The NEEAP-measures are those described in the first 2007 or second 2011
National Energy Efficiency Action Plan issued by each Member State to conform to the
requirements of the Energy Services Directive. In section Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable., NEEAP measures are discussed
according to the categorization used in the MURE database. An insight is given to the role of
various measures in the overall policy mix, evaluation methods and evaluation results. Case
studies are given on certain measures which are considered to have considerable impact, to
be innovative or representative in their respective policy type. In addition to individual instruments, attention should be paid to packaging of policies and
measures see section 5.3. Quite often measures are implemented in isolation instead of
combining them with other policy instruments.
Given the variety of prevailing energy
efficiency barriers and drivers, different types of policy instruments should be packaged. Despite NEEAPs having been developed to implement the Energy Services Directive which
excludes energy use in the emissions trading sector, 81 of the totality of 132 industry
measures in the NEEAPs also address large enterprises according to the MURE database. Large enterprises do not equal the emissions trading sector but, given the significant share
of such measures, it can be concluded that quite often the industry measures in the NEEAPs
address the whole industry. Measures classified as New Market-Based Instruments in the MURE database are all
related to EU Emission Trading and its flexible mechanisms, i.e., Joint Implementation and
59
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
Clean Development Mechanism, and therefore not NEEAP measures. Hence, they are not
discussed here but already in section 5.1.2. 5.2.1 Co-operative measures appear to be effective but are preferred by
a limited number of countries
Co-operative measures in the MURE database belong to the following three categories
voluntarynegotiated agreements to reduce energy consumption or CO2 emissions of
industrial processes, voluntarynegotiated agreements for cross-cutting technologies e.g. industrial motors and technology procurement for energy efficient equipment. Co-operative measures are implemented by a somewhat limited number of countries. Thirteen countries have implemented 31 co-operative measures whereas the majority of
countries have not introduced any co-operative measures. According to analyses by WEC
2011, the reason for country differences may lie in differences in administrative cultures
and public-private relations. In some contexts, close relations between industry and
government support voluntary and negotiated agreements. In other contexts, where leaner
government and individual stakeholder integrity are highly prized, similar schemes may be
problematic due to perceptions of regulatory intrusiveness. The long-running voluntary agreements in Europe, namely those in Denmark, Finland,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, have been introduced well before the
Energy Services Directive entered into force reflecting national energy and climate policy
goals. In Finland, the scheme was adjusted to the ESD as all its major provisions were
incorporated into the new set of voluntary agreements introduced for the period 2008-2016. Some Member States e.g. Sweden have introduced agreements with implicit or explicit
reference to the directive on minimum taxation of electricity. JRC 2010
Voluntary and negotiated agreements aimed at reducing energy consumption or CO2
emissions are the most common type of co-operative measures. Various incentives are used
to attract companies to enter the agreements, typically tax benefits four countries and
subsidies but also easier access to environmental permits the Netherlands, Finland. Tax benefits are available, e.g., in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and UK. The financial
incentives to participate in the agreements programme are two-fold the tax exemption and
financial gains from energy savings. In addition, long-term competitiveness is enhanced. In
Norway, pulp and paper companies may apply for participation in a programme for energy
efficiency and the approved companies will be given a full exemption from the electricity tax. In Sweden, all energy intensive companies have the opportunity to avoid the electricity tax by
participating in the voluntary agreement. In UK, joining the Climate Change Agreements
gives a possibility to avoid part of the Climate Change Levy. In Denmark, the Danish Energy
Agency pledges payment of subsidies for partial coverage of a companys CO2 tax liabilities
when it signs a voluntary agreement. The agreement obligates a company to undertake a
number of energy-saving measures and to implement a certified energy management
system. In some cases, subsidy schemes have been tailored to attract companies to join voluntary
