 7 MtCO2e. This means that by 2030, emissions of CH4 are projected to be 67% lower than 1990.
By 2040, the WEM Sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Transport 1 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Energy supply 34 27 17 11 9 7 5 6 5 5 5 Business <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Residential 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agriculture 29 29 28 27 25 26 25 25 25 24 24 Waste management 63 66 60 46 27 18 16 14 13 13 13 Industrial processes <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Public <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 135 129 111 90 67 56 52 46 44 43 43 Change from 1990 (%) -4 -17 -33 -50 -59 -62 -66 -67 -68 -68 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage Most nitrous oxide emissions come from agriculture. The UK projects a modest decline in 2O emissions out to 2040, projecting emissions in 2030 that are 59% lower than in 1990, and 60% lower than 1990 in 2040. Sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Transport 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Energy supply 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Business 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Residential <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Agriculture 18 18 17 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 Waste management 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 Industrial processes 24 14 5 3 2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Public <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 50 40 30 26 23 22 21 21 20 20 20 Change from 1990 (%) -20 -39 -47 -54 -55 -58 -59 -59 -59 -60 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage Almost all HFCs are emitted by the business sector. In 2030, the UK projects HFC emissions of 8 MtCO2e less than in 2020, equivalent to a 72% decline since 1990. The UK projects a reduction in HFC emissions in 2040 of 86% compared to 1990 levels. Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 441 Sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Business <0.5 <0.5 2 6 10 12 11 6 3 1 1 Industrial processes 14 18 3 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 14 19 8 9 12 14 12 7 4 2 2 Change from 1990 (%) 29 -46 -36 -16 -2 -15 -51 -72 -84 -86 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage PFC emissions remain at low levels over the projection period. Sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Business <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Industrial processes 2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 2 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Change from 1990 (%) -64 -65 -76 -83 -84 -90 -77 -77 -77 -77 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage 6 emissions remain at low levels over the projection period. Sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Business 1 1 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1 1 Industrial processes <0.5 <0.5 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Total 1 1 2 1 1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1 1 1 Change from 1990 (%) 4 50 -15 -45 -66 -66 -60 -57 -53 -53 Primary UK GHG Inventory 2022. EEP 2019, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage 5.6 T otal effect of policies and measures The WEM scenario projections in this chapter include the impact of the UK’s implemented and adopted policies and measures as reported in EEP 2019, for which the policy cut-off point was August 2019. They therefore represent a counterfactual, showing what the UK would expect to happen in the absence of further policies such as those included in the UK’s Net Zero Strategy, published in October 2021. The name, sector, GHG(s) and activity affected, and descriptions of these policies and include planned policies, but those are included within domestic reporting and are therefore Since Biennial Report 4, the UK has continued to update its analysis of policies and measures expected to help meet both Nationally Determined Contributions and the targets for Carbon Budgets set under the UK Climate Change Act (2008). Some further policies introduced after

442 8th National Communication time, the UK’s projections will include newer or more recently announced policies as they progress to the impact assessment stage. Total CHG emissions, MtCO2e Projected emissions with existing measures The UK treats the policies adopted before 2009 as part of a ‘baseline’, because carbon estimated emissions savings attributable to policies adopted between April 2009 and August 2019, as published in the 2019 UK EEP . For example, in 2030 the UK projects that UK policies (excluding planned policies) will deliver emissions reductions of around 103 MtCO Differences in projected emissions between scenarios do not exactly match the sum of emissions reductions provided by individual policies. This is due to price interactions and adjustments to policy impacts to improve accuracy. 40 (published 2021) delivers a comprehensive set of measures to support and capitalise on the UK’s transition to net zero by 2050. It sets out how the UK will end its domestic contribution to climate change with an approach where ‘green’ and ‘growth’ go hand-in-hand. It is a cross-economy strategy which keeps the UK on the path to net zero, including action the UK will take keep on track to meet Carbon Budgets and the UK’s 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution.
40

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 443 Emissions excluding the impact of measures adopted between 2009-19 (baseline) 474 463 476 495 Emissions including all implemented or adopted measures (excluding planned policies) 373 361 354 357 Savings from measures adopted 2009-19 (excluding planned policies) 99 103 126 146 5.7 Projection methods by sector The UK projections of emissions of CO2 and combustion-related emissions of other GHGs (CH4 and N2O) are based on the UK’s EEP modelling suite used for its annual publication and internal analysis. This models the UK energy market, including final sector energy use and the electricity supply sector. It includes a top-down econometric model of energy demand and combustion-related GHG emissions for the UK economy with a bottom-up supply side Dynamic Dispatch Model (DDM). The top-down econometric energy demand projections are adjusted for the impact of policies which are modelled separately using more detailed sectoral models. The sector classification and the principal source of past energy statistics is the Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES). Energy use projections are converted to emissions projections using fuel emissions factors from the UK GHG Inventory. Additional calibration is used to account for energy use not captured in DUKES. Industrial process emissions are calibrated by comparing historic emissions in the UK’s GHG Inventory to industrial production. The UK’s model suite projects emissions using projections for fossil fuel prices, carbon prices, economic growth, and demographics. Key assumptions for projections are given in The UK’s domestically published projections include variant scenarios for high and low fossil fuel price assumptions, high and low GDP growth rates, and a pre-2009 policy baseline. Projections of energy demand by fuel and sector start from a baseline econometric ‘business as usual’ projection, from which savings due to policies and measures are subtracted. The overall modelling approach is similar to that used in previous Biennial Reports submitted by the UK, although there have been incremental improvements to the projections which are described in the UK’s domestic EEP publications41. The CO2 road transport model is an econometric response surface model integrated into the economy-wide Energy Demand Model (EDM) and calibrated against the Department for Transport’s (DfT’s) National Transport Model (NTM). The econometric model is multi-modal as it includes cars, light good vehicles (LGVs), heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), and public service vehicles (PSVs). It includes a population driver for cars and a manufacturing Gross Value added (GVA) driver for HGVs as well as price, motor spirit/diesel engine share, and fuel efficiency and biofuel substitution effects. Most energy efficiency improvements are policy-driven, such as by new car emissions intensity targets and complementary measures such as lower rolling resistance tyres for HGVs. Unlike for other demand sectors, impacts of policies and measures on road transport 41 See

444 8th National Communication fuel demand are modelled within the EEP modelling suite. Road vehicle efficiencies, motor spirit/diesel engine shares, and biofuel use under different policy scenarios are used to calculate mitigation impacts from differences in demand between scenarios. Electricity demand from electric cars and LGVs is passed to the Dynamic Dispatch Model (DDM) which models a demand-side response. 2 road transport emissions projections follow a bottom up calculation methodology in line with the historical time-series of emissions. The activity data (vehicle distances travelled) is projected using 2018 DfT traffic forecasts. DfT’s projected traffic growth, the planned electrification of existing track, and the construction of new lines such as Crossrail and High Speed 2 underpin the rail Projections for UK commercial aviation involve estimates of future UK GDP , consumer expenditure, population, and oil prices. The Fleet Mix Model captures efficiency improvements, for example the model assumes increasing use of biofuels. DfT provides more detailed information about methodology and assumptions with its aviation forecast. The modelling has extrapolated trends in the GHG Inventory to extend aviation emissions projections to UNFCCC coverage. The UK projects that national navigation will remain largely static. The UK uses the DDM to project investment and generation in the electricity supply sector. The DDM is a market-based model that simulates the operation of the electricity market and the investment decision of the market participants in detail. It is a profit-maximisation model incorporating the effect of Government policies such as Contracts for Difference which incentivise low-carbon generation through market mechanisms. The DDM also models investment in the supply of heat and electricity from Combined Heat and Power plants, mostly in industry. For emissions projections, the UK breaks manufacturing down into sectors using the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). The manufacturing sectors in the EDM

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 445 The UK projects Gross Value added (GVA) for each of these sectors using GDP , interest rates, and, in some cases, terms of trade (the relative prices of imports and exports). The UK projects total energy demand for each sector from GVA and energy prices. Except for iron and steel, the model splits total energy demand into different fuels using historical fuel demands and projections of relative fuel prices. In iron and steel, the UK estimates energy demand using sector GVA and the tonnages of steel produced using electricity or by the Basic Oxygen Steel (BOS) process. Energy demand is projected by commercial services from sector GVA, using the average growth rate since 1991 and temperature. The overall demand is then split into fuels. To project business electricity demand from business, it is included in non-domestic demand and passed to the DDM. Emissions from fuels combusted on-site are included in the The UK projects the residential emissions from gas, oil and solid fuels use separately. The estimates depend on assumptions about the percentage of households using each fuel as their main heating source. The primary drivers of residential energy demand are household numbers, fuel prices, temperature and income. Residential demand for electricity is projected using the same drivers and UK agriculture uses a relatively small amount of energy. Therefore, projections of its combustion emissions come from simple trend models.
The UK uses Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) methodology42 to provide projections of activity, such as livestock numbers, crop production, fertiliser nitrogen use, and non-CO2 emissions to 2030. Projections for later years are held constant. The FAPRI projections come from an economic model that assumes a specific set of international prices for agricultural commodities and a path for the sterling exchange rate. Together, these factors are important determinants of the returns to farmers and hence of total agricultural production. The UK converts these FAPRI activity projections to emissions using the latest agriculture model in the UK’s GHG Inventory. Projections of CH4 from landfill depend on UK projections of tonnages of municipal waste going to landfill and on figures for commercial and industrial waste. Waste composition is projected from knowledge of changes to BWT processes and from projections These projections of waste going to landfill are then run through MELMod, the landfill emissions calculation model. The MELMod model is based on the IPCC’s first-order decay methodology, which the 2014 GHG Inventory report summarises. UK population projections underpin predictions of emissions of CH4 and N2O from domestic wastewater and sewage/ sludge decomposition. Industrial wastewater emissions are predicted to stay constant. BWT emissions from multiple sources are combined. Some are projected to be constant, and 42

446 8th National Communication some are extrapolated from the latest year of historical data using sector experts’ estimates Manufacturing sub-sector GVA projections or energy demand projections are used to project CO2 emissions from industrial processes where there is evidence of correlation. Other CO2 emissions are projected to remain constant at the last actual value from the UK’s GHG Many methods are used for projections of non-CO 2 emissions from industrial processes. Some sources use manufacturing sector GVAs while others use more detailed assumptions about future activity. Annex N of the UK’s domestic EEP publication43 provides more information on non-CO2 emissions projection methods. Sector employment levels are used as the main driver in modelling non-electricity energy demand from public services. The projections assume that the historical trend of improving energy efficiency per employee will continue. Temperature also affects public sector demand. The models break non-electricity energy demand into fuels using the same proportions as in Electricity demand is trended to use only public sector employment as a driver and is included in the non-domestic demand we pass to the supply-side modelling. Public services emissions modelling does not consider energy prices as a driver. and Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and Forest Research model LULUCF emissions using approaches that are consistent with the current inventory methodology. They produce four scenarios – Baseline, Central, High and Low – for future emissions. Each makes assumptions about afforestation, wildfires, peat extraction, land use change and deforestation. They developed these scenarios with a policy maker stakeholder group and updated them in 2016 following discussions with UK Devolved Administrations. Broadly, their central scenario is a continuation of current policies and activity rates. This is the scenario used in generating emissions projections for this report. stimation of emissions in Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories The UK’s Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are not included in the projections which the UK produces annually to monitor progress against its own carbon budgets. The projections in this report supplement the UK annual figures with forecasts for areas that are consistent with the UK’s 1990-2018 GHG Inventory. The latter are simple linear trends of the emissions in each National Communication sector based on observations from the previous 9 years. Emissions in these territories are only a small proportion of UK emissions, making up 0.9% of the UK’s UNFCCC coverage emissions in recent years. trengths of the projection methodology The UK’s modelling methodology has the following • The initial starting point for the UK’ s Energy and Emissions Projections is the latest historical data from the GHG Inventory and DUKES. In the case of EEP 2019, this 43 See

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 447 was based on the UK’s GHG Inventory 2020 (latest actuals 2018) and 2019 energy statistics (latest actuals 2018). These are well established sources of information; • The main Energy Demand Model (EDM) uses econometric methods e long-run relationships between economic activity, energy • The detailed model of electricity generation captures both short-run fuel switching and long-term investment strategies; ojections regularly as part of the monitoring of UK national • Models use authoritative national and inter e is a rolling programme of review and update for the projection methodologies and econometric models, and modelling performance is tested by back-casting to see how well the model predicts what happened in the recent past; The projections distinguish between business as usual emissions and the emission eductions due to mitigating policies and measures; and • The modelling estimates the mitigation impacts of policies using a common cr eaknesses of the projection methodology The UK’s modelling has the following • The modelling generally assumes that historical relationships will continue in the e, which can fail to capture structural changes and new technologies where these fall outside the scope of included policies and measures; • Analysis for EEP 2019 was completed befor e the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic and prior to publication of the Net Zero Strategy, so these projections take no account of the impacts of these on future energy demand or emissions. Similarly, analysis assumed that the drivers of uncertainty were similar to previous years; e is considerable recognised uncertainty in economic and social projections • Econometric modelling is subject to estimation err ors and the possibility of incorrect identification energy use drivers. A set of key assumptions about UK economic growth, demographic changes and future fuel price trajectories underpin the UK’s projections. The main sources of projected assumptions are the forecasts made by the UK’s Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) and Office for National Statistics (ONS), and supplemented by International Monetary Fund projections of world growth.
Fuel prices are produced by the Department for Business, Energy and The UK released EEP 2019 in October 2020. UK GDP forecasts to 2021 were from the March 2019 Economic and Fiscal Outlooks and beyond 2021 GDP came from the January 2017 Fiscal Sustainability Report. The UK’s ONS produced the population projections in 2016 alongside a supporting methodology description. It produces population and household

448 8th National Communication projections. The ONS released information about changes in methodology since the previous population projection alongside the 2018 population projections. The household projections updated socio-economic growth assumptions. Change 2025 2030 2035 2040 BEIS updates the fossil fuel price and carbon prices projections annually, which are subject Price 2025 2030 2035 2040 Crude oil (Brent 1 month), $/bbl 68.45 79.53 90.60 90.60 Gas (NBP), p/therm 53.00 59.00 64.00 64.00 Coal (CIF ARA), $/tonne 68.38 72.72 77.0 6 77.0 6 EU ETS carbon price (at time of modelling), £/tCO2 28.79 43.49 43.49 43.49 Exchange rate 2025 2030 2035 2040 Euros (€ per £) 1.10 1.15 1.2 1.2 US Dollars ($ per £) 1.39 1.45 1.5 1.5 5.7.14 Quality assurance and quality controls Quality assurance of modelling is a high priority within UK Government, and analysis for the EEP follows the BEIS quality assurance guidelines. A small group of BEIS analysts produces the energy and emission projections, and owns, maintains and updates the EDM which underpins the projections. The EEP team liaises with other modelling teams, both inside and outside BEIS, to quality assure and compile the data which go into the overall projections. Figures relating to electricity come from iteratively solving two specialised models with the EDM. These are the DDM and the Prices and Bills Model of retail electricity prices. This cycling ensures that electricity demand is in equilibrium with prices. The co-ordinators of these models also assure projections results. Projections for non-energy non-CO2 emissions are produced by the BEIS Science division. Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 449 The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology produces the UK’s LULUCF projections under contract; this is overseen by the BEIS Science and Innovation for Climate and BEIS bases transport sector modelling on, and calibrates it against, the detailed models for road, rail and air used by the Department for Transport (DfT). These latter are in turn subject Analytical teams in the relevant areas prepare estimates of the emissions or energy savings due to UK Government policies. These are normally based on assessment documents for each measure. Analysts prepare these according to central guidance, which ensures that energy use and GHG emissions are valued consistently across UK Government. Analysts send the policy savings in a standard template and the EEP team checks them to look for any unaccounted overlaps and to ensure internal consistency between energy and emissions savings. The team confirms the model savings with the submitting analysts and departments. The UK updates its GHG projections to inform progress against national carbon budgets and publishes each set of projections. The EEP team improves and adapts the core Energy Demand Model incrementally, quality assuring each change to confirm validity and robustness. (The team responsible for the DDM quality assures any change relating to electricity generation.) The EEP team presents interim and final results to a Steering Group which oversees the process, and stakeholders review draft EEP reports before publication. The independent Committee on Climate Change (CCC) reviews the projections In October 2020 the UK published annexes of data to accompany its domestic projections. These included low and high fossil fuel prices and low and high UK GDP rates as variant Crude oil (Brent 1 month), $/bbl 44.00 50.00 55.00 55.00 Gas (NBP), p/therm 36.00 40.00 43.00 43.00 Coal (CIF ARA), $/tonne 48.10 53.30 58.50 58.50 Crude oil (Brent 1 month), $/bbl 106.00 118.00 130.00 130.00 Gas (NBP), p/therm 78.00 83.00 88.00 88.00 Coal (CIF ARA), $/tonne 93.06 101.77 110.48 110.48 The EEP team produced these scenarios following a fundamental analysis of the drivers of the main fossil fuel wholesale prices available to the UK within the European energy market. They are not sensitivities to the overall level of fossil fuel prices and do not maintain fuel

