We are halfway through the critical decade for tackling climate change, but the world is off-track to limiting global warming to 1.5°C. We are facing a triple planetary crisis of climate, biodiversity loss and pollution posing critical threats to the UK’s national interests across security, resilience, health, the economy and partnerships with other countries. That is why the UK is re- establishing itself as a climate leader on the global stage. The net zero transition is critical to both national and global security. There is no global stability without climate stability, and Britain must play its part by resetting at home and reconnecting abroad. We remain committed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’s ambitions on transparency in reporting, in particular on implementing the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) and stand ready to lead by example, where we can. This report covers the period of 2021-2022 and we also set out our approach going forwards. The UK has made progress in cutting emissions. Between 1990 and 2022, we grew our economy by around 80% and cut our emissions by 50%. In 2020, the UK communicated an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 1990 levels. In 2022 in response to the Glasgow Climate Pact at COP26, this target level was reconfirmed and strengthened by increasing its scope to include some Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories and by saying more about implementation. This report sets out the progress made to meeting our 2030 NDC through policies implemented between the years 2021 and 2022 and our plans going forward. Our Third Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA3), published in 2022, has presented strong evidence that even under low warming scenarios the UK will be subject to a range of significant and costly impacts, including identified risks to health and productivity, the built environment, businesses, the natural environment, and to public services, unless further action is taken to adapt to climate change. Our plan to address these risks is set out in our latest National Adaptation Programme (NAP) published in 2023. The UK government also submitted its first Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC in December 2020 and updated it in 2021. The Communication set out our plans to prepare for the impacts of climate change in the UK and to support climate change adaptation overseas. The UK has continued to deliver on our International Climate Finance (ICF) commitments. We exceeded our pledge to spend £5.8bn ICF between April 2016 and March 2021. Through our COP26 presidency, the UK led work on a $100bn climate finance delivery plan to provide clarity on how and when developed countries would meet their finance goal. In 2024 the

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reported that in 2022, this goal was achieved with $115.9bn in climate finance mobilised for Looking ahead, we know we need to do more. We are committed to achieving our NDC commitments under the Paris Agreement, and net zero target by 2050.This is no small feat requiring urgent action, but there are huge opportunities. Meeting these targets requires a wide-reaching transformation of the UK economy, with consumers, businesses and Government all having a role to play. That is why making Britain a clean energy superpower is one of the five missions of this Government - delivering clean power by 2030 and accelerating to net zero across the economy. We can only deliver energy security and good jobs for todays’ generations if we deliver clean energy. And we can only deliver climate security for future generations if we show global leadership. This is why the Prime Minister announced at COP29 the UK’s ambitious and credible NDC target to reduce all greenhouse gas emissions by at least 81% by 2035, compared to 1990 levels, excluding international aviation and shipping emissions. In 2025, we will publish a detailed plan, updating the policies and proposals that will enable us to meet carbon budgets 4 to 6 and our 2030 and On climate adaptation, we are committed to improving the evidence base and further strengthening our approach across government and local communities and will bring Our leadership at COP29 demonstrates that the UK is a global leader in the fight against climate change, and this remains a core pillar of our approach to development spending. We will continue to prioritise Climate Finance which will help vulnerable countries adapt to climate impacts and support a transition to low-carbon economies. At COP29, parties agreed that all actors should scale up financing to $1.3 trillion on the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on Climate Finance. The UK is committed to delivering climate finance to keep 1.5°C alive in line with our international commitments. This is why we are honouring the existing commitment to spend £11.6bn in International Climate Finance between April 2021 and March 2026 including at least £3bn on nature, from which £1.5bn will be dedicated to protecting and restoring forests. We will also treble our spend, from our ICF commitment, for adaptation to £1.5bn in 2025. We look forward to our upcoming expert technical review and the Facilitative, Multilateral Consideration of Progress (FMCP) to improve our practice. We encourage all Parties to come forward with their first Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs) by the 31 December deadline.
The Rt Hon Ed Miliband MP, Secretary of State for Department of Energy Security and Net Zero & Minister Kerry McCarthy MP, Minister for Climate for Department of Energy Security and Net Zero

Ministerial Foreword ................................................................................................ 2 List of figures ........................................................................................................... 6 List of tables ............................................................................................................. 7 Acronyms .................................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 18 Chapter 1: National Inventory Document of Anthropogenic Emissions ........... 20 Chapter 2: Information necessary to track progress in achieving NDC ............ 24 2.1 National circumstances and institutional arrangements ............................. 24 2.2 Population profile ....................................................................................... 26 2.3 Geographical profile ................................................................................... 29 2.4 Economic profile ........................................................................................ 30 2.5 Climate profile ............................................................................................ 32 2.6 Sector details ............................................................................................. 39 2.7 National circumstances of GHG emissions and removals over time .......... 52 2.8 Institutional arrangements in place to track progress in achieving NDC .... 53 2.9 Stakeholder engagement related to the UK’s 2030 NDC ........................... 59 2.10 Description of the UK’s NDC ...................................................................... 65 2.11 Mitigation policies and measures ............................................................... 68 2.12 Information on how policies are modifying longer-term trends. ................ 110 2.13 Information on the assessment of economic and social impacts ............. 110 2.14 Summary of greenhouse gas emissions and removals ............................ 111 2.15 Projections of greenhouse gas emissions and removals as applicable ... 111 2.16 Information describing the methodology used to develop projections ...... 124 2.17 Projections of key indicators to determine progress towards NDC .......... 135 Chapter 3: Information related to climate change impacts and adaptation .... 137 3.1 National circumstances and institutional arrangements ........................... 137 3.2 Biogeophysical characteristics ................................................................. 137 3.3 Economy .................................................................................................. 137 3.4 Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 138 3.5 Adaptive capacity ..................................................................................... 141 3.6 Institutional arrangements and governance, ............................................ 141 3.7 Impacts, risks and vulnerabilities, as appropriate ..................................... 142 3.8 Observed and potential impacts of climate change .................................. 143 3.9 Approaches, methodologies and tools, and associated uncertainties ...... 144 3.10 Adaptation priorities and barriers ............................................................. 146

3.11 Adaptation strategies to integrate adaptation ........................................... 147 3.12 How best available science and gender are integrated into adaptation; .. 153 3.13 Adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans ........................ 154 3.14 Nature-based solutions to climate change adaptation; ............................ 155 3.15 Stakeholder involvement.
......................................................................... 157 3.16 Progress on implementation of adaptation ............................................... 158 3.17 How effective are implemented adaptation measures ............................. 159 3.18 Monitoring and evaluation of adaptation actions and processes .............. 161 3.19 How adaptation actions influence other development goals .................... 164 3.20 Cooperation, good practices, experience and lessons learned ................ 166 3.21 Helping developing countries to identify effective adaptation practices ... 166 3.22 Strengthening scientific research and knowledge .................................... 168 Chapter 4: Information on financial support provided and mobilised ............. 170 4.1 Information on national circumstances ..................................................... 170 4.2 Information on institutional arrangements ................................................ 180 4.3 Underlying assumptions, definitions and methodologies ......................... 182 4.4 Information on financial support provided and mobilized ......................... 189 4.5 Information on technology development and transfer provided................ 191

population projections in the UK by country, 2022-2046 (in millions) ....................... 28 with mid-2011 (purple and green lines) .................................................................... 28 Office) ....................................................................................................................... 34 relative to 1991-2020 average .................................................................................. 35 since 2012 ................................................................................................................ 43 (excluding IAS), MtCO2e ........................................................................................ 120 coverage) ............................................................................................................... 134 status, MtCO2e ...................................................................................................... 136 climate change through a theory of change approach............................................ 163

Agreement scope), MtCO2e ..................................................................................... 21 ............................................................................................................................... 116 ............................................................................................................................... 123 ............................................................................................................................... 123 ............................................................................................................................... 123 coverage) ............................................................................................................... 132 scenarios, UK coverage) ........................................................................................ 132 coverage) ............................................................................................................... 133 MtCO2e (WAM scenario, UK coverage) ................................................................. 134 MtCO2e .................................................................................................................. 135

AAC Adaptation Action Coalition ACE Africa Clean Energy Programme AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States ARA Adaptation Research Alliance ARP Adaptation Reporting Power ASPIRE Accelerating Smart Power and Renewable Energy in India AURN Automatic Urban and Rural Network BASIC Better Assistance in Crisis BECCS Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage BGTW British Gibraltar Territorial Waters BII British International Investment BTR Biennial Transparency Report CAP Climate Action Plan, Northern Ireland Executive CARIB Climate Adaptation Research and Innovation Board CARIF Climate Adaptation Research and Innovation Framework CBD UN’s Convention on Biological Diversity CCRA Climate Change Risk Assessment

CCRA3 Third Climate Change Risk Assessment CCRA4 Fourth Climate Change Risk Assessment CCTB Climate Change Transformation Board CCTT Climate Change Transformation Team CCUS Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDOTs Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories CEIF Clean Energy Innovation Facility CET Central England Temperature CIPF Climate Innovation Pull Facility CLARE Climate Adaptation and Resilience CNI Critical National Infrastructure CNPA Cairngorms National Park Authority COP28 The 28th Conference of Parties at UNFCCC COSLA Convention of Scottish Local Authorities CREWS Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems Initiative DAC Development Assistance Committee DACCS Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage DAERA Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs,

DEC Disasters Emergency Committee DEFA Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture Defra Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs DESNZ/BEIS Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, previously knows as Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) DevTracker Development Tracker DfE Department for the Economy, Northern Ireland DfE Department for Education, England DfI Department for Infrastructure, Northern Ireland DNP Ministry of National Planning DSIT Department for Science, Innovation and Technology DUKES Digest of UK Energy Statistics EEP Energy and Emissions Projections EIP Environmental Improvement Plan ELMs Environmental Land Management Schemes EPC Energy Performance Certificate ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework ETP Uganda’s Energy Transition Plan EWEA Early Warning Early Action FAPRI Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute FCDO Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office FCERM Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management

FCRIP Flood and Coastal Resilience Innovation Programme FLS Forestry and Land Scotland FMCP Facilitative Multilateral Consideration of Progress The Group of Seven is an intergovernmental political and economic forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; additionally, the European Union (EU) is a "non-enumerated GCRF Global Challenges Research Fund GEOGLAM Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring GFDT Global Facility to Decarbonise Transport GGA Global Goal for Adaptation GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GMPP Government’s Major Projects Portfolio GOA&DC Gurnsey Overseas Aid & Development Commission GSP Gender-responsive social protection

HAIRS Human Animal Infections Risk Surveillance IAS International Aviation and Shipping IATI International Aid Transparency Initiative ICAI Independent Commission for Aid Impact ICF International Climate Finance IDS Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy IEA International Energy Agency IfATE Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education IMF International Monetary Fund IMPACT Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets INNS Invasive Non-Native Species IPA Infrastructure and Projects Authority IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use ISPF International Science Partnership Fund KPIs Key Performance Indicators

LDCs Least Developed Countries LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging LIFE-AR Least Developed Countries Initiative for Effective Adaptation LLTNPA Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park Authority LNRS Local Nature Recovery Strategies LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MACC Maximising UK Adaptation to Climate Change MADS Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development MAED Model for Analysis of the Energy Demand MECS Modern Energy Cooking Services MEL Monitoring, evaluation and learning MHCLG Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local government MOHCCP Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme MPA Marine Plan Authority, Northern Ireland MPA Marine Protected Area, Scotland MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MtCO2e Megatonnes of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents mtoe Megatonnes of Oil Equivalent MVI Multidimensional Vulnerability Index NAEI National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory NAP National Adaptation Programme

NAP3 The third National Adaptation Programme NCQG New Collective Quantified Goal NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDCP Nationally Determined Contribution Partnership NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NIC National Infrastructure Commission NICCAP Northern Ireland Climate Change Adaptation Programme NID National Inventory Document NISC National Inventory Steering Committee NPPF National Planning Policy Framework NPSs National Policy Statements NSIPs Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects NSTA North Sea Transition Authority OBR Office for Budget Responsibility ODA Official Development Assistance ODS Ozone-Depleting Substances OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD-DAC Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee ONS Office for National Statistics

PIMA IMF’s Public Investment Management Assessment QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control RD&D Research, Development and Demonstration REAP Risk-informed Early Action Partnership REEE Resource and Energy Efficiency REM REDD+ Early Movers Programme REPP Renewable Energy Performance Platform RESI Resilient and Sustainable Islands Initiative RTFO Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation SAF Sustainable Aviation Fuels SCCCS Sustainable Cooling and Cold Chain Solutions programme SDG(s) Sustainable Development Goal(s) SDR Sustainability Disclosure Requirements SFS Sustainable Farming Scheme SHS Plug and Play solar home systems SIC Standard Industrial Classification SICE Science and Innovation for Climate and Energy

SIDAR Small Island Developing States Capacity and Resilience SIDS Small Island Developing States SIETF Scottish Industrial Energy Transformation Fund SMEs Small and medium sized businesses SNAP Scottish National Adaptation Plan SNBS Scottish Nitrogen Balance Sheet (“ SPOKES Specialised Outreach and Knowledge Establishments TCFD Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosures TEA Transforming Energy Access UK ETS UK Emissions Trading Scheme UK PACT UK Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions UK SHORE Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions UKCCRA UK Climate Change Risk Assessment UKCEH UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology UKCP/UKCP18 UK Climate Projections UKRI UK Research and Innovation UNDESA United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nationals Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development VETs Vehicle Emissions Trading VRA Gibraltar’s Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

WEEE Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment WISER Weather and Climate Information Services WP-STAT Working Party on Development Finance Statistics WRMPs Water Resources Management Plans ZE-Gen Zero Emissions Generator

The Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) is a progress report, agreed under the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement1.
Its purpose is to present information on mitigation, adaptation and finance in a transparent and comprehensive way that can be scrutinised by parties as well as by expert reviewers. It is submitted every 2 years.
This is the UK’s first biennial transparency report and provides detail on progress towards the UK’s 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)2. This first report focuses on greenhouse gas emissions reductions between 2021 and 2022, as well as progress towards our 2030 NDC and our emission reductions projections towards 2040.
It will include an overview of our adaptation plans up to 2023 and our international climate finance contributions over 2021-2022. The UK’s 2030 NDC covers England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
It also covers the UK’s Crown Dependencies of the Bailiwick of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man and the UK’s Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, which have all had the UK’s ratification of the Paris Agreement extended to them. The report follows the requirements set out by the UNFCCC and therefore it does not include updates on research and systematic observation, education, training and public awareness.
This will be included in our 9th National Communication to be This report also reflects the recommendations made during our last Expert Review in 2023 on our 5th Biennial Report and 9th National Communication. This includes recommendations that the UK include the cost of our policies and provide clarity on the territorial scope (i.e.
explain if policies applied to the Devolved Governments, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories, or England only). The report is being submitted to the UNFCCC alongside our National Inventory The report is structured as • Chapter 1: National Inventory Document of Anthropogenic Emissions presents a summary of our National Inventory Document which was submitted • Chapter 2: Information to track progress in achieving the UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution presents the UK’s mitigation actions 1 Biennial Transparency reports are submitted under article 13 of the Paris Agreement in compliance with the obligations according to Decision 18/CMA.11 and following the Modalities, Procedures and 2 UK's 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution

and strategies implemented to achieve the UK’s 2030 NDC (over the period 2021-22), and projections to 2040.
• Chapter 3: Information related to climate change impacts and adaptation presents the UK’s adaptation measures towards adaptation. • Chapter 4: Information on financial, technology development and transfer and capacity-building support provided and mobilised presents the UK’s contributions to non-annex 1 parties consistent with the requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework.
• Annex 1: Support provided by the UK’s Crown Dependencies. The UK’s Biennial Transparency Report submission will include our complete Common Tabular Format (CTF) tables which can be found on the submission portal.
The CTF tables include information • The UK’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory; • Our financial support provided and mobilised and; • Progress made and projections. Chapter 1: National Inventory Document of The UK's National Inventory Document (NID) is available on the UNFCCC website.
This contains a full account of the UK’s GHG emissions, their trends, the methodologies used to estimate them, and the institutional arrangements that Emissions estimates from the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory are used to meet international reporting requirements under the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC as well as domestic reporting requirements under the Climate Change Act 2008. The geographical scope of these reporting requirements • Climate Change Act England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
• Paris Agreement England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It also includes the three Crown Dependencies (Bailiwick of Jersey, Guernsey3, Isle of Man) and one Overseas Territory (Gibraltar), which to date, the UK’s ratification of the Paris Agreement has been extended to.
• UNFCCC England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It also includes those Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories have had the UK’s ratification of the UNFCCC extended to them.
These are the three Crown Dependencies (Bailiwick of Jersey, Bailiwick of Guernsey, Isle of Man) and four Overseas Territories (Gibraltar, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, The Paris Agreement scope is used for emissions estimates in the Common Reporting Tables (CTF) accompanying this submission. 3 The UK’s ratification of the Paris Agreement was extended to Guernsey in 2023 at their request but has not yet been extended to the whole Bailiwick of Guernsey which includes the islands of Alderney and Sark.
The UK government remains committed to working with Alderney and Sark on their potential future inclusion in the Paris Agreement. Geographic coverage 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021 2022 United Kingdom 812.4 761.2 724.4 697.5 611.6 508.0 404.0 421.1 406.2 Jersey 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 Guernsey 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 Isle of Man 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 Gibraltar 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Aircraft and shipping (between UK and CDOTs party to PA) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 Total (PA scope) 814.6 763.5 726.8 699.6 613.7 509.9 405.6 422.7 407.8 Cayman Islands 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 Falkland Islands 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 Bermuda 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 Aircraft and shipping (between 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 Total (UNFCCC scope) 816.4 765.2 728.6 701.6 616.0 512.4 407.9 425.1 410.3 A summary of emissions by sector and by gas can be found in the tables CRT sector 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021 2022 1.
Energy (non-transport) 478.2 431.1 421.7 414.3 374.2 279.9 214.4 223.2 209.4 1. Energy (transport) 123.1 125.8 130.4 134.2 123.0 123.0 97.9 108.0 110.1 Product Use (IPPU) 80.0 73.4 52.8 49.2 40.1 41.1 31.0 29.5 26.9 3.
Agriculture 50.3 49.3 48.0 45.9 43.4 44.0 42.1 42.7 41.9

and Forestry 10.7 8.4 5.8 3.0 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.7 5. Waste 72.4 75.5 68.1 53.1 31.8 21.5 19.5 18.9 18.8 Total 814.6 763.5 726.8 699.6 613.7 509.9 405.6 422.7 407.8 year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021 2022 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 605.5 605.5 567.4 567.7 566.3 506.3 415.5 320.3 338.3 325.5 Methane (CH4) 150.4 150.4 143.7 123.9 100.9 75.4 62.7 57.8 57.1 56.5 Nitrous oxide (N2O) 43.9 43.9 35.1 26.4 22.8 20.4 19.9 18.6 19.0 18.1 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 15.5 12.1 15.5 6.4 8.1 10.6 11.1 8.3 7.7 7.2 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 817.1 814.6 763.5 726.8 699.6 613.7 509.9 405.6 422.7 407.8

