Nepal Climate Change Support Programme 4.3 5.7 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To build capacity of the Government of Nepal to develop, cost, budget and implement adaptation measures at the local level aimed at mainstreaming climate change in key development sectors (agriculture, forestry, water and energy), including through public private partnerships. Promoting Conservation Agriculture in Zambia 3.7 5.0 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture To raise agricultural productivity in Zambia, particularly small scale farmers, using climate smart agriculture techniques and facilitating commercial relationships with agriculture companies. Burma Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience 2.9 3.9 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Water and To save lives, reduce poverty and suffering of 400,000 crisis affected people in Burma and Burmese refugees in Thailand through providing humanitarian assistance, enhancing resilience and building local and international organisations’ capacity to respond to future humanitarian need in Burma. Longer term work on resilience and vulnerability will assist people to cope with shocks and stresses that will include climate-related shocks. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor Programme 2.8 3.8 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Transport and To raise rural incomes and increase food security by contributing to the improvements in the business environment for commercial agriculture in Tanzania (especially the southern corridor), as well as growth in number and scale of commercial agribusinesses and substantial improvement in the market operations of a number of agricultural commodity markets. This includes ensuring infrastructure is climate resilient, such as no weather- related road closures. The programme is expected to benefit 100,000 rural households by March 2015 and over 230,000 households by end of the Programme in 2017. Water, Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene 2.8 3.8 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Water and To provide sanitation and hygiene services in Freetown. Establishing and expanding sustainable waste management services in three large towns and improving water, sanitation and hygiene services in rural areas and in two small towns. Includes increasing water security and building resilience to future water scarcity as a result of climate change. Social Protection Support to the Poorest 2.8 3.7 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Health, general To increase the coverage of social protection and to strengthen social protection systems for the poorest by providing financial aid to the Rwanda Local Development Support Fund (RLDSF) and technical assistance to RLDSF and the Ministry of Local Government. This will benefit an additional 55,000 poor households (approximately 217,680 individuals) each year with social cash transfers, helping them to meet their basic needs and to better manage risks such as natural disasters e.g. floods and landslides which will be exacerbated by climate change. Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Programme in 2.7 3.6 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Other social Establish partnerships with local & central government, communities and businesses to support the (i) districts effected by the Earthquake “build back better” including leading to more resilient (including climate resilient) infrastructure and institutions; (ii) the most vulnerable recover their livelihoods and assets; and (iii) the Government of Nepal to plan for and manage the

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and 2.5 3.4 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Banking and To provide technical assistance and capital to provide insurance for the Pacific Islands so in future they can protect themselves against natural disasters such as cyclones and Tsunamis thereby reducing their reliance on humanitarian aid. The nations of Tonga, Marshall islands, Cook Islands, Vanuatu, and Samoa (625,000 people in total) will benefit from the insurance at the start of the programme. Building adaptation to climate change in health through resilient water, sanitation & hygiene 2.3 3.1 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Water and To support the development of effective plans for climate change adaptation in the health sector in low and low-middle income countries. This project will involve both work at an international level to develop guidance with country level pilot projects focused on water, sanitation and hygiene to test and demonstrate practical examples of adaptation in the health Research Programme Consortium on Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia (LANSA) 1.9 2.5 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Health, The purpose of this research programme is to answer the question “how can South Asian agriculture and related food security policies and interventions best be designed and implemented to increase their impacts on nutrition, especially the nutrition status of children and adolescent girls”? This programme will contribute to the acceleration in reductions in poverty and under nutrition of women and children by generating a body of high quality evidence in this area, working closely with policy makers and programme decision makers in the region to get this evidence into use in making agriculture pro poor and pro nutrition and supporting development of climate resilient agriculture. Work is undertaken in four countries with high levels of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information ‘Pakistan National Cash Transfers Programme’ 1.9 2.5 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To reduce poverty and improve living standards and educational attainment in the poorest families by providing regular payments to the female head of household. This includes reducing vulnerability to shocks such as flooding due to climate change. 315,000 additional beneficiary families will benefit by 2020. This programme will contribute to 1.05 million primary school children being supported in school and directly contribute to Millennium Development Goals 1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; and Millennium Development Goals 2: Achieve universal Direct Response through Emergency 1.4 1.9 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Other social To provide financial grants to food insecure households with children under the age of two that are affected by effects of climate change so as to enable them access basic services (food, water, clothing) to cushion the impact until 2018.
Adapt Environmental and Climate Resilience in 1.4 1.9 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To increase understanding and integration of climate resilience and environmental management into delivery, plans and policy African Risk Capacity (ARC) 1.4 1.9 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Disaster To support a parametric (index-based) weather risk insurance pool that will provide participating African countries with predictable, quick-disbursing funds with which to implement pre- defined contingency response plans in the case of a drought. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information African Agriculture Technology Foundation (AATF) 1.4 1.8 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General The expected impact of support to the proposed intervention is increased productivity of small-holder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa, including scaling up of crops resilient to climate shocks This impact will be achieved through two a. Increased access/availability of appropriate agricultural technologies for small-holder farmers in targeted countries in b. A financially sustainable organisation/mechanism that is responsive to the needs of small-holder farmers in ensuring that market failures in the development and adoption of appropriate agricultural technologies continue to be Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change in 1.3 1.8 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To build urban resilience to current climate variability and future climate change in Tanzania’s cities and towns through improved data and evidence, urban planning, and infrastructure provision for sustainable economic growth and development. Building Disaster Resilience in Pakistan 1.3 1.7 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General DFID support will strengthen community and household resilience to emergencies and disasters over six years. The programme will aim to build resilience in communities and households in Pakistan to manage the impact of disasters by maintaining or transforming living standards in the face of shocks and stresses without compromising their long-term prospects. Care Adaptation Learning Programme 1.0 1.4 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture Community based adaptation approaches for vulnerable communities incorporated into development policies and programmes in Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique and Niger with plans to replicate across Africa. Including, specifically, to increase the capacity of vulnerable households in sub-Saharan Africa to adapt to climate variability and change. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Transparency and Right to Information 0.7 0.9 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To increase transparency and accountability in Bangladesh by improving systems for management and proactive publication of official information that is relevant and accessible, timely and accurate, and by enabling state reformers, businesses and social activists to hold officials and decision makers answerable for their actions across a range of services including health, education, local government, climate finance and land administration. Transboundary Water Management in Southern 0.6 0.9 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Water and The project will support countries in Southern Africa to manage their shared water resources, thereby helping 2–3 million poor people better able to cope with the impacts of existing climate variability and climate change (especially floods and drought). It will do this by designing and building water infrastructure such as irrigation schemes, water supply systems and water storage schemes. This will help poor and vulnerable people gain access to clean and safe water, produce a predictable agricultural yield and store water for when it is needed during the dry months of the year. The programme will also help countries to communicate hydrological data between themselves – thus providing downstream countries with advance notice of floods and enabling countries to optimise how much water is stored in each country to ensure each has enough to meet their basic Disaster Risk Insurance 0.5 0.7 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Banking and To improve the resilience of the private sector in poor countries to natural disasters by improving access to insurance products. By supporting the development of a market for private sector disaster risk insurance in developing countries, the project will sustainably help strengthen resilience, mitigate the effects of climate change and supporting economic development through Sustainable Crop Production Research for International Development (SCPRID) 0.3 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture The purpose of the project is to develop new science and technology to support the development of new crop varieties with more resistance and less vulnerability to biotic and abiotic shocks which will result from new and emerging crop pests and diseases, and climate change and water stress. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information UK Support to Access to Finance Rwanda (AFR) Phase II Operations (2016–2020) 0.3 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Banking and To support a deeper and more inclusive financial sector that supports the livelihoods and well-being of low income people in Rwanda. This will be done (1) Supporting the capacity and systems development of financial service providers that serve the poor, with a specific focus on automating the operations of Rwanda’s Umurenge Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) and their connectivity to microfinancial institutions and commercial banks; (2) Supporting the flow of financial services to the agriculture sector; (3) Supporting the development of pensions for informal sector workers to promote long term savings; and (4) Supporting improved resilience to shocks whilst reducing the risks associated with productive investments through the utilisation of microinsurance. AFR targets to enhance livelihood opportunities for 1,670,000 poor women and men UK Support to Increase Resilience to Natural 0.2 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Disaster UK support will build resilience in Nepal by strengthening national systems for disaster risk management and response, increasing community-based earthquake readiness and improving preparedness for a national and international emergency

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth in India 0.2 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General In line with the UK government’s aid policy and revised development partnership with India, the Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth (ICRG) programme sees the UK provide world class expertise to improve the impact of the Indian Government’s $5 billion per year National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.
The scheme will help over 5 million people living in three of India’s poorest states – Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Bihar – to increase their incomes and resilience to climate shocks. It guarantees 40 million households per year the opportunity to build small scale works (irrigation, flood defences, forest plantations etc.) to increase their incomes and protect themselves from extreme weather events. UK support will improve the design and quality of infrastructure built, increase the capacity of the government to deliver its own programmes and influence the policies of the largest programme of this type in the Delivering climate resilient Water, Sanitation and 0.1 0.2 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Water and The proposed programme will allow us to respond effectively to identified needs and to demonstrate to other funders the types of infrastructural and management interventions that build Sustainable Inclusive Livelihoods through Tea 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Trade policy The project purpose is to support job creation and increase incomes by working with smallholder farmers to develop greenfield tea. The Wood Foundation Africa (TWFA) will set up and run a Services Company supporting approximately 6,000 smallholder tea farmers over 3,400 hectares. These farmers will be supported to produce tea for the first time, employing best farming practices including understanding and managing climate risk and variability. The Services Company will be co-owned by the farmers. This will lead to improved incomes and livelihoods (in particular nutrition and education) for the farmers and their families. Unilever will build a factory and develop a core estate of approximately 817 hectares. The factory will be supplied by the core estate and the smallholder farmers supported by The Wood