450 8th National Communication To investigate the impact of different economic growth rates, the EEP includes scenarios where the economy performs at 25 basis points per annum above or below the reference High UK GDP Growth 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 Low UK GDP Growth 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 Taking the combinations of the different fossil fuel and GDP variants gives four different WAM Reference scenario 372 356 345 344 Low Fossil Fuel Prices 380 369 359 362 High Fossil Fuel Prices 365 341 331 330 Low UK GDP Growth 370 353 341 339 High UK GDP Growth 374 359 349 350 Future values of key variables such as fossil fuel prices, the impacts of policy and demographic/economic growth cannot be known with certainty. However, these variables underpin the UK projections. Understanding the impact of this uncertainty is important in the context of the UK’s aim to reduce emissions through policy intervention, and so it is regularly investigated in EEP publications. Uncertainty analysis presented here is based on the most influential drivers of energy use and emissions, previously identified through sensitivity analysis. The EEP team carries out a Monte Carlo simulation to vary the values of these drivers, firstly obtaining historical distributions of input values then running the projections model on samples from these distributions. For the EEP 2019 publication, we derived the uncertainty analysis from the estimates published in EEP 2018 (used for BR4), due to time constraints at the time of analysis. Because further data on Covid-19 was not yet available, we assumed that the drivers of uncertainty were similar to previous years. The confidence interval originally presented in the EEP 2018 report has been extended to 2040 through a simple extrapolation of the overall linear trends exhibited by the upper and lower bounds of the confidence interval for the final nine years of the projected series.
corresponding to the lower 2.5% and upper 97.5% percentiles of the Monte Carlo

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 451 This analysis excludes the electricity supply industry and possible “structural breaks” in society or the economy which might significantly affect emissions. For example, societal and behavioural step changes or breakthrough technologies like improved storage could have profound impacts on the UK’s energy mix and emissions but are hard to anticipate. Annual total territorial emissions, MtCO2e 95% confidence range 2017 Energy and Emissions Projections EEP 2019 based on uncertainty ranges from EEP 2018 (with extrapolated final years)

452 8th National Communication Uncertainty, MtCO2e 2025 2030 2035 2040 Upper 95% confidence interval 394 382 376 381 EEP 2019 WAM scenario 372 356 345 344 Lower 95% confidence interval 353 336 325 322 Upper 95% confidence interval, difference from reference 6 7 9 11 Lower 95% confidence interval, difference from reference -5 -5 -6 -6 Upper 95% confidence interval, change on 1990 values -51 -53 -53 -53 Reference, change on 1990 values -54 -56 -57 -57 Lower 95% confidence interval, change on 1990 values 56 -58 -60 -60 EEP 2019 based on uncertainty ranges from EEP 2018 (with extrapolated final years) The methodology only looks at future uncertainty and does not examine uncertainty in historical inputs or emission estimates, such as those before 2020. By 2030, the UK WAM scenario projects GHG emissions will be between 53% and 58% below 1990 levels, with the Reference case estimate 56% below. By 2040, the range is slightly wider with emissions projected between 53% and 60% below 1990 levels. The higher uncertainty for later years reflects the reduced confidence in modelled projections further into the future. ifferences from the last Biennial Report Report, which was based on projections produced in 2019 (EEP 2018, using the latest inventory available up to 2017). The main differences between the two projections include additional implemented and adopted polices, some re-estimations of the impact of policies, improved modelling, revised fossil fuel price and economic growth assumptions. The UK has also updated the projections to take account of improvements to the historical inventory and other improvements to methods, emission factors and activity data. The net effect of these changes is to decrease projected emissions in 2030 from 54% below 1990 levels in the Fourth Biennial Report to 55% below 1990 levels in the Fifth Biennial Report. The projected GHG decrease of 2 MtCO 2e between the two projections is mostly from CO2 and methane there are minimal changes in the projections of the other gases. Fourth Biennial Report Fifth Biennial Report GHG including LULUCF 1990 2030 Projected change (%) 1990 2030 Projected change (%) Carbon dioxide 599 300 -50 609 296 -51 Nitrous oxide 48 20 -58 50 20 -59 Hydrofluorocarbons 14 4 -70 14 4 -72 Perfluorocarbons 2 <0.5 -79 2 <0.5 -77 Sulphur hexafluoride 1 1 -61 1 1 -57 Nitrogen trifluoride <0.5 <0.5 N/A <0.5 <0.5 N/A Total GHG 798 368 -54 810 365 -55 Primary EEP, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 453 6. Fi nancial Assistance and Support for Technologies This chapter sets out the financial assistance the UK has provided to developing countries to support emissions reductions and increase the resilience of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. The chapter is structured as An overview of UK support for developing countries thr • The allocation of UK ICF since the UK’s Seventh National Communication and Fourth Biennial Review, covering mitigation and adaptation with examples of ogramming in UK priority areas. • How the UK is supporting technological development and transfer to Actions the UK is taking to build capacity in developing countries for mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer and negotiations. How the UK is helping to accelerate the alignment of financial flows with the Paris eement and raising ambition globally. • How the ICF is using its monitoring and evaluation framework to apply lessons • The UK is committed to the collective target of providing and mobilising US$100 billion climate finance a year thr ough public and private sources, for developing countries. The UK succeeded in meeting its 2015 pledge to provide £5.8 billion in International Climate Finance (ICF) between 2016/17 and 2020/21. In 2019 the PM made a commitment to delivering £11.6 billion for the period 2021/22 to 2025/26. This commitment is additional to the £5.8 billion spent up to March 2021. British International Investment (BII) (formerly CDC) has also committed to a 30% climate target which is expected to deliver a further £2 billion climate finance ch 2021 the UK Government published the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy which made tackling climate change and biodiversity loss its number one international priority. The UK is beginning a programme of new investment, taking forward its 10-point plan for a green industrial revolution by funding British research and development in green technologies, and supporting climate investment internationally through UK ICF. Recognising that adaptation is a priority for many developing countries, UK ICF aims for a balance between adaptation and mitigation. The majority of UK climate finance is grant-based, with 91% of support pr ovided over the reporting period being • As first outlined in the 2019 Gr een Finance Strategy and further reinforced in the Integrated Review, the UK Government has also pledged to ensure that all UK ODA is aligned to the Paris Agreement, reflecting the UK Government’s commitment to tackling the causes of climate change and its impacts as a driver of future instability and poverty. In the 2021, the UK Government response to the Dasgupta Review on

454 8th National Communication the Economics of Biodiversity, the UK committed to integrate nature into its ODA, ensuring that all new UK bilateral aid spending does no harm to nature. • The UK is one of the largest contributors to the major multilateral climate funds, with £724 million provided over 2019 and 2020.
At the G7 in 2019 the UK announced it will double its contribution to the GCF to £1.44 billion of new funding between 2020 and 2023, making the UK the largest contributor. £450 million of this commitment was provided in 2020. Other climate specific funding over the period 2018, 2019 and 2020 includes £106 million to the Global Envir The UK also pledged £15 million new funding to the Adaptation Fund at COP26. At least £3 billion of the £11.6 billion ICF commitment will be used to protect and restore nature and biodiversity over the five years to 2025/26 and £1 billion new funding for the Ayrton Fund will support clean energy Research, Development and At COP26 the UK launched the Clean Green Initiative (CGI) to help developing countries bridge the infrastructure gap, while supporting climate change and sustainable development goals, helping to scale up investment by the private sector. Bold commitments have been made at COP26 around key otecting £1.5 billion new UK funding over five years for the Global Forest Finance Pledge (part of the £3 billion nature commitment); • phasing out the UK is the largest contributor to the Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) and committed an additional £350 £200 million to the new ransitions programme and £150 million to the Renewable Energy Integration programme (announced at UNGA); • mobilising The CIFs with strong UK leadership announced a new Capital Markets Mechanism expected to issue billions of green bonds in the City of London to support climate action; net zero £27.5 million new funding to support the launch of the Urban Climate Action Programme (UCAP); access to including a £100 million to r espond to recommendations from the UK co-chaired Taskforce on Access to Climate Finance to make it faster and easier for developing countries to access finance for their climate plans. COP26 also saw the launch of the International Just Transition Declaration44 committing to working together to ensure no one is left behind in the transition towards net Since 2011, UK ICF45 investments have helped 88 million people to cope with the effects of climate change. This includes supporting vulnerable individuals and e resilient to increased climate variability such as helping farmers grow crops that can adapt to changing weather conditions. Since 2011, UK ICF has also mobilised £8.0 billion in public and private finance in addition to our ICF spend commitments. Overall ICF provided from April 2011 to March 2021 is expected to avoid or reduce 960 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. 44 UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021: 45 2021 UK ICF

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 455 6.3 O verview of UK support, approach and channels The economic recovery after the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic will be critical to secure more ambitious and urgent action to promote a clean, green, inclusive, and resilient future. The UK is committed to supporting the global shift to net zero by providing developing countries access to more, better, and faster finance. Public finance will be used to mobilise the trillions that are urgently needed from the private sector to meet our climate and nature goals. As the new G7 Partnership for Infrastructure and Investment develops; we will collaborate with our G7 counterparts to drive progress towards a global Green The UK is building on the successful delivery of £5.8 billion ICF between 2016/17 – 2020/21 by providing a doubling of finance to £11.6 billion between 2021/22 – 2025/26. This is dedicated ring-fenced funding that is distinguishable from non-climate ODA. The £11.6 billion (2021/22) is a new commitment which is on top of the £5.8 billion commitment (2016/17 – March 2021). Tackling climate change is fundamental to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), therefore UK ICF is integrated into wider development spending. The UK Government has committed to align its ODA spend with the Paris Agreement in 2019 and we have continued to implement this commitment. In 2021 the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) included a new rule in its programme operating framework to ensure that ODA spend aligns with the Paris Agreement and does no harm to nature, with an intention to embed best practice approaches through all ODA spending departments. The UK’s ICF is playing a vital role in helping developing countries to respond and adapt to the challenges of climate change and prevent its worst effects. UK ICF is focusing on driving the rapid transformation and systemic shifts required to achieve the Paris Agreement goals and deliver on the Glasgow Climate Pact. British International Investment (BII), the UK’s development finance institution, is playing a transformative role in tackling climate change by supporting clean, inclusive, and resilient growth in the countries where it invests. With a climate finance target of at least 30% of new investment, it is supporting investments that facilitate transformation towards net-zero economies by 2050 by either investing in activities that are already low carbon or which indirectly enable emissions reductions in other activities. The UK is ensuring a balanced split between mitigation and adaptation finance, recognising that support for nature can deliver on both as well as addressing biodiversity loss. The UK is investing in mitigation where emissions are growing rapidly and in countries with forests that can play a role as major carbon sinks, whilst supporting those most vulnerable to impacts to adapt and become more resilient. COP26 saw the launch of the International Just Transition Declaration46 committing to working together to ensure no one is left behind in the transition towards net zero economies. The UK will enhance the gender-responsiveness of its programming, including by increasing the proportion of climate finance that has gender equality as a principal or significant objective as defined by the OECD Development Assistance Committee Gender Equality policy marker47. The UK provides support through both bilateral and multilateral channels, as well as rules-based international system (RuBIS) to help drive global climate action.
Through the establishment of the FCDO the UK will continue to use its network of officials in developing countries to ensure close relationships with other governments and organisations – facilitating 46 47

456 8th National Communication bilateral programmes based on developing country needs. The UK will continue to support UN climate change processes, multilateral funds and development banks to deliver impact at scale and use their leverage to maximise value for money. 6.3.1 UK International Climate Finance (ICF) overview UK ICF is an important international instrument for delivering on Paris Agreement commitments to collectively mobilise $100 billion per year and is part of the UK’s broader Official Development Assistance (ODA). In recognition of the urgency with which the causes of climate change and its impacts must be tackled, the UK successfully delivered on its commitment to provide £5.8 billion ICF over the period 2016/17 – 2020/21. The UK ICF portfolio is managed by three the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Collectively they aim to provide the necessary capital investment, technical assistance, and capacity building to drive transformational change towards low-carbon, climate resilient and nature positive development paths, drawing in investment from the private sector and other actors. UK ICF focuses on four key 1) clean energy, 2) nature for climate and people, 3) adaptation and resilience, 4) sustainable cities, infrastructure and transport. This includes supporting developing countries to pursue clean economic growth, halt deforestation and build resilience, whilst achieving co-benefits for other sustainable development goals such as improved livelihoods, food and water security, gender equality and health for all. The UK will strike a balance between mitigation and adaptation spending and will invest at least £3 billion in solutions that protect and restore nature. The UK recognises the challenges faced by some countries in accessing climate finance and will continue to work with delivery partners and the multilateral funds to improve access. The UK will continue to push for greater transparency, efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of finance that is distributed through multilateral sources. While there will not be a single access point for developing countries to directly apply for ICF support, much of our ICF is spent through our teams based in developing countries. UK Climate Finance programming is developed in partnership with developing countries, so that it addresses their needs. We are also working in coordination with others to improve access to finance, for example through the NDC Partnership and the Taskforce on Access to Climate Finance Cumulative ICF results show that over the period 2011/12 – 2021/22 (2020 bracketed), UK ICF programmes have so far

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 457 6.3.2 C ontribution to Multilateral Development Banks overview The UK has worked very closely with the Multilateral Development Banks to scale up climate finance over the period and at COP26, with the UK’s ICF noted for its positive impact on this multilateral architecture. Climate also plays a critical role across a number of UN SDGs and environmental agreements. The UK will pursue the following outcomes, using both bilateral and domestic relationships, and UK positions in multilateral fora and institutions, and The UK will use its position in IFIs (including the multilateral development banks, development finance institutions, and the International Monetary Fund) to seek onger mainstreaming of climate, nature and wider environmental considerations. This includes by better incorporating climate and environment risk, and encouraging additional, urgent action and scaling up of new instruments and approaches. orking through the IFIs, our in-country presence, and in new fora like the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action to support developing countries to embed Maximising synergies between climate finance and Financing for Development (e.g., through the Addis Ababa Action Agenda) and multilateral nd UNFCCC Mandatory and Voluntary Contributions overview As a signatory to the UNFCCC, the UK pays contributions to the UNFCCC core budget to ensure the effective functioning of the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC process. The UK also makes voluntary contributions each year to UNFCCC trust funds, including the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities to support a range of priority activities, and the Trust Fund for Participation in the UNFCCC process to fund developing country participation. Between 2019 and 2022, the UK contributed to the UNFCCC £4.5 million in voluntary contributions and EUR 4,466,318 in core contributions (Convention, Kyoto Protocol and International Transaction Log). These contributions were 61% ODA-funded in line with the OECD-DAC Annex 2 on ODA eligible international organisations. In addition, the UK provides small scale funding to help contribute to the costs of the OECD Climate Change Experts Group programme and to provide targeted support to the most progressive and vulnerable countries in the negotiations, including through the Cartagena Dialogue and the Climate Ambition Support Alliance (CASA) (see section 6.6.4). As a member of the IPCC the UK makes voluntary contributions each year to the IPCC’s Trust Fund. The UK has contributed £115,000 per year between 2019 and 2021. esearch and development spending overview The UK supports research and development through multiple channels (see Section 6.4.8) including a commitment to spend £1 billion on ODA funded research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) through the Ayrton Fund on clean energy over five years from April 2021. Other initiatives include the Newton Fund which supports bilateral and regional research and innovation partnerships between the UK and partner countries. From 2014–2021 a UK investment of up to £735 million was made with ‘match’ funding from

