This will be done (1)Supporting the capacity and systems development of financial service providers that serve the poor, with a specific focus on automating the operations of Rwanda’s Umurenge Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) and their connectivity to microfinancial institutions and commercial banks; (2) Supporting the flow of financial services to the agriculture sector; (3) Supporting the development of pensions for informal sector workers to promote long term savings; and (4) Supporting improved resilience to shocks whilst reducing the risks associated with productive investments through the utilisation of microinsurance. AFR targets to enhance livelihood opportunities for 1,670,000 poor women and men during the period 2016-2020. 0.12 0.15 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Agriculture To improve the business environment for growth, strengthen resilience (including to the impacts of climate change) and improve the skill set of the Zimbabwean people. This will be based on strong analytical work, policy dialogue and strengthened government systems for service delivery. The project will also improve donor coordination and World Bank 0.48 0.62 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture To improve the business environment for growth, strengthen resilience (including to the impacts of climate change) and improve the skill set of the Zimbabwean people. This will be based on strong analytical work, policy dialogue and strengthened government systems for service delivery. The project will also improve donor coordination and World Bank 0.60 0.77 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy generation, "The programme will catalyse a market based approach for private sector delivery of solar home system (SHS) products and services. This will lead to improved energy access for people in sub-Saharan Africa currently who are currently The programme will work in 14 priorty Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leonne and Senegal. The programme will 1) Technical assistance to improve the enabling environment for a market based approach for private sector delivery of solar home system (SHS) products and services (Policy and Regulatory Reform, investment readiness, learning and 2) Finance for businesses wanting to enter new and emerging SHS markets in sub-Saharan Africa for their start up and early commercialisation of ideas 3) Test innovative approaches to stimulating private sector investment and a market development.” Support to Bangladesh’s National 0.06 0.08 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development Improvement in the integration of poor communities into municipal planning, budgeting and management, with a particular focus on women and girls and climate resilience; piloting of options for scale up and lesson learning at national level to inform overall urban policy and poverty reduction Support to Bangladesh’s National 0.54 0.69 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Urban development Improvement in the integration of poor communities into municipal planning, budgeting and management, with a particular focus on women and girls and climate resilience; piloting of options for scale up and lesson learning at national level to inform overall urban policy and poverty reduction Providing Humanitarian Assistance 0.58 0.74 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Emergency To provide humanitarian assistance to vulnerable people in the Sahel and help them to cope with future disasters, including strengthening early-warning mechanisms and disaster preparedness. This will be linked to the seasonal calendar and work alongside longer-term resilience programmes to reduce the long term demand for humanitarian assistance in the Sahel, and will be delivered through NGO and multilateral partners. 0.27 0.34 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Population Policies/ To avert 4000 maternal deaths and 5500 neonatal deaths through nationwide life saving skills training for health professionals, and integrated health system strengthening in selected counties, 2013-2018, including water conservation and solar panels at health facilities. 0.27 0.34 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Population Policies/ To avert 4000 maternal deaths and 5500 neonatal deaths through nationwide life saving skills training for health professionals, and integrated health system strengthening in selected counties, 2013-2018, including water conservation and solar panels at health facilities. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 149 Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Rural Water for Sudan (RW4S) 0.53 0.68 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Water Supply & This programme will address the root causes of crisis in Darfur by tackling one of the main drivers of local conflict and poverty – availability of water. Water is scarce and there is competition over its use. This can result in conflict and lead to unsustainable livelihoods, forcing people to migrate to find alternatives. The climate is likely to get hotter and drier, further increasing scarcity of water. The programme will increase the availability of water for drinking and livelihoods for 250,000 people, and will support communities to sustainably manage their water resources for the benefit of all users. This will increase communities’ resilience to the impacts of drought, contributing to more sustainable livelihoods and reducing the risk of conflict, overall improving stability in Darfur and reducing the pressure to migrate. In addition, the programme will improve sanitation and hygiene behaviour, improving the health and well-being of communities. 80% ICF funding. Dar Es Salaam Port Improvement 0.26 0.34 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Transport & Storage To increase Tanzania’s trade competiveness by providing the Port of Dar es Salaam with essential infrastructure and efficiency enhancements including reducing greenhouse gases and other emissions. This will benefit Tanzania and neighbouring countries through improved market access. This will contribute towards our G8 commitment to cut bureaucracy at international borders by reducing port dwell time from 9 to 5 days by 2017.” Dar Es Salaam Port Improvement 0.26 0.34 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Transport & Storage To increase Tanzania’s trade competiveness by providing the Port of Dar es Salaam with essential infrastructure and efficiency enhancements including reducing greenhouse gases and other emissions. This will benefit Tanzania and neighbouring countries through improved market access. This will contribute towards our G8 commitment to cut bureaucracy at international borders by reducing port dwell time from 9 to 5 days by 2017.” Enhancing resilience in Karamoja 0.49 0.64 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture To increase the resilience of targeted communities to climate extremes and weather events.
The programme will support 700,000 people to cope with the effects of climate change, this 200,000 people with improved food security through participation in public works programmes; 6,000 agro-pastoralists and pastoralists with access to improved animal nutrition; and 175,000 children under five and pregnant and lactating women treated for malnutrition and with improved access to water by March 2017 0.49 0.63 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Water Supply & To save lives, reduce poverty and suffering of 400,000 crisis affected people in Burma and Burmese refugees in Thailand through providing humanitarian assistance, enhancing resilience and building local and international organisations’ capacity to respond to future humanitarian need in Burma. Longer term work on resilience and vulnerability will assist people to cope with shocks and stresses that will include climate-related shocks. New Climate Economy Phase 2 0.36 0.47 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Government & Civil Phase II of the New Climate Economy will build on the success of the report launched in September 2014 by focusing on engagement with key decision-makers in priority countries; catalysing action on a small number of targeted opportunities for change; and developing and communicating a new report that focuses on supporting global growth and poverty reduction while reducing carbon emissions through international collaboration. New Climate Economy Phase 2 0.12 0.16 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Government & Civil Phase II of the New Climate Economy will build on the success of the report launched in September 2014 by focusing on engagement with key decision-makers in priority countries; catalysing action on a small number of targeted opportunities for change; and developing and communicating a new report that focuses on supporting global growth and poverty reduction while reducing carbon emissions through international collaboration. Carbon Market Finance for Africa 0.32 0.41 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy distribution The project will transform the use of Clean Development Mechanism and other carbon market finance in Africa, for increased access to small scale, low carbon energy applications in rural areas. This will be through demonstrating the practical use and financial viability of innovative "standardised baselines" and new approaches to bundle small scale CDM projects (programmatic approaches) Carbon Market Finance for Africa 0.14 0.18 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy distribution The project will transform the use of Clean Development Mechanism and other carbon market finance in Africa, for increased access to small scale, low carbon energy applications in rural areas. This will be through demonstrating the practical use and financial viability of innovative "standardised baselines" and new approaches to bundle small scale CDM projects (programmatic approaches) Affordable Housing in Poor 0.45 0.58 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development The project, in partnership with National Housing Bank, will stimulate the growth of the affordable housing market by providing loans to build 17,000 housing units and 10,000 home loans for low income families. This will result in 27,000 construction jobs for the poorest people in low income states in India by 2020. This programme is predominantly in the form of Development Capital Investment, which generates a return to the UK. The technical assistance will support policy and system strengthening for the scetor as well as promote innovative models and technologies. Appropriate choice of location will enhance resilience to climate shocks (flood, cyclone etc.) and disasters. Effective site planning and building envelope design, use of efficient building materials and construction practices, maximising the reuse and recycling of materials, and use of renewable resources can all help in reducing GHG emissions and environmental degradation. 150 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Development of Geothermal Energy 0.40 0.52 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy generation, To support the development of geothermal energy in Montserrat, by undertaking the exploratory drilling and testing of 3 0.19 0.24 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development To improve the enabling environment for sustainable, inclusive growth-enhancing infrastructure service delivery in DFID focus countries; and, Harness the benefits of cities for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in DFID focus countries. The ICED programme can help DFID to deliver low carbon growth and resilient economic growth which sustainably manage our natural resources. 0.19 0.24 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Urban development To improve the enabling environment for sustainable, inclusive growth-enhancing infrastructure service delivery in DFID focus countries; and, Harness the benefits of cities for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in DFID focus countries. The ICED programme can help DFID to deliver low carbon growth and resilient economic growth which sustainably manage our natural resources. Energy Access Policy Fund 0.28 0.36 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Policy To strengthen national and state level policies and practices that will enable India’s poor gain access to energy, particularly achieving benefits for poor women and girls. The Fund will support development of policy products through the provision of technical assistance for enhancing access to power for cooking, lighting and productive activities . It will pilot projects for supply of electricity or renewable energy products in the poorest areas of Indian states such as 5.00 6.44 Committed Grant Mitigation Energy generation, Supports developing and emerging economies to develop both the technical and institutional knowledge necessary to enable CCUS technology deployment. Energy Access Policy Fund 0.07 0.09 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy Policy To strengthen national and state level policies and practices that will enable India’s poor gain access to energy, particularly achieving benefits for poor women and girls. The Fund will support development of policy products through the provision of technical assistance for enhancing access to power for cooking, lighting and productive activities . It will pilot projects for supply of electricity or renewable energy products in the poorest areas of Indian states such as Arid Lands Support Programme 0.17 0.22 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Agriculture To improve the coping strategies for over 500,000 of the poorest people in Northern Kenya (Turkana, Wajir, Mandera and Marsabit counties) to help them to adapt to climate change and improve their livelihoods.
The programme will also provide opportunities to support the poorest during drought, provide benefits for livestock insurance, increase average real value of assets owned by households, and will allow 64,000 beneficiaries to become less poor relative to non- beneficiaries in the four counties. Arid Lands Support Programme 0.17 0.22 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Agriculture To improve the coping strategies for over 500,000 of the poorest people in Northern Kenya (Turkana, Wajir, Mandera and Marsabit counties) to help them to adapt to climate change and improve their livelihoods. The programme will also provide opportunities to support the poorest during drought, provide benefits for livestock insurance, increase average real value of assets owned by households, and will allow 64,000 beneficiaries to become less poor relative to non- beneficiaries in the four counties. Sustainable Inclusive Livelihoods through Tea Production in Rwanda 0.34 0.43 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Trade Policies & The project supports job creation and increased incomes by working with smallholder farmers to develop greenfield tea. The Wood Foundation Africa (TWFA) will set up and run two Services Companies supporting approximately 12,000 smallholder tea farmers over 7,500 hectares. Farmers will be supported to produce tea for the first time, employing best farming practices, including understanding and managing climate risk and variability.The Services Company will be co-owned by the farmers. This will lead to improved incomes and livelihoods (in particular nutrition and education) for the farmers and their families. Unilever and Luxmi will build a factory which will heavily rely on the tea supplied by the smallholder farmers with support from The Wood Foundation Africa. Deepening Democracy Programme 0.10 0.12 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Government & Civil To improve the Kenyan Government’s accountability to its citizens by delivering peaceful, transparent, inclusive elections and providing support to non-governmental organisations, oversight bodies and independent commissions that can influence and deliver reforms thereby supporting the goal of making Kenya a more stable democracy. The project aims to improve county government planning, budgeting, human resource management, results, performance management and citizen engagement. In each of these areas, UK support will focus on governance, health, climate change and local

Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 151 Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Deepening Democracy Programme 0.22 0.29 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Government & Civil To improve the Kenyan Government’s accountability to its citizens by delivering peaceful, transparent, inclusive elections and providing support to non-governmental organisations, oversight bodies and independent commissions that can influence and deliver reforms thereby supporting the goal of making Kenya a more stable democracy. The project aims to improve county government planning, budgeting, human resource management, results, performance management and citizen engagement. In each of these areas, UK support will focus on governance, health, climate change and local Increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the Eastern 0.25 0.32 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy generation, To increase the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and to improve energy security in the Eastern Increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the Eastern 0.06 0.08 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy generation, To increase the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and to improve energy security in the Eastern Achieving Water Security in the 0.06 0.08 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Water Supply & To ensure economic growth and poverty eradication resulting from investment in agriculture is sustainable in the context Achieving Water Security in the 0.19 0.25 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Water Supply & To ensure economic growth and poverty eradication resulting from investment in agriculture is sustainable in the context 0.13 0.16 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment To contribute to national debate on economic costs and benefits of unilateral and regional actions on mitigation and adaptation; to raise awareness about the urgency of climate change challenges and their potential socioeconomic impact on Indonesia, while informing other stakeholders (e.g., civil society, academia, media, nongovernment organizations, private sector, and aid agencies) of the same; and to indirectly support government and private sector actions in Indonesia to mitigate and adapt to climate change. 0.13 0.16 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General Environment To contribute to national debate on economic costs and benefits of unilateral and regional actions on mitigation and adaptation; to raise awareness about the urgency of climate change challenges and their potential socioeconomic impact on Indonesia, while informing other stakeholders (e.g., civil society, academia, media, nongovernment organizations, private sector, and aid agencies) of the same; and to indirectly support government and private sector actions in Indonesia to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Market Development in Northern 0.24 0.31 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture To improve incomes and increase resilience of poor farmers and small-scale rural entrepreneurs in Northern Ghana 0.22 0.28 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture The purpose of the project is to develop new science and technology to support the development of new crop varieties with more resistance and less vulnerability to biotic and abiotic shocks which will result from new and emerging crop pests and diseases, climate change and water stress. NIAF 2 – Nigeria Infrastructure 0.10 0.12 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development To enhance the management of Nigeria’s infrastructure development towards power sector reform, capital spending, repair and maintenance of roads, climate change adaptation and mitigation. This is expected to result to increased economic growth, job creation and contribute towards the MDGs by significantly reducing poverty for the majority of the Nigeria populace by year 2020. NIAF 2 – Nigeria Infrastructure 0.10 0.12 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Urban development To enhance the management of Nigeria’s infrastructure development towards power sector reform, capital spending, repair and maintenance of roads, climate change adaptation and mitigation. This is expected to result to increased economic growth, job creation and contribute towards the MDGs by significantly reducing poverty for the majority of the Nigeria populace by year 2020.
0.17 0.22 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture To significantly improve the performance of the agriculture sector in Bihar by improving access to markets for identified agriculture and horticulture products, access to finance, knowledge and technology, and institutional capacity for market regulation and support farmers in building resilience to the impacts of climate change such as drought and flooding. This will reflect higher private sector investment, higher production and higher price realisation by 1,00,000 farmers. 152 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Stability and Growth Programme 0.16 0.2 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Government & Civil To improve macro-economic stability and growth in Pakistan by providing the Government with financial aid and technical assistance in support of the International Monetary Fund Extended Financing Facility. Energy subsidy reforms under the EFF should contribute to increased investment in green energy and less waste and carbon emissions. This will benefit the people of Pakistan by establishing the conditions for faster and more equitable growth. This contributes towards our MDGs by enabling the Government of Pakistan to finance essential public expenditure and protect the poor from the adverse impact of structural reforms. Strengthening disaster resilience in 0.15 0.19 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Disaster Prevention & This project will strengthen disaster resilience in Nepal, particularly to earthquakes, by working with urban centres to build and plan more safely; supporting the strengthening of critical public infrastructure to earthquakes; working to strengthen national capacity to respond to crises and ensure that the international community is prepared; and ensuring that the UK is able to support a humanitarian response should a crises hit. Strengthening Economic Systems 0.07 0.09 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Government & Civil To increase the dialogue on economic reforms, and support the Government of Bangladesh to make more pro-poor economic policies, including building evidence on the macro-economic impact of climate change and the economic impact of climate-induced migration. Strengthening Economic Systems 0.07 0.09 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Government & Civil To increase the dialogue on economic reforms, and support the Government of Bangladesh to make more pro-poor economic policies, including building evidence on the macro-economic impact of climate change and the economic impact of climate-induced migration. 0.04 0.05 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment Climate change adaptation and risk reduction measures to protect and improve the lives and livelihoods of 15 million poor and vulnerable people by 2017. 0.09 0.12 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General Environment Climate change adaptation and risk reduction measures to protect and improve the lives and livelihoods of 15 million poor and vulnerable people by 2017. Managing Climate Risks for Urban 0.13 0.16 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Urban development This programme will help cities plan for and invest in reducing the impacts of weather-related changes and extreme events, through a partnership with the Rockefeller foundation and the Asian Development Bank, on 2 million urban poor and vulnerable people in 25 medium-sized cities in 6 Asian countries (initially Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, Indonesia) by improving planning processes so that they consider climate change risks, for developing and funding new investment and infrastructure opportunities, and for knowledge and lesson sharing by 2018. 0.13 0.16 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Emergency Provide essential humanitarian assistance to save lives, relieve suffering, and maintain the dignity of Somali refugees in KenyaTo provide essential humanitarian assistance for up to 415,000 refugees in Kenya by ensuring improved access to clean water, sanitation, nutrition, health and protection services (e.g. police, secure accommodation for unaccompanied minors and victims of gender based violence). This will help save lives, relieve suffering, and maintain the dignity of refugees in Kenya.To provide essential humanitarian assistance for up to 535,000 refugees in Kenya by ensuring improved access to clean water, sanitation, nutrition, health and protection services (e.g. secure accommodation for unaccompanied minors and victims of gender based violence) and sustainable climate change interventions. This will help save lives, relieve suffering, and maintain the dignity of refugees in Kenya in a sustainable way. Decentralised Renewable Energy 0.11 0.14 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy distribution DREAM will help three of the poorest States in India provide energy to around 1.8m people. It will use UK expertise to mobilise public and private investment in sustainable and affordable energy supplies delivered by private energy businesses – creating 2000 jobs and supporting at least 200 women develop energy businesses. Technical Assistance for Smart 0.07 0.08 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development To enhance the potential of Indian cities in poorer and developing states such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra to promote growth and jobs creation. UK support will achieve this by developing partnerships with UK urban planning, research and business organisations to help India cities develop investment plans, attract finance and deliver smart urban solutions that create jobs for the urban poor. Activities including climate resilient infrastructure, climate and disaster risk insurance, renewable energy and water management. Technical Assistance for Smart 0.04 0.06 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Urban development To enhance the potential of Indian cities in poorer and developing states such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra to promote growth and jobs creation. UK support will achieve this by developing partnerships with UK urban planning, research and business organisations to help India cities develop investment plans, attract finance and deliver smart urban solutions that create jobs for the urban poor. Activities including climate resilient infrastructure, climate and disaster risk insurance, renewable energy and water management. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 153 Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 0.02 0.02 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Agriculture To provide knowledge and best practices to help over 6 million smallholder farmers in up to 43 countries adapt to climate change.
Grants will be made build small scale water-harvesting, water storage and irrigation systems for farmers; provide farmers with improved seeds that are drought tolerant; help farmers access markets to sell their crops; to plant trees on farms and introduce soil and water conservation practices; and, enable farmers to access daily and seasonal weather forecasts (e.g. using text messages) so they know when best to plant and harvest crops.” 0.08 0.1 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture To provide knowledge and best practices to help over 6 million smallholder farmers in up to 43 countries adapt to climate change. Grants will be made build small scale water-harvesting, water storage and irrigation systems for farmers; provide farmers with improved seeds that are drought tolerant; help farmers access markets to sell their crops; to plant trees on farms and introduce soil and water conservation practices; and, enable farmers to access daily and seasonal weather forecasts (e.g. using text messages) so they know when best to plant and harvest crops.” Sustainable Development of Mining 0.08 0.1 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Mineral Resources & SDMR aims to improve the livelihoods of over 40,000 Rwandans involved in the artisanal and small scale mining industry. Moreover, it will tackle Rwanda’s growing trade deficit by increasing exports, help to attract much-needed private investment in the industry, and ultimately support Rwanda’s path to economic transformation by creating more, higher paid, safer jobs for poor Rwandans. The outcome of the programme will be an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable ASM in target areas.This will contribute to the impact of an increased contribution of the mining sector to economic growth and improving livelihoods among ASM communities and improved management and operations of mines will reduce climate change related flooding and landslide risks. Sustainable Development of Mining 0.01 0.02 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Mineral Resources & SDMR aims to improve the livelihoods of over 40,000 Rwandans involved in the artisanal and small scale mining industry. Moreover, it will tackle Rwanda’s growing trade deficit by increasing exports, help to attract much-needed private investment in the industry, and ultimately support Rwanda’s path to economic transformation by creating more, higher paid, safer jobs for poor Rwandans. The outcome of the programme will be an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable ASM in target areas.This will contribute to the impact of an increased contribution of the mining sector to economic growth and improving livelihoods among ASM communities and improved management and operations of mines will reduce climate change related flooding and landslide risks. 0.06 0.08 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Population Policies/ The Zambia Health Systems Strengthening programme aims improve the health of women and girls in Zambia across the continuum of care from birth, childhood and motherhood. This together with our other parallel interventions to strengthen the health system, will by 2021 result in a reduction in child and maternal deaths by 25% and 15% respectively and contribute towards attainment of the sustainable development goal for health. The nutrition status of 500,000 children, women and young girls will be improved and 270,000 girls and women gain access to family planning. It will ensure that Zambia is able to prevent, detect, and raise a comprehensive response to disease outbreaks and the effects of climate 0.03 0.04 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Forestry Nepal’s forestry sector contributing to inclusive economic growth, poverty reduction and tackling climate change 0.03 0.04 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Forestry Nepal’s forestry sector contributing to inclusive economic growth, poverty reduction and tackling climate change Building Resilience and adapting to 0.06 0.08 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Other Social This programme aims to strengthen the resilience of poor households in Malawi to withstand current and projected weather and climate-related shocks and stresses. This will in turn halt the annual cycle of humanitarian crises that blights people’s lives, harms poverty reduction efforts and swallows up resources. The UK will invest up to £70 million over five years (2018-2023) to provide direct benefits to 1.7 million poor and vulnerable people in Malawi (approximately 300,000 Smart Urban Development in Indian 0.03 0.03 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development Provide UK support on urban governance, planning, finance and city partnerships to deliver Government of India's urban development programmes in select UK-India partner cities. The support will bring the best expertise from the UK to help create economically vibrant, safe and climate resilient cities in India. Smart Urban Development in Indian 0.02 0.02 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Urban development Provide UK support on urban governance, planning, finance and city partnerships to deliver Government of India's urban development programmes in select UK-India partner cities. The support will bring the best expertise from the UK to help create economically vibrant, safe and climate resilient cities in India. 154 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Results Based Financing for Low 0.03 0.03 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy generation, To increase access to clean energy through the creation of an expanding market of green mini-grid installations in Africa serving rural villages unconnected to the main grid. This is expected to benefit around 1.3m people by 2018, while reducing carbon emissions by around 260,000 Tonnes of carbon dioxide, through supported private investment in the installation and operation of over 110 renewably-powered mini-grids (figures to be updated after Business Case completion). Electricity access for lighting, communications and productive uses creates jobs, enables studying at night and enhances public services (such as clinics) and public safety (eg through streetlighting). This project also addresses the post-2015 High Level Panel’s recommendation on a development goal entitled Secure Sustainable Energy, which includes energy access and renewable energyThe Results-Based Financing for Low Carbon Energy Access Programme aims to accelerate access to sustainable energy services in developing countries. The funding generates and tests different forms of Results-Based Financing (RBF) mechanism, which aim to stimulate decentralised energy markets and to leverage private investment to increase access to clean energy products and services.
Results Based Financing for Low 0.01 0.01 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy generation, To increase access to clean energy through the creation of an expanding market of green mini-grid installations in Africa serving rural villages unconnected to the main grid. This is expected to benefit around 1.3m people by 2018, while reducing carbon emissions by around 260,000 Tonnes of carbon dioxide, through supported private investment in the installation and operation of over 110 renewably-powered mini-grids (figures to be updated after Business Case completion). Electricity access for lighting, communications and productive uses creates jobs, enables studying at night and enhances public services (such as clinics) and public safety (eg through streetlighting). This project also addresses the post-2015 High Level Panel’s recommendation on a development goal entitled Secure Sustainable Energy, which includes energy access and renewable energyThe Results-Based Financing for Low Carbon Energy Access Programme aims to accelerate access to sustainable energy services in developing countries. The funding generates and tests different forms of Results-Based Financing (RBF) mechanism, which aim to stimulate decentralised energy markets and to leverage private investment to increase access to clean energy products and services. 0.01 0.02 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General Environment a regional partnership in South Asia among the research community, its funders, and users foster a more coordinated and interactive climate research environment that supports good decision making Support to the multilateral Climate – 0 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment To support development and poverty reduction through environmental protection, and help developing countries respond Support to the multilateral Climate – 0 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General Environment To support development and poverty reduction through environmental protection, and help developing countries respond Support for Energy Sector Analysis – 0 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Policy Develping countries have adopted pro-poor low carbon development pathways in line with trajectories for a 2 degree Support for Energy Sector Analysis – 0 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy Policy Develping countries have adopted pro-poor low carbon development pathways in line with trajectories for a 2 degree – 0 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy distribution Greater access to clean energy services achieved through fast tracking of renewable energy project demonstration and deployment, including through technology learning, donor coordination and private sector investment – 0 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy distribution Greater access to clean energy services achieved through fast tracking of renewable energy project demonstration and deployment, including through technology learning, donor coordination and private sector investment Negative ODA flow -1.70 -2.18 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Health, General A number of projects have returned ODA, until this money is respent is counts as negative ODA which we have recorded against the appropriate themes

Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 155 Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Negative ODA flow -4.00 -5.15 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Health, General Negative ODA flow -0.03 -0.04 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy Policy Negative ODA flow -0.26 -0.33 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment Negative ODA flow -0.26 -0.33 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General Environment Negative ODA flow -0.46 -0.6 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Agriculture Negative ODA flow -2.63 -3.39 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Agriculture Blue Forests Programme 1.21 1.55 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Forestry Working to reduce deforestation of mangrove habitat, create new sustainable livelihoods, support community health and women’s empowerment and increase climate resilience in coastal communities. This project will initially be executed in Madagascar, expanding to Indonesia and an additional country in south-east Asia. Programme is projected to protect 20,000 hectares of mangrove forests; deliver 13.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide savings and benefit over 100,000 UK Climate Investments 7.80 10.04 Committed ODA Equity Mitigation Energy generation, Joint venture with the UK Green Investment Bank to make equity investments in private sector renewable and energy efficiency projects in developing countries Administrative and due diligence 2.10 2.7 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Environmental policy ODA eligible costs associated with the management and delivery of climate programmes, including expenditure on external legal advice, evaluation and auditing services to support ODA spend. 2.80 3.6 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy generation, Supporting private sector investment in small to medium scale renewable energy projects, primarily in Africa Nationally Appropriate Mitigation 40.00 51.48 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment The Facility supports developing countries that show strong leadership on tackling climate change and who want to implement transformational Nationally Appropriate Mitigating Actions. 52.00 66.92 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Multisector Aid UK-branded private finance flagship programme provides concessional financing and technical assistance for sustainable infrastructure in Latin America. 0.03 0.04 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy research Working directly with 10 developing country governments to help them build their own version of the UK's 2050 calculator. The calculator will explore global scenarios, illustrating the impacts of these scenarios on climate change. Global Climate Partnership Fund – 4.00 5.15 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy conservation Finances energy efficiency and small scale renewable energy projects in developing countries whilst giving Technical Assistance to build the green lending capacity of local banks and reducing investment risk. NDC Partnership 0.50 0.64 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment The NDC Partnership is a new international partnership aiming to help turn countries’ climate targets under the Paris Agreement, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), into specific strategies and measures. degradation – REDD+ early movers 42.90 55.21 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Forestry Tackles emissions from deforestation, catalysing action on the ground through results based payments for verified and ambitious emission reductions. 5.00 6.44 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy generation, Supports developing and emerging economies to develop both the technical and institutional knowledge necessary to enable CCUS technology deployment. Climate Public Private Partnership – 4.70 6.05 Committed ODA Equity Mitigation Energy generation, An equity investment in a fund that seeks to demonstrate to private sector investors that climate friendly investments in developing countries are financially viable.
Fiji Support Programme 0.70 0.9 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Public sector policy Building Fiji’s capacity to maximise it’s effectiveness during it’s presidency of the UNFCCC this year. Forest Carbon Partnership Facility – 30.00 38.61 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Forestry The FCPF-C is a World Bank administered fund that is helping to build long-term reforms in forested countries that ultimately align incentives clearly towards sustainable forest management. 156 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – voluntary contribution 0.10 0.13 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Environmental Supporting attendance by developing countries at IPCC Plenary meetings, scoping meetings and author meetings Global Innovation Lab for Climate 0.30 0.39 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Business support Programme identifies, designs, and supports the piloting of new climate finance instruments with the aim of unlocking billions of dollars of fresh private investment for climate change mitigation and adaption in developing countries. 0.20 0.26 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Environmental policy To develop capacity of developing country negotiators to engage in international climate negotiations. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 157 Provision of public financial contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels 2018 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Africa and South Asia (2015-2022) 33.4 44.47 Committed ODA equity Mitigation Banking & Financial Centrally Managed – To enable CDC to scale up its activity of investing and lending to support the building of businesses in developing countries, to create jobs and make a lasting difference to people’s lives in some of the world’s poorest places. CDC is DFID’s main vehicle for investing in private companies in Africa and South Asia. CDC encourages capital investments, including in climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, from other private investors by being a first mover, demonstrating to other investors that commercial returns are possible in these frontier markets, and by sharing risk and expertise. The additional equity from DFID will enable CDC to meet demand for capital in its target markets and allow CDC to sustain a higher volume of more developmental investments across priority Productive Safety Net Programme 31.1 41.45 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Other Social Infrastructure Ethiopia – To reduce hunger, improve livelihoods and reduce the risk of famine in rural Ethiopia by (i) providing cash and food transfers, livelihoods advice and access to microfinance to 1.2 million extremely poor Ethiopians and (ii) creating local infrastructure which reverses environmental degradation and improves access to markets and basic services. 85% of participant households receive transfers as wages for labour on public works projects (including 32,000 km of hillside terraces, 3,000 km of rural roads and 400 new or expanded schools); while the remainder (the elderly, those with disabilities, and pregnant women) receive cash and / or food without a labour requirement. This programme contributes towards national and international development goals and DFID’s own targets for reducing poverty and hunger and for building household resilience to climate change and other shocks. Building Resilience in Ethiopia 28.5 38.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Emergency Response Ethiopia – To build Ethiopia’s resilience to climate and humanitarian shocks by seeking to support the Government of Ethiopia to lead an effective and accountable humanitarian response system. It will have four key Providing technical assistance to the Government of Ethiopia to lead and deliver an effective and accountable humanitarian response , delivering food and cash to people in humanitarian need in the most effective way, respond to emergency humanitarian needs in the most effective way and monitoring, evaluation and learning to strengthen humanitarian delivery in Ethiopia. Adaptation to Climate Extremes 26.2 34.89 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Centrally Managed – To help up to 10 million people, especially women and children, in developing countries cope with extreme climate and weather events such as droughts, cyclones and floods (climate extremes). This will be achieved by doing three things. By making grants to civil society organisations to scale up proven technologies and practices in the Sahel, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia that help people withstand, and more quickly recover, from climate extremes. By identifying the best ways of doing this, and share this knowledge globally to increase the programme’s overall impact. By supporting national governments to strengthen their policies and actions to respond to climate extremes. These will all contribute to the Millennium Development Goals on the eradication poverty and hunger, and environmental sustainability, and also respond to the Humanitarian and Emergency Response Review recommendation that DFID should integrate the threat from climate change into a Disaster Risk Reduction. agriculture research organisation 21.6 28.80 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Centrally Managed – To enable the CGIAR to scale up its research, contributing to the development of new crop varieties which are more productive and tolerant of biotic and abiotic stress. Development of farming systems which are more resilient, including to the effects of climate change, and more productive, the development of markets and value chains which are better able to deliver benefits to poor people and policies and technology which will directly support better nutritional and health agriculture research organisation 2.4 3.20 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Disaster Risk Insurance 21.3 28.40 Committed ODA grant/loan Adaptation Banking & Financial Centrally Managed – To improve the resilience of the private sector in poor countries to natural disasters by improving access to insurance products. By supporting the development of a market for private sector disaster risk insurance in developing countries, the project will sustainably help strengthen resilience, mitigate the effects of climate change and supporting economic development through private

158 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Forest Governance, Markets and 10.5 13.95 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Forestry Centrally Managed – A global programme supporting governance and market reforms aimed at reducing the illegal use of forest resources, benefitting poor forest-dependent people and promoting sustainable growth in developing countries.
Forest Governance, Markets and 10.5 13.95 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the Eastern 13.5 17.93 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Caribbean – To increase the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and to improve energy security in the Eastern Caribbean. Increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the Eastern 3.4 4.48 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Second phase of DFID’s Support 16.7 22.20 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Centrally Managed – The aim of PIDG is to mobilise private investment in infrastructure, including renewable energy, in order to increase service provision for the poor, boost economic growth, trade and jobs to alleviate poverty in the world’s poorest countries. 16.1 21.51 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Centrally Managed – The project is up to £65 million over five years, to support early stage testing and scale up of innovative technologies and business models that will accelerate access to affordable, clean energy services for poor households and enterprises, especially in Africa. The programme will i) partnership with Shell Foundation, enabling support to another 30+ early stage private sector innovations. ii) Innovate UK’s Energy Catalyst to stimulate technology innovation by UK enterprises; iii) build other strategic clean energy innovation partnerships (e.g. testing a new ‘P2P Solar’ crowdfunding platform; and scoping a potential new partnership with Gates Foundation on Mission Innovation); iv) skills and expertise development. To support early stage testing and scale up of innovative technologies and business models that will accelerate access to affordable, clean energy services for poor households and enterprises, especially in Africa. Arrangement II between DFID and 16.0 21.33 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Basic Education Bangladesh – To provide support to BRAC’s development programmes to improve access to quality basic services (health, education, water and sanitation), help the poorest, most marginalised people across the whole of Bangladesh graduate from extreme poverty, support inclusive growth and help build effective formal and informal institutions. Climate finance will be integrated across BRAC’s programmes to strengthen the resilience of BRAC’s investments and the communities they serve. UK support will helping over 950,000 children (600,000 girls) gain a decent education; providing additional nutritional support to 11 million people (7 million women and girls); helping 5.7 million girls and women gain access to family planning services; providing at least 75,000 people with sustainable access to clean water and sanitation; supporting over 80,000 women to better cope with the effects of climate change; and lifting 240,000 women and their families (over 960,000 people) out of Africa Division funding to the African Agriculture Development 12.5 16.67 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Africa Regional – AgDevCo is a specialised investor and project developer focused exclusively on early stage Small and Medium Enterprise agribusiness in Sub Saharan Africa. AgDevCo deploys patient capital and technical assistance to build profitable businesses that contribute to food security, drive economic growth and create jobs and income in rural areas and contribute to farmers’ resilience to climate change. It currently operates in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Rwanda, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Adaptation Research Initiative in 12.2 16.21 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Centrally Managed – Research to identify what works and what doesn’t in terms of cost-effective and sustainable ways to improve the resilience and capacity to adapt to climate change of the poorest and most vulnerable people and communities in three climate change ‘hot spots’ – semi-arid regions of Africa and Central and South Asia; low-lying heavily populated deltas of Africa and South Asia and; densely populated river basins dependent on snow-pack or glaciers. 12.0 16.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Other Social Infrastructure Sahel – Build the evidence and justification for adaptive social protection in the Sahel by establishing national level systems that will build the resilience of vulnerable populations to climate change and can be scaled in a time of crisis. Rehabilitation of Freetown’s Water 11.5 15.30 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Sierra Leone – The project will increase sustainable access to safe water in Freetown, the capital city, and safe-guard water security and reduce climate change vulnerability. This will be achieved through rehabilitation of water infrastructure for improved public service delivery of water. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 159 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information for Investment and Trade (REDIT) 5.4 7.16 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Trade Policies & Kenya – The programme aims to increase sustainable and shared prosperity in Kenya by increasing Kenya’s trade with the region and the rest of the world. Specifically, the programme will (i) invest in improving the efficiency and capacity of transport, logistics and trade infrastructure at Mombasa Port and key border points; (ii) invest in systems to improve trading standards, reduce non-tariff barriers and enhance transparency in trade processes; (iii) improve the regulatory and policy environment for trade; and (iv) support private sector advocacy for trade competitiveness, the export capacity of Kenyan businesses and the greater participation of women and small and growing businesses in trade. ICF component is supporting Kenya Ports Authority to develop and implement a Green Port Policy to help the port adapt and become resilient to climate change. Key objectives include introducing new climate friendly technologies into the port’s operations. for Investment and Trade (REDIT) 5.4 7.16 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 5.4 7.13 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Forestry Centrally Managed – To support public-private partnerships that demonstrate how companies, communities, smallholders and governments can work collaboratively to reduce deforestation and benefit forest dependent communities. Investments in Forests and 5.4 7.13 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Hunger Safety Net Programme 10.4 13.81 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Other Social Infrastructure Kenya – To reduce poverty, hunger and vulnerability by providing the poorest households in Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands with cash transfers including in response to climate shocks such as droughts.
This contributes to our MDGs by preventing 720,000 people from becoming poorer and help them to increase their expenditure on food, health, education and wider livelihood opportunities by 2017. 9.1 12.17 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Uganda – To increase the resilience to climate change of poor farmers in Northern Uganda, and to increase their incomes. This will be achieved by working with agricultural businesses to supply farmers with cheaper, better and more varied agricultural inputs and services, and to create stronger markets for farmer produce. This will benefit 250,000 households in Northern Uganda, who will adopt new practices, products and markets that will make them more resilient to climate change, while 150,000 households will see measurable increases to income. This will contribute to the MDGs (and their successor targets) by reducing poverty in Uganda. 1.0 1.35 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Solar Nigeria Programme 8.4 11.23 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Nigeria – To improve the welfare outcomes of the currently underserved communities in Lagos state and Northern Nigeria by making a significant financial contribution towards the solar power electrification of public institutions, such as schools and hospitals. The intervention is expected to, by year 2020, ensure improved welfare outcomes for more than 2.8 million people using domestic solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, with 190,000 school pupils and 4.7 million clinic patients benefiting from public institutions with PV systems, create more than 3000 jobs and ensure greater effectiveness of DFID’s other health and educational sector intervention in Nigeria. Solar Nigeria Programme 1.5 1.97 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 9.7 12.90 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Emergency Response Pakistan – Support for up to three million of the most vulnerable people affected by natural disaster and conflict. This will cover both immediate relief and early recovery interventions for shelter, food, non-food items, water and sanitation, livelihood and protection needs, depending on the emergency, including enhancing resilience of the beneficiary communities to climate extremes such as floods and droughts. This programme will also support developments in the UN and local civil society which are required for humanitarian responses to be more locally owned and effective in future, as well as effective monitoring and evaluation, targeted active research and piloting. UK Caribbean Infrastructure Fund 8.4 11.20 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Transport & Storage Caribbean – As announced by the UK government in September 2015, the UK Caribbean Infrastructure Fund will create critical economic infrastructure bridges; renewable energy; ports; water; and sea defences that will increase productivity and resilience to natural disasters and climate change. This fund aims to improve economic development in 8 ODA eligible and 1 ODA eligible Overseas Territory by helping to boost growth and creating jobs across the region. UK Caribbean Infrastructure Fund 1.0 1.37 Committed ODA grant Mitigation

