This is the scale at which the problems occur and need to be
solved. O Agree
54 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 13
No answer 8
R 24 - Floods are not, by far, totally unforeseeable catastrophes. Although there is a hazard
element in floods, their occurrence being unknown in advance, probabilities can be assessed
and flood-prone areas are identifiable not forgetting that some floods are related to overflow
of groundwater, which means that hydrogeology has to been taken into account for the
preparation of flood risk models. Example of predictive models are existing. The use of
such models should become standard practice for land-use planning purposes, in order to
stop the development of build up areas in risk prone areas and in areas where their
continuing development would be aggravating generating risks. O Agree
46 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 29
No answer 4
R 25 - Research and development for the treatment of run-off water from built up areas is
needed. Page 146
O Agree
33 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 38
No answer 8
R 26a In relation with agriculture, LCA data, including data on water, soils, nutriments and
pesticides requirements of the main cultivated trees and plants are needed to base informed
choices for a future development strategy aiming at encouraging substitution. O Agree
38 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 29
No answer 13
R 26b - Biotechnologies are a very promising area where research and innovation needs to
be further supported as it could lead to significant breakthroughs on the way to improved
sustainability. O Agree
29 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
50
No answer 13
R 27 Small-scale urgently needs support, local authorities having very limited resources to
address the issues.
Actions should be implemented in bringing together local authorities
national and local, local populations, technical assistance including cross-cultural
mediators and NGOs. O Agree
38 O Disagree 29 O No opinionneutral 21
No answer 13
R 28 In the mining sector the Strategy should support
0the development of RD, for instance in innovative production technologies for instance
better recovery of the metal content of the ores, more efficient less wasteful ? use of
resources and in the use of substitutes
1a better awareness of policy makers at the EU and national level of geoscientific and
minerals mining related issues
2the harmonised acquisition of geoscientific and environmental data
3the development of a EU-wide mineral resources intelligence capacity, comparable to the
one existing at the United States Geological Survey USGS, is needed to provide
intelligence and quality statistics to the EU institutions, the national governments, the
industry and the general public on mineral resource production and trade, the industry,
markets and their trends
4Cooperation with developing countries should also be fostered, for instance through
0support for twinning of EU geological surveys and environmental agencies with their
developing world counterparts
1technical support to capacity building and institutional strengthening as well to the
acquisition to resources related baseline information geoscientific and
environmental data
2better access to EU training and best practices to professionals and students from
these countries
Page 147
3specific support for the small-scale mining sector, within the EU strategy for the
fight against poverty. O Agree
50 O Disagree 33 O No opinionneutral 13
No answer 8
R29 Already covered in R07 above
R30 - The development of a standardised terminology and multilingual thesauri such as the
one developed for the GEIXS project, shared by statisticians and experts from the different
economic sectors, will be essential for further MFA and LCA work. O Agree
50 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
33
No answer 8
R31 - Multidisciplinary peer review of exiting MFA and LCA data and conclusions, involving
inter alia geologists and mining engineers for mineral resources related MFA and LCA, is
needed before its use for natural resources management policy decisions that may have
significant economic and social consequences should be considered. This requires a stable
capacity and funding in place of the current scattered and uncoordinated efforts, poorly
supported due to the frequently only temporary funding of their activities. The current
situation is not in favour of capacity development in areas which are very complex and
require the best professional expertise. O Agree
67 O Disagree 13 O No opinionneutral 4
No answer 17
R32 - The development of public, peer reviewed, freely accessible, LCA data would be a
great support to research and to all stakeholders concerned with natural resources
management and sustainable development. O Agree
75 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
4
No answer 13
R33 - Recommendations for further MFA and LCA studies. 5Methodology LCA studies should cover full life-cycle, from cradle to grave, of specific
resources products couples. Datasets need to include economic as well as social data, to
allow fully informed choices. 6Terminology needs to be developed and harmonised, through multidisciplinary work
associating statisticians, industrialists, environmentalists, lawyers and other professionals to
specify the meaning and usage of technical terms such as ore, metal, depletion of
resources, waste
7A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the local environmental components is
required to assess the importance of potential impacts and to avoid unconsidered
application of the precautionary principle
8MFA and LCA studies need to associate specialists from the various concerned
disciplines to raise their value and to validate their conclusions. This in turn requires that
the necessary resources are allocated.The data
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9To provide a valid impact assessment for the purpose of the EUs Thematic strategy on the
sustainable use of natural resources not only comprehensive LCA data on all the
resources, but also mass flow data, attempting to measure real consumption, are
needed. 10Detailed environmental data, including the 3rd dimension of the environment
subsurface and geology and the 4th dimension the dynamics of natural phenomena
and of man-made pressures and impacts is needed as well.
11For many resources as well as for the environment these data are not consistently
available throughout Europe and for some resources, as well as for the environment, they
would have to be worldwide in order to allow for a scientifically based assessment. 12Due to the relevance of MFA and LCA data for the sustainable management of natural
resources, scientific capacities at the EU level should be coordinated and integrated, with a
stable funding. The resulting work and databases should be public, with limitations where
commercial and industrial interests need to be protected. O Agree
46 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 17
No answer 13
R34 - The development of quality EU-wide georeferenced harmonised datasets describing
the environmental components, the pressures and the impacts is an essential basis support
for political judgement, in line with Article 174 of the Treaty of Nice establishing the
European Communities. The availability of quality data and of the derived information and
knowledge will significantly increase the quality of the political decision taking and
significantly contribute to the strategys decoupling objective. O Agree
71 O Disagree 0 O No opinionneutral
21
No answer 8
R35 see also R05, R28, R30, R31 ff. Although there a considerable human and scientific
natural resources and environment related capacities throughout the EU, their coordination
remains loose and there is a risk of duplication of efforts, at least in some sectors. A better
coordination of these capacities would be an important step forward towards much needed
harmonised data acquisition, analytical and data interpretation processing procedures. O Agree
79 O Disagree 13 O No opinionneutral 4
No answer 4
R36 Minerals, metals and mining are domains where the availability of intelligence, in
support of EU industry and security would be of great relevance. Several minerals and
metals exist in a few deposits only, and any lasting instability in the producing countries
could disrupt the supplies with possibly severe consequences for the EU economy. O Agree
67 O Disagree 13 O No opinionneutral 13
No answer 8
R37 see also R11, R17, R37, R20, R28 - The development of resource management
and governance capacities in the developing countries need long-term support from outside. This is where the European Union, through its grant based international development aid
programs, especially the European Development Fund, could provide support, possibly in
close relation with other important actors such as the European Investment Bank andor the
Page 149
World Bank. One of the ways could be to support long-term twinning between EU
geoscientific mining environmental institutions and their developing world counterparts, to
allow institutional strengthening and capacity building in geosciences, mining and
environmental management, development of enabling investment frameworks, acquisition
and dissemination of geoscientific data, support to developing countries small-scale mining
and SMEs development. O Agree
46 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 25
No answer 8
Chapter 10 - Inputs for the future Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural
Resources
R38 A review of the existing and forthcoming resources related EU policies and
regulations should be done during the first 2 to 3 years of implementation of the Thematic
Strategy, as a basis for the formulation of recommendations for policy regulatory integration
measures. It should then be periodically updated, possibly every five years, to integrate new
developments, data, information and knowledge. O Agree
92 O Disagree 8
O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 4
R39,40 - If fully implemented, the existing and planned policy and regulatory framework
would be significantly contribute to the progressive decoupling of resources gaining use
activities related environmental impacts within the EU. The identification of the obstacles to
the application of the existing policy and regulatory framework, and the removal of these
obstacles should be given first priority in the future Thematic strategy. O Agree
71 O Disagree 17 O No opinionneutral 13
R41 Research is an essential component of the future Strategy. Research priorities are
13homogeneise and further development of integrated Earth Observation data acquisition
methods and systems space airborne ground subsurface further development of
processing, interpretation and representation techniques at the EU level
14turning the data, into the information and the knowledge necessary to understand and
manage the sustainability impacts of the EUs resources use
15to develop the 4D four dimensional understanding of impacts
16to further develop knowledge on the impacts of resources gaining and use
17to develop integrated predictive modelling of environmental response to use of resources,
including social and economic data
18to develop better resources gaining technologies
19to improve a more efficient use of the resources
20to develop the use of renewable substitutes
21to turn the current waste flows into resources through the development and
implementation of waste minimization valorisation and recycling technologies
22to enhance the remediation and decontamination technologies
O Agree
67 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 8
No answer 4
Page 150
SYNTHESIS OF THE STAKEHOLDER RECOMMENDATIONS
- PRIORITY RESOURCES
Prudent and efficient use should be applied to all natural resources and materials, and no
resource should be exempt from a resource policy. O Agree
71 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 0
No answer 8
Careful analysis to assess the impacts of the use of natural resources is needed before
priorities can be set. In the first phase of the strategy implementation, knowledge needs to
be deepened in order to define measurable targets for the reduction of the use of resources
of particular concern. Any list of priority resources will need to be reviewed from time to
time due to shifts in policies, regulations, markets and technologies. O Agree
50 O Disagree
33 O No opinionneutral
8
No answer 13
The strategy should identify priority resources and set measurable and deliverable objectives
for three categories a Resources which are crucial as life-support systems for our planet. b
Resources and materials which are crucial as the basis for our economies.
c Resources use
and materials which cause the biggest negative environmental and social impacts. O Agree
50 O Disagree 33 O No opinionneutral 0
No answer 17
There is general concern about the global economic, social and environmental effects of
growing trend of resources imports from outside the EU. Absence or shortage of the
resource in the EU, lower costs in other parts of the world, but also differences in legislation
or market distortions, political decisions at EU level or in an international context can cause
these trends. Security of supply, geopolitical risks should be issues, whilst at the same time
considering not just the sustainable development of Europe, but of the world. These complex
subjects require further careful and considered discussion, needing to be balanced against
economic, environmental and social issues. A comprehensive analysis of economic, social,
strategic, environmental and geopolitical risks and trends for crucial resources is
recommended. O Agree
67 O Disagree 13 O No opinionneutral 8
No answer 13
Resources related institutions, such as Geological Surveys and higher education institutions
specialised in natural resources management face budgetary difficulties while the demand
for knowledge in resources development and sustainable management increases. The
increasingly complex demand from society and public authorities at all levels, from
municipalities to the European institutions is frequently under-financed. The average age of
European experts is rapidly growing, and there are difficulties to recruit young graduates.