Total UK greenhouse gas emissions in 2022 (Paris Agreement scope) are estimated to be 407.8 million tonnes CO2 equivalent (MtCO2e), a decrease of 50% from 817.1 MtCO2e in 1990.
The breakdown of gases in 2022 is as • Fluorinated gases (F-gases) contributed 2%. The sectoral breakdown in 2022 • Non-transport emissions from the energy sector contributed 51% to the total o CO2 is the dominant gas consisting of 97% of emissions.
o Since 1990, emissions have declined by 56%. • Transport emissions from the energy sector contributed 28%.
o CO2 is the dominant gas consisting of 99% of emissions. o Since 1990, emissions have declined by 11%.
• The agricultural sector contributed 12%. o CH4 and N2O contributed 67% and 30% respectively, with the o Since 1990, emissions from this sector have declined by 17%.
• Industrial processes and product use contributed 7%. o CO2 and F-gases contributed 68% and 29% respectively, with the remainder made up by CH4 and N2O.
o Since 1990, emissions have declined by 66%. • The waste sector contributed 5%.
o CH4 is the dominant gas consisting of 90% of all emissions. o Since 1990, emissions have declined by 74%.
• The Land-Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector contains sinks as well as sources of CO2 emissions. LULUCF was a net source in both 1990 and 2022, and in 2022, contributed less than 0.2% to total net o Emissions from this sector occur for CO2, N2O and CH4.
o Since 1990, net emissions from this sector have declined by 94%. Chapter 2: Information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving 2.1 National circumstances and institutional arrangements The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a Party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.
The UK employs a range of institutional structures – at national, sub-national and local level - to enable economy-wide emissions mitigation, as well as numerous policies and measures to underpin delivery. The UK consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, with aspects of government policy responsibility devolved to the democratically accountable governments within each, namely the Scottish government, the Welsh government and the Northern Ireland Executive.
The UK government has overall responsibility for implementation and delivery of the UK’s climate commitments under the UNFCCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement, as well as our targets for net zero by 2050, our domestic carbon budgets, and our 2030 and 2035 Nationally Determined Contributions. However, all the Devolved Governments play a part in this process.
The approach taken by each administration will differ, drawing on the range of policies at their disposal. As explained in Chapter 1, the UK’s ratification of the Paris Agreement has to date been extended the three Crown Dependencies, and the Overseas Territory of Gibraltar – so these are in scope of the UK’s NDC.
Climate policy is devolved to the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories and so they are responsible for setting their own emission reduction targets and climate policies and laws. The Climate Change Act 2008 established the world’s first legally binding framework of national emissions targets.
The Act required the UK to set carbon budgets which impose legally binding limits on emissions across five-year periods. The first six carbon budgets have so far been set in law.
The Climate Change Committee (CCC) is an independent, statutory body established under the Climate Change Act 2008. Their purpose is to advise the UK and Devolved Governments on emissions targets and to report to Parliament on progress made in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preparing for and adapting to the impacts of climate change.
More information on the Climate Change Act can be found in section 2.8.1. The UK government is split into 24 ministerial departments and 20 non-ministerial departments.
Each department focuses on a different aspect of government policy, the following of which fed into this • The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ), which leads the mission to make Britain a Clean Energy Superpower, achieving clean power by 2030 and accelerating to net zero. • The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the department responsible for policy and regulations on environmental, food and rural issues including domestic adaptation.
• Department for Education (DfE), the department responsible for children’s services and education, including early years, schools, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. • The Department for Transport (DfT), which supports the transport network to help the UK’s businesses and get people and goods travelling around the • Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), leads on the UK’s diplomatic, development and consular work around the world.
• Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT), ensures that new and existing technologies are safely developed and deployed across the UK and drive forward a modern digital government for the benefit of its citizens. • Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local government (MHCLG), lead on affordable homes and handing power back to communities and rebuilding Further information about the UK government can be found at GOV.uk4 2.1.2 Northern Ireland Executive In January 2020 the ‘New Decade, New Approach5’ was published, which set out a commitment to tackle climate change head-on using a coordinated and strategic On behalf of the NI Executive the Department for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) has led on the development of a draft Green Growth Strategy6, collaborating with other departments, local government and key stakeholders from across the business, voluntary and community sectors in its development.
To ensure that there is a coordinated and strategic approach to deliver a Green Growth Strategic Oversight Group, which is a group of senior officials from all nine Northern Ireland (NI) Government departments, provides overall strategic direction for the Executive’s Green Growth and climate change commitments. The Scottish Government has a range of responsibilities, including climate change policy and many of its constituent lever policies.
The Scottish Parliament passes laws on devolved matters, which includes a statutory framework for Scotland’s approach to tackling climate change. The Scottish Government remains absolutely committed to ending Scotland’s contribution to global emissions as soon as possible, and by 2045 at the latest (through a statutory net zero target).
Scotland’s emissions halved between 1990 and 5 Northern New Decade, New Approach 6 Northern A Green Growth Strategy

2022, while our economy has grown by 67%, proving that tackling climate change and growing our economy go hand in hand. Climate change is embedded across the Scottish Government through a robust ministerial and corporate governance framework.
Accountability for climate action is led by the Cabinet Secretary for Net Zero and Energy and supported by the Cabinet Sub-Committee for the Climate Emergency which provides cross-government leadership, assurance and coordination of efforts. At a corporate level, oversight and assurance of climate policy delivery is provided by the Global Climate Emergency (GCE) Board of senior officials, with responsibility to ensure a whole-systems approach to delivering a just transition to net zero and strengthening climate adaptation.
The GCE Board is overseen by the Scottish government’s Executive Team and Corporate Board. Both the GCE Board and Corporate Board include non-executive directors as members.
Within the Welsh Government, the Deputy First Minister and Cabinet Secretary for Climate Change and Rural Affairs lead on the net zero agenda, although the Cabinet has collective responsibility for achieving Wales’ statutory emissions targets. The Climate Change Portfolio Board of senior civil servants supports Cabinet decision-making.
Further support is provided by the Climate Change Committee,7 which is the Welsh government’s statutory independent advisor on climate change. The Welsh Government’s response to the climate emergency is framed by the Well- being of Future Generations (Wales) Act (2015).8 This requires the Welsh Government to take long-term policy decisions, involve people in the government decisions that affect them, and seek out opportunities to address the underlying causes of change.
The Welsh Government’s Programme for government contains ten well-being objectives, including “Embed our response to the climate and nature emergency in everything we do”.9 This section discusses demographic characteristics of the UK, to provide context on the population-related drivers that affect the UK’s Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Unless stated otherwise, the following statistics have been produced from data collected by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), who produce the official population estimates for the UK and its constituent countries.
The total population of the UK was estimated to be 67.6 million in mid-2022, which 8 Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015: guidance 9 Welsh Government Programme for update

population of the UK is increasing and ageing with the median age in the UK increasing from 35.8 in 1990 to 40.7 in 2022. The population aged greater than 65 years increased from 15.7% in 1990 to 18.8% in 2022.
The male to female ratio of the UK population has remained broadly steady between 1990 and 2022 at approximately 49% to 51%, though within these broad percentages the gap is (thousands) 57,237 58,886 62,759 65,088 66,744 67,603 (thousands) 27,819 28,690 30,805 31,859 32,682 33,108 (thousands) 29,419 30,196 31,954 33,129 34,062 34,495 Median age (years) 35.8 37.6 39.5 40.1 40.6 40.7 According to ONS projections, the UK is expected to see a continued growth in million by mid-2045, an increase equivalent to an average annual rate of growth of slightly over 0.5% between 2022 and 2045. Assumed net migration accounts for the projected increase over the next 25 years, with projected annual deaths higher than births for most of this period.
ONS note that the projections do not attempt to predict the impacts of the UK leaving the EU or the lasting effects of the coronavirus 10Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland

2046 population projections in the UK by country, 2022-2046 (in millions) with mid-2011 (purple and green lines)

relates to the number of people of that age in the population. The size and composition of the population is determined by the pattern of births, deaths and migration which have taken place in previous years.
The main details illustrated by the pyramid for mid-2020 include the • The peaks and wide areas of the pyramid reflect the high numbers of births in the years after the Second World War and during the baby boom of the • The sharp narrowing of the pyramid for people aged between 15 and 20 years is a consequence of low numbers of births just after the turn of the century. There followed an increase in birth rates peaking around 2008 to 2012.
Since 2016, birth rates have fallen more rapidly. • Females outnumber males at older ages, reflecting the higher life expectancy of females, though the gap has narrowed over time.
The male to female ratio of the UK population has remained broadly steady between 1990 and 2022 at approximately 49% to 51% respectively, though within these broad percentages the gap is narrowing. 2.2.2 Building stock & urban structure profile In 2022, the most common types of dwellings in England were terraced houses (29%) followed by semi-detached (25%), detached (17%), purpose-built flats (17%) and all other types of dwellings (12%)11.
The UK lies between latitude 49ºN and 61ºN and longitude 8ºE and 2ºW, positioned in north-western Europe. There are three UK Crown Dependencies (the Bailiwick of Jersey, Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Isle of Man) and fourteen Overseas Territories • British Indian Ocean Territory • Virgin Islands (commonly known as the British Virgin Islands) 11 English Housing Survey Headline Report, 2022-23

• Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha • South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands • Sovereign base areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia In 2022, the UK had a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $3.1 trillion, making it the world’s 6th largest economy12.
It is the 14th largest exporter of goods ($534 billion in 2022) and second largest exporter of services ($507 billion in 2022)13. The level of real GDP in Q1 of 2022 was 1.3% higher than in Q4 of 201914, broadly in line with other G7 countries.
Up until the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the rate of growth in UK real GDP had exceeded the rate of population growth – leading to rising GDP per capita. Since then, GDP per capita growth has slowed, and fell as a result of Covid-19, mirroring the fall in GDP.
As of 2022, GDP per capita was around 0.6% above 2019 (pre-Covid) levels. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF)15 real GDP growth in the UK was 4.8% in 2022.
This compares with 2.5% for the USA, 1.4% for Germany, 2.6% for France, 4.7% for Italy, and 1.2% for Japan. The last decade has been characterised by high employment and low unemployment, and stagnant wage growth.
The employment rate peaked at 76.5% in December to February 2020, which was the highest rate since comparable records began in 197116. The employment rate in 2022 was 75.1%.
Similarly, the unemployment rate dropped to 3.7% in October to December 2019, the lowest since 1974, and was 3.8% in 202217. Due to the furlough scheme and other interventions the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on employment and unemployment was relatively limited.
Since the start of 2010, annual real regular pay growth has averaged just 0.3%18 and UK wage growth since the financial crisis has been one the slowest rates among G7 nations. Covid-19 pandemic has largely unwound.
There has been a degree of tightness in the labour market, due to record high vacancies. Job vacancies reached 1,304,000 in the second quarter of 2022, however since then the total number of vacancies has 12International Monetary GDP, current prices 13 14ONS: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 15International Monetary World Economic Outlook 16 Employment and Employee Types 17ONS: Unemployment rate (aged 16 and over, seasonally adjusted): % 18 Employment and Employee Types 19 Employment and Employee Types

Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, the UK had generally enjoyed low and stable inflation, broadly in line with the Bank of England’s 2% target.
Since summer 2021 however, the UK like other developed nations, experienced a rapid rise in inflation driven by mostly external factors. These include high prices for energy and other commodities, exacerbated recently due to the war in Ukraine, a mismatch of global supply and demand, as well as base effects – abnormally low inflation in 2020 due to 2022.
This is the highest level of price inflation in the UK for more than 40 years. As a result, real pay growth returned to being negative for the first time since 2017.
CPI inflation returned to the target of 2% in May 2024. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Unemployment rate Employment rate

The UK economy is dominated by the service sector, accounting for over 80% of gross value added (GVA) and employment21.
Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, the fastest growing sector in the economy since the global financial crisis was the information and communication sector, which grew by around 130% between Q3 2009 and Q4 2019, largely as a result of technological progress within the sector. Looking at more recent data, GDP grew by 0.7% in Q1 2022.
Services grew by 0.8% on the quarter meaning it was 2.5% above pre-pandemic (Q4 2019) levels. Construction grew by 3.0%, and is 1.7% above pre-pandemic levels, while production fell by 1.9% and remains 5.8% below pre-pandemic levels.
UK government consumption and investment are the only expenditure component of GDP (the others being household consumption, business investment and net exports) that has risen since the start of the coronavirus pandemic, largely driven by health spending, and mirroring the growth seen in the health sector on the output measure. UK government consumption has grown by 8.5% since the start of the coronavirus pandemic.
Conversely, private consumption (-1.3%), business investment (5.0%) and net trade have all detracted from GDP growth since Q4 The UK’s climate is maritime, moist and temperate, with a winter mean temperature of 4.1 °C and summer mean temperature of 14.6 °C. The influence of the Atlantic Ocean means that the UK’s annual temperature range is smaller than for more continental countries at the same latitude.
Average annual precipitation in the UK 20 Consumer price inflation tables 21 Commons Service Key Economic Indicators 22 First Quarterly Estimate, Q3 (July to Sept) 2024 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19 Jan-20 Jan-21 Jan-22

typically ranges from approximately 800 mm to 1400 mm, but with significant regional variations with western upland regions experiencing in excess of 2000 mm and parts of low-lying south-east England less than 600 mm. The UK climate is heavily influenced by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream / North Atlantic Drift which brings warm water into high northern latitudes.
Prevailing winds are westerly, and UK regional climates vary with distance from the Atlantic as well as with local topography. Continental influences are most strongly seen in the southeast Variations in the strength and position of the jet stream strongly influence UK weather.
Sometimes the jet stream is directed close to or over the country, bringing extended periods of stormy, wet weather. At other times, a blocked pattern steers the jet stream away to the north or to the south, bringing generally settled, dry conditions, either warmer or colder than average.
Space heating is required in most buildings throughout the winter months and the use of air conditioning in the summer months is increasing. In the UK, GHG emissions are strongly influenced by weather conditions.
In winter, cooler-than-average temperatures increase demand for space heating; and in summer, warmer-than-average temperatures increase demand for

The Central England Temperature (CET) series is the longest-compiled instrumental the early 21st century has been warmer than the previous three centuries for all relative to 1991-2020 average24 The UK-wide national temperature series begins in 1884, showing an increase in temperature from the 1970s to the 2000s with the most recent decade (2014-2023) on average 0.42 °C warmer than the 1991-2020 average and 1.25 °C warmer than 1961-1990. All ten warmest years recorded for the UK have been since 2003.
Evidence from attribution science shows that the increasing trend in temperatures is overwhelmingly a result of human activities, in particular emissions of greenhouse 23 Met State of the UK Climate 24 Met Office, State of the UK Climate 2023 report