160 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 8.3 11.06 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Africa Regional – The programme will catalyse a market based approach for private sector delivery of solar home system (SHS) products and services. This will lead to improved energy access for people in sub-Saharan Africa currently who are currently without modern energy. The programme will work in 14 priorty Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leonne and Senegal. The 1) Technical assistance to improve the enabling environment for a market based approach for private sector delivery of solar home system (SHS) products and services (Policy and Regulatory Reform, investment readiness, learning and Coordination); 2) Finance for businesses wanting to enter new and emerging SHS markets in sub-Saharan Africa for their start up and early commercialisation of ideas; and 3) Test innovative approaches to stimulating private sector investment and a market development. 8.0 10.71 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Emergency Response South Sudan – To help approximately three million South Sudanese by providing critical life-saving support and helping people to better cope with shocks from conflict, drought and flooding. This programme aims to save the lives of an estimated two million people who will receive at least one form of humanitarian assistance; and build the capacity of an estimated one million people to recover and cope better with shocks. Over five years this programme will provide food, shelter and access to water and health services to millions of vulnerable people, including women and children. Support to the Global Agriculture 6.0 8.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Support to the Global Agriculture 2.0 2.67 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Agriculture Centrally Managed – To improve agricultural productivity in developing countries and to increase farmers’ access to markets whilst increasing the economic resilience of poor people globally. 8.0 10.65 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Forestry Indonesia – To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation in Indonesia as part of the UK’s efforts to avoid catastrophic climate change that would hit the very poorest first and set back global 7.9 10.52 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Africa Regional – The project will support countries in Southern Africa to manage their shared water resources, thereby helping 2-3 million poor people to better cope with the impacts of existing climate variability and climate change (especially floods and drought). It will do this by improving assessment and planning concerning these resources, and designing and building water infrastructure such as irrigation schemes, water supply or hydropower schemes. This will help poor and vulnerable people gain access to clean and safe water, produce a predictable agricultural yield and store water for when it is needed during the dry months of the year. The programme will also help countries to communicate hydrological data between themselves – thus providing downstream countries with advance notice of floods and enabling countries to optimise how much water is stored in each country to ensure each has enough to meet their basic requirements.
Strengthening Health Facilities in 7.3 9.68 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Strengthening Health Facilities in 0.4 0.51 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Health, General Caribbean – To provide safer, greener health facilities in Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to deliver care in disasters, generate operational savings 7.4 9.83 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Disaster Prevention & Malawi – To prepare to meet the food and nutritional needs of over 2.8 million of Malawi’s most vulnerable and food insecure people following the recent devastating floods in the country for 2015/16 and following the early cessation of rains and other factors that have caused hunger across the country. 7.3 9.79 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Asia Regional – Integrate climate change into development planning, budgeting and delivery in national and sub-national governments in Afghanistan, India, Nepal and Pakistan.This will done by strengthening planning, budgeting, delivery mechanisms, building awareness and capacity of stakeholders through technical and some implementation support. It will help to mobilise domestic and International finance. Sharing lesssons and knowledge in South Asia is a key element of the project. FCFA – Future Climate For Africa 5.0 6.71 Committed ODA grant Adaptation FCFA – Future Climate For Africa 2.2 2.87 Committed ODA grant Mitigation General Environment Centrally Managed – The Future Climate for Africa programme supports world-leading science and technology to enhance understanding and prediction of sub-Saharan African climate and, through working closely with African stakeholders, bring this knowledge into use in informing major decisions, such as infrastructure investments, urban planning and national policy. The programme has three main firstly, to produce world-leading science to advance knowledge of African climate variability and change and enhance prediction of future African climate; secondly, to drive improved knowledge, methods and tools on how climate information and services can be better designed for, delivered and integrated into major decisions today and thirdly, to support international collaboration and the development of scientific capacity in Africa. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 161 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 7.0 9.33 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Myanmar – To improve the incomes and nutrition status of over 1.63 million poor people in Burma by promoting resilient livelihoods and food security through agricultural commercialisation and climate smart agriculture, financial inclusion, business and skills development, and targeted nutrition support to mothers and children in the ‘One thousand day’ window between conception and a child’s Building Disaster Resilience in 6.8 9.06 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Emergency Response Pakistan – DFID support will strengthen community and household resilience to emergencies and disasters over six years. The programme will aim to build resilience in communities and households in Pakistan to manage the impact of disasters by maintaining or transforming living standards in the face of shocks and stresses without compromising their long-term prospects. WISER – Weather and climate 5.0 6.64 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 1.2 1.65 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Disaster Prevention & Africa Regional – WISER will help at least 24 million people across Africa (focusing initially on East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi) to be more resilient to natural disasters and climate change by 2030 by improving early warning systems (giving more time to prepare for heavy rains for example) as well as helping them make better decisions by knowing what the weather and climate is likely to be (enabling them to make better crop choices or alter planting times in farming, for example). We estimate that this will save over £190 million in terms of avoided damage to health, homes, livelihoods and infrastructure between now and 2030. The WISER programme will initially benefit the East African fishing and farming communities, as well as a wide range of African people, including young, old, men and boys and women and girls. Rural Electrification in Sierra 5.9 7.93 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy distribution Sierra Leone – “To increase access to clean energy through the creation of environmentally and economically sustainable electric mini-grid systems for small remote rural communities in Sierra Leone by 2020. This is expected to directly benefit around 360,000 people in rural Sierra Leone, and indirectly help up to 1.8 million people access low carbon electricity. This will add more than 10 Mega Watts (MW) to the country’s power generation capacity of an estimated average peak demand requirement of 300-500 MW. There will be a welfare increase in rural communities in terms of saved fuel costs, improved health and education outcomes, improved communications and access to information and health and safety. The project will also result in a significant reduction in Sierra Leone’s future Green House Gas emissions through supported private investment in the installation and operation of renewably-powered mini-grids’”. Building Resilience Through Asset 5.8 7.77 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture South Sudan – To reduce hunger gaps, improve long-term food security and mitigate conflict among 400,000 rural poor in five states of South Sudan. By working together beneficiaries earn food or cash in return for identifying and building community assets (such as irrigation ponds). This enables communities to develop and manage their resources against extreme climate damage and shocks. This will contribute to Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 13, 15 and 16 to end poverty and hunger; take action on climate; protect life on land and; promote peaceful and inclusive societies for 4.6 6.19 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Zimbabwe – To improve the resilience capacity of households affected by climatic shocks and trends through inclusive economic development. The programme will have a risk financing mechanism to make timely, appropriate and predictable funding available for communities that experience large scale humanitarian shocks. The program will also build evidence to improve the policy environment and stimulate service provision to enhance household and community resilience.
1.2 1.55 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Green Mini-Grids Kenya 5.0 6.67 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Kenya – Support for project preparation and leveraging of private investment in Green Mini-Grids 5.0 6.67 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Other Social Infrastructure Tanzania – To support the scale up of the Productive Social Safety Net which will reach 1 million households, and these households are the poorest 15%. through the provision of conditional Cash Transfers, Green Public Works and Livelihood Enhancement. This programme will aim to improve the opportunities available to the poorest communities by reducing the depth of income poverty, improving food consumption and increasing their resilience to climate-related shocks. DFID will also support central government to develop and strengthen systems and institutions to deliver more comprehensive social protection provision that can respond to any future economic, food or climate shocks 5.0 6.62 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Emergency Response Mozambique – To improve the long term needs of the people of Mozambique to the impact of drought exacerbated by the El Nino. This project will improve poor people access to a wide range of essential services in the short and long term including clean water, access to food (short and long term) and livelihoods. The programme will improve the sustainability of farmers to protect their crops

162 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report districts;Improve resilience of businesses in 5 growing urban centres & 3 river basins through investments in urban planning, large scale irrigation systems & flood management;Facilitate connection of over 25,000 households to new micro-hydro power installations; connect over 70,000 homes to solar power & install RET in more than 200 schools/health clinics;Develop industry standard for ‘clean’ brick production and enable over half of the brick kilns (at least 400) to adopt more efficient technologies;Improve design of future CC programming & beyond through generation of world Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information programme Climate-specific Provided, ODA, Grant, Mitigation, Energy, Transport, (£m) Other, Not applicable Water, Environmental Sanitation 4.9 6.60 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Sierra Leone – To provide sanitation and hygiene services in Freetown. Establishing and expanding sustainable waste management services in three large towns and improving water, sanitation and hygiene services in rural areas and in two small towns. Includes increasing water security and building resilience to future water scarcity as a result of climate change. Multi-Year Humanitarian Support 4.3 5.77 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Disaster Prevention & Afghanistan – To provide support to the most vulnerable groups in Afghanistan to have access to Preparedness timely, appropriate and cost-effective humanitarian aid, have fewer life-critical needs, build the capacity Multi-Year Humanitarian Support 0.5 0.64 Committed ODA grant Mitigation of communities to mitigate the risk of natural disasters, including climate risk mitigation, and to better respond to these events when they occur. 3.2 4.27 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Zambia – To raise agricultural productivity in Zambia, particularly small scale farmers, using climate smart agriculture techniques and facilitating commercial relationships with agriculture companies. 1.4 1.83 Committed ODA grant Mitigation The Water Security Programme 4.3 5.79 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Centrally Managed – To increase the resilience of poor people to climate change through secure and sustainable access to water resources. We will work with the Global Water Partnership, World Bank Water Partnership Programme and GIZ International Water Stewardship Programme to support increased investment in the information, institutions and infrastructure required to deliver water security. CONGO – Improving Livelihoods 2.0 2.63 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Forestry Africa Regional – To improve the the livelihoods of forest dependent communities and reduce deforestation in the Congo Basin by providing support to forest zoning, independent forest monitoring, civil society advocacy and the strengthening of legal frameworks for community forestry, as well as CONGO – Improving Livelihoods 2.0 2.63 Committed ODA grant Mitigation direct investments in community forest enterprises. The programme is expected to benefit 2.4million beneficiaries (direct and indirect). The programme will also have a demonstration effect, building a body of evidence on Community Forestry in the Congo Basin. Building Resilience and adapting 3.9 5.22 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Other Social Infrastructure Malawi – This programme aims to strengthen the resilience of poor households in Malawi to withstand & Services current and projected weather and climate-related shocks and stresses. This will in turn halt the annual cycle of humanitarian crises that blights people’s lives, harms poverty reduction efforts and swallows up resources. The UK will invest up to £70 million over five years (2018-2023) to provide direct benefits to 1.7 million poor and vulnerable people in Malawi (approximately 300,000 households ). 3.9 5.15 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Urban development and Tanzania – To build urban resilience to current climate variability and future climate change in Tanzania’s management cities and towns through improved data and evidence, urban planning, and infrastructure provision for sustainable economic growth and development. 3.7 4.95 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Uganda – To improve the environment for private investment in Uganda’s renewable energy sector by renewable sources accelerating the market for off grid solar energy and supporting the construction of at least 15 on-grid small scale power plants. This will increase Uganda’s energy production by approximately 20%, improve access to clean and modern energy for over 200,000 households and businesses or 1.2m people; mobilise up to £240 million in private finance and stabilise Uganda’s power sector finances by saving approximately $260m to 2.7bn during the period 2013-35, and lead to greenhouse gas emission savings of between 1 and 10 MtCO2e. 1.7 2.31 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Nepal – This will help Nepal to cope with impacts of climate change (CC) and promote clean Society development. It will provide strategic support to the Govt of Nepal to design and implement CC 1.7 2.31 Committed ODA grant Mitigation policies, to integrate resilience throughout government planning.
This resilience of 700,000 poor & vulnerable people (especially women) to floods, landslides, droughts in most remote

Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 163 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information I2I – Ideas to Impact – Testing new technologies and innovative 1.9 2.49 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Industry Centrally Managed – I2I stimulates technological innovations addressing intractable development challenges, initially in the focal areas of energy, water and climate, and then increasingly in emerging “frontier” technologies with broader applicability. It tests different funding mechanisms and approaches – including prizes, peer-to-peer financing, Frontier Technology Livestreaming, and innovative cross-government partnerships – for ensuring technology ideas lead to a real-world development impact. I2I – Ideas to Impact – Testing new technologies and innovative 1.5 2.04 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Rural Water for Sudan (RW4S) 3.4 4.48 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Sudan – This programme will address the root causes of crisis in Darfur by tackling one of the main drivers of local conflict and poverty – availability of water. Water is scarce and there is competition over its use. This can result in conflict and lead to unsustainable livelihoods, forcing people to migrate to find alternatives. The climate is likely to get hotter and drier, further increasing scarcity of water. The programme will increase the availability of water for drinking and livelihoods for 250,000 people, and will support communities to sustainably manage their water resources for the benefit of all users. This will increase communities’ resilience to the impacts of drought, contributing to more sustainable livelihoods and reducing the risk of conflict, overall improving stability in Darfur and reducing the pressure to migrate. In addition, the programme will improve sanitation and hygiene behaviour, improving the health and well-being of communities. 80% ICF funding. 3.3 4.39 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Banking & Financial Asia Regional – To provide technical assistance and capital to provide insurance for the Pacific Islands so in future they can protect themselves against natural disasters such as cyclones and Tsunamis thereby reducing their reliance on humanitarian aid. The nations of Tonga, Marshall islands, Cook Islands, Vanuatu, and Samoa (625,000 people in total) will benefit from the insurance at the start of the programme. 3.2 4.29 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Basic Education Pakistan – To improve primary and secondary education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by providing up to £283.2million in technical assistance, financial aid and infrastructure which aims to benefit all primary and lower secondary children in the province by 2020. Infrastucture will aim to have a lower carbon footprint and be sited away from flood prone areas. This programme targets primary enrolment specifically girl child enrolment and female literacy which contributes towards Millennium Development Resilience to Climate Change in 1.7 2.31 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Industry Kenya – To achieve transformational change by helping Kenya to scale up private sector innovation and investment in low carbon and adaptation products, services and assets (e.g. clean energy, sustainable agriculture, water management, weather forecasting). Enabling this change will require targeted support to critical aspects of climate change governance, and stimulation of civil society demand. This contributes to the UK Government’s International Climate Fund (ICF) commitments and will benefit 828,000 people able to cope with the effects of climate change and 17,600 people with improved Resilience to Climate Change in 1.4 1.88 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Rwanda Fund for Climate Change 2.3 3.09 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Rwanda – To improve climate adaptation and low carbon development by providing finance to the Rwanda Fund for Climate Change and Environment from the UK International Climate Fund. This will benefit 15 000 people to cope better with climate change impacts, 2000 people gain access to clean energy especially in rural areas, protect 1200 hectares of land against soil erosion, create 2000 green jobs as well as mobilise £8 million of additional finance from the private sector by July 2015. This contributes towards the MDG on environmental sustainability and ensuring an effective response to the impacts of climate change, thus securing current and future development gains as well as protection of the livelihoods of the poorest people. Rwanda Fund for Climate Change 0.8 1.03 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Supporting Structural Reform in 3.1 4.08 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, India – In line with the UK government’s aid policy and new development partnership with India, the ‘Supporting Structural Reform in the Indian Power Sector’ programme will improve the efficiency, reliability and sustainability of electricity supply in India through technical expertise, not through traditional grant support. It will provide world class expertise to support the market reforms and scale up of renewable energy supply that the Indian power sector needs to support growth and create jobs. It will work at the Central level and in upto three States which may include DFID focus states such as Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. 1.5 2.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Energy generation, Centrally Managed – The purpose is to build a global community of practice of entrepreneurs and innovators dedicated to develop and deploy climate smart technologies providing clean, safe, reliable and sustainable access to energy, water and other natural resources to poor communities in developing countries. Global Network of Climate 1.5 2.00 Committed ODA grant Mitigation