This needs to be addressed as highly qualified human resources will be needed to
Page 151
implement the strategy, or loss of expertise will occur at a moment where it may become
more and more critical for the EU competitiveness. O Agree
54 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
21
No answer 17
The strategy needs to broadly analyse the flow of materials through the EU economy
according to their biggest environmental impacts and their socio-economic relevance,
independent of where these impacts occur, but mass flow data in itself are insufficient for
ranking impacts. Life Cycle Assessment information is needed as well. Continuous data
improvement should take place, ad data needs to document social and economic impacts as
well. Furthermore, owing to the complexity of the downstream part of a resources life cycle,
when the resource is integrated into a product, the impacts of given resource products
couples must be considered in order to draw valid conclusions about the impacts of a given
resource use and this before any generation of options for policy can be done. O Agree
38 O Disagree 38 O No opinionneutral 4
No answer 21
The further development and continuous updating of methodologies and data to define the
environmental impacts and flows of resources are crucial to get a solid and efficient policy on
the sustainable use of resources in place. O Agree
67 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 0
No answer 13
The weighting of the various impacts is always a political decision, which should be based on
scientific reliable solid data. Important impacts that need to be included in any case
climateenergy use, land use, impacts on air, soils, water, natural habitats, human eco-
toxicity. O Agree
54 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 8
No answer 13
The strategy must be based on the concept of environmental limits. More work is needed to
identify these. O Agree
38 O Disagree 33 O No opinionneutral 13
No answer 17
Consistency of the resources strategy with other EU policies and regulations is needed. O Agree
83 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 13
Page 152
OPPORTUNITIES AND POTENTIALS
Absolute decoupling should be acknowledged as the general objective. O Agree
21 O Disagree 54 O No opinionneutral 13
No answer 8
Decoupling has to be defined by means of measurable parameters relevant to the various
environmental components. No single parameter serves the purpose of the strategy
O Agree
79 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 13
Stakeholders involved in the various specific sectors often see options for lowering impacts,
but are reluctant to define for their own sector in quantitative terms the potential for lowering
resources use andor their impacts. The Commission should continue the dialogue with the
economic sectors agriculture, energy, forestry, mining, transport, water supply collecting
knowledge and expertise from all sectors concerned, but also build upon its own
independent peer-reviewed studies. O Agree
50 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 17
No answer 13
Already defined long term objectives relating to environmental impact can be a basis for
specific objectives related to the impacts of resource use. O Agree
50 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 8
No answer 17
The EU should explore innovative, social and economically viable options to contribute to
achieving worldwide global factor four to reduce impacts of resource use by half while global
welfare doubles in the next two decades.
O Agree
21 O Disagree 54 O No opinionneutral 13
No answer 13
The strategy must specifically address the impacts of the EUs resource use on the poorer
communities within Europe and the world. O Agree
42 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 25
No answer 8
Page 153
Uses of renewable resources provide important incentives to maintain and in some cases
improve those resources, Extractive industries can provide benefits by creating new habitats. O Agree
71 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
8
No answer 13
EFFECTIVE DECOUPLING
More rational management of land, of waste, of industrial processes, a prudent and efficient
use of resources need to be promoted and facilitated. O Agree
71 O Disagree 17 O No opinionneutral 0
No answer 13
Sustainable management practices need to be promoted to guarantee or even increase
quality andor quantity of biotic resources yields. Appropriate investments need to be
facilitated, not just in the technology but also in the logistics. Obligatory for some
stakeholders or voluntary for some other stakeholders certification and labelling can play
an important role. O Agree
50 O Disagree 17 O No opinionneutral 21
No answer 13
To address global inequalities in resource use, the strategy should aim to reduce resource
use within the EU in real terms. O Agree
21 O Disagree 50 O No opinionneutral 17
No answer 13
Decouple adverse impacts, not use. O Agree
63 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
13
No answer 17
Page 154
Profitability and good value for sustainable managed resources and derived products need
to be secured. Economic incentives should be considered, such as getting the prices right,
without seeing resources gaining activities increasingly transferred outside the EU. Remove
harmful production subsidies that encourage inefficiencies in resource and energy
management and are incompatible with sustainable development. O Agree
54 O Disagree 25 O No opinionneutral 17
No answer 13
For resources with large impacts, the best combination of options for better management,
substitution, use reduction, reuse, recycling and substitution need to be explored and
promoted. O Agree
58 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 8
No answer 13
Make sure that decoupling policy will be encouraged worldwide with global economic growth
and the upcoming economies of for example China and India global decoupling needs to be
strongly promoted. Make a clear connection between development cooperation and more
sustainable resource use, including more equal access to resources by people in developing
countries.
O Agree
50 O Disagree 13 O No opinionneutral 21
No answer 17
A stable, predictable political, regulatory and fiscal framework is needed. O Agree
83 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 17
Set out a fair trade policy which can contribute to a more sustainable use of the worlds
resources. O Agree
50 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
25
No answer 21
PRACTICAL ACTIONS, POLICIES, INSTRUMENTS
Existing policies and regulations need to be urgently and properly implemented, and their
results monitored and evaluated in relation to the resources strategy. Page 155
O Agree
71 O Disagree 13 O No opinionneutral 4
No answer 13
Specific sub-strategies for different resources need to be developed.
O Agree
42 O Disagree 42 O No opinionneutral 0
No answer 17
The Thematic Strategy should launch a stakeholder process to develop indicators to assess
the global impact on sustainable development of the EUs resource use. O Agree
63 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 0
No answer 17
Promote and invest in and reward good eco design for the end user, including eco-
efficiency, recycling, maintenance and upgrading. O Agree
75 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
8
No answer 13
Influence consumer demand for green products and processes through different processes,
including the use of ecolabels or sustainable development labels and other information tools.
O Agree
50 O Disagree 17 O No opinionneutral 21
No answer 13
Put eco-taxes on resource and waste intensive products and processes. Reward good
practices, e.g. through tax discounts and prizes. Use financial incentives tax credits and
disincentives taxes, levies to promote substitution, recycling, resources efficient uses. O Agree
17 O Disagree 63 O No opinionneutral 8
No answer 13
Support education, training and research on sustainable resource management. O Agree
88 O Disagree 0 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 13
Identify and remove all perverse incentives, whether operational, regulatory or fiscal,
whereby the EU or individual states unwittingly encourage uses of resources that are
unsustainable or prevent uses that encourage conservation. O Agree
46 O Disagree 17 O No opinionneutral 17
Page 156
No answer 21
Internalise external costs. Remove harmful production subsidies that encourage
inefficiencies in resource management. O Agree
38 O Disagree 29 O No opinionneutral 17
No answer 13
Favour technological innovation, ensuring that key energy efficiency and resource
preservation opportunities are seized e.g. renewables, improved efficiency of existing
resources. O Agree
75 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
8
No answer 8
Start innovation programmes for factor 4 technologies and national processes, based on a
functional approach fulfilling human needs food, housing, access and quality of life. O Agree
38 O Disagree 42 O No opinionneutral 17
No answer 8
Develop exploitation of local resources in the EU. Prevent the shift of impacts to non-EU
countries by better access to EU resources. O Agree
75 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 21
The strategy should identify policy measures that will recognise and begin the repayment of
the EUs ecological debt e.g. low-cost transfer of resource efficiency technology and capacity
building as outlined in the Johannesburg Implementation Plan. O Agree
29 O Disagree 29 O No opinionneutral 29
No answer 13
Promote further dialogue between European authorities, business and NGOs.
O Agree
83 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 13
include mining and
Specific suggestions relating to the mining and hydrocarbons industry-
mineral resources and geosciences in development aid policy, fostering capacity building for
sustainable management do not curtail mining in the EU by legislation industry and
Page 157
government agencies will have to devise innovative ways to explore for new reserves and
extend production life of existing resources adopt a standard Reporting Code to define
resources and reserves for investors.
O Agree
58 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
21
No answer 17
Specific suggestions for the forest and wood sector are facilitate access to EU forest
resources, as not all available yield is harvested educate consumers on the advantages of
wood and forest products based and forest products carbon storages, substitutes for other
non-renewable and less environmentally friendly products and as such guide consumers
behaviour extend the life of wood products by improved processes and by raising the
consumer awareness on recycling increase the recycling of used paper and wood products
promote wood in the construction industry increase the potentially available amount of wood
and biomass by afforestation of agricultural land reforestation, short rotation forestry and
agricultural energy crops becoming available for other functions develop carbon credits for
biofuel crops as and when science permit strengthen the competitiveness of the EU forestry
and forest-based industries. O Agree
25 O Disagree 13 O No opinionneutral 46
No answer 17
Specific suggestions for the fisheries sector are give subsidies for other occupations for
fishing communities ake science based decisions implement effective controls abolish all
subsidies that cause or encourage overfishing reduce barriers to sustainably produced
imports develop labelling for sustainably managed fisheries and their products protect
varieties, species, biotopes in aquatic habitats implement the ecosystem management
approach recognise the existence of other fishstock users than commercial fishermen treat
non-commercial fishermen on an equal foot with commercial fishemen recognise that
society for some species in some areas benefits more from recreational fishing than from
traditional commercial fishing for food have in mind that biodiversity concerning fish not
only refers to many species but also all year classes represented more research is
needed into developing more selective fishing gear types interpret and enforce the
precautionary principle more strictly than hitherto to the benefit of the environment.
O Agree
17 O Disagree 0 O No opinionneutral
63
No answer 21
encourage the use of
Specific suggestions on conservation and biodiversity are
resources that benefit conservation-
develop knowledge tools software to optimise
income, quality of life and biodiversity abolish EU subsidies that cause overgrazing in the
Mediterranean make EU agricultural policy sustainable, aim at quality instead of quantity
protect varieties, species, biotopes in semi-natural areas, linked to agriculture. O Agree
21 O Disagree 4 O No opinionneutral
58
No answer 17
Page 158
Specific suggestions on construction are make a link to the urban environment strategy,
making sustainable construction a priority promote wood in the construction industry
develop reporting on construction materials such as sand, gravel, aggregates fiscal
incentives disincentives could foster recycling, but building material prices will increase. O Agree
46 O Disagree 33 O No opinionneutral 21
No answer 8
Specific suggestions on spatial planning are apply integrated 3-D GIS land-use planning for
balancing competing interests, including nature and mineral resources demand 3-D spatial
planning procedures are required to safeguard future minerals supply and new deposits. O Agree
54 O Disagree 0 O No opinionneutral
33
No answer 13
Specific suggestions for water are polluter pays principle should be applied as well
internalisation of costs in water prices. O Agree
38 O Disagree 33 O No opinionneutral 17
No answer 13
KNOWLEDGE GATHERING AND DATA
Create a European Centre for coordinating the existing bodies who may need to be
strengthened and sufficiently funded in charge of the monitoring of resources use and
impacts, status, quality and quantity of resources and reserves, production, consumption,
trade, market trend analysis and forecasting. This centre could ensure that uniform
definitions and EU harmonised data are being used for resource databases and policies in
applications such as MFA and LCA. It should help fill a range of data gaps which have been
mentioned in the stakeholder process, such as on secondary raw materials, real
consumption, SMEs, localised data, etc. It should make an EU wide assessment of resource
use and recycling and conservation potentials, as well as of costs-benefits analysis of
prevention and mitigation of impacts. O Agree
21 O Disagree 58 O No opinionneutral 0
No answer 21
Develop suitable assessment methods, define and assess sustainability indicators for each
category of resourcecommodity, including marketing potentials and perspectives, and
monitor progress. O Agree
58 O Disagree 21 O No opinionneutral 8
No answer 13
Foster research in low impact exploitation techniques, in impact reducing technologies, in
energy efficient technology and usage, in efficient recovery techniques as well as fulfilling
functions and services in different ways, with different resources, with the least impact. Page 159
O Agree
83 O Disagree 0 O No opinionneutral
4
No answer 13
Assess of how existing policies and legislation affect all resources, followed by an analysis of
gaps and scope for further action. O Agree
83 O Disagree 0 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 17
Study the effectiveness of eco-taxation for resources economic studies and study
the consequences for the European industry. O Agree
75 O Disagree 8 O No opinionneutral
4
No answer 13
Monitor the measures taken and evaluate their effectiveness.