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Managing Climate Risks for Urban Poor 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Other This programme will help cities plan for and invest in reducing the impacts of weather-related changes and extreme events, through a partnership with the Rockefeller foundation and the Asian Development Bank, on 2 million urban poor and vulnerable people in 25 medium-sized cities in 6 Asian countries (initially Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, Indonesia) by improving planning processes so that they consider climate change risks, for developing and funding new investment and infrastructure opportunities, and for knowledge and lesson sharing by 2018. Strengthening knowledge and tools for climate 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To help people adapt to the impacts of climate by strengthening knowledge on what works best, and to use this knowledge to develop new adaptation programmes and maximise the effectiveness of the UK’s International Climate Fund (ICF) and its investments to help over 25 million people in developing countries cope with the impacts of climate change. Zambia Health Systems Strengthening 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation Population To improve health of women and girls in Zambia across the continuum of care from adolescence, delivery, newborn and care of the under 5 child; this together with our other parallel interventions will by 2020 result in a drop in maternal mortality ratio, a drop in neonatal mortality and an increase in contraceptive prevalence in districts supported by DFID. This intervention will contribute to the achievement of MDGs 4 & 5 and will ensure that Zambia is able to prevent, detect, and raise a comprehensive response to disease outbreaks and the effects BRILHO – Energy Africa Mozambique 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To increase domestic and business energy access through private sector innovation and investment, and government support, through supply of dispersed off-grid energy solutions Strengthening International Waters Cooperation, Management and Development in sub-Saharan 0.0 0.0 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To strengthen regional water security in Africa for sustainable and climate resilient development. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Water Security For Growth 0.0 0.0 Provided ODA Grant Adaptation General To improve water security in Tanzania contributing to economic development, through better water resource management and climate-sensitive infrastructure investment. CDC Programme of Support in Africa and South 75.8 102.3 Provided ODA Equity Cross cutting Banking and To enable CDC to scale up its activity of investing and lending to support the building of businesses in developing countries, to create jobs and make a lasting difference to people’s lives in some of the world’s poorest places. CDC is DFID’s main vehicle for investing in private companies in Africa and South Asia. CDC encourages capital investments, including in climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, from other private investors by being a first mover, demonstrating to other investors that commercial returns are possible in these frontier markets, and by sharing risk and expertise. The additional equity from DFID will enable CDC to meet demand for capital in its target markets and allow CDC to sustain a higher volume of more developmental investments across priority regions and business sectors. Forest Governance, Markets and Climate 30.1 40.6 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Forestry A global programme supporting governance and market reforms aimed at reducing the illegal use of forest resources, benefitting poor forest-dependent people and promoting sustainable growth UK Caribbean Infrastructure Fund 21.6 29.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Transport and As announced by the UK government in September 2015, the UK Caribbean Infrastructure Fund will create critical economic infrastructure bridges; renewable energy; ports; water; and sea defences that will increase productivity and resilience to natural disasters and climate change. This fund aims to improve economic development in 8 ODA eligible and 1 ODA eligible Overseas Territory by helping to boost growth and creating jobs Support to the Global Agriculture and Food 15.4 20.8 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Agriculture To improve agricultural productivity in developing countries (including development of more sustainable and climate resilient agriculture) and to increase farmers’ access to markets whilst increasing the economic resilience of poor people globally.
Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Climate Smart Agriculture in Africa 10.0 13.5 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General Improved knowledge, policies and longer-term incentives to drive increased uptake of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Eastern and Southern Africa member states. Investments in Forests and Sustainable Land Use 7.5 10.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Forestry To support public-private partnerships that demonstrate how companies, communities, smallholders and governments can work collaboratively to reduce deforestation and benefit forest Scaling up of the Energy and Environment Partnership with Southern and East Africa 7.5 10.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General Greater access to clean energy services achieved through fast tracking of renewable energy project demonstration and deployment, including through technology learning, donor coordination and private sector investment. International Forestry Knowledge (KnowFor) 7.0 9.5 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Forestry Uptake of international forestry knowledge, evidence and tools for international forestry policy and practice. Sustainable Energy for Women and Girls (SEWG) 7.0 9.4 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General Programme aims to shift clean energy markets and delivery systems towards improving the health, safety and economic opportunities of low income girls and women in developing countries, principally in DFID and International Climate Fund (ICF) Climate and Development Knowledge Network 6.7 9.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To improve access for developing countries to high quality research and information in designing climate change policies CDKN – Climate and Development Knowledge 6.6 8.9 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General The purpose is that developing countries have improved access to high quality research and information in designing climate change policies and programmes by 2015. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Regional Transboundary Water Resources 6.5 8.7 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To improve governance of shared water resources in Southern Africa, by sustainably improving local water-management capability (helping to manage current and future climate risks of extreme flood and drought events) and supporting development of key water infrastructure. This will indirectly benefit populations in the 13 shared river basins of the SADC region, in which 95 million people reside, through more equitable sharing of water resources, reduced vulnerability to flooding, improved access to drinking water, as well as reducing risk of conflict and better food security. These outcomes will contribute to MDG 1 (“Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger”) and MDG7 (“Ensure Environmental Sustainability”). Kenya – Strengthening Regional Economic 5.8 7.8 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Transport and To improve the pace of infrastructure development and enhance regional trade competitiveness, by delivering improvement to the managerial capacity and physical layout for cargo handling at the Port of Mombasa, including climate resilient infrastructure and lower emission transport systems, and improved regulatory framework for trade. This will contribute to increased exports and regional trade in East Africa benefitting the regional population. Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) 5.4 7.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To achieve transformational change by helping Kenya to scale up private sector innovation and investment in low carbon and adaptation products, services and assets (e.g. clean energy, sustainable agriculture, water management, weather forecasting). Enabling this change will require targeted support to critical aspects of climate change governance, and stimulation of civil society demand. This contributes to the UK Government’s International Climate Fund (ICF) commitments and will benefit 828,000 people able to cope with the effects of climate change and 17,600 people with improved access to clean energy. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Kenya Market Assistance Programme (MAP) 4.9 6.7 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Industry To reduce poverty in Kenya by enabling poor people to benefit from better functioning markets, including through mainstreaming climate resilience into market interventions, and by building greater awareness among influential decision makers of how markets can work better for the poor. This will increase household incomes of 148,000 small scale farmers and entrepreneurs – of whom 33% are women – by an average of over 20% by 2018. 36,000 jobs for women and 73,000 for men and male youth will also be created. WISER – Weather and climate Information and 4.4 5.9 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General WISER will help at least 24 million people across Africa (focusing initially on East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi) to be more resilient to natural disasters and climate change by 2030 by improving early warning systems (giving more time to prepare for heavy rains for example) as well as helping them make better decisions by knowing what the weather and climate is likely to be (enabling them to make better crop choices or alter planting times in farming, for example). We estimate that this will save over £190 million in terms of avoided damage to health, homes, livelihoods and infrastructure between now and 2030. The WISER programme will initially benefit the East African fishing and farming communities, as well as a wide range of African people, including young, old, men and boys and Northern Transforming the Economy through Climate Smart Agribusiness (NU-TEC) 4.2 5.7 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Agriculture To increase the resilience to climate change of poor farmers in Northern Uganda, and to increase their incomes. This will be achieved by working with agricultural businesses to supply farmers with cheaper, better and more varied agricultural inputs and services, and to create stronger markets for farmer produce. This will benefit 250,000 households in Northern Uganda, who will adopt new practices, products and markets that will make them more resilient to climate change, while 150,000 households will see measurable increases to income.
This will contribute to the MDGs (and their successor targets) by reducing poverty in

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Green Mini-Grids Africa Regional Facility for Market Preparation, Evidence and Policy Development 3.8 5.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General The Green Mini-Grids regional facility will improve policy, evidence and market conditions to increase investment in green Programme of Support to Agriculture in Rwanda 3.8 5.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Agriculture To sustainably increase the agricultural productivity of poor farmers by transforming Rwandan agriculture from a subsistence-based to a more commercial-based sector that accelerates agricultural growth. This will help address challenges that may limit agriculture productivity, reduce the rate at which poverty is falling, increase inequality and hamper improvements in food security and malnutrition. The programme will build resilience to climate variability and improve sustainable management of agricultural land by increasing soil erosion control, small scale irrigation and strengthening sustainability and resilience strategies. The programme will result in increased agricultural productivity, food security and incomes of poor households and contributes towards the MDG’s by helping to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and; promoting gender equality and empowering women. Strengthening Health Facilities in the Caribbean 3.7 5.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Health, To provide safer, greener health facilities in Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to deliver care in disasters, generate operational savings and reduce disaster losses. ESPA – Eco System Services for 3.4 4.6 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To understand why ecosystems are becoming degraded, including as a result of climate change, and how to reverse this and to ascertain what institutional changes need to be put in place for ecosysyem management to improve for the benefit of Multi-Year Humanitarian Support to Afghanistan 2.9 4.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Disaster To provide support to the most vulnerable groups in Afghanistan to have access to timely, appropriate and cost-effective humanitarian aid, have fewer life-critical needs, build the capacity of communities to mitigate the risk of natural disasters, including climate risk mitigation, and to better respond to these events

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information New Climate Economy Phase 2 2.6 3.6 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Government Phase II of the New Climate Economy will build on the success of the report launched in September 2014 by focusing on engagement with key decision-makers in priority countries; catalysing action on a small number of targeted opportunities for change; and developing and communicating a new report that focuses on supporting global growth and poverty reduction while reducing carbon emissions through international collaboration. CONGO – Improving Livelihoods and Land Use in 2.5 3.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Forestry To improve the the livelihoods of forest dependent communities and reduce deforestation in the Congo Basin by providing support to forest zoning, independent forest monitoring, civil society advocacy and the strengthening of legal frameworks for community forestry, as well as direct investments in community forest enterprises. The programme is expected to benefit 2.4million beneficiaries (direct and indirect). The programme will also have a demonstration effect, building a body of evidence on Community Forestry in the Congo Basin. Enhancing Community Resilience Programme 2.2 3.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To achieve sustainable disaster-resilient communities through community-based best practices, public awareness and policy I2I – Innovative support for climate research – testing new, innovative approaches to address climate and environment development challenges 2.2 3.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To develop and test new, innovative approaches to support research that addresses the needs of those without access to clean energy access, clean water and appropriate sanitation, or solutions to support adaptation to environmental changes. This includes testing the use of results-based financing, such as innovative prizes, and peer to peer financing, such as crowdfunding. The goal is to provide improved access to energy and water services for 12 million people through innovative, affordable technologies and business models for poor Monitoring , Evaluation and Learning from the 2.1 2.8 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General The purpose of the programme is to provide the evidence and learning to increase the effectiveness and measure the impact of the UK’s international climate funding. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Renewable Energy and Adaptation Climate Technologies (Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund) 2.0 2.7 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Heating, To stimulate private sector investment in developing low cost, clean energy and climate change technologies and services, such as solar power, biomass energy, irrigation and crop insurance products for small holder farmers. Every business supported by REACT must demonstrate a positive impact on the rural poor through increased incomes, employment and productivity or by reducing costs. By 2015 REACT will have provided an additional 200,000 people with access to cheaper, East Africa Geothermal Energy (EA-Geo) 1.6 2.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Energy The project will increase investment in geothermal power in East Africa. It will reduce the risk of exploratory test drilling, leading to increased investor confidence in under exploited East Africa geothermal energy. It will also improve geothermal strategy, policy and regulations that facilitate investments. Energy Security and Resource Efficiency in 1.4 1.9 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To support Somaliland in diversifying its energy mix, enhancing resilience and facilitating an enabling institutional and regulatory environment for the expansion of access to electricity. Philippines Reconstruction Programme 1.4 1.9 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General Enhanced resilience of vulnerable people to respond to, and recover from, exisiting climate variability and the impacts of

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Kenya Devolution Support Programme 1.3 1.8 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General The Kenyan Constitution, adopted by referendum in 2010, introduced far reaching devolution to 47 newly-established counties. Hopes are high that devolution will improve accountability and service delivery and contribute to poverty reduction.
The purpose of this programme is to build and improve public services for Kenyan citizens, particularly focusing at the county level where poverty exists and where public service delivery is poor. The programme will improve the ability of county governments to better plan, deliver and monitor the delivery of public services. This includes working with county governments to strengthen public financial management systems (e.g. improving accounting, audit and procurement systems) to ensure that public money is effectively spent and can be accounted for. It also includes a focus on critical services for example health and natural resource management (such as water scarcity due to climate change). The programme will help county governments to improve planning and allocation of budgets. Assisting Public Institutions and Markets to Become Resilient to Effects of Climate Change in 1.3 1.8 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To enable the poorest and most vulnerable in Tanzanian society to become more resilient to climate change and to benefit from low carbon growth through the strengthening of the United Republic of Tanzania Public sector institutions to implement the national climate change strategy and adaptation plans. The programme will also support relevant sector Ministries to implement their sector resilience plans; support to building the capacity of the Tanzania Meteorological Agency to provide meteorological data management and providing efficient services to its customers; and seek to develop sustainable private sector This programme is a central element of the UK International Climate Fund portfolio in Tanzania and will help maximise the return from the wider investments. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Provision of finance to the Rwanda Fund for Climate Change and Environment 1.3 1.7 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Agriculture To improve climate adaptation and low carbon development by providing finance to the Rwanda Fund for Climate Change and Environment from the UK International Climate Fund. This will benefit 15,000 people to cope better with climate change impacts, 2,000 people gain access to clean energy especially in rural areas, protect 1,200 hectares of land against soil erosion, create 2,000 green jobs as well as mobilise £8 million of additional finance from the private sector by July 2015. This contributes towards the MDG on environmental sustainability and ensuring an effective response to the impacts of climate change, thus securing current and future development gains as well as protection of the livelihoods of the poorest people. Arid Lands Support Programme 1.1 1.5 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Agriculture To improve the coping strategies for over 500,000 of the poorest people in Northern Kenya (Turkana, Wajir, Mandera and Marsabit counties) to help them to adapt to climate change and improve their livelihoods. The programme will also provide opportunities to support the poorest during drought, provide benefits for livestock insurance, increase average real value of assets owned by households, and will allow 64,000 beneficiaries to become less poor relative to non-beneficiaries in the four counties. Private Enterprise Programme in Zambia 1.0 1.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Industry To create jobs and investment in Zambia by building the capacity of micro, small and medium enterprises, including for example those which use climate resilient technology or promote soil conservation. The programme will help to create over 26,500