164 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 1000) Electricity Transmission 3.0 4.00 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Asia Regional – Increased energy trade between Central Asia (initially Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic) and South Asia (initially Afghanistan and Pakistan) for improved energy services leads to improved productivity, private investment, regional trade, and pro-poor growth through access to jobs and sanitation in rural areas – 2.3 3.09 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Zimbabwe – Contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases.
To reduce burden of water collection on women and girls; to improve basic education and gender equality. The programme target areas where effects of climate change and variability such as droughts and floods have affected community access to safe drinking water. Specifically, the programme is (i) Increasing the number of water sources in affected areas through rehabilitating and drilling high yielding and perennial water sources, (ii) Installing more energy efficient and clean solar powered Piped water systems with water storage facilities to ensure constant water supply and efficient water demand management during periods of water stress, (iii) Promoting water conservation through constructing waste water collection troughs at water points for livestock and (iv) Working with district water and sanitation technicians to construct climate resilient infrastructure. and sanitation in rural areas – 0.6 0.77 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Rural Access Programme 3 2.9 3.86 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Transport & Storage Nepal – To improve road access for 800,000 members of rural communities in the Western Region of Nepal, thereby improving economic opportunities and increasing access to markets and social services throughout the year. The project will lift 20,000 people out of poverty through access to work, skill trainings, and will promote equal opportunities for women. The project aims to contribute towards sustainable poverty reduction through investments in high value crops and will lay the foundations for private sector led development in the poorest region in the country. Climate variability and climate change are integrated in building new roads and maintaining existing roads through the programme. 2.8 3.79 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Emergency Response Bangladesh – This programme will deliver improvement in disaster preparedness and response for large-scale catastrophic emergencies (e.g. earthquakes and cyclones) and recurrent, predictable events such as flooding as well as providing predictable support to Rohingya refugees and vulnerable refugee Low Energy Inclusive Appliances 2.5 3.39 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Centrally Managed – To undertake research to accelerate the availability, affordability, efficiency and performance of Low Energy Inclusive Appliances (LEIA) suited to developing country contexts. Domestic and small-industrial electrical appliances are key to increasing the impact of energy access for poor consumers, expanding the markets for household solar and mini-grid systems, and enabling the most efficient use of available power where the grid is unreliable.” Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in Nepal – Building Back Better 2.5 3.37 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Reconstruction Relief & Nepal – Establish partnerships with local & central government, communities and businesses to support the (i) districts effected by the Earthquake to “build back better” including leading to more resilient (including climate resilient) infrastructure and institutions; (ii) the most vulnerable recover their livelihoods and assets; and (iii) the Government of Nepal to plan for and manage the response to Infrastructure for Climate Resilient 2.5 3.33 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Rural development India – In line with the UK government’s aid policy and revised development partnership with India, the Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth (ICRG) programme sees the UK provide world class expertise to improve the impact of the Indian Government’s $5 billion per year National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. The scheme will help over 5 million people living in three of India’s poorest states – Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Bihar – to increase their incomes and resilience to climate shocks. It guarantees 40 million households per year the opportunity to build small scale works (irrigation, flood defences, forest plantations etc.) to increase their incomes and protect themselves from extreme weather events. UK support will improve the design and quality of infrastructure built, increase the capacity of the government to deliver its own programmes and influence the policies of the largest programme of this type in the world. 2.4 3.25 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Asia Regional – a regional partnership in South Asia among the research community, its funders, and users foster a more coordinated and interactive climate research environment that supports good Increasing access to electricity in 2.4 3.20 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy distribution Sierra Leone – To increase access to improved, affordable and sustainable electricity supply for human development and wealth creation in Sierra Leone by 2018. through a combination of interventions supporting hard infrastructure, institutional reform and operational improvement. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 165 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 2.3 3.03 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Centrally Managed – To contribute to poverty reduction, improvements in nutritional status, and adaptation to climate change in South Asia and Africa in the face of climate change and resource scarcity, by developing new technologies, products and knowledge which promote agricultural productivity and increase the resistance of crops to diseases and pests. The programme will lead to increased agricultural productivity; increased production and consumption of nutritious vegetables; and improved food security and incomes for rural households in Africa and South Asia. African Risk Capacity (ARC) 2.2 2.92 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Disaster Prevention & Centrally Managed – To support a parametric (index-based) weather risk insurance pool that will provide participating African countries with predictable, quick-disbursing funds with which to implement pre-defined contingency response plans in the case of a drought. Indonesia – To catalyse a number of urgent climate initiatives that will accelerate the transition to a low carbon economy and prevent planned deforestation in the Indonesian provinces of Papua. Supporting a Sustainable Future 1.6 2.15 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Forestry Supporting a Sustainable Future 0.4 0.53 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 2.0 2.61 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Forestry Indonesia – The programme aims to promote green growth in Papua. It will contribute to the government of Papua’s vision and spatial plan that intends to preserve 90 per cent forest cover in the province. In doing so the programme will support the provinces transition away from a high carbon business as usual growth trajectory onto a low carbon development pathway.
The programme is designed to address the key barriers to private sector development in Papua that will enable firms to pursue low carbon business opportunities. It will work directly with firms, the financial sector, and the public sector to improve the commercial and environmental sustainability of small and medium sized enterprises. In addition, the programme will generate knowledge on how green growth can be implemented in Indonesia and globally. Adaptation Climate Technologies (Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund) 1.0 1.28 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Energy distribution Africa Regional – To stimulate private sector investment in developing low cost, clean energy and climate change technologies and services, such as solar power, biomass energy, irrigation and crop insurance products for small holder farmers. Every business supported by REACT must demonstrate a positive impact on the rural poor through increased incomes, employment and productivity or by reducing costs. Renewable Energy and Adaptation Climate Technologies (Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund) 1.0 1.28 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 1.3 1.77 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Centrally Managed – Programme aims to shift clean energy markets and delivery systems towards improving the health, safety and economic opportunities of low income girls and women in developing countries, principally in DFID and International Climate Fund (ICF) priority countries in Africa. Sustainable Energy for Women 0.6 0.76 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Climate Smart Agriculture in Africa 1.2 1.63 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Africa Regional – Improved knowledge, policies and longer-term incentives to drive increased uptake of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Eastern and Southern Africa member states. Climate Smart Agriculture in Africa 0.7 0.87 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 1.6 2.13 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Africa Regional – The programme aims to increase investment in geothermal energy in East Africa, contributing to economic development and growth, by addressing market failures which hinder the very early stages of geothermal market development, • reducing the risk of exploratory test drilling, leading to increased investor confidence in under exploited East Africa geothermal energy; and • improving geothermal strategy, policy and regulations that facilitate investment. 0.2 0.23 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 1.3 1.72 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Kenya – To reduce poverty in Kenya by enabling poor people to benefit from better functioning markets, including through mainstreaming climate resilience into market interventions, and by building greater awareness among influential decision makers of how markets can work better for the poor. This will increase household incomes of 148,000 small scale farmers and entrepreneurs – of whom 33% are women – by an average of over 20% by 2018. 36,000 jobs for women and 73,000 for men and male 0.4 0.57 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Centre for Disaster Protection 1.7 2.27 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Banking & Financial Centrally Managed – To protect poor and vulnerable people, save lives and help developing countries to get back on their feet more quickly after a disaster by working with governments to strengthen planning, embed early action, and use “risk financing” tools like insurance and contingent credit to finance more cost-effective, rapid and reliable response to emergencies. It aims to empower governments to build resilience to natural disasters and climate change, and take ownership of their risks, with more assistance delivered through pre-financed government-led systems. 166 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Regional Vulnerability Assessment 1.7 2.24 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Africa Regional – Supporting countries in the Southern Africa Development Community to measure vulnerability to climate change and use this to inform and strengthen emergency and African Agriculture Technology 1.7 2.23 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Centrally Managed – The expected impact of support to the proposed intervention is increased productivity of small-holder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa, including scaling up of crops resilient to climate shocks such as drought. This impact will be achieved through two outcomes a. Increased access/availability of appropriate agricultural technologies for small-holder farmers in targeted countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. b. A financially sustainable organisation/mechanism that is responsive to the needs of small-holder farmers in ensuring that market failures in the development and adoption of appropriate agricultural technologies continue to be addressed. 1.7 2.22 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Bangladesh – Climate change mitigation and access to clean energy to improve the livelihoods of rural poor in off- grid areas in Bangladesh. 0.9 1.20 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Urban development and Kenya – DFID is supporting emerging urban centres in Kenya to put in place sustainable urban economic plans; improve the investment climate and draw in investment for key climate-resilient infrastructure and value chain projects. This will include integrating digital technologies to build ‘smart’ towns/cities that improve the quality and performance of urban services and enable a better quality 0.6 0.80 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Delivering climate resilient Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa 1.5 2.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Centrally Managed – The proposed programme will allow us to respond effectively to identified needs and to demonstrate to other funders the types of infrastructural and management interventions that 1.4 1.89 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Rwanda – IMSAR will commercialise agriculture through improving the way agricultural market systems function. It will identify market failures and provide the necessary agricultural expertise and finance required to help address them. This will benefit the poor as producers, employees and consumers, and small and medium size business, resulting in increased sales among farmers and agro-enterprises, increase in the percentage of Rwandan agricultural produce that has value-added and an increase in export diversification. Given the strong link between income, income diversity, and the ability to adapt to the effects of climate change, IMSAR will help building poor households’ resilience to current and future climate threats through improving access to input and output markets, increasing opportunities to diversify their production, and increasing non-farm income sources as an alternative to agriculture. This will help decreasing their sensitivity to climate change and improving their adaptive capacity.
Corridor Programme in Tanzania 1.4 1.89 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Transport & Storage Tanzania – To raise rural incomes and increase food security by contributing to the improvements in the business environment for commercial agriculture in Tanzania (especially the southern corridor), as well as growth in number and scale of commercial agribusinesses and substantial improvement in the market operations of a number of agricultural commodity markets. This includes ensuring infrastructure is climate resilient, such as no weather-related road closures. The programme is expected to benefit 100,000 rural households by March 2015 and over 230,000 households by end of the Programme Green Mini-Grids Africa Regional Facility for Market Preparation, Evidence and Policy Development 1.1 1.48 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Africa Regional – The Green Mini-Grids programme aims to help transform the mini grid sector from a growing and sporadic series of pilot projects, to a thriving industry. Work includes development of small-scale electricity generation which serves a limited number of consumers via a distribution grid that can operate in isolation from national electricity transmission network. Transformation is to be achieved through the creation of a critical mass of experience and evidence of success in two countries (Kenya and Tanzania), coupled with improved policy and market conditions for investments regionally. Green Mini-Grids Africa Regional Facility for Market Preparation, Evidence and Policy Development 0.3 0.36 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 1.3 1.80 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Bangladesh – To increase transparency and accountability in Bangladesh by improving systems for management and proactive publication of official information that is relevant and accessible, timely and accurate, and by enabling state reformers, businesses and social activists to hold officials and decision makers answerable for their actions across a range of services including health, education, local government, climate finance and land administration. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 167 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 0.9 1.21 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Kenya – The Kenyan Constitution, adopted by referendum in 2010, introduced far reaching devolution to 47 newly-established counties. Hopes are high that devolution will improve accountability and service delivery and contribute to poverty reduction. The purpose of this programme is to build and improve public services for Kenyan citizens, particularly focusing at the county level where poverty exists and where public service delivery is poor. The programme will improve the ability of county governments to better plan, deliver and monitor the delivery of public services. This includes working with county governments to strengthen public financial management systems (e.g. improving accounting, audit and procurement systems) to ensure that public money is effectively spent and can be accounted for. It also includes a focus on critical services for example health and natural resource management (such as water scarcity due to climate change). The programme will help county governments to improve planning and allocation of budgets. 0.4 0.52 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Adapt Environmental and Climate 1.3 1.68 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Sudan – To increase understanding and integration of climate resilience and environmental management into delivery, plans and policy in Sudan. 100% ICF Funding. Pakistan National Cash Transfers 1.2 1.65 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Other Social Infrastructure Pakistan – To reduce poverty and improve living standards and educational attainment in the poorest families by providing regular payments to the female head of household. This includes reducing vulnerability to shocks such as flooding due to climate change. 315,000 additional beneficiary families will benefit by 2020. This programme will contribute to 1.05 million primary school children being supported in school and directly contribute to Millennium Development Goals 1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; and Millennium Development Goals 2: Achieve universal primary education. 0.9 1.13 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Kenya – To improve the Kenyan Government’s accountability to its citizens by delivering peaceful, transparent, inclusive elections and providing support to non-governmental organisations, oversight bodies and independent commissions that can influence and deliver reforms thereby supporting the goal of making Kenya a more stable democracy. The project aims to improve county government planning, budgeting, human resource management, results, performance management and citizen engagement. In each of these areas, UK support will focus on governance, health, climate change and 0.4 0.48 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 1.2 1.60 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Centrally Managed – The UK will provide up to £165m over 5 years in two phases of £82.5m. The programme will provide technical support on city and regional interventions in 3 focus countries, Burma, Uganda and Zambia resulting in increased inclusive economic growth and job creation. The interventions will help city economies to become more productive, deliver access to reliable, affordable, renewable power for businesses and households, and strengthen investment into infrastructure services, including from the UK. Market Development in Northern 1.2 1.57 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Ghana – To improve incomes and increase resilience of poor farmers and small-scale rural entrepreneurs in Northern Ghana. 1.2 1.56 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Asia Regional – To improve the management of water within and between South Asian countries, reducing poverty by enabling adaptation to climate change and reducing the risk of conflict over water resources. By 2018, 500 million people living in river basins will benefit from improved water management by reducing their risk of exposure to flooding and drought and enhancing regional security by improving cooperation between governments. UK-INDIA Partnership on National Fund -Green Growth Equity Fund 1.2 1.55 Committed ODA equity Mitigation Energy generation, India – The NIIF sub-fund will use UK government finance to catalyse private sector investments from global UK investors, through the City of London to infrastructure projects in India. To help India address a key constraint to inclusive growth by boosting investment into infrastructure – which will lead to growth, job creation and poverty reduction in India.
The fund is fully attributed to climate change mitigation – ie low carbon development, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The fund will primarily invest in sectors like Renewable Energy, Clean Transportation, Water Treatment, and Waste Management. The success of this intervention will lead to follow on private investment that will have a transformational impact on India's economic development. Strengthening disaster resilience 1.2 1.54 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Disaster Prevention & Nepal – This project will strengthen disaster resilience in Nepal, particularly to earthquakes, by working with urban centres to build and plan more safely; supporting the strengthening of critical public infrastructure to earthquakes; working to strengthen national capacity to respond to crises and ensure that the international community is prepared; and ensuring that the UK is able to support a humanitarian response should a crises hit. TMEA will strengthen climate resilience by supporting climate-smart infrastructure development

168 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Support to Trademark East Africa 0.7 0.89 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Trade Policies & TMEA will strengthen climate resilience by supporting climate-smart infrastructure development and export diversification, with approximately 30% of programme spend contributing to our International Climate Fund (ICF) target. Examples include supporting the government and private sector to develop more efficient – and climate resilient – port infrastructure that saves energy and reduces emissions, at the same time as increasing trade flows; creation of logistics hubs in secondary cities, reducing inefficient empty backhaul truck journeys, so reducing average emissions per tonne-km transported; and supporting better data on trade-related carbon emissions gathered through our ICT4 Support to Trademark East Africa 0.5 0.60 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 1.1 1.48 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Nepal – To accelerate private investment and economic growth in Nepal by providing technical expertise to help Nepalese institutions develop major infrastructure (including renewable energy); improve the business climate for domestic and foreign investors; improve the implementation of economic policy and test new approaches for local economic development. This will result in at least £600 million of private investment into growth-boosting sectors and a reduction by at least 10% in time or cost for at least five regulatory processes perceived as burdensome by the private sector. 1.1 1.47 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Centrally Managed – The purpose of the project is to develop new science and technology to support the development of new crop varieties with more resistance and less vulnerability to biotic and abiotic shocks which will result from new and emerging crop pests and diseases, climate change and Support to Bangladesh’s National 1.0 1.27 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Urban development and Bangladesh – Improvement in the integration of poor communities into municipal planning, budgeting and management, with a particular focus on women and girls and climate resilience; piloting of options for scale up and lesson learning at national level to inform overall urban policy and poverty reduction. Support to Bangladesh’s National 0.1 0.13 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Poorest States Inclusive Growth 1.0 1.32 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Banking & Financial India – To enhance economic value generated for the poor as producers, consumers and employees by investing in impact enterprises including clean energy. This will benefit up to 30 enterprises and generate employment incomes of at least £10m.To ensure poor and vulnerable people in low income states (especially women) benefit from economic growth through better access to financial services, and investing in private sector projects that will benefit the poor as producers, consumers and employers. This will benefit 12 million low income households with improved access to financial services and up to 30 enterprises in attracting additional investments worth £56 million. 1.0 1.30 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Centrally Managed – To increase private investment in renewable energy projects in developing countries by providing investors with comparable and robust policy and market information in an easily accesible data tool. Renewable energy is becoming a cheaper solution than fossil fuels in many developing countries and by providing better information to potential investors, Climatescope supports increasing investment in renewable energy in developing countries. This in turn will support economic growth through greater access to sustainable energy and allow businesses to prosper. 0.7 0.97 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Energy generation, Somalia – To support Somaliland in diversifying its energy mix, enhancing resilience and facilitating an enabling institutional and regulatory environment for the expansion of access to electricity. 0.2 0.24 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Learning from the International 0.5 0.60 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Centrally Managed – The purpose of the programme is to provide the evidence and learning to increase the effectiveness and measure the impact of the UK’s international climate funding. Learning from the International 0.5 0.60 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Assisting Public Institutions and to Effects of Climate Change in Tanzania ( AIM for Resilience) 0.9 1.13 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Tanzania – To enable the poorest and most vulnerable in Tanzanian society to become more resilient to climate change and to benefit from low carbon growth through the strengthening of the United Republic of Tanzania Public sector institutions to implement the national climate change strategy and adaptation plans. The programme will also support relevant sector Ministries to implement their sector resilience plans; support to building the capacity of the Tanzania Meteorological Agency to provide meteorological data management and providing efficient services to its customers; and seek to develop sustainable private sector markets. This programme is a central element of the UK International Climate Fund portfolio in Tanzania and will help maximise the return from the wider investments.
Assisting Public Institutions and to Effects of Climate Change in Tanzania ( AIM for Resilience) 0.0 0.05 Committed ODA grant Mitigation

Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 169 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Assistance of Refugees in Kenya 0.8 1.06 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Emergency Response Kenya – To improve the efficiency in delivery of basic services to refugees (including developing or rehabilitating climate-smart camp infrastructure) and to strengthen their resilience and that of the communities hosting them. This will be achieved through targeted assistance and greater use of cash- based assistance. This programme will assist adolescent girls and women of reproductive age and malnourished children under 5 years of age through nutritional interventions as well as ensuring that the survivors of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) receive appropriate medical care in a timely manner. The project will also assist 8,000 refugees with livelihoods opportunities , including climate smart opportunities such as processing solid waste for onselling or producing energy-efficient stoves, and will support the voluntarily return of refugees to their countries of origin. 0.4 0.48 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Indonesia – To contribute to national debate on economic costs and benefits of unilateral and regional actions on mitigation and adaptation; to raise awareness about the urgency of climate change challenges and their potential socioeconomic impact on Indonesia, while informing other stakeholders (e.g., civil society, academia, media, nongovernment organizations, private sector, and aid agencies) of the same; and to indirectly support government and private sector actions in Indonesia to mitigate and 0.4 0.48 Committed ODA grant Mitigation ESPA – Eco System Services for 0.5 0.71 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Centrally Managed – To understand why ecosystems are becoming degraded, including as a result of climate change, and how to reverse this and to ascertain what institutional changes need to be put in place for ecosysyem management to improve for the benefit of the poor. ESPA – Eco System Services for 0.1 0.17 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Corridors for Growth 0.4 0.56 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Transport & Storage Tanzania – To increase Tanzania’s infrastructure for trade in three ways (i) Co-financing the Dar Port eTanzania – To increase Tanzania’s infrastructure for trade in three ways (i) Co-financing the Dar Port expansion together with the World Bank and Tanzania Port Authority will double port capacity and enable Tanzania’s entire trade volume to increase by two thirds. (ii) Project preparation funding for six more major regional transport projects are expected to catalyse up to £600m of development finance incorporating climate resilent design. (iii) Launching a new approach to Public-Private Partnerships will improve infrastructure in municipal areas and build capacity for larger PPP’s in the future.The programme is expected to reduce the costs of doing business in Tanzania, contributing to growth, more jobs and lower poverty. The short-term beneficiaries will be users such as traders, logistics providers and public citizens. International business including from the UK will benefit from better access to trade. In the medium to long run employment is expected to increase from indirect effects. Corridors for Growth 0.2 0.28 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Water for Three States (Red Sea, 0.6 0.84 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Water Supply & Sanitation Sudan – To provide the people of Eastern Sudan with access to sustainable clean drinking water sources, improved sanitation facilities, and hygiene promotion by 2018. This will be achieved by implementing water and sanitation projects in selected rural areas of Gadaref, Kassala and Red Sea States and by designing a comprehensive and feasible plan for rehabilitation and expansion of Port Sudan water and sanitation systems. The programme contributes to the seventh Millennium Development Goal that is to ensure environmental sustainability by reducing the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. 40% ICF funding. 0.6 0.84 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Health, General Uganda – The Karamoja Nutrition Programme will deliver services to treat acute malnutrition; strengthen health service planning and delivery; improve access to supplements that prevent micronutrient deficiencies for mothers and children; and test and scale initiatives to prevent malnutrition in Karamoja – including through crop bio-fortification. It will strengthen climate resilience through operation & maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems in selected health centers in the semi- arid region 0.3 0.39 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Urban development and Centrally Managed – To improve the enabling environment for sustainable, inclusive growth-enhancing infrastructure service delivery in DFID focus countries; and, Harness the benefits of cities for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in DFID focus countries. The ICED programme can help DFID to deliver low carbon growth and resilient economic growth which sustainably manage our 0.3 0.39 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Nutrition in South Asia (LANSA) 0.6 0.76 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Health, General Centrally Managed – The purpose of this research programme is to answer the question “how can South Asian agriculture and related food security policies and interventions best be designed and implemented to increase their impacts on nutrition, especially the nutrition status of children and

170 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information use of evidence and innovation in 0.6 0.74 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Research/scientific Centrally Managed – This is business case 2/3 which implements the DFID Humanitarian Innovation and Evidence Strategy. This programme will develop and test innovative approaches to humanitarian practice; provide evidence of the cost effectiveness of investments in disaster risk reduction; provide new evidence on the scaling up of cash-based approaches; support better evidence on insurance as a risk management tool; and create new evidence on the best intervention to improve health and nutrition in emergencies.This is one of three business cases which implements the DFID Humanitarian Innovation and Evidence Strategy. Between 2000-2009, more than 2.2 billion people were affected by 4,484 natural disasters.
Vulnerability to hazards is increasing as a result of demographic, political and environmental changes. Demand for humanitarian assistance is likely to rise while economic constraints are also increasing. In this context it is important to ensure that the most effective and cost Technical Assistance for Smart 0.3 0.41 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Urban development and India – To enhance the potential of Indian cities in poorer and developing states such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra to promote growth and jobs creation. UK support will achieve this by developing partnerships with UK urban planning, research and business organisations to help India cities develop investment plans, attract finance and deliver smart urban solutions that create jobs for the urban poor. Activities including climate resilient infrastructure, climate and disaster risk insurance, renewable energy and water management. Technical Assistance for Smart 0.2 0.27 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Tribal Areas (FATA) Development 0.5 0.67 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Conflict, Peace & Security Pakistan – The programme will work on the Basic Heath, Education, Rule of law, Civilian Peace- Building, Conflict Prevention and Resolution, Public Sector Financial Management, climate change elements and Economic and Development Policy/Planning for the Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (previously called the Federally Administered Tribal Areas) in Pakistan. 0.5 0.63 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Basic Education Pakistan – To improve access, retention and the quality of education for all children in primary and secondary schools of Punjab Province in Pakistan. All government school children (6 million primary, 4 million secondary) and children attending school through the Punjab Education Foundation (around 2.2 million) will have benefited from UK support in Punjab by March 2019. Buildings will be sited and constructed in environmentally sound and climate resilient ways (such as to build resilient to floods), testing new approaches including using climate-friendly local materials. Strengthening Economic Systems 0.2 0.29 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Bangladesh – To increase the dialogue on economic reforms, and support the Government of Bangladesh to make more pro-poor economic policies, including building evidence on the macro-economic impact of climate change and the economic impact of climate-induced migration. Strengthening Economic Systems 0.2 0.29 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 0.4 0.48 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture India – To significantly improve the performance of the agriculture sector in Bihar by improving access to markets for identified agriculture and horticulture products, access to finance, knowledge and technology, and institutional capacity for market regulation and support farmers in building resilience to the impacts of climate change such as drought and flooding. This will reflect higher private sector investment, higher production and higher price realisation by 1,00,000 farmers. 0.3 0.41 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Rwanda – To sustainably increase the agricultural productivity of poor farmers by transforming Rwandan agriculture from a subsistence-based to a more commercial-based sector that accelerates agricultural growth. This will help address challenges that may limit agriculture productivity, reduce the rate at which poverty is falling, increase inequality and hamper improvements in food security and malnutrition. The programme will build resilience to climate variability and improve sustainable management of agricultural land by increasing soil erosion control, small scale irrigation and strengthening sustainability and resilience strategies. The programme will result in increased agricultural productivity, food security and incomes of poor households and contributes towards the MDG’s by helping to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and; promoting gender equality and 0.0 0.04 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Sustainable Inclusive Livelihoods 0.4 0.47 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Trade Policies & Rwanda – The project supports job creation and increased incomes by working with smallholder farmers to develop greenfield tea. The Wood Foundation Africa (TWFA) will set up and run two Services Companies supporting approximately 12,000 smallholder tea farmers over 7,500 hectares. Farmers will be supported to produce tea for the first time, employing best farming practices, including understanding and managing climate risk and variability.The Services Company will be co-owned by the farmers. This will lead to improved incomes and livelihoods (in particular nutrition and education) for the farmers and their families. Unilever and Luxmi will build a factory which will heavily rely on the tea supplied by the smallholder farmers with support from The Wood Foundation Africa. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 171 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 0.3 0.46 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Urban development and India – The project, in partnership with National Housing Bank, will stimulate the growth of the affordable housing market by providing loans to build 17,000 housing units and 10,000 home loans for low income families. This will result in 27,000 construction jobs for the poorest people in low income states in India by 2020. This programme is predominantly in the form of Development Capital Investment, which generates a return to the UK. The technical assistance will support policy and system strengthening for the sector as well as promote innovative models and technologies. Appropriate choice of location will enhance resilience to climate shocks (flood, cyclone etc.) and disasters. Effective site planning and building envelope design, use of efficient building materials and construction practices, maximising the reuse and recycling of materials, and use of renewable resources can all help in reducing GHG emissions and environmental degradation. 0.2 0.25 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Urban development and India – Provide UK support on urban governance, planning, finance and city partnerships to deliver Government of India's urban development programmes in select UK-India partner cities. The support will bring the best expertise from the UK to help create economically vibrant, safe and climate resilient cities in India. Smart Urban Development in 0.1 0.16 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Climate Public Private Partnership 0.3 0.40 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Banking & Financial Centrally Managed – CP3 aims to demonstrate that climate friendly investments in developing countries, including in renewable energy, water, energy efficiency and forestry are not only ethically right but also commercially viable.
It aims to attract new forms of finance such as pension funds and sovereign wealth funds into these areas by creating two commercial private equity funds of funds which will invest in subfunds and projects in developing countries, creating track records of investment performance which should in turn encourage further investments and accelerate the growth of Decentralised Renewable Energy 0.3 0.40 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy distribution India – DREAM will help three of the poorest States in India provide energy to around 1.8m people. It will use UK expertise to mobilise public and private investment in sustainable and affordable energy supplies delivered by private energy businesses – creating 2000 jobs and supporting at least 200 women develop energy businesses. Applied Research on Energy and 0.2 0.29 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy Policy Centrally Managed – Assisting policy makers in Low Income Countries to make better decisions about when, and how, to prioritise investment in high cost energy infrastructure. Through improved research and evidence on how to maximise the economic benefits of large scale energy projects, and a better understanding of how to bring the benefits of modern energy services to poorer people in Applied Research on Energy and 0.1 0.07 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 0.2 0.28 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Centrally Managed – To provide knowledge and best practices to help over 6 million smallholder farmers in up to 43 countries adapt to climate change. Grants will be made build small scale water- harvesting, water storage and irrigation systems for farmers; provide farmers with improved seeds that are drought tolerant; help farmers access markets to sell their crops; to plant trees on farms and introduce soil and water conservation practices; and, enable farmers to access daily and seasonal weather forecasts (e.g. using text messages) so they know when best to plant and harvest crops. 0.1 0.07 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 0.2 0.20 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Mineral Resources & Rwanda – SDMR aims to improve the livelihoods of over 40,000 Rwandans involved in the artisanal and small scale mining industry. Moreover, it will tackle Rwanda’s growing trade deficit by increasing exports, help to attract much-needed private investment in the industry, and ultimately support Rwanda’s path to economic transformation by creating more, higher paid, safer jobs for poor Rwandans. The outcome of the programme will be an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable ASM in target areas.This will contribute to the impact of an increased contribution of the mining sector to economic growth and improving livelihoods among ASM communities and improved management and operations of mines will reduce climate change related flooding and landslide risks. 0.0 0.03 Committed ODA grant Adaptation NIAF 2 – Nigeria Infrastructure 0.1 0.11 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Urban development and Nigeria – To enhance the management of Nigeria’s infrastructure development towards power sector reform, capital spending, repair and maintenance of roads, climate change adaptation and mitigation. This is expected to result to increased economic growth, job creation and contribute towards the MDGs by significantly reducing poverty for the majority of the Nigeria populace by year 2020. NIAF 2 – Nigeria Infrastructure 0.1 0.11 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 0.1 0.17 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Tanzania – To empower Tanzanian citizens and strengthen civil society by providing grants and capacity building support to selected civil society organisations, to increase the accountability and responsiveness of government and the resilience of citizens to climate change. This contributes towards the Millenium Development Goals by ensuring Tanzanians are increasingly able to exercise their 0.0 0.05 Committed ODA grant Mitigation

172 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Carbon Market Finance for Africa 0.1 0.15 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy distribution Africa Regional – The project will transform the use of Clean Development Mechanism and other carbon market finance in Africa, for increased access to small scale, low carbon energy applications in rural areas. This will be through demonstrating the practical use and financial viability of innovative “standardised baselines” and new approaches to bundle small scale CDM projects Carbon Market Finance for Africa 0.0 0.05 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 0.1 0.16 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Urban development and Asia Regional – This programme will help cities plan for and invest in reducing the impacts of weather- related changes and extreme events, through a partnership with the Rockefeller foundation and the Asian Development Bank, on 2 million urban poor and vulnerable people in 25 medium-sized cities in 6 Asian countries (initially Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, Indonesia) by improving planning processes so that they consider climate change risks, for developing and funding new investment and infrastructure opportunities, and for knowledge and lesson sharing by 2018. Stability and Growth Programme 0.1 0.10 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Government & Civil Pakistan – To improve macro-economic stability and growth in Pakistan by providing the Government with financial aid and technical assistance in support of the International Monetary Fund Extended Financing Facility. Energy subsidy reforms under the EFF should contribute to increased investment in green energy and less waste and carbon emissions. This will benefit the people of Pakistan by establishing the conditions for faster and more equitable growth. This contributes towards our MDGs by enabling the Government of Pakistan to finance essential public expenditure and protect the poor from the adverse impact of structural reforms. Results Based Financing for Low 0.0 0.05 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Centrally Managed – To increase access to clean energy through the creation of an expanding market of green mini-grid installations in Africa serving rural villages unconnected to the main grid. This is expected to benefit around 1.3m people by 2018, while reducing carbon emissions by around 260,000 Tonnes of carbon dioxide, through supported private investment in the installation and operation of over 110 renewably-powered mini-grids (figures to be updated after Business Case completion).
Electricity access for lighting, communications and productive uses creates jobs, enables studying at night and enhances public services (such as clinics) and public safety (eg through streetlighting). This project also addresses the post-2015 High Level Panel’s recommendation on a development goal entitled Secure Sustainable Energy, which includes energy access and renewable energy. The Results-Based Financing for Low Carbon Energy Access Programme aims to accelerate access to sustainable energy services in developing countries. The funding generates and tests different forms of Results-Based Financing (RBF) mechanism, which aim to stimulate decentralised energy markets and to leverage private investment to increase access to clean energy products and services. Results Based Financing for Low 0.0 0.05 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Centrally Managed – To increase access to clean energy through the creation of an expanding market of green mini-grid installations in Africa serving rural villages unconnected to the main grid. This is expected to benefit around 1.3m people by 2018, while reducing carbon emissions by around 260,000 Tonnes of carbon dioxide, through supported private investment in the installation and operation of over 110 renewably-powered mini-grids (figures to be updated after Business Case completion). Electricity access for lighting, communications and productive uses creates jobs, enables studying at night and enhances public services (such as clinics) and public safety (eg through streetlighting). This project also addresses the post-2015 High Level Panel’s recommendation on a development goal entitled Secure Sustainable Energy, which includes energy access and renewable energy. The Results-Based Financing for Low Carbon Energy Access Programme aims to accelerate access to sustainable energy services in developing countries. The funding generates and tests different forms of Results-Based Financing (RBF) mechanism, which aim to stimulate decentralised energy markets and to leverage private investment to increase access to clean energy products and services. Results Based Financing for Low 0.0 0.01 Committed ODA grant Adaptation 0.0 0.05 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Industry To create jobs and investment in Zambia by building the capacity of micro, small and medium enterprises, including for example those which use climate resilient technology or promote soil conservation. The programme will help to create over 26,500 jobs by 2019. Private Enterprise Programme 0.0 0.01 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Rwanda Multi-Donor Civil Society 0.0 0.03 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Rwanda – Strengthened civil society engagement on critical social cohesion, reconciliation and governance issues in Rwanda, prioritising four policy (i) access to services amongst people with disabilities; (ii) sustainable agriculture; (iii) coordination of responses to gender-based violence (GBV); and (iv) promoting reconciliation in relation to the 1994 Genocide. DFID will provide funding and technical support to Rwandan civil society organisations to support the design and implementation of governance and reconciliation focused initiatives, and to support more effective engagement (influencing) with government on these issues. Rwanda Multi-Donor Civil Society 0.0 0.03 Committed ODA grant Mitigation

Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 173 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 0.0 0.04 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Population Policies/ Zambia – The Zambia Health Systems Strengthening programme aims improve the health of women and girls in Zambia across the continuum of care from birth, childhood and motherhood. This together with our other parallel interventions to strengthen the health system, will by 2021 result in a reduction in child and maternal deaths by 25% and 15% respectively and contribute towards attainment of the sustainable development goal for health. The nutrition status of 500,000 children, women and young girls will be improved and 270,000 girls and women gain access to family planning. It will ensure that Zambia is able to prevent, detect, and raise a comprehensive response to disease outbreaks and the International Forestry Knowledge 0.0 0.01 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Forestry Centrally Managed – Uptake of international forestry knowledge, evidence and tools for international International Forestry Knowledge 0.0 0.01 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 0.0 0.03 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy distribution Tanzania – To improve access to clean, safe and reliable energy for Tanzanians, particularly the rural poor. This includes support for green mini-grids and technical assistance for energy access companies 0.0 0.03 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Disaster Prevention & Caribbean – To provide operational support to the CDEMA coordinating unit and national disaster offices for strengthening procurement, contract and logistics management during emergencies. 0.0 0.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation General Environment Centrally Managed – Research programme focusing on pollution and reducing its harmful impacts on poor people. DFID funding will improve the current level of knowledge on the links between pollution, human health and livelihoods and associated economic impacts in developing countries. The research will contribute to the development of innovative environmental remediation techniques and technological solutions to reduce levels of air, water and soil pollution in developing countries and mitigate impacts on public health. 0.0 0.00 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Enhancing Community Resilience 0.0 0.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Malawi – To achieve sustainable disaster-resilient communities through community-based best practices, public awareness and policy change. Enhancing Community Resilience 0.0 0.00 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Population Policies/ A number of projects have returned ODA, until this money is respent is counts as negative ODA which we have recorded against the appropriate themes.
Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.00 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Negative ODA flow -0.00 -0.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Energy Policy Negative ODA flow -0.00 -0.00 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.00 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.00 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.03 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Health, General Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.03 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Negative ODA flow -0.1 -0.08 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Negative ODA flow -0.2 -0.28 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy generation, Negative ODA flow -0.2 -0.21 Committed ODA grant Mitigation General Environment Negative ODA flow -0.2 -0.20 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Negative ODA flow -0.8 -1.05 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Energy distribution Negative ODA flow -0.2 -0.25 Committed ODA grant Adaptation UK Climate Investments 36.16 48.21 Committed ODA Equity Mitigation Energy generation, UK Climate Investments UKCI is a joint venture between the Green Investment Group (GIG) and the UK Government to invest in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in developing countries. Due diligence costs 0.59 0.79 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Environmental policy Expenditure on external legal advice, evaluation and auditing services to support ODA spend. 174 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Administrative costs 1.98 2.64 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Environmental policy ODA eligible costs associated with the management and delivery of programmes. Partnerships for Forests 2.83 3.77 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Forestry policy Partnerships for Forests catalyses investments in which the private sector, public sector and communities can achieve shared value from sustainable forests and sustainable land use. 68 90.67 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development and Supports build demonstration portfolios of green construction at scale, reducing emissions, mobilising new finance and inspiring markets to shift towards the new energy efficient buildings of the future. 50 66.67 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Multisector Aid UK-branded private finance flagship programme provides concessional financing and technical assistance for sustainable infrastructure in Latin America. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation 45 60.00 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment The Facility supports developing countries that show strong leadership on tackling climate change and who want to implement transformational Nationally Appropriate Mitigating Actions. 19.15 25.53 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy policy and Support phase-out of coal globally and ensure technical support is available and accessible to countries wanting to consider or increase the pace of coal phase out in the short term. Global Climate Partnership Fund 18.5 24.67 Committed ODA Equity Mitigation Energy conservation and An investment vehicle that invests through local banks in developing countries to make finance available to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and households in developing countries for energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy projects. 15 20.00 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Forestry policy The FCPF-C is a World Bank administered fund that is helping to build long-term reforms in forested countries that ultimately align incentives clearly towards sustainable forest management. Climate Leadership in Cities 8.03 10.71 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Urban development and The project aims to support cities in developing countries to plan for, and implement, ambitious 5 6.67 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy generation, non- Supports developing and emerging economies to develop both the technical and institutional knowledge necessary to enable CCUS technology deployment. NDC Partnership 1 1.33 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment The NDC Partnership is an new international partnership aiming to help turn countries’ climate targets under the Paris Agreement, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), into specific 0.83 1.11 Committed ODA Grant Crosscutting Environmental policy To develop capacity of developing country negotiators to engage in international climate negotiations. 0.54 0.72 Committed ODA Equity Mitigation Energy generation, An equity investment in a fund that seeks to demonstrate to private sector investors that climate friendly investments in developing countries are financially viable. Silvopastoral Systems 0.26 0.35 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Agricultural policy Promotes Silvopastoral Systems (SPS) in Colombia – these are agricultural techniques which improve and convert cattle grazing land into a richer environment by planting trees, shrubs, fodder crops and living fences and conserving existing forest. 0.22 0.29 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy research Working directly with 10 developing country governments to help them build their own version of the UK's 2050 calculator. The calculator will explore global scenarios, illustrating the impacts of these Global Innovation Lab for Climate 0.13 0.17 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Business support Programme identifies, designs, and supports the piloting of new climate finance instruments with the aim of unlocking billions of dollars of fresh private investment for climate change mitigation and adaption Carbon Initiative for Development 0.11 0.15 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy policy and Ci-Dev will invest in low carbon technologies that deliver community and household level benefits, particularly focused on improving poor peoples’ access to clean energy. By successfully demonstrating the ability of carbon finance to deliver low carbon development in least developed countries Ci-Dev hopes to increase future carbon finance flows to these countries. 0.075 0.10 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy policy and The Climate Finance Accelerator (CFA) is an innovative international initiative aimed to accelerate the transformation of NDCs into Climate Investment Plans supported by pipelines of bankable projects needed to attract investment at scale from the private sector. 0.31 0.41 Committed ODA Grant Crosscutting Environmental research Supporting attendance by developing countries at IPCC Plenary meetings, scoping meetings and author meetings. Also supports developing country participation in working group III that asssess options for mitigating climate change. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 175 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Ecometrica Forests 2020 4.02 5.36 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Research/scientific This project addresses critical gaps in current forest monitoring systems by providing a sustained and effective forest monitoring system capable of measuring forest change and providing information on the risks and drivers of forest loss.
2.08 2.77 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Research/scientific This project aims to provide accurate flood and drought predictions to farmers in Uganda and Kenya so that they are able to use that information to adjust their farming and livestock activities, with the ultimate impact of reducing the losses they would otherwise suffer from flood and drought impacts. The system is enabled through use of data with improved quality, detail and frequency from the Sentinel 1, 2 and 3 satellites (to ensure low cost) combined with SMOS/SMAP and climate modelling/ Astrostat Forest Management and 1.98 2.64 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Research/scientific The key aims of this project are to provide Guatemala with a centralised Forestry Management support tool that allows them to; monitor changes in the forestry canopy to look for deforestation or logging activities, identify illegal logging sites to facilitate intervention and prosecution provide information for evidence in legal proceedings. This will support Guatemala in their abilities to manage forests through knowledge exchange, capacity building and training. It will also establish a certified product for sustainable forestry management in the Central American region enabling wider roll out of the system to 1.92 2.56 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Education policy Our aim is of a world in which all DAC list countries make rapid progress to the achievement of the SDGs and the delivery of emissions reductions necessary for the Paris Climate Change Agreement by selecting, designing, financing, and managing dams to meet local, national and regional development Growing research capability to developing countries – SUNRISE 1.44 1.92 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Education policy The SUNRISE network unites several leading universities and industrial collaborators from the UK and India in a transdisciplinary research collaboration. This international network will develop and implement the technology necessary to build a minimum of five solar-powered building demonstrators EcoProMISE 1.34 1.79 Committed ODA Grant Crosscutting Research/scientific The EcoProMIS project aims to help Colombian rice and oil palm farmers to improve productivity and stabilise incomes, allowing them to compete globally whilst responding to climate change and producing responsibly. The project uses satellite Earth Observation alongside environmental and crop data to research the impact of crop and ecosystem management on biodiversity, greenhouse gas 1.25 1.67 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research Our aim is to deliver high quality science outcomes required to improve the environmental information available to support two development challenges in coastal states on the DAC list of Official Development Aid a) Sustainable growth of, and resilience to change for, the blue economies of partner countries and b) Resilience to natural hazards including impact-based, climate-proof coastal 1.2 1.60 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Education policy The DAMS 2.0 project is building links between UK research bodies and institutes in Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Jordan and Myanmar, as well as influential international environmental organisations and is working to provide transformative research and knowledge on how to design and plan the complex water-energy systems that minimises impact on poor people, avoids environmental degradation and provides water and energy security for all. 1.17 1.56 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Small and medium- Supporting R&D projects involving Malaysian and UK business and research collaborations, that propose innovative commercial solutions to key challenges related to climate change and its impact Common Sensing 0.75 1.00 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Research/scientific The overall aim of CommonSensing is to improve resilience towards climate change, including disaster risk reduction, and contribute to sustainable development in three selected Commonwealth Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The project will combine earth observation data to provide stakeholders with access to important information regarding disaster risks (including disaster risk planning, food security, climate risk and other environmental concerns). This information will be accessible to beneficiaries through a web portal and mobile applications. RE-SAT – Phase 2 Call 1 0.47 0.63 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Research/scientific The project aims to assess the feasibility (using EO data) of small island developing states to move away from fossil fuel and onto renewable energy as their primary power source. The project will use historic Earth Observation data combined with ground observations and weather models to develop a proof-of- concept energy planning tool – RE-SAT. 176 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Cascade processes for integrated bio-refining of agricultural waste in 0.31 0.41 Committed ODA Grant Crosscutting Agricultural research Collaborative research grant with Vietnamese partners exploring the impact of environmental change on the sustainability of rice cultivation and the socio-economic development of highly vulnerable Asia's river mega deltas. Aims to drive farm adaptation strategies (i.e. flood management), livelihood change, and define agricultural policy. PASSES – Call 2 0.07 0.09 Committed ODA Grant Crosscutting Research/scientific This project will use satellite observations and measurements to map peat condition, even when under a forest canopy. By monitoring water levels and improving hydrology in the peatland areas, the risk of fire can be dramatically reduced. By using freely available observations from satellites through the EU Copernicus programme and use of emerging industrial hosted processing capabilities, PASSES will prove that peatland monitoring is a cost effective way to reduce forest fires. 0.02 0.03 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Research/scientific The proposed network aims to develop a new partnership to build capacity within developing countries to support the implementation and revision of NDCs within national pro-poor climate, energy and development planning. The network will expand an existing knowledge network of researcher and practitioners largely from developing countries from the Global South to include researchers, decision- makers and stakeholders in African countries and researchers from the UK. 0.96 1.28 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Environmental research To strengthen the climate science and research relationship between Brazil and the UK. To work in partnership with Brazilian research institutes with the aim of improving climate and carbon cycle modelling to help inform future policy and climate service.
0.94 1.25 Committed ODA Grant Crosscutting Environmental research Collaborative climate science research programme between Brazilian and UK to improve understanding of recent climate changes and Brazil’s role in mitigation activities to inform international negotiations; to enhance projections of future weather and climate extremes and impacts to inform decision making and contribute to disaster risk reduction in Brazil. East Asian climate variability and assessment of its predictability for improving climate prediction skills 1.44 1.92 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research Climate change research focused on impacts on regional water cycle and climate extremes within East Asia. Collaboration between scientists in UK and China to strengthen research capacity and increase understanding of drivers of regional drought and flooding, thus contributing to developing the capability Integration of all activities across 1.68 2.24 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research China and UK collaborative development of translational science – a multi-disciplinary approach to bridge the gap between climate science and society to produce useable knowledge and applications. Development of case studies to demonstrate the value of climate science for services by translating climate information into beneficial decisions. Improve the observational basis climate variability and change 0.73 0.97 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research Collaborative climate science research between Chinese and UK researchers to help better understand the likely causes of climate-related extreme events and long-term climate trends in China and East Asia region. Increased scientific understanding will help to better mitigate the risks arising from climate 1.21 1.61 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research Collaborative climate science research programme between Chinese and UK to develop an enhanced understanding of underpinning climate dynamics and use of this to critically examine the performance of China and UK climate models and predictions. These models underpin climate services needed to support economic development and welfare. 0.42 0.56 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research Grants to develop methods to derive robust information on uncertainties in future climate variability and change in East Asia during the 21st century to help inform decision making and impacts analysis. Improve the observational basis climate variability and change 0.33 0.44 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research Improve the observational basis for understanding East Asian climate variability and change by including early years’ data through digitisation, and by developing techniques, software and tools to improve gridded datasets, including at higher temporal and spatial resolution and to assess their uncertainties. One focus could be on precipitation, to better enable the understanding of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and the wider hydrological cycle China and UK focused on climate 0.25 0.33 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Environmental research Research into near term climate projections in China and projections of 21st century hydrological change in China aims to enable better business planning and help inform climate adaptation choices. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 177 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 3.89 5.19 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Forests The objective of the Fund is to promote the sustainable management, conservation and restoration of mangrove habitats. It aims • Sequester or avoid 2,912,000 tonnes of GHG emissions • Restore or protect 5570ha of mangroves • Restore or protect £48m of ecosystem services • Deliver significant livelihood benefits 3.89 5.19 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation 0.74 0.99 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Forests Working to reduce deforestation of mangrove habitat, create new sustainable livelihoods, support community health and women’s empowerment and increase climate resilience in coastal communities. This project will initially be executed in Madagascar, expanding to Indonesia and an additional country in south-east Asia. Programme is projected to protect 20,000 hectares of mangrove forests; deliver 13.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide savings and benefit over 100,000 people. 0.74 0.99 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation

178 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Examples of support for technology transfer Many programmes funded by the UK actively support some form of technology development or transfer in developing countries. The list below provides some key Targeted area Measures and activities related to technology transfer Sector Source of the funding Global Mitigation The project aims to raise the level of technical understanding of Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) within key developing countries and emerging economies with high emissions (such as South Africa, Mexico, Indonesia and China), leading to the establishment of the necessary policy frameworks and incentive structures to support commercial, large-scale CCUS demonstration and ultimately accelerate the deployment of CCUS. Energy Private and public Private and public Implemented Colombia Mitigation The EcoProMIS project aims to help Colombian rice and oil palm farmers to improve productivity and stabilise incomes, allowing them to compete globally whilst responding to climate change and producing responsibly. The project uses satellite Earth Observation alongside environmental and crop data to research the impact of crop and ecosystem management on biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions and productivity. Energy Private and public Private and public Implemented Global Mitigation Global Network of Climate Technology Innovation The purpose is to build a global community of practice of entrepreneurs and innovators dedicated to develop and deploy climate smart technologies providing clean, safe, reliable and sustainable access to energy, water and other natural resources to poor communities in developing Private and public Private and public Implemented Africa Mitigation Transforming Energy The project is up to £65 million over five years, to support early stage testing and scale up of innovative technologies and business models that will accelerate access to affordable, clean energy services for poor households and enterprises, especially in Africa. The programme will i) partnership with Shell Foundation, enabling support to another 30+ early stage private sector innovations. ii) Innovate UK’s Energy Catalyst to stimulate technology innovation by UK enterprises; iii) build other strategic clean energy innovation partnerships (e.g. testing a new ‘P2P Solar’ crowdfunding platform; and scoping a potential new partnership with Gates Foundation on Mission Innovation); iv) skills and expertise development.
To support early stage testing and scale up of innovative technologies and business models that will accelerate access to affordable, clean energy services for poor households and enterprises, especially in Africa Energy Private and public Private and public Implemented Africa Mitigation Renewable Energy and Adaptation Climate Technologies (Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund): To stimulate private sector investment in developing low cost, clean energy and climate change technologies and services, such as solar power, biomass energy, irrigation and crop insurance products for small holder farmers. Every business supported by REACT must demonstrate a positive impact on the rural poor through increased incomes, employment and productivity or by reducing costs. Energy Private and public Private and public Implemented Uganda and Kenya Mitigation Drought and Flood Mitigation This project aims to provide accurate flood and drought predictions to farmers in Uganda and Kenya so that they are able to use that information to adjust their farming and livestock activities, with the ultimate impact of reducing the losses they would otherwise suffer from flood and drought impacts. The system is enabled through use of data with improved quality, detail and frequency from the Sentinel 1, 2 and 3 satellites (to ensure low cost) combined with SMOS/SMAP and climate modelling/meteorological data. Private and public Private and public Implemented Global Mitigation RE-SAT - Phase 2 Call 1: This project will use satellite observations and measurements to map peat condition, even when under a forest canopy. By monitoring water levels and improving hydrology in the peatland areas, the risk of fire can be dramatically reduced. By using freely available observations from satellites through the EU Copernicus programme and use of emerging industrial hosted processing capabilities, PASSES will prove that peatland monitoring is a cost effective way to reduce forest fires. Private and public Private and public Implemented Oceania Adaptation Common The overall aim of CommonSensing is to improve resilience towards climate change, including disaster risk reduction, and contribute to sustainable development in three selected Commonwealth Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The project will combine earth observation data to provide stakeholders with access to important information regarding disaster risks (including disaster risk planning, food security, climate risk and other environmental concerns). This information will be accessible to beneficiaries through a web portal and mobile applications. Private and public Private and public Implemented Global Mitigation This project addresses critical gaps in current forest monitoring systems by providing a sustained and effective forest monitoring system capable of measuring forest change and providing information on the risks and drivers of Private and public Private and public Implemented East Asia Adaptation Improve the observational basis for understanding East Asian climate variability and Improve the observational basis for understanding East Asian climate variability and change by including early years’ data through digitisation, and by developing techniques, software and tools to improve gridded datasets, including at higher temporal and spatial resolution and to assess their uncertainties. One focus could be on precipitation, to better enable the understanding of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and the wider hydrological cycle Private and public Private and public Implemented

Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 179 Examples of support for capacity building Many programmes funded by the UK actively support some form of support for capacity building in developing countries. The list below provides some key Targeted area Programme or project title Description of programme or project Ethiopia Adaptation Building Resilience in Ethiopia (BRE) To build Ethiopia’s resilience to climate and humanitarian shocks by seeking to support the Government of Ethiopia to lead an effective and accountable humanitarian response system. It will have four key Providing technical assistance to the Government of Ethiopia to lead and deliver an effective and accountable humanitarian response , delivering food and cash to people in humanitarian need in the most effective way, respond to emergency humanitarian needs in the most effective way and monitoring, evaluation and learning to strengthen humanitarian delivery Global Adaptation Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate To help up to 10 million people, especially women and children, in developing countries cope with extreme climate and weather events such as droughts, cyclones and floods (climate extremes). This will be achieved by doing three things. By making grants to civil society organisations to scale up proven technologies and practices in the Sahel, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia that help people withstand, and more quickly recover, from climate extremes. By identifying the best ways of doing this, and share this knowledge globally to increase the programme’s overall impact. By supporting national governments to strengthen their policies and actions to respond to climate extremes. These will all contribute to the Millennium Development Goals on the eradication poverty and hunger, and environmental sustainability, and also respond to the Humanitarian and Emergency Response Review recommendation that DFID should integrate the threat from climate change into a Disaster Risk Reduction. Africa Mitigation Africa Clean Energy Programme (ACE) The programme will catalyse a market based approach for private sector delivery of solar home system (SHS) products and services. This will lead to improved energy access for people in sub-Saharan Africa currently who are currently without modern energy. The programme will work in 14 priority Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leonne and Senegal.
1) Technical assistance to improve the enabling environment for a market based approach for private sector delivery of solar home system (SHS) products and services (Policy and Regulatory Reform, investment readiness, learning and Coordination) 2) Finance for businesses wanting to enter new and emerging SHS markets in sub-Saharan Africa for their start up and early commercialisation of ideas 3) Test innovative approaches to stimulating private sector investment and a market development.” Africa and Asia Adaptation CARIAA - Collaborative Adaptation Research Research to identify what works and what doesn’t in terms of cost-effective and sustainable ways to improve the resilience and capacity to adapt to climate change of the poorest and most vulnerable people and communities in three climate change ‘hot spots’ – semi-arid regions of Africa and Central and South Asia; low-lying heavily populated deltas of Africa and South Asia and; densely populated river basins dependent on snow-pack or glaciers. India Multiple Areas Technical Assistance for Smart Cities (TASC) To enhance the potential of Indian cities in poorer and developing states such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra to promote growth and jobs creation. UK support will achieve this by developing partnerships with UK urban planning, research and business organisations to help India cities develop investment plans, attract finance and deliver smart urban solutions that create jobs for the urban poor. Activities including climate resilient infrastructure, climate and disaster risk insurance, renewable energy and water management. Global Mitigation Energy Sector Management Assistance Support phase-out of coal globally and ensure technical support is available and accessible to countries wanting to consider or increase the pace of coal phase out in the short term. Global Mitigation International 2050 Calculator Working directly with 10 developing country governments to help them build their own version of the UK's 2050 calculator. The calculator will explore global scenarios, illustrating the impacts of these scenarios on climate change. Africa Adaptation African Risk Capacity (ARC) To support a parametric (index-based) weather risk insurance pool that will provide participating African countries with predictable, quick-disbursing funds with which to implement pre-defined contingency response plans in the case of a drought. Tanzania Adaptation Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change in To build urban resilience to current climate variability and future climate change in Tanzania’s cities and towns through improved data and evidence, urban planning, and infrastructure provision for sustainable economic growth and development. South Asia Adaptation Climate Proofing Growth and Development in Integrate climate change into development planning, budgeting and delivery in national and sub-national governments in Afghanistan, India, Nepal and Pakistan. This will done by strengthening planning, budgeting, delivery mechanisms, building awareness and capacity of stakeholders through technical and some implementation support. It will help to mobilise domestic and International finance. Sharing lessons and knowledge in South Asia is a key element of the project. 180 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report

Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion Energy Supply Coal mining and handling 1B1a1i Deep-mined coal 1B1a1ii Coal storage and transport Exploration, production and transport of gas 1B2b1 Upstream Gas Production – Offshore Well Testing 1B2b3 Upstream Gas Production – process emissions Upstream Gas Production – Gas terminal storage Exploration, production and transport of oils 1B2a1 Upstream Oil Production – Offshore Well Testing Upstream Oil Production – process emissions 1B2a3 Upstream Oil Production – Offshore Oil Loading Upstream Oil Production – Onshore Oil Loading 1B2a4 Upstream Oil Production – Oil terminal storage Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries 1A1ci Coke production Solid smokeless fuel production 1A1cii Upstream Gas Production – fuel combustion Upstream oil and gas production – combustion at gas separation plant Upstream Oil Production – fuel combustion 1A1ciii Collieries – combustion Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 181

Offshore oil and gas – flaring 1B2c2i Upstream Oil Production – flaring 1B2c2ii Upstream Gas Production – flaring Offshore oil and gas – venting 1B2c1i Upstream Oil Production – venting 1B2c1ii Upstream Gas Production – venting Power station flue-gas desulphurisation 2A4d Power stations – FGD Power stations 1A1ai Autogenerators Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion Refineries 1A1b Refineries – combustion Solid fuel transformation 1B1b Charcoal production Solid smokeless fuel production Business Electronics, electrical insulation, scientific research, military applications and sporting goods

Incidental lubricant combustion in engines 2D1 Industrial engines Iron and steel – combustion and electricity 1A2a Blast furnaces Iron and steel – combustion plant Miscellaneous industrial and commercial combustion and 1A4ai Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion N2O use as an anaesthetic 2G3a N2O use as an anaesthetic Non energy use of fuels 2D3 Non Energy petroleum coke One Component Foams 2F2b One Component Foams Other industrial combustion and electricity 1A2b Autogeneration – exported to grid Non-Ferrous Metal (combustion) 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print (combustion) 1A2e Food & drink, tobacco (combustion) 1A2f Cement production – combustion Lime production – non decarbonising 1A2gvii Industrial off-road mobile machinery 1A2gviii Autogeneration – exported to grid 2B1 Ammonia production – combustion 2B8a Methanol production – combustion Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 183

Refrigeration and air conditioning 2F1a Commercial Refrigeration 2F1f Stationary Air Conditioning Solvents 2F5 Precision cleaning – HFC Accidental fires – business 5C2.2b Accidental fires – other buildings Transport Aircraft support vehicles 1A3eii Aircraft – support vehicles Buses 1A3biii Road transport – buses and coaches – motorway driving Road transport – buses and coaches – rural driving Road transport – buses and coaches – urban driving Civil aviation (domestic, cruise) 1A3a Aircraft – domestic cruise Aircraft between UK and Bermuda – Cruise Aircraft between UK and CDs – Cruise Aircraft between UK and Gibraltar – Cruise Aircraft between UK and other OTs (excl Gib. and Bermuda) – Cruise Civil aviation (domestic, landing and take off) 1A3a Aircraft – domestic take off and landing Aircraft between UK and Bermuda – TOL Aircraft between UK and CDs – TOL Aircraft between UK and Gibraltar – TOL Aircraft between UK and other OTs (excl Gib.
and Bermuda) – TOL Fishing vessels 1A4ciii Fishing vessels

HGVs 1A3biii Road transport – HGV articulated – motorway driving Road transport – HGV articulated – rural driving Road transport – HGV articulated – urban driving Road transport – HGV rigid – motorway driving Road transport – HGV rigid – rural driving Road transport – HGV rigid – urban driving Light duty vehicles 1A3bii Road transport – LGVs – cold start Road transport – LGVs – motorway driving Road transport – LGVs – rural driving Road transport – LGVs – urban driving Military aircraft and shipping 1A5b Aircraft – military Mopeds & motorcycles 1A3biv Road transport – mopeds (<50cc 2st) – urban driving Road transport – motorcycle (>50cc 2st) – urban driving Road transport – motorcycle (>50cc 4st) – motorway driving Road transport – motorcycle (>50cc 4st) – rural driving Road transport – motorcycle (>50cc 4st) – urban driving National navigation 1A3d Inland goods-carrying vessels Motorboats / workboats (e.g. canal boats, dredgers, service boats, tourist boats, river boats) Personal watercraft e.g. jet ski Sailing boats with auxiliary engines Shipping between UK and Bermuda Shipping between UK and Gibraltar Shipping between UK and OTs (excl.
Gib and Bermuda) Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 185

Passenger cars 1A3bi Road transport – cars – cold start Road transport – cars – motorway driving Road transport – cars – rural driving Road transport – cars – urban driving Railways – stationary combustion 1A4ai Railways – stationary combustion Road vehicle LPG and biofuel use (all vehicles) 1A3bv Road transport – all vehicles biofuels use Road transport – all vehicles LPG use Urea use in abatement technology 2D3 Road transport – urea Incidental lubricant combustion in marine engines 2D1 Marine engines Incidental lubricant combustion in road engines 2D1 Road vehicle engines Public Public 1A4ai Public sector combustion Residential Aerosols and metered dose inhalers 2F4a Metered dose inhalers Residential combustion 1A4bi Domestic combustion 1A4bii House and garden machinery Use of non aerosol consumer products 2D2 Non-aerosol products – household products Composting – household 5B1a Composting (at household) Accidental fires – residential 5C2.2b Accidental fires – dwellings Small-scale waste burning 5C2.1b Small-scale waste burning

Industrial Process Adipic acid production 2B3 Adipic acid production Aluminium production 2C3a Primary aluminium production – general 2C3b Primary aluminium production – PFC emissions Ammonia production 2B1 Ammonia production – feedstock use of gas Bricks production 2A4a Brick manufacture – all types Cement production 2A1 Cement – decarbonising Glass production 2A3 Glass – general Halocarbon production 2B9a1 Halocarbons production – by-product 2B9b3 Halocarbons production – fugitive Iron and steel production 2C1a Basic oxygen furnaces Lime production 2A2 Lime production – decarbonising Magnesium cover gas 2C4 Magnesium cover gas Nitric acid production 2B2 Nitric acid production Non ferrous metal processes 2C6 Non-ferrous metal processes Other – chemical industry 2B10 Chemical industry – general 2B8a Chemical industry – methanol 2B8b Chemical industry – ethylene 2B8c Chemical Industry – ethylene dichloride 2B8d Chemical industry – ethylene oxide 2B8e Chemical industry – acrylonitrile 2B8f Chemical industry – carbon black 2G4 Chemical Industry – other process sources Sinter production 2C1d Sinter production Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 187

Soda ash production 2B7 Chemical industry – soda ash Titanium dioxide production 2B6 Chemical industry – titanium dioxide Use of N2O 2G3b Other food – cream consumption Fletton brick production 2A4a Brick manufacture – Fletton Agriculture Cattle – enteric fermentation 3A1a Enteric 3B21a Dairy – Dairy Cows – Direct 3B21b Other cattle – Beef females for slaughter – Direct Other cattle – Bulls for breeding – Direct Other cattle – Cereal fed bull – Direct Other cattle – Dairy Calves Female – Direct Other cattle – Dairy In Calf Heifers – Direct Other cattle – Dairy Replacements Female – Direct Other cattle – Heifers for breeding – Direct Other cattle – Steers – Direct

3B25 Dairy – Dairy Cows – Indirect Deposition Dairy – Dairy Cows – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Beef females for slaughter – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Beef females for slaughter – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Bulls for breeding – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Bulls for breeding – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Cereal fed bull – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Cereal fed bull – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Cows – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Cows – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Dairy Calves Female – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Dairy Calves Female – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Dairy In Calf Heifers – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Dairy In Calf Heifers – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Dairy Replacements Female – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Dairy Replacements Female – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Heifers for breeding – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Heifers for breeding – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Steers – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Steers – Indirect Leach Deer – enteric fermentation 3A4 Enteric 3B25 Deer Wastes – Indirect Leaching Deer Wastes – Indirect Volatilisation Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 189

Direct soil emission 3D11 Arable – Direct 3D12a Dairy – Dairy Cows – Direct Other cattle – Beef females for slaughter – Direct Other cattle – Bulls for breeding – Direct Other cattle – Cereal fed bull – Direct Other cattle – Dairy Calves Female – Direct Other cattle – Dairy In Calf Heifers – Direct Other cattle – Dairy Replacements Female – Direct Other cattle – Heifers for breeding – Direct Other cattle – Steers – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig < 20 kg – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig > 80 kg – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig 20 to 80 kg – Direct Poultry – Breeding Flock – Direct Poultry – Growing Pullets – Direct Poultry – Laying Hens – Direct

3D12b Sewage Sludge Application – Direct Other cattle – Beef females for slaughter – Direct Other cattle – Bulls for breeding – Direct Other cattle – Cereal fed bull – Direct Other cattle – Dairy Calves Female – Direct Other cattle – Dairy In Calf Heifers – Direct Other cattle – Dairy Replacements Female – Direct Other cattle – Heifers for breeding – Direct Other cattle – Steers – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig < 20 kg – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig > 80 kg – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig 20 to 80 kg – Direct Poultry – Breeding Flock – Direct Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 191

Poultry – Growing Pullets – Direct Poultry – Laying Hens – Direct Field burning of agricultural wastes 3F11 Field burning Goats – enteric fermentation 3A4 Enteric 3B25 Goats Wastes – Indirect Leaching Goats Wastes – Indirect Volatilisation Horses – enteric fermentation 3A4 Enteric

3B25 Horses Wastes – Indirect Leaching Horses Wastes – Indirect Volatilisation Incidental lubricant combustion in engines 2D1 Agricultural engines Indirect soil emission 3D21 Arable – Indirect Deposition Dairy – Dairy Cows – Indirect Deposition Deer FAM – Indirect Volatilisation Deer PRP – Indirect Volatilisation Goats FAM – Indirect Volatilisation Goats PRP – Indirect Volatilisation Horses FAM – Indirect Volatilisation Horses PRP – Indirect Volatilisation Other cattle – Beef females for slaughter – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Bulls for breeding – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Cereal fed bull – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Cows – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Dairy Calves Female – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Dairy In Calf Heifers – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Dairy Replacements Female – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Heifers for breeding – Indirect Deposition Other cattle – Steers – Indirect Deposition Pig – Boar – Indirect Deposition Pig – Fattening Pig < 20 kg – Indirect Deposition Pig – Fattening Pig > 80 kg – Indirect Deposition Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 193

Pig – Fattening Pig 20 to 80 kg – Indirect Deposition Pig – Gilt – Indirect Deposition Pig – Sow – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Breeding Flock – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Broilers – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Ducks – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Geese – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Growing Pullets – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Laying Hens – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Other – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Turkeys – Indirect Deposition Sewage Sludge Application – Indirect Volatilisation Sheep – Ewe – Indirect Deposition Sheep – Lamb – Indirect Deposition Sheep – Ram – Indirect Deposition Arable – Residue Indirect Leach Dairy – Dairy Cows – Indirect Leach Grass – Residue Indirect Leach Horses FAM – Indirect Leaching

Horses PRP – Indirect Leaching Other cattle – Beef females for slaughter – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Bulls for breeding – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Cereal fed bull – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Cows – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Dairy Calves Female – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Dairy In Calf Heifers – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Dairy Replacements Female – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Heifers for breeding – Indirect Leach Other cattle – Steers – Indirect Leach Pig – Fattening Pig < 20 kg – Indirect Leach Pig – Fattening Pig > 80 kg – Indirect Leach Pig – Fattening Pig 20 to 80 kg – Indirect Leach Poultry – Breeding Flock – Indirect Leach Poultry – Broilers – Indirect Leach Poultry – Ducks – Indirect Leach Poultry – Geese – Indirect Leach Poultry – Growing Pullets – Indirect Leach Poultry – Laying Hens – Indirect Leach Poultry – Other – Indirect Leach Poultry – Turkeys – Indirect Leach Sewage Sludge Application – Indirect Leaching Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 195

Pigs – enteric fermentation 3A3 Enteric Pig – Fattening Pig < 20 kg – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig > 80 kg – Direct Pig – Fattening Pig 20 to 80 kg – Direct 3B25 Pig – Boar – Indirect Deposition Pig – Fattening Pig < 20 kg – Indirect Deposition Pig – Fattening Pig < 20 kg – Indirect Leach Pig – Fattening Pig > 80 kg – Indirect Deposition Pig – Fattening Pig > 80 kg – Indirect Leach Pig – Fattening Pig 20 to 80 kg – Indirect Deposition Pig – Fattening Pig 20 to 80 kg – Indirect Leach Pig – Gilt – Indirect Deposition Pig – Sow – Indirect Deposition

3B24 Poultry – Breeding Flock – Direct Poultry – Growing Pullets – Direct Poultry – Laying Hens – Direct 3B25 Poultry – Breeding Flock – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Breeding Flock – Indirect Leach Poultry – Broilers – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Broilers – Indirect Leach Poultry – Ducks – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Ducks – Indirect Leach Poultry – Geese – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Geese – Indirect Leach Poultry – Growing Pullets – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Growing Pullets – Indirect Leach Poultry – Laying Hens – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Laying Hens – Indirect Leach Poultry – Other – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Other – Indirect Leach Poultry – Turkeys – Indirect Deposition Poultry – Turkeys – Indirect Leach Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 197

Sheep – enteric fermentation 3A2 Enteric 3B25 Sheep – Ewe – Indirect Deposition Sheep – Lamb – Indirect Deposition Stationary and mobile combustion 1A4ci Agriculture – stationary combustion 1A4cii Agriculture – mobile machinery Urea application 3H Fertiliser Application Agriculture – application of urea Overseas territory and Crown Dependency livestock emissions 3J Agriculture livestock – all poultry wastes Agriculture livestock – dairy cattle enteric Agriculture livestock – dairy cattle wastes Agriculture livestock – deer enteric Agriculture livestock – deer wastes Agriculture livestock – goats enteric Agriculture livestock – goats wastes Agriculture livestock – horses enteric Agriculture livestock – horses wastes Agriculture livestock – manure leaching (indirect) Agriculture livestock – manure other (indirect) Agriculture livestock – other cattle enteric Agriculture livestock – other cattle wastes Agriculture livestock – other poultry wastes

Agriculture livestock – pigs enteric Agriculture livestock – pigs wastes Agriculture livestock – sheep enteric Agriculture livestock – sheep wastes Overseas territory and Crown Dependency soil emissions 3J OvTerr Agricultural Soils Land Use Change Biomass burning – cropland 4B1 Cropland remaining Cropland – Biomass Burning – Wildfires 4B2 Forest Land converted to Cropland – Biomass Burning – Controlled Burning Biomass burning – Forest land 4A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land – Biomass Burning – Wildfires Biomass burning – grassland 4C1 Grassland remaining Grassland – Biomass Burning – Wildfires 4C2 Forest Land converted to Grassland – Biomass Burning – Controlled Burning Biomass burning – settlements 4E2 Forest Land converted to Settlements – Biomass Burning – Controlled Burning Cropland remaining cropland 4B1 Carbon stock change Cropland remaining Cropland – Carbon stock change Direct N2O emissions from N mineralization/immobilisation – 4B2 Forest Land converted to Cropland – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Grassland converted to Cropland – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Direct N2O emissions from N mineralization/immobilisation – Forest 4A2 Cropland converted to Forest Land – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Direct N2O emission from N fertilisation of forest land Grassland converted to Forest Land – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Settlements converted to Forest Land – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Direct N2O emissions from N mineralization/ immobilisation – 4C1 Grassland remaining Grassland – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization 4C2 Forest Land converted to Grassland – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 199