O Agree
88 O Disagree 0 O No opinionneutral
0
No answer 13
7.2 - A timeline for the implementation of the strategy
The seven thematic strategies to be developed under the 6th European Action Programme as
well as differing existing forthcoming resources related EU strategies, policies and
legislation will, when they will become effectively implemented, set the conditions for an
improved decoupling between growth and negative environmental impacts. Milestones related to these strategies, policies and legislation have been tentatively set on a
timeline diagram fig. 25 to provide the reader of an overview of these important
developments. As the integration of other resources related strategies, policies and
legislation are among the components of the future Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable
Use of Natural Resources, it would be useful if a timeline could be integrated in the Strategy
document to be prepared by the Commission. It would be very helpful to its stakeholders to
get an overview at a glance of forthcoming key events. The current time line is sketchy, and may include significant errors. Milestones were set
according to the authors judgement. Refinement and corrections by the European
commissions services would be very useful.
Page 160
Fig. 25 - Tentative time-line for the implementation of EU resources related strategies,
policies, directives and regulations
Tentative time-line for the implementation of EU resources related strategies, policies, directives
and regulations
2004
2005
2015
2030
2027
2009
2006
2012
2020
2008
2011
2010
2025
2007
2021
7th EU Research and
Technological
Development Framework
Programme 2006 -2010
FP7
Environmental
Technologies Action
Programme ETAP
INSPIRE
GMES
Water Framework
Directive
REACH
European Forestry
Strategy
6th European Action
Programme 2001 -2010
Clean Ai r for Europe
Thematic Strategy
Soils Thematic Strategy
Sustainable Use of
Pesticides Thematic
Strategy
Protect and conserve the
marine
environmentThematic
Strategy
Waste prevention and
recycling Thematic
Strategy
Thematic Strategy on the
Sustainable Use of
Natural Resources
Urban Environment
Thematic Strategy
7th European Action
Programme 2001 -2010
New Common
Agricultural Policy
New Common Fisheries
Policy
a
b,c
a
a
a
a
a,b
a
a
a
a, b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
b
c,d
b
ab
a
b
b
c
b
b
d
c
b c
c
a
b,c
a
d
d
a
d
b
b,c
d
MILESTONES
b
d
a
e
a
a
e
a
d
e
f
g
e
e
e
e
f
f
f
b
f
b
b
Page 161
NOTES
7th EU Research and
Technological
Development Framework
Programme 2006-2010
FP7
Environmental
Technologies Action
Programme ETAP
INSPIRE
GMES
Water Framework
Directive
Registration, Evaluation,
Authorisation and
Restriction of Chemicals
Reguation REACH
European Forestry
Strategy
6th European Action
Programme 2001-2010
and its Thematic
Strategies see below
Clean Air for Europe
Thematic Strategy
Soils Thematic Strategy
Sustainable Use of
Pesticides Thematic
Strategy
Protect and conserve the
marine
environmentThematic
Strategy
Waste prevention and
recycling Thematic
Strategy
Thematic Strategy on the
Sustainable Use of
Natural Resources
a
b
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
a
a
a
a
a
b
c
d
a
a
a
a
b
c
d
e
f
Programming stage thematic priorities, implementation strategy, budget
Implementation stage
Communication of the Action Programme to the Council and the Parliament
EU Catalogue, in 2005, of existing directories and databases on environmental technologies
Development and implementation of a series of targeted actions in support of innovation
Two-yearly evaluations and revisions of the ETAP
Draft directive published
Directive published
Directive implemented by European states
Evaluation and update
Implementation of priority services
Funding mechanisms
Developing of required space capabilities
Development of interfaces for improved access, exchange and sharing of data
Establishment of monitoring network
Start public consultation at the latest
Present draft river basin management plan
Finalise river basin management plan including progamme of measures
Meet environmental objectives
First management cycle ends
Second management cycle ends, final deadline for meeting objectives
Regulation published and entered into force
Evaluation after 5 years of implementation
Implementation
Communication of the Strategy to the Council and the Parliament
Communication of the Strategy to the Council and the Parliament
Preparation of the draft Soils Framework Directive
Draft Soils Framework Directive presented to the Council and the Parliament
Publication of the Soils Framework Directive
Communication of the Strategy to the Council and the Parliament
Communication of the Strategy to the Council and the Parliament
Communication of the Strategy to the Council and the Parliament
Communication of the Strategy to the Council and the Parliament
Assessment and integration of other EU resources related Policies, Directives and Regulations -
Development of European Sustainability Indicators - Development of sector specific strategies on
sustainable use of resources inception phase
Presentation of sector specific Strategic sub-sets and of proposals for amendments to existing
Policies, Directives and Regulations
Official publication of the revised Policies and Directives
Coming into force of the revised Policies an d Directives
Periodical evaluation of the Strategys effectiveness and adaptations
Page 162
APPENDIXES
1 - List of the Working Group 1 stakeholders
2 - The Mandate of the Working Group 1
3 - Questionnaire to the Members
4 - Summarised compilation of the received written contributions
5 - Bibliography
Page 163
APPENDIX 1
List of the Working Group 1 stakeholders
N
1
Name
Trimpeneers, Elke
Organisation
ANRE
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Taverne, Jean-Pierre
APEAL
Longley-Cook, Robert
Krische, Ernst-Ullrich
Cros, Michel
Duhme, Kerstin
Kistinger, Stephan
Chapman Greg
Wijnendaele, Kris
Lisney, Bob
Seeling, Ute
Croon, Danny
APME
Association of
European
Potash
Producers
BLIC
Blueprint
Partners
Brenk
Systemplanung
British
Geological
survey
CEI-Bois
CEMR
CEPF
CEPI
Schlotmann, Matthias
CEPMC
14
Venera, Zdenek
Barrasso , Grace
Czech
Geological
Survey
EAA
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Buitenkamp, Maria
Kind, Johannes
Budniok, Marie-Alice
Testard, Jack
EEB
EESC
ELO
EmiReC
Lespinay, Yves de
EULA
Schabronath, Joachim EURACOAL
Bruxelles, Jean-Pierre
de
Christmann, Patrice
Mazzucchelli, Paola
Hebestreit, Corina
Kappel, Jan
EUROFER
EuroGeoSurvey
s
EUROGIF
Euromines
European
Anglers Alliance
Domain of activity ies
Natural resources Minerals
metals construction materials
Natural resources Minerals
and metals Steel
Plastics
Natural resources Minerals
and metals potash
Natural resources Rubber
General
Environmental
remediation
Natural
resources
management
resources
geo-
Natural resources Forests,
wood, paper
Natural resources Forests,
wood, paper
Natural resources Forests,
wood, paper
Natural resources Minerals
and metals
construction
materials
Natural
resources
resources
geo-
Natural resources minerals
metals aluminium
General
General
Natural resources Minerals
and metals Steel
Natural resources Minerals
lime
Natural resources Minerals
and metals coal
Natural resources minerals
metals steel
Natural
resources
Natural resources oil and gas
Natural resources Minerals
metals
Natural resources Fish
resources
geo-
Page 164
27
Gundogdu, Niyazi
28
Clifford, John
29
De Toni, Orlado
30
31
32
33
De Tillesse, Manuel
Ilomäki, Ari
Wilton, Claire
Oliveira
Escipion
Gomez,
34
Solar, Slavko
35
36
37
Wagner, Markus
Weisz, Helga
Avanatidis, Nikos
38
Sykes, Christophe
39
40
41
42
Kenward, Robert
Hamor, Tamasz
Dangeard , Alain
Raundsep, Rein
43
Kavina, Pavel
Natural resources Minerals
metals construction materials
European
Cement
Association
CEMBUREAU
European
Federation of
Geologists
European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers
Federation
Natural
resources
resources
geo-
FACE
FFIF Forest
industries
Friends of the
Earth
General
Secretariat
the
Countries
Geological
Survey
Slovenia
German Mining
Association
IFF, Austria
of
ACP
of
IGME - Greek
Geological
Survey
Industrial
Minerals
Association
IMA
IUCN
JRC ISPRA
MEED
Ministry
of
Environment of
Estonia
of
Ministry
Industry and
Trade Czech
Republic
MIRO
Natural resources Wildlife
Natural resources Forests,
wood, paper
General
General
Natural
resources
resources
geo-
Natural resources Minerals
and metals
Mass
analysis
Natural
resources
flow and
resources
life-cycle
geo-
Natural resources Minerals
and metals Industrial minerals
Natural resources Biodiversity
General
Natural
resources
General
resources
geo-
General
Natural resources Minerals
metals steel
Natural resources Forests,
wood, paper
Natural resources minerals
Natural resources oil and gas
Packaging
Organisation Europe
Natural resources water
Recovery
General
Page 165
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Foster, Stephen
Landers, Tomas
NSF
Nielsen, Kai
Raabe, Beate
Koller, Hermann
Ebert Ulrike
Muilerman, Hans
NTNU
OGP
RWE Thames
Water
SNM
and
Natural resources Minerals
metals steel
Stahlinstitut
VDEh
EUROFER
Stora Enso Oyj Natural resources Forests,
wood, paper
General
51
Endemann, Gerhard
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Myllynen, Anna-Liisa
Skottheim, Joakim
Hahn, Ulrich
Korou, Aphrodite
Harsham, Keith
Huismans, Truus
Steinhage, Manfred
Swedish
Environmental
Protection
Agency. UEPG
UKDTI
UNICE
Unilever
Wirtschaftsverei
nigung Bergbau
Natural resources Minerals
metals construction materials
General
General
Natural resources Minerals
and metals
Page 166
APPENDIX 2
THE MANDATE OF THE WORKING GROUP 1
7.3 - Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural
Resources
7.4 - Mandate Working Group 1
7.5 - Supply of resources
Supply
Use
Extraction
Disposal emissions
Sources
Sinks
Environment
Introduction
The publication of the European Commission Communication to the Council and the
European Parliament entitled Towards a Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of
Natural Resources - COM 2003 572 - marks the first step in the development of the
Resources Strategy. With this as a starting point, the strategy will be developed in an open
and collaborative process involving the Community institutions and public and private
stakeholders. An Advisory Forum, chaired by the European Commission, has been
established to steer the policy development process with working groups to address specific
resources or key issues and analyse them from the three environmental, economic and
social- perspectives of sustainable development. In the second stakeholder meeting on the Resources Strategy, held on 14 November
2003, it was agreed that two Working Groups will be established, one on the supply of
resources and one on the use of resources. The aim of this note is to describe the specific
mandate of Working Group 1 supply of resources.