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information AGMIP – Agricultural Model Inter-Comparison and 0.9 1.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To improve substantially the characterization of risk of hunger and world food security due to climate change and to enhance adaptive capacity in developing regions.DFID will fund the Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia regional projects of a global initiative to improve crop and agricultural economic models to provide substantially improved assessments of climate impacts on the agricultural sector. The regional projects will improve the reliability and accessibility of assessments of impacts of climate change on agriculture in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA and S.Asia and improved identification of potential adaptation strategies. Dar Es Salaam Port Improvement Programme 0.9 1.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Transport To increase Tanzania’s trade competiveness by providing the Port of Dar es Salaam with essential infrastructure and efficiency enhancements including reducing greenhouse gases and other emissions. This will benefit Tanzania and neighbouring countries through improved market access. This will contribute towards our G8 commitment to cut bureaucracy at international borders by reducing port dwell time from 9 to 5 days by 2017. Blue Forests 0.9 1.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Fishery Currently focussed in Madagascar, expanding in later years to Indonesia and one SE Asia country (TBC).The project aims to design and introduce a model of sustainable development for mangrove habitats by selling credits for the carbon sequestered by the mangroves, fisheries management and improvement, mangrove livelihood diversification, community health and Punjab Education Support Programme II 0.9 1.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Basic To improve access, retention and the quality of education for all children in primary and secondary schools of Punjab Province in Pakistan. All government school children (6 million primary, 4 million secondary) and children attending school through the Punjab Education Foundation (around 2.2 million) will have benefited from UK support in Punjab by March 2019. Buildings will be sited and constructed in environmentally sound and climate resilient ways (such as to build resilient to floods), testing new approaches including using climate-friendly local materials. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information 0.7 1.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Secondary To improve primary and secondary education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by providing up to £283.2million in technical assistance, financial aid and infrastructure which aims to benefit all primary and lower secondary children in the province by 2020. Infrastucture will aim to have a lower carbon footprint and be sited away from flood prone areas.
This programme targets primary enrolment specifically girl child enrolment and female literacy which contributes towards Millennium Development Comprehensive Programme on Spatial Planning and Low Carbon Development in Papua 0.7 0.9 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Forestry Strengthened spatial and development plans and government supported actions on low carbon investment which will contribute towards ensuring environmental sustainability (MDG 7) and improved awareness among civil society about LCD and Multi-Stakeholder Forestry Programme – Nepal 0.6 0.9 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General Nepal’s forestry sector contributing to inclusive economic growth, poverty reduction and tackling climate change. Kenya Essential Education Programme 0.6 0.8 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To increase access, retention and improve the quality of education of 300,000 children in primary schools. Contributing to 38,000 more children enrolled and staying in schools within the arid lands and urban slums, a 3% improvement in learning achievements in the early grades and a 10% reduction in teacher absenteeism by 2015. Activities will contribute to the MDGs of universal primary education and gender equity through improvements in the accessibility, affordability and quality of education for Kenyan children.To support 980,000 Kenyan children improve their reading and writing skills and 200,000 of the most marginalised children in Kenya to access better quality schools and to improve their ability to cope with the effects of climate change. Activities will contribute to the MDGs of universal primary education and gender equity through improvements in the accessibility, affordability and quality of education for Kenyan

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Kenya Health Programme 0.6 0.8 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General Support the Kenya Ministry of Health (MoH) and implementing partners to strengthen capacity for service delivery support systems and governance, providing clean energy solutions for Climate Smart Development for Nepal 0.5 0.7 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General This will help Nepal to cope with impacts of climate change (CC) and promote clean development. It will provide strategic support to the Govt of Nepal to design and implement CC policies, to integrate resilience throughout government planning. This resilience of 700,000 poor & vulnerable people (especially women) to floods, landslides, droughts in most remote districts;Improve resilience of businesses in 5 growing urban centres & 3 river basins through investments in urban planning, large scale irrigation systems & flood management;Facilitate connection of over 25,000 households to new micro-hydro power installations; connect over 70,000 homes to solar power & install RET in more than 200 schools/ health clinics;Develop industry standard for ‘clean’ brick production and enable over half of the brick kilns (at least 400) to adopt more efficient technologies;Improve design of future CC programming & beyond through generation of world class Infrastructure and Cities for Economic 0.5 0.6 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To improve the enabling environment for sustainable, inclusive growth-enhancing infrastructure service delivery in DFID focus countries; and, Harness the benefits of cities for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in DFID focus countries. This includes focus on low carbon energy generation, energy efficiency and infrastructure resilient to climate impacts, particularly flooding and storms. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Adaptation for Smallholder Agricultural 0.4 0.5 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Agriculture To provide knowledge and best practices to help over 6 million smallholder farmers in up to 43 countries adapt to climate change. Grants will be made build small scale water- harvesting, water storage and irrigation systems for farmers; provide farmers with improved seeds that are drought tolerant; help farmers access markets to sell their crops; to plant trees on farms and introduce soil and water conservation practices; and, enable farmers to access daily and seasonal weather forecasts (e.g. using text messages) so they know when best to plant and Carbon Market Finance for Africa (CMF-Africa) 0.4 0.5 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Heating, The project will transform the use of Clean Development Mechanism and other carbon market finance in Africa, for increased access to small scale, low carbon energy applications in rural areas. This will be through demonstrating the practical use and financial viability of innovative “standardised baselines” and new approaches to bundle small scale CDM projects NIAF 2 – Nigeria Infrastructure Advisory Facility 0.3 0.4 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Other To enhance the management of Nigeria’s infrastructure development towards power sector reform, capital spending, repair and maintenance of roads, climate change adaptation and mitigation. This is expected to result to increased economic growth, job creation and contribute towards the MDGs by significantly reducing poverty for the majority of the Nigeria Support for priority actions to operationalise the “Implementation Plan for Development Resilient to Climate Change in the Caribbean” 0.3 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To increase regional, national and local climate adaptation measures for the vulnerable poor in the Caribbean. Reducing Maternal and Newborn Deaths in Kenya 0.2 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To avert 4000 maternal deaths and 5500 neonatal deaths through nationwide life saving skills training for health professionals, and integrated health system strengthening in selected counties, 2013-2018, including water conservation and solar panels at health facilities. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Strategic Climate Institutions Programme 0.2 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To build organisational and institutional capacity within Ethiopian Government, civil society and the private sector to 1) increase resilience of vulnerable people to current climate variability, 2) adapt to future climate change and 3) benefit from the opportunities for low carbon growth. This helps Ethiopia to meet its MDGs in a sustainable way, developing a Climate Resilient Support to Bangladesh’s National Urban Poverty 0.2 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Other Improvement in the integration of poor communities into municipal planning, budgeting and management, with a particular focus on women and girls and climate resilience; piloting of options for scale up and lesson learning at national level to inform overall urban policy and poverty reduction.
Creation of the National Fund for Climate 0.2 0.3 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To help the Government of Rwanda achieve low carbon, climate resilient growth by providing technical assistance to help them manage FONERWA – a national fund for environment and climate change. This will help build national capacity for managing the fund by September 2015 and ensure that contributions to the fund are well-spent. Achieving Water Security in the Southern 0.2 0.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To ensure economic growth and poverty eradication resulting from investment in agriculture is sustainable in the context of Energy Access Policy Fund 0.1 0.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Energy To strengthen national and state level policies and practices that will enable India’s poor gain access to energy, particularly achieving benefits for poor women and girls. The Fund will support development of policy products through the provision of technical assistance for enhancing access to power for cooking, lighting and productive activities . It will pilot projects for supply of electricity or renewable energy products in the poorest areas of Indian states such as Jharkhand, Orissa, Bihar etc. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Strengthening Economic Systems in Bangladesh 0.1 0.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Government To increase the dialogue on economic reforms, and support the Government of Bangladesh to make more pro-poor economic policies, including building evidence on the macro-economic impact of climate change and the econmoic impact of climate- South Sudan Humanitarian Programme (HARISS) 0.1 0.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting To help approximately three million South Sudanese by providing critical life-saving support and helping people to better cope with shocks from conflict, drought and flooding. This programme aims to save the lives of an estimated two million people who will receive at least one form of humanitarian assistance; and build the capacity of an estimated one million people to recover and cope better with shocks. Over five years this programme will provide food, shelter and access to water and health services to millions of vulnerable people, including women and children. Accountability in Tanzania Programme (ACT) 0.1 0.2 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To increase the accountability and responsiveness of government to its citizens through a strengthened civil society, supporting civil society to help them work in key policy areas such the development of a national climate change strategy; disaster risk reduction; and agriculture, forestry, energy, infrastructure, health and water sector strategies. The focus of the programme will be on increasing resilience and reduce the adverse impact on the environment. Deepening Democracy Programme 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To improve the Kenyan Government’s accountability to its citizens by delivering peaceful, transparent, inclusive elections and providing support to non-governmental organisations, oversight bodies and independent commissions that can influence and deliver reforms thereby supporting the goal of making Kenya a more stable democracy. The project aims to improve county government planning, budgeting, human resource management, results, performance management and citizen engagement. In each of these areas, UK support will focus on governance, health, climate change and local

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Results Based Financing for Low Carbon Energy 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Heating, To increase access to clean energy through the creation of an expanding market of green mini-grid installations in Africa serving rural villages unconnected to the main grid. This is expected to benefit around 1.3 million people by 2018, while reducing carbon emissions by around 260,000 Tonnes of carbon dioxide, through supported private investment in the installation and operation of over 110 renewably-powered mini-grids (figures to be updated after Business Case completion). Electricity access for lighting, communications and productive uses creates jobs, enables studying at night and enhances public services (such as clinics) and public safety (eg through streetlighting). This project also addresses the post-2015 High Level Panel’s recommendation on a development goal entitled Secure Sustainable Energy, which includes energy access and renewable energyThe Results- Based Financing for Low Carbon Energy Access Programme aims to accelerate access to sustainable energy services in developing countries. The funding generates and tests different forms of Results-Based Financing (RBF) mechanism, which aim to stimulate decentralised energy markets and to leverage private investment to increase access to clean energy products Increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To increase the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and to improve energy security in the Eastern Tanzania Climate Change Institutional 0.0 0.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To improve Tanzania’s access to climate finance and use it effectively to support climate change resilience and low carbon sustainable growth by securing international climate change funds both from multilaterals and bilaterals and by assessing targets annually which have been set in the National Climate