458 8th National Communication 6.4 UK I nternational Climate Finance This section explains how the UK directs its climate finance. Firstly, a high-level quantitative overview of UK ICF spend is shown, and the UK’s overarching strategic approach set out. UK support for operating entities of the UNFCCC Financial Mechanism and other multilateral funds is explained, in addition to UK support for mitigation and adaptation activities.
The UK succeeded in meeting its 2015 pledge to provide £5.8 billion in International Climate Finance (ICF) between 2016/17 and 2020/21 and is committed to delivering an additional £11.6 billion for the period 2021/22 and 2025/26. The £11.6bn is a new commitment which is on top of the £5.8bn spent up to March 2021.
Total climate spend £1,051m £902.5m £1,169m £1,183m £1,329m Multilateral spend £268m £154.3m £217m £199.2m £524.8m Bilateral spend £783m £748.2m £951m £984.4m £803.8m Mitigation spend £517m £452.6m £591m £702.2m £701.5m Adaptation spend £533m £447.9 m £564m 473.4m £623.3m Relevant CTF tables submitted for UNFCCC reporting including those with NC8 UK ICF works through a mix of instruments, partners and delivery channels including bilateral programmes, multilateral contributions, private sector and civil society programmes. Within this, there is a growing role for bilateral partnerships and programming, reinforced by well- staffed country missions with delegated budgets. Much of UK ICF is spent through our teams based in developing countries. Through bilateral ICF programmes and broader ODA effort, the UK is developing and strengthening relationships with partner governments at technical and Ministerial level and across multiple ministries, enabling demand led support. Our in- country teams partner with government officials to support the development of strategies across various themes including climate adaption, NDCs and reversing biodiversity loss and ensure that our portfolios are supporting delivery of those strategies. Furthermore, detailed country development diagnostics inform decision making and as a result, programming choices reflect the local context and need. Programmes are designed and delivered in consultation with local communities and in partnership with key institutions, local and national governments. As such, the UK is ensuring that programmes are designed to be responsive to country needs; adaptable to changing circumstances; to drive transformational change and offer value for money. Through our overseas networks, we also provide support to develop countries’ climate change policies and strategies, as well as providing tailored and expert technical assistance. For example, one of the specific actions we are taking is to consider countries’ revised NDCs as they are submitted over the course of this year. We then cross-check our map of technical assistance and capacity building support with countries’ capital investment needs. We will also draw on the UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance’s Report on the Determination of the Needs of Developing Country Parties to inform future pipeline development (first published in 2021 and every four years thereafter). More broadly we continue supporting and engaging with organisations like the NDC Partnership, whose mission is to ensure effective support for the implementation of developing countries’ NDCs and enable us to coordinate our support with that of other countries and organisations. The UK will also work closely with partner countries to plan and evaluate our programmes and identify ways to achieve greater impacts. Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 459 Over the period 2021 – 2025, UK ICF will focus on driving transformation and systemic shifts required to achieve the Paris Agreement goals and deliver on the Glasgow Climate Pact Clean A major focus of our ICF programming will be on accelerating the clean energy transition in developing countries so that they can provide access to affordable, reliable and clean energy for all and reduce or avoid high emissions pathways, making use of innovation, technology and carbon pricing and addressing social and gender barriers to clean Nature for Climate and Through our ICF and in line with the recommendations from the Dasgupta Review, we will protect, restore and sustainably manage nature including through protection and restoration of critical ecosystems on land and in the ocean, reversing forest loss, and supporting sustainable food and water systems. We will also seek to ensure our global financial and economic systems support nature through sustainable production and consumption and management of risks, while supporting communities and livelihoods. Adaptation and UK ICF will ensure that countries and communities are supported to adapt to, prepare for and cope with the damaging effects of climate change and climate-linked disasters. Without action, hard won gains in areas such as health, nutrition and livelihoods risk being reversed. Those living in poverty, women and girls, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, people with disabilities and marginalised and crisis-affected groups are already being hit hardest by the impacts of a changing climate and they stand to suffer most unless action is taken. Sustainable Cities, Infrastructure and In the context of rapid changes in urban development, UK ICF will focus on supporting the low-carbon, green and resilient urbanisation needed to promote sustainable cities, along with wider infrastructure across the transport, building, water and waste sectors. With 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050 and cities accounting for 75% of global CO2 emissions, investment in sustainable cities is key for meeting both our development and climate goals. 6.4.2 Support for cross cutting multilateral climate funds The UK is one of the largest contributors to the major multilateral climate funds, with £724m provided over 2019 and 2020. The UK’s contribution to the GCF will double to £1.44bn between 2020 and 2023, making the UK the largest contributor. £450m of this commitment was provided in 2020. The other main multilateral funds that that benefitted from UK support are the Climate Investment Funds (£200 million UK finance), and the Global Environment Facility with £50m climate specific support provided over 2019 and 2020. 460 8th National Communication Global Green Growth Institute 5.79 climate Climate Investment Funds – Clean UN Convention to Combat Desertification General Fund – Assessed Contribution UNDP Climate Promise 3 climate Relevant CTF tables submitted for UNFCCC reporting including those with NC8 6.4.2.1 Global Environment Facility The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is the principal multilateral agency supporting developing countries in tackling major environmental problems and supporting implementation of the international agreements covering biodiversity (including wildlife loss), land degradation, deforestation, chemical pollution, marine and freshwater degradation – including marine plastic – and climate change. The GEF budget is replenished on 4-yearly cycles and a total of 28 countries contribute. It is currently in the seventh replenishment period (GEF7) from July 2018 until June 2022 which has a total budget of $4.1 billion (the GEF 8 replenishment negotiations will be finalised in June 2022). Of the GEF7 total, the UK is contributing up to £250 million in total (10.07% burden share of the total).
The UK contribution makes the UK the third largest donor to GEF7 after Japan and Germany. Of this, 60% of programmes under GEF7 have clear climate benefits and so £150 million of our contribution is scored as ICF. Since its inception in 1991 GEF has invested in improving the management of 3,300 protected areas covering an area of about 860m hectares, an area larger than Brazil. GEF has been instrumental in supporting national policy reform and planning frameworks that promote biodiversity considerations across sectors and geographies with globally significant biodiversity. This has resulted in legal, environmental, regulatory, governance and socio- economic additionalities beyond incremental cost benefits. GEF Sustainable Forestry Management interventions were estimated to have avoided 4,875km2 of deforestation, sequestering 1.33 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year and increasing household assets by USD$163-353. It has also supported management of 790 climate change mitigation projects contributing to 2.7 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emission reductions and sustainable management of 34 of the world’s major river basins and provided $131m to the Global Wildlife Programme to tackle the illegal wildlife trade. Since becoming operational in 2015, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) has become the key multilateral climate fund, with a mandate to make ‘an ambitious contribution to the global efforts towards attaining the goals set by the international community to combat climate change’. The UK is a strong supporter of the GCF having committed £720 million

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 461 for the initial resource mobilisation period (2015-2019), and doubling this commitment to £1.44 billion for the first replenishment period (2020-2023). The UK is committed to ensuring that the GCF delivers maximum impacts in the developing countries it supports. The GCF funds transformational projects with a strong focus on leveraging private finance, with a commitment to provide 50% of its resources for mitigation and 50% for adaptation. At least 50% of its adaptation support will be provided to particularly vulnerable countries including Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and African States. The GCF has continued to improve its programming and efficiency track record, tightening its policy framework, and building the Secretariat’s capacity. In the eight years since it became operational, the GCF has committed $10 billion to climate projects (with an additional $27.2 billion leveraged in co-financing). $4 billion of this GCF commitment (that will mobilise $15 billion in co-financing) has been approved by the Board since June 2020. Around 70% of the GCF’s adaptation funding is going to the most vulnerable countries (SIDS, LDCs and African States). 34% of GCF funds are now being delivered through its Private Sector Facility. 6.4.2.3 Climate Investment Funds The UK is the largest investor in the $10.3 billion CIFs, having committed an additional £560 million over 2019/20 and 2020/21, to pilot low-emission and climate resilient development through projects implemented by the multilateral development banks in the areas of green recovery (£10 million), energy storage (£200 million), coal transition (£200 million) and renewable energy integration (£150 million); the latter two being key COP26 announcements and deliverables. From this commitment, the UK has spent £210m by the end of 2020 on green recovery and energy storage. The CIFs now operate across 72 countries and have a total portfolio of 325 projects. The projects are unlocking finance flows in the green markets of developing countries and are expected to generate at least $61 billion of co-financing. With strong support from the UK the CIFs have also embarked on a new era of programming which targets key challenge areas that include coal transitions, renewable energy integration, nature-based solutions, cities and industry, and on implementing a Capital Markets Mechanism to raise billions in additional investment from the private sector. The UK pledged £15 million to the Adaptation Fund (AF) at COP26. Since 2010 the AF has committed $850m in support to nearly 100 countries. It has a growing pipeline with over $300 million of requests for support. This is three times the average annual disbursements from the Fund, demonstrating continued high demand from recipients. Funding for any single country was previously capped at $10 million, but this has now been increased to $20 million to allow countries additional support. The AF offers developing countries direct access to funding and often faster than other funds. This is in part because the AF funds projects alone, rather than co-financing with others, and so must cover the full cost of approved projects. This makes it a useful complement to mechanisms such as the GCF, as does its speed and lower project size, which allow for the trialling of innovative new approaches that can subsequently be taken to scale through support from other, larger funds 6.4.2.5 Least Developed Countries Fund The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) is administered by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) but operates and is funded separately. To date nine of GEF’s eighteen implementing agencies have been involved in implementing LDCF projects and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme

462 8th National Communication (UNEP) , African Development Bank (AfDB), Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN), and United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO). The UK, through DFID contributed £30 million from December 2016 to March 2019. The UK no longer funds LDCF. he Special Climate Change Fund The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) is administered by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) but operates and is funded separately. The SCCF supports adaptation and technology transfer in all developing country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), supporting both long-term and short-term adaptation activities in water resources management, land management, agriculture, health, infrastructure development, fragile ecosystems, including mountainous ecosystems, and integrated coastal zone management. The UK does not fund SCCF.
The UK has provided £3m as a voluntary contribution to the Climate Promise, to support UNDP in helping countries to scale up their efforts to protect and restore nature, and simultaneously address climate change, biodiversity loss and poverty. The funding will be used to support up to 8 countries to increase ambition and accelerate implementation against their targets on forests, land and nature under the Paris Agreement. The Climate Promise overall is building capacity in over 120 developing countries to enable them to strengthen and deliver national climate pledges under the Paris Agreement. ntributions through bilateral, regional and other channels. UK ICF includes significant bilateral programming drawing on the UK’s experience of supporting and delivering high quality development interventions and sharing the UK’s own expertise. This involves working with national and local governments, city authorities and other key public institutions, integrating climate and nature objectives into the design of wider development programmes and launching regional initiatives in Africa, Asia, Latin America that will seek to deliver impact at scale. We will seek to build capacity and provide technical assistance to key institutions to Partner governments to design, develop and deliver strategies, policies and ogrammes that will accelerate action on climate and environment; generate jobs and low carbon growth; and build resilience. egional groups to effectively contribute to climate negotiations, including technical, legal and strategic UNFCCC support as well as support for developing GHG inventories and reporting. The development and implementation of ambitious climate and nature action plans including high-quality, ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions, National Adaptation Plans and long-term, and natur e positive development strategies. nments and private sector, increasing access to climate finance and building the capacity of markets to enable the clean growth transition. UK ICF provides funding for over 100 programmes which support mitigation, including the aforementioned multilateral funds. Additionally, British International Investment (BII), formerly CDC group, has invested over £750 million (over $1 billion) in climate finance since 2017 and has set a climate finance target of 30% of new investment commitments over its next

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 463 5-year strategy – at least £3 billion. This is a step up from BII’s four year average climate commitments (2017-2020) of 17%. BII’s £3 billion of climate finance will be invested over the next five years across several different sectors, such as renewable power, infrastructure and agriculture, including forestry. BII continues to increase its commitments to renewable power, with BII’s overall direct commitments to renewable energy at $894 million at the end of 2020. BII’s portfolio of over 1,000 investments will be net zero by 2050 at the latest. For example, in 2017 BII invested Ayana, an independent solar and wind generation company developing utility-scale renewable energy infrastructur enewable energy company in Pakistan that has developed a 50 megawatt wind-power plant; and, • Benban Solar Park in Egypt, the largest solar park in Africa. Below are some examples of UK pr ogrammes (this is not an exhaustive list). Energy The UK has provided support for the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Clean Energy Transition Programme (CETP) which leverages the IEA’s unique energy expertise across all fuels and technologies to accelerate global clean-energy transitions by providing independent, cutting-edge support to governments whose energy policies will significantly influence the prospects for – and the speed of – the global transition towards more sustainable energy production and use. Priority countries include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa, as well as other IEA Association countries and key regions such as Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa. The Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP) seeks to mobilise private sector development activity and investment in innovative small and medium scale renewable energy projects (up to 25MW / 50MW for wind) in sub-Saharan Africa. REPP aims to increase the number of sound ‘bankable’ smaller renewable energy projects by developing innovative and first of a kind transactions to set precedence. REPP does this by assisting project proponents throughout the project development stage, by financing Technical Assistance, drawing on existing risk mitigation instruments such as political risk insurance and providing results- based finance where necessary. The UK has committed £148 million for 2015 to 2023 of which £88m has been provided by end of 2021/22. The Clean Energy Fund Technical Assistance Programme (CEF TA) – The UK has contributed £19.5 million to the Asian Development Bank’s existing Clean Energy Fund (CEF) from 15/16 to 2019/20. The fund supports the development of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The fund focuses specifically on technical assistance activities including building the knowledge and skills base of the industries and governments in the supported countries, as well as undertaking feasibility studies of potential low carbon energy projects. Through a variety of projects, the programme aims to increase country-level (public and private sector) action to implement successful low carbon projects that improve access to clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas since the last National Communication the UK has launched several programmes to accelerate decarbonisation internationally, through technology or financial innovation. The UK also supports decarbonisation in developing countries through its support for innovative research, development and deployment of low-carbon technologies, which are detailed within the ‘6.5 Technology development and transfer’ section of this chapter “

464 8th National Communication Zero Emission To accelerate the decarbonisation of the road transport sector, the UK is working with a range of bilateral and multilateral partners. Bilaterally, the UK is working with partner countries through the UK Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions (UK PACT) Programme, which includes a variety of electromobility-related projects. For example, supporting electric vehicle readiness in Johannesburg, accelerating electric bus adoption in Colombian cities, and developing an action plan for electrification of two-wheelers in Jakarta.
The UK also provided £177.5 million to the Sustainable Infrastructure Programme – see At the multilateral level, in addition to supporting electromobility-focused projects through the CIF’s Clean Technology Fund and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) Facility, the UK contributed an initial £4 million in 2021/22 to the World Bank’s new Global Facility to Decarbonise Transport (GFDT). The GFDT, which launched at COP26, aims to mobilise US$200 million within the next decade to support Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) decarbonise their transport sectors. The UK is also working with countries in the ZEV Transition Council to identify further opportunities for a more strengthened and coordinated international support offer for EMDEs in the road transport Buildings/industry: The Market Accelerator for Green Construction (MAGC) is a £103 million bilateral programme funded by UK ICF from 2018/19 to 2020/21 and delivered by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to drive the financing and construction of more energy efficient buildings in emerging economies. The programme is supporting up to 24 countries across Latin America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East, aiming to build demonstration portfolios of green construction at scale, reducing emissions, mobilising new finance and inspiring markets to shift towards the new energy efficient buildings of the future. Primarily, MAGC provides concessional finance for sustainable building projects, where the perceived financial risk is high, and deploys technical assistance to incentivise local intermediaries to leverage larger volumes of private capital into low-carbon projects. It also builds capacity at the country-level increasing knowledge and ambition for green building projects, funds the improvement and enhancement of IFC’s EDGE building standard and tool, as well as building evidence through a significant research project that quantifies the financial and emissions case for green construction in developing markets and further drive wider uptake. UK Climate UK Climate Investments LLP was mandated to invest in up to £200 million of UK ICF in low carbon projects in emerging markets in its pilot phase (2015-2022). As of November 2021 UKCI’s investment budget is now fully committed. The Investment Mandate requires UKCI to make equity investments into renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in India and Sub-Saharan Africa. Through investing a minority equity stake, UKCI aims to leverage additional private equity and debt investment into the projects. The central objectives of the pilot were Use a private sector actor to have a demonstration effect, build a successful track ecord and prove commerciality of low carbon investments to the broader market by making a strong return on investment; and e additionality and transformational capacity of UKCI’s resources by engaging with market barriers and avoiding displacement of private capital. UKCI’s investments in India and Sub-Saharan Africa have each provided innovation in their markets. For example, UKCI has supported the creation of the first Renewable Energy YieldCos in India and South Africa, to increase capital recirculation, developed an innovative financing tool for Black Economic Empowerment investment – a potential market barrier – and supported an environmentally sustainable housing fund in Kenya – creating an entirely new asset class. Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 465 6.4.4.2 Carbon markets and carbon pricing UK Government considers that carbon pricing is crucial to support and raise the ambition needed to tackle the climate change challenge. Carbon pricing can provide a cost effective and technology-neutral way of reducing emissions, and it can help mobilise the private sector towards the achievement of the Paris Agreement goals. It is for this reason that the UK continues to promote the use of pricing instruments both domestically and internationally. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) came into force on 1 January 2021, replacing the UK’s participation in the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS). The system has been established to increase the climate ambition of the UK’s carbon pricing policy, while mitigating the risk of carbon leakage through free allowances. The UK ETS will promote cost-effective decarbonisation, allowing businesses to cut carbon emissions where it is cheapest to do so. It will be the world’s first net zero carbon cap and trade market, and a crucial step towards achieving the UK’s target for net zero carbon emissions by 2050. Internationally, the UK continues to support carbon pricing and carbon markets through a portfolio of programmes aimed at building capacity and piloting new The UK has invested £7 million since 2011 in the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) fund, supporting 19 countries to design and build readiness for domestic carbon pricing initiatives such as carbon taxes or ETSs. From 2021 the UK has committed a further £20 million to PMR’ programme, the Partnership for Market Implementation (PMI), which will help developing countries to implement carbon pricing schemes, as well as to support related regional work, through the 2020s. At least 15 countries have The UK is improving access to carbon finance in least developed countries thr our involvement in the World Bank’s Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev). Ci-Dev focusses mainly on the poorest countries in Africa to help them participate in the international carbon markets while providing clean energy for households and communities. The programme enables local developers to put their ideas into practice, for example by aggregating many small projects at household or community level and calculating the carbon that has been saved in order to unlock results-based finance. The UK committed £50 million to Ci-Dev since 13/14. In 2016, the UK contributed £60m to the Transformative Carbon Asset Facility TCAF’s purpose is to support scaled up crediting approaches in countries with sizeable mitigation potential, and to help enhance overall ambition. Almost 90% of the funding will be spent on results-based purchases of emission reductions from Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest Finance (LEAF), the largest initiative to date for scaling carbon markets (see Section 6.4.6). eiterated the importance of carbon markets in meeting international commitments by establishing a new framework for cooperation to enable countries to go further on their mitigation and adaptation actions, and to promote sustainable development and environmental integrity.
COP26 finally saw consensus in this area (‘Article 6’), completing the Paris Agreement rulebook. Building on this agreement, the above provisions will help make the UK vision for the future of the global carbon market a reality by providing the foundations to facilitate bottom-up cooperation while creating the necessary