agreements. For example, in Finland subsidies for energy efficiency investments may be
given for investment projects using conventional technologies if the company has joined the
agreement scheme whereas in other cases only new technology is subsidised. While most voluntary or negotiated agreements tend to address the whole energy use of a
given sector, the German voluntary agreement for CHP is a rare example of a pure voluntary
or negotiated agreement for cross-cutting technologies. Another cross-cutting co-operative
measure in Germany is contracting i.e. third-party financing of compressed air technology. The industrial facility which wishes to use compressed air concludes an agreement with a
contractor, according to which the latter plans, finances, constructs, operates and maintains
the compressed air installation. The compressed air user only pays for the compressed air
60
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
which it has received. The standardisation of contracting models speeds up the development
of markets for these energy services. According to the MURE database, only the Swedish NEEAP includes a couple of measures
for technology procurement for energy efficient equipment. Since the beginning of the 1990s,
the Swedish Energy Agency has partly financed and initiated nearly 60 different technology
procurements. In industry, the applications have covered factory doors, energy-efficient mine
ventilation fans, large industrial fans, refrigeration compressors in the food industry, control
systems for pumps, load and energy management systems for foundries, filters for
harmonics and motors. The voluntary industry-related sector networks were established in
Sweden in 2009 to save energy in various sectors over the next few years. The Network for
Energy Efficiency, ENIG, consists of a network of experts, industries, energy offices and
energy and climate consultants to improve energy efficiency. The focus is on casting, surface
treatment, heat treatment, sheet metal forming and plastics processing.
The purpose of such
networks is to increase know-how and provide tools to increase energy efficiency at every
level of industrial firms through the exchange of information and knowledge. Approximately two thirds of the co-operative measures have been evaluated according to the
MURE database. Fifteen of the measures are in the high-impact category and eight in the
medium-impact category. The evaluation methods vary from enhanced engineering
estimates using monitoring results to a mix of top-down and bottom-up methods. However,
there are too few evaluations to draw any conclusions on typical methods, the level of results
or the degree of achievement of the targets established in the agreements. The results
should also be compared to the energy use of the branchbranches involved but this is not
possible based on MURE data. More detailed data can be found e.g.
from a recent report by
the Joint Research Centre JRC 2010. The introduction of the EU Emissions Trading places new complexity to the evaluation of the
voluntary agreements since there is sometimes a risk of double counting between these
schemes. Countries have responded to this challenge by either revising their agreements so
as to not interfere with the ETS, by adjusting the calculation methods or by gradually
abandoning the agreements e.g. France. JRC 2010
5.2.2 Financial measures dominate in energy efficiency promotion in
industry
The financial measures in the MURE database are grantssubsidies for CHP investments
energy audits, training and benchmarking activities energy efficiency investment or
investment in renewables or clean fuels and soft loans with preferential loan guarantee
conditions or reduced interest rates for investments in energy efficiency, renewables and
CHP. 49 financial measures have been implemented in 21 countries. Fiscaltariff measures
are tax exemptions or possibility for accelerated depreciation. Eight fiscaltariff measures
have been implemented in four countries. Eco-taxes have been reported in five NEEAPs Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden
and UK, in Norway and in Croatia. Financial feasibility is one of the key parameters a company weights when considering an
energy efficiency investment or another investment entailing energy efficiency benefits. Pay-
back periods are often used as criteria for smaller investments and internal-rate-of-return
IRR for larger ones. CPI Climate Strategies conducted a survey in 2011 amongst almost
800 manufacturing firms in six European countries which revealed an average four year pay-
back time for energy savings measures. 10 of the firms only accept a maximum pay-back
period of one and a half years while 10 accept pay-back times up to seven years. Pay-back
times also vary systematically among sectors and countries. For larger investments,