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Smart Urban Development in Indian 0.0 0.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting Other Provide UK support on smart urban technology, planning and investment to deliver Govt of India’s smart cities mission to develop 100 smart cities in poorest states e.gBihar,Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. City Parternships will bring best expertise from UK to help Indian cities invest create economically vibrant and safe cities by supporting smart city design,solutions for urban services,energy efficiency and protect cities from climate change. Private Sector Energy Efficiency 0.0 0.0 Provided ODA Grant Cross cutting General To reduce energy consumption, avoid greenhouse gas emissions and increase investment in companies benefitting from the programme by providing remote advice and funding energy audits and strategies for South Africa businesses by 31 March Transformative Carbon Asset Facility 60.0 81.0 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy A new multidonor initiative set up by the World Bank that will use a results-based payment mechanism to incentivise emission reductions in developing countries.
Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP) 42.4 57.2 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Supporting private sector investment in small to medium scale renewable energy projects, primarily in Africa. Sustainable Rural Development Phase II 30.0 40.5 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Agricultural Supporting farmers implement Brazil’s Plano ABC programme (low carbon agriculture technologies and practices) by addressing the barriers farmers face accessing low carbon agriculture credit. It aims to achieve this by supporting low carbon agriculture technologies and practices such as, but not limited to, establishing integrated systems (crop-livestock- forestry) and reforestation (the full suite of technologies are set out in, as well as conservation of natural forests at risk of deforestation by small and medium-scale farmers. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information NAMA Facility 25.0 33.7 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Multi-donor facility set up by UK and Germany, to support countries to implement ambitious mitigation projects, chosen through a competitive annual call for projects. Solar Nigeria Programme 19.7 26.6 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy To improve the welfare outcomes of the currently underserved communities in Lagos state and Northern Nigeria by making a significant financial contribution towards the solar power electrification of public institutions, such as schools and hospitals. The intervention is expected to, by year 2020, ensure improved welfare outcomes for more than 2.8 million people using domestic solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, with 190,000 school pupils and 4.7 million clinic patients benefiting from public institutions with PV systems, create more than 3000 jobs and ensure greater effectiveness of DFID’s other health and educational sector intervention in Nigeria. Capacity Building for Transparency 11.0 14.8 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Assisting developing countries to create and/or strengthen the domestic institutions and technical tools required to implement the transparency provisions of the Paris Agreement in relation both to estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals and tracking progress towards targets. Forestry, Land-use and Governance in Indonesia 7.1 9.6 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation General To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation in Indonesia as part of the UK’s efforts to avoid catastrophic climate change that would hit the very poorest first and set back global

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Stability and Growth Programme (IMF) 6.4 8.6 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Other social To improve macro-economic stability and growth in Pakistan by providing the Government with financial aid and technical assistance in support of the International Monetary Fund Extended Financing Facility. Energy subsidy reforms under the EFF should contribute to increased investment in green energy and less waste and carbon emissions. This will benefit the people of Pakistan by establishing the conditions for faster and more equitable growth. This contributes towards our MDGs by enabling the Government of Pakistan to finance essential public expenditure and protect the poor from the adverse impact of TEA – Transforming Energy Access 6.2 8.4 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy The project is up to £65 million over five years, to support early stage testing and scale up of innovative technologies and business models that will accelerate access to affordable, clean energy services for poor households and enterprises, especially in Africa. The programme will i) partnership with Shell Foundation, enabling support to another 30+ early stage private sector innovations. ii) Innovate UK’s Energy Catalyst to stimulate technology innovation by UK enterprises; iii) build other strategic clean energy innovation partnerships (e.g. testing a new ‘P2P Solar’ crowdfunding platform; and scoping a potential new partnership with Gates Foundation on Mission Innovation); iv) skills and expertise development. To support early stage testing and scale up of innovative technologies and business models that will accelerate access to affordable, clean energy services for poor households and enterprises, especially in Africa. Development of Geothermal Energy in Montserrat 6.1 8.2 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy To support the development of geothermal energy in Montserrat, by undertaking the exploratory drilling and testing of 3 Strategic Technical Assistance – Asian Development Bank Clean Energy Fund 5.0 6.7 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Supporting developing countries to build capacity for making large scale energy efficiency and renewables investments. Building the enabling conditions for scaled up investment in RE and EE through technical assistance projects. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information UK Climate Investments (UKCI) 4.3 5.8 Provided ODA Equity Mitigation Energy Joint venture with the UK Green Investment Bank to make equity investments in private sector renewable and energy efficiency projects in developing countries. Providing Clean Energy to the Rural Poor 3.9 5.2 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation General Climate change mitigation and access to clean energy to improve the livelihoods of rural poor in off- grid areas in Climate Public Private Partnership Programme 2.6 3.6 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation General CP3 aims to demonstrate that climate friendly investments in developing countries, including in renewable energy, water, energy efficiency and forestry are not only ethically right but also commercially viable. It aims to attract new forms of finance such as pension funds and sovereign wealth funds into these areas by creating two commercial private equity funds of funds which will invest in subfunds and projects in developing countries, creating track records of investment performance which should in turn encourage further investments and accelerate the growth of Global Climate Partnership Fund (GCPF) Technical 2.0 2.7 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy An investment vehicle that invests through local banks in developing countries to make finance available to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy projects. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Support for Protection and Assistance of 1.6 2.1 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation General To improve the efficiency in delivery of basic services to refugees (including developing or rehabilitating climate-smart camp infrastructure) and to strengthen their resilience and that of the communities hosting them. This will be achieved through targeted assistance and greater use of cash-based assistance.
This programme will assist adolescent girls and women of reproductive age and malnourished children under 5 years of age through nutritional interventions as well as ensuring that the survivors of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) receive appropriate medical care in a timely manner. The project will also assist 8,000 refugees with livelihoods opportunities, including climate smart opportunities such as processing solid waste for onselling or producing energy-efficient stoves, and will support the voluntarily return of refugees to their countries of origin. Accelerating Investment and Infrastructure in 1.3 1.8 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy To accelerate private investment and economic growth in Nepal by providing technical expertise to help Nepalese institutions develop major infrastructure (including renewable energy); improve the business climate for domestic and foreign investors; improve the implementation of economic policy and test new approaches for local economic development. This will result in at least £600 million of private investment into growth-boosting sectors and a reduction by at least 10% in time or cost for at least five regulatory processes perceived as burdensome by the On Grid Small Scale Renewable Energy in Uganda 1.0 1.3 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy To improve the environment for private investment in Uganda’s renewable energy sector by supporting the construction of at least 15 on-grid small scale power plants. This will increase Uganda’s energy production by circa 20%, mobilise up to £240 million in private finance and stabilise Uganda’s power sector finances by saving approximately $260m to 2.7bn during the period 2013–35, and lead to greenhouse gas emission savings

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information NDC Partnership 0.5 0.7 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy The NDC Partnership is a new international partnership aiming to help turn countries’ climate targets under the Paris Agreement, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), into specific strategies and measures. Green Mini-Grids Kenya 0.5 0.6 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Support for project preparation and leveraging of private investment in Green Mini-Grids (GMGs) in Kenya. Humanitarian Innovation and Evidence greater use of evidence and innovation in humanitarian responses 0.5 0.6 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Other This is business case 2/3 which implements the DFID Humanitarian Innovation and Evidence Strategy. This programme will develop and test innovative approaches to humanitarian practice; provide evidence of the cost effectiveness of investments in disaster risk reduction; provide new evidence on the scaling up of cash-based approaches; support better evidence on insurance as a risk management tool; and create new evidence on the best intervention to improve health and nutrition in emergencies.This is one of three business cases which implements the DFID Humanitarian Innovation and Evidence Strategy. Between 2000–2009, more than 2.2 billion people were affected by 4,484 natural disasters. Vulnerability to hazards is increasing as a result of demographic, political and environmental changes. Demand for humanitarian assistance is likely to rise while economic constraints are also increasing. In this context it is important to ensure that the most effective and 2050 Calculator 0.3 0.4 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Supporting 10 developing countries to develop their own 2050 Calculator energy models to support their low-carbon development plans, and creation of a global calculator. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Decentralised Renewable Energy Access Markets 0.3 0.4 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy DREAM will help three of the poorest States in India provide energy to around 1.8m people. It will use UK expertise to mobilise public and private investment in sustainable and affordable energy supplies delivered by private energy businesses – creating 2,000 jobs and supporting at least 200 women develop energy businesses. Rural Electrification in Sierra Leone 0.3 0.4 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Heating, To increase access to clean energy through the creation of environmentally and economically sustainable electric mini-grid systems for small remote rural communities in Sierra Leone by 2020. This is expected to directly benefit around 360,000 people in rural Sierra Leone, and indirectly help up to 1.8 million people access low carbon electricity. This will add more than 10 Mega Watts (MW) to the country’s power generation capacity of an estimated average peak demand requirement of 300–500 MW. There will be a welfare increase in rural communities in terms of saved fuel costs, improved health and education outcomes, improved communications and access to information and health and safety. The project will also result in a significant reduction in Sierra Leone’s future Green House Gas emissions through supported private investment in the installation and operation of Climatescope – Clean Energy Investment Index 0.2 0.2 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation General To increase private investment in renewable energy projects in poorer countries by providing investors with concrete policy and financial information. Renewable energy is a cheaper solution than fossil fuels in many developing countries and by increasing the amount of renewable energy in developing countries this will encourage growth and allow businesses to prosper Capital Markets Climate Initiative (CMCI) and 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Financial The Lab is an international partnership of senior public and private sector stakeholders designing instruments to mobilise private climate investment in developing countries. Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Affordable Housing in Poor States 0.1 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Other The project in partnership with National Housing Bank will enable first-time home ownership for the poor bankable families in Low Income States of India and stimulate the growth of the affordable housing market, by providing loans to build 17,000 housing units and 10,000 home loans for first-time home owners. This will result in 27,000 construction jobs for the poorest people in low income states in India by 2020. Appropriate choice of location will enhance resilience to climate shocks (flood, cyclone etc.) and disasters. Effective site planning and building envelope design, use of efficient building materials and construction practices, maximising the reuse and recycling of materials, and use of renewable resources can all help in reducing GHG emissions and environmental degradation.
Supporting Structural Reform in the Indian Power 0.0 0.1 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Energy In line with the UK government’s aid policy and new development partnership with India, the ‘Supporting Structural Reform in the Indian Power Sector’ programme will improve the efficiency, reliability and sustainability of electricity supply in India through technical expertise, not through traditional grant support. It will provide world class expertise to support the market reforms and scale up of renewable energy supply that the Indian power sector needs to support growth and create jobs. It will work at the Central level and in upto three States which may include DFID focus states such as Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and

Recipient country/region/project/programme Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Green Economic Growth for Papua 0.0 0.0 Provided ODA Grant Mitigation Forestry The programme aims to promote green growth in Papua. It will contribute to the government of Papua’s vision and spatial plan that intends to preserve 90 per cent forest cover in the province. In doing so the programme will support the provinces transition away from a high carbon business as usual growth trajectory onto a low carbon development pathway. The programme is designed to address the key barriers to private sector development in Papua that will enable firms to pursue low carbon business opportunities. It will work directly with firms, the financial sector, and the public sector to improve the commercial and environmental sustainability of small and medium sized enterprises. In addition, the programme will generate knowledge on how green growth can be implemented Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.0 Provided ODA Returned money Cross cutting Forestry A number of projects have returned ODA, until this money is respent is counts as negative ODA which we have recorded against the appropriate themes. Negative ODA flow -0.0 -0.0 Provided ODA Returned money Mitigation Government Negative ODA flow -14.1 -19.1 Provided ODA Returned money Cross cutting General Total contributions through bilateral, regional Monetary figures are rounded to the nearest (£/$)100,000. Provision of technology development and transfer support Targeted area Measures and activities related to Global Mitigation The Clean Technology Fund is supporting several examples of low carbon technology. These include supporting the first utility scale CSP plant to be built in a developing country now providing power to 80,000 people in South Africa. Helping to kickstart the market in onshore wind in Mexico, which is now commercially viable, and growing without climate finance Southern/East Africa Mitigation Scaling up of the Energy and Environment Partnership with Southern Greater access to clean energy services achieved through fast tracking of renewable energy project demonstration and deployment, including through technology learning, donor coordination and private sector investment. Targeted area Measures and activities related to Africa Mitigation Renewable Energy and Adapting to Climat Renewable Energy and Adaptation Climate Technologies (Africa Climate Change Challenge Fund). To stimulate private sector investment in developing low cost, clean energy and climate change technologies and services, such as solar power, biomass energy, irrigation and crop insurance products for small holder farmers. Every business supported by REACT must demonstrate a positive impact on the rural poor through increased incomes, employment and productivity or by reducing costs. By 2015 REACT will have provided an additional 200,000 people with access to cheaper, cleaner