Cold years are still observed despite the warming trend, but they are less frequent and less severe than in the historical 2010 was the coldest year recorded since 1986 and the 22nd coldest in the UK series since 1884. 7) that is most pronounced for Scotland.
The most recent decade (2014–2023) has been on average 2% wetter than 1991-2020 and 10% wetter than 1961–1990. Five of the ten wettest years for the UK have occurred since 2000, in a series beginning The largest increases in rainfall have been during the winter season, with the most recent decade (2014-2023) having winters 24% wetter than 1961-1990.
This period includes the two wettest winters on record in 2013-2014 and 2015-2016, with winter 2019-2020 as the fifth wettest in a series from 1836. Summers of the most recent decade (2014-2023) have also been 10% wetter than 1961-1990.
This changing trend in rainfall in the UK is a result of both human influence and large-scale natural variability in the climate system, which can occur over time periods of decades. Since 1900 sea level around the UK has risen by about 18.5 cm when corrected for vertical land movement, which is comparable to the global sea level rise estimate of 20 cm.
There is evidence from the observational records that the rate of sea level rise is increasing from a long-term estimate of 1.5 mm/yr, with the period 1993-2023 increasing by around 4.6 mm/year. Sea surface temperatures around the UK for the most recent decade (2014-2023) have been on average 0.3 °C warmer than the 1991-2020 average and 0.9 °C warmer than 1961-1990.
The latest UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) provide the most up-to-date assessment of how the UK climate is projected to change in the future and includes modelling projections for three spatial resolutions (60km, 12km and 2.2km), probabilistic projections including extremes, and projections of sea-level rise, storm One strand of the modelling projections is UKCP Local; the first time a climate model with a resolution similar to weather forecasting models has been used to explore national climate scenarios. This is a step forward in the ability of the climate model to simulate small-scale behaviour seen in the real atmosphere, particularly for the representation of the heavy rainfall associated with showers that affect flooding in summer.
In this section, UKCP information is used to summarise the projected effects on UK climate, both in terms of averages and extremes26, followed by impact metrics. UKCP data were used in the most recent UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (UKCCRA) and are being applied by the more than seven thousand registered users to quantify and manage physical climate risks.
2.5.2.1 UK future climate overview The headline findings of UKCP18 state that future UK climate change will result in warmer, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers. Annual temperatures for the UK for a medium emissions scenario27 from the UKCP Probabilistic Projections suggest warming of 2.3°C (1.1°C to 3.6°C)28 by the end of the century (2080- 2100) compared to the 1981-2000 baseline period.
Warming is projected to be greater in summer (3°C; 1.3°C to 4.8°C) than in winter (2°C; 0.6°C to 3.5°C). UK-wide, summer precipitation decreases are expected to be -19% (-36% to -2%) while winter precipitation is projected to increase 10% (-2% to 25%) by the 2090s.
Notable UK-wide features, such as warming being greater in the summer compared to the winter are projected to occur across all regions of the UK for both low and high emissions scenarios29. Similarly, the majority of UK regions are projected to 26 Unless stated otherwise, all results discussed here are from the UKCP18 Summary Report, where 27 Using the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5.
28 Median value (10th – 90th percentile range). 29 RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 respectively.
experience a decrease in summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation. Across both seasons and emissions scenarios, regional variations are generally modest within each metric, with differences usually within 1°C or 10%, the high emissions scenario winter precipitation showing the greatest spread between Sea level is projected to rise around the UK compared to a 1981-2000 baseline period although the amount of sea level rise is higher in the south and increases with higher emissions scenarios.
For the medium emissions scenario (RCP4.5), the UKCP Marine Projections give rises of 0.55 m (0.40 m to 0.75 m)30 in London compared to lower values of 0.33 m (0.18 m to 0.53 m) in Edinburgh in 2100. Based on exploratory results to 2300, sea levels continue to increase beyond 2100 even with large reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
For the same medium emissions scenario, sea level is projected to rise for London by 1.42 m (0.93m to 2.23 m) and 0.77 m (0.28 m to 1.6 m) for Edinburgh by 2300. However, the uncertainty around post-2100 simulations remain large due to gaps in understanding related to the role 2.5.2.2 UK future climate extremes For day-to-day extremes, UKCP18 provides extremes in terms of return periods (the average time between events) for maximum temperatures and heavy rainfall.
These results project increases in both the values and range over the course of the 21st The median values of high temperature and heavy rainfall expected to occur once every 50 years are projected to increase in all seasons under an illustrative high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). For example, by 2070 with a high emissions scenario, the daily maximum temperature of a 1-in-50-year event is projected to be 2.5°C (winter) and 3.7°C to 4.3°C (spring, summer, autumn) warmer than in 1990.
For rainfall, the median 1-in- 50-year event is expected to have 12-19% (daily rainfall) or 11-13% (5-day accumulated rainfall) more rainfall in 2070 than in 1990 in autumn, winter or spring, with smaller increases expected in summer31. UKCP Local models have better representation of how rainfall varies day-to-day and hour-to- hour.
For hourly rainfall that is expected to occur once every two years, UKCP Local projects that this will be 29% heavier in the summer under a future climate with a high emissions scenario (2060-2080, RCP8.5). Similar increases are projected for rarer events and in the autumn, with smaller increases projected in 2.5.2.3 UK climate impact metrics UKCP18 data has also been translated into metrics that quantify the expected future impacts of weather on society at different Global Warming Levels (GWLs), ranging 30 Median value (10th and 90th percentile range).
31 UKCP Additional Land Probabilistic Projections of Climate Extremes report. from 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level (consistent with a low emissions scenario by 2100) to 4°C (consistent with a high emissions scenario by 2100).
Projections show increases for temperature metrics related to hot events, accompanied by reductions in metrics related to cold events. The number of hot days (over 25°C) in the UK is projected to increase by between 5 days and 39 days per year.
This could mean increased hospital admissions for those vulnerable to heat and increased transport disruption, for example from railway track buckling at higher temperatures. The projections show a 2 to 7-fold increase in an indicator of the energy demand for cooling (known as cooling degree days).
Increases are also projected in an indicator of the energy available for plant growth over a year (growing degree days) of 19% to 60%. Occurrences of tropical nights, when the temperature falls no lower than 20°C, are rare in the current climate but become more frequent in a warmer climate, particularly in southeast England and in Conversely, the projections show a reduction in the number of frost days (below 0°C) of between 10 and 49 days per year.
Decreases are also found in an indicator of energy demand for heating (known as heating degree days) of 11% to 32%, implying a decrease in the adverse effects of cold weather. Impacts related to rainfall include projected increases in heavy rainfall events that could cause flooding and increases in average drought severity.
The projections show an increase in occurrence of high-impact levels of daily rainfall from 1 day to 8 days per year. Average drought severity is projected to increase at most GWLs but with a small decrease possible with a low 1.5°C GWL, with changes of -3% to 19% for 12-month drought duration, and -2% to 54% for 36-month drought duration.
The UK published its Net Zero Strategy in 2021, which included its commitment to decarbonise the electricity sector by 2035, subject to security of supply. This was submitted to the UNFCCC as the UK’s Long Term Low Emissions Development Strategy in 2021.
Policies to support this and increase energy security were set out in this document and in the subsequent British Energy Security Strategy which was published in 2022 following Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine. The main policy focus was to increase energy efficiency and accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels through the decarbonisation of the power sector and increased electrification of heat, Total UK energy production increased rapidly between 1990 and 2000, mainly due to the growth of oil and gas.
Production in 2000 was at record levels for natural gas, while in 1999 it was at record levels for overall energy and petroleum. Energy production has since been on a general decline, however energy production levels increased between 2014 and 2019, as new oil fields opened, combined with the

growth in output from bioenergy and waste and the increased capacity of wind and In 2022, total energy production was 110.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent, 3.1% higher than the record low level of 106.8 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2021.
Production levels for all fuels except coal, oil and bioenergy & waste are up on 2021, with oil output at a record 21st century low level. UK energy production had fallen year on year since 2018 before the rise in 2022, and energy production is now 63 per cent below the peak recorded in 1999.
In 2022, coal production fell by 39 per cent to a record low level, whilst production of oil fell by 7.6 per cent to a record low level, with output down by 28 per cent on pre- pandemic (2019) levels; conversely production of natural gas rose by 16 per cent in 2.6.1.2 Energy consumption & transformation In 202232 total primary energy consumption was 168.6 mega tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), 1.3 per cent lower than in 2021, with record high temperatures and higher energy prices a key factor in the reduced consumption levels. The level of primary energy consumption in 2022 was 21% lower than in 1990; primary energy consumption levels peaked in 2001 and since then there has been a general downward trend.
In the last 33 years, consumption of natural gas and primary electricity have risen, whilst consumption of oil and coal have fallen. However, over the past decade, the growth in consumption of bioenergy and waste has more than In 202233 total final energy consumption including non-energy use was 130.9 mtoe, 2.1 per cent lower than in 2021, and 11 per cent lower than pre-pandemic (2019) levels.
The level of final energy consumption in 2022 was 17% lower than in 1990. The largest fall in final energy consumption since 1990 has occurred in the industrial sector, mainly due to structural change in the period before 2000; in the domestic sector there has been a general downward trend in consumption due to improvements in energy efficiency measures, and more recently due to the impact of Between 1990 and 2022 electricity supply emissions have reduced by 73%.
This decrease has resulted mainly from changes in the mix of fuels being used for electricity generation, including the growth of renewables; together with greater efficiency resulting from improvements in technology. The electricity supply sector historically had the largest emissions of the sectors presented in these statistics.
However, these reductions mean that since 2014 this has no longer been the case 33 DUKES 1.1.5 final consumption by sector and DUKES 1.1.2 non-energy use

and there are now several sectors with higher emissions (the largest being Since 1990 there has been a decline in the use of coal at power stations and an increase in the use of gas, which has a lower carbon content so results in fewer emissions. Coal use in generation reduced by 97% between 1990 and 2022, making up only 3% of the fuel used for UK electricity generation in 2022 compared to 65% in 1990.
Electricity supplied was 4% higher in 2022 than in 1990, having grown to a peak in 2005 and decreased since then. In 2022 the use of gas for electricity generation increased 1% from 2021 and the use of renewables and nuclear both by 5%, whereas coal saw a 16% decrease34.
The British Energy Security Strategy published in 2022 included ambitions for up to 50GW of offshore wind by 2030, including up to 5GW of floating wind; up to 70GW of solar by 2035; up to 10GW of hydrogen by 2030, with up to 6GW from electrolytic (‘green’) hydrogen; and up to 24GW of nuclear by 2050. The share of electricity generated from renewable sources remained stable through UK offshore oil and gas production started sixty years ago.
This long history of oil and gas production in the UK means our offshore basin is mature and production is naturally declining. Through the North Sea Transition Deal, the oil and gas industry is committed to reducing its production emissions by 10% by 2025, 25% by 2027 and 50% by 2030, against a 2018 baseline35.
Transparency is also since 2021, the North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA) has published annual Emissions Monitoring Reports, which present a wide range of data on overall greenhouse gas emissions, methane emissions, performance benchmarking and flaring and venting to track industry’s progress. The NSTA’s ‘OGA Plan’ on emissions reduction, published in March 2024, sets out requirements for the oil and gas industry to decarbonise and makes it clear that for production to continue in the North Sea, it must also continue to become cleaner.
The sector’s emissions reductions will be delivered through a mixture of decreasing oil and gas production from the basin and decarbonisation measures such as ending routine flaring and venting and platform electrification. Good progress has been made in recent years - the NSTA estimates that between 2018 and 2022, emissions from upstream oil and gas production decreased by approximately 23% and industry almost halved methane emissions36.
The UK oil and gas sector has one of the lowest upstream methane emission intensities globally, having achieved the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative’s 0.2% intensity target for 2025 early, in 202137. We continue to support the North Sea Transition Deal, including the important decarbonisation 34Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national 1990 to 2022 36 Emissions Monitoring Report 2023 37OGCI Methane emissions report;

targets it set for the sector, working together to make sure the next chapter of oil and gas is also the cleanest in its history.
Domestic transport accounted for around 28% of all UK greenhouse gas emissions in 2022, almost entirely through carbon dioxide emissions. The main source of domestic transport emissions comes from the use of petrol and diesel fuels in road In 2020, transport was significantly impacted by COVID-19, as people were instructed to stay at home as much as possible.
This led to an annual decrease in distance travelled by cars, vans and taxis of 28% in 2020 and an 80% decrease in distance travelled by rail, both when compared with 2019. COVID-19 restrictions were eased in 2021 and the last restrictions removed in 2022, resulting in consecutive years of increasing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic transport to 113.2 MtCO2e in 2022, a 2% rise from 2021 and 12% higher than 2020, although this was still 10% lower than 2019.
In 2021/22 and 2022/23, rail passenger kilometres increased incrementally, but still remained 20% below pre-pandemic Road vehicles remained the most significant source of domestic transport GHG emissions (89%), making up 25% of economy-wide domestic emissions in 2022. emissions, with Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) contributing 17% and vans 38 Transport Statistics Great 2022 Domestic Travel 39 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures

Public transport use was heavily impacted by COVID-19. Between 2019 and 2020, passenger kilometres travelled on buses and rail fell from 33 billion to 14 billion and

80 billion to 16 billion respectively40.
In contrast, active travel spiked significantly in 2020 when compared with previous years. Increases were seen in walking trips, stages and miles travelled compared to 2021, with average trips and miles above The freight sector is vital for the UK, with 216 billion tonne-kilometres of domestic freight moved in the UK in 2022.
Road freight made up the largest proportion of domestic freight being moved in the UK in 2022, accounting for 81%42. Road freight has seen consistent increases from 2015 onwards.
The COVID-19 pandemic interrupted this trend, with an 11% decrease in road freight traffic in 202043. The maritime sector remains crucial for UK transport.
In total, there are 51 major seaports in the UK44. In 2022, a total of 458.9 million tonnes of cargo were handled at all UK sea ports (98% at the 51 major ports); this is a 3% increase on 2021 but 5% lower than in 201945.
An estimated total of 86,600 cargo vessels arrived at UK major seaports during 2022, 1.6% more than the 2021 level46. The UK aviation sector supports global travel, connectivity and trade.
UK airports provide direct flights to over 100 countries and served over 195 million terminal passengers in 2022. Around 2 million commercial flights depart from or arrive at UK Domestic aviation emissions fell by more than half in 2020 compared to 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest fall of any mode of transport, and in 2022 were still 20% lower than in 2019.
Emissions from waterborne transport were 11% lower in 2022 than in 2019, having remained at a similar level to their 2020 low. The proliferation of future green technology is advancing, supported by investment in research and development (R&D), alongside incentives and other existing efficiency regulations across all modes of transport.
In May 2022, £200m was announced to provide support for the rollout of zero emission HGVs and their associated infrastructure as part of the zero emission HGV and infrastructure demonstrator programme. In 2022, the UK committed £180m to support the development of UK sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) plants, building on the progress made in previous advanced fuels competitions.
Additionally, the UK committed to a £206m R&D programme focused on maritime decarbonisation, which is being delivered through the UK Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions (UK SHORE) between 2022 until 40 The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on walking and cycling statistics, 2020 41 Walking and cycling statistics, Introduction and main findings 42 Transport Statistics Great 2022 Freight 43 Transport Statistics Great 2021 Freight 44 Port freight annual statistics 2021: Overview of port freight statistics and useful information 45Port freight annual statistics 2022: Overview of port freight statistics and useful information 46Port freight annual statistics 2022: Arrivals. 2.6.3 Industrial processes & product use The UK’s industrial sector plays an important role in society, contributing £210 billion to the overall UK economy in 202248.
It is a high value area of employment, directly accounting for 10%49 of the UK’s total GVA in 2022 and providing 2.7 million50 direct jobs across the country, rising to around 5 million jobs51 if including indirect jobs Industry is also a major source of CO2 emissions, producing 17% (68.3 MtCO2e)52 of UK’s total in 2022. Roughly half of these emissions are concentrated in specific ‘clusters’53 – geographical areas with large concentrations of industry.
The seven UK clusters Humberside, the North-West, Grangemouth in Scotland, South Wales, Teesside, Southampton and the Black Country. The remaining emissions can be found in ‘dispersed’ sites, which are industrial regions scattered around the UK.
Most emissions are from energy and carbon intensive sectors including cement, chemicals, food and drink, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, non-metallic minerals, paper and pulp and refining. Industry emissions reduced by 57% between 1990 and 202254, due mainly to the changing structure of the UK’s manufacturing and refining sector, efficiency improvements, and a shift to low carbon fuels55.
Refer to figures 10 and 11 below for an illustration of UK industrial emission and UK industrial process emission reductions from 1990 – 2022. 48 Low-level aggregates of UK output gross value added (GVA), ONS (2024) 49 Gross Value Added (Average) at basic CP SA £m, ONS (2024) 50 Employee jobs by industry (JOBS03), Self-employment jobs by industry (JOBS04), both ONS 51 FTE multipliers and effects, reference year 2015, bespoke industry groups (2019) ,Manufacturing After Brexit, page 7, UKICE (2022) 52 Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national 1990 to 2022, DESNZ (2024) 53 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory large point source emissions, NAEI (2023) 54 Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national 1990 to 2022, DESNZ (2024)

In 2022, around 71% (17.4 million hectares) of total UK land was used for as of June 202258.
About 4.4 million hectares of this was arable, of which around two thirds were under cereal production and 11.4 million hectares was under grass. The remainder was common rough grazing (1.2 million hectares) and land for outdoor 56 UK greenhouse gas final figures - dataset of emissions by source 57 UK greenhouse gas emissions by Standard Industrial Classification 58 Agricultural Land Use in United Kingdom at 1 June 2023 - GOV.UK (

pigs (12,000 hectares)59.
Total agriculture area saw a 0.4% increase between 2016 and 2022, and total croppable area increased by 0.2%. The biggest change in agricultural land use was seen in uncropped arable land which saw an 8.4% Livestock produce greenhouse gas emissions via processes such as enteric fermentation.
The total number of cattle and calves in the UK decreased by 4% between June 2016 and June 2022 to around 9.6 million. The UK’s dairy herd has decreased by 2.9%, and the UK beef herd has decreased by 8.3% over the same period.
Total cattle and calf numbers in the UK during the period 2005-2023 are 59 Agricultural Land Use in United Kingdom at 1 June 2023 - GOV.UK (

The total number of pigs in the UK in June 2022 increased by 7.3% since June 2016, to 5.2 million. There was a 16% decrease in the total number of breeding pigs in the UK over the same period.
This decrease was a reaction to the large backlog of pigs on farm in England at the end of 2021 and start of 2022. Total pig numbers in the

The total number of sheep and lambs in the UK decreased by 2.3% between June 2016 and June 2022, to 33.2 million.
The UK’s female breeding flock decreased by 2.93% to 15.8 million over the same period. Decreases were also seen in other sheep and lambs for the UK falling 1.6%.
Total sheep and lamb numbers in the UK

2.6.5 Land use, land use change and forestry The area of woodland in the UK on 31 March 2022 was 3.2 million hectares. Of this total, 1.5 million hectares (46%) was in Scotland, 1.3 million hectares (41%) was in England, 0.3 million hectares (10%) was in Wales and 0.1 million hectares (4%) was in Northern Ireland.
This has changed relatively little over the period 2007 to 2022 as Around 50% of the total UK woodland is made up predominantly of conifer species, the remainder being broadleaved. The total area of new planting and restocking in the UK was 27.2 thousand hectares in 2020-21.
Restocking accounted for 51% of this total. Broadleaved species accounted for 45% of the new planting area but just 18.5% of the restocked area in A total of 10.0 million green tonnes of softwood was produced in the UK in 2020 and accounted for 92% of timber removals from UK woodland.
UK hardwood production totalled 0.8 million green tonnes in 202064. 61 Forestry Facts & Figures 2023

Estimated consumption of wood in the UK amounted to 48.3 million m3 wood raw material equivalent in 2022, made up of 9.8 million m3 UK production, 43.1 million m3 imports and 4.5 million m3 exports65.
This sector can act as both a source and a sink for GHG emissions. In 2022, GHG emissions from waste contributed around 5% of total UK emissions, representing an emissions reduction of 74% since 1990.
Approximately 90% of emissions from this sector are attributable to methane66. The UK government and the Devolved Governments published their individual waste strategies aiming to reduce the quantity of waste produced and to increasingly recover value from it.
The strategies set out ambitions to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill and to increase the amount of recycling or composting. In 2021, households in the UK produced 27.7 million tonnes of waste, an increase of In 2021, 44.6% of waste from households was recycled in the UK; this is a decrease from the peak of 46.0% achieved in 201968.
The UK commercial and industrial sectors generated 40.4 million tonnes of waste in 2020, of which 33.8 million tonnes (around 84%) was produced in England. By comparison, the 2018 UK commercial and industrial waste arisings totalled 43.9 million tonnes, of which 37.2 million tonnes was generated by England.
Over two thirds of commercial & industrial waste is generated by the commercial sector, in Local authorities in England recycled, composted or reused 10.8 million tonnes in 2021-2269. The amount of local authority collected waste sent to landfill and incineration in 2021-22 was 2.1 million tonnes and 12.4 million tonnes, respectively.
Concerning landfill, it is a reduction from 22 million tonnes sent to landfill in 2000-01. 65 Forestry Statistics 2023- 3 trade 66 Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national 1990 to 2022 - GOV.UK ( 67 ENV23 - UK statistics on waste - GOV.UK ( 68 Presented recycling rates include incinerator bottom ash (IBA) metal 69 Local authority collected waste management - annual results 2022/23 - GOV.UK (