companies typically demand IRR values to be higher than 10 but sometimes up to 25. When commitment to energy efficiency is lacking, firms will have a natural tendency to
61
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
prioritise other, more financially appealing investments. IEA 2011 ref. CPI Climate
Strategies 2011
While the investment and operation costs are taken into consideration in the financial
analyses, energy efficiency improvements are often hindered by various hidden costs. For
example, because energy efficiency projects are typically small in the industry scale, they
may result in disproportionately high transaction costs. IEA 2011
Subsidies directly influence the financial driver of investments in energy efficiency. The
impact of the subsidy depends on the proportion of subsidy on the total project cost by how
much are costs for energy efficiency measures reduced, and their effect on pay-back periods
and IRR. In case of technology specific subsidies, the more the list is targeted and updated,
the higher the chance that these will create additional investments and lessen free rider
behaviour IEA 2011. The Dutch measure Green Investment and Finance employs an
annually updated list of eligible technologies. The free rider issue is addressed in some
subsidy schemes e.g. Finland by giving subsidies only to projects exceeding certain pay-
back time. In a Latvian joint implementation project cost-effectiveness criteria are applied to
the subsidy part of the CO2 reductions. The Latvian measure is also innovative by requiring
the application of green purchasing principles and public visibility of the results achieved. The introduction of environmental tax reforms gained increasing support during the 1990s. The basic idea was to shift the tax burden from labour towards the use of natural resources
and environmentally harmful goods and activities. In the Member States the ideas of green
tax reforms have met varying success. Among others, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the
Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom have introduced the elements of green tax
reforms over the last decade. Some new Member States, too, have followed suit. One
example is Slovenia, where a CO2 tax has been applied on all energy products since 1997. In Estonia the increases in excise duties have been used to finance substantial cuts of
personal income taxes up to 2008. The Czech Republic introduced an environmental tax
reform in 2008, which would increase the tax rates of most energy products over the period
20082012. Despite this interest, environmental tax revenues have not been growing in
recent years at the EU average level. The share of environmental taxation out of total
taxation has increased since 1995 in a number of the EU Member States Austria, Bulgaria,
Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Sweden and
Slovakia, but remained stagnant or decreased in the others, including most of the big
Member States. Eurostat 2011
The qualitative impact assessment of financial and fiscal NEEAP measures in the MURE
database ranks them in quite equal proportions between high, medium and low impact
categories. Among the 26 measures which actually have been subject to quantitative evaluation, the
results are equally mixed. It appears that a common factor for most low impact measures is
that they are purely financial measures, whereas most high impact measures feature a
combination of several different measure types in a package of measures. It is not straightforward to summarise the evaluation methods used in quantitative evaluation. However, it appears that enhanced engineering estimates are oftentimes used to evaluate
subsidies input information is collected from subsidy applications or via monitoring systems. The evaluation of tax rebate schemes, when implemented as part of voluntary agreements,
is based on the commitments and reporting. The impact of taxation is more difficult to
evaluate and requires modelling.
In Germany, the impact of the ecological tax reform has
been evaluated by using a combination of three different models an econometric input-
output-model, a macro-level simulation model and micro-level simulation model. 62
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
5.2.3 The role of information and training is increasing
In the MURE database this group combines quite heterogeneous instruments from
information campaigns, informing top level management and training energy managers to
establishment of information centres, voluntary labelling of cross-cutting technologies and
voluntary energy audits. In this group of measures, energy audits are a bit different from
other information measures because, unlike the other more generic measures, they provide
detailed company specific information on cost-effective possibilities to improve energy
efficiency. Yet, they are an instrument based on information. Both the number and significance of this group of measures has been growing.