Targeted area Measures and activities related to Africa Adaptation African Agriculture Technology (AATF) The expected impact of support to the proposed intervention is increased productivity of small-holder farmers in This impact will be achieved through a. Increased access/availability of appropriate agricultural technologies for small-holder farmers in targeted countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. b. A financially sustainable organisation/ mechanism that is responsive to the needs of small-holder farmers in ensuring that market failures in the development and adoption of appropriate agricultural technologies Implemented Public Implemented Many of the ICF programmes actively support some form of technology development or transfer (to a greater or lesser extent either directly or indirectly). Some specific examples are included above. Provision of Capacity-building support Recipient country/region Mitigation, Adaptation, Technology development and transfer, Multiple Programme or project title Description of programme or project Global Multiple areas Climate Development Knowledge The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) was established in 2010 as a UK flagship initiative aimed at providing developing country policy- and decision-makers with access to high-quality research and policy-relevant advice on climate change and development. CDKN delivers its work through a portfolio of country technical assistance, research, and knowledge Through these combined actions CDKN aims to better equip developing countries with capacity, resources and tools to address their national priorities on poverty and growth in the context of a changing climate. Kenya Adaptation Strengthening Emergency To enhance Kenya Red Cross’ capacity to prepare and respond to disaster’s, through providing a timely and effective response to small and medium disasters; ensuring overall response effectiveness is improved; maintaining the dignity of people affected by disasters in Kenya by providing direct support to over 3,400 men, women and children per year. Tanzania Adaptation Assisting Public Institutions and to Effects of Climate Change in Tanzania ( AIM for Resilience) To enable the poorest and most vulnerable in Tanzanian society to become more resilient to climate change and to benefit from low carbon growth through the strengthening of the United Republic of Tanzania Public sector institutions to implement the national climate change strategy and adaptation plans. The programme will also support relevant sector Ministries to implement their sector resilience plans; support to building the capacity of the Tanzania Meteorological Agency to provide meteorological data management and providing efficient services to its customers; and seek to develop sustainable private sector markets. Asia Mitigation Strategic Technical Assistance - Supporting developing countries to build capacity for making large scale energy efficiency and renewables investments.
Asia Multiple areas Climate Proofing Growth and Integrate climate change into development planning, budgeting and delivery in national and sub-national governments in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, by strengthening planning, budgeting and delivery mechanisms, building awareness and capacity of stakeholders, providing technical and some implementation support, helping leverage domestic finance and actively sharing knowledge by 201.8 Ethiopia Multiple areas Strategic Climate Institutions To build organisational and institutional capacity within Ethiopian Government, civil society and the private sector to 1) increase resilience of vulnerable people to current climate variability, 2) adapt to future climate change and 3) benefit from the opportunities for low carbon growth. This helps Ethiopia to meet its MDGs in a sustainable way, developing a Climate Resilient Green Economy Global Mitigation Capacity Building for Transparency Assisting developing countries to create and/or strengthen the domestic institutions and technical tools required to implement the transparency provisions of the Paris Agreement in relation both to estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals and tracking progress towards targets. Nepal Adaptation Nepal Climate Change Support To build capacity of the Government of Nepal to develop, cost, budget and implement adaptation measures at the local level aimed at mainstreaming climate change in key development sectors (agriculture, forestry, water and energy), including through public Pacific Islands Adaptation Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative To provide technical assistance and capital to provide insurance for the Pacific Islands so in future they can protect themselves against natural disasters such as cyclones and Tsunamis thereby reducing their reliance on humanitarian aid. The nations of Tonga, Marshall islands, Cook Islands, Vanuatu, and Samoa (625,000 people in total) will benefit from the insurance at the start of the programme. Global Mitigation Global Climate Partnership Fund An investment vehicle that invests through local banks in developing countries to make finance available to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy projects. Global Mitigation NDC Partnership The NDC Partnership is a new international partnership aiming to help turn countries’ climate targets under the Paris Agreement, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), into specific strategies and measures. Many of the ICF programmes actively support some form of capacity building (to a greater or lesser extent either directly or indirectly). Some specific examples are included above. UK Report on national activities with respect to the Prepared for submission to the United Nations Framework Convention Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)

Science and Innovation for Climate and Energy Directorate Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy With thanks for contributions from representatives from the following organisations that contributed to key British Oceanographic Data Centre Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, NERC Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Marine Science Co-ordination Committee National Centre for Atmospheric Science National Centre for Earth Observation Natural Environment Research Council National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool National Oceanography Centre, Southampton Natural Resources Wales (formally Countryside Northern Ireland Environment Agency Science and Technology Facilities Council Scottish Association for Marine Science Scottish Environment Protection Agency Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford

2.5.9 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 23 2.6.3 Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory 26 2.7 Acquisition and synthesis of palaeoclimate data 26 3.1 Contributions to the GCOS Surface Networks 28 3.2 Contributions to the GCOS Upper-Air Networks 30 3.3 Contributions to the Global Atmospheric Watch 32 4.1 Measurements of surface oceanic ECVs 36 4.2 Measurement of water column ECVs 37 4.3 Satellite-based products over the ocean 41 6.1 Contribution to satellite ECVs 43

432 7th National Communication This report provides an assessment of UK contributions towards the realisation of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Implementation Plan. It is intended for the UNFCCC Secretariat as an input to their overall GCOS assessment. The report uses the reporting structure set out by the UNFCCC Secretariat in its Draft decision 11/CP .13 ‘Reporting on global observing systems for climate’ The report includes systematic observing systems operated by or on behalf of UK public sector organisations that are relevant to the GCOS Implementation Plan. Similar to the sixth National Communication, observations made by international organisations to which the UK contributes, such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), are presented under the auspices of the host countries — in these two particular examples, France and Germany respectively. Similarly, the reanalysis work of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is included in this report because the ECMWF is based in the UK. The structure of the report follows that requested by the UNFCCC Secretariat. In outline, this is • Atmospheric Essential Climate Variables • Oceanic Essential Climate Variables • Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables 1 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, Twenty-seventh session, Bali, 3–11 December 2007 ,

Systematic observations in the UK and its overseas territories are made by a number of national agencies and organisations. Climate research and procurement of climate-related observations are sponsored by various public sector organisations in support of a range of responsibilities and policy requirements. In addition, research is increasingly being funded from a wider stakeholder base in both public and private sectors, particularly in the area of climate impacts Although the UK does not have set national plans for climate research and observations as such, it regularly reviews such activities through coordination functions. This coordination is facilitated through the Research and Innovation for our Dynamic Environment (RIDE) forum (see section 2.1.3 for more information).
The UK Environmental Observations Framework (UKEOF) is a second way in which climate observation is coordinated (see section 2.3.1 for more Two central government departments share the majority of the responsibility for climate research The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is responsible for domestic adaptation to climate change and provides funds for environmental observations, including The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) has responsibility for reporting to the UNFCCC, leads on climate change policy and provides funds for climate research and observations to advise the UK’s policy and its impacts and response strategies. BEIS is also the main or single source of funding for many of the other public sector organisations that undertake climate research and observations. These • The Research Councils. These Councils are responsible for maintaining the science base by providing funding for university research. Whilst funded by central government, they operate at arms length. The Research Council with the greatest direct interest in climate observations is the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). NERC is responsible for basic research on climate prediction and processes and for some monitoring activities. NERC research centres include the British Antarctic Survey (BAS); the British Geological Survey (BGS); the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH); the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS); the National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO); and the National Oceanography Centre (NOC). • The climate change programme at the Met Office, the UK’s national meteorological agency. This research happens primarily through the Met Office Hadley Centre. The Met Office is the lead agency for making and collecting meteorological and Other national capability Delivery Partners Plymouth Marine Laboratory; the Scottish Association for Marine Science; and the Sea Mammal Research Unit

434 7th National Communication This section provides information on three of the main processes for coordinating UK environmental research and observations activities. Research and Innovation for our Dynamic Environment (RIDE) Forum The RIDE Forum has evolved from the Living With Environmental Change (LWEC) partnership. It is a forum of 19 public sector member organisations holding a stake in environmental change research, innovation, training and capabilities. It supports coordination across different organisations working on climate research and observations including funders, providers of research and users of research. The RIDE Forum’s unique contribution lies in its breadth. It brings together the complementary resources of the many different disciplines and publically-funded sector stakeholders needed to increase our understanding of the natural, social, economic and technological systems interacting with environmental change, and the translation of that knowledge into policy and practice. It focuses on the UK perspective and challenges, whilst necessarily placing that in the The RIDE Forum enhances the impact of the UK’s publicly-funded environmental change research, evidence and innovation by enabling members to coordinate strategic activities. By adding value, leveraging resources and avoiding duplication, members can be more efficient in their use of public funds to give decision-makers the knowledge they need to respond to the challenges and opportunities presented by environmental change. Marine Science Co-ordination Committee (MSCC) The MSCC is a partnership of government departments, devolved administrations of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, environment agencies and research bodies involved in funding and providing marine science in the UK. The MSCC has two main to drive forward the implementation of the UK Marine Science Strategy; and to identify opportunities for improved UK marine science collaboration and co-ordination. The MSCC published the first UK Marine Science Strategy It is a 15-year strategy and was developed with significant input from the UK marine science community. It sets the general direction of travel for future marine science across the UK for the The delivery of long-term monitoring programmes was a key issue identified by stakeholders during the preparation of the Strategy. The aim is to make the process for selecting long-term observation systems for funding more transparent and providing secure, longer-term and cross- cutting funding for priority datasets. The MSCC published the Strategic implementation plan 2015 to 2025 approach by stakeholders across the delivery areas forms the basis of the implementation of the Strategy. It outlines the key topics for policy decision-making and implementation of the strategy 2 3

National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) The NCEO is a NERC research centre, based around five core scientific units and expert staff located at leading universities and research organisations, two scientific facilities concerned with near real-time scientific services and field instrumentation, and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) hosted at the Science and Technology and Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (STFC-RAL). The University of Leicester hosts the NCEO Director, central hub and one core science unit. Other core units are based at the Universities of Reading, Edinburgh, London (King’s and University College London), Imperial College London and STFC- NCEO provides research capability in Earth Observation (EO) data sets, associated merging (assimilation) techniques and model evaluation to underpin Earth System research. It aims to improve climate observations of current and the recent past as well as predictions of the future by exploiting EO data alongside models to examine the interactions between the atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. NERC research through NCEO is building on the success of UK climate-orientated satellite instruments, the ATSRs and GERBs, to derive climate data sets for temperature, radiative fluxes, aerosols and clouds. NCEO also provides key climate measures such as greenhouses gases, ocean biological parameters, fire radiative power, vegetation and 2.1.4 International involvement The UK participates in a number of international observations programmes and in particular activities at European level. Such activities include the • The UK contributes to a number of ESA programmes and is currently the joint- lead funder in the Earth Observation Envelope Programme (EOEP) and the lead funder of the Climate Change Initiative (CCI+). In the past the UK has contributed to the European Remote Sensing and Envisat satellite programmes, and continuity from these is provided by the joint European Commission-ESA Copernicus Programme Sentinel Missions.
The UK is a leading contributor to the ESA Earth Explorer Programme, which is developing a regular drumbeat of missions providing new forms of observation of value to climate studies such o This mission is dedicated to measuring the thickness of polar sea ice and monitoring changes in the ice sheets that blanket Greenland and Antarctica. The UK has provided scientific leadership of Cryosat, which has generated high quality science of major public interest (with 25% of publications citing a UK author) and is providing observations which complement those undertaken by the substantial UK investment in polar research vessels. o This mission will advance our understanding of the role that the interaction between clouds and aerosols play in climate regulation. The UK is developing and supplying the multi-spectral imager (MSI) instrument, the BroadBand Radiometer (BBR) instrument, the battery and the Instrument Control o It is the first space mission to acquire profiles of the wind on a global scale. These near-real-time observations will improve the accuracy of numerical weather and climate prediction and advance our understanding of tropical dynamics and processes relevant to climate variability. The UK led the assembly of the Aeolus satellite. After launch, wind profile retrieval will be carried out by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) from