466 8th National Communication The UK Government also supports international initiatives to ensure that voluntary carbon markets – in which carbon credits are voluntarily purchased by businesses and other non- state actors – develop with high levels of integrity. In particular, the UK Government welcomes and is closely engaging with the work of the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative the Integrity Council for Voluntary Carbon Markets49. These independent bodies are working to ensure that voluntary carbon markets drive credible, transparent action aligned with the Paris Agreement, across both the supply and demand of carbon credits. Even if we stopped emissions rising today, the world would still need to deal with significant climate disruption. No-one is immune from the impacts of climate change and the poorest and most vulnerable are hardest hit. This includes young people, women and girls, people with disabilities and indigenous peoples. The need for action on adaptation and loss and damage resulting from climate impacts has never been greater. The UK is committed to a balance in ICF spend between Mitigation and Adaptation, recognising the importance of delivering an ambitious adaptation agenda. In a policy paper published before COP26, ‘the Glasgow Imperative’, the UK outlined plans to drive adaptation and resilience action through five i) Building resilience across all of society; ii) Effective Risk Management; iii) Transforming Finance; iv) Catalysing Locally Led Action; and v) Harnessing the The UK’s ICF has to date helped 88 million people cope with the effects of climate change by assisting countries to Adapt to long term impacts well in advance, for example by changing or diversifying livelihoods and ensuring infrastructur educe the impact of climate variability and extremes for example through effective forecasting and preparedness measures. fects of climate extremes and disasters for example through effective and rapid response that enables people to cope with disaster and recover quickly. Programmes supported by the UK may work across all three areas of action Some examples of UK activities in each of these areas are detailed below (not exhaustive): The Risk Informed Early Action Partnership (REAP) brings together an unprecedented range of stakeholders across the climate, humanitarian and development communities with the aim of making 1 billion people safer from disaster by 2025. REAP does not create a new funding mechanism or directly implement ground-level projects, however, seeking instead to enable coherence, alignment and complementarity of existing initiatives, while learning together what new initiatives are needed to make 1 billion people safer. The Coalition for Climate Resilient Investment develops and pilots practical tools, solutions and financial instruments to support a more efficient integration of physical climate risks in investment decision-making. The Least Developed Countries Initiative for Effective Adaptation and Resilience (LIFE AR) has been supported by the UK since April 2020 and works closely currently with

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 467 6 ‘frontrunner countries’ from the LDC Group at UNFCCC to transform the way that climate finance is accessed, managed and targeted with an objective that at least 70% of climate finance will support local level actions by 2030. This supports the LDC Vision that by 2030 all their (currently 46) countries will be climate resilient by 2030 and will reach net zero by 2050. 6.4.6 nature, land use, and oceans The UK supports a combination of climate mitigation and adaptation through cross-cutting activities that deliver protection and restoration of nature, both terrestrial and marine, and Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest finance (LEAF) is an ambitious financing mechanism that is mobilising public and private finance for tropical forest protection using high integrity voluntary carbon markets. Companies providing finance must commit to deep emission cuts in their own value chains, while emissions reductions generated by reduced deforestation are independently verified using the stringent ART/TREES standard. So far, LEAF has mobilised $1bn (£700m) in results-based finance and is poised to grow to become one of the largest ever public-private efforts to protect tropical forests. The UK has committed £200m for results-based finance and technical assistance. Mobilising Finance for Forests (MFF) is a new £150 million (2021-2036) UK blended finance programme aimed at increasing private sector investment in activities which protect and restore forests, whilst reducing deforestation associated with unsustainable land use practices over 15 years. It was launched in March 2021 and has already disbursed £100 million to the delivery partner (the Dutch Finance Institution FMO), who are responsible for selecting funds and projects aimed at creating value from standing forests and/ or incorporating forest protection and restoration into sustainable forms of agricultural production. The majority of the capital will be invested in existing sustainable land use funds, while some is reserved for direct investment in projects in tropical forest regions. MFF made its first investment in November 2021 into the Green Fund to issue debt to projects in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Indonesia, Liberia, and Gabon. The Biodiverse Landscapes Fund programme is providing £100m over seven years from 2021/22, mostly through international climate finance, to strengthen protection of six critical ecosystems across the KAZA region (Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe), the Western Congo Basin, Madagascar, the lower Mekong, Mesoamerica and Ecuador and Peru. As well as reducing carbon emissions, it will help half and reverse loss of biodiversity and support sustainable livelihoods from resources in protected areas. The Biodiverse Landscapes Fund (£100m over seven years from 2021/22) which aims to deliver biodiversity protection and conservation, poverty reduction, and climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes across six highly biodiverse landscapes worldwide. The six landscapes covered are Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, Mesoamerica, Congo Basin, Andes Amazon, Lower Mekong, and Madagascar.
The UK’s Blue Planet Fund will deliver £500m (over five years) from 2021/22, mostly from international climate finance to protect marine environments (addressing climate change and biodiversity loss) and reduce poverty. It will, for instance, provide technical assistance through the UK Ocean Country Partnership Programme, support conservation of coral reefs (Global Fund for Coral Reefs), strengthen investment in critical marine ecosystems such as mangroves through the Ocean Risk and Resilience Action Alliance. The UK is continuing to deliver a set of ongoing programmes funded from previous and current international climate

468 8th National Communication The UK Blue Carbon Fund, managed by the Inter-American Development Bank, aims to encourage the sustainable management of mangrove forests in target countries across Latin America and the Caribbean by developing and embedding operational blue carbon markets. It seeks to mobilise public and private sector investment to support mangrove protection and fund projects in areas such as sustainable aquaculture, coastal zone management and eco-tourism to tackle the main drivers of mangrove degradation. The Fund is projected to sequester or avoid 2.9 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions; protect or restore 5,570 hectares of mangrove forest; and protect or restore £48 million of ecosystem services. The £10.3 million Blue Forests Initiative (2016-2024), delivered by UK NGO Blue Ventures, works with local coastal communities in Madagascar and Indonesia to protect and restore mangrove habitat, create new sustainable livelihoods, support community health and women’s empowerment, and increase climate resilience. The programme is projected to protect over 180,000 hectares of mangrove forests; deliver over 7.7 million tonnes of carbon savings; benefit 86,000 people through sustainable livelihoods, and create successful models to increase the resilience of coastal communities that are replicable and scalable. The Low Carbon Agriculture for Avoided Deforestation and Poverty Reduction Programme in Brazil, through the Inter-American Development Bank, is restoring deforested and degraded land on small- and medium-sized farms in the Amazon, Atlantic Forests, Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, targeting the barriers experienced by farmers in accessing rural credit to support sustainable production. The UK has contributed to the BioCarbon Fund, a multilateral project administered by the World Bank aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the land use sector through sustainable landscape management, whilst improving the livelihoods of forest communities. The Fund combines upfront technical assistance with results-based finance which rewards countries which implement landscape-level approaches that reduce emissions from the forest and land-use sector. It works with 5 Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, The UK has contributed to the Eco.business fund for Latin America, a public-private partnership investment fund which aims to shift incentives in financial institutions (i.e. banks) towards investing in nature, by embedding social and environmental risk into investment decisions, catalysing transformational change in the financial sector. The UK has also invested in the Land Degradation Neutrality Fund which brings together public and private investors to support investments in financially viable private projects on land rehabilitation and sustainable land management worldwide, including sustainable agriculture, sustainable livestock management, agro-forestry and sustainable forestry. The UK contributed £20m in 2020 to the World Bank’s Global Programme on Sustainability. The programme supports the integration of natural capital into economic and financial decision making in selected countries. It began in early 2019, building on the World Bank’s previous Wealth Accounting and Valuation or Ecosystem Services (WAVES) programme. The GPS budget is $34m with programme close due in 2025 and the UK is currently the largest donor. The programme is commencing activities in 6 Core Implementing Countries in 2022 with smaller grants being provided to 15 countries on sustainability linked themes. The UK has contributed £4.4 million to the Cities4Forests Initiative (2021-2023), delivered by the World Resources Institute, to support initiatives that enable authorities and decision makers in several developing countries’ cities to protect and restore forests in or

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 469 6.4.7 Mobilising private finance Channelling the finance to enable climate action is a challenge faced by every country and organisation – the scale and speed of this transition will require all forms of public and private; domestic and international. In the Convention and the Paris Agreement, developed country Parties have committed to provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to mitigation and adaptation. Public finance plays a crucial role in bearing risk and in catalysing action, but it cannot fund the transition alone. In Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, all Parties also committed to making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas and climate resilient development; this should catalyse the trillions of investment needed, but requires a fundamental shift in the global financial system. Taking climate and nature risk into account when making financial decisions should be seen as essential to economic, social and environmental sustainability. Whilst private finance is not a substitute for increased public finance flows, it will be vital in increasing the scale and reach of climate mitigation and adaptation actions, and ultimately in enabling this transition. This transition requires all forms of finance, with ODA and domestic resources being used in a targeted, catalytic way to unlock the trillions which will drive this transition. We will use ICF to leverage and mobilise private finance by reducing the barriers preventing the deployment of commercial finance needed to drive low-carbon growth and economic transitions in developing countries. UK ICF will continue to place a strong emphasis on transformational change, through targeted investment in innovative projects and technologies with the potential to be scaled up and replicated by the private sector. This work will include using and influencing instruments such as British International Investment (BII) International, the UK’s development finance institution and the Private Infrastructure Development Group (PIDG) to offer direct and intermediated investment into climate-responsive companies, supporting both mitigation and adaptation-related private sector activity. This in turn can demonstrate to commercial investors that such opportunities can offer attractive risk-adjusted returns. Some examples The UK Sustainable Infrastructure Programme (SIP) as detailed in Section 6.6.1, and UK Climate Investments (UKCI) LLP as detailed in Section 6.4.4.1.
Global Climate Partnership Fund (GCPF): The UK has invested £54.5 million from 13/14 to 18/19 in junior equity into the GCPF, providing a risk cushion to other investors. GCPF is a public-private partnership which seeks to mobilise investment flows in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in developing and emerging markets, with the aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. GCPF primarily does this by providing debt finance via local Financial Institutions, extending credit lines so they can offer loans for small-scale low carbon projects. GCPF has so far invested in 23 countries and in about 30 financial institutions. Get FiT The UK has contributed £53.3 million in grants, since 2013/14. This finance is supporting small-scale, on grid projects in Uganda and building the capacity of Uganda institutions to attract private investment in the renewable energy sector. The Climate Public Private Partnership (CP3) is an up to £130 million programme that aims to support clean energy and demonstrate the commercial viability of investments in climate related businesses in emerging markets. By acting as an anchor investor into two private equity climate funds, CP3 sought to catalyse new sources of climate finance from institutional investors such as pension funds and private wealth funds. CP3 currently supports a portfolio of 116 different investments, covering a diverse range of sectors across the globe. These investments are expected to increase clean energy generating capacity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase resource efficiency and support job creation. CP3 invests across

470 8th National Communication developing countries in Asia, Africa and South and Central America. CP3 is expected to avoid 2.6 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent over its lifetime (to 2026). The Global Innovation Lab supports actionable, innovative, catalytic and financially sustainable ideas for the low-carbon economies of developing countries. The UK has already provided £1.57m since August 2011. The programme brings together public and private sector experts who scrutinise innovative climate finance projects and help develop them towards commercialisation. The Lab has contributed to mobilise $3.2 billion for Lab-endorsed proposals, 30% of which is private funding. Mobilising Institutional Capital Through Listed Product Structures (MOBILIST) develops investment solutions to support global development and the climate transition. MOBILIST competitively sources and selects emerging and frontier market-dedicated investment products with the aim of listing on global and local public exchanges to respond to the prudential and investment regulations and mandates that institutional investors are subject to. MOBILIST invests capital, delivers technical assistance, conducts research and builds partnerships to catalyse investment in new listed products. The first set of products resulted in the first listing of an investment trust vehicle exclusively focused on emerging market renewable energy projects. UK ICF provided £24.5 million as an anchor investor and a further £63 million in private capital was raised from private investors bringing the total to £87.5 million (initial public offering in December 2021). The UK is working with the African Development Bank (AfDB) and African Trade Insurance Agency (ATI) on the Room to Run Sovereign guarantee (R2R), which will unlock up to $2 billion of additional climate finance for Africa. This additional climate finance will be deployed across eligible AfDB member countries to support both government and private sector projects. The $400 million of R2R cover provided by ATI will be partly re-insured though firms in the City of London. The Private Infrastructure Development Group (PIDG) operates across the infrastructure project life-cycle and capital structure by deploying expertise and small amounts of capital through equity, debt, guarantees, project development funds and grants. It addresses the early stage risks associated with infrastructure projects, making projects bankable and acting as a key enabler for other DFIs and private investors to co-invest. The UK committed £74.4 million to PIDG between 2018/19 and 2021/22. PIDG delivers high development impact in low-income countries and fragile and conflict-affected states that helps economies The Climate Investment Funds (CIF) Capital Market Mechanism (CCMM) initiative will leverage existing assets from the CIF’s Clean Technology Fund (CTF) to issue investment- grade bonds of up to $6.2bn and raise significant new finance for scaling eligible private and public projects in clean energy and sustainable infrastructure in emerging economies. The bonds are planned to be issued in 2022 in the City of London and could mobilize up to $700 million annually. At its full potential, this initiative could leverage a further $70 billion from both the private and public sector at the project level, contributing significantly to the 6.4.8 Research and development spending The Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF) provides dedicated funding to research focused on addressing global challenges which most significantly impact upon developing countries. It achieves this by supporting challenge-led disciplinary and interdisciplinary research, strengthening capability for research and innovation within Low and Middle Income Countries, and providing an agile response to emergencies, where there is an urgent

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 471 research and on-the-ground need. From 2016–2021, this represents a UK investment of up The Ayrton Fund commitment was a new commitment announced by the UK Government as part of the doubling of UK International Climate Finance (ICF) announced by the Prime Minster at the UN Climate Action Summit in New York in 2019. It is a commitment to spend £1 billion on ODA funded research, development and demonstration (RD&D) for innovative clean energy technologies and business models for developing countries over five years from April 2021. Its vision is to help drive forward the clean energy transition in developing countries, by creating and demonstrating new technologies and business models to deploy them. The Ayrton Fund commitment will combine and co-ordinate a range of funding platforms and programmes targeting different aspects of the technology research, development and demonstration needs.
This will include £100 million to fund research into clean energy storage, distribution and usage though existing funds such as GCRF and the Newton Fund, as well as support through a portfolio of new and existing programmes including, amongst others, Transforming Energy Access (TEA), the Clean Energy Innovation Facility (CEIF), Climate Compatible Growth (CCG), Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) and the Low Energy Inclusive Appliances (LEIA). At COP 26 in Glasgow, the UK announced the scale-up by £126.4 million, to March 2026, of TEA, one of the key delivery platforms for The Newton Fund supports bilateral and regional research and innovation partnerships between the UK and selected middle income countries agreed at a national level. The aim of this is to address specific global development challenges and build research and innovation capacity. It operates through matched funding, with partner countries contributing similar resources to support the partnership. From 2014–2021 a UK investment of up to £735 million was made with ‘match’ from partner countries. The Gilbert Initiative provides an organising framework for a coherent UK Government portfolio in climate resilient food systems by providing an oversight structure that will enable coordination and communication on investment plans and existing programmes; a UK Government light-touch reporting on results from food systems investments and framework for collaboration on specific investments. The Climate and Resilience Research Programme (CLARE) announced at COP26 (£100 million) is a partnership between UK ICF and the International Development Research Council. The programme will support research to improve our understanding of weather and climate systems across African and the likely impacts of future change. It will also support research and innovation focused on low-carbon and climate resilient technology as well as help strengthen local capacity to undertake and benefit from cutting edge climate research and evidence for development. The programme has three main firstly, to produce world-leading science to advance knowledge of African climate variability and change and enhance prediction of future African climate; secondly, to drive improved knowledge, methods and tools on how climate information and services can be better designed for, delivered and integrated into major decisions today and thirdly, to support international collaboration and the development of scientific capacity in Africa. The Global Centre on Biodiversity for Climate (GCBC) announced at COP26 with £40 million over 2022/23 – 2024/25, is a UK-ICF funded research and development programme. The Global Centre will address critical research gaps in how the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity can deliver climate solutions and improve livelihoods in developing countries, to be delivered through a partnership of research institutions and experts from the global north and south. 472 8th National Communication 6.5 Technology development and transfer Some illustrative examples Global Energy Storage Programme (GESP): The UK was one of the main donors to the GESP (£200 million). Collective GESP funding is expected to mobilise an additional $2 billion public and private investments for vital technologies in energy storage. Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP): the UK supports the ESMAP-IFC Offshore Wind (OSW) Development Programme which was launched in March 2019 with the aim of accelerating the adoption of offshore wind in emerging markets. As part of the programme, in 2019 delegates from 12 developing countries participated in a week- long offshore wind study tour to the UK to visit British research centres, ports, manufacturers, and industry experts. This study tour has helped a number of participating countries such as Vietnam 50 and the Philippines 51 to develop and publish offshore wind roadmaps. The GSMA Innovation Fund for Climate Resilience and The UK committed £5 million to support this fund which will help accelerate the testing, adoption and scalability of digital innovations that enable the world’s most vulnerable populations to adapt, anticipate and absorb the negative impacts of climate change. In addition, the UK provided £5.5m seed funding to the Global Innovation Fund to support the establishment the ‘Innovating for Climate Resilience fund’, which will invest, through grant, equity, and debt instruments, in innovations with the potential to scale and support the world’s poorest to build resilience Clean Energy Innovation Facility (CEIF): In 2019 the UK launched the £50 million Clean Energy Innovation Facility with this money being provided by end of 2021/22, which aims to accelerate the commercialisation of promising innovative clean technologies in key hard-to-abate sectors through four delivery sustainable cooling (IFC), industrial decarbonisation (World Bank ESMAP), energy storage (Innovate UK) and smart energy (Asian Development Bank). CEIF contributed to the UK’s pledge to double its public sector spending on clean energy innovation to £400 million in 2020/2021 through Mission Innovation. To date, CEIF has supported countries including India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Somalia, Tanzania, Carbon Capture Usage The Carbon Capture Usage and Storage Programme aims to support developing countries to develop both the technical and institutional knowledge necessary to enable the development of CCUS technologies. The UK has contributed £70m to this programme between 12/13 and 17/18. The programme delivers against that objective by providing technical assistance to support pilot project activities to enable legal, policy or regulatory change and technology demonstration in-country. It is supporting countries including South Africa, Mexico, India, Indonesia, China and Nigeria. The Energy Catalyst programme accelerates the innovation needed to end energy poverty. Through financial and advisory support, and by building strategic partnerships and uncovering new insights, Energy Catalyst supports the development of technologies and business models that can improve lives in Africa and Asia. Energy Catalyst is an Innovate UK programme with co-funding from the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Global Challenges Research Fund, the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Over the two years 50 51