At present,
there are 22 NEEAP measures in this category in 13 countries and one in Norway in the
MURE database. One of the countries which has visibly stepped up the information activities
in the second NEEAP is Estonia which announced three new measures, namely organising
training events to build energy management competence, increasing the number of energy
auditors and developing and disseminating informational materials for company employees. The whole span of activities can be found in terms of target groups, technologies and
information instruments used. While some measures are highly focused on certain
technology motors, compressed air or lighting others address all process and building
technologies in industry. There are measures concentrating only on SMEs e.g., in Germany,
Ireland and Malta, solely on the large or energy-intensive industries e.g., in Ireland,
Romania and Sweden as well as those which cover the whole industry in most countries
implementing information measures. Information instruments used range from written
materials brochures, manuals and web-info and dissemination of energy management tools
web-based tools, audits and screening, benchmarking to personalised advice helplines
and other advisory services and events training, seminars. In addition, energy awards e.g. in Ireland are used for motivation. Some of the information measures aim at strengthening energy management capabilities. Energy audits, assessments and site surveys are energy management tools which are
promoted in about half of the countries. One of the longest-running schemes is the Energy
Audit Programme in Finland which was launched in 1992. Other voluntary audit schemes can
be found, e.g., in Croatia, France, Ireland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Spain, Sweden and
UK - and Estonia is planning to start one. Energy management training and tools are not
usually provided in stand-alone measures but rather as part of others, typically voluntary
agreements or other programmes for larger industries and SME programmes for smaller
ones. An exception can be found in Estonia, which plans to start training events on energy
conservation
increase energy management competences of enterprises as an
independent measure. Benchmarking also enhances energy management. Norway runs a
measure called Energy Consumption Industry which is basically a subsidy scheme, but it
uses reporting results from the recipients in an innovative way. The scheme operator Enova
gathers energy consumption and production figures in a database via a web-based reporting
scheme, calculates specific energy consumption for different industrial branches and
presents the anonymous benchmarking data on the web. to
Although not a NEEAP measure due to its focus on energy intensive industry, the long-
running Irish networking programme LIEN is notable for its innovative approach of using
networking for sharing information and experiences in the area of energy management. Networks were launched in Sweden in 2009 for the mining and steel industries, sawmills and
energy efficiency in various industrial processes.
Although not in the MURE database, also
Denmark has set up a number of local dialogue networks across the country involving
companies working with energy management and activities in this area also take place in
Finland. At the EU level there has been one initiative on voluntary labelling, namely that of electric
motors CEMEPEU Agreement. The only national labelling example in the MURE database
is the German Environmental Label Blue Angel, which covers numerous energy using
63
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
consumer products. The labelling of consumer products triggers the knowledge of mainly
downstream firms, i.e., ones operating close to the consumer market IEA 2011. Apart from energy auditing, information measures are rarely evaluated. A rare example are
the enhanced engineering estimates made by Sustainable Energy Ireland in the SME
programme based on reports and billing data received from the participating companies. 5.2.4 Scarce use of regulation to address energy efficiency in industry
Legislative measures can be normative mandatory demand side management or other
mandatory standards or informative mandatory appointment of an energy manager or
mandatory audits for industrial processesbuildings in the MURE database. The database
contains seven national
informative
instruments and nine national normative legislative measures. legislative NEEAP measures working
through
National legislation has already been issued or has been announced in the NEEAPs to cover
the following topics in industry. Examples of implementing countries are given in brackets for
each target for legislation. Mandatory audits e.g., Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Portugal, Romania
Mandatory energy efficiency plans e.g., Hungary, Portugal
Mandatory energy managers e.g., Hungary, Czech Republic, Italy, Romania
Mandatory energy management systems e.g., Greece, Spain
Mandatory reporting of energy consumption data and energy efficiency measures
e.g., Hungary and Portugal
White certificates BelgiumFlanders, Denmark, France, Italy, Poland, UK
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Portugal and Romania have issued mandatory energy audits for
large energy users. The Czech and Romanian measures also
involve mandatory
appointment of energy managers. In Portugal energy audits have been part of a long-running
regulation for energy-intensive companies. In Greece, mandatory audits are part of the
Energy Management Systems obligation in industry. In Hungary, large energy users are