There are about 30 million buildings in the UK70.
In total, these buildings are responsible for around 30% of our national emissions71. The vast majority of these emissions are specifically from 79% of buildings emissions and about 23% The UK has some of the oldest building stock in the world.
81% of UK homes were built before 1990 and over a third before 1945. Since 2012, the proportion of homes in EPC bands A-C has risen.
However, 52% of homes in England remain below EPC C. The owner occupier tenure is the worst performing with around 57% of homes at 2.7 National circumstances of GHG emissions and For full details of the UK’s emissions trends, please see the UK National Inventory Despite rises in some sectors as the UK continued to recover from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2022 saw a fall in greenhouse gas emissions in the UK, largely due to a reduction in fuel use to heat buildings. In 2022, net territorial greenhouse gas emissions in the UK were estimated to be 407.8 million tonnes 422.7 million tonnes, and 9.3% lower when compared to 2019, the most recent pre- pandemic year.
Total greenhouse gas emissions were 50.0% lower than they were in 1990. Carbon dioxide made up 80% of the 2022 total73.
The fall in 2022 is primarily due to a reduction in gas use for heating buildings, as a result of warmer weather than in 2021. Emissions from the buildings and product uses sector fell 13.3%.
Higher energy prices may have also caused people to reduce their energy use. Falls in emissions from industry and agriculture also contributed to In comparison, emissions from the domestic transport sector rose 1.6%.
This follows a period of reduced domestic travel in 2020 and 2021 due to COVID-19 restrictions. Domestic transport was the largest emitting sector, responsible for 28% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the UK.
Emissions from electricity supply also rose by National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (ND-NEED), 2020 based on 2018 data. 71 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national 1990 to 2019’ .
And BEIS excludes international aviation and shipping. 72 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national 1990 to 2019.
Includes indirect and direct emissions but excludes international aviation and shipping. 73 Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national 1990 to 2022

2.8 Institutional arrangements in place to track progress made in implementing and achieving its Nationally 2.8.1 Information on legal, institutional, administrative and procedural arrangements related to the NDC 2.8.1.1 United Kingdom climate change legislation and targets The Climate Change Act 2008 established the world’s first legally binding framework of national emissions targets.74 The Act originally committed the UK to a statutory target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80% lower than its 1990 baseline by 2050.
In 2019, the UK amended the Act to require the net UK carbon account to be at least 100% lower than its 1990 baseline by 2050. In doing so, the UK became the first major economy to legislate for net zero emissions.
The UK’s carbon budgets impose legally binding limits on emissions across five-year periods. The first six carbon budgets have so far been set in law.
In 2021, the UK set its Sixth Carbon Budget for the period 2033-2037 with a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 965 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (MtCO2e), which is approximately 77% lower than 1990 levels. It will be the first carbon budget to include emissions from international aviation and shipping.
Looking forward, the UK’s Seventh Carbon Budget will put into law an emissions target for 2038 and 2042 and will set out the next phase of the government’s strategy for achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Further information on carbon budget accounting and performance can be found in the Annual Statement of Emissions.75 2.8.1.2 Northern Ireland Executive The Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 202276, which received Royal Assent on 6 June 2022, committed the region to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions target by The Act requires the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) to bring forward Regulations to set specific emissions reduction targets for 2030 and 2040 and to bring forward Regulations to set the first three carbon budgets (2023-2027, 2028-2032 and 2033-2037).
The Act places a further duty on DAERA to prepare and publish a Climate Action Plan (CAP) and to bring forward Regulations under the Act to place statutory climate change reporting duties on specified public bodies. The CAP will set out how the first 75Annual statement of emissions for 2022 76 Northern Climate Change Act (2022)

carbon budget will be achieved and provide a pathway towards achieving the interim emissions reductions targets and the overall net zero target by 2050.
Subsequent CAPs will be published every five years, in line with carbon budget periods. The Act places a duty on all Northern Ireland Executive Departments to assist DAERA in preparing the CAP and to ensure that in exercising their functions they do so, in so far as it is possible to do so, in a manner which is consistent with the achievement of The statutory framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Scotland is set out in the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009.
In 2019, the Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act amended the 2009 Act and established Scotland's target of net zero emissions by 2045. The Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2024 amends the 2009 Act, replacing the annual emissions reduction target framework with five-yearly carbon budgets.
The target of net zero emissions in 2045 remains unchanged, and Ministers are still required to produce annual reports on emissions progress. The new Act enables the levels of carbon budgets to be set once the latest advice has been received from the Climate Change Committee.
Our next Climate Change Plan will cover the period The Scottish Government also recognises the importance of working closely and collaboratively with the UK Government and other devolved governments to deliver a net zero that is mutually beneficial both in economic and social terms. We regularly engage with the UK Government and other Devolved Governments through the Net Zero, Energy and Climate Change Interministerial Group to discuss interdependencies between all four nations and opportunities to work collaboratively.
Engagement will also remain an important part of our development of the next The statutory framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Wales is set out in Part 2 of the Environment (Wales) Act (2016).77 Wales has a series of 5-yearly carbon budgets and interim decadal targets to 2050. Progress is measured against a 1990 or 1995 baseline, depending on the gas in question.
For each carbon budget, the Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament) must set a limit on the amount of international In March 2021, the Senedd formally committed Wales to achieving net zero emissions in 2050. It also passed regulations in relation to Carbon Budgets 2 and 3, and the 2030 and 2040 interim targets, as • Carbon Budget 2 (2021-25): 37% average reduction (with no international 77 Environment (Wales) Act 2016

• Carbon Budget 3 (2026-30): 58% average reduction • 2040: 89% reduction.
Before the end of the second year after each carbon budget, the Welsh Government must publish a final statement on progress against that budget. The Climate Change Committee must then publish its own progress report, with the Welsh Government required to respond to that The Carbon Neutral Roadmap78 was agreed by the States of Jersey in 2022.
This commits Jersey to net zero emissions by 2050 and sets out the first steps to net zero through the delivery plan which covers the period 2022-2025. The first target of a 68% reduction for 1990 levels needs to be met by 2030.
Jersey’s commitment to emissions reduction is not bound by legislation. In August 2020, Guernsey’s climate change policy, “Mitigating Climate Change - States of Guernsey Climate Change Policy & Action Plan”79, received political approval.
The policy sets the target to be carbon neutral by 2050, with an interim target of reducing emissions by 57% on 1990 levels by 2030. In doing so, Guernsey’s government also agreed that the climate targets should be legislated for.
The Climate Change Act 202180 contains the Isle of Man’s net zero by 2050 emissions reduction target and provides the basis of the Isle of Man’s statutory framework for climate action planning, delivery and monitoring. In addition, the Isle of Man has two statutory interim emissions reduction targets of 35% by 2030 and 45% by 203581 (against a 2018 baseline).
The Act requires a statutory climate change plan to be in place at all times, with the current plan being the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-202782. Prior to the current Climate Change Plan, Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 183 was in effect, between January 2020 and Gibraltar declared a climate emergency in 2019 and followed this up with the publication of the Gibraltar Climate Change Act84 later that same year.
The Act sets legally binding carbon emissions reduction targets against a 1990 baseline of 42% 78Jersey's Carbon Neutral Roadmap 80 Isle of climate change act 2021 81 Climate Change (interim target) regulations 2022 82 Isle of Climate Change Plan 2022-2027 83 Isle of Phase One Action Plan 84 Climate Change Act 2019

by 2030 and 100% by 2045. The Climate Change Strategy85 published in 2021 sets out the main policies and strategies by which Gibraltar will meet these targets.
2.8.2 Institutional arrangements The Climate Change Act 2008 is the legislative framework that holds the UK accountable for achieving our domestic climate target. The 2030 NDC falls in the same time period as the fifth carbon budget (2028-2032) but on a higher ambition.
To help track our progress, the Climate Change Committee publishes annual progress reports which provide an independent assessment of the government’s progress in reducing emissions, which the government responds to by the statutory 2.8.2.2 Northern Ireland Executive The Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) on an annual basis publishes the Northern Ireland Greenhouse Gas Inventory86. The latest inventory covers the period 1990-2022, with the focus on ‘by source’ emissions.
As part of this process DAERA also produces a set of Carbon Intensity Indicators on an annual basis. These are designed to complement the greenhouse gas inventory and allow the NI Departments to track the effectiveness of their carbon reduction policies The Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 (the Act) placed a duty on DAERA to prepare and publish a report before the end of each 5 yearly carbon budget period, setting out what progress has been made in implementing the policies and proposals contained within the associated 5 year Climate Action Plan.
As part of this requirement, all NI Departments have a duty to provide details of progress in implementing the policies and proposals within their areas of responsibility. Furthermore, the Act places a duty on DAERA to lay a report before the NI assembly, before the end of the second year after each carbon budget period, setting out a final statement on the total amount of NI emissions, removals and net emissions for the period.
The statement must include an assessment of the extent the policies and proposals contained in the Climate Action Plan have contributed towards the achievement of the carbon budget for the given 5-year carbon budget The Scottish Government has put in place a National Performance Framework to achieve its purpose, and this framework sets out ‘National Outcomes’ to describe the kind of Scotland it aims to create and to help it monitor progress. 85 Climate Change Strategy 86 Northern Greenhouse Gas Inventory

In addition to this, cross-government climate change activity is governed by the Global Climate Emergency Board through the Climate Change Programme.
This programme monitors progress on a monthly basis The Climate Change Programme consists of three pillars, these are The Climate Change Plan, the Scottish National Adaptation Plan 3 and Just Transition plans. Each of these plans have or will have (for those still in development) their own monitoring and evaluation frameworks.
In addition to this each of these three pillars is required to report progress to the Scottish Parliament on an annual basis. There are also two statutory nitrogen reports that the Scottish Government must update the Scottish Nitrogen Balance Sheet (“SNBS”) and the Nitrogen use efficiency in Scotland progress report (“progress report”).
The SNBS provides a powerful new source of evidence to track how efficiently nitrogen is used in Scotland and helps to identify further opportunities to improve this. In particular, it will help support progress towards Scotland’s national climate The progress report supports the SNBS.
This reports on progress towards relevant actions to improve nitrogen use and identify opportunities for future improvements. Under the Environment (Wales) Act 2016, Welsh Ministers must prepare and publish a plan (“report”) for each budgetary period, setting out their policies and proposals for meeting the carbon budget.
The first of these reports was published in March 201987. Throughout the delivery of its second plan (Carbon Budget 2 (CB2))88, Welsh Government is tracking and driving forward its implementation to ensure progress is made towards targets and budgets in a fair and just way.
To track progress, a comprehensive system has been developed to monitor delivery which includes the • Legislation – An assessment against targets and budgets every five years. The report89, formally referred to as Statement of Progress, was published in December 2022, summarising progress for Carbon Budget 1.
The next Statement of Progress (for CB2) is due in 2027. • Indicators – Tracking progress towards targets and budgets on an annual • A monitoring and reporting system, which looks more in depth at the implementation progress of Welsh policies and proposals within the Plan. 87 Low Carbon Delivery Plan 88 Net Zero Wales Carbon Budget 2 (2021 to 2025) 89 Carbon Budget 1 (CB1): Final Statement of Progress (2016 to 2020)

• Internal Governance arrangements, such as an internal Climate Change portfolio board and cross-Government Cabinet, oversee progress and • Independent Progress reports from the Climate Change Committee. Scrutiny from the Senedd and Senedd committees. The government of Jersey is made up of the Council of Ministers, comprising of the Chief Minister and 12 portfolio Ministers. The Council of Ministers has the responsibility for all of Jersey’s domestic and fiscal affairs and, increasingly, the Island’s international affairs. One of the first tasks of the Council is to draw up a Common Strategic Policy (CSP). The CSP outlines the Council’s aims and objectives and gives a timetable for implementation. Once the CSP is approved by the States Assembly (the legislature), it is the role of the Council to make sure it is properly and efficiently delivered. The current CSP (2024-2026) commits to continuing to address climate change through the Carbon Neutral Roadmap, which aims to fulfil Jersey’s commitments under the Paris Agreement. The States of Guernsey is the decision-making government body for the island, which includes climate matters. It has responsibility for all island affairs, both domestic and international. The States of Guernsey has a Government Work Plan (GWP) which sets out the priorities of the government over the term. The GWP outlines the States of Guernsey’s commitment to climate change. Within the current GWP (2023-2025) there is commitment to develop a detailed plan for the mitigation of emissions and it notes the need to address the island’s exposure to the effects of Governmental climate action in the Isle of Man is primarily the responsibility of the Council of Ministers, with their responsibilities set out in the Climate Change Act 202190. The Climate Change Transformation Board (CCTB), supported by the Climate Change Transformation Team (CCTT), report to the Council of Ministers. The CCTT sits within the Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture (DEFA) and is responsible for the management and administration of the programme, acting as a central hub to support delivery of the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022- 202791 by the government departments responsible for the individual actions, and directly delivering some cross-government actions. Key climate change related documents, including legislation, are approved by Tynwald (the Manx parliament). Annual climate change reporting by Manx public bodies to the Council of Ministers (via CCTT and CCTB) provides a framework for compliance across the Manx public 90 Isle of Climate Change Act 2021 91 Isle of Climate Change Plan (2022-2027)

The government of Gibraltar is made up of the Chief Minister and up to nine other elected members of Parliament. Gibraltar is self-governing in all areas except defence and foreign policy. The government’s responsibilities in respect of climate action are set out in the 2019 Climate Change Act92. In 2022 the Net Zero Delivery Body93 was established. This Body is chaired by the Deputy Chief Minister and is designed to guide implementation of the Climate Change Strategy across all 2.9 Stakeholder engagement related to the UK’s 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2.9.1 Cross-cutting engagement When setting the 2030 NDC, the UK consulted with a range of stakeholders such as businesses, civil society groups, local government and the Devolved Governments to capture their views on scope and target. It was also covered in correspondence with representatives of these groups and interested Parliamentarians. A copy of the UK’s updated NDC was laid in the UK’s Houses of Parliament. For more information, please see section 4a(i) of the UK’s 2030 NDC.94 When the UK set its 2030 NDC, we have considered the impact of climate policy more broadly on groups protected We are committed to ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to contribute to the transition to net zero, supporting people and communities to take action and demonstrating the benefits of the transition. We will set out the government’s approach to engaging the public in a Public Participation Strategy, to be published in 2025. This will include how we support people to adopt new technologies, as well as opportunities to ensure that public views are considered in the development of policy 2.9.2 Net Zero engagement by sector (England) The UK works closely with industry, regulators, sector bodies, and other stakeholders to ensure that our energy system is resilient and secure, including to the impacts of climate change.95 To deliver production levels needed for Carbon Budget 6 (2033-2037) and net zero by 2050, the UK government is working closely with industry and other stakeholders to overcome the barriers to growing a new low carbon energy vector for the UK.96 92 Climate Change Act 2019 93 Climate Change (Net Zero Delivery Body) Regulations 94 UK’s 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution 95 Net Zero Build Back Greener

The 2021 Hydrogen Strategy, as well as underpinning policies such as the Hydrogen Production Business Model and Hydrogen Storage Business Model, have been developed through close engagement and collaboration with stakeholders across the When developing the Transport Decarbonisation Plan in 2021, the UK undertook extensive stakeholder engagement eight workshops with 49 local government representatives and 59 virtual policy workshops with knowledge experts, innovators, businesses, non-governmental organisations, and civil society representatives.97 The Department for Transport received over 300 written submissions and evidence on measures needed to decarbonise transport. The Department for Transport also formed the Net Zero Transport Board which was a Ministerial-led external advisory board providing independent, objective, and impartial advice on transport decarbonisation to the Department for Transport.
The Department for Transport also engages internationally on domestic efforts including at United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference 2.9.2.3 Industrial processes and product use The UK is committed to having a thriving industrial sector aligned with our net zero target, without pushing emissions and business abroad.98 The UK has successfully engaged with a wide range of stakeholders to date, including business representative organisations, think tanks and academics, industry bodies and trade associations to develop policies supporting UK industrial decarbonisation, and to develop the market for low carbon industrial products.99100 This included a comprehensive programme of stakeholder engagement to support the development and launch of the Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy (2021). In 2021-2022 the UK continued a significant reform of agricultural policy in England phasing out subsidies and expanding schemes to boost Britain’s food security and accelerate the transition to a more resilient and sustainable farming sector. The Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) opened in 2021 with a pilot scheme, with a wider rollout to farmers in 2022 to make their businesses more sustainable and resilient. The focus in 2022 was on moorlands, arable and horticultural soils, and improved grassland soils. In addition, in 2022 the UK launched a call for evidence exploring the potential opportunities and challenges associated with the use of methane suppressing feed products. 97 Transport Decarbonisation Plan 98 Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy 99 Enabling Industrial A Call for Evidence 100 Addressing Carbon Leakage Risk to Support Decarbonisation

2.9.2.5 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) The UK continues to engage with stakeholders, industry bodies and landowners on a range of challenges across forestry, peatlands and other land use sectors. As part of the Environment Act 2021, we legislated for a long-term statutory tree target in England to increase tree canopy and woodland cover to 16.5% of land area in The Collection and Packaging Reforms were introduced in the Environment Act 2021 Throughout the development of these reforms, the UK engaged with stakeholders through different working groups, events and forums to develop the policies further. These included the monthly Resources & Waste forums and newsletters open to all stakeholders which cover recycling collections and wider resources and waste • Progress is being made to ensure secure, affordable and clean heating for UK homes and businesses.101 government has taken key steps towards improving energy efficiency and deploying low-carbon heating - by engaging industry, consumers, and businesses, with targeted regulation and new market-based mechanisms, help to heat schemes, and work to increase public awareness.102 Together this all helps to reduce costs for consumers and businesses, attract greater private investment and strengthen supply chain resilience – to ensure UK buildings are able to transition towards a • Greenhouse Gas In 2023, the UK set out the proposed commercial frameworks for the greenhouse gas removals (GGR) business model and standards103 following extensive engagement with industry and academia. The Carbon Capture Usage and Storage Cluster process allowed GGR and large-scale Power Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) projects to apply for access to the Hynet cluster in the North West of England as part of the Track 1 Hynet expansion process. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme Authority published a consultation seeking input on the integration of GGRs into the UK Emissions Trading Scheme.104 Commercial and economic regulatory frameworks for Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) have been developed through extensive engagement and collaboration with representatives from the many sectors and industries for whom CCUS is critical to achieve their decarbonisation objectives.105 101 Heat And Buildings Strategy 103 Greenhouse Gas Removals (GGR): Business Model 104 Integrating Greenhouse Gas Removals in The UK Emissions Trading Scheme 105Carbon Capture, Usage and A Vision to Establish a Competitive Market