This mandate will be consolidated by
the Advisory Forum. The tasks of Working Group 1 are to
determine priorities in terms of production of raw materials and issues
decide which information is available or can be made available or is not available
deepen the problem analysis on the basis of the Communication COM 2003, 572
propose priorities to the Advisory Forum in what needs to be done to serve the goal of
decoupling environmental impacts from economic growth, taking into account technological
possibilities and socio-economic aspects
Propose targets, measures and instruments that serve the goal of decoupling. The remit of WG 1 is to look at
The production of raw materials including mineral, food and energy resources
and the use of bio-productive land and seas eco-sphere
The issues related to the production of these resources extraction, mining
including beneficiation and metallurgical activities where they take place in the
Page 167
vicinity of the related mine, flow resources geothermal, solar, wind, life stocks,
forestry, agriculture including biomass, fisheries, biodiversity, productive and
carrying capacity of the environment, infrastructure, dispersive losses, land
usespace use incl. subsurface, seas and oceans. The analysis shall consider material flows, environmental impacts, health impacts,
efficiency of the production extraction processes, linkages between the EU and the rest
of the world especially the developing countries, the impact of transport distribution
resulting from the current and future production patterns, resources scarcity, security of
supply including access to the resources, competitiveness, equity, internalisation of
external costs, innovation, resource productivity, market failures, environmentally
harmful subsidies, taxation, market based instruments, trade e.g. WTO. The time horizon of the analysis will be 25 years. The mission of WG 1 is
To investigate each of these areas and, based upon our collective knowledge and
experience, identify target areas with the potential for enabling additional
economic growth, increased social benefits while reducing environmental impacts. To indicate possible barriers which could limit success in implementing
programmes for positive change be they economic e.g. high operating costs,
heavy capital investment needs, global competitiveness, market failures etc. social loss of jobs or transfer across sectors, delocalisation, fear of change,
disamenity NIMBY etc or environmental lack of innovative alternative
technologies, lack of workable safer substitutes etc. To highlight specific areas where open data or analyses are available quoting the
sources, including from your own organisation, or are needed, to identify policies,
actions and to monitor their outcomes.
To consider how new policies and the use of economic instruments could be
introduced, which would support and ideally accelerate the achievement of
decoupling over the 25 year timeframe proposed for this Strategy. First WG 1 meeting
Planned to take place in Brussels on Friday 12th March Second WG 1 meeting
provisionally Thursday 29th April. Confirmation of time, place and agenda will be issued in good time along with
invitation to participate. Deliverables
In the Advisory Forum of June the chair of WG 1 will present its preliminary results.
Subsequently WG 1 will finalise its report by 1 October 2004. Page 168
APPENDIX 3
QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE MEMBERS
7.6 - Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural
Resources
7.7 - Working Group 1
7.8 - Supply of resources
Supply
Use
Extraction
Disposal emissions
Sources
Sinks
Environment
QUESTIONNAIRE
Basic questions to be answered
What are the priority resources that need to be targeted in a strategy for the sustainable use
of resources? Looking at current or near future- problems with their extraction and
production, taking the global context into account. What are valuable databases, research methods and studies to underpin this analysis? How
should knowledge gathering be improved and guaranteed? What are the opportunities and potentials for sustainable resource use? Which targets, policies and measures can ensure sustainable resource use in the next 25
years? On the basis of
the Communication and of the information available on the DG ENV website
httpwww.europa.eu.intcommenvironmentnatresindex.htm
- of the different categories of resources listed in the appended table
of the questionnaire below,
of your knowledge and experience,
of the inputs provided by the stakeholders during the WG meetings
the WG1 will endeavour, with WG2, to prepare a final report with the contributions to the
future strategy the participating stakeholders will make available. Page 169
Your contribution in view of the first meeting is invited on the basis of the questionnaire. Please base, as much as possible, your contribution on data and facts. Reference to specific
documents and data will be welcome. You are also invited, if you wish, to provide specific
information and data related to any specific mineral or metal included in the broader mineral
resources categories. The questionnaire reflects the outline of the future stakeholder report on the Strategy on the
sustainable use of natural resources. Please specify in your contribution which resource
category ies your contribution is addressing. Generic contributions will be very difficult to
process within the time frame set to complete the draft stakeholder report mid-June 2004. Should your contribution cover several resources categories please prepare a separate
reply for each of the categories of resources your reply is addressing. Your contribution should be available before the first meeting of WG1, to take place at the
Borchette Conference Center, rue Froissart,in Brussels on March 12th.
In order to leave
some time to the troika chairing WG1 to use your contributions and prepare the meeting,
please send them not later than March, 3rd
preferably by e-mail to patrice.christmannbrgm.fr Please start the subject of your e-mails
with NAT RES to facilitate the processing of your correspondence. Or by mail to
Patrice Christmann
BRGM
Service Ressources Minérales
BP 6009
F-45060-ORLEANS CEDEX 02 France
Fax 33 2 38 64 30 12
------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTIONNAIRE
1 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE CURRENT EU-25 NATURAL RESOURCES USE? -- 1.a What do we know about the current EU-25 consumption of these resources? 1.b Where are these resources coming from? 1.c What are the issues security of supplies environmental impacts ... related to the
production149 of these resources ? 1.d What are the type and magnitude of impacts related to the production of each category
of resources? 149
Production, when related to mineral resources, means mining extraction as well as ore
beneficiation and metallurgy, where the latter two activities exist and take place near the mining site.
Page 170
1.e Where do these impacts take place? 1.d What are the current EU policies related to Natural Resources Use and Management? 1.e Do these policies address the issues? Please give literature references, valuable data bases and scientific methods on which you
based your answers. 2 WHAT CAN WE SAY ABOUT THE TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE? 2.a What trends underpin future shifts in resource production, and what consequences of
these trends can be expected for the issues mentioned under 1? 3 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? 3.a. What are the priority resources that need to be targeted in a strategy for the
sustainable use of resources? 3.b What are the opportunities and potentials in quantitative terms - for lowering the
impacts of resource use? 3.c How can the goal of effective decoupling be achieved, having the EU enjoying economic
growth while significantly reducing the negative impacts related to resource consumption? 3.d What practical actions, policies and instruments are needed to achieve these goals and
to monitor progress, in the short-term 2 years, medium-term 5 years or within the long-
term 25 years time frame set for the strategy? What are the likely costs and benefits of
these actions?
3.e How should knowledge gathering and availability of data be improved and guaranteed? Page 171
NATURAL RESOURCES INCLUDED IN THE SCOPE OF THE STRATEGY
This table lists the resources to be included in the formulation of the Strategy on the
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. The right column details the minerals and metallic
ores included in each category. Its purpose is to invite stakeholders to formulate their contributions on one or several of the
listed categories or, more specifically, on one of the listed minerals or ores. NON RENEWABLE, ABIOTIC GEO-RESOURCES
Mineral RESOURCES
CATEGORY
Construction
materials
Specific mineral resources
pertaining to the category
Clays, Lime, Natural stone, Ornamental stone, Crushed stone,
Sand and gravel,
Industrial minerals Asbestos, Barite, Bentonite, Borates, Clays industrial clays,
Diatomite, Feldspar, Fluorspar, Fullers earth, Garnet, Graphite,
Gypsum Magnesite, Mica, Nepheline syenite, Kaolin, Kyanite
Perlite, Phosphates, Potash, Pyrite and Pyrrhotite, Pumice,
Rutile, Salt, Silicon, Sillimanite, Soda Ash, Sulphur, Talc,
Vermiculite, Wollastonite, Zirconium
Ferrous and non-
ferrous metals and
their ores
Antimony, Arsenic, Bauxite, Bismuth, Cadmium, Chromite,
Copper, Gold, , Iron, Lead, Lithium, Magnesium, Manganese,
Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silver, Strontium, Tin, Titanium,
Vanadium, Zinc,
Strategic metals
for high-technology
applications,
and
their ores
Energy sources
Cobalt, Gallium, Germanium, Hafnium,
Indium, Niobium,
Platinum group metals, Rare earth elements, Rhenium,
Scandium, Selenium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tungsten, Yttrium,
Coal, Lignite, Natural gas, Peat, Petroleum, Uranium. Gemstones
Diamond and other gemstones,
NA
NA
NA
OTHER NON RENEWABLE GEO-RESOURCES
CATEGORY
Land
Coastal zones
Soils
superficial
formations
Subsurface space NA
RENEWABLE, ABIOTIC GEO-RESOURCES WATER
CATEGORY
and
NA
NA
Surface water
Groundwater
partly
renewable
RENEWABLE BIOTIC RESOURCES
non-
Page 172
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
from
from
from
from
from
CATEGORY
Biomass
grazing
Biomass
harvest
Biomass
forestry
Biomass
hunting
Biomass
fishing
Biodiversity land NA
NA
Biodiversity
lakes,
streams
Biodiversity
seas
Biodiversity soils NA
RENEWABLE RESOURCES FLOW RESOURCES
CATEGORY
Geothermal
energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
NA
NA
NA
rivers,
NA
NA
Page 173
APPENDIX 4
Summarised compilation of the received written contributions
Page 174
ANRE Afdeling Natuurlijke Rijkdommen en Energie Department for Natural Resources and Energy of the Flanders
Region of the Ministry of the Flemish Community Belgium
What are the
issues ? The demand supply projections made by the Flanders region Belgium show that the total requirements for
construction materials over the fiveyears 2004-2008 will be only very partly met by the extraction of local
resources strongest desequilibrium is in gravel, with anticipated demand of 55 Mt against a supply from local
deposits of 0.42 of the requirements will come from recycled material, the rest being imported primary
materials. for coarse sand and gravel Flanders depends on the supply of the neigbouring countries. there is a gravel decree which determines an extraction stop in 2006 to preserve the environment and to
avoid futher increasing land-use conflicts
the use of secondary and recycled materials is not sufficient to fulfill the demand and the growth potential of
the supply of these materials are limited. Develop opportunities to exploit the local resources
RTD could promote growth potential of the use of wood in the construction industry
as well as the potential use of steel slag, non-ferrous slags, coal bottom ash
The use of uniform definitions of primary raw materials is essential. Gathering data about import and export between the EU-countries is important to situate the relations
between the countries concering primary raw material supplies. Please refer to the column The way forward
Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 175
APME Association of Plastics Manufacturers Associations Europe
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Resource management strategy needs a holistic model in order to ensure the whole picture, rather than
individual symptoms, are dealt with. This needs to reflect full life cycle from Cradle to Grave resource
procurement, use and end of life not just a part. It should be noted that the Leiden study Dematerialisation
not just a matter of weight focuses on part of the life cycle - from Cradle to Gate - and therefore does not offer
an appropriate total life cycle. An effective model needs to allow room for appropriate choices for different
resources, their differing pathways through society and the complex range of interactions between them. It
should however, set common parameters such as the inclusion of energy resources in the equation. We also believe that the model should focus on particular areasinteractions of society, such as transport or
construction, rather than vertical or material specific approaches which simply penalize one area causing
knock on or domino effects to others, so failing to address overall improvement and decoupling objectives. For example, undue emphasis on the production or recycling phase of productsmaterials without considering
the impact during the use phase may lead to inappropriate conclusions regarding the efficiency of resources. This approach will create a framework within which the best areas to work on can be identified and
approached through aligned and coherent policies. We also feel that the approach needs to be consistent at a
global not just European level it is unacceptable for Europe to improve at the cost of other regions. Any fiscal, regulatory or other instrument must also
take into account the whole chain and life-cycle
be considered in terms of the interaction of different instruments to produce a coherent impact
be measurable against the set objectives e.g.