obliged to deliver a report on their energy use and energy efficiency improvements, to
prepare a work plan for energy efficiency improvements and to report the achievements. In
practice, energy audits are necessary to implement this. A few other countries, namely Belgium, Latvia and Luxembourg, refer to environmental
permit procedures necessitating energy audits. In permit renewal in Belgium, companies
have to submit a plan for performing all profitable investments to improve energy efficiency
over the next three years. In Romania, as an alternative to appointing an energy manager,
large energy users can enter an energy services contract with authorized bodies. According to qualitative impact evaluations, legislative measures fall into different impact
categories low, medium, high in equal amounts. About half of the legislative measures have
been subject to quantitative evaluation. It appears to be most typical to use the enhanced
engineering estimate method but also direct measurement, deemed savings, top-down
calculations based on changes in specific consumption and integrated top-down and bottom-
up methods have been used. 5.3 Packages of measures
There appears to be quite wide general consensus in the international energy efficiency fora
on the importance of using multiple policy instruments in order to address the variable
64
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
barriers for energy efficiency e.g., WEC 2011, IEA 2011. Yet, it is not uncommon that
countries rely on a rather limited mix of policies and measures. The IEA 2011 recognises that the relationships between the characteristics and design of a
policy policy instrument characteristics, a countrys policy mix policy package, and what
drives a business to make the investments driving forces are critical in analysing the
effectiveness of a policy package. It has recognised that the driving forces that decision
makers within a large industrial company take into account when deciding to make new
investments can be classified in five categories, namely
The financial imperatives of a company. The policy obligations placed on the company to achieve environmental compliance. The knowledge of energysavings opportunities within the company. The commitment of the company to the environment and energy efficiency. The demands of the public and market to improve the companys environmental or
energy performance. Table 5-3 illustrates the relationship between these driving forces and various types of
policies and measures IEA 2011. According to the matrix, various types of measures are
applicable for most types of driving forces, but only negotiated and voluntary agreements
enhance commitment. This raises a number of questions. Is commitment the lacking driving
force slowing down energy efficiency improvements? Is the level of commitment so difficult to
be increased that almost the entire palette of policies and measures is powerless? If
commitment cannot be improved, are there other alternatives but to increase obligation? While the importance of different drivers varies by country and by branch, one would expect
to see measures addressing each type of drivers in place in each country. However, this
does not seem to be the case according to the MURE database.
Table 5-3 Interaction between Driving Forces and Different Types of Policies
Type of
policy
Policy below
Driving force to the right
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Normsstandards
High
Medium
Negotiated agreements
High
Medium Medium
Obligationscommitments
e.g. mandatory energy
audits
Taxes
High
High
Medium
Incentives and subsidies
High
Medium
Tradable permits
High
Medium
Labelling
Other information
measures
High
High
Medium
High
Medium
65
Source IEA 2011
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
The summaries of policies and measures in section 5.1.2 show that economic incentives are
frequently used to address financial drivers. Negotiated and voluntary agreements have a
significant policy status on some countries. Norms and standards as well as various
obligations have not been used extensively. Use of information measures has grown but not
as much as could be expected given the need to further energy management. Two types of measure packages can be identified from the MURE database and the
NEEAPs. Sometimes several independent measures also work together. In other cases
different types of instruments have been included in one overarching measure. Both
approaches are common. Examples of the first packaging method can be found, e.g., from Spain and Finland. Spain
has a long history of comprehensive Action Plans which establish the policies and measures
for energy efficiency. The Action Plan 2005-2007 advanced voluntary agreements and
energy audits and subsidies were provided for energy efficiency investments. The Action
Plan 2011-2020 continues to promote energy audits, but it also envisages the establishment
of energy management systems and improvements in the technologies of equipment and
processes by implementation of best available technologies BAT. In Finland, the impact of
coexisting Energy Audit Programme, voluntary agreements Energy Efficiency Agreements
and investment subsidies has been measurable and considerable energy savings have been
achieved. Examples of the second packaging method can be found, e.g. from Norway. In Norway, the
Energy Efficiency in Industry Programme is currently open mainly for the pulp and paper
industry but may be extended to other branches in the future. The Programme uses a variety
of instruments.