436 7th National Communication o It will provide global maps of the amount of carbon stored in the world’s forests and how this changes over time, mainly through absorbing carbon dioxide, which is released from burning fossil fuels. Biomass will provide essential support to UN treaties on the reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The UK is priming Biomass and will lead the assembly of the satellite. The UK is the largest contributor to the ESA Climate Change Initiative programme (CCI+) and leads Essential Climate Variables (ECV) production activities in sea surface temperature, Antarctic Ice Sheets, land surface temperature and ocean colour, with substantial contributions to aerosols, clouds, ozone, greenhouse gases and cryosphere ECV data. UK has also contributed to Fire, Glaciers, Greenland Ice Sheets, Sea Level and some evaluation of land cover through the Met Office. Through NERC funding the UK has funded the lake Surface temperature component to the ECV work. The UK also led the ESA CCI Climate Modelling User Group (CMUG) CCI+ is run from the UK in the ESA Climate Office in Harwell. The Met Office also leads the user group for the programme. • The UK contributes to EUMETSAT’s polar orbiting METOP and METOP Second Generation (METOP-SG) series of satellites and the geostationary Meteosat series (MSG, MTG). The Met Office is a member of EUMETSAT’s Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CMSAF). The CMSAF generates and archives datasets for specific climate application areas, derived primarily from EUMETSAT satellite data and also from US meteorological missions. • EUMETNET Composite Observing System (EUCOS): The Met Office contributes to the EUCOS network, which aims to establish and operate a European observing network under the auspices of the European Meteorological Network (EUMETNET) to deliver increased efficiency, leading to better-quality numerical and general forecasts, initially on a European scale. EUCOS includes a terrestrial segment (surface and upper-air observing) and a surface marine programme, both of which contribute to • Copernicus, previously known as GMES, is a joint initiative of the European Commission (EC) and ESA to which the UK contributes. The fleet of Sentinel satellites is the world’s leading Earth observation constellation. Recent UK involvement o manufacture of the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite, launched in October 2017 , bridging the data gap between Envisat and Sentinel-5 providing measurements of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere; o Instrument contributions CCD detectors; radar electronics; cryo-coolers; instrument calibration expertise and facilities; o Platform equipment batteries; propulsion systems and communications o UK scientists are leading the specification of the anticipated Sentinel-8 high spatial resolution land surface temperature instrument; o The UK has a scientist on the CO • In addition to the Sentinel satellite activity, Copernicus also involves in-situ measurements and the provision of services. The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) manages the Copernicus Climate Change and Atmosphere Services from the UK. The Climate Change Service combines observations of the climate system with the latest science to develop authoritative,

quality-assured information about the past, current and future states of the climate in Europe and worldwide. The Met Office contributes to the European Reanalysis and Observations for Monitoring (EURO4M) project, an activity combining observations from satellites, ground-based stations and results from comprehensive model-based regional reanalyses. Products take the form of high-resolution datasets enabling observed high-impact weather and extreme events to be put into historical context. • The UK is a partner in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, which is based in the UK (see section 2.5.9 for more information on this Centre). The principal objectives of the Centre o development of numerical methods for medium-range weather forecasting; o regular preparation of medium-range weather forecasts for distribution to the meteorological services of the Member States; o scientific and technical research directed at the improvement of these forecasts; o collection and storage of appropriate meteorological data. In addition, the ECMWF undertakes important reanalysis work, which is highly relevant to • The UK is a member of the international Group on Earth Observations (GEO) programme as a national delegation and also through participation in a number of the • The UK is involved in the international AGAGE programme through its activities at Mace Head. The Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and its predecessors (the Atmospheric Life Experiment, ALE, and the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment, GAGE) have been measuring the composition of the global atmosphere continuously since 1978. AGAGE is distinguished by its capability to measure over the globe at high frequency almost all of the important species in the Montreal Protocol (e.g. CFCs and HCFCs) to protect the ozone layer and almost all of 2 gases in the Kyoto Protocol (e.g. CF4, SF6, HFCs, methane, and nitrous oxide) to mitigate climate change.
• The International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) is a ‘network of networks’, a global network of research sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help understand environmental change across the globe. ILTER is represented at the European scale by the LTER-Europe community who have been developing the case for a European long-term ecosystem research infrastructure (the eLTER RI). The ambition for the eLTER RI, is that coordinated and co-located measurements of biological, hydrological, geochemical and climate measurements are undertaken across Europe, and that data and models are made available through linked systems in order to contribute to global scale assessments of the effects of climate change impacts on ecosystems and ecosystem services. The UK’s formal contribution to both ILTER and LTER-Europe is the Environmental Change Network (ECN), managed by the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH). The ECN has been gathering information about the pressures on, and responses to, environmental change in physical, chemical and biological systems across a wide range of UK habitats over the past 25 years. CEH are currently partners in a proposal to the EU for eLTER RI to be formally recognised as an ‘emerging infrastructure’ on the EU’s European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) programme. ILTER is also a key partner in GEO, which, through its Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO

438 7th National Communication BON), is developing a set of Essential Biodiversity Variables to complement the ECVs that have already been developed for GCOS. • FLUXNET coordinates regional and global analysis of observations from micrometeorological tower sites. The flux tower sites use eddy covariance methods to measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide (CO 2), water vapour, and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. The UK has 14 contributory sites. • The Surface Ocean Carbon Atlas (SOCAT) project is collating surface fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide, which is the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) corrected for non-ideal behaviour of the gas) from researchers across the globe. UK researchers at the University of East Anglia and the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) are heavily involved in this project, both in quality control and submission of their data holdings. In the future the project will produce two products, a quality controlled global surface 2 data set following agreed procedures and regional review and gridded monthly surface water fCO2 means. • OceanSITES is a worldwide system of long-term, deepwater reference stations measuring dozens of variables and monitoring the full depth of the ocean, from air-sea interactions down to 5,000 metres. The growing network now consists of about 30 surface and 30 subsurface arrays. Satellite telemetry enables near real-time access to OceanSITES data by scientists and the public. The network complements satellite imagery and other in-situ observation data (like Argo floats) by extending the dimensions of time and depth. The UK contributes four sites (PAP Observatory, RAPID-MOC, moorings in the Drake Passage and in the Antarctic). The NOC in Southampton is coordinating the EU Framework 7 programme EuroSITES, which is the European contribution to the OceanSITES network. • The Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) brings together the expertise of approximately 50 plankton specialists, scientists, technicians and administrators from 12 laboratories around the world, towing a common and consistent sampling tool, the CPR, from about 50 vessels. The Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) undertakes Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Surveys across the Atlantic. Partnerships with other organisations have extended these surveys into the Pacific and also in the Southern Ocean (via Australia CPR and also through BAS who operate a CPR on the James Clark Ross on behalf of SAHFOS). • The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO- SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean / climate observing system. GO-SHIP Reference Sections are repeat hydrographic sections that are in general coast-to-coast or coast- to-ice. The UK has contributed through surveys using the ships RRS Discovery, RRS James Cook and BAS’s RRS James Clark Ross. • RAPID-26N is collaboration between the UK (funded by NERC) and the USA (funded by NSF and NOAA) that has been measuring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) since 2004. These observations have supported a number of research programs that aim to improve assessment of the risk of rapid climate change due to MOC change, and to investigate the potential for predictions of the MOC and its impacts on climate. Significant co-funding has also been obtained from related EU Framework Programme. In collaboration with US, Canadian and

European partners the UK is also participating in the international OSNAP program to monitor the AMOC in the sub-polar North Atlantic. • The international Argo project to establish a global network of profiling floats was initiated in 2000. The UK’s contribution to Argo is undertaken by a partnership between the Met Office, the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) Southampton, the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) and Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML). The Met Office are responsible for programme management and coordination, organizing float deployments, preparation of floats for deployment, telecommunications (costs) and international contributions. NOC and BODC have responsibility for Argo science and data management respectively. PML play a leading role in the recent expansion of the UK programme into biogeochemical floats (BGC- Argo). The UK presently has around 173 active floats contributing to the Argo float array which consists of 3,839 floats in total (JCOMMOps website, 14 Nov 2017). The UK is a full and founder member of the Euro-Argo ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) which was established in 2014 develop the European infrastructure to the level where the European partners have the capacity to procure and deploy ~250 floats per year, such a European contribution would support approximately 1/4 of the global array and provide an additional 50 floats per year for enhanced coverage in the European and marginal seas.
In addition, the Euro-Argo ERIC is preparing for the evolution of Argo to address new scientific and operational challenges and in particular to engage in the new phases of Argo (biogeochemistry, deep ocean, Arctic). Euro-Argo has recently procured 150 floats under the MOCCA (Monitoring the Oceans and Climate Change with Argo) project, and has deployed 72 of these (correct at 28 Sep 2017). • The International Surface Temperature Initiative 5 (ISTI) was formally launched in 2010. The ISTI aims to build an internationally agreed databank on surface temperature with the required metadata and traceability. The UK has a number of representatives on the Steering Committee, from the Met Office and elsewhere. The Met Office operates surface, upper air and marine observing networks that contribute to GCOS. These are mostly funded through the Public Weather Service (PWS), whose remit is to provide a coherent range of weather information and weather-related warnings to the UK public, on the basis that the GCOS commitments align well with PWS objectives. The PWS also provides UK climate and weather statistics. The Met Office has continued the responsibility for providing the role of a full-time GCOS Network Manager, through funding from a contract with GCOS and its own internal public- weather service resources. The role of an international network manager, considers all aspects of the in-situ global observing systems in meeting the Climate requirements. It links the funding from the GCOS sponsors to priority areas in developing countries, both in terms of the uniqueness of measurement (i.e. location, content) and the financial challenges for the host organisation in operating the equipment. GCOS does not own any of the observing equipment but through the GCM (GCOS Cooperation Mechanism), it aims to support National services and institutes in the design, installation and operational management of their systems. 5

440 7th National Communication A significant portion of the UK’s open ocean observations capability lies within the NERC marine centres and are funded through research budgets. The Marine Science Co-ordination Committee (MSCC) has identified the delivery of sustained long-term monitoring programmes as a key issue during the preparation of the UK Marine Science Strategy. The MSCC is working with the UK Environmental Observation Framework (UKEOF) to address this issue which includes support for various long-term monitoring activities, a number of which are relevant to The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) of NERC has supported the GCOS Implementation Plan in a number of inputs to and review of the GCOS requirements and implementation plans, working on definitions of new Essential Climate Variables (ECV) and support for long-term data sets. Technical quality and traceability of the climate data is clearly a pre-requisite for usability and NCEO is working in the UK and in European fora to underpin work on appropriate algorithms, their expressions of uncertainty in the data and in testing of the Establishment of land surface temperature as a new ECV and expansion of the lake ECV to include surface temperature and ocean colour has been supported by NCEO through leading international teams for these important metrics. International reporting of climate data has been a priority for key climate parameters, for example, new works on trends in water vapour and tropospheric ozone. NCEO, NERC and the European Space Agency have enabled projects undertaking the first steps towards climate data records for land surface temperature, using the UK Along-Track Scanning Radiometers, and above-ground biomass. NCEO has supported state-of-the-art, long-term satellite data sets for carbon dioxide and methane, and worked extensively on inverse modelling to regional land fluxes. The UK Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget experiment data is being provided in Obs4MIPS format for the international community. 2.3.1 Efforts to ensure ECV-observing activities adhere to the GCOS climate monitoring UKEOF Coordinating Climate Observations UKEOF is a partnership of public sector organisations with an interest in using and providing evidence from environmental observations. It • To achieve effective partnership working in environmental observations; and • To maximise the benefits of observations to the UK including for science, policy and The UKEOF Coordinating Climate Observations Group ran from 2012-2014. The aim of the group was to oversee coordination of UK climate observing activities, advise on UK user priorities, and encourage implementation of common observing standards and methods. The group produced a report and a guidance note in 2013. Activities were then taken on by the UKEOF Management Group and Secretariat. The UKEOF holds a catalogue of UK monitoring 6, which was updated in 2016 so records can now be searched in terms of Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). 6