2.9.3 Northern Ireland Executive DfE operated a thematic approach to Stakeholder Groups in the development of the Path to Net Zero Energy Strategy. Five working groups were convened across the areas of Consumers, Energy Efficiency, Heat, Power, and Transport to provide further analysis and evidence on potential policy options, with the Transport theme led by the Department for Infrastructure. The new Strategy was published in The Department for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) in line with the ‘New Decade, New Approach’ commitment to bring forward climate change legislation for Northern Ireland, led on the development and progression of the Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 which received Royal Assent in June 2022107. In progressing the legislation development in December 2020 DAERA provided an opportunity for stakeholder involvement through launching a public consultation ‘Discussion Document on a Climate Change Bill’108. Further stakeholder engagement took place when the Northern Ireland Assembly’s Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs Committee launched a call for evidence in August 2021 seeking views from both individuals and stakeholder organisations to feed into its scrutiny process of the Bill passage. In keeping with the legislative commitment set in the Act, DAERA, in conjunction with other Executive Departments, commenced the development of Northern Ireland’s first Climate Action Plan (CAP). In 2020, the Scottish Government published an update to the 2018 Climate Change Plan to account for the new targets set out within the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 (as amended by the Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019), which includes its commitment to reaching net zero greenhouse gas The Plan update also reflects that the 2019 Act enshrined the Scottish Government’s commitment to a just transition into law, ensuring that everyone can access the opportunities of the transition and that no one is left behind. The Plan update sets out the Scottish Government’s strategic direction, containing the policies and proposals that will put Scotland on a pathway to meet its emissions reduction targets. Collectively these policies will require societal changes, impacting how the population will travel, heat its homes and how the Scottish people consume goods The Scottish Government puts people, places and business at the heart of their open, transparent, and participatory approaches to policy development and government decision making.
The Public Engagement Strategy is a key part of the 106 Northern Energy Strategy - Path to Net Zero 107 Northern Climate Change Act (2022) 108 109Scotland: Climate Change - Net Zero Public Engagement Strategy

Scottish Government’s approach to delivering upon the ambition of the updated Climate Change Plan. A broad approach to public engagement will be required in order to include people and communities in the national effort required to reach The Scottish Government is committed to ensuring that everyone in Scotland recognises the implications of the global climate emergency, fully understands and contributes to Scotland’s response, and embraces their role in the transition to a net zero and climate ready Scotland. Widespread participation and engagement are essential if we are to successfully limit the effects of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, preparing for the impacts that are already locked in, and harnessing the opportunities to innovate during the net zero transition. 62% of changes needed to achieve net zero can only happen with societal or individual behaviour change (Climate Change Committee) and achieving our climate targets fundamentally depends upon the involvement and support of the people of Scotland in all aspects of their lives The Scottish Government is a member of the international Open Government Partnership. Scotland’s Open Government Action Plan commits the Scottish Government to our Open Government climate commitment, and to the values of openness, accountability, transparency, and involving people Following a consultation held between October and December 2022 (supported by outreach engagement activity during Wales Climate Week), the Welsh Government published its public engagement strategy110 in July 2023. Climate Action Wales explains how the Welsh Government will work with its delivery partners to ensure that people and communities are involved in climate decision-making and supported and encouraged to make green choices in relation to home energy, travel, food and consumption. The strategy conveys a vision of a fairer society driven by improved health, wellbeing and fairness and where no-one is left behind. Its guiding principles are structured around the ‘5 ways of working’ in the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 and uses a ‘5 Es framework’ (i.e. exemplify, engage, enable, encourage and evaluate) to convey how the programme will be delivered. The Welsh Government is now focussed on ensuring delivery of the commitments A people-powered approach was prioritised through the development of the Carbon Neutral Roadmap. This included Jersey’s first citizens’ assembly held on climate change alongside a public campaign, the ‘Climate Conversation’ carried out in 2021. 110 Climate Action Public engagement strategy 2023 to 2026

This informed the level of ambition of the roadmap and led to the second most responded to consultation in Jersey. There is a specific climate change and sustainability engagement team within government who continue to engage with key stakeholders, industry and the public. For example, carbon literacy training has been facilitated across government and industries that are signed up to Jersey’s eco In December 2019, an external consultancy was commissioned to facilitate a workshop with officers from across Guernsey’s government and stakeholders from local organisations. The workshop aimed to pilot and give feedback on an in-depth independent survey that was later launched in January 2020. The workshop and survey focused on heating and on-island travel, which are two of the biggest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions locally. Results were published online111. Following the approval of the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1112, and formal acknowledgment of the climate crisis by Tynwald in 2019, development of the Climate Change Bill began. Targeted engagement with key stakeholders was held in February 2020, followed by a full public consultation113 on the Bill in July A comprehensive public consultation was held during 2021 on the content for the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027114. This ran alongside a Citizens’ Forum115 and engagement with key stakeholders. The Citizens’ Forum was made up of 36 individuals who represented interest groups and wider public of the Isle of Man. The group was instrumental in the formation of the principles for the Green Living Grant116. The first of regular public insight surveys relating to climate change was launched in 2021. Section E of the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027 sets out actions relating to engagement and awareness, including developing awareness and educational campaigns to help ensure people understand the climate emergency, reduce climate anxiety, empower positive action and increase awareness of the Isle of Man government’s actions in addressing climate change. Gibraltar consulted with non-governmental organisations as well as business representatives on the development of its climate change strategy. It also underwent internal consultation across government. 111 Climate Change Research 112 Isle of Phase One Action Plan 113 Isle of Environment Food and Agriculture Climate Bill 114 Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027 115 Isle of The Citizens Forum 116 Isle of Green Living Grant Scheme

2.10 Description of the UK’s NDC Parties agreed in the Paris Agreement to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. In December 2020, the UK announced its 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which commits to reducing UK net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 1990 levels. It represents a significant step forward in our ambition to tackle climate change over the next ten years, as we accelerate towards meeting our legally binding commitment to net zero 2.10.2 Identified indicators selected to track progress & information Reference Net117 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in MtCO2e. The reference indicator (MtCO2e) in the reference years (1990 and 1995) will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. The value for the target year (2030) will be based on applying a 68% fixed percentage reduction target to the reference indicator value. 2.10.3 Accounting approach & methodologies This section presents information on UK GHG emissions and the National System established to produce and quality assure the UK GHG Inventory. A fuller description of this National System can be found in the UK’s National Inventory Document (NID), submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2022118.
The UK is obliged to produce an annual GHG inventory, containing an estimate of all anthropogenic GHG emissions across the UK to meet its commitments under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol; it will continue to do so to meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement. Data from the GHG inventory are also used to monitor progress against Carbon Budgets under the UK Climate Change Act 2008. The methodologies used in the NIR are used across all emissions reporting in the UK to ensure consistency between estimates, only geographic scope The GHG inventory covers the seven direct GHGs under the Paris Agreement. These are collectively known as the ‘basket’ of GHGs and carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). The last four gases are collectively referred to as fluorinated gases (F gases). In accordance with international reporting and carbon trading protocols, emissions from each of the 117 Net emissions mean total anthropogenic emissions minus total anthropogenic removals of greenhouse gases. GHG sinks are defined by the UNFCCC as “any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere”. 118 National Inventory Report (NIR) 2022

gases are weighted by its global warming potential (GWP), so that total greenhouse gas emissions can be reported on a consistent basis. The GWP for each gas is defined as its warming influence in relation to that of CO2 over a 100- year period. Greenhouse gas emissions are then presented in carbon dioxide equivalent units The UK’s base year for assessing emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O is 1990. The UK uses 1995 as the base year for emissions of the fluorinated HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3. This is in line with most European states, and in accordance with the Paris Agreement. Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) emissions and removals are reported in the UK’s GHG inventory in accordance with the rules for reporting this sector under the UNFCCC. The UNFCCC reporting basis includes an estimate of all anthropogenic sources minus sinks from the LULUCF sector. The UK elects Cropland Management, Grazing Land Management, and Wetland Drainage and Rewetting, as LULUCF activities. The UK does not elect Revegetation, as the eligible land area for Revegetation within the UK is estimated to be very small, and therefore the associated potential sink will also be very small. In addition to the provision of a national inventory covering the whole of the UK and British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories, the UK also produces annual spatially disaggregated inventories to provide geographical breakdown to England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and to the 374 local authorities that make up the UK. Trends in UK GHG emissions between 1990 and 2022, disaggregating overall emissions by gas and by source sector can be found in section 2.7 National circumstances of GHG emissions and removals over time. More information on UK GHG emissions trends can be found in the Common Tabular Format tables. Section 1.2 of the National Inventory Document presents the full details of the UK’s institutional arrangements for inventory preparation119. The UK’s GHG inventory is compiled and maintained by a consortium led by Ricardo Energy and Environment– the Inventory Agency – under contract to the Science and Innovation for Climate and Energy (SICE) Directorate in the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). Ricardo Energy and Environment is directly responsible for producing the emissions estimates for the following Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and Waste. Ricardo Energy and Environment is also responsible for inventory planning, data collection, Quality Assurance (QA)/Quality Control (QC) and inventory management and archiving. Aether, a member within the consortium, is responsible for compiling emissions from railways and for the UK’s Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. Gluckman Consulting advises on fluorinated gas (F-gas) emissions. Forestry emissions and removals in the Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector are calculated by Forest Research and the remainder of the sector

is calculated and compiled by the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH), both partners within the consortium. Agricultural sector emissions estimates are produced by Rothamsted Research, under contract to the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Improvements to the inventory are scrutinised by the UK’s National Inventory Steering Committee (NISC). The NISC is made of key stakeholders to the GHGI including representatives from the suppliers above, representatives from each of the Devolved Governments, and representatives from key government departments including the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, and the Department for Transport. The NISC provides an oversight function and gives approval for any proposed changes. The UK inventory provides data to assess progress of the UK’s commitments under the Paris Agreement Protocol, progress towards the UK’s own Carbon Budgets and to meet commitments as a Party to the UNFCCC. The UK’s 2030 NDC covers territorial emissions from the England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland as well as the three Crown Dependencies, Bailiwick of Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man and one Overseas Territories, Gibraltar. 2.11 Mitigation policies and measures 2.11.1 Cross-cutting policies and measures The Net Zero Strategy was published in 2021 to set out how we intended to keep the UK on track for our coming carbon budgets, our ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), and then set out our vision for a decarbonised economy in In December 2024, we published the UK government’s annual response to the 2024 Progress Report from Climate Change Committee the independent body that advises the UK on its progress to reaching net zero.121 The government’s response recognises the challenging picture outlined by the Climate Change Committee. It also sets out the urgent action that has been taken alongside further commitments to accelerate to net zero and address the Climate Change Committee’s recommendations.
We will publish an updated cross-economy plan to meet carbon budgets and NDCs in due course, which will set out details of policies across all Looking ahead, we will set Carbon Budget 7 by June 2026, in line with our statutory duties, for the period 2038 to 2042. This will set out the next phase of our pathway to net zero and policies to further decarbonise the UK economy. 2.11.1.2 UK Emissions Trading Scheme The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) is an essential part of our approach to cutting emissions and driving green investment. The scheme is run by the four administrations of the UK (the UK government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government, and the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs for Northern Ireland), collectively making up the UK ETS Authority. Launched in 2021, the UK ETS supports decarbonisation across aviation, power, and industry by setting a limit on emissions and creating a carbon price that incentivises businesses to reduce their emissions. In 2022 the UK ETS Authority consulted on aligning the scheme’s cap – the limit on emissions from the sectors covered – with our net zero and other climate targets. In 2023 we confirmed the implementation of this new tighter cap, aligning it with our net zero targets to ensure the sectors covered decarbonise at the pace required to contribute to achieving our climate goals. 120 Net Zero Build Back Greener 121 Committee on Climate Change 2024 Progress Government Response

The UK government’s energy policy through 2021-22 was to decarbonise the power sector by 2035, subject to security of supply. In November 2022, the ambition was announced to cut overall energy consumption by 15% by 2030. Energy is a devolved matter in Northern Ireland but mostly reserved in Scotland and Wales. • The British Energy Security Strategy122 (2022): set out how government intended to improve the UK’s energy security by increasing the efficiency with which we use energy, how to increase our proportion of domestically produced energy, and how to help bring down the bills of consumers. This involved measures such a zero-rating VAT on energy efficiency and clean • Hydrogen Strategy123 (2021): outlined a comprehensive roadmap for the development of the wider hydrogen economy over the 2020s and early 2030s, putting the UK at the forefront of the race to develop low carbon hydrogen. It laid the foundations for a hydrogen economy by 2030 that would support innovation and stimulate investment to scale up hydrogen technologies, while helping to achieve our Sixth Carbon Budget and net zero commitments and secure the economic opportunities of the transition. It also set out an aim to provide regular updates on hydrogen policy development, with the latest published in December 2023.124 • North Sea Transition Deal125 (2021): through the North Sea Transition Deal, the offshore oil and gas industry is committed to reducing its production emissions by 10% by 2025, 25% by 2027 and 50% by 2030, against a 2018 baseline. The government continues to support the North Sea Transition Deal, including the important decarbonisation targets it set for the sector. 2.11.2.2 Northern Ireland Executive In 2022, the energy supply sector in Northern Ireland represented 14% of all emissions. From 1990 to 2022 the greenhouse gas emissions in the sector have For the 12 month period January 2022 to December 2022, 51.0% of total electricity consumption in Northern Ireland was generated from renewable sources126. 122 British Energy Security Strategy 124 Hydrogen Strategy Delivery Update 2023

To drive forward further action to decarbonise the energy sector, in December 2021 DfE published the Northern Ireland Executive’s ‘Energy Strategy- The Path to Net Zero Energy’. Following on from which, the Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 set a legal requirement for at least 80% of electricity consumption in Northern Ireland to be from renewable sources by 2030. The electricity sector in Scotland is the most mature sector in terms of decarbonisation, with emissions falling by 13.0 mega tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) between 1990 and 2022 to 1.7 mega tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e)– an 88.1 per cent reduction, the largest reduction of any In 2022, 87.9% of electricity generated in Scotland was from zero or low carbon sources (including nuclear and pumped hydro). Specifically, 71% of electricity generated in Scotland in 2022 was from renewable sources. The Welsh Government’s policy objective is to avoid the continued extraction and consumption of fossil fuels. It expects all new development to mitigate the causes of climate change in accordance with its energy hierarchy for planning, as set out in Planning Policy Wales (2018):127 3. Renewable energy generation 4. Minimise carbon impact of other energy generation 5. Minimise extraction of carbon-intensive energy materials In the hierarchy, the extraction of minerals for the purpose of generating energy is undesirable as it is the most carbon intensive form of production. The purpose of this hierarchy is to encourage preferred generation proposals to come forward and to discourage proposals supported by the extraction of fossil fuels. In addition to Planning Policy Wales, the Welsh Government’s Coal Policy Statement (2021) is clear that it does not intend to authorise new Coal Authority mining operation licences or variations to existing licences.128 Through interconnectors to the French grid, Jersey imports most of its electricity from low carbon and certified renewable sources meaning many of the decarbonisation policies focus on electrification of on-Island heating and transport. 127 Planning Policy Wales 128 Coal Policy Statement

Guernsey’s Energy Policy129 sets out a target of net zero by no later than 2050 and will transition to a low carbon Island, supported by increased use of electricity to heat homes and power on-island travel. Guernsey’s Electricity Strategy130 outlined plans to further decarbonise the electricity sector, and how increased electrification could assist in the broader energy market underpinned by additional interconnection. The Climate Change Action Plan will explore how Guernsey can achieve this target, including more broadly across the energy sector, and how feasible it is to aim to achieve net zero before 2050.
In 2019, Guernsey’s government commissioned a report entitled “Future Energy Demand and Policy Considerations for Guernsey”131. The report forecasts a decline in total energy demand over time with an in increase in electricity demand up until 2050. The report identified the following as drivers to the predicted decline in energy and fuel technological efficiencies, fuel efficiencies and the uptake of energy reduction measures such as loft insulation, hybrid vehicles, or newer more efficient gas boilers. Guernsey has an interconnector, through Jersey, with France, which provides access to the European electricity grid. Additional interconnection will provide greater electricity supply security and will allow for development of on-Island renewables and potential export opportunities. In 2019, the Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report132 was produced. Appendices133 13-17 and 20 relate to energy. In 2021, the Isle of Man Future Energy Scenarios134 report was produced, identifying potential decarbonisation routes for the Island’s electricity supply. In 2022, the Isle of Man Renewable Heating Scenarios135 report was produced, identifying potential decarbonisation routes for the Island’s building energy needs. The Phase 1 Action Plan Progress Report136 details progress made against the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1137 over the period 1 April 2021-31 March 2022, including actions relating to energy. Section 1 of the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027138 sets out the Isle of Man’s current, high-level policies relating to electricity decarbonisation. In particular, it sets a target of 2030 for full decarbonisation of the national electricity supply from fossil fuels and at least 20MW locally generated renewable power by 2026. Manx Utilities, the Island’s publicly 129 States Of Guernsey Energy Policy 2020-2050 130 Electricity Strategy for Guernsey 131 Annex A. Energy Demand 132 Isle of Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets 133 Isle of Impact Report 134 Isle of Future Energy Scenarios 135 Isle of Renewable Heating Scenarios 136 Isle of Phase One Action Plan Progress Report 137 Isle of Phase One Action Plan 138 Isle of Climate Change Plan 2022-2027