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 473 2019, when GCRF began funding Energy Catalyst, and 2020, £8.4 million GCRF funding was dispersed through the Energy Catalyst Programme.
UK ICF sought to support non-Annex I Parties with pollution abatement and remediation activities through the provision of air quality monitoring equipment through the World Bank Pollution Management and Environmental Health (PMEH) programme. However, as the programme moved into implementation, it was found that the target countries already had suitable equipment, and the programme was insufficiently flexible to allow for alternative activities (within the agree scope of the UK funding) to be supported. The UK’s evidence collection at business case stage has since become more robust, with the UK collecting evidence of demand from a range of sources. Unused funds from the PMEH Programme were re-directed to other ICF Programmes. 6.5.1 Securing policy commitments to accelerate low carbon technology deployment The UK is an active member of the International Energy Agency and has worked to ensure that the Agency has a strong focus on helping its members and the wider energy sector accelerate the clean energy transition drawing on its world-leading analysis and convening power. In 2021 the UK commissioned the production of the IEA’s 2050 Net-Zero Road Map for the energy sector. The report is the world’s first comprehensive study of how to transition to a net zero energy system by 2050 while ensuring stable and affordable energy supplies, providing universal energy access, and enabling robust economic growth. Some illustrative examples 6.6.1 Capacity building for mitigation Nationally Determined Contribution Partnership (NDCP): The UK is a key member, current Co-Chair and one of the largest donors to the NDCP, with £11.3m provided from 16/17 to 21/22, a programme which supports developing countries to turn climate commitments made through the Paris Agreement into action. These commitments are called Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). NDCP co-ordinates action to enhance and implement NDCs in developing countries, supporting countries to build their capacity in order to take effective climate action. This process provides a crucial forum for donor co-ordination at the country level, as NDCP has a broad membership of country, associate and institutional members that take part in the process, ensuring that there is no duplication of effort. NDCP provides demand-led support for action on both mitigation and adaptation, helping countries to implement the entirety of their NDC. The UK has led on the launch of the NDCP Partnership Action Fund at COP26. The multi-million dollar, multi-donor fund will improve NDCP’s capacity to respond to country support requests, acting as backstop funding by providing support when partners are not able to respond with their own resources. It will enable the Partnership to build on their established country engagement process and support demand-led requests to improve and accelerate the implementation of NDCs and Long- As of the end of financial year 2020/2021, the UK has contributed £135 million to the World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). Specifically on Energy Transitions, the UK has contributed £37 million to ESMAP to provide technical assistance to support developing countries to shift away from unabated coal-fired power generation, and to be transformational in sustainably creating the conditions for alternatives to coal and hence reducing emissions. This includes focusing on the welfare of people and communities, and closing and repurposing mining lands and coal power plants. The high- performing programme has mobilised capital investments from the World Bank and increased

474 8th National Communication private sector support to renewable energy projects, with success in offshore wind, and decommissioning and repurposing four coal-fired power plants in South Africa. The UK also supports the global “Network of Energy Storage Testbeds” (NESTs) Initiative – in Morocco and South Africa – which is part of the Energy Storage Partnership under ESMAP; the testbeds enable countries to assess energy storage performance under realistic local grid conditions at low cost and at manageable scale. The Sustainable Infrastructure In 2017 the UK established the Sustainable Infrastructure Programme (SIP) in Latin America in partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank. The purpose of the programme is to enable and accelerate the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions in Latin America, initially Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, focusing on supporting and catalysing private sector investments in low carbon infrastructure. The UK is providing up to £177.5 million from its ICF budget, with £111.5m being spent to date, to provide technical and financial support. This includes technical assistance to governments to help them shape their regulatory frameworks in a way that is attractive to private investors, support the development of local capital markets, while also investing in demonstration projects to show commercial viability. UK Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions (UK PACT) is a flagship programme funded by the UK Government through its International Climate Finance (ICF) portfolio. The programme works in partnership with ODA-eligible countries with high emissions reduction potential to support low-carbon development and clean growth transitions and to respond to the critical global need for capacity building to address the gap between NDC targets and their implementation. UK PACT works bilaterally with partner countries to deliver demand- led, flexible support in line with country priorities and in areas of UK expertise that currently focuses on areas like green finance, clean energy, sustainable transport, sustainable livelihoods, forests and land-use (including nature-based solutions), and climate policy and regulation with projects in delivery across 16 ODA- eligible countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In September 2021, the UK Prime Minister announced £200 million of new funding for UK PACT to continue its delivery and grow as a programme over the next four years to March 2026. This new funding is additional to the £60 million already committed As of March 2021, UK PACT projects have mobilised or invested a total of US$869.6 million for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. UK PACT has strengthened climate networks, such as in Mexico, where the creation of strong legislative networks alongside technical recommendations resulted in the approval of Mexico City’s congress of a legally binding commitment to net zero by 2050 and other climate related policies.
UK PACT has also trained over 30,000 individuals, for example through training delivered to the Government of Colombia on the Paris Agreement’s transparency framework, and workshops delivered in China for public and private sector counterparts on ESG investment and TCFD disclosure. The 2050 Calculator is a £3.5 million bilateral capacity building programme that supports countries to build their own versions of this energy and emissions planning tool. The 2050 Calculator is a uniquely open, transparent and interactive model, originally developed in 2010 to help the UK Government plan the country’s low-carbon transition in an evidence-based way. Since 2012, UK International Climate Finance has supported the creation of 19 national and 6 regional energy models, which have been used to develop NDCs and action plans, raise awareness and inform long-term energy strategies. Calculators now cover 61 countries, territories, and cities. The current phase of the calculator programme is assisting India, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, and Colombia. The Climate Compatible Growth programme (£38 million) was announced at the African Investment Summit. It will provide tools and evidence (through a systems thinking approach)

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 475 that supports investment decision takers in countries in Africa and Asia take an integrated and climate compatible approach about deployment of critical infrastructure capital. With a focus on energy and transport the research addresses how the design of physical infrastructure, regulatory and market systems can promote decarbonisation and how different infrastructure systems interact and can evolve to secure low carbon futures. The Taskforce for Nature-Related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) programme (£2.8m, 2021-2023) provides funding to support the establishment of the TNFD, contributing to the crucial transition to a nature positive economy. The TNFD aims to give financial institutions and companies a complete picture of their nature-related risks and opportunities to incorporate into their decision-making processes, and to incentivise a shift away from activities that harm nature towards nature-positive projects. Defra have also funded TNFD African Voice to strengthen African country engagement with the TNFD. 6.6.2 Capacity building for adaptation Adaptation Research Alliance (ARA) has been co-developed with international partners from the Global North and South and was formally launched at COP26 by the UK. The Goal of ARA is to increase investment and research into developing and informing effective solutions to the impacts of climate change through action orientated research. UK ICF has provided leadership in its development and will provide money for the secretariat, and CLARE will deliver its principles. The ARA membership currently includes 129 32 from Africa of which 31 Sub-Saharan Africa, 26 from Asia – largely led by India and Bangladesh (18 org), 43 from Europe, 5 from North America, including one from St. Lucia, 5 from South America, 6 International Organisations. The Adaptation Action Coalition (AAC) supported by the UK, Bangladesh, Egypt, Malawi, the Netherlands and St Lucia has the intent is to get all 122 countries that have signed the UNCAS ‘Call for Action’ to join the coalition, and thereby commit to increasing action on adaptation and resilience. This is a major COP26 deliverable, demonstrating a shift in the focus being given to adaptation and resilience which a priority developing country ask. The UK specifically supports several key workstreams under the AAC including the Locally Led Adaptation initiative delivered by WRI and IIED and the Water Tracker managed by the Alliance for Global Water Adaptation (AGWA) to integrate water into national Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth (ICRG) in ICRG is a UK ICF funded, £25 million technical assistance programme, delivered in partnership with Government of India (GOI). ICRG interventions, at national and sub-national level, seek to facilitate more effective investment in natural resource management (NRM) infrastructure built under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) to support resilient livelihoods. By integrating climate information services and risk management into MGNREGS, ICRG helps improve abilities of poor and vulnerable people to cope with climate change impacts. MGNREGA is one of the world’s largest social protection programme with an annual budget of £7-8 billion, supporting around 70 million households to cope with poverty and marginalisation every year. The Centre for Disaster Protection This programme is the UK’s flagship Disaster Risk Finance (DRF) technical assistance programme. Total UK financing from the start in 2017 to March 2022 has been approximately £27 million. It supports developing countries and the humanitarian and development community to strengthen their pre- disaster planning and financial arrangements so they can better manage crisis and disaster risks, thereby reducing the impact on people and helping to safeguard economic development. It is a partnership between the UK Government, the World Bank, research

476 8th National Communication institutions and the private sector. It draws upon UK and global expertise in risk, finance and a. Advice and impartial advice and analytics for developing countries, development and humanitarian agencies, civil society and other key actors, supporting them to design and implement risk financing arrangements fective systems for disaster preparedness, b. Research and investment in global public goods that develop best practice, methodologies and tools, and produce evaluations and Capacity knowledge and training for developing country Ministries of Finance, national disaster management agencies and other line ministries, as well as humanitarian agencies, civil society and other relevant stakeholders. work to generate and incubate new and innovative solutions to development and humanitarian problems, including by bringing together experts om the public and private sectors and other fields. influencing the multilateral system and external partners to align policy and programming with emerging best DRF practice to Domestic insurance market str engthening insurance regulation and supervision, work to ensuring appropriate products are available for people apacity for technology transfer Newton Fund (see above Section 6.4.8) independent evaluation has found at least 3,228 collaborations and partnerships have been formed under Newton Fund, which have led to over 5,700 publications.
Award Holders strongly agreed that working in partnership has improved the quality of their work, developed their research and translational skills, and facilitated access to resources, while the usefulness and applicability of sampled research outputs were found to contribute to solving development challenges. An online survey ward Holders from industry and technology sectors reported that their capacity to translate research into products, solutions or policies had improved; • 83% had been able to establish new institutional and commercial links; eported their profile was raised in the field of applied research and product • 76% indicated their capacity to commer cialise innovative products or apacity building for negotiations Climate Ambition Support Alliance (CASA): The CASA programme aims to increase the capacity and capability of climatƒe-vulnerable country negotiators to engage in international climate negotiations, helping to preserve and enhance the rules-based international system and increase appetite for higher ambition. Phase 1 of CASA was launched in 2018 and runs until January 2024, building on the UK’s previous Negotiations Support Programme. UK ICF

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 477 has committed £15.6 million, of which £8.45m has been spent to date, to the programme to provide legal, technical, strategic, diplomatic and media support before, during and after the negotiations. To date CASA has been providing in situ support to the Least Developed Countries (LDC) Group, the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the High Ambition Coalition (HAC) and individual developing country negotiators. At COP26, groups and negotiators supported by CASA were engaged; they secured a profile and made meaningful contributions towards the Summit’s outcomes and the Glasgow Climate Pact. The support provided by the programme is highly valued by recipients, with the chair of the Alliance of Small Island States stating at COP26 that CASA had been critical in creating an enabling environment for AOSIS members to fulfil their technical work and foster collaboration. ccelerating the alignment of finance flows and raising ambition In 2019 the UK made a commitment to align all UK ODA with the Paris Agreement. This commitment was outlined in the 2019 Green Finance Strategy, which also identified four key criteria for what it would mean for ODA to be Paris opriate carbon price in relevant bilateral programme appraisal; 2. Ensuring any investment support for fossil fuels affecting emissions is in line with the eement temperature goals and transition plans; oportionate approach to climate risk assurance; and elevant programmes do not undermine the ambition in countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and adaptation plans. A variety of approaches have been adopted to implement these requirements including the announcement of the cross-Government fossil fuel policy and within the FCDO an introduction of a new rule within the Programming Operating Framework to ensure that all new spend is aligning with the ambitions of the Paris Agreement. We have been working with our multilateral partners to increase their ambition and align with the Paris Agreement. By COP26 eight multilateral development banks (MDBs) had made timebound commitments to Paris alignment, with the majority planning to align by 2023. Discussions of approaches continue to be held between officials to maintain progress on the implementation of this In addition to our commitment to align UK aid with the Paris Agreement, the UK Government has taken steps to integrate nature into its Official Development Assistance (ODA), ensuring that all new UK bilateral aid spending does no harm to nature. This is a step towards delivering on our commitment in the Integrated Review to investing in nature and a nature- positive economy. This commitment to ‘do no harm’ sits alongside our commitment to spend at least £3 billion of our International Climate Finance on Nature by 2026. The UK also supports the alignment of financial flows and raising of ambition through the NDC Partnership (NDCP) – see Section 6.6.1. ccelerating ambition and implementation internationally The Climate Accelerator (CFA) is a £10.8 million UK International Climate Finance programme that works to support climate action at scale by supporting governments, project proponents seeking finance and the financial sector. It works with middle income countries to help them achieve their national climate plans and NDCs by helping to identify challenges and

478 8th National Communication blockages that prevent finance from flowing at the volume and speed required to have a meaningful impact on their climate ambitions. By bringing together project proponents, finance providers (including experts from the City of London) and policymakers, the CFA seeks to enable a collaborative approach to unlocking a steady flow of blended funding for climate projects at scale and create a pipeline of ‘investment ready’ low-carbon projects, thereby strengthening countries’ ambitions to limit global warming to 1.5°C. It does this in a number of ways including identifying and supporting projects, which will contribute to a country’s NDC, to attract primary finance, which in many instances will involve blended finance products capable of funding projects at scale. nitoring and evaluation, lessons learnt and transparency Designing effective programmes that respond to the needs of developing countries is a priority of UK ICF. The UK draws on evidence from commissioned studies and from its ICF monitoring and evaluation framework to enable continuous improvements in project selection, The UK’s cross-departmental ICF monitoring and evaluation framework assesses the performance of ICF against intended outcomes, and supports the generation and use of evidence across the ICF portfolio to allow for continuous improvement. The framework includes programme and portfolio results-reporting, annual reviews of all programmes, and independent evaluations at both programme and portfolio level. The monitoring aspect of the framework consists of 11 key performance indicators (KPI), covering achievements in adaptation, mitigation, nature, transformational change and mobilised finance. Programmes wholly or partly funded by ICF report results against relevant ICF KPIs. These are collected .and aggregated across the ICF portfolio for reporting publicly. The ICF key performance indicators, their detailed methodologies, and annual aggregate results are published on the UK Government website 52.
This suite of indicators is under review to ensure they capture the range of relevant benefits from ICF activities, including Programmes receiving UK International Climate Finance are reviewed annually. Results are compared with expected milestones and targets, and the opportunity is taken to reflect on evidence generated over the year – such as from independent evaluations. Lessons are documented and applied, and shared more widely across the portfolio as appropriate. The UK’s ICF monitoring and evaluation framework increases the impact of climate finance by filling key evidence gaps. It achieves this through the following ogrammes to understand why, how and in what contexts our programmes are successful (or otherwise) in achieving their aims; • Develop and use the evidence base to improve decision-making within the UK nment and influence the wider climate finance landscape; and ovide accountability for our ICF through understanding whether programme 52