decouplingnet energy saving etc, not as instruments
themselves
encourage behavior not penalize, e.g. energy credits
Page 176
Association of European Potash Producers Europe
Aclear decoupling of consumption of potash fertilisers from economic growth is already achieved for
Western Europe
Significant increase in potash fertiliser consumption in Asia and the Americas 5 in 2002 due to
nutrition needs of an increasing population
Accessibility of potash deposits is not an issue at the present since no additional underground mines are
planned. However, in the long-term i.e. 15-20 years forward development of new mines seems necessary. Safeguarding accessibility to potential deposits is an issue for the regional planning authorities in order to
avoid future conflicts with Natura 2000 or FFH areas.
Land use for potash underground mining and processing is local and limited in time. Impacts of slight and
very slow surface subsidence is under stringent control by mining authorities
The mines and plants are strictly controlled under current environmental regimes
There are potential threats from EU environmental legislation proposals such as e.g. special forms of
financial guarantees for mining operations or specified groundwater legislation. If potash competitors from Belarus or the UralsRussia achieve free access to European markets in the
future then another shrinking process of the few remaining indigenous production sources 8 potash mines
with 3 potash producers within the EU-25 is possible. Security of supply could be threatened due to the loss
of some of the last EU-production units in the presence of an increased dependence of EU-25 on oligopolistic
market structures. It would transfer production to countries beyond control of EU environmental legislation
and would extremely increase freights of fertiliser bulk materials from these areas environmental dumping,
emission dumping. Impacts of potash mining can be gradual very slow subsidence use of surface waters and emissions into
air, surface waters and groundwaters locally emissions into the seawater
potash fertilisation is indispensable to replenish potash uptake. As the use is dispersive, potash cannot be
recycled. Potash does not seem to be a priority resource target in a strategy for the sustainable use of resources
provided competitiveness of EU producers is not strangled by EU legislation or by unfair market practices. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 177
BGS British Geological Survey
What are the
issues ? way
Decoupling
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Dependence, mineral statistics, mineral intelligence. Present World Mineral Statistics will cease to be
funded. EU lacks the intelligence capacity to cope with demand or supply crisis many economically critical minerals
are produced in only a very few countries
Statement i COM572 data ... are available from a large variety of sources does not reflect the fact that
if many sources exit, they all quote data from a very few original sources. Very strong environmental and governance footprints caused outside the EU by EU commodities imports. Very strong and increasing reliance on global markets and increasing environmental footprint
Examine a range of practices within the EU and globally, learn from good and bad practice, disseminate
good practice. Through the integration of decoupling principles in the design of less material and energy intensive city
centres
There is need for independent high quality EU mineral resources data on production, imports and exports. Perennial funding is necessary, otherwise the basis for mineral resources MFA will be jeopardised
There is need to harmonize terminology and definitions
Construction materials data is of particular importance, but data is heterogeneous accross EU. At EU measurement of material flows needs to be at regional levels possible within UK
UK has a levy on each tonne aggregate used. So far no evaluation demonstrates the benefits of this
materials tax
Page 178
CEI BOIS
8 -
- T HE EUROPEAN CONFEDERATION OF WOODWORKING
INDUSTRIES
8.0.1 - Please refer to the contribution from CEPI identical contribution
CEPF Confederation of European Forest Owners
8.0.2 - Please refer to the contribution from CEPI identical contribution
Page 179
CEPI Confederation of European Paper Industries
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
EU policies influencing the management and use of natural resources are driven by single-issue objectives
e.g.
biological diversity , Renewable Energy policies, etc., rather than taking a holistic integrative approach
needed to achieve sustainable development. Currently, some policies are overlapping, counterproductive or
contradictory, leading to a continuously changing context that jeopardises long-term investments
Issues of virgin wood fibre both for the production of our products and as a renewable energy source are
mobilisation of timber resources
security of supply quantity, quality and price
economic viability of sustainable forest management
valuation of multifunctional forestry balancing economical, social and ecological requirements
management restrictions due to increasing demand on conservation of biological diversity
sustainable forest management based on intergovernmental commitments in particular MCPFE
certification and chain of custody throughout the processing chain
illegal logging
the growing stock in European forests increases yearly with 375 million m3 over bark
wood is one the resources with the best added valueCO2 emissions ratios
Statistics on production, trade and consumption need to be improved. Data from different sources
sometimes shows major discrepancies. Certification, to guarantee that wood is coming from legal and sustainable managed sources and this
according to international standards
There is a need for the valuation on not yet marketable forest goods and services that are increasingly seen
as assets deriving from sustainable forest management. Facilitate the access to the growing EU forest resources
Promote sustainable forest management
Secure the profitability of forestry and forest-based industries. Economic profitability is the basic requirement
for investment in sustainable forest management. Further develop carbon credits given for biofuel crops
Support education, training and research. Education needs to be targeted at awareness raising of the larger
society on the complexity of sustainable management of natural resources, in particular forests. Training is
focussed on the improvement of skills of forest owners, managers and professionals. Researchs objective is
to deliver innovative concepts that serve the policy-science interface and to develop new innovative uses for
wood and wood-based products.
Educate the consumers about the comparative advantages of wood
Investments in appropriate technologies in forest operations, transport and logistics should be facilitated. Use more forest products and this in a sustainable way the European forestry and forest-based sector has
unique credentials renewability, recyclibility, and climate neutrality, incl. the substitution effect. Promote the efficient use of forest residues deriving from harvesting operations. Techniques for growing forests might be further improved to increase the yield per hectare of forest and to
enhance the quality of harvested wood towards final applications in wood or wood-based products. Within the EU agricultural land is recurrently becoming available for alternative functions. Additional
afforestation could be a valuable solution to give this land a new environmentally friendly destination.
The Natural Resources Strategy must fully respect and recognise the carbon cycle
Promote the enhanced use of wood products - by raising consumers awareness - increased recycling of
used paper and wood products and continuously improved processes extending the life of these products. overlapping, counterproductive or contradictory policies
the absence of a solid baseline and this because of poor statistics sometimes showing major
discrepancies
Please refer to the column The way forward
Data should be more consistent as it is nearly impossible to come with a good and effective policy if we do
not know the baseline. Therefore, support to harmonisation initiatives e.g. FAO, EFICS - using harmonised
definitions - is needed.
Also a better communication and co-operation between the appropriate organisms
authority, associations including industry, research institutions is needed. Page 180
CEPMC Council of European Producers of Materials for Construction
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
From 1991 to 2001 German GDP grew 16.3, with energy -2,1, raw materials consumption -9.8,
abstraction of water -14.5, GHG -14,9 - Since the 60s energy consumption of energy per tonne of steel
decreased by 37
Risk of supply disruption if both mining and recycling are curtailed by environmental legislation. Exploration,
better land-use planning is required, leading to reserved designated areas for extraction of these resources. Fiscal incentives disincentives could foster recycling, with higher resulting building materials prices
Please refer to the column The way forward
Supports the DG ENTR initiative Sustainability Indicators for the non-energy extractive industry
Page 181
EAA European Aluminium Association
way
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Documentation and spatial databases of mineral resources areas is of importance for influencing on the
future land use. A common platform of services must be established, offered via the website, where industrial
partners or State authorities can easily access to information on areas endowed with mineral resources
Page 182
EEB European Environmental Bureau
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
the combination of resource flows with their environmental burden offers an important basis for resource
policy priorities. This type of information is however not yet available for the EU as a whole, but can be carried
out in a reasonable short period of time
Ability to analyse national mineral statistics to determine sources and destinations no longer funded. This
jeopardizes one of the essential EU data sources for MFA. Reinforce the knowledge basis on the basis, combining LCA and MFA analysis and locating where possible
where the different stages of the life cycle take place
Define the top 20 or more priority materials used in the EU which create the greatest environmental
impacts
develop LCA for biotic resources
Material flows data missing for 50 of the resources used in the Netherlands need to acquire collect
additional data
improve processes to reduce inputs and emission flows
deepen the analysis on the basis of fuctions services provided by individual resources, searching for
substitutes delivering the same services with less negative impacts
develop open, generally accessible, LCA MFA databases, with time series
increase substitution, reuse, recycling
enormous scope for improvement regarding the use management of biotic resources
ecolabelling quality labelling
set decoupling objectives e.g.