owned electricity company is delivering its Future Energy Delivery Strategy139 which outlines the roadmap to the targets set out above. The Gibraltar Electricity Authority fully switched electricity generation to the North Mole Power Station in 2020. This plant runs on natural gas and represents a significant step forward for Gibraltar in terms of moving towards cleaner electricity. Although it is still a fossil fuel, it is much cleaner than the diesel oil used by the old generating stations and emissions from electricity have decreased by 37%140 since 2015 despite the actual amount of electricity being consumed remaining fairly static. In 2018 the government entered into a Solar Framework Agreement to promote the roll out of solar photovoltaic panels across the territory. In 2019 the first of these projects was deployed at New Harbours industrial park as part of a scheme to install The Nearly Zero Energy Buildings141 standards came into force in January 2021 which require all new buildings to meet very high standards of energy efficiency as well as to produce a minimum of 40% of their own energy from renewables The Transport Decarbonisation Plan142 (2021) sets out how to decarbonise the entire transport system in England, below are some of the areas that are • Technical consultation on zero emission vehicle mandate policy design 143 (2022): Following the announcement of the UK adopting a zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate in the Net Zero Strategy in October 2021, the Department for Transport published a consultation seeking views on some of the design features that could be included in a car and van regulation. A summary of responses was published in 2023144. • National Bus Strategy145 (2021): committed to make buses more frequent, more reliable, more comprehensive, easier to understand and use, better co- ordinated and cheaper – to increase passenger numbers and reduce congestion and carbon emissions. The National Bus Strategy also re- 139 Isle of Future Generation Delivery Strategy (2022-2030) 140 Summary Inventory Report 2022 141 Nearly Zero Energy Buildings 142 Decarbonising A Better Greener Britain 143 Technical Consultation on Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate Policy Design 144 Government response and outcome to technical consultation on zero emission vehicle mandate 145 National Bus Strategy for Bus Back Better

committed to supporting the introduction of at least 4,000 zero emission buses (ZEBs) and achieving a zero-emission fleet. • Jet Zero Strategy146 (2022): set out its approach to achieving net zero for UK aviation by 2050. The Strategy focused on the rapid development of technologies in a way that maintains the benefits of air travel, whilst maximising the opportunities that decarbonisation brings for the UK. • Domestic Maritime Decarbonisation147 (2022): This consultation sought evidence on barriers and opportunities of decarbonising the maritime sector. A summary of responses was published in 2023. • Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy148 (2022): sets the target that half of all journeys in towns and cities will be cycled or walked by 2030. It also includes the aim to deliver a world class cycling and walking network in • Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) Order149 (2007) regulates renewable fuels used for transport. The RTFO was first implemented in 2008 and was the core policy measure for meeting transport targets within the EU Renewable Energy Directive. Under the RTFO, suppliers of relevant transport fuel in the UK must be able to show that a certain percentage of the fuel they supply comes from renewable and sustainable sources. Fuel suppliers that supply at least 450,000 litres of this fuel a year are obligated under the • Zero emission HGV and infrastructure demonstrator Research & Development funding into zero emission HGV and infrastructure demonstrators will establish new hydrogen HGV refuelling sites and the deployment of hydrogen fuel cell HGVs. In addition, the Tees Valley Hydrogen Transport Hub brings together hydrogen supply (refuelling infrastructure) and demand (transport applications) with the aim of demonstrating commercial viability of hydrogen in transport.
Three projects, receiving £13m funding, are using hydrogen as a fuel with a fuel cell for a range of road vehicles, and through combustion for airside support vehicles. This is being supported by new publicly accessible hydrogen refuelling stations to be built in the region. • Delivering decarbonisation through There is no uniform approach to decarbonisation and each place in the UK has its own role to play in helping the UK to meet its legally binding target of net zero by 2050. In 2022, through an innovation grants programme, the UK provided over £550,000 to 147 Domestic Maritime the Course to Net Zero Emissions. 148 The Second Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy 150 Zero Emission Heavy Goods Vehicles and Infrastructure Competition Winners

develop early-stage innovative solutions to support the decarbonisation of Better data can provide new policy and operational insights, drive new products and services and ‘nudge’ people towards lower emission journeys. The Department’s annual Transport and Environment statistical release draws together various data sources on transport’s environmental impact and provides guidance explaining the detail of estimating greenhouse gas emissions for different modes and journeys. Data consumers can use these data, without restrictions on use or disclosure, for journey planning applications, products and services enabling users to plan green 2.11.3.2 Northern Ireland Executive In 2022, transport was the second largest greenhouse gas emitting sector in Northern Ireland contributing 18.1% to overall emissions. The Department for Infrastructure (DfI) is currently developing its suite of new Transport Plans through an integrated approach with local councils Local Development Plans (LDPs). This integrated approach being undertaken between DfI and local councils provides a unique opportunity to make sure that the movement and accessibility of all forms, across all modes of transport, is considered as a key component in the development of areas at a local level. DfI has also committed investment of over £100m in hydrogen zero emissions and electric buses to support the roll out of a public transport fleet with zero emissions from engine combustion. To support the decarbonisation of transport, DfI has also published an Action Plan for Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure151 in November 2022. The plan was developed by the Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Task-Force which was set up in December 2021 to bring together representatives from government, consumers, energy providers, industry and EV drivers to consider our EV Infrastructure requirements to deliver a fit for purpose, modern EV charging network. Transport is Scotland’s highest carbon emitting sector. The largest source of transport emissions is cars, which contribute almost 40% of transport emissions. This demonstrates the need to both transition to zero emission vehicles and reduce car use to combat climate change in a way that is consistent with our just transition Scottish Government and Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) continue to work in partnership to produce the updated route map and it will be published in due course. The route map will set out the interventions to support the scale of behavioural change required and a timeline for implementing demand 151 Northern Action Plan for Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

Additionally, Scotland has one of the most comprehensive public charging networks in the UK, with over 600 public charge points, funded through public and increasingly private sector investment. Scotland has the UK’s second highest number of electric vehicle public charge points, second only to London, and has committed to enabling the delivery of approximately 24,000 additional public EV charge points by 2030. Through the Older & Disabled and Young Persons Concessionary travel schemes over £370m is spent each year to provide free bus travel for over 2 million people in Scotland, including all children and young people under 22, eligible disabled people and everyone aged 60 and over. Since 2020 we have invested over £150 million to put more than 800 zero emission buses and coaches on the road and install supporting charging infrastructure. Our most recent £41.7 million investment in zero emission buses has leveraged 3.2 times the amount of private sector funding, moving the transition to a sustainable financial model that ends the need for continued public subsidy. The Welsh Government has committed to using the sustainable transport hierarchy when deciding on new transport infrastructure. This gives priority to walking and cycling, public transport and ultra-low emissions vehicles over other private motor • Transport strategy152 (2021): identifies three priorities for the transport o Bring services to people in order to reduce the need to travel o Allow people and goods to move easily from door to door by accessible, sustainable and efficient transport services and o Encourage people to make the change to more sustainable transport • National Transport Delivery Plan153 (2022-27): sets out how the Welsh Government will deliver against these priorities, by sector and by travel mode. • Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy154 (2021): set out its vision that by 2025, all users of electric cars and vans will be confident that they can access electric vehicle charging infrastructure when and where they need it. The associated Action Plan details the actions that will be taken to achieve this vision, grouped into four main o Increased total charging provision o A quality charging experience o A sustainable approach (aligned with the decarbonisation agenda) 153 National Transport Delivery Plan 154 Electric vehicle charging strategy for Wales

Transport is the highest source of emissions in Jersey and has been focus of emissions reduction policies within the Carbon Neutral Roadmap155 including incentive schemes for electric bicycles, cars and vans and the installation of charging points. Second generation biodiesel has also been subsidised within the bus and government fleet. The longer-term focus is on support for active travel and Guernsey’s Integrated Transport Strategy156, approved in 2014, sets out the strategic approach to managing the transport system on the island.
Principally the Strategy takes a hierarchical approach to transport, prioritising active travel over vehicular travel, and public transport over private vehicles, which will help to reduce vehicle In 2019, the Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report157 was produced. Appendices 23-27 and 33 relate to transport158. The Phase 1 Action Plan Progress Report159 details progress made against the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1160 over the period 1 April 2021-31 March 2022, including actions relating to transport. Section 3 of the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027161 sets out the current, high level policies relating to transport decarbonisation. Notably, the Plan has committed to a Transport Strategy to deliver 15% sector reduction by 2027, to be underway in 2024. An independent Strategic Transport Decarbonisation Review162 has been prepared to inform the strategy. The Climate Change Plan makes a commitment to banning first registrations of petrol and diesel cars on the Island from 2030, and hybrids from Gibraltar published its Sustainable Traffic Transport and Parking Plan in 2017. This was done after an in-depth study of the current transport network and its problems 155 Carbon Neutral Roadmap 156 Integrated Transport Strategy and Action Plan 157 Isle of Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets 158 Isle of Impact Report 159 Isle of Phase One Action Plan Progress Report 160 Isle of Phase One Action Plan 161 Isle of Climate Change Plan 162 Isle of Decarbonisation Scenarios Technical Report

with a view to identifying solutions that encourage behavioural change and effect a modal shift towards walking, cycling and public transport. Gibraltar has committed to ending the sale of internal combustion engine vehicles in line with EU targets. It also continues to promote active travel through the publication and implementation of its Active Travel Strategy163 which seeks to make cycling and walking the natural choices for short journeys. 2.11.4 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) In England, the IPPU sector is being tackled through the following • Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy164 (2021): Sets out a plan for decarbonising industry in line with net zero goals. The policy measures outlined in the IDS having at least two Carbon Capture Usage and Storage (CCUS) clusters in place by mid-2020s, which will increase to four by 2030, with the world’s first net zero cluster in place by 2040; creating a market for low carbon industrial products through measures designed to increase demand; leveraging Resource and Energy Efficiency (REEE) measures to reduce emissions by 11 MtCO2e per year by 2035 (including 3 MtCO2e from Iron and Steel), and updating the UK’s Emission Trading Scheme cap in place by January 2024 to send a strong market sign to the private sector to incentivise industry to take action to decarbonise. • Net Zero Strategy165 (2021): The industry chapter of the Net Zero Strategy sets out an indicative Carbon Budget 6 pathway for industry. This pathway and updates in the Net Zero Growth Plan (NZGP) were consistent with the expectations set out in the Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy (IDS), but went further in specific areas, including increased fuel switching and Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) ambitions, and additional contributions from Resource Efficiency and Energy Efficiency (REEE) 2.11.4.2 Northern Ireland Executive Compared to the 1990 base year, industry emissions have decreased by 3.2 MtCO2e (61.1% reduction) and now represent 9.7% of greenhouse gas emissions in Northern Ireland. This reduction is due to decreased emissions from the food and drinks industry, the chemical industry, cement production and construction industries through efficiencies in their operation and reduced usage of certain products. 163Gibraltar: Active Travel Strategy 164 Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy

Under the Northern Ireland Executive’s 2021 ‘Energy Strategy – The Path to Net Zero Energy’166 a key priority was made to set out an industrial decarbonisation Scotland’s industrial emissions fell from 21 MT CO2e in 1990 to 8.8MT CO2e in 2022. This demonstrates the significant progress made by industry so far, to embrace innovative technologies and develop more efficient processes. Reducing industrial emissions further is central to Scotland’s net zero commitment and our economic ambitions as outlined in our Green Industrial Strategy. Scottish Government works collaboratively with the UK Government and other devolved administrations to accelerate industrial decarbonisation across our devolved and reserved competencies, including within a joint authority for the UK Emissions Effective collaboration with the UK Government is vital on issues requiring national reform and large-scale investment including CCUS, electricity pricing, grid infrastructure upgrades and hydrogen business model support. Operating since 2020, the Scottish Industrial Energy Transformation Fund (SIETF) continues to provide match funding, boosting investor confidence to progress projects that contribute to decarbonising manufacturing. To support the development of further evidence-based policy proposals, Scottish Government engages closely with key industry and academic stakeholders including through the Grangemouth Future Industry Board and the Industrial Decarbonisation Research and Innovation Centre. Pipeline transportation of CO2 is vital for to support the decarbonisation of industry; the Scottish Government has announced funding to accelerate a project to repurpose an existing pipeline from transportation of gas to transportation of CO2 from industrial clusters in Scotland’s central belt to Acorn, so as to ensure that this will be available at the earliest opportunity.
The Welsh Government’s Manufacturing Action Plan contains an objective to “Address the climate emergency by decarbonising the manufacturing sector in Wales, underpinned by circular economy practices and processes”.167 The Welsh • Embedding low carbon and climate resilience within its Economic Contract and expanding consideration into all other aspects of Welsh Government spend, including grants and procurement 166 Northern Energy Strategy - Path to Net Zero Energy 167 Manufacturing Action Plan

• Using the Circular Economy Fund168 as a mechanism to drive forward more recycling and less landfill, including utilisation of new technologies and processes within manufacturing • Working alongside Net Zero Industry Wales, industrial clusters and hubs as they develop their emissions reduction pathways and build a solid evidence base to better understand the potential role that fuel switching and CCUS can play in decarbonising manufacturing • Working with Net Zero Industry Wales, the South Wales Industrial Cluster and stakeholders in North Wales, including Hynet, to understand the infrastructure necessary to decarbonise industry and maximise the benefits from relevant Jersey does not have significant industrial processes on the island. Work continues to reduce any emissions arising from F-gases. Guernsey does not have a significant industrial basis, however the emissions from the industrial sector represent 10.7% of Guernsey’s emissions in 2022. This represents a 36% reduction on 1990 levels. These sectors make up a very small proportion of the Isle of Man’s GHG inventory and so have not yet been a policy focus. Very little heavy industry occurs on the Isle of Man. The Department for Enterprise offers a range of schemes, including the Business Energy Saving Scheme169 which supports projects to improve business energy efficiency including refrigeration and air-conditioning units. The Isle of Man ratified the Montreal Protocol and made legislation170 relating to the use and transfer of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) and F-gases in 2020. Gibraltar does not have any heavy industry therefore emissions in this sector primarily arise from the use of refrigeration gases. In this respect, efforts are focused on improving building design to limit the need for air conditioning systems. 168 Circular Economy Fund 169 Isle of Business Energy Saving Scheme 170 Isle of Ozone Depleting Substances and Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations

The UK set out measures to support the decarbonisation of the agricultural sector. The Plan set out emissions reductions from agriculture in England through sustainable land management practices, the uptake of innovative practices and technologies, and actions to improve the productivity and profitability of the sector. Specifically, the measures set out the potential to improve farm profitability, through increases in productivity and through opportunities for diversification on low grade • Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes171 (2022): provide a powerful vehicle for achieving net zero, and wider environmental goals, while supporting our rural economy. The scheme is split into three  Sustainable Farming Incentive - this pays farmers and land managers for actions that protect and enhance our natural environment, support the sustainable production of food, and boost farm productivity and resilience.  Countryside Stewardship - this is a targeted, place-based approach that encourages sustainable farming, promotes resilience against climate change, and enhances the beauty and diversity of the  Landscape Recovery - this is for landowners and managers who want to take a large-scale, long-term approach to producing environmental and climate goods on their land. It will facilitate and fund ambitious projects through bespoke, 20+ year agreements. • The UK’s Agriculture Act172 (2020): obligates the UK government to produce a report on food security in the UK at least every three years. The UK published its first United Kingdom Food Security Report 2021173 under the Agriculture Act in December 2021. 2.11.5.2 Northern Ireland Executive The latest Northern Ireland Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2022) reported that the agriculture sector was the largest greenhouse gas emitting sector in Northern Ireland representing 29.1% of all emissions. To drive forward action, the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) published the Future Agricultural Policy Decisions for Northern Ireland in March 2022174. Decisions that are central to this future policy 171 Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes 173 United Kingdom Food Security Report 2021 174 Northern Future Agricultural Policy Decisions

• A Farm Sustainability Payment which recognises the need for continuation of an income support ‘safety net’. • A Beef Sustainability Package comprising two elements; Beef Carbon Reduction Scheme and Suckler Cow Scheme. • A Farming with Nature Package to assist farm businesses and land managers across all land types to make substantial contributions to environmental improvements and sustainability. • Farming for Carbon measures which encourage low carbon emission farming Furthermore, the Soil Nutrient Health Scheme175 which first opened in May 2022, is a comprehensive regional soil sampling and analysis programme being funded by the department that will allow farmers to optimise crop nutrient applications, assess on- farm carbon stocks and build farm resilience through its objective to test all, or the vast majority of, the 650,000 fields used for farming in Northern Ireland to help inform The Scottish Government is transforming the way we support farming and food production in Scotland to deliver our Vision for Agriculture and become a global leader in sustainable and regenerative agriculture. We want to ensure that farming across Scotland continues sustainably into the future, producing high-quality food for the nation, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and delivering increased biodiversity and wider environmental benefits. In 2021-22, the Scottish Government committed to bringing forward the Agriculture and Rural Communities (Scotland) Bill, which has since become an Act, to deliver The National Test Programme was announced in October 2021 to provide funding for farmers and crofters to prepare their farms to meet the conditions of future agriculture policy and support. Regulations came into force from 1 January 2022 to consolidate the Silage Surry and Agricultural Fuel Oil (Scotland) Regulations 2003 into The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011.
These included improved controls on the storage of slurry and digestate to reduce leakage, and a move to precision spreading methods to maximise the nutrient benefit and reduce emissions. This provides benefits to water quality, air quality, and climate change mitigation. Welsh emissions for the agriculture sector decreased to 5.6 (MTCO2e) in 2022, this is a -3.8% change since 2021 and -7.7% from the base year (1990). 175 Northern Soil Nutrient Health Scheme

The Agriculture (Wales) Act 2023 establishes Sustainable Land Management as the framework for future agriculture support.176 The Welsh Government will introduce a new Sustainable Farming Scheme (SFS) in 2026.177 It will provide support for farmers to respond to the climate and nature emergencies, and to produce food in a In preparation for the SFS in 2026, the Welsh Government has introduced the Habitat Wales Scheme to increase the area of habitat land under management, along with support for Organic and Common land farmers and an extension of Farming Connect support. In addition, a new Integrated Natural Resources Scheme was launched to deliver nature-based solutions across landscapes, catchments and pan Wales. During this preparatory phase, the Welsh Government continues to support farmers and growers through a range of capital investment schemes that tackle climate change, lead to improvements in soil, air and water quality and reduce the decline in our native biodiversity.178 The Economic Framework for the Rural Environment179 was published in 2022 and set outs emissions reduction strategies for the industry. As part of this, the revised Rural Support Scheme (RSS) was launched in January 2023. This provides credits to industry per Integrated Farm Management Plan. Uptake of this component of the RSS has been ahead of forecast with 80 local businesses now signed up to the During the next 12 months, Jersey will continue to investigate the feasibility of farm- scale Anaerobic Digestion plants. The installation of this technology would reduce emissions from slurry and feed energy into the grid to accommodate peak demand. The States of Guernsey are currently reviewing their policy approach to dairy farming which is the predominant agricultural sector on the island. It is anticipated that the revised policy will be linked to payments for public goods which would include climate change mitigation and adaptation aspects. As part of the development of the island’s net zero plan, consideration is being given to the potential adoption of anaerobic digestion on island. In 2019, the Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report180 was produced. Appendices 18 and 28 relate to agriculture. The Phase 1 176 Agriculture Act 2023 177 Sustainable Farming Scheme 178 Rural Grants Payments 179 Economic Framework for the Rural Environment 180 Isle of Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report