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 479 The evaluation aspect of the framework ensures independent scrutiny and learning from a range of commissioned evaluations. At portfolio level, independent evaluations provide evidence and learning to increase the effectiveness and to measure the impact of the UK’s international climate finance. At programme level, independent evaluations are commissioned to understand contextual factors around the effectiveness and value-for-money of interventions and to inform programming decisions such as whether to scale-up. For example, in 2020 the UK published an independent evaluation of our Carbon Market Finance Programme, implemented through the World Bank’s Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev) programme, and in 2020 and 2021 the UK published independent Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Reports for UK PACT. The UK’s ICF welcomes regular scrutiny from both the UK’s Independent Commission on Aid Impact and the International Development parliamentary oversight committee. In particular, the UK’s monitoring and evaluation framework has been well regarded by the UK’s Independent Commission on Aid Impact, which stated in the 2019 review “The UK has made an important contribution to promoting better results measurement across the international climate finance architecture”, and that “the UK has been a consistent champion of results measurement […] encouraging its multilateral partners to develop results frameworks and strengthen their monitoring and evaluation processes.” The Commission also noted that “other actors in the climate finance area look to the UK as a thought leader on the monitoring and evaluation of climate finance.” ssons learnt and evidence-based programming Evidence is critical to designing climate finance programmes effectively and to ensure they deliver the greatest impact and respond effectively to the needs of developing countries. Evidence generated through the UK’s ICF monitoring and evaluation is fed back into programme and portfolio level design decisions through the annual review process which all programmes undertake, management responses to evaluations recommendations, and analytical appraisal for future programming. Two of the key lessons learnt from this process of evaluation were that technical assistance is crucial for longer term sustainable development and success requires local buy-in and commitment. The UK’s Sustainable Infrastructure Programme was designed to reflect these lessons through its combination of technical assistance to address technical or regulatory barriers and investment capital. Experience demonstrates that when working together, these tools create the greatest opportunities to leverage public and private investment. To ensure that interventions are demand-led and sustainable, this programme works in close collaboration with partner governments and supports national plans. The ICF portfolio has also yielded important lessons learnt around ensuring effective and efficient project implementation. The UK has been deploying these lessons in the ough the NAMA Facility, the UK identified that countries require greater support for the detailed project preparation phase, to increase the chances of projects progressing successfully through implementation; and Through the multilateral funds, such as the Climate Investment Funds, the UK has ned the value of flexible programming to respond to in-country circumstances such as shifts in the costs of technologies. 480 8th National Communication • The 2020 UK P ACT programme evaluation suggested extending project timescales would increase impact and drive transformational change, through sustained action on emissions reductions. Since then, the first multi-year project was approved in April 2021, and following the SR outcome in October 2021 approving multi-year funding, new UK PACT programming from October 2021 will be offered as multi- In addition to the evidence base drawn from the existing ICF portfolio, the UK’s Knowledge, Evidence and Engagement Programme supports the development of effective climate finance by funding commissioned research to inform the focus and design UK ICF programmes and to build on lessons learned. The programme has helped to develop an evidence base on how to devise interventions that can be transformational and effectively respond to the needs and priorities of developing countries, and how to maximise the impact of UK support to ensure it delivers climate, poverty reduction and economic outcomes. Eleven research projects have e review which is providing an evidence base to be used at the ICF portfolio and programme level to inform business cases and strategy, as well as identifying evidence gaps and improved approaches to evaluations. The ongoing Economics of Energy Innovation and Systems T engagement project aims to help large emerging economy governments accelerate energy innovation and system transitions by transforming the economic analysis The UK has spent £7 million between April 2018 and March 2022 through this programme and further funding is currently being scoped. The UK originally funded the CIF Evaluation and Learning Initiative, and then supported this initiative to be incorporated into the core activities of the CIFs. This initiative has drawn out learning from the last 12 years of CIF programmes, identifying the transformational impacts these have helped bring about and providing useful lessons for funds across the climate The UK has an ambitious aid transparency policy ensuring all aid spend data including climate finance, is published and externally assessed to international standards.
All business cases and annual reports are published on Development Tracker In particular, the UK is committed to a conservative and accurate approach to climate finance accounting, giving confidence to developing countries and civil society that the levels of climate-specific support reported accurately reflect the levels of climate-specific support provided. A specific example is our approach to calculating the level of climate finance associated with integrated development projects. Rather than using a standardised co-efficient for calculating this, as most providers of support do, the UK calculates the specific climate related cost of each programme on a case-by-case basis, reflecting the real contribution of each activity to meeting climate goals. The UK also works closely with the OECD in reporting climate finance and up to 2019 reported annually to meet the requirements under Article 16 of the EU GHG Monitoring 53

Annex 1: UKs Fifth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 481 In addition, the UK is committed to the avoidance of double counting, having played a key role in developing the Technical Working Group methodology used to enable OECD-CPI analysis of aggregate mobilisation of private finance. The UK is also committed to developing the evidence base on how public finance and policy measures can attract and measure private finance, including through participating in the OECD Research Collaborative for

8th National Communication 483

8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 484 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 602,652.08 602,652.08 610,098.95 594,499.06 580,276.82 574,683.24 566,852.20 587,450.91 563,386.58 569,237.78 562,344.30 569,744.21 578,698.60 561,014.63 572,373.66 574,200.86 571,126.89 568,698.07 560,512.74 545,791.87 494,923.49 512,736.34 470,509.12 488,176.36 478,311.00 439,505.39 423,162.94 400,145.84 388,085.92 380,444.86 365,468.41 326,920.69 - 45.75 608,632.73 608,632.73 615,584.72 599,170.53 584,382.35 578,386.13 570,571.95 590,194.69 565,587.65 570,682.39 563,951.86 571,096.00 579,445.43 560,965.55 572,150.41 573,201.81 569,771.16 566,978.93 558,452.81 542,939.28 492,025.18 509,773.26 466,939.37 484,837.39 474,918.56 435,779.91 419,723.00 396,812.05 384,567.42 377,533.41 362,878.95 324,026.26 - 46.76 129,824.71 129,824.71 130,586.88 130,467.64 129,018.34 122,160.74 123,790.66 123,024.70 120,599.98 117,203.37 111,684.53 106,417.60 101,650.85 99,232.32 94,320.12 89,824.53 85,387.72 81,117.92 77,308.44 71,521.20 67,166.47 62,459.40 59,789.10 58,172.73 54,001.01 52,032.40 51,023.50 49,257.55 49,656.35 49,131.55 48,833.32 46,759.99 - 63.98 134,568.06 134,568.06 135,326.32 135,197.06 133,744.83 126,880.80 128,521.05 127,742.38 125,317.52 121,911.40 116,384.24 111,136.32 106,374.07 103,960.24 99,078.65 94,560.96 90,136.50 85,865.98 82,072.27 76,280.08 71,925.93 67,241.92 64,587.71 62,960.36 58,801.15 56,814.86 55,835.20 54,074.14 54,471.66 53,995.92 53,736.08 51,637.16 - 61.63 47,288.89 47,288.89 47,521.11 42,585.56 38,345.68 38,990.76 37,650.46 37,731.24 38,090.24 38,117.56 28,599.35 27,969.48 26,564.33 24,864.62 24,400.75 25,015.25 24,128.27 22,984.83 23,028.50 22,217.43 20,764.72 21,195.38 20,290.46 20,042.92 20,144.73 20,692.18 20,351.08 20,048.49 20,533.62 20,374.23 20,367.79 19,298.29 - 59.19 49,746.71 49,746.71 49,965.22 45,008.12 40,748.45 41,375.25 40,022.57 40,069.08 40,417.97 40,409.15 30,853.44 30,194.40 28,747.18 27,013.05 26,548.94 27,105.40 26,190.63 25,010.92 25,036.63 24,188.68 22,699.96 23,114.71 22,208.25 21,926.99 22,013.07 22,524.39 22,173.13 21,860.68 22,328.02 22,179.23 22,182.71 21,084.28 - 57.62 HFCs 14,400.73 14,400.73 15,010.26 15,628.26 16,403.61 17,307.95 18,569.54 19,484.30 21,712.13 18,053.95 9,765.32 7,796.64 8,464.52 8,785.48 9,575.81 8,412.49 9,194.99 10,058.10 10,492.48 10,924.15 11,464.91 12,072.04 12,722.60 13,381.30 13,835.38 14,029.25 14,056.39 14,081.18 13,998.89 13,676.46 13,034.55 12,208.81 - 15.22 PFCs 1,648.64 1,648.64 1,381.02 685.58 597.19 604.96 589.45 587.65 492.97 478.55 454.33 571.94 471.97 397.67 348.48 439.76 391.97 390.02 286.57 262.15 191.14 280.02 405.80 233.57 286.12 233.58 269.32 279.52 400.70 144.56 210.72 159.79 - 90.31 6 1,200.60 1,200.60 1,258.84 1,322.72 1,156.10 1,200.36 1,245.33 1,290.95 1,265.39 1,313.19 1,481.38 1,800.45 1,426.29 1,462.77 1,285.78 1,078.95 1,017.80 844.18 802.38 647.56 554.53 655.06 545.95 520.79 460.14 421.62 402.54 432.01 437.36 535.19 474.50 406.94 - 66.10 797,015.77 797,015.77 805,857.21 785,188.99 765,797.93 754,948.24 748,697.91 769,570.07 745,547.68 744,404.84 714,329.71 714,300.90 717,276.92 695,757.85 702,304.93 698,972.15 691,247.99 684,093.49 672,431.51 651,364.74 595,065.65 609,398.60 564,263.40 580,528.03 567,038.74 526,914.79 509,266.13 484,244.95 473,113.19 464,307.21 448,389.64 405,754.88 - 49.09 Total (with LULUCF) 810,197.59 810,197.59 818,526.53 797,012.44 777,032.72 765,755.67 759,520.17 779,369.38 754,794.03 752,849.08 722,891.08 722,596.33 724,929.81 702,585.11 708,988.40 704,799.69 696,703.41 689,148.50 677,143.54 655,242.28 598,862.04 613,137.37 567,410.04 583,860.76 570,314.78 529,803.96 512,459.94 487,539.94 476,204.41 468,065.12 452,517.86 409,523.61 - 49.45 a 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from base 1. Energy 597,956.40 597,956.40 608,347.24 593,152.22 577,825.72 562,394.87 554,936.12 572,108.91 548,181.54 553,647.00 542,930.15 551,550.51 562,385.37 546,529.71 552,428.24 552,193.49 548,268.73 544,731.23 534,494.52 521,981.65 479,449.51 497,066.39 456,195.43 472,663.74 457,593.64 418,091.56 403,570.12 384,690.25 372,553.38 366,186.48 350,548.93 312,304.97 - 47.77 85,047.03 85,047.03 83,186.41 77,999.35 74,326.25 77,471.32 77,825.23 80,371.11 81,348.34 75,558.51 58,933.78 54,817.68 51,384.05 47,109.03 50,488.69 51,560.51 50,593.87 51,082.52 53,171.66 50,291.44 40,701.09 41,725.20 39,564.97 41,280.91 45,907.60 45,890.98 43,884.26 38,682.21 38,751.87 36,892.23 36,466.63 34,892.59 - 58.97 3. Agriculture 48,866.71 48,866.71 48,572.93 48,065.36 47,153.14 48,263.67 48,094.85 48,970.35 48,329.41 48,557.01 48,585.65 46,470.13 44,181.49 43,886.46 44,732.55 44,879.32 44,663.38 43,550.11 43,043.70 41,897.48 41,587.22 41,875.97 41,842.89 41,389.58 41,208.01 42,731.34 42,261.27 42,017.15 42,525.16 41,997.59 42,263.15 40,702.74 - 16.71 13,181.82 13,181.82 12,669.32 11,823.45 11,234.79 10,807.43 10,822.26 9,799.31 9,246.35 8,444.24 8,561.36 8,295.43 7,652.89 6,827.26 6,683.47 5,827.54 5,455.41 5,055.01 4,712.04 3,877.54 3,796.39 3,738.77 3,146.64 3,332.73 3,276.04 2,889.17 3,193.81 3,294.99 3,091.22 3,757.91 4,128.22 3,768.72 - 71.41 5. Waste 65,145.63 65,145.63 65,750.63 65,972.06 66,492.81 66,818.38 67,841.70 68,119.71 67,688.39 66,642.33 63,880.14 61,462.58 59,326.00 58,232.65 54,655.44 50,338.83 47,722.01 44,729.63 41,721.62 37,194.17 33,327.83 28,731.04 26,660.10 25,193.80 22,329.48 20,200.90 19,550.48 18,855.35 19,282.78 19,230.91 19,110.93 17,854.58 - 72.59 6. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - 810,197.59 818,526.53 797,012.44 777,032.72 765,755.67 759,520.17 779,369.38 754,794.03 752,849.08 722,891.08 722,596.33 724,929.81 702,585.11 708,988.40 704,799.69 696,703.41 689,148.50 677,143.54 655,242.28 598,862.04 613,137.37 567,410.04 583,860.76 570,314.78 529,803.96 512,459.94 487,539.94 476,204.41 468,065.12 452,517.86 409,523.61 - 49.45 Further detailed information could be found in the common reporting format tables of the Party’s greenhouse gas inventory, namely “Emission trends (CO2)”, “Emission trends (CH4)”, “Emission trends (N2O)” and “Emission trends (HFCs, PFCs and SF6)”, which is included in an annex to this biennial report. 2020 is the latest reported inventory year. 1 kt CO2 eq equals 1 Gg CO2 eq.
LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry. The column “Base year” should be filled in only by those Parties with economies in transition that use a base year differ b Includes net CO2, CH4 and N2O from LULUCF. Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC Please refer to the December 2022 updated version of the UK's 5th Biennial Report Common Tabular Format (BR CTF) tables available

8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 485 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 1. Energy 556,856.29 556,856.29 566,753.64 552,088.13 538,723.35 530,723.11 522,306.81 541,184.78 519,513.32 527,310.38 519,305.25 529,799.08 541,936.89 527,052.91 534,662.02 534,917.15 532,875.53 530,259.55 520,668.26 508,893.20 466,742.94 484,525.47 444,097.72 460,457.83 446,576.17 407,568.70 393,454.10 375,671.31 363,614.80 357,225.84 341,838.31 304,262.12 - 45.36 550,069.21 550,069.21 560,493.31 545,643.94 532,087.73 523,297.61 513,965.63 532,477.93 512,302.57 519,862.01 513,134.70 523,353.05 535,443.81 520,874.26 529,098.90 529,298.37 526,884.33 524,987.80 515,251.13 504,143.26 461,862.41 479,787.47 439,644.69 456,812.02 442,360.22 403,132.67 388,812.91 371,112.71 359,313.54 352,749.43 337,555.12 300,819.52 - 45.31 1. Energy industries 238,058.47 238,058.47 235,356.67 224,539.05 208,799.32 204,498.87 202,486.26 203,502.98 192,668.28 198,440.14 188,955.79 199,766.67 210,637.30 207,579.75 215,320.81 213,540.47 213,895.96 219,815.97 214,824.36 209,198.34 186,086.58 193,409.18 179,267.33 190,317.76 178,150.45 153,515.47 133,899.65 111,838.04 101,632.26 94,420.34 86,623.90 76,089.41 - 68.04 77,047.10 77,047.10 80,432.88 78,349.28 75,612.97 74,568.78 71,904.75 71,849.46 70,627.29 71,367.13 72,711.80 74,408.44 73,349.71 66,816.84 66,601.77 65,377.31 66,373.34 63,419.24 61,845.20 57,771.32 50,303.35 51,735.78 48,037.83 46,404.75 44,220.42 43,697.11 43,043.51 43,286.20 44,063.05 44,164.11 41,408.91 38,946.24 - 49.45 3. Transport 119,750.59 119,750.59 118,920.28 120,317.74 121,566.46 122,925.06 122,333.90 126,980.40 128,302.61 128,144.41 129,301.52 127,957.04 127,723.08 130,229.78 129,611.00 130,919.44 131,891.31 131,428.84 132,771.59 127,206.19 122,604.06 120,814.77 118,805.92 117,904.25 116,697.29 118,220.71 120,735.58 123,196.27 123,435.71 121,705.32 119,623.43 96,405.28 - 19.49 4. Other sectors 109,919.62 109,919.62 121,482.08 118,342.77 121,960.68 117,338.25 113,347.59 126,333.08 117,067.58 118,712.02 119,011.21 118,299.94 120,807.55 113,187.37 114,398.79 116,403.59 111,877.38 106,850.10 102,043.01 106,700.22 99,879.55 110,923.68 90,779.54 99,659.89 101,003.36 85,680.53 89,472.23 91,244.72 88,597.87 90,841.91 88,180.12 87,974.70 - 19.96 5. Other 5,293.44 5,293.44 4,301.40 4,095.09 4,148.31 3,966.64 3,893.13 3,812.02 3,636.80 3,198.32 3,154.39 2,920.97 2,926.18 3,060.52 3,166.53 3,057.57 2,846.33 3,473.66 3,766.97 3,267.20 2,988.87 2,904.07 2,754.07 2,525.38 2,288.70 2,018.86 1,661.93 1,547.48 1,584.64 1,617.76 1,718.76 1,403.89 - 73.48 6,787.08 6,787.08 6,260.33 6,444.19 6,635.62 7,425.51 8,341.18 8,706.84 7,210.75 7,448.36 6,170.55 6,446.02 6,493.08 6,178.65 5,563.12 5,618.78 5,991.19 5,271.74 5,417.13 4,749.94 4,880.53 4,738.00 4,453.03 3,645.81 4,215.95 4,436.02 4,641.19 4,558.60 4,301.26 4,476.41 4,283.19 3,442.60 - 49.28 1. Solid fuels 1,698.56 1,698.56 1,312.13 1,122.56 1,022.21 791.77 737.42 553.75 631.17 296.94 214.32 190.26 197.63 194.31 185.42 227.73 161.45 190.87 245.67 324.97 239.68 296.74 379.76 148.57 278.38 435.48 451.84 349.00 360.35 320.07 163.11 197.11 - 88.40 5,088.52 5,088.52 4,948.19 5,321.63 5,613.41 6,633.74 7,603.76 8,153.09 6,579.58 7,151.42 5,956.23 6,255.77 6,295.45 5,984.34 5,377.70 5,391.05 5,829.75 5,080.87 5,171.45 4,424.98 4,640.86 4,441.26 4,073.27 3,497.24 3,937.58 4,000.54 4,189.35 4,209.60 3,940.91 4,156.34 4,120.08 3,245.49 - 36.22 2. Industrial processes 43,090.96 43,090.96 40,669.31 39,839.13 39,446.02 41,645.38 42,269.75 43,933.11 42,656.01 40,267.35 41,305.66 38,545.25 35,618.52 32,656.86 35,683.98 37,133.98 36,182.83 36,538.11 37,897.94 34,980.46 26,394.50 26,491.81 24,602.86 26,094.76 30,321.12 30,183.57 28,213.47 22,928.21 22,934.55 21,595.23 21,756.18 21,225.07 - 50.74 A. Mineral industry 10,133.32 10,133.32 8,434.53 7,902.36 7,903.04 9,005.61 9,193.67 9,406.22 9,679.57 9,849.09 9,289.97 9,141.08 8,698.33 8,678.06 8,755.39 9,062.97 9,021.22 9,026.26 9,268.10 8,110.97 5,829.13 6,178.65 6,552.25 6,209.56 6,625.58 6,744.22 6,667.77 6,442.68 6,449.29 6,341.66 6,329.85 5,659.21 - 44.15 B. Chemical industry 6,975.59 6,975.59 7,493.08 7,456.12 7,425.55 7,715.73 7,762.11 7,746.86 6,907.54 7,024.25 7,432.99 6,816.27 6,431.53 6,261.42 6,528.98 6,594.92 6,380.46 5,952.02 6,648.42 5,725.73 5,063.83 5,393.11 4,776.89 5,396.26 4,921.86 4,332.06 4,727.75 4,666.93 5,100.56 4,594.49 4,378.77 4,513.43 - 35.30 C. Metal industry 25,429.25 25,429.25 24,232.30 23,019.00 22,471.20 23,456.05 23,989.84 25,042.71 24,974.27 22,768.92 24,060.56 22,059.71 19,934.32 16,939.65 19,617.07 20,007.68 20,265.22 21,037.65 21,482.53 20,610.27 15,045.20 13,802.52 12,659.00 13,732.71 18,042.61 18,153.14 16,325.39 11,319.83 10,876.19 10,177.59 10,566.33 10,672.94 - 58.03 552.81 552.81 509.40 1,461.65 1,646.24 1,468.00 1,324.13 1,737.32 1,094.63 625.09 522.13 528.19 554.35 777.73 782.55 1,468.42 515.93 522.18 498.89 533.48 456.35 1,117.54 614.72 756.24 731.07 954.14 492.55 498.76 508.51 481.49 481.23 379.49 - 31.35 H. Other NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE NO, NE,IE 0 3. Agriculture 1,344.46 1,344.46 1,346.81 1,247.10 832.10 1,232.35 1,224.83 1,276.72 568.03 1,005.97 1,128.76 768.61 576.04 752.43 1,490.68 1,630.46 1,603.00 1,586.98 1,559.94 1,583.97 1,481.91 1,429.02 1,542.47 1,359.91 1,150.32 1,483.12 1,249.74 1,282.50 1,278.47 1,382.68 1,630.78 1,184.56 - 11.89 G. Liming 1,014.03 1,014.03 1,007.99 1,006.87 630.93 1,015.30 1,072.94 1,138.11 456.06 860.10 978.33 631.57 431.43 561.62 1,334.89 1,396.04 1,404.65 1,391.33 1,354.76 1,394.80 1,237.30 1,178.75 1,259.75 1,084.66 931.58 1,187.29 928.64 928.71 936.67 1,055.93 1,308.06 947.83 - 6.53 H. Urea application 326.88 326.88 335.25 236.94 197.94 213.80 148.85 135.60 109.00 142.83 147.39 134.04 141.65 187.75 152.80 231.21 195.19 192.61 202.04 186.06 241.37 246.99 279.38 272.22 215.87 292.74 317.89 350.58 338.65 323.62 319.60 233.59 - 28.54 J. Other 3.55 3.55 3.56 3.29 3.24 3.24 3.04 3.01 2.96 3.04 3.04 3.00 2.96 3.06 2.99 3.21 3.15 3.04 3.14 3.10 3.24 3.29 3.34 3.02 2.87 3.08 3.21 3.20 3.14 3.13 3.13 3.14 - 11.56 5,980.65 5,980.65 5,485.77 4,671.48 4,105.52 3,702.89 3,719.76 2,743.78 2,201.08 1,444.61 1,607.56 1,351.79 746.84 - 49.08 - 223.25 - 999.05 - 1,355.73 - 1,719.14 - 2,059.93 - 2,852.59 - 2,898.31 - 2,963.08 - 3,569.75 - 3,338.98 - 3,392.43 - 3,725.49 - 3,439.94 - 3,333.79 - 3,518.49 - 2,911.45 - 2,589.46 - 2,894.43 - 148.40 A.
Forest land - 13,992.50 - 13,992.50 - 14,533.82 - 15,009.88 - 15,406.14 - 15,394.24 - 15,494.45 - 15,968.62 - 16,091.74 - 16,547.76 - 16,667.49 - 16,873.56 - 17,360.36 - 17,659.70 - 17,835.42 - 18,253.24 - 18,528.70 - 18,830.18 - 18,915.42 - 19,522.03 - 19,706.04 - 19,583.74 - 19,354.46 - 18,430.17 - 18,593.20 - 18,742.79 - 18,182.76 - 18,386.03 - 18,413.32 - 18,205.86 - 17,942.70 - 17,933.72 28.17