The structure of the programme is that of a negotiated agreement with
voluntary participation but requiring very high level of commitment. 5.4 High-impact measures
In MURE, the semi-qualitative impact of each measure is classified as high, medium or
low. The impact of a measure is high if the corresponding savings are equal to or higher
than 0.5 of the final energy consumption of the entire sector. The impact is medium if the
savings are between 0.1 and 0.5, and low if they are less than 0.1 of the final energy
consumption of the entire sector. 42 industry measures are reported to have a high impact34. Seven EU Member States and
Croatia do not have high-impact measures in industry. Almost half of the measures claimed
to have high impact, have not been subject to quantitative evaluation. The lower the
expected impact, the rarer are evaluation activities evaluation results are given only for four
low-impact measures. High-impact measures are a very mixed group. About one third of them are not NEEAP
measures, because they address industries that participate in the emissions trading. There is
no clear correlation between the impact of the measure and its type, indicating that both
high-impact and low-impact measures belong to various measure types. This finding is in line
with the discussion on energy efficiency drivers in section 5.3. Because the needs to
stimulate each driver vary by country and branch, the relative impact of different types of
measures varies accordingly. Given the relative importance of the EU emissions trading scheme among industrial
measures, few countries rank it high in impact which is, however, not a surprise at the
present levels of carbon pricing. Five countries report EU Emissions Trading to have high-
34 This section only deals with measures that are presently active. 66
impact and six countries rank it in the medium-impact category. Seven countries have not
been able to make the ranking but nobody ranked it as a low-impact measure.
The rest of the
countries have not reported the measure in the database. Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
67
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
5.5 Conclusions
5.5.1 Recommendations for energy efficiency in industry
This section identifies possible gaps in the implementation of energy efficiency measures in
industry by comparing energy efficiency measure recommended by the International Energy
Agency IEA and the G8 summit for industrial energy efficiency. The IEA recommended the adoption of specific energy efficiency policy measures to the G8
summits in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The consolidated set of recommendations to these
summits covers 25 fields of action across seven priority areas cross-sectoral activities,
buildings, appliances, lighting, transport, industry and electric utilities. IEAOECD 2011.
Later in 2011 the IEA published an updated list of the 25 recommendations OECDIEA
2011. The new list includes the following four recommendations for industry Erreur ! Source
du renvoi introuvable. Energy management
High-efficiency industrial equipment and systems
Energy efficiency services for SMEs
Complementary policies to support industrial energy efficiency
5.5.2 Gap analysis according to the MURE database
Energy management in industry Recommendation 21
The European standard for energy management, EN 160012009, was issued by CEN and
CENELEC in July 2009. It has been replaced by ISO 500012011 which is the new global
standard, released in June 2011. Denmark, Ireland, Norway and Sweden use energy
management standards to underpin their energysavings agreements.
Energy management measures need to be investigated from MURE by some of its
components, such as voluntary and mandatory energy audits or appointment and training of
energy managers. The application of these measures is described in sections 5.1.3 and
Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.. Furthermore, improved energy management is the
core of most voluntary agreements. One example is the Danish agreement scheme. High-efficiency industrial equipment and systems Recommendation 22
As discussed in section 5.1.3 Eco-design, European countries do not establish minimum
energy performance standards MEPS. Instead, efficiency requirements are established for
the EU as whole by the Eco-design Directive. The IEA recommendation also calls for comprehensive policy portfolios to address barriers to
the optimisation of energy efficiency in the design and operation of industrial processes. These could include measures providing information on equipment energy performance,
training initiatives, audits, technical advice and documentation, and system-assessment
protocols. As discussed in other parts of this report, energy auditing is already used
extensively in Europe, however, with varying details of implementation. Networks for
information exchange within the industry have been established in, e.g., Denmark, Finland,
Ireland and Sweden. Also some advice activities have been reported. In Denmark, efficient
design of production facilities is considered to be one of the elements in energy
management. Savings exceeding 15 and pay-back times of under four year are reported. Toolboxes for efficient design were provided by the Danish Energy Agency already in the
1990s. 68
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
Box 5-2 IEA Recommendations for Industry Energy Efficiency 2011
21 Energy management in industry
Governments should require large, energy-intensive industry, and encourage other industrial energy
users, to conform to ISO 50001 or an equivalent energy management protocol. Actions to deliver cost-
effective energy savings should be implemented, and industry should periodically report on their