Action Plan Progress Report181 details progress made against the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1182 over the period 1 April 2021-31 March 2022, including actions relating to agriculture. Section 4 of the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027183 sets out the Isle of Man’s current, high level climate policies relating to the agricultural sector, including a commitment to prepare an Agricultural Strategy to deliver a 15% reduction in this sector’s emissions by 2027. The Agriculture and Fisheries Grant Scheme184 (through the Agri-Environment Scheme) provides financial incentive for several initiatives aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the sector. Gibraltar has no agricultural sector. 2.11.6 Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) England addresses the LULUCF sector through the following strategies and • The England Peat Action Plan185 (2021): set out the government’s long-term vision for managing, protecting, and restoring peatlands so that they provide a wide range of benefits to wildlife, people and the planet. • Biomass Strategy186 (2023): set out the results of a review of the amount of sustainable biomass available to the UK (including domestically grown perennial energy crops and short-rotation forestry), and how this resource could be best utilised across the economy to help achieve net zero. • England Trees Action Plan187 (2021): set out the government’s long-term, generational vision for the forestry sector to 2050. It introduced a programme of new measures to boost tree planting and establishment, improve woodland management in England and bring trees closer to people. • Nature for Climate Fund188 (2021-present): is the key public sector fund for tree planting and peatland restoration. The England Trees Action Plan committed the government to treble tree planting rates in England by the end of this Parliament. Its delivery is funded by the Nature for Climate Fund. 181 Isle of Phase One Action Plan Progress Report 182 Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase One 183 Isle of Climate Change Plan 2022-2027 184 Isle of Agriculture and Fisheries Grant Scheme

2.11.6.2 Northern Ireland Executive Land-use, Land-use change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector accounts for 10.1% of greenhouse gas emissions according to the latest Northern Ireland Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2022), with a reduction of 20.5% from the 1990 base year to 2022. To continue to drive forward emission reductions in this sector, the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) has taken forward the development of a Northern Ireland Peatland Strategy189 which they consulted on during 2021. The draft strategy sets out the strategic objectives and associated targets and actions to conserve and restore peatlands in Northern Ireland. Separately in March 2020 DAERA announced a ‘Forest for Our Future’ programme which aimed to plant 9,000 hectares of new woodland by 2030 to contribute to the reduction of Northern Ireland’s net greenhouse gas emissions. Since the programme commenced, to March 2022, 876 hectares of new woodland were planted. The Scottish Government committed £250 million over 10 years to restore 250,000 hectares of degraded peatlands by 2030.
Peatland restoration is delivered by Peatland ACTION - a flagship partnership established by the Scottish Government with five public sector Delivery Partners– NatureScot (NS), Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park Authority (LLTNPA), Scottish Water (SW), Cairngorms National Park Authority (CNPA) and Forestry and In 2021-22 the total annual budget for peatland restoration was around £22 million and the Peatland ACTION partnership restored 5,370 hectares. Scottish Forestry has taken measures to maximise woodland creation with the financial resources available. It will not be possible to meet the 18,000 hectares a year woodland creation target under the current budget settlement but, with additional finance generated through the Woodland Carbon Code, approximately 10,000 hectares of woodland creation may be possible in this financial year. Approximately 75% of all new woodland across the UK in recent years have been in Scotland. In 2021-22, 10,480 hectares of new woodland were created out of a total of 13.890 for the UK. Scottish Forestry manages the Woodland Carbon Code on behalf of the four countries across the UK and is introducing greater flexibility in the Forestry Grant Scheme so that additional private finance from the carbon market can be attracted into woodland creation. 189 Northern Peatland Strategy

The LULUCF sector in Wales provides a net sink (a removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere largely from the sequestration of carbon dioxide by trees) of 0.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. The estimated size of this emissions removal has increased by 0.5% (0.005 MtCO2e) between 2021 and 2022. The National Peatland Action Programme aims to restore 600-800 hectares of degraded peatland for each year of 2020-2025190 with an ambition to increase delivery from 600ha to 1,800 per year by 2030/31191. 3,000ha has been restored over the first 4 years of the Programme since 2020. Its priority themes for action 3. Sustainable management of blanket peats 4. Sustainable management of lowland peats 5. The restoration of afforested peatlands 6. The gradual restoration of our highest carbon-peatlands The Woodland Creation Grant192 and Small Grants – Woodland Creation Scheme193 provide financial support for the planting of trees and the installation of fencing and The Carbon Neutral Roadmap194 provides recognition that tackling the climate emergency by using nature-based solutions that also address the biodiversity crisis provides multiple benefits for our land, air and sea. Jersey is supportive of regenerative land management practices and sequestration projects on-island whilst recognising our limited land area and high population density limit its potential. Support for local sinks in terrestrial or marine environment (blue carbon) will be prioritised before the purchase of off-island offsets. Any funded sequestration projects will be required to contribute to improvements in biodiversity. Guernsey’s Planning legislation, which comprises the Land Planning and Development (Guernsey) Law, 2005195 and associated ordinances196, and the 2016 190 The National Peatland Action Programme 191 Biodiversity Deep Recommendations 192 Woodland Creation Grant 193 Small Grants Woodland Creation Scheme 194 Carbon Neutral Roadmap 195 Land Planning and Development (Guernsey) Law 196 Available from - Legal Resources

Island Development Plan197, along with associated planning briefs and subject plans, outlines the basis for how the island’s land is used. Land use change is largely driven by pressures from development. These pressures are managed through an integrated Island Development Plan, which is based on an agreed spatial strategy for the distribution of development. Guernsey’s spatial strategy and planning policies protect the rural and natural environment from high levels of development, assist in achieving sustainable development and afford protection to important sites for biodiversity. New development is also subject to the Guernsey Building Regulations which specifically consider matters such as energy efficiency in the built environment. There is no forestry industry on Guernsey. In 2019, the Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report198 was produced. Appendices 10A and B relate to LULUCF. The Phase 1 Action Plan Progress Report199 details progress made against the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1200 over the period 1 April 2021-31 March 2022, including actions relating to LULUCF. The Peatland Restoration Project201, commenced in 2021, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from exposed or eroding peat, and aims to map all areas of peat on the Isle of Man and provide guidance and collaboration on the management and restoration of peatlands. The LULUCF project, completed in 2022, has led to a number of improvements in the methodology for calculating land based sources and sinks of GHG emissions. The Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027202 commits to the production of a Land Management Framework, to deliver a 10% increase in carbon sequestration by The Gibraltar Development Plan203 was adopted in 2009 and is intended to guide land use planning in Gibraltar for the next 10 years. The plan takes into account the competing demands on Gibraltar’s scarce land resources and provides a co- ordinated set of policies and proposals to manage future growth. A new development plan is currently being prepared. Over 30% of Gibraltar’s land area is a protected area in which development is not 197 Island Development Plan 198 Isle of Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report 199 Isle of Phase 1 Action Plan Progress Report 200 Isle of Council of Ministers Climate Action Plan Phase One. 201 Isle of Peatland Restoration Project 202 Isle of Climate Change Plan 2022-2027. 203 Development Plan

England addresses waste and wastewater through the following • Resources and Waste Strategy204 (2018): set out how to preserve our stock of material resources by minimising waste, promoting resource efficiency and moving towards a circular economy. It also set out the plan to become a world leader in using resources efficiently and reducing the amount of waste created as a society, in addition to the ambition to prolong the lives of the materials and goods that we use, and move society away from the inefficient, ‘linear’ economic model of ‘take, make, use, throw’.
• Carbon Budget Delivery Plan205 (2023): set out the plan to reduce wastewater treatment emissions through improved monitoring and subsequent optimisation of operations, as well as through further improvements in modelling and data collection to improve reporting and England tackles F-gas sector emission reductions • The implementation of additional phasedown steps to meet the Kigali Amendment requirement This is achieved through Defra’s public commitment in the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan to review Defra’s domestic F-gas • A National Health Service (NHS) led initiative to increase incentives to prescribe inhalers not containing F-gases, as well as industry commitments to introduce propellants with lower global warming potentials in metered-dose inhalers that still do contain F-gases. 2.11.7.2 Northern Ireland Executive The latest Northern Ireland Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2022) reported that the sector represents 3.6% of all greenhouse gas emissions in Northern Ireland with waste-water handling making up 0.6% of the total emissions. From 1990 to 2022 the emissions in the sector have reduced by 61.9%. The reduction in emissions from the waste sector (1.2 MtCO2e) is primarily due to the continued process of methane capture and oxidation systems within landfill sites. Plans are being progressed for targeted policy and legislative interventions to help tackle the remaining emissions from the sector. DAERA is exploring the feasibility of diverting biodegradable wastes from landfill and is consulting on changes to recycling and waste management to improve the quality and quantity of what is collected and to bring business into scope 205 Carbon Budget Delivery Plan

Progress in this sector has been delivered though a number of plans and strategies over the past decade. The Northern Ireland Waste Management Strategy ‘Delivering Resource Efficiency’206 was published in 2013 and set the policy framework for the management of waste in Northern Ireland to 2020. Under this Strategy Northern Ireland increased its recycling rate to over 50%. To build upon this progress a new Waste Management Strategy207 is currently being developed by the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) which will seek to deliver upon that at least 70% of waste being recycled target set in the Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 and the various recycling and landfill targets set out in the Waste and Contaminated Land (Northern Ireland) Order 1997. Northern Ireland ‘Waste Prevention Programme -Stopping Waste in its tracks’ 208which was published in 2020 set out a range of policies and actions focused on waste prevention in line with the waste hierarchy with a focus on reducing waste and supporting the principles of a circular economy. One key outcome is the continuing benefit of the carrier bag levy209 which was introduced in 2013, with the proceeds generated being used, in the delivery of local projects which both enhance and Scotland has made strong progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the waste management sector. In 2022, sector emissions stood at 1.6 MTCO2e, 75% lower than 1990 levels. This has been driven by a reduction in the total amount of waste going to landfill in Scotland, which has dropped by nearly half over the past decade, while over 62% of waste was recycled in 2022. In the same year Scotland met its 2025 target to reduce all waste by 15% (against 2011 levels) for the second The latest Wales Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2022) reported that the sector represents 2.8% of all greenhouse gas emissions. From 1990 to 2022 the emissions in the sector have reduced by 72%. The reduction in emissions from the waste sector is primarily due to the significant reduction in the landfilling of biodegradable waste as well as the installation of methane capture on landfill sites. There has been a significant decrease in the proportion of Local Authority collected municipal waste disposed of via landfill, falling from 42.0% in 2012-13 to 0.9% in 2023-24. Beyond Recycling, the Welsh Government’s strategy for making the circular economy a reality, contains six core themes for keeping resources in use for as long as possible and avoiding 206 Northern Waste Management Strategy ‘Delivering Resource Efficiency 207 Northern Waste Management Strategy 208 Northern Waste Prevention Programme 209 Northern Carrier Bag Levy

• Driving innovation in materials use • Upscaling prevention and re-use • Building on Wales’s recycling record • Enabling community and business action In Jersey, the Solid Waste Strategy211 commits to prioritising reuse and recycling as per the waste hierarchy. Residual municipal waste is sent to an Energy Recovery Facility which generates part of our electricity. In 2022, this contributed 8% of our greenhouse gas emissions. A recent engagement campaign ‘It’s not a load of Rubbish212’, communicated the waste hierarchy of reduce, reuse recycle. Since July 2022, the Single Use Plastics Law213 came into force. This means Islanders no longer receive single use carrier bags with their purchases and are charged at least 70 pence per reusable bag. The Construction industry generates a large proportion of waste in Jersey. Working collaboratively with the industry, we have been developing a plan to reduce inert Guernsey’s Waste Strategy214 was approved in 2012 and is focused principally on waste reduction, with reuse and recycling prioritised over disposal. Waste has been diverted from landfill to processing as Refuse Derived Fuel – reducing emissions and Guernsey’s household waste Pay-As-You-Throw scheme encourages waste reduction, and leads to increased reuse/recycling, and separation of organic waste – all of which reduce emissions in terms of processing waste/recycling. Guernsey’s Waste Management Plan215, approved in 2018, outlines the implementation plan for the Waste Strategy and also encourages home composting of organic food waste and garden waste, which aims to reduce emissions from transporting organic waste to the green waste site, and from associated processing. Zero organic waste is sent to landfill, collected household and commercial food waste is processed off-island to an Anaerobic Digestion plant for energy recovery and PAS110 compliant digestate. This reduces emissions that would otherwise be created through landfill. 211 Solid Waste Strategy 212 ‘It’s not a load of Rubbish".
213 Single Use Plastics Law 214 Waste Strategy – pp427 215 Waste Management Plan

In 2019, the Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report216 was produced. Appendices 13A, B and C relate to energy from waste. In 2004, the Island’s Energy from Waste Plant facility was completed which now processes all domestic and commercial residual waste, generating 10% of the Island’s electricity.217 This diverts waste from landfill and has led to a significant reduction in emissions in this sector. The Phase 1 Action Plan Progress Report218 details progress made against the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1219 over the period 1 April 2021-31 March 2022, including actions relating to waste. Section 6 of the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027220 sets out the Isle of Man’s current, high-level policies relating to reducing emissions from waste, including a commitment to produce Waste Management and Circular Economy Strategies to deliver 15% sectoral emissions reduction by 2027. Gibraltar’s overall objective continues to be the reduction of waste wherever possible, followed by reuse and recycling, as per the principles of the waste hierarchy and the circular economy. Gibraltar’s overall objective continues to be the reduction of waste wherever possible, followed by reuse and recycling, as per the principles of the waste hierarchy and the circular economy. The current kerbside recycling programme was expanded in 2012 to include paper and plastic recycling as well as cooking oil and Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). All of Gibraltar’s waste is exported to Spain for recovery or final disposal. Current plans are focusing on the development of a Waste Management Facility in Gibraltar to maximise recovery of recyclable material prior to export. A ban on single use plastic bags221 was introduced in 2019 along with a more comprehensive ban on single use plastic 2.11.8 Carbon Capture and Storage and Greenhouse Gas Removals England has put in place the following strategies in regards to carbon capture and 2.11.8.1 Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) is essential for industry to decarbonise. In the future net zero world, we will still need materials such as cement, 216 Isle of Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report 217 Isle of Suez Who we Are 218 Isle of Phase One Action Plan Progress Report 219 Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase One 220 Isle of Climate Change Plan 2022-2027 221 Imports And Exports (Control) (Amendment No.3). 222 Imports And Exports (Control) (Amendment No.2)

steel, and chemicals. For many of these sectors, CCUS is currently the only viable route to decarbonise at the scale required for us to meet our targets. • In November 2021, the government announced the selection of the HyNet and East Coast Cluster as the first two industrial CCUS clusters to be • In August 2022, the government announced a shortlist of 20 projects representing a range of innovative CCUS technologies to be progressed to the due diligence stage for inclusion in those clusters. BEIS (now DESNZ) then launched Phase-2 of the Cluster Sequencing Process to determine the projects that would make up those clusters and enter negotiations. 2.11.8.2 Greenhouse Gas Removals The Net Zero Strategy (2021) set out several commitments towards the ambition of deploying at least 5 MtCO2/yr of engineered removals by 2030, potentially rising to 23MtCO2/yr by 2035 and 75-81MtCO2/yr by 2050. As outlined in the Net Zero Growth Plan and other publications, the government has taken steps to deliver on • Commissioned research from Vivid Economics to explore policy support options for Greenhouse Gas Removal technology deployment in the UK • Published a Call for Evidence based on the outputs of the Vivid Economics study, which invited views from stakeholders on whether there is a role of government in incentivising GGR development and deployment in the UK over the medium and longer-term through an effective policy and regulatory framework and, where needed, what type targeted support would be • Convened a GGR monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) Task and Finish Group to understand the current position on MRV for negative emissions, existing regulatory frameworks and standards, and the gaps that exist and work required to fill them (2021). • Published a summary of responses to the Call for Evidence, which set out the government would take a portfolio approach to GGR deployment which enables the development and commercialisation of a mix a different • Commissioned a study from E4tech and Element Energy to explore policy mechanisms for First Of A Kind Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) and other engineered Greenhouse Gas Removals (2022) • Consulted on the preferred business models to incentivise early investment in GGRs, with consultations on both a technology neutral engineered GGR business model and a power BECCS specific model (2022). • Delivered £100 million innovation funding, including through Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Net Zero Innovation Portfolio Direct Air Capture (DAC) and GGR Programme. This programme was announced in 2020 and is due to

England has several legislation and policies in place to manage and protect the • UK Marine and Coastal Access Act223 (2009): makes provisions for the management of the marine environment, including providing for the designation of conservation zones. • Fisheries Act224 (2020): sets eight objectives, including a climate change objective, that provide the basis against which the UK Administrations will • Marine Policy Statement225 (2011): is the UK framework used to prepare marine plans and provides the basis for making decisions that affect the marine environment. The MPS’s high-level objectives are to promote sustainable economic development, enable the UK’s move towards a low- carbon economy, ensure a sustainable marine environment and to contribute to the societal benefits of the marine area. • UK Marine Strategy226 (2019): sets out a vision for UK waters to achieve clean, safe, healthy, biologically diverse and productive seas, which are used sustainably.
The Strategy provides a legal framework, agreed with the Devolved Governments, for assessing and monitoring the status of UK seas and to put in place the measures needed to achieve Good Environmental 2.11.9.2 Northern Ireland Executive The Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) as the Marine Plan Authority (MPA) has a duty under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 and the Marine Act Northern Ireland 2013, to prepare marine plans to cover the Northern Ireland inshore and offshore regions, which facilitate the sustainable development of Northern Ireland’s marine area. The consultation on the draft Marine Plan227 for Northern Ireland was launched April 2018. It set out the vision for a healthy marine area which is managed sustainably for the economic, environmental and social prosperity of present and future generations. The draft Marine Plan includes policies on climate change mitigation and will provide the framework for decision making for future use of the marine area, including for offshore renewable energy. With the public consultation responses published in April 2021, DAERA is now progressing towards adoption and publication of a Marine Plan for Northern 223 UK Marine and Coastal Access Act 227 Northern Marine Plan