The Met Office undertakes comprehensive quality control of its GCOS stations by running a number of checks on the data held in its climate database. These include range, internal consistency and spatial checks on the observations. Faults identified are flagged for further investigation to resolve the problem promptly. The Met Office operates a set of Change Advisory Boards (CABs) to consider and give approval to changes to its observing networks prior to implementation. Requested changes are thoroughly checked and assessed from both a technical and GCOS monitoring principles perspective. This is defined as part of the change control process within ITIL, a UK Government The Met Office employs dedicated teams to inspect land and marine observing sites to ensure consistency of exposure according to WMO No. 8 guidelines and assess exposure using the CIMO siting classification for land observing sites. Details of local conditions, instruments and exposure (Metadata) are recorded using in-house developed software and archived. In 2016, the Met Office undertook an exercise to introduce a new model of radiosonde across the observing network. As part of the project an extensive programme of intercomparison flights were conducted at stations across the network (including the BAS radiosonde station at Halley). The purpose of these intercomparison flights was to ensure the relative performance of the old and new radiosondes is well understood and documented for future reference.
The national standard for the Acquisition and Management of Meteorological Precipitation Data from a Raingauge Network - BS 7843 (2012) was reported on previously and is still being used to minimise measurement uncertainty such as implementing change, collection of metadata, quality control and the operation of long-term monitoring sites. 2.3.2 Difficulties encountered in protecting the integrity of long-term climate data records and steps being taken or required to address those difficulties The Met Office has earmarked a small set of observing stations to ensure the consistent maintenance of the 350-year Central England Temperature record (see section 2.5.1). These sites receive additional attention to prioritise mitigation of any potential issues at those sites that may compromise climate monitoring. Automation of ordinary climate The Met Office continues to automate important manual climate stations at risk of closure to ensure the continuation of the climate record across the United Kingdom. The Automatic Weather Station network has exceeded 99% data completeness and 97 .5% quality targets for 2017 . Current challenges relate to new communication solutions and the introduction of SurfaceNet to replace the MMS system. Voluntary climate observing The Met Office supports a supplementary network of approximately 160 manual stations to support national climate monitoring activities for the UK. Recent development includes the installation of new thermometry to remove mercury-in-glass thermometry from the UK observing

442 7th National Communication The Met Office work closely with a number of other partner agencies in the maintenance of supplementary rain gauge networks for hydrological applications. This results in a UK network of daily and monthly rain gauges currently in excess of 2,500. An important network for capturing detailed spatial information of rainfall, particularly extreme events. Corrections to the global record of sea-surface temperature and The Met Office Hadley Centre continues to develop corrections to the global record of sea surface temperature since 1850 to account for biases resulting from historical and ongoing changes in the composition of the data base, particularly relating to measurement platforms, 7. Uncertainties in these corrections are also quantified and made available together with uncertainties relating to under-sampling. A prototype revision of the global surface marine humidity record has been produced in HadISDH, requiring careful quality control and correction of ship data to remove the impact of changes in measurement height through Improving CLIMAT data The Met Office has occasional contacts with National Meteorological Services (NMSs) supplying CLIMAT observations with a view to improving data exchange. They also provide reports on data quality and reporting issues from the global CLIMAT network to GCOS. 2.4 International data exchange and data analysis 2.4.1 National policy or guidance that has been promulgated relevant to the international The EU Directive known as INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial information in the European Union) was transposed into UK law in December 2009 and has created an EU spatial data infrastructure. This will enable the sharing of environmental spatial information among public sector organisations and better facilitate public access to spatial information across Europe. Data specifications for the EU INSPIRE directive are currently under review. The UK contribution involves many organisations that take part in the thematic working groups (it should however be noted that although this includes UK expertise, some of the funding for these activities is via the European Framework Programme). The Centre for Environmental Data Archival UK Met Office have representatives on the Thematic Working Group on Atmospheric conditions and Meteorological Geographical Features. Both organisations also contribute to the MetOcean Domain Working Group of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) which aims to align the metadata/data models used in those communities with those being developed by INSPIRE. The European Commission INSPIRE website 9 has news of developments on INSPIRE and an archive of EC INSPIRE documents. 7 Kennedy J.J., Rayner, N.A., Smith, R.O., Saunby, M. and Parker, D.E. (2011a). Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea-surface temperature observations since 1850 part 1: measurement and sampling errors. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D14103, Kennedy J.J., Rayner, N.A., Smith, R.O., Saunby, M. and Parker, D.E. (2011b). Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea-surface temperature observations since 1850 part 2: biases and homogenisation. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D14104, 9

2.4.2 Policy-level barriers to international exchange of climate data and their provision to international data centres (IDCs) The UK has a policy of seeking some cost recovery from public investments, and some detailed observational data concerning the UK are only freely available under conditions that restrict use to supporting openly-published research. However, the Met Office continues to provide a significant portion of both real time and historical data from its network of observing stations and weather forecasts under an open licence agreement. NERC’s Data Policy details its commitment to support the long-term management of environmental data by requiring that NERC-funded scientists must make their data openly available within two years of collection and deposit it in a NERC Data Centre for long term preservation. In this way all NERC-funded data are managed and made available for the long- term for anybody to use without any restrictions. The section describes UK efforts to ensure that international data centres are established and strengthened for all the Essential Climate Variables. 2.5.1 Met Office Hadley Centre The Met Office Hadley Centre receives, quality controls, and archives large amounts of observed climate data. These are used for monitoring the climate, in studies of the causes of climate change, and in climate modelling. The below sets out the datasets available from the Indicators of historical and present changes in climate include Central England Temperature (HadCET) and UK Precipitation (HadUKP). The HadCET mean temperature series is available at monthly resolution back to 1659, and at daily resolution back to 1772, and to date is the longest available instrumental record of temperature in the world. It is representative of a roughly triangular area of the UK enclosed by Bristol, Lancashire and London. The HadUKP (England and Wales) series is available at monthly resolution from 1766. Shorter series are available for other areas and resolutions.
By using fewer, longer station records these series are designed to be more homogeneous over time. More detailed resources for monitoring the climate in the UK are available from the MOHC National Climate Information Centre (NCIC). It routinely creates monthly series of 5 km gridded data and associated areal series using all available data. Recent work to digitise historical paper records will soon extend series back to 1884 for temperature and 1862 for precipitation. Recently all UK climate observations and NCIC products have been made openly available for any purpose, both research and commercial. An annual assessment of the State of the UK Climate has been published for the past three years, which puts the year just past into its historical context. The Met Office Hadley Centre routinely publishes, on the Met Office website, assessments of the global surface temperature on land and over the sea, global precipitation and Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent. In addition, annual international assessments are significantly contributed to including the State of the Climate report published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society and the WMO Statement on Climate. 444 7th National Communication Key global gridded datasets include monthly blended land surface air temperature and sea surface temperature (HadCRUT prepared in collaboration with the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia); sea surface temperature with sea ice (HadISST); stand-alone sea surface temperature (HadSST); night marine air temperature (HadNMAT – developed in collaboration with the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton); and sea level pressure (HadSLP); sub-daily station measurements of various meteorological variables (HadISD); global, gridded indices of extreme indices (HadEX, developed in collaboration with the University of New South Wales; and, with NOAA (USA), worldwide gridded land daily temperatures (HadGHCND). Recently, a prototype global (land and ocean) surface humidity data set has been developed (HadISDH). Many of these data sets and analyses are provided with quantified uncertainties. These and other data holdings are fully described on the Met Office Hadley 10. Some of these data have also been made available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA). The Met Office Hadley Centre is also contributing to the development of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) global surface data base service with provision of expertise on quality Contribution to satellite Climate Data Record development The Met Office Hadley Centre contributes to the ESA Climate Change Initiative SST leading the user requirements gathering process and interactions with climate users, product specification, user tool specification and climate assessment of the resultant data sets use in model simulations; comparison with other SST data sets and analyses; and the amalgamation and reporting of feedback from trial users. As part of the EUMETSAT Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility, the Met Office Hadley Centre develops a Climate Data Record of Upper Tropospheric Humidity. Co-ordination of international research on surface temperature The Met Office Hadley Centre coordinates the EU Horizon2020 project EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) This aims to produce a daily, globally-complete analysis of surface air temperature bringing together measurement made in situ with estimates from satellite International Surface Temperature Initiative The Met Office Hadley Centre contributes to the development of traceable land air temperature data sets by the International Surface Temperature Initiative through leadership of the homogenisation benchmarking working group, amongst other things. WMO OPACE2 Expert Team on National Climate Monitoring Products The Met Office Hadley Centre co-chairs the WMO OPACE2 Expert Team on National Climate Monitoring Products which has developed a common set of climate monitoring products (and code and guidance to calculate these) that all nations around the world could produce in order to facilitate their participation in global climate monitoring activities. The below sections highlight where the Met Office is involved in reanalysis of data. EU-funded ERA-CLIM2 project developing next generation reanalysis at ECMWF 10

The Met Office Hadley Centre has developed data sets and analyses for boundary forcing of and assimilation into ERA-CLIM2 reanalyses. These an ensemble of driving global SST and sea ice analyses (HadISST2); an integrated data base of surface and sub-surface ocean temperature and salinity; an extension of the sub-daily station data set (HadlSD); advice on and facilitation of the use of early satellite data as well as inputs from ACRE, described below. Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) The Met Office Hadley Centre leads the international Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) initiative, which is an end-to-end project that facilitates both the historical global weather observational data needs of surface-observations-only climate quality reanalyses, and the seamless feeding of 3D weather products produced by these reanalyses into climate applications and impacts models. ACRE achieves this outcome • linking international meteorological organisations and data rescue infrastructure to facilitate the recovery, extension, quality control and consolidation of global historical terrestrial and marine instrumental surface data covering the last 250 years; • making these observations available to new pioneering surface-observations-only • ensuring that reanalysis products can be tailored/downscaled to seamlessly flow into various climate applications and production models. European 20th Century Reanalysis ERA-20C The Met Office plans to contribute in-situ surface data to the European 20th Century Reanalysis The Met Office is also a major participant in the EU Framework 7 project Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional Re-Analyses (UERRA). We have produced a Europe-area reanalysis at 12 km resolution from 1979 to present, together with estimates of uncertainty derived from an Met Office Hadley Centre model data are distributed through the MOHC Data Pipeline with the end point hosted by the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis which is part of the Science and Technology Facility Council (STFC). This activity provides climate simulations from the Met Office Hadley Centre to the UK and international academic community and beyond. 2.5.2 Global Collecting Centre for Marine Climatological Data (GCC) Under the Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM), intergovernmental body of experts, which provides the international co-ordination, regulation and management of marine meteorological services, the Met Office runs one of two Global Collecting Centres.
The GCC 11 is run as part of the WMO Marine Meteorology The aim of the Global Collecting Centre is to ensure that marine data are received from contributing members around the world and processed to an agreed standard. The data are then distributed on a quarterly basis to eight members, each with their own area of 11