8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 486 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from B. Cropland 15,947.46 15,947.46 15,942.08 15,912.08 16,059.05 16,041.26 16,235.51 16,111.18 16,076.21 16,024.66 15,963.97 15,833.29 15,676.94 15,590.81 15,465.00 15,330.79 15,153.66 15,125.10 14,920.31 14,733.19 14,954.89 14,882.77 14,804.09 14,811.55 14,650.40 14,570.75 14,456.89 14,514.05 14,472.92 14,389.97 14,375.78 14,403.93 - 9.68 C. Grassland 114.65 114.65 41.31 - 82.47 - 241.94 - 417.87 - 440.78 - 625.75 - 745.56 - 847.94 - 306.12 204.27 223.66 47.38 12.45 - 323.73 - 357.00 - 449.83 - 402.12 - 534.75 - 621.62 - 694.66 - 1,095.53 - 1,105.57 - 1,206.80 - 1,139.01 - 1,589.96 - 1,404.16 - 1,572.71 - 1,746.08 - 2,003.48 - 1,873.95 - 1,734.43 D. Wetlands 571.12 571.12 601.05 555.25 539.46 648.48 736.77 622.71 551.07 421.80 548.40 613.72 654.30 457.19 709.44 554.41 626.38 662.69 551.85 539.74 579.08 621.10 588.08 565.51 658.55 505.07 1,201.97 567.46 546.93 920.67 1,297.05 605.99 6.10 E. Settlements 5,427.63 5,427.63 5,324.15 5,222.83 5,128.42 5,041.20 4,959.40 4,821.80 4,806.37 4,681.85 4,590.99 4,350.47 4,174.74 4,096.21 4,132.54 4,195.18 4,158.48 3,923.65 4,056.09 3,900.74 3,787.08 3,906.49 3,804.24 3,740.48 3,668.31 3,561.44 3,580.55 3,966.16 3,829.33 3,968.26 3,984.85 4,032.04 - 25.71 F. Other land NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 - 2,087.72 - 2,087.72 - 1,889.00 - 1,926.34 - 1,973.33 - 2,215.95 - 2,276.69 - 2,217.53 - 2,395.28 - 2,288.00 - 2,522.19 - 2,776.41 - 2,622.44 - 2,580.97 - 2,707.28 - 2,502.47 - 2,408.54 - 2,150.57 - 2,270.64 - 1,969.48 - 1,891.70 - 2,095.05 - 2,316.17 - 2,920.79 - 2,569.69 - 2,480.93 - 2,906.63 - 2,591.27 - 2,381.63 - 2,238.40 - 2,300.94 - 2,128.72 1.96 H. Other NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE NO, IE 0 5. Waste 1,360.37 1,360.37 1,329.20 1,324.70 1,275.35 1,082.40 1,050.80 1,056.30 649.22 654.09 604.63 631.27 567.14 552.43 536.98 519.27 465.53 313.42 386.60 334.24 304.14 290.03 266.07 263.86 263.38 270.01 245.63 263.83 258.10 241.11 243.14 248.95 - 81.70 A. Solid waste disposal NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE 0 1,360.37 1,360.37 1,329.20 1,324.70 1,275.35 1,082.40 1,050.80 1,056.30 649.22 654.09 604.63 631.27 567.14 552.43 536.98 519.27 465.53 313.42 386.60 334.24 304.14 290.03 266.07 263.86 263.38 270.01 245.63 263.83 258.10 241.11 243.14 248.95 - 81.70 E. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 International bunkers 24,271.88 24,271.88 23,987.36 25,817.51 26,756.47 26,912.98 28,631.21 30,721.38 32,971.80 36,130.45 36,080.40 38,126.52 37,985.43 36,536.46 36,957.92 40,906.76 43,570.54 45,004.79 44,967.76 47,693.09 45,671.34 43,009.11 45,320.48 43,027.91 43,312.38 44,117.70 43,749.72 44,595.87 46,669.25 46,704.01 46,190.59 22,817.39 - 5.99 Aviation 15,392.61258 15,392.61258 15,151.13816 16,769.70702 17,961.11181 18,758.25802 19,963.32607 21,122.58417 22,466.32019 25,009.11215 27,170.22041 29,980.48 29,198.49 28,660.43 29,358.69 32,180.37 34,747.24 35,275.46 35,103.77 34,330.90 32,523.26 31,451.57 32,930.19 32,071.32 32,354.06 32,592.05 33,098.22 33,323.04 35,882.01 36,264.49 36,444.45 14,343.23 - 6.82 Navigation 8,879.26932 8,879.26932 8,836.22043 9,047.80088 8,795.36195 8,154.72492 8,667.88309 9,598.79686 10,505.47796 11,121.33823 8,910.18072 8,146.05 8,786.94 7,876.03 7,599.23 8,726.39 8,823.31 9,729.32 9,863.99 13,362.19 13,148.08 11,557.54 12,390.30 10,956.59 10,958.32 11,525.65 10,651.50 11,272.83 10,787.24 10,439.52 9,746.14 8,474.16 - 4.56 Multilateral operations NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0 3,849.142767 3,849.142767 3,930.250609 4,251.634337 4,369.654477 6,161.591412 6,553.476469 6,701.947266 6,070.029874 6,786.437896 7,006.623875 6,830.16 7,131.89 7,754.54 8,812.42 10,137.71 11,702.42 12,404.83 12,331.96 14,568.70 16,130.08 18,298.02 18,902.84 19,474.32 23,108.75 27,599.46 32,830.32 34,606.10 36,788.06 42,024.79 45,640.49 47,197.54 1,126.18 CO2 captured NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 Indirect CO2 (3) NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE NO, NE 0 602,652.0784 602,652.0784 610,098.9537 594,499.0571 580,276.8227 574,683.2411 566,852.1959 587,450.9062 563,386.5771 569,237.7831 562,344.3012 569,744.21 578,698.60 561,014.63 572,373.66 574,200.86 571,126.89 568,698.07 560,512.74 545,791.87 494,923.49 512,736.34 470,509.12 488,176.36 478,311.00 439,505.39 423,162.94 400,145.84 388,085.92 380,444.86 365,468.41 326,920.69 - 45.75 608,632.7334 608,632.7334 615,584.7222 599,170.5329 584,382.3463 578,386.1324 570,571.9546 590,194.6904 565,587.6523 570,682.3944 563,951.8619 571,096.00 579,445.43 560,965.55 572,150.41 573,201.81 569,771.16 566,978.93 558,452.81 542,939.28 492,025.18 509,773.26 466,939.37 484,837.39 474,918.56 435,779.91 419,723.00 396,812.05 384,567.42 377,533.41 362,878.95 324,026.26 - 46.76 CRF = common reporting format, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 487 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 1. Energy 1,496.20 1,496.20 1,516.88 1,498.02 1,420.99 1,120.64 1,154.97 1,092.64 1,006.96 912.74 807.44 732.75 680.78 644.88 580.86 565.09 492.25 458.03 437.36 418.96 412.08 403.38 387.16 384.37 337.85 320.95 303.77 265.86 263.06 262.56 254.00 235.56 - 84.26 129.44 129.44 134.47 127.28 130.13 118.01 102.28 102.99 95.27 87.50 89.81 81.24 78.64 70.32 64.79 62.01 57.09 53.36 51.26 49.95 46.10 48.62 43.51 43.36 44.39 43.11 45.15 46.47 47.67 49.48 49.13 48.22 - 62.75 1. Energy industries 9.33 9.33 9.30 9.50 9.92 10.06 10.49 10.78 11.09 7.96 12.19 12.50 13.97 13.61 13.51 13.67 13.83 12.15 12.44 12.79 12.86 13.03 11.70 11.25 11.24 12.74 13.30 14.16 14.79 15.17 15.51 15.28 63.84 4.59 4.59 4.71 4.73 4.38 4.66 4.54 4.21 3.88 3.82 3.77 3.56 3.50 3.43 3.55 3.74 3.47 3.47 3.44 3.47 3.29 3.60 3.58 3.39 3.57 4.07 4.27 4.37 4.83 5.19 5.15 5.37 16.94 3. Transport 50.68 50.68 50.10 49.49 47.31 43.71 40.10 38.64 35.89 32.74 30.34 27.50 24.37 22.06 19.47 17.52 16.01 14.45 13.26 11.69 8.63 7.66 6.78 6.06 5.41 5.03 4.68 4.40 4.17 3.98 3.91 3.07 - 93.95 4. Other sectors 64.70 64.70 70.25 63.46 68.41 59.48 47.05 49.26 44.31 42.90 43.42 37.60 36.72 31.14 28.17 27.01 23.70 23.19 22.02 21.91 21.25 24.26 21.38 22.59 24.11 21.21 22.85 23.49 23.84 25.09 24.52 24.46 - 62.19 5. Other 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 - 73.75 1,366.76 1,366.76 1,382.41 1,370.74 1,290.86 1,002.62 1,052.69 989.65 911.69 825.23 717.64 651.51 602.14 574.56 516.07 503.09 435.17 404.67 386.10 369.00 365.98 354.76 343.65 341.01 293.46 277.85 258.62 219.39 215.38 213.08 204.87 187.34 - 86.29 1. Solid fuels 873.07 873.07 897.83 890.36 829.10 550.96 602.52 557.61 534.51 455.34 377.12 324.44 288.14 283.20 233.32 209.56 154.76 139.90 113.44 113.70 109.95 102.27 97.98 98.67 68.18 67.28 55.38 20.26 19.51 18.83 19.56 18.99 - 97.83 493.68 493.68 484.58 480.37 461.76 451.66 450.17 432.04 377.18 369.90 340.52 327.07 314.00 291.36 282.75 293.53 280.41 264.77 272.66 255.30 256.03 252.49 245.67 242.33 225.28 210.57 203.24 199.13 195.87 194.26 185.31 168.35 - 65.90 2. Industrial processes 11.68 11.68 11.36 11.88 11.32 11.69 9.68 10.76 9.44 7.45 6.53 6.06 5.90 6.02 6.78 6.21 5.37 5.45 5.81 4.53 4.86 5.03 4.54 4.92 5.21 5.08 3.36 3.70 3.26 2.49 3.39 3.23 - 72.34 B. Chemical industry 8.87 8.87 8.87 9.44 9.02 9.24 7.20 8.36 7.06 5.16 4.39 4.12 4.02 4.24 4.89 4.34 3.74 3.44 3.80 3.05 3.78 4.15 3.68 4.06 4.24 3.98 2.40 2.98 2.56 1.80 2.74 2.69 - 69.68 C. Metal industry 1.57 1.57 1.48 1.54 1.54 1.60 1.63 1.62 1.65 1.58 1.55 1.36 1.30 1.19 1.27 1.26 1.12 1.18 1.12 1.05 0.82 0.61 0.62 0.70 0.79 0.90 0.76 0.48 0.46 0.47 0.44 0.44 - 72.13 H. Other 1.24 1.24 1.01 0.90 0.76 0.86 0.85 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.62 0.61 0.51 0.83 0.88 0.43 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.10 - 91.57 3. Agriculture 1,171.99 1,171.99 1,156.99 1,163.42 1,160.80 1,166.11 1,157.68 1,178.98 1,170.73 1,174.39 1,168.53 1,132.90 1,076.43 1,059.68 1,069.33 1,078.16 1,078.79 1,056.87 1,050.16 1,016.24 1,004.79 1,012.20 1,006.18 1,002.79 997.91 1,024.28 1,028.44 1,024.88 1,028.87 1,009.32 1,011.20 997.71 - 14.87 A. Enteric fermentation 987.32 987.32 974.69 982.02 982.94 985.66 979.18 996.46 987.87 991.47 988.59 960.06 909.01 894.53 904.11 910.86 913.24 893.21 886.15 856.41 846.21 851.63 846.42 844.18 837.91 860.14 864.45 862.33 865.90 848.67 849.62 837.50 - 15.17 B. Manure management 166.35 166.35 164.80 165.61 167.11 169.67 167.65 172.15 172.19 171.95 168.98 162.15 156.98 155.15 155.31 157.42 155.84 154.41 154.46 150.63 149.88 152.05 151.33 150.49 151.71 155.70 155.82 154.25 154.68 152.70 153.60 152.48 - 8.34 C. Rice cultivation NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 D. Agricultural soils NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0 J. Other 10.85 10.85 10.93 10.99 10.59 10.78 10.84 10.37 10.67 10.98 10.95 10.70 10.45 10.00 9.91 9.89 9.71 9.26 9.55 9.21 8.70 8.52 8.43 8.12 8.29 8.44 8.17 8.30 8.29 7.95 7.97 7.73 - 28.78