factor 4 by 2020? develop a programme to foster the development of factor 4 technologies processes
Please refer to the column The way forward
We will need a sophisticated approach based on scientific information over the whole lifecycle of materials
Sustainable management of resources required
Page 183
EURACOAL European Association for Coal and Lignite
The exploitation of EU coal deposits helps to reduce dependency from non EU imports, 25 of the EU
electricity is produced from coal. RTD needed to improve the efficiency of coal use
Between 2010 and 2020, in EU-15 200 GW of power generation from coal-fired power production will come
from renewed plants, with much reduced emissions
Highly fluctuating oil and gas prices and geopolitical issues are significant risk factors which can be partly
balanced by the exploitation of EU coal The wide geographic distribution of coal deposits help to reduce
geopolitical risks. skepticism remains among scientists about the linkages between human activities and climate change
high cost of CO2 emissions reduction through the use of current renewable energy sources Wind and
biomass based
generators, small-sized hydroelectric installations and photovoltaics incur CO2 avoidance costs that are well in
excess of 50t CO2. The EU coal industry RTD support by ECSC led to the development of successful mining-machinery,
combustion equipment and diversified technologies successfully marketed on the global market 50 of world
market share, stong economic and environmental returns. Future Research Fund for Coal and Steel should
adopt the same structure. Further RTD is needed to achieve new combustion efficiency gains, with less emissions, to enhance
productivity in deep underground mines, to furthe improve environmental performance as well as health and
safety
In the environmental sphere RTD should be focused i.a. on the reduction of CH4 emissions, the impact of
coal mining on aquifers, prevention and management of subsidence, C02 capture. The development of CO2 capture and sequestration techniques could, in the long term, help achieve the
ultimate objective of the zero-CO2 power station. However, because of the amount of research effort required,
the
facilities for commercial-scale testing will not be made available until 2010 at the earliest. The first commercial
scale
plant could then possibly be ready by 2020. From a current perspective the CO2 avoidance costs for such
a concept, including sequestration, are estimated at 60-80t CO2. It is likely that technological advances
will bring these costs down to below 50t CO2. Given such a scenario, technology of this kind would
outperform
most renewables-based power generation systems. Competent establishments have to be brought on board so that a proper investigation can
be made of the possibilities available for permanent CO2 storage in Europe
Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 184
EUROGIF - THE EUROPEAN OIL AND GAS INNOVATION FORUM
9 -
No medium term availability problem. 25 years of reserves.
Geopolitical factors are factors of risk. Support more investment into research of environmentally friendly exploitation techniques
Support the development of stable political and fiscal frameworks
R D in enegy-efficient uses
SD Indicators needed to monitor progress
500bn investments by the private sector required over the next 20-30 years to put into production the
reserves necessary to feed the EU economy. This includes 40 bn infrastructures in the EU. Access to certain EU resources shifts the environmental issues to non-EU countries. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 185
EUROMINES The European Association of the Mining Industries
there is a need to deepen the analysis, to include all economic sectors, and to produce peer reviewed by
research and industry databases and research docmuents. Too limited time and resources have been
available for the multistakeholder exercice. the first study carried out by the University of Leiden is considerably flawed since it does not consider the
whole life cycle of the resources and contains scientific inaccuracies. A peer review is missing
data is unavailable for an overall assessment of the environmental impact of natural resources in all
products and their end-uses. This can lead to considerable distortions and imbalances in the strategy since
areas might be targeted where improvements achieved in the end are negligible in comparison to others. the European Commission should decide whether it wishes to address the question of decoupling of
economic growth from resource use only in the EU or worldwide. In the first case, it will reduce the
competitiveness of the European minerals industry, in the latter case it should acknowledge that it has no
direct legal influence and therefore it is highly questionable whether the ECs approach is appropriate. before any further environmental legislation is considered, the adoption and implementation of new EU
legislation in the areas of waste, water, soil and air needs to be concluded, implemented and their
effectiveness evaluated after several years of implementation. No method is availalable for the assessment of the benefits of the various products and applications, which
will accredit consumer convenience and benefits. The social benefits in terms of employment and consumer
satisfaction are not being taken into account.
Also demographical considerations are not taken into account when carrying out LCAs. DG Enterprise is preparing a major Communication on the competitiveness of the industry including the
extractive industry sector for 2005. Any strategy being developed on the sector which potentially entails an
increase in environmental costs should wait for the results of this Communication and should carry out an in
depth socio-economic impact assessment
No further environmental legislation should be developed before current legislative initiatives on water, air,
soils, waste are concluded and their effectiveness is implemented
The DG ENT commissioned EU mineral planning policies to be ready in September findings as well as the
conclusions of the FP5 Network on European Sustainable Mining Industries NESMI Project March 2005
shall be included in the NAT RES strategy. A quality database on statistics of production, consumption and of environmental impacts needs to be
developed and implemented in support of the NAT RES Strategy
What are the
issues ?
Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 186
CEMBUREAU The European Cement Association
The conditions in the kiln systems, like high temperatures, excess oxygen, long residence times, high
thermal inertia and alkaline environment, create considerable potential for destruction of organic substances,
and makes a wide variety of less expensive fuel options possible. Used tyres, refused oil, solvents, plastics,
paper and sewage sludge, animal meal and impregnated saw dust are the main alternative fuels presently
used by the European Cement Industry. This substitution, regulated within the framework of the Incineration of Waste Directive 200076EC of 4
December 2000, is also an important lever for sustainable waste management. In addition to the thermal
energy, material content of alternative fuels is also recovered in this process. For example, in the case of used
tyres, the rubber is completely consumed as fuel, and the remaining chemical elements from steel
reinforcement like iron and zinc are incorporated in the structure of clinker minerals. The raw material extractive activities for cement production do not create any dangerous waste or pollution,
but generate a number of environmental nuisances and impacts vibration, dust, traffic, visual impact due to
disruption of the landscape, surface and ground water, soils and overburden, bio-diversity, cultural heritage,
which remain largely localised within the immediate vicinity of the extraction site. Extraction sites are
continuously reclaimed and restored taking in to account different parameters e.g. mining plan, stability of
rock faces, control of groundwater, rainwater discharge and flooding, management of soil and overburden,
reintroduction of local fauna and flora
Cement production is organised as a regional business to avoid of high cost of transport on land. As a
consequence, deliveries by road generally do not exceed distances of approx. 200 km and limits import and
export of cement. Approximately a quarter of total production volume is subject to export and import between
the European Countries e.g. 47 Mt over 194 Mt in EU 15 for 2002, see 2. the raw materials 20 and fuels 23 needed for cement production will have increased by 23 in
2030 compared to 2002, especially in the eastern and southern parts of Europe
Further develop the use of alternative raw materials for the production either as energy source, 12 in
2001 within the EU_15 - contaminated soils, sewage sludges dredging sludges, filtration earths, diatomee
earths, paper and deinking sludges, filter cakes... - or as raw material, 12 too in 2001 within the EU fly ash,
slag and various mineral wastes, which contain major elements like CaO, Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3 and SO3 of
clinker and cement production sub-processes. These are important levers for thereduction of the
environmental impact of mining of natural resources and process emissions. Extraction and reclamation plans, based on sufficient knowledge about the mineral deposit its local
environmental parameters and land ownership issues, need to be systematically implement to prevent
negative impacts. A close dialogue between different stakeholders, especially at local level, is of critical
importance. EU harmonisation of permitting procedures is required to reduce the very long time required to obtain a
mining permit up to 5 years, and to reduce the complexities of widely differing national regulations by
creating a unified level playfield. The identification and preservation of mineral reserves is a vital issue for sustainable supply of mineral
resources in the future, and has to be managed in land use by taking into account especially the balance
between industrial and other land-uses. This is necessary not only for cement production but also for
aggregates used in concrete, for which the estimated requirements would be respectively around 320 Mt and
2100 Mt in 2030 respectively. An inventory of either available or extractable industrial mineral reserves in all
the European countries is therefore required and may be carried out on the basis of the experience acquired in
some Member States. This database will help the policy makers in natural resources use and land use
management at national and regional levels. the cost of a new plant of 1 Mt cement capacity is around 200 million euros. Fly ash and slag amount available in the EU 39 Mt of fly ash and 45 Mt of slag in 2000, may decrease in
parallel with power generation from coal and steel production in the EU. A waste management policy based on
recycling and recovery would increase the available amount of alternative fuels. Clear decision process based an open dialogue at local level would help to keep in operation many plants in
the Member States, and supply the needs of citizens without heavy capital investment
The implementation of European Cement Standards EN-197 in 2002 would increase the average
substitution rates at the EU level. Market incentives may also be useful to reach higher substitution rates,
where possible. The experience in some Member States indicates that the relatively low average substitution
rate at the EU level can be increased with the implementation of waste management schemes based on
recycling and recovery operations in all Member states. A clear definition of recovery versus disposal
operations is one of the key points in this scheme, which would help Cement Industry in its the long-term
strategy. research activities should also be conducted to identify new alternative fuels and materials suitable to
cement production. What are the
issues ?
Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Page 187
Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 188
EFG European Federation of Geologists
There is extensive statistical data available at national level on the production and consumption of metallic
mineral resources. The data with respect to industrial minerals and aggregates is less comprehensive. Data
on groundwater resources is of a variable standard. nothing will be accomplished without the dedication and hard work of those involved in resource
development, industry and agriculture. geoscientific data, and their interpretation, are essential elements underpinning the concept of sustainable
development
It is unrealistic to expect that Europe can depend on natural resource production from other parts of the
world and effectively sterilise its own resources. Furthermore, it is totally unsustainable to imagine that, for
example, low cost commodities, such as aggregates can, or should, be transported long distances because a
local community does not wish to have a quarry development in its area. Investment in Europe is higher risk
than elsewhere in the world, for reasons of bureaucracy and a NIMBY attitude by the public rather than
geology. In the mineral resources sector a distinction needs to made between impacts inherited from past operations
and impacts reulting from the highly regulated contemporary operations
There is no EU Natural Resources use and management policy
Metallic mineral resource consumption trends, and hence prices, into the future will be dominated by
economic and social developments in Asia, particularly China, and on the Indian sub-continent. Production
trends will be dominated by further technological development, particularly in the treatment and processing of
sulphide ores. These trends will, unless Europe reacts promptly, result in Europe falling further behind. the priority issue to be addressed is to get the principal professionals involved with the issue geologists,
engineers, architects, planners, regulators, policy makers to communicate. At the present time, policies,
regulations and directives are being developed and court decisions are being given which are very often in
conflict. ensure that robust and well financed public institutions exist to undertake the long-term mapping, surveying,
monitoring, data base archiving, and fundamental research that are necessary to achieve sound
environmental objectives. plan on the assumption of continued growth and on urbanisation, but work to minimise their adverse impact
on the environment. availabilityquality of a series of critical resources air, water, soils, mineralsmetals, energy results from a
complex interplay of a number of factors. Good geoscientific information is a key to understanding the system
as a whole
promote and reward corporate social responsibility
professional competence to be recognized by a protected professional title
enhance the communication between the stakeholders concerned with natural resources use and
management. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 189
FFIF - Finnish Forest Industries Federation
What are the
issues ?
Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
ECO-LABELLING MEANS ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS EPD of building products
AND NOT ECO-LABELS
We need to have EU-harmonised standards for EPD and LCA in construction sector DG ENTR G5 has
launched a standardisation mandate to CEN M350 for development horizontal standardised method for the
assessment on the integrated environmental performance of buildings
Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources must be linked with the Thematic
Strategy on the Urban Environment, because in the Urban Environment there is a priority named
Sustainable Construction with a demand to develop methodologies and indicators to assess sustainability
performance of buildings. Please refer to the column The way forward
Page 190
FRIENDS OF THE EARTH
The strategy must specifically address the impacts of the EUs resource use on the poorer communities
within Europe and the rest of the world
Resource use to be reduced not only at the EU level, but also in real terms. Absolute decoupling a must. EU, as a consumer, has an ecological debt to producing developing countries. The repayment of this debt
should be used to provide these countries with zero or low cost access to Resource efficient technologies and
to support capacity-building as outlined in The Johannesburg Implementation Plan. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 191
IFF Austria - Institut für interdisziplinäre Forschung und Fortbildung Institute for interdisciplinary Reseach and
Complementary Training
Current Material Flow databases Eurostat 2001, 2002, ETC-WMF 2003, Eurostat 2004 forthcoming
provide only limited or no information on the destination of the materials and no direct information on the
environmental impacts which are connected to the use of these materials. Construction materials - environmental impacts in the use phase soil sealing with negative consequences
for water cycles and biodiversity, long term future energy and materials demand for maintenance, future
wastes and emissions from dissipative losses and replacement see Ayres and Ayres 1998
Biomass environmental impacts - predominantly from the production phase- competitive land use,
emissions and wastes from factor inputs e.g. energy carriers, pesticide, fertilizer inputs or potential risks from
GMOs affect biodiversity and water cycles. Each acre of agricultural land reduces the standing crop of the
natural vegetation, which not only serves as habitat for wild life but also as CO2 sink of the global Carbon
cycle. A substantial substitution of biomass for fossil fuels would likely not contribute to a more sustainable use of
resources but merely cause a shift of associated environmental problems. fossil fuels. the environmental impacts of their use as well as issues of scarcity are intensively studied
worldwide. A strategy of sustainable use of resource owed to be build on this rich body work. water its magnitude of use in industrial economies exceeds that of all other materials by two orders of
magnitude. current signs of dematerialisation of material use from economic growth see Eurostat 2002 may be due to
increasing externalisation of particular resource intensive and environmentally harmful production processes
to countries outside the EU-15. no detailed material balance studies have been carried out for the European Union so far. Construction materials - priority areas to be addressed minimizing area demand in construction, minimizing
energy uses in construction and maintenance, developing models to forecast future emissions and wastes
from physical stocks by means of e.g. dynamic materials and substance flow accounting, see e.g.
Voet et al. 2002
Priority areas to be targeted by a strategy for the sustainable use of biomass resources should concentrate
on minimizing land occupation, and thus minimizing reductions in natural plant vegetation, reducing emissions
and wastes and minimizing biotechnological risks. A way to proceed could be by establishing sub working groups for each of the above categories. An overall conceptual frame for all sub-working groups is needed
- further break down to arrive at sub-groups of materials, which are sufficiently homogenous concerning their
environmental impacts or with regard to possible scarcity. Based on that priority areas, existing data source,
models and analytic tools, and studies can be defined as well as need for further research and data gathering
- a common understanding of the terms production or supply. This should included a definition of
extraction which should be drawn from material flow accounting to make full used of these data bases. - a common understanding of the role of trade. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 192
IGME - Greek Geological Survey
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
There is a growing dependence of the EU-25 supplies and consumption on non European sources. The
new environmental restrictions in the EU, have led to decreasing production figures in operating mines,
blocked the expansion of the mining industry and affected negatively the supplies security. On the other
hand it is given that mining activities are related to severe environmental impacts. Open pit mining and
quarrying is confronting with other land use interests, whereas operation of metallurgical and processing
plants may generate chemical and other type of polluting mechanisms. Availability and accessibility of construction materials and high-tech minerals metals e.g. USA is
monopolizing the production of ultra pure quartz for electronic, optical and advanced metallurgical uses. There are promising ways for controlling and reducing the impacts of resource use. Rational waste and land
management, along with exploration and exploitation on well documented and spatially defined reserves
deposit areas may contribute to European resource production sustainability
The sustainable development indicators for each specific category, and in some cases even commodity, of
mineral resources should be defined and assessed with respect to current industrial and marketing potentials
and perspectives. One of the main short term practical actions is the implementation of EU policies for
waste prevention and handling e.g. substitution of hazardous substances, integrating waste prevention
objectives and priorities into the Communitys Integrated Product Policy, encouraging the use of economic
instruments ecotaxes on resource and waste intensive products and processes, influencing consumer
demand in favour of green products and processes ex. Eco labels. Access to land is also of high priority. e.g. restrictions due to national legislations of EU directives, lack of integrated land planning framework
seeking to balance competing interests between national and local levels, and between mining and
conservation, better practices that help achieve a better relationship between protected areas and other land
uses, such as how to incorporate areas of known mineral potential into decision making about new protected
areas. Please refer to the column The way forward
Documentation and spatial databases of mineral resources areas is of importance for influencing on the future
land use. A common platform of services must be established, offered via the website, where industrial
partners or State authorities can easily find information on environmental topics water quality data bases, soil
and other data, industrial mineral information resources, industrial minerals, metals, etc., data for
monitoring compliance with EU directives on water, emissions, soil, etc. The National Resources strategy
applied can play an important role for Europe in identifying, introducing and applying sustainable development
indicators and policies for minerals, water and energy resources, to enhance the quality of life of Europeans
and their communities. In other words it can contribute to the merging of economic, environmental and social
agendas e.g.
central role in the GMES and INSPIRE initiatives. Page 193
IMA The Industrial Minerals Association
Location issues can bring the industry into conflict with other land-uses
The industry is facing a number of challenges, such as public perception, limited access to land, skill
shortage, competitiveness and environmental impact. 56 reportable environmental incidents were recorded in the IM industry in 2001. This represents an average
of 0.25 incidents per site. Impacts are limited in space and time and the restoration of sites - which provides
nature reserves, recreation zones - is already developed in the planning phase. EU regulations and policies cover all aspects of the sectoral activities except access to land
EU-25 home to several world-class industrial minerals deposits kaolin, potash,pumice, perlite ... and the
world lagest industrial minerals companies. Efficient use of resources is driven by competitive issues, voluntary approaches and internal management
plans seem to provide good tools for improvements. Proper management, legislationregulations, voluntary
initiatives, monitoring, the promotion of BAT and the development of research instruments can reduce or even
eliminate negative environmental impact and even generate improvements. An assessment of impacts of the existing policies and regulations needs to be carried out
The IM industry would encourage the development and the implementation of economic incentives and other
non-regulatory approaches to promote the sustainable use of IM resources. It would also support co-ordination
of policies, assessment of existing legislationregulations, and reinforced competitiveness with long-term
objectives. Knowledge gathering should be carried out through voluntary initiatives, of which the Sustainable
Development Indicators SDI for the EU Non-Energy Extractive Industry is a perfect example. This report for
2001can be downloaded from
httpeuropa.eu.intcommenterprisesteelnon-energy-extractive-industrysd-indicators.htm
The land access issue related to the mineral reources sector needs to be addressed by the currently
postponed. The projected Communication on Planning and Environment - the territorial dimension planned
for 2003 has been postponed. Mineral resources are site site specific and must therefore be paid due attention
in land-use planning. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling
be obtained ? Knowledge
gathering
and
availability of
data
Page 194
MEED Matières Premières, Eau, Environnement, Développement Raw Materials, Water, Environment, Development
Consultancy
On the one hand, EU agriculture and industry products have to face continuous adaptation to EU water
regulations while internal markets are opened to imports. On the other hand, increased standards at home
may be inapplicable abroad. Thus, water sustainability constraints have to be seen at the same time in several
perspectives
- a The objective of sustainable production and use of water on the internal market at what costs is-it
achievable? - b The protection of health implies monitoring imports are water conditions in the countries of production
acceptable? - c The theme of unfair competition if water regulations are incomplete and not effectively implemented
abroad, our own industry competitiveness will be affected.
Then, unfair competition sets in, with the
consequence of undermining from within the basis of the EU regulated system itself. - d The objectives of the Millennium are focussed on water and sanitation are-they realistic? And, if they are
not, what are the consequences? The backlog of investment and failure to meet expanding needs moves on
from being a world solidarity issue to a straightforward security problem. Solidarity wont amount to anything
much if decision makers do not see it as their responsibility to point to the more concerning shortfalls in the
realisations, the accompanying enterprise creation and water production markets. the evidence on deteriorating water systems is widely documented . Irreversible deterioration may be
detected in entire regions in NE and S Asia, Africa, parts of Latin America, the Mediterranean, the Middle
East. A number of data published on comparing the rate of growth of the economy and the rate of negative
impacts on water pollution points to deteroriation of water resources in China and India, where growth seems
pursued at any cost. Non sustainable situations do not merely impact negatively on the poor or very poor -as international
reports are focussing on - but on the middle class as well . In these situations, health, industrial and
agricultural productivity quality, dependability of the workforceare affected.
Beyond a certain level of local
resources deterioration and infrastructure neglect, social development and economic growth are likely to be
substantially hindered. The EU Water Framework Directive has only started. The clear trend is that, for most sectors, it will extend
obligations and charges to the limit. Should the present trend of an increasing mismatch between water policies contents and their practical
implementation in the EU and elsewhere continue, a series of internal consequences will have to be faced. Carry out accurate assessments of how other regions will be affected by andor will adapt to implementation
of EU rules on water, directly or indirectly, positively and negatively. The following problems come to mind
- a safety of imports, particularly agricultural products
- b risk of unfair competition. As NON-EU countries are free to choose the extent to which they will adopt
andor ignore segments of the EU water frameworks, they can be tempted to use it to their competitive
advantage. Specific water regulatory measures and their implementation may be unfairly favoured.