446 7th National Communication 2.5.3 Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) is the internationally recognised global sea level data bank for long-term sea level change information from tide gauges and bottom pressure recorders. The below sets out the background of the PSMSL. Established in 1933, the PSMSL is responsible for the collection, publication, analysis and interpretation of sea level data from the global network of tide gauges and also provides a wider service to the sea level community. The PSMSL is embedded within the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) at Liverpool, and is funded by NERC/NOC. The PSMSL also reports to the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). PSMSL also has a key role in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission’s (IOC’s) Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) and contributes to the IAG Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS). Towards the end of 2015, the PSMSL was accepted as a regular member of the International Council for Science – World The primary aim of the PSMSL the provision of the global data bank for long-term sea level information from tide gauges. There are 65000 station-years from over 2200 stations in PSMSL (2016). The data set and ancillary information are provided free of charge and are made available to the international scientific community through the PSMSL website together with the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), is responsible for the archive of delayed-mode higher-frequency sea level data (e.g. hourly or higher frequency values) from the Other activities carried out by PSMSL staff have continued to be active participants in the IOC Group of Experts on the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) and GGOS meetings, co-convened sea level sessions at the EGU and contributed to IOC coordination group tsunami warning system meetings. PSMSL data sets have contributed to and acknowledged in all five Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Dr Svetlana Jevrejeva was a lead author for The PSMSL attempts to stimulate the development of tide gauge networks with other countries at national, regional and global level. The most important component of this work is its planning, and part-management of, the GLOSS programme. It provides, through GLOSS and via other routes, advice and training to national sea level authorities and individual sea level scientists and technologists. It organises major international meetings on the themes of sea level changes and tides. It also supplies software packages for tidal data analysis and quality control and helps with the provision of training information and manuals. It maintains full participation with altimeter and space gravity working groups in view of the importance of those techniques to sea level 2.5.4 British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) NERC’s British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) is a national facility for storing and distributing data concerning the marine environment. It is based at two sites, the NOC Liverpool and the NOC Southampton. Data holdings include biological, chemical, physical and geophysical oceanographic data, including measurements of nearly 22,000 different variables. Data can be retrieved directly from the BODC website13. Data currently available • All data (including CTD profiles, current meter and wave data) held in the National • Historical UK tide gauge data — scanned charts and ledgers • International sea level data (Global Sea Level Observing System) • Numerical model data — access to BODC’s numerical model data holdings • Historical bottom pressure recorder data • NERC Vocabulary Server (NVS) web service - providing access to controlled • Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) - developing interoperable standards to publish sensors and their data on the web • Published Data Library (PDL) - assigning Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) in collaboration with the British Library • Managing real time data from platforms such as Argo floats, gliders and seal tags for operational use in the Global Telemetry System and Global Data Assembly Centres 2.5.5 Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) The Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) 14 is one of NERC’s Environmental Data Centres, operating jointly for the National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences and the National Centre for Earth Observation. CEDA provides data and information services for environmental science, for the atmospheric science and Earth observation research communities. The role of the CEDA is to assist UK researchers to locate, access, analyse and interpret data. The data held at the CEDA are of two • Datasets produced by NERC-funded these datasets are of high priority since the CEDA may be the only long-term archive of the data; • Third party datasets that are required by a large section of the UK atmospheric research community and are most efficiently made available through one location (e.g. UK Met Office, ECMWF, ESA and WCRP datasets). 13

448 7th National Communication Some datasets of particular relevance to the • Couple Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5): CEDA holds a 1Pb copy of the core of the CMIP5 archive, including the projections which underpin the IPCC 5th • ESA Climate Change CEDA hosts data from 14 ESA CCI cloud, aerosol, ocean colour, glaciers, sea level, fire, soil moisture, ozone, greenhouse gases, sea ice, Greenland ice sheet, land cover, Antarctic ice sheet, and sea surface 2.5.6 The IPCC Data Distribution Centre (DDC) The UK component of IPCC Distribution Centre is run by CEDA (see above) on behalf of the IPCC, funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
The DDC is overseen by the IPCC Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate 15 and jointly managed by the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) in the United Kingdom, the ICSU World Data Centre Climate (WDCC)16 in Germany, and the Centre for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)17 at Columbia University, New York, USA. The data are provided by co-operating modelling and analysis centres. The UK component of the DDC hosts the main web pages18, guidance documents on the use and interpretation of climate data and a variety of data resources. The main web pages link through to additional resources provided by the US and German partners. The data resources include climatologies of observational data and simulations. The Polar Data Centre (PDC) coordinates the management of data collected in the polar regions by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and other UK funded scientists. The PDC is based within the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). It is the UK’s National Antarctic Data Centre in the SCAR Standing Committee on Antarctic Data Management (SCADM). BAS, based in Cambridge maintain extensive climate related databases which support many international initiatives including the WCRP SPARC (World Climate Research Programme - Stratosphere- troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) activity. 2.5.8 Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC) The Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC) is the NERC data centre for the terrestrial and freshwater sciences. It is an umbrella body for a number of the data activities within the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), including the National River Flow Archive (NRFA). National River Flow Archive (NRFA): The NRFA is mandated by UK government (Defra) and the devolved administrations of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales to maintain a comprehensive data retrieval service and provide information on water resources nationally. 15 16 17

The NRFA is the UK’s focal point for hydrometric data, providing stewardship of, and access to, over 61,000 years’ of daily river flow data from 1465 gauging stations. The NRFA also holds two further types of data – annual maxima (AMAX) and peaks over threshold (POT) for approximately 1,000 stations which forms the basis for flood risk estimation and underpin flood research in the UK. Across the UK, 1174 gauging stations are currently operational and providing data to the national archive (November 2017). It is maintained though routine collation, quality control, and archiving of river flow data from partner organisations. Within the UK the majority of river flow monitoring is conducted by four hydrometric measuring authorities, namely, the Environment Agency (EA) in England, Natural Resources Wales, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), and, in Northern Ireland, the Rivers Agency. The NRFA is delivered through close collaboration with these measuring authorities and the organisations work together to keep developments under review in the fields of network design, instrumentation and As well as river flow data, the NRFA provides comprehensive user guidance information on issues such as data quality and factors affecting runoff, as well as catchment rainfall estimates and access to a variety of spatial data sets derived by CEH and the British Geological Survey (BGS) (e.g. rivers, landform, land cover, geology and hydrogeology). NRFA data are supplied for free to all users except for large or complex requests where a handling charge may be applied Efforts are made to improve data quality through rigorous quality assurance and control programmes conducted by both the NRFA and measuring authorities. Data provided to the NRFA are validated, on an annual basis, through a range of techniques, including plausibility checks and expert judgment. Data provision is covered by a Service Level Agreement which aims to monitor and drive improvements in the timeliness of data provision, completeness and data quality, and a marked increase in these areas has been witnessed since its implementation. In addition, efforts are made to improve long-term data quality through a programme of liaison between the NRFA and measuring authorities to examine the quality of data capture (in particular, examining the credibility of hydrological extremes), the homogeneity of long-term records, and accuracy of user-guidance metadata. For AMAX and POT data, and the accompanying metadata, a programme of period of record validation exists at the NRFA, whereby a proportion of the dataset is reviewed each year, which identifies any inconsistencies in the historical record with a systematic review process. The NRFA liaises with the measuring authorities to evaluate and optimise the hydrometric monitoring network. Since 2008, all the major operators of UK hydrometric monitoring programmes have conducted detailed reviews of their current gauging station networks, including assessments of the strategic utility of networks. The quality of UK hydrometric data is advanced by the active Hydrometry Technical Committee operated by the national standards body, the British Standards Institution. Standards are maintained covering a variety of monitoring techniques and data management practices. The UK also currently chairs the Hydrometry Technical Committee of the European Committee for Standardisation and is an active contributor to the corresponding ISO Committee. The NRFA plays a key role in hydrological research and technological and infrastructure development in the its data have been used extensively by scientists, planners, engineers and students for countless water-related studies and projects. As part of its work to detect long-term climate variability in river flow records, the NRFA established and promotes the UK Benchmark Network. This sub-set of UK gauging stations monitor near-natural catchments,

450 7th National Communication making them suitable for climate applications, and provides a core capability for hydrological trend detection and appraisal. The Benchmark Network has been exploited in a wide range of national studies of river flow trends and has been utilised in the UK Climate Change Indicator programme. The original Benchmark Network (UKBN) was designated in 2003, and has since been systematically reviewed resulting in its second iteration, UKBN2. Each of the 146 Benchmark catchments has been assigned a score base on their benchmark suitability at low, medium and high flows, recognising all stations cannot be benchmark across the full flow regime.
Since 2008, the NRFA has been involved in initiatives with international collaborators, to bring together hydrological reference networks from across North America and Europe in large- scale studies of changing runoff patterns. The NRFA services many of the UK’s international commitments and obligations on hydrometric data by submitting river flow data and summary information to such organisations • the WMO Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC); • the FRIEND European Water Archive (FRIEND – Flow Regimes from International Experimental and Network Data – is a component of the International Hydrological • the European Environment Agency (EEA); • Eurostat (the Statistical Office of the European Communities); • the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); and • the OSPAR and PARCOM conventions. The National River Flow Archive (NRFA) presently supplies the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) with data for 225 gauging stations across the UK. Data are supplied after validation. The vast majority of these data have a complete historical record. All the data the NRFA supply is subject to GRDC T&Cs and is thus freely available to GCOS and other UN programmes. Through the GRDC, river flow records for 7 UK gauging stations are currently included in the Global Terrestrial Network for River Discharge (GTN-R). The NRFA continues to work closely with the GRDC to further improve the availability of UK river flow data to GCOS. 2.5.9 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is based in the UK. Although its core mission is weather forecasting, it performs a great deal of work relevant to climate change monitoring and prediction, which is described in this section. It should be noted that ECMWF is a European Organisation supported by 34 states, but is reported under the UK submission because the centre is based in Reading, UK. General climate ECMWF’s core mission is to develop its global weather forecasting system, run it operationally and distribute the results to its Member States. It is not to carry out climate simulations. However, through its core activity, ECMWF is contributing significantly to climate change studies. The first major contribution is with reanalyses. Initially a by-product of the assimilation system developed for global weather forecasting, it was aimed

• Studying the evolution of the observing system and evaluating the impact on the • Testing forecasting techniques over a long period and developing calibrations. However the quality and ease of use of the global, gridded data sets generate by reanalysis has attracted a growing interest from the climate community, as evidenced by the growing use of reanalysis data in the annual BAMS Special Supplements on the State of the Climate, and the many references to the latest ECMWF reanalysis, ERA-Interim, in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) published in 2013. Recent work on homogenization of the observations and improved bias corrections for satellite instruments has increased the credibility of climate trends deduced from reanalyses. Additional effort in the sonde homogeneity area is needed to be able to extend reliable trend analysis from reanalyses to years prior to 1979. Further improvements in reanalyses are expected in the coming years, thanks to the continuous improvement of the assimilation techniques, in particular those associated with atmospheric chemistry, oceans and continental surfaces. ECMWF is currently developing a new global atmospheric reanalysis, ERA5, which will replace ERA-Interim when production is complete in 2018. ERA5 uses a recent (2016) version of the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System and will provide data at a global A second important contribution from ECMWF is in the modelling area, related to the concept of seamless systems unifying weather and climate predictions. These systems benefit from important synergies between numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate prediction. The first synergy is that many of the key feedbacks which lead to uncertainty in climate predictions are associated with processes such as clouds, convection or boundary-layer turbulence, whose intrinsic timescales lie within the domain of NWP . Another one is that, due to obvious time constraints (the need to deliver a forecast before the event), NWP has developed code optimisation and supercomputing tools that can also benefit climate this, in particular, is key to increasing the resolution of climate predictions. This contribution has been fully recognised by the international scientific community; as a result ECMWF was requested by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) to host the “World Modelling Summit for Climate Prediction” in 2008, which aimed at identifying and developing such synergies. This is not a one-way road and NWP is also benefiting from developments in climate prediction, in particular in addressing model errors. With this in mind, several of ECMWF’s Member States have developed the EC-EARTH initiative, which has resulted in a coupled Earth system model based on ECMWF’s Integrated Forecast System (IFS). The EC-EARTH model was used to compute climate simulations for the CMIP5 project in preparation for the IPCC AR5. Thirdly, ECMWF’s core activities contribute to the adaptation of our societies to climate change. The ECMWF strategy puts the early warning of severe weather at the heart of its principal goals. As severe weather events are likely to increase in frequency or magnitude with climate change, early warnings will become even more crucial for mitigating the consequences of these events. Recent examples when such warnings were available 7 to 10 days in advance (e.g. superstorm Sandy in October 2012 and the severe windstorm in Europe of October 2013) have shown that early warnings are crucial for enabling civil protection authorities to make appropriate and timely