8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 488 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 189.73 189.73 189.58 189.18 189.06 188.80 189.22 188.71 188.70 188.32 187.99 188.75 188.93 189.12 190.34 189.46 189.95 189.92 190.55 190.36 190.38 191.30 191.94 191.51 192.01 191.30 192.47 192.66 192.61 194.57 196.11 195.09 2.82 A.
Forest land 3.50 3.50 3.64 3.50 3.58 3.60 4.26 3.96 4.11 3.93 3.72 3.85 3.93 3.90 3.89 3.94 4.12 4.12 4.08 4.05 3.74 3.99 4.23 4.30 4.58 3.70 3.69 3.78 3.75 4.53 4.83 4.13 17.81 B. Cropland 11.68 11.68 11.67 11.66 11.65 11.63 11.61 11.59 11.58 11.57 11.55 11.53 11.51 11.49 11.47 11.44 11.42 11.40 11.38 11.36 11.35 11.33 11.31 11.30 11.28 11.27 11.25 11.23 11.22 11.21 11.19 11.17 - 4.32 C. Grassland 95.43 95.43 95.10 94.79 94.56 94.24 93.98 93.72 93.49 93.26 93.04 93.61 93.62 93.70 94.80 93.69 93.92 93.99 94.52 94.23 94.51 94.97 95.40 94.89 95.17 95.43 95.43 95.79 95.92 96.18 96.61 96.84 1.47 D. Wetlands 78.47 78.47 78.52 78.58 78.63 78.69 78.74 78.80 78.85 78.91 78.97 79.18 79.32 79.45 79.54 79.63 79.72 79.82 79.92 80.03 80.13 80.18 80.20 80.23 80.18 80.17 81.27 80.64 80.65 81.47 82.28 81.74 4.18 E. Settlements 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.16 0.26 0.26 0.09 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.21 0.29 0.67 0.52 0.62 0.63 0.63 330.82 F. Other land NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 H. Other 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 14.00 5. Waste 2,513.13 2,513.13 2,538.24 2,545.38 2,567.62 2,587.99 2,629.30 2,638.61 2,636.87 2,593.56 2,484.88 2,384.99 2,302.94 2,258.71 2,115.84 1,943.52 1,839.10 1,724.37 1,599.01 1,421.12 1,264.93 1,077.76 993.68 934.83 819.07 730.98 705.37 675.86 691.06 690.89 684.75 633.90 - 74.78 A. Solid waste disposal 2,415.58 2,415.58 2,439.78 2,443.08 2,464.41 2,485.86 2,530.61 2,538.57 2,530.88 2,490.90 2,380.50 2,281.48 2,232.90 2,185.85 2,038.58 1,863.36 1,755.66 1,628.88 1,496.88 1,323.45 1,166.67 977.93 889.88 831.34 712.49 615.87 592.49 563.40 570.61 573.90 566.08 516.49 - 78.62 0.73 0.73 1.64 2.56 3.48 4.40 5.32 6.24 7.16 8.08 8.99 9.91 11.12 12.05 12.94 14.03 15.48 16.71 19.58 19.50 23.02 27.06 30.56 32.68 35.58 40.76 42.13 45.90 48.55 48.11 48.49 48.67 6,610.67 5.45 5.45 5.34 5.11 4.56 3.51 3.46 3.51 1.08 1.05 1.14 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.09 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.72 0.63 0.54 0.48 0.42 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 - 94.58 91.37 91.37 91.48 94.63 95.18 94.22 89.92 90.29 97.75 93.52 94.25 92.55 57.87 59.80 63.23 65.20 67.04 77.90 81.71 77.45 74.60 72.23 72.76 70.39 70.59 73.98 70.37 66.19 71.55 68.53 69.86 68.45 - 25.08 E. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 5,192.99 5,192.99 5,223.48 5,218.71 5,160.73 4,886.43 4,951.63 4,920.99 4,824.00 4,688.13 4,467.38 4,256.70 4,066.03 3,969.29 3,772.80 3,592.98 3,415.51 3,244.72 3,092.34 2,860.85 2,686.66 2,498.38 2,391.56 2,326.91 2,160.04 2,081.30 2,040.94 1,970.30 1,986.25 1,965.26 1,953.33 1,870.40 - 63.98 5,382.72 5,382.72 5,413.05 5,407.88 5,349.79 5,075.23 5,140.84 5,109.70 5,012.70 4,876.46 4,655.37 4,445.45 4,254.96 4,158.41 3,963.15 3,782.44 3,605.46 3,434.64 3,282.89 3,051.20 2,877.04 2,689.68 2,583.51 2,518.41 2,352.05 2,272.59 2,233.41 2,162.97 2,178.87 2,159.84 2,149.44 2,065.49 - 61.63 International bunkers 0.44 0.44 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.34 0.32 0.29 0.31 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.17 - 62.45 Aviation 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.05 - 84.93 Navigation 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.12 - 10.00 Multilateral operations NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0 CRF = common reporting format, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry. 8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 489 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 1. Energy 12.40 12.40 12.32 12.13 12.01 12.27 12.60 12.11 11.73 11.81 11.54 11.52 11.51 11.26 10.89 10.57 10.36 10.14 9.71 8.77 8.07 8.24 8.12 8.71 8.63 8.39 8.46 7.96 7.93 8.04 7.92 7.23 - 41.71 12.25 12.25 12.17 11.98 11.85 12.08 12.40 11.90 11.54 11.62 11.39 11.35 11.34 11.11 10.76 10.44 10.21 10.01 9.57 8.65 7.94 8.11 7.95 8.59 8.51 8.27 8.34 7.84 7.80 7.92 7.80 7.12 - 41.84 1. Energy industries 4.82 4.82 4.77 4.62 4.17 4.06 3.99 3.84 3.60 3.79 3.55 3.75 4.05 4.06 4.07 3.94 4.05 4.13 3.87 3.70 3.33 3.41 3.30 3.84 3.72 3.33 3.21 2.55 2.39 2.42 2.40 2.35 - 51.21 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.01 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.92 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.87 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.69 0.71 0.68 0.69 0.63 0.70 0.75 0.75 0.83 0.88 0.84 0.84 - 20.53 3. Transport 4.84 4.84 4.77 4.85 5.13 5.58 6.20 5.85 5.86 5.81 5.86 5.77 5.47 5.34 5.02 4.81 4.58 4.28 4.12 3.43 3.22 3.24 3.29 3.36 3.45 3.58 3.71 3.85 3.91 3.92 3.87 3.26 - 32.65 4. Other sectors 1.34 1.34 1.43 1.32 1.39 1.25 1.06 1.10 1.02 0.99 0.98 0.89 0.88 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.65 0.59 0.61 0.63 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.63 0.62 - 53.70 5.
Other 0.19 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 - 73.64 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.10 - 30.97 1. Solid fuels 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 81.86 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.10 - 30.86 2. Industrial processes 81.93 81.93 82.49 67.87 55.17 55.10 50.03 49.68 50.29 51.20 19.34 19.97 17.63 12.27 11.49 14.56 12.32 10.45 11.90 11.29 6.62 7.05 3.94 3.11 2.93 3.01 2.88 2.91 3.01 2.95 3.04 2.72 - 96.68 B. Chemical industry 79.86 79.86 80.42 65.81 53.10 53.03 47.96 47.66 48.27 49.17 17.29 17.88 15.53 10.17 9.39 12.09 9.51 7.64 8.89 8.10 3.86 4.25 0.67 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.17 - 99.79 C. Metal industry 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 - 65.64 2.00 2.00 2.01 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.95 1.95 1.97 1.98 2.03 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.42 2.75 2.76 2.96 3.14 2.72 2.76 3.23 2.94 2.74 2.82 2.74 2.80 2.86 2.83 2.88 2.53 26.30 H. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 3. Agriculture 61.15 61.15 61.41 59.51 58.06 59.99 60.16 61.14 62.06 61.04 61.22 58.32 56.02 55.85 55.40 54.68 54.00 52.15 51.11 50.02 50.29 50.81 50.83 50.20 50.70 52.49 51.34 50.71 52.10 51.62 51.52 48.91 - 20.01 B. Manure management 11.52 11.52 11.45 11.49 11.56 11.67 11.69 12.15 12.32 12.18 11.83 11.49 11.11 10.77 10.80 10.98 10.93 10.72 10.51 10.16 10.09 10.14 9.92 9.79 9.76 9.80 9.78 9.76 9.71 9.58 9.56 9.44 - 18.06 D. Agricultural soils 48.83 48.83 49.19 47.31 45.91 47.73 47.88 48.42 49.16 48.29 48.80 46.28 44.38 44.56 44.10 43.21 42.59 40.97 40.14 39.43 39.78 40.26 40.49 40.00 40.54 42.27 41.16 40.56 41.99 41.65 41.56 39.09 - 19.95 J. Other 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.38 - 36.59

8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 490 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 8.25 8.25 8.20 8.13 8.06 8.00 7.96 7.85 7.81 7.69 7.56 7.47 7.32 7.21 7.21 7.01 6.92 6.80 6.74 6.61 6.49 6.44 6.44 6.32 6.27 6.15 6.11 6.08 6.02 6.06 6.09 5.99 - 27.33 A. Forest land 2.53 2.53 2.54 2.52 2.52 2.53 2.58 2.58 2.61 2.62 2.62 2.65 2.66 2.66 2.67 2.66 2.66 2.65 2.63 2.60 2.56 2.54 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.45 2.45 2.39 - 5.40 B. Cropland 2.47 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.39 2.35 2.30 2.25 2.19 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.88 1.81 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.42 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.33 1.34 - 45.76 C. Grassland 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.11 31.25 D. Wetlands 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.08 16.51 E. Settlements 1.48 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.35 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.19 1.15 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.96 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.98 - 33.41 F. Other land NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 H. Other 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 - 14.50 5.
Waste 3.21 3.21 3.24 3.40 3.45 3.48 3.55 3.69 3.75 3.86 3.87 4.05 3.98 4.07 4.10 4.13 4.29 4.39 4.56 4.47 4.70 5.02 5.21 5.23 5.33 5.56 5.61 5.69 5.87 5.76 5.87 5.90 83.69 0.04 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.37 0.43 0.48 0.54 0.59 0.67 0.72 0.77 0.84 0.92 0.99 1.16 1.15 1.35 1.59 1.77 1.83 1.96 2.19 2.20 2.34 2.43 2.38 2.40 2.40 5,413.58 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.09 - 48.21 3.00 3.00 2.98 3.08 3.07 3.07 3.08 3.16 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.22 3.08 3.11 3.09 3.06 3.13 3.15 3.16 3.10 3.14 3.19 3.20 3.17 3.15 3.18 3.22 3.19 3.29 3.25 3.36 3.41 13.83 E. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0 158.69 158.69 159.47 142.90 128.68 130.84 126.34 126.61 127.82 127.91 95.97 93.86 89.14 83.44 81.88 83.94 80.97 77.13 77.28 74.56 69.68 71.13 68.09 67.26 67.60 69.44 68.29 67.28 68.90 68.37 68.35 64.76 - 59.19 166.94 166.94 167.67 151.03 136.74 138.84 134.30 134.46 135.63 135.60 103.54 101.32 96.47 90.65 89.09 90.96 87.89 83.93 84.02 81.17 76.17 77.57 74.52 73.58 73.87 75.59 74.41 73.36 74.93 74.43 74.44 70.75 - 57.62 International bunkers 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.96 0.99 0.98 1.04 1.12 1.21 1.32 1.28 1.34 1.34 1.28 1.29 1.43 1.52 1.58 1.58 1.72 1.66 1.55 1.63 1.54 1.54 1.58 1.54 1.58 1.64 1.63 1.61 0.85 - 6.70 Aviation 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.79 0.86 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.93 1.02 1.10 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.03 1.00 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.15 1.16 0.46 - 6.82 Navigation 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.50 0.53 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.37 0.36 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.47 0.63 0.62 0.55 0.59 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.49 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.39 - 6.57 Multilateral operations NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0 Indirect N2O 14.11 14.11 13.79 13.50 12.86 12.72 12.28 11.85 11.07 10.90 10.37 10.09 9.90 9.43 9.30 9.04 8.92 8.65 8.28 7.48 6.55 6.40 5.99 6.08 5.76 5.40 5.22 4.75 4.63 4.42 4.18 3.70 -73.80 CRF = common reporting format, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry. 8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 491 Emission trends (HFCs, PFCs and SF6) Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 17,250.09 17,250.09 17,650.26 17,636.73 18,157.09 19,113.50 20,404.59 21,363.23 23,470.88 19,846.14 11,701.53 10,169.62 10,363.14 10,646.28 11,210.40 9,931.52 10,605.11 11,292.67 11,581.83 11,834.25 12,210.97 13,007.49 13,674.71 14,136.02 14,582.00 14,684.81 14,728.61 14,793.07 14,837.31 14,356.57 13,720.12 12,775.91 - 25.94 14,400.73 14,400.73 15,010.26 15,628.26 16,403.61 17,307.95 18,569.54 19,484.30 21,712.13 18,053.95 9,765.32 7,796.64 8,464.52 8,785.48 9,575.81 8,412.49 9,194.99 10,058.10 10,492.48 10,924.15 11,464.91 12,072.04 12,722.60 13,381.30 13,835.38 14,029.25 14,056.39 14,081.18 13,998.89 13,676.46 13,034.55 12,208.81 - 15.22 HFC-43-10mee NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 HFC-134a 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.16 0.37 0.58 0.83 1.07 1.37 1.68 1.97 2.29 2.49 2.70 2.89 3.14 3.36 3.48 3.56 3.66 3.75 3.87 4.01 4.13 4.18 4.18 4.16 4.11 4.00 3.74 3.41 52,798.79 HFC-143a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.51 0.47 920,790.21 HFC-152a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.43 50,293,179.54 HFC-227ea NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.00 HFC-236cb NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.00 HFC-236ea NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.00 HFC-236fa NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.00 HFC-245ca NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.00 HFC-245fa NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 HFC-365mfc NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.00 1,648.64 1,648.64 1,381.02 685.58 597.19 604.96 589.45 587.65 492.97 478.55 454.33 571.94 471.97 397.67 348.48 439.76 391.97 390.02 286.57 262.15 191.14 280.02 405.80 233.57 286.12 233.58 269.32 279.52 400.70 144.56 210.72 159.79 - 90.31 c-C4F8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 396.57 c-C3F6 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.00 13.45 13.45 13.45 13.52 33.58 60.45 87.32 67.00 25.97 18.00 7.39 9.62 4.21 6.43 1.56 2.52 3.08 2.52 1.53 0.33 0.32 1.08 2.44 2.38 3.95 2.08 3.58 3.80 6.55 1.03 2.68 1.69 - 87.42

8th National Communication Annex 2: Common Tabular Format Tables (CTF) supporting the UK’s fifth biennial report to the UNFCCC 492 Base yeara 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Change from 1,200.60 1,200.60 1,258.84 1,322.72 1,156.10 1,200.36 1,245.33 1,290.95 1,265.39 1,313.19 1,481.38 1,800.45 1,426.29 1,462.77 1,285.78 1,078.95 1,017.80 844.18 802.38 647.56 554.53 655.06 545.95 520.79 460.14 421.62 402.54 432.01 437.36 535.19 474.50 406.94 - 66.10 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.58 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 207.29 CRF = common reporting format, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry. d In accordance with the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories”, HFC and PFC emissions should be reported for each relevant chemical. However, if it is not possible to report values for each chemical (i.e. mixtures, confidential data, lack of disaggregation), this row could be used for reporting aggregate figures for HFCs and PFCs, respectively. Note that the unit used for this row is kt of CO2 equivalent and that appropriate notation keys should be entered in the cells for the individual chemicals.) Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction base yeara Emission reductions target (% of 1990) % of base year/base period % of 1990 b Period for reaching target BY-2020 a Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction gases and sectors covereda LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not pr ejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. e than one selection will be allowed. If Parties use sectors other than those indicated above, the explanation of how these sectors relate to the sectors defined by the IPCC should be provided. ransport is reported as a subsector of the energy sector. ocesses refer to the industrial processes and solvent and other product use sectors. Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction global warming potential values (GWP)a GWP = global warming potential a Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. b Please specify the reference for the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction approach to counting emissions and removals from the LULUCF sectora LULUCF in base year level and target Excluded Contribution of LULUCF is calculated using LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry. a Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction market-based mechanisms under the Conventiona Market-based mechanisms Possible scale of contributions under the Convention (estimated kt CO2 eq) Carry-over unitsj 111,184,320l Other mechanism units under the Convention (specify)d NA AAU = assigned amount unit, CER = certified emission reduction, ERU = emission reduction unit. Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not pr ejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. As indicated in paragraph 5(e) of the guidelines contained in annex I of decision 2/CP om the first to the second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol, as described in decision 13/CMP .1 and consistent with decision 1/CMP .8. A total of of 2,744,937,332 AAUs wer period (2013–2020). Under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement, the UK remains committed to its shared targets and reporting with the EU under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. l Carry-over was completed in 2018 as follows 25,882,305 and 85,302,015. However , the UK does not plan to retire CERs or ERUs to meet its target for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction other market-based mechanismsa Other market-based mechanismsb Possible scale of contributions (Specify) (estimated kt CO2 eq) a Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. b ‘The UK does not plan to use units from other international credits to meet its quantified economy-wide emission reduction target. However, note that Under the Effort Sharing Decision, Member States are required to limit their greenhouse gas emissions between 2013 and 2020 by meeting binding annual limits which are set according to a linear path. The annual targets – known as annual emission allocations (AEAs) - follow a straight line between a defined starting point in 2013 and the target for 2020. Under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement, the UK remains committed to its shared targets and reporting with the EU. Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction any other informationa,b Under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement, the UK remains committed to its shared targets and reporting with the EU under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009, the European Council reiterated the conditional offer of the EU to move to a 30 % reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels as part of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2012, provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and that developing countries contribute adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities. Under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2013 – 2020) the EU has a collective target to reduce its emissions by 20% relative to base year (1990) levels over the period. The burden sharing agreement, set out for the Doha Amendment, translates efforts agreed under the EU 2020 Climate and Energy Package into the second commitment period of the KP . The Doha Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 31 December 2020. The calculation of the UK’s Assigned Amount is set out in UK’s Initial Report for the second commitment period, and results in an Assigned Amount of 2,744,937,332 assigned amount units (AAUs) over the commitment period, where one AAU is equivalent to one tCO2eq. a Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. b This information could include information on the domestic legal status of the target or the total assigned amount of emission units for the period for reaching a target. Some of this information is presented in the narrative part of the biennial report.