efforts. Energy management measures should include
Identifying and assessing energy saving opportunities by benchmarking, measuring and
documenting energy consumption. Implementing actions to capture identified energy-saving opportunities. Publicly reporting the energy-saving opportunities identified and the actions taken to capture
them. 22 High-efficiency industrial equipment and systems
Governments should adopt MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motors and
other categories of industrial equipment, and implement portfolios of measures to address barriers to
the optimisation of energy efficiency in the design and operation of industrial systems and processes. Policies should include
Mandatory MEPS for electric motors and other categories of industrial equipment such as
distribution transformers, compressors, pumps and boilers. Comprehensive policy portfolios to address barriers to the optimisation of energy efficiency in the
design and operation of industrial processes such as electric motor-driven, hot water and steam,
and cogeneration systems. Measures could include providing information on equipment energy
performance, training initiatives, audits, technical advice and documentation, and system-
assessment protocols. 23 Energy efficiency services for small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs
Governments should develop and implement a package of specially designed policies and measures
to promote energy efficiency in SMEs. Measures directed at improved energy efficiency in SMEs
should include
A system for ensuring that energy audits, carried out by qualified engineers, are widely promoted
and easily accessible for all SMEs. Provision of high-quality and relevant information on proven practice for energy efficiency that is
appropriate to each industrial sector. Energy performance benchmarking information that can be easily used by SMEs and structured
to allow international and within economy comparisons. 24 Complementary policies to support industrial energy efficiency
Governments should support improvements in industrial energy efficiency by removing energy
subsidies, internalising environmental costs, providing targeted incentives and ensuring ready access
to financing. To promote economically efficient investment in energy efficiency improvements,
governments should
Remove energy subsidies and internalise the external costs of energy through policies such as
carbon pricing. Encourage investment in energy-efficient industrial equipment and processes by putting in place
targeted financial incentives such as tax incentives for energy-efficient investments in industry in
particular in SMEs. Foster private finance of energy efficiency upgrades in industry through risk-
sharing or loan guarantees with private financial institutions and enabling the market for energy
performance contracting. Source OECDEIEA 2011
69
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
Energy efficiency services
Recommendation 23
for small and medium-sized enterprises
SMEs
MURE data shows that quite many measures address energy efficiency in the SMEs. However, seemingly only few have been tailored to address the specific needs of SMEs. Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Malta and Spain run programmes aimed specifically at
SMEs to help them to undergo energy audits or other energy assessments and to implement
energy efficiency measures.
Most other countries have programmes which target industries
of all sizes. Complementary policies to support industrial energy efficiency Recommendation 24
As discussed in section Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable., fiscal measures proposed
by the IEA such as carbon taxes, eco-taxes and tax incentives are already used in
considerable extent. Additional examples of the use of the taxation policy can be found, e.g.,
from the UK, where the Enhanced Capital Allowances scheme provides businesses with a
first year 100 tax allowance on designated energy efficient equipment investments. In
Estonia, corporate income tax exemption is given to profit that is re-invested within the
company. The scheme has not been created only for energy efficiency but for all types of
investments. However, energy efficiency is improved because new technologies usually are
more energy efficient than old ones. The MURE database contains only three examples of preferential loan guarantees proposed
by the IEA. The Sofergie scheme has been running a long time in France but it is not
considered to be among the key measures in the country.
The Czech Republic mentions
Word Banks energy savings programme FINESA in Central and Eastern Europe which
provides bank loans with up to a 50 loan guarantees, repayment period of seven years and
an
the Operational Programme
Competitiveness and Economic Growth in the Slovak Republic is mentioned to provide loan
guarantees but the details are unclear. interest rate of 3. The energy priority
line of
Energy performance contracting EPC is implemented in different ways. The typical example
is the classic Energy Service Company ESCO concept which is promoted in several
countries in Europe, e.g., in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Spain
and UK. In UK, the Green Deal has been developed to expand the concept beyond the
largest energy consumers. In Romania, there is an obligation for industrial companies to
appoint an energy manager or alternatively, large energy users can enter to an energy
services contract with authorized bodies. 70
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
6 References
Buildings
BMF Federal Ministry of Finance 2011 Umstellung der Klimaschutzmaßnahmen im
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