Moreover,
some third countries have even argued that the environmental values thus promoted by European countries
are no more than a disguised way of imposing trade restrictions to their exports. This argument may be used
by poorer countries for poor developmen t strategies
The needs of rapidly growing urban populations in developing countries, involve in practice that upgrading
existing equipment and developing new infrastructure be undertaken simultaneously without the luxury of time. Hence, specific techniques suitable for developing countires need to be developmed and implemented. What are the
issues ?
Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 195
MIRO Mineral Industry Research Organisation
EU-25 is still a major importer of important mineral commodities, including basic raw materials needed for
manufacturing industry as well as non-renewable energy materials and this puts it at strategic risk. In general
the environmental impacts e.g. pollution of soil and water caused by current mineral production in EU-25 are
less widespread than the same class of impacts caused by the agricultural industry and the leisure industries
e.g. golf courses, tourist resorts. The EEA Environmental Assessment EU at the end of the 20th century
cited figures which evidence this situation. Pollution caused by the minerals industry tends to be intermittent, short-lived and concentrated containably
at point locations, rather than diffused continually over decades across large volumes of landmass and water
bodies both onshore and offshore, surface and underground as is the case with agricultural and leisure
industry pollution. Re-characterising and re-processing mine and quarry waste e.g. fines or powder-size material,, much of
which is not end-of-life material and can be reclassified as an acceptable by-product for restreaming as a
raw material to downstream industries e.g. construction, chemicals, water, agriculture, paint,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc.
This action will require characterisation of waste materials. The establishment of realistic community-and-landscape-friendly land-use systems, geo-referenced to 3D
spatial GIS data models in order to show all resource-based activities and environmental impacts for the
different levels of administrative area already defined by EUROSTAT and the European Spatial Development
Perspective settlement, town, municipality, region, country, EU. Provide adequate funds for public sector
information institutions to standardise resources data on a long term basis across the EU. Much of the
required land-use context has been outlined in the European Spatial Development Perspective adopted by the
Council of Ministers in February 1999 but now needs due analysis for use at local level. More sophisticated re-use of the bulk waste products is needed and will depend on devising definitions by-
products, etc that make the use of waste materials acceptable to customers and consumers. As much rock waste is chemically inert and environmentally benign it can be used locally, e.g. for
landscaping, or as a secondary aggregate in roads, cements and concretes. Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Analysis, based on standardised resource information, are needed to
outline critical paths of efficient, environmentally benign resource use based on real day-to-day transactions
between producers and consumers. Analyses of such critical paths could help to identify if raw materials are
being imported or transported unnecessarily where they could be substituted by cheaper, locally derived
materials. Enable the sharing of standardised metadata on Member State mineral resources and related geological
topics. An example exists, created with initial EC support the GEIXS metadatabase on EU geology, including
the water and mineral resources. However, the EC support stopped in 1999 and the system is now
caretaken by the European Geological Surveys. This limits the possibility to update the system. GEIXS can
be accessed here www.eurogeosurveys. RTD FP programmes should address the issue of financing the
maintenance and the periodical update of data metadatabases of public interest. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 196
NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Industrial actors are best qualified to decide on the courses of action to work towards decoupling between
the use of natural resources and economic growth. A number of political, social and equity aspects can have major impacts on the security of supply. This could
be an important theme in policy development for the EU. Materials with place value e.g. construction materials may become a problem with regard to security of
supply in densely populated regions in Europe, either due to physical depletion, or sterilisation of resources
due to conflicting interest regarding the use of land. Such materials will then need to be imported to the region
to an increasing degree, leading to both economic and environmental costs due to much longer transport. construction materials statistics are incomplete and sketchy due to the many SMEs active in this sector. metallic minerals and metals are wideliy imported hidden in many manufacturated goods. Reliable statistics
on their usage may be very time consuming, difficult and costly to develop. Best Environmental Practice Guidelines Available Technologies prepared by various organisations are
increasingly becoming available, and these are gradually being implemented world wide
erosion or depletion of European competence in mineral resources management encompassing geological
science, resource geology, mineral extraction and mineral processing. Design for reuserecycling and maintenanceupgrading to be developped and promotoedinstead of the
present use-and-throw-away practice. Life cycle and material flow analyses are very useful tools, but their development requires considerable
resources time, expertise and fundinding. This could mean that it will take quite a bit of time before the
results regarding sustainable use of natural resources start to materialise if the use of LCAMFA becomes too
prominent. make a quick start on the process of sustainable use and decoupling
develop spatial planning policies or procedures to secure present and future supply
develop reporting of construction materials use sand, gravel aggregates
make careful assessments before selecting which of the mineral resources shall be the focus sustainability
analyses in connection with decoupling
compile an overview and assessment of such guidelines and other documents on environmental
management in the mineral industry world wide. Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ?
Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling
be obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 197
OGP Oil and Gas
Please refer to the contribution from EUROGIF identical contribution
Page 198
RWE Thames Water
The key term environmental impacts is not clearly defined nor are any indications given, which impacts
are seen to be harmful, on the basis of which indicators, with regards to which overall goal public health,
biodiversity? and how they should be prioritized. The objective of decoupling of environmental impacts and economic growth falls short of achieving full
sustainability. Social and political aspects should be included, in particular as sustainable use often means a
change in consumption patterns, which often leads to the problem of pricing
it is not clearly defined whether the scope of the TS includes both quality and quantity issues of renewable
resources. Excessive usage of water andor diffuse pollution generated by certain agricultural practices need to be
addressed by the TS
Data on water consumption in households and industry are generally good in most EU countries. In the UK,
the environment agency and the regulator OFWAT do have detailed consumption data. Gaps exist in some
Southern and Eastern European countries. Data on agricultural use is poor, as only 60 of countries require farmers to measure water consumption. See WWF Water and Wetlands index. Also, data on water resources in the EU are not reliable due to the
lack of indicators and comparability of data. See EEA. Th sintuation will progressively improve with the
implementation of the Water Framework Directive and of the yet to be adopter Groundwater Daughter
Directive
A Thematic Strategy TS, which aims for an holistic view on the sustainable use of natural resources must
include water ground- and surface waters as one priority resource. The NAT RES TS should include a taking stock exercise of existing regulation which effect all natural
resources including water ground- and surface waters an assessment of the impacts of this existing
regulation and subse-quently a gap-analysis to identify the possible scope for action legislation, non-
legislative measures improved implementation. A wide range of existing water legislation should be taken
into account such as the Water Framework Directive, the Groundwater Directive etc. Specific sub-strategies are recommended to address resource specific issues such as those related to the
minerals and metals sectors. What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 199
Stahlinstitut VDEh Steel Institute
From 1991 to 2003 ? German GDP grew 15.1, with energy -???, raw materials consumption -2,4,
abstraction of water -11,4, GHG -11,8. Iron and steel figures are even better raw material 2.4, water
-56, GHG -17
Review and integrate existing EU legislation, which may otherwise be contradictory and conflicting
Accelerate the translation of EU Directives into national laws by the new Member States
Adjust the revision of regulations on waste to facilitate its reuse as a resource
avoid others doing the mistakes we in the EU did 50 years ago. recycling of steel scrap
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
way
The
forward
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 200
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
low tax rates on polluting supplies, far reaching exemptions from eneregy-related taxes
existence of environmentally harmful subsidies and exemptions. Impose minimum levels of environmental taxes where environmental problems are international global. Swedish experience 20 years showed that no harm resulted for the economy
example Swedish NOx,Sulphur, Cadmium taxes
taxes should be reinvested in support to RD to foster the delevelopment of new eco-efficient technologies
the development of information campaigns. Member States to object on harmonised environmental taxes
Please refer to the column The way forward
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
goal
of
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Page 201
UNILEVER
What are the
issues ?
Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
Longer term supplies of cod, plaice, hake are not secure due to fishing quotas and catches above scientific
advice. Monitoring and control are not always effective
Develop subsidies to engage fishing communities in different occupations
Improve trust betwenn fishermen and scientists
Political decision makiing to be in line with scientific advice
Controls to be effective accross EU
reduce barriers to imports
develop sustainable development labelling for sustainably managed fisheries and their products
improve the quality of the data on the status of the resource
fund inspectors accompanying fishing vessels on a permanent basis to aid the process of knowledge
gathering. Please refer to the column The way forward
Page 202
Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau German mining economic association
What are the
issues ? Decoupling
The
forward
way
Barriers
How can the
of
goal
effective
decoupling be
obtained ? Knowledge
gathering and
availability of
data
by 2020 the EU will require about 200 GW additional power generation capacity. limitations of the access to resources located close to the demand centres do lengthen the transport routes,
with corresponding externalities GHG and other emissions, transport infrastructure maintenance costs
recycling is limited when the particular properties of a mineral metal alloy need to be conserved. Existing
regulations may also limit the possibility to develop recycling. Some resources being dispersed when used are
not available for recycling
mineral deposits are fixed assets.
This specificality should be considered in land-use planning when mining
is in conflict with other activities which are not geographically linked to a fixed place
not all minerals metals can be imported from abroad
bulk materials need to be produced close to their customers to shorten transport routes and reduce the
corresponding externalities
support strengthen the capacity of the geological survey to provide reliable data on mineral deposits
reserves for the future, on environmental components as important as soils, subsurface space, water
surface and groundwater. These datasets need to be integrated into land-use planning
The production and use of European coal also provides the necessary industrial base for a highly developed
mining-ma chinery and combustion-equipment industry with a very high export potential at present more than
50 of world market share. This industry is strongly competitive and largely export oriented. Councils Decision on the Research Programme of the RFCS Official Journal of the European Union
200378
EC Technical Guidelines to the Councils Decision on the Research Programme of the Research Fund for
Coal and
Steel. issues related to given minerals metals need to be specifically addressed
mieral resources issues require specific multi-stake holder meetings to further identify and discuss the
issues at EU and global levels. These EU-level meetings should take place periodically to record progress
and identifiy needs for specific actions
EU level mining mineral resources policy is needed
need to develop EU-wide legal basis to improve land-use planning, designate priority areas for mining and
the access to EU-resources
need to support exploration by the Geological Surveys includig outside of the EU for new deposits,
identifiying the resources for the future generations
need to promote research and development especially in
- ore beneficiation, to efficiently recover metals and minerals from low-grade or non-conventional deposits
include mining mineral resources geology in development aid policy
Integrate mineral resources demand as a driver for land-use planning
foster capacity building in mineral resources promotion and management, incorporating SD ethics, in
developing countries
develop incentives for better use of minerals
RTD needed in relation with deep mining, coal conversion and combustion to increase efficiency, reduce
costs, better manage rock behaviour, reduce emissions and other environmental immpacts, increase the
availability of power plants.
It is already achieved within Germany. This is an activity to be pursued by the Geological Surveys of the EU and the mining industry
Page 203
APPENDIX 5
Bibliography
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