In 2021, DAERA commenced the development of a blue carbon action plan that sets out how natural carbon stores in marine and coastal areas will be protected and The Scottish Government has set out a new Blue Economy vision for the sustainable management of Scotland’s seas, establishing long term outcomes to 2045 and including a dedicated climate outcome to support ecosystem health, improved livelihoods, economic prosperity, social inclusion and wellbeing. New actions to increase protection of the marine environment include; introducing fisheries management measures across the offshore Marine Protected Area (MPA) network by 2025, and to consult on the inshore MPA network during the current programme for Government. and introduction of a Scottish Wild Salmon Strategy. New evidence is also being delivered through the Scottish Blue Carbon Forum, building upon actions set out in the second Scottish Climate Change Adaptation Programme228 to address Scotland’s marine climate risks. The Welsh National Marine Plan229 sets out the Welsh Government’s long-term vision for Welsh seas that are clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically • Through an ecosystem approach, natural resources are sustainably managed and our seas are healthy and resilient, supporting a sustainable and thriving • Through access to, understanding of and enjoyment of the marine environment and maritime cultural heritage, health and well-being are • Through Blue Growth more jobs and wealth are being created and are helping coastal communities become more resilient, prosperous and equitable with a • Through the responsible deployment of low carbon technologies, the Welsh marine area is making a strong contribution to energy security and climate Welsh Government is taking a spatial approach to implementing the Marine Plan, developing planning guidance and tools to provide greater spatial direction and to balance supporting renewable energy with protecting the marine environment. Sector Locational Guidance for wave and tidal stream energy230 were published in 2022 to help understand opportunities for future sector development. In 2024, Welsh Government consulted on potential Strategic Resource Areas231 to identify and 228 Climate Ready Climate Change Adaptation Programme 2019-24 (2019) 229 National Marine Plan 230 Locational Guidance for Wave and Tidal Stream Energy 231 Strategic Resource Areas Consultation

safeguard key areas of resource for tidal stream energy. It is also working with stakeholders to develop planning guidance on opportunities for ecosystem The Carbon Neutral Roadmap sets an ambition to promote Jersey as a centre of excellence for blue carbon sequestration. In 2022, research232 into Jersey’s resources was published that found that Jersey’s seabed sequesters over 10,000 tonnes of carbon annually, the equivalent combined weight of the CO2 emissions produced by the Island’s agriculture and waste management sectors. Further scientific studies are underway to better understand, protect and enhance blue The Jersey Marine Spatial Plan233 has been approved. This sets out how Jersey’s territorial waters should be utilised and protected to ensure the correct balance of Guernsey is in the early stages of developing a marine spatial plan, with an aim for delivery by the end of 2025. It is intended that the plan will enable renewable energy developments and potential for nature, as well as managing other uses of the marine environment. As part of this work, a Blue Carbon report will be produced in the first half of 2025 which will establish the capacity of carbon storage and sequestration in Guernsey’s waters. This will then be used to advise on the climate mitigation measures that can be undertaken within Guernsey’s marine environment. The Strategy for Nature234, the islands national biodiversity strategy, sets out a framework to enable the long-term management of nature in Guernsey. The Strategy recognises the important role nature and nature-based solutions plays in mitigating the impacts of climate change and seeks to protect and restore habitats which play important roles in carbon sequestration and storage. It also seeks to maximise biodiversity and ensure its resilience to a changing climate. In 2019, the Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report235 was produced. Appendix 10C relates to blue carbon. The Phase 1 Action Plan Progress Report236 details progress made against the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1237 over the period 1 April 2021-31 March 2022, including actions relating to blue carbon.
As of 2022 10.8% of the Isle of Man’s entire 232 Blue Carbon An Assessment of Jersey's Territorial Seas 233 Marine Spatial Plan 234 Strategy for Nature 235 Isle of Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report 236 Isle of Phase One Action Plan Progress Report 237 Isle of Council of Ministers’ Climate Change Action Plan Phase One

territorial sea and 51.8% of the inshore (0-3 nautical mile area) were protected.238 Section 4 of the Isle of Man Climate Change Plan 2022-2027239 sets out the Isle of Man’s current, high level climate policies relating to the marine environment and fisheries sector, including a commitment to work with the fishing industry to continue to reduce the carbon footprint of trawling and dredging, increase the efficiency of fishing effort and cut fuel costs. The Manx Blue Carbon Project240 began in 2022, working with Bangor and Swansea Universities, as well as with the UK National Oceanography Centre to research and map blue carbon stores in the Isle of Man territorial sea. The project aims to develop a comprehensive blue carbon management plan to maximise carbon sequestration and maintain and restore related biodiversity and wider ecosystem services. Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Gibraltar updated the environmental assessment showing Good Environmental Status for British Gibraltar Territorial Waters (BGTW)241. In 2021 Gibraltar published an updated monitoring programme for BGTW. This programme is being implemented in collaboration with the University of Gibraltar. Gibraltar has legislated to increase the number of Marine Protected Areas and no-take zones, safeguarding the biodiversity and health of its waters. Gibraltar has also embarked on a project to increase biodiversity within the intertidal zone through the installation of vertipools on existing grey infrastructure. 2.11.10 Biodiversity and Adaptation England has delivered the following strategies to support biodiversity and tackle • Strategic Framework242 (2023): set the direction for the UK’s integrated approach to international action on nature and climate through to 2030. Its three overarching priorities keep 1.5C alive by halving global emissions; build resilience to current and future climate impacts and; halt and reverse biodiversity loss. The framework identifies six global challenges to the 2030 vision and the levers available to the UK to meet those challenges. It explains the UK’s role and approach to international collaboration, drawing on our expertise, skills and leadership. • National Adaptation Plan (NAP)243 (2023): sets out plans to adapt to and mitigate the risks of a warming climate on the marine environment, including 238 Isle of Marine Nature Reserves 239 Isle of Climate Change Plan 2022-2027 240 Isle of Blue Carbon Project 241 Marine Strategy Framework Directive 242 2030 Strategic Framework for International Climate and Nature Action 243 Third National Adaptation Plan

to protect, restore and create blue carbon habitats and manage the risks and opportunities to marine species, habitats, and fisheries. • Environmental Improvement Plan244 (2023): sets out the actions that must be taken to help restore nature, tackle environmental pollution, and increase prosperity. It states that Defra will lead a practical initiative to restore estuarine and coastal habitats (ReMeMaRe (Restoring Meadow, Marsh and Reef)), which will restore 15% of priority habitats along the English coast by 2043. Restored coastal wetlands such as saltmarsh and seagrass can sequester 2.11.10.2 Northern Ireland Executive The Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) has prepared the draft Northern Ireland Environmental Improvement Plan245 (EIP). The EIP sets out Northern Ireland’s environmental priorities for the decades ahead and will be the basis for a coherent and effective set of interventions that can deliver real improvements in the quality of the environment in Northern Ireland. The EIP will be published once it receives approval from the Northern Ireland Executive. The draft EIP contains a commitment for DAERA to develop and publish a new Biodiversity Strategy246 for Northern Ireland. In line with this commitment, DAERA, through a co-design process, has been leading on the development of a Nature Recovery Plan for Northern Ireland based on the 23 general targets revised and agreed at the UN’s Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in December These targets cover the wide range of issues affecting biodiversity and, if adequately addressed, should go a long way to halt the loss of biodiversity or at least ensure many habitats and species are in a better ecological status. Target 3 of these is often viewed as the one that will have the biggest impact, if achieved. This seeks to ensure that by 2030 at least 30% of all terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed. The Nature Recovery Strategy will augment actions for promoting biodiversity in other major initiatives including the EIP and the Climate Action Plan. Once published the EIP and Nature Recovery Strategy will provide Northern Ireland commitments for environmental improvement to be included in the UK National Biodiversity Strategy 244 Environmental Improvement Plan 245 Northern Environmental Improvement Plan 246 Northern Biodiversity Strategy

The Scottish Government has committed to delivering improved and enduring benefits to the natural environment through the Environment Strategy for Scotland247. Sitting beneath this, the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy which has now been published248 takes into account the new post-2020 global biodiversity framework and targets for the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2050 vision. The Scottish Biodiversity Programme249 has been created to coordinate all activity on biodiversity including the development of a future strategic framework for biodiversity that compromises both terrestrial and marine aspects.
The Nature Recovery Action Plan (2021-2022)250 contains five themes for • Maintaining and enhancing resilient ecological networks • Increasing knowledge and knowledge transfer • Realising new investment and funding • Upskilling and capacity for delivery • Mainstreaming, governance and reporting progress Within the themes, five immediate priorities have been identified for further • Aligning the responses to the climate emergency with the biodiversity crisis • Addressing the post-EU exit funding gap for agri-environment measures • Providing spatial direction for targeting action for biodiversity • Improving the condition of the Protected Sites Network • Exploring new and sustainable funding mechanisms for biodiversity action Priority is currently being given to protecting on-Island carbon sinks. This is being prioritised through the Island Plan251 and our various natural area protection and enhancement programmes, such as the Jersey National Park, Ramsar sites, Biodiversity action plan, tree strategy and LEAF programme. The Climate Emergency Fund supports projects that directly address the biodiversity crisis, including those with a focus on species and habitat restoration and protection, biosecurity and the marine environment. 247 The Environment Strategy for vision and outcomes 248 Biodiversity Strategy 249 Biodiversity Programme 250 Nature Recovery Action Plan

In 2020, Guernsey’s government published an updated Biodiversity Strategy, entitled the ‘Strategy for Nature’. The Strategy for Nature sets a framework for Guernsey’s government, the private sector and the community to strengthen Guernsey’s response to the changes facing nature from climate change and other human made pressures. It encompasses mainstreaming biodiversity and horizon scanning for pressures on nature and increasing community awareness of nature including promoting its health and wellbeing benefits. In recognition of risks to biodiversity from climate change, the Strategy for Nature includes an objective to “Reduce pressures on nature and ensure the resilience of our natural capital and assets”. This objective will be achieved by reducing threats and pressures on our natural environment and the introduction of targeted conservation action to support priority species and Guernsey’s government recognises the increased pressure of invasive non-native species (INNS) in light of changing climate, and also the detrimental impact of INNS on biodiversity and its resilience to the impacts of climate change. Guernsey’s INNS Action Plan aims to reduce the introduction and establishment or invasive species through enhanced biosecurity and surveillance measures. The Action Plan also seeks to manage species already present, especially those which will become more invasive with the forecast changes in climate. Ratification of numerous international conventions relating to biodiversity has been extended to the Isle of Man.252 The Biodiversity Strategy 2015 – 2025 is in effect253. The Isle of Man became the world’s first entire island nation with Biosphere status in 2016.254 In 2019, the Isle of Man Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report255 was produced. Appendix 10B relates to tree planting and habitat connectivity. The Phase 1 Action Plan Progress Report256 details progress made against the Council of Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1257 over the period 1 April 2021-31 March 2022, including actions relating to biodiversity and adaptation. The Climate Change Act 2021258 contains amendments to the Town and Country Planning Act 1999, setting out six policy areas – including “the maximisation of carbon sequestration, maintenance and restoration of ecosystems, and biodiversity net gain” to be incorporated into national planning policy by 1 January 2025. See ‘Chapter 3, section 3.11.2.7. 252 Isle of International Conventions 253 Isle of Biodiversity Strategy and Delivery Plan 254 Isle of Information sheet UNESCO Biosphere Isle of Man 255 Isle of Programme for Achievement of Climate Targets (IMPACT) Report 256 Isle of Phase One Action Plan Progress Report 257 Isle of Council of Ministers’ Climate Change Action Plan Phase One 258 Isle of Climate Change Act 2021

One of the main climate impacts that will be felt in Gibraltar is increased heat, with a forecast sharp increase in the number of hot days in a given year. Investing in the creation of new green areas within the city centre, such as the conversion of a concrete parking lot into Commonwealth Park259 in 2014 is helping to combat the heat island effect whilst simultaneously providing new habitats and potential for Gibraltar will also embark on an ambitious rewilding programme in the next 5 years. Notable species that will form part of the enhanced rewilding programme include, but are not limited to Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni (recently extinct as a nesting bird), Little Owl Athene noctua and the Ocellated Lizard (Timon Lepidus). The programme to artificially propagate and re-populate the endemic Gibraltar Campion (Silene tomentosa) will be expanded with a new propagation facility created at Tovey Cottage Field Centre in addition to the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens. Other regionally important species will also be propagated and planted as part of a wider and ambitious habitat restoration programme within and outside the Gibraltar Nature The education sector in the UK will play a critical role in positively responding to climate change and inspiring action on an international stage. The Department for Education is helping to create a sustainable future through education, developing the skills needed for a green economy, and supporting our sectors to reach net zero • Strategy for Sustainability and Climate Change260 (2022): The Department’s strategy for Sustainability and Climate Change was informed by stakeholders and young people and sets out action to 2030 1) climate education; 2) green skills and careers; 3) the education estate and digital infrastructure; 4) operations and supply chains; and 5) international. The Strategy sets out initiatives including extra support for teaching about nature and climate change, a National Education Nature Park, Climate Action Award and support for education leaders to take a whole-setting approach to climate • Green Apprenticeships in England are a core part of the government’s skills agenda, helping grow the economy by improving the skills pipeline. Apprenticeships give employees high-quality, hands-on training to start and progress in work. There are over 680 occupations with corresponding apprenticeships, from entry-level to expert.
The Institute for 259 Commonwealth Park 260 Sustainability and Climate Change Strategy

Apprenticeships and Technical Education (IfATE) has worked with employers to identify over 200 occupations which directly support the green economy. • Green Jobs delivery The Green Jobs Delivery Group was the central forum for driving forwards action on green jobs and skills across government and industry. Led by ministers and business leaders, it worked to ensure workers were supported with the transition to a green economy. Through a series of deep dives, the Green Jobs Delivery Group was identifying occupations to target key skills programmes towards green sectors and • Climate literacy across More generally, there now exists a training offer available to all civil servants, expanded training for Fast Streamers, and embedded climate and environment objectives within the cross-cutting policy objectives and responsibilities in the Civil Service policy 2.11.11.2 Northern Ireland Executive The Department for the Economy (DfE) published the Northern Ireland Executive’s energy strategy ‘The Path to Net Zero Energy261’ December 2021, which set out the roadmap to 2030 aiming to deliver a 56% reduction in energy-related emissions, while on the pathway to net zero by 2050. To drive the strategy forward DfE will publish annual Energy Strategy Action Plans, the first of which was published January 2022262 and set out a range of new initiatives such as a hydrogen centre of excellence and an energy skills audit leading to a Green Skills Action plan. The Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) have been leading on the development of the Northern Ireland Executive’s Green Growth Strategy. The Strategy is the Northern Ireland Executive’s multi-decade strategy, balancing climate, environment and the economy in Northern Ireland. After extensive engagement with organisations and individuals, the draft Green Growth strategy consultation opened in October 2021263, with the department hosting online public consultation sessions. Responses to the consultation have been analysed and, alongside the Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022, will inform the update of Skill Up is a flexible skills programme that offers a range of free training opportunities to support upskilling and reskilling, which was launched in August 2021. Funding was initially announced by DfE and the Northern Ireland Office (NIO) for a 3-year period, to deliver up to 10,000 training places per year in accredited qualifications. 261 Northern Energy Strategy Path to Net Zero Energy 262 Northern Energy Strategy Action Plan 263 Northern Consultation on Green Growth Strategy

Scotland’s National Strategy for Economic Transformation264 sets out the priorities for Scotland’s economy and shows that a skilled population is fundamental to business productivity and economic prosperity. In addition, Scotland’s Purpose and Principles265 sets out the framework for decision making for post-school education, skills and research to ensure that the system is fit for the future, delivering the best outcomes for learners, employers and public investment. Significant work is progressing to reform the Scottish education and skills system so that it is more responsive to our economic, social, and environmental needs and ambitions, and the Scottish Government will continue to invest in that system and the infrastructure that supports it, including for example, schools, colleges, universities, apprenticeships and our Innovation Centres, to enable the transition The Scottish Government’s Climate Emergency Skills Action Plan266 (2020-2025) provided an initial framework and springboard for skills planning, development and investment across sectors of the economy known to be crucial to achieving net zero. Scotland continues to build on these strong foundations for example, through the Green Industrial Strategy267 identifies areas of strength and opportunity for Scotland to grow globally competitive industries in the transition to net zero and outlines what government and partners will do to support stakeholders to create an enabling environment for investment and growth.In addition, Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence incorporates an emphasis on the cross-cutting theme of Learning for Sustainability – a term that brings together sustainable development education, global citizenship and outdoor learning. A refreshed and strengthened Learning for Sustainability Action Plan was published in 2023 setting a vision (Target 2030) that by the end of this decade all 3-18 education settings will be sustainable education The Curriculum for Wales, which commenced roll-out in 2022, represents the biggest change to what and how learners learn in Wales since devolution. This transformational new approach has been built by teachers and experts to prepare our learners for a changing world. One of its four purposes is to develop our young people as ethical, informed citizens, ready to be active citizens of Wales and the world, with building understanding of climate change and sustainability mandatory. 264 National Strategy for Economic Transformation 265 Purpose and Principles 266 Climate Emergency Skills Action Plan 267 Green Industrial Strategy

In Wales, 90% of schools across every local authority take part in the Eco-Schools programme.268 This equates to more than 400,000 pupils – one of the highest participation rates in the world. The Welsh Government funds 100% of training costs for apprentices of any age with businesses of any size. Recipients follow an approved Welsh Apprenticeship Framework such as Energy, Engineering or Construction and must be working in Wales for 51% or more of their time. There is an employer incentive to recruit disabled apprentices as well as Supported Shared Apprenticeships. Green Personal Learning Accounts provide adults in employment in Wales with a fully funded option to study part-time at an Further Education (FE) college/with a training provider partner to up- and re-skill for the green economy including in energy, construction, engineering and manufacturing. Courses approved under this scheme are determined by an expert panel including employers to ensure a targeted approach to meeting industry demand for skills. The Welsh Government has operated a Flexible Skills Programme (FSP) since 2016. The FSP is a training grant, available to all employers in Wales, that wish to purchase training courses to meet upskilling objectives and potentially create and fill more green jobs. The Welsh Government will contribute 50% towards the training costs.