Direct N2O emissions from N mineralization/ immobilisation – 4E1 Settlements remaining Settlements – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization 4E2 Cropland converted to Settlements – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Forest Land converted to Settlements – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Grassland converted to Settlements – Direct N2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization Forest land remaining forest land 4A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land – Carbon stock change Grassland remaining grassland 4C1 Grassland remaining Grassland – Carbon stock change Harvested wood 4G HWP Produced and Consumed Domestically – Carbon stock change HWP Produced and Exported – Carbon stock change Indirect N2O emissions 4 LULUCF Indirect N2O – Atmospheric Deposition LULUCF Indirect N2O – Nitrogen Leaching and Run-off Land converted to cropland 4B2 Forest Land converted to Cropland – Carbon stock change Grassland converted to Cropland – Carbon stock change Settlements converted to Cropland – Carbon stock change Land converted to forest land 4A2 Cropland converted to Forest Land – Carbon stock change Grassland converted to Forest Land – Carbon stock change Settlements converted to Forest Land – Carbon stock change Land converted to grassland 4C2 Cropland converted to Grassland – Carbon stock change Forest Land converted to Grassland – Carbon stock change Settlements converted to Grassland – Carbon stock change Wetlands converted to Grassland – Carbon stock change Land converted to settlements 4E2 Cropland converted to Settlements – Carbon stock change Forest Land converted to Settlements – Carbon stock change Grassland converted to Settlements – Carbon stock change Settlements remaining settlements 4E1 Settlements remaining Settlements – Carbon stock change Wetlands remaining wetland 4D1 Peat Extraction Remaining Peat Extraction – Carbon stock change

Drainage of organic soils – Forest Land 4A Forest Land – Drainage and rewetting and other management of organic and mineral soils Drainage of organic soils – Grassland 4C Grassland – Drainage and rewetting and other management of organic and mineral soils Drainage of organic soils – Wetland 4D Wetlands – Drainage and rewetting and other management of organic and mineral soils Land converted to wetland 4D2 Grassland converted to flooded land – Carbon stock change Land converted for Peat Extraction – Carbon stock change Anaerobic digestion 5B2a Anaerobic Digestion (other) Mechanical biological treatment 5B1a Mechanical Biological Treatment – Composting 5B2a Mechanical Biological Treatment – Anaerobic Digestion Waste Incineration 5C1.1b Incineration – sewage sludge 5C1.2b Incineration – chemical waste Waste-water handling 5D1 Sewage sludge decomposition Sewage sludge decomposition in private systems 5D2 Industrial Waste Water Treatment Composting – non-household 5B1a Total composting (non-household) Annex 2 Sectoral definitions and inclusion 201

202 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report

Annex 3 Global Warming Potentials List of Global Warming Potentials of greenhouse gases used in UK Greenhouse gas Lifetime (years) 100 years GWP Perfluorocyclobutane 3,200 10,300

204 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Greenhouse gas Lifetime (years) 100 years GWP Perfluorodecalin >1,000 >7,500 Perfluorocyclopropane >1,000 >17,340 Sulphur hexafluoride 3,200 22,800 Nitrogen trifluoride 740 17,200 GWPs listed are from Working Group 1 of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Climate Change 2007.
Annex 4 Summary reports of UK GHG inventories Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink Total national emissions and removals 599,468.36 5,320.26 162.35 14,391.43 1,651.53 NO,NE 0.06 0.00 3,093.39 7,370.58 2,841.36 3,781.15 1. Energy 574,309.70 1,492.98 12.19 3,007.16 6,521.36 1,795.94 3,705.10 A.
Fuel combustion (Sectoral approach) 566,833.21 126.11 12.06 2,993.29 6,461.13 1,003.87 3,676.64 1. Energy industries 235,851.47 8.16 4.60 864.06 136.57 9.06 2,887.66 2.
Manufacturing industries and 95,723.43 4.67 1.08 414.36 396.85 31.14 406.08 3. Transport 119,742.52 50.38 4.87 1,423.79 4,839.93 871.50 156.33 4.
Other sectors 110,222.36 62.76 1.32 252.12 1,076.15 90.06 215.49 5. Other 5,293.44 0.14 0.19 38.96 11.63 2.11 11.09 B.
Fugitive emissions from fuels 7,476.49 1,366.88 0.14 13.87 60.22 792.07 28.46 1. Solid fuels 1,698.56 873.07 0.00 0.53 38.73 223.63 20.68 2.
Oil and natural gas and other 5,777.92 493.80 0.14 13.34 21.49 568.44 7.78 emissions from energy production C. CO2 Transport and storage NO 2. Industrial processes and product use 24,527.37 10.92 81.91 14391.43 1651.53 NO,NE 0.06 0.00 37.83 611.93 926.47 68.80 A.
Mineral industry 9,803.78 NO 5.30 4.74 4.27 B. Chemical industry 6,770.09 8.20 79.86 14386.73 17.55 NO NO NO 18.39 93.11 172.14 39.53 C. Metal industry 7,400.69 1.48 0.06 NO 1553.11 0.02 19.29 508.85 2.38 23.13 D. Non-energy products from fuels and 552.81 NO,IE NO,NE,IE NO,IE NO,IE 660.45 1.87 E. Electronic industry 4.34 NO,NE,IE NO,NE NO,NE,IE 0.00 Annex 4 Summary reports of UK GHG inventories 205

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS 0.36 NO G. Other product manufacture and use NO NO 1.99 80.87 0.04 0.15 4.68 0.41 NO H. Other IE,NE,NO 1.24 NO NO IE,NO 86.36 IE,NO 3.
Agriculture 1,342.78 1,223.53 57.86 41.17 190.77 102.34 NO A. Enteric fermentation 1,015.70 B. Manure management 189.30 11.55 90.21 C. Rice cultivation NO NO D. Agricultural soils NE 45.67 32.68 NE 8.50 E. Prescribed burning of savannas NO NO NO NO NO F. Field burning of agricultural residues 7.46 0.19 6.44 190.77 3.63 I.
Other carbon-containing fertilizers NO J. Other 2.75 11.07 0.44 2.05 0.00 0.00 NO 4.
Land use, land-use change and A. Forest land -15,026.26 0.12 0.78 0.07 2.63 NO B. Cropland 14,265.93 0.00 3.42 0.00 0.10 NO C. Grassland -7,111.03 0.40 0.03 0.62 10.98 NO D. Wetlands 486.95 NO,NE,NA 0.01 NO NO NO E. Settlements 7,011.30 0.12 1.96 0.08 2.73 NO F. Other land NO NO NO NO NO NO G. Harvested wood products -1,639.08 H. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink (kt) (kt CO2 equivalent) (kt) 5.
Waste 1,300.71 2,592.19 2.83 6.46 30.06 16.61 7.25 A. Solid waste disposal NO,NE 2,417.32 NO,NE NO,NE 9.17 B.
Biological treatment of solid waste 0.73 0.04 NE NE NE C. Incineration and open burning of 1,300.71 5.39 0.16 6.46 30.06 7.18 7.25 D. Wastewater treatment and discharge 168.76 2.63 NO,NE NO,NE 0.27 E. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO International bunkers 24,587.98 0.42 0.92 295.84 29.80 11.86 148.65 Aviation 15,433.52 0.28 0.49 70.13 20.75 4.93 2.95 Navigation 9,154.47 0.14 0.43 225.70 9.05 6.93 145.70 Annex 4 Summary reports of UK GHG inventories 207

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink (kt) (kt CO2 equivalent) (kt) Total national emissions and removals 37,6771.27 2,076.50 69.39 14,192.82 371.47 NO 0.02 0.00 888.72 1,559.15 808.95 177.18 1. Energy 372,285.99 280.14 8.43 846.92 1,301.56 256.71 158.88 A.
Fuel combustion (Sectoral approach) 367,695.81 63.22 8.30 844.76 1,283.43 118.93 148.03 1. Energy industries 102,629.11 15.24 2.52 189.28 73.86 3.57 62.48 2.
Manufacturing industries and 51,175.55 4.96 0.84 134.88 358.20 21.37 31.32 3. Transport 123,345.32 4.17 4.06 407.97 315.79 42.33 13.84 4.
Other sectors 88,987.64 38.81 0.82 100.13 532.20 51.05 38.90 5. Other 1,558.20 0.04 0.06 12.50 3.37 0.62 1.49 B.
Fugitive emissions from fuels 4,590.18 216.92 0.13 2.17 18.14 137.77 10.85 1. Solid fuels 359.54 19.51 0.00 0.09 7.66 1.14 10.48 2.
Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production 4,230.64 197.41 0.13 2.08 10.48 136.63 0.37 C. CO2 Transport and storage NO 2. Industrial processes and product use 14,273.11 3.12 2.98 14,192.82 371.47 NO 0.02 0.00 12.15 210.51 442.94 17.62 A.
Mineral industry 6,249.48 NO 1.87 2.31 6.65 B. Chemical industry 4,931.56 2.46 0.13 2.55 172.90 NO NO NO 4.87 22.50 13.97 1.19 C. Metal industry 2,572.86 0.43 0.02 2.29 15.07 0.00 7.23 184.62 1.09 8.81 D. Non-energy products from fuels and E. Electronic industry 21.18 NO,IE NO NO,IE 0.00 F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS 14,166.81 NO G. Other product manufacture and use NO NO 2.83 183.51 0.02 0.05 1.52 0.13 NO H. Other NO,NE,IE 0.24 NO NO NO,IE 104.38 NO,IE

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink (kt) (kt CO2 equivalent) (kt) 3.
Agriculture 1,283.09 1,035.66 48.24 27.24 NO,NE,NA 102.45 NO A. Enteric fermentation 858.34 B. Manure management 169.07 9.45 94.28 C. Rice cultivation NO NO D. Agricultural soils NE 38.48 25.56 NE 8.17 E. Prescribed burning of savannas NO NO NO NO NO F. Field burning of agricultural residues NO NO NO NO NO I.
Other carbon-containing fertilizers NO J. Other 2.46 8.25 0.31 1.68 NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO 4.
Land use, land-use change and A. Forest land -18,211.77 0.09 0.49 0.06 2.10 NO B. Cropland 10,971.23 0.00 1.55 0.00 0.03 NO C. Grassland -8,861.80 0.71 0.11 0.61 17.01 NO D. Wetlands 336.78 NO,NE,NA 0.00 NO NO NO E. Settlements 6,451.34 0.33 1.76 0.21 7.51 NO F. Other land NO NO NO NO NO NO G. Harvested wood products -2,015.60 H. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Annex 4 Summary reports of UK GHG inventories 209

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink (kt) (kt CO2 equivalent) (kt) 5.
Waste 258.91 756.45 5.01 1.52 20.41 6.86 0.69 A. Solid waste disposal NO,NE 570.46 NO,NE NO,NE 2.34 B.
Biological treatment of solid waste 47.74 2.44 NE NE NE C. Incineration and open burning 258.91 0.42 0.13 1.52 20.41 4.25 0.69 D. Wastewater treatment and discharge 137.83 2.44 NO,NE NO,NE 0.27 E. Other NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Summary Report for CO2 equivalent – 1990 Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Unspecified Total (net emissions) 599,468.36 133,006.57 48,379.73 14,391.43 1,651.53 1,305.31 NO,NE 0.42 798,203.35 1. Energy 574,309.70 37,324.55 3,633.48 615,267.74 A.
Fuel combustion (sectoral approach) 566,833.21 3,152.63 3,592.64 573,578.48 1. Energy industries 235,851.47 204.00 1,370.01 237,425.48 2.
Manufacturing industries and 95,723.43 116.67 321.80 96,161.90 3. Transport 119,742.52 1,259.48 1,451.62 122,453.62 4.
Other sectors 110,222.36 1,568.92 393.08 112,184.36 5. Other 5,293.44 3.56 56.12 5,353.12 B.
Fugitive emissions from fuels 7,476.49 34,171.92 40.85 41,689.26 1. Solid fuels 1,698.56 21,826.86 0.09 23,525.51 2.
Oil and natural gas 5,777.92 12,345.07 40.75 18,163.75 C. CO2 transport and storage NO NO 2. Industrial processes and product use 24,527.37 272.89 24,408.58 14,391.43 1,651.53 1,305.31 NO,NE 0.42 66,557.52 A.
Mineral industry 9,803.78 9,803.78 B. Chemical industry 6,770.09 204.89 23,797.27 14,386.73 17.55 NO NO NO 45,176.53 C. Metal industry 7,400.69 36.90 17.74 NO 1,553.11 387.17 9,395.61 D. Non-energy products from fuels and E. Electronic Industry 4.34 NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE 0.42 4.75 F. Product uses as ODS substitutes 0.36 NO 0.36 G. Other product manufacture and use NO NO 593.57 80.87 918.14 1,592.58 H. Other IE,NE,NO 31.10 NO 31.10 Annex 4 Summary reports of UK GHG inventories 211

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Unspecified 3.
Agriculture 1342.78 30,588.33 17,242.74 49,173.86 A. Enteric fermentation 25,392.50 25,392.50 B. Manure management 4,732.53 3,442.70 8,175.23 D. Agricultural soils NE 13610.39 13,610.39 E. Prescribed burning of savannas NO NO NO F. Field burning of agricultural residues 186.57 57.66 244.23 H. Urea application 327.60 327.60 I.
Other carbon-containing fertilizers NO NO J. Other 2.75 276.73 132.00 411.48 4.
Land use, land-use change and -2,012.20 15.95 2,251.71 255.46 A. Forest land -15026.26 2.89 231.22 -14,792.15 B. Cropland 14,265.93 0.09 1,019.85 15,285.87 C. Grassland -7,111.03 9.97 10.33 -7,090.73 D. Wetlands 486.95 NO,NE,NA 4.13 491.09 E. Settlements 7,011.30 3.00 584.68 7,598.98 G. Harvested wood products -1,639.08 -1,639.08

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Unspecified 5.
Waste 1,300.71 64,804.85 843.22 66,948.77 A. Solid waste disposal NO,NE 60,432.98 60,432.98 B.
Biological treatment of solid waste 18.13 12.97 31.10 C. Incineration and open burning of 1,300.71 134.83 46.66 1,482.20 D. Waste water treatment and discharge 4,218.90 783.59 5,002.49 International bunkers 24,587.98 10.55 274.55 24,873.08 Aviation 15,433.52 7.11 146.02 15,586.65 Navigation 9,154.47 3.44 128.52 9,286.43 Annex 4 Summary reports of UK GHG inventories 213

Summary Report for CO2 equivalent – 2017 Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Unspecified Total (net emissions) 376,771.27 51,912.53 20,679.40 14,192.82 371.47 525.41 NO 0.53 464,453.44 1. Energy 372,285.99 7,003.54 2,513.30 381,802.83 A.
Fuel combustion (sectoral approach) 367,695.81 1,580.53 2,473.92 371,750.25 1. Energy industries 102,629.11 381.11 751.36 103,761.58 2.
Manufacturing industries and 51,175.55 124.01 249.64 51,549.20 3. Transport 123,345.32 104.21 1,211.08 124,660.60 4.
Other sectors 88,987.64 970.17 245.36 90,203.17 5. Other 1,558.20 1.03 16.48 1,575.70 B.
Fugitive emissions from fuels 4,590.18 5,423.01 39.38 10,052.57 1. Solid fuels 359.54 487.76 0.02 847.32 2.
Oil and natural gas 4,230.64 4,935.25 39.36 9,205.25 C. CO2 transport and storage NO NO 2. Industrial processes and product use 14,273.11 77.98 889.16 14,192.82 371.47 525.41 NO 0.53 30,330.49 A.
Mineral industry 6,249.48 6,249.48 B. Chemical industry 4,931.56 61.41 39.10 2.55 172.90 NO NO NO 5,207.50 C. Metal industry 2,572.86 10.68 6.19 2.29 15.07 109.75 2,716.84 D. Non-energy products from fuels and E. Electronic Industry 21.18 NO,IE NO,IE NO 0.53 21.71 F. Product uses as ODS substitutes 14,166.81 NO 14,166.81 G. Other product manufacture and use NO NO 843.87 183.51 415.66 1,443.04 H. Other NO,NE,IE 5.89 NO 5.89

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Unspecified 3.
Agriculture 1,283.09 25,891.43 14,374.59 41,549.10 A. Enteric fermentation 21,458.44 21,458.44 B. Manure management 4,226.81 2,814.79 7,041.59 D. Agricultural soils NE 11466.79 11,466.79 E. Prescribed burning of savannas NO NO NO F. Field burning of agricultural residues NO NO NO H. Urea application 343.95 343.95 I.
Other carbon-containing fertilizers NO NO J. Other 2.46 206.19 93.01 301.66 4.
Land use, land-use change and -11,329.82 28.37 1,408.77 -9,892.68 A. Forest land -18,211.77 2.31 144.65 -18,064.80 B. Cropland 10,971.23 0.02 461.97 11,433.23 C. Grassland -8,861.80 17.78 33.24 -8,810.79 D. Wetlands 336.78 NO,NE,NA 0.30 337.07 E. Settlements 6,451.34 8.25 524.99 6,984.59 G. Harvested wood products -2015.60 -2,015.60 Annex 4 Summary reports of UK GHG inventories 215

Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Unspecified 5.
Waste 258.91 18,911.21 1,493.59 20,663.70 A. Solid waste disposal NO,NE 14,261.40 14,261.40 B. Biological treatment of solid waste 1,193.62 728.03 1,921.65 C. Incineration and open burning of D. Waste water treatment and discharge 3,445.75 725.93 4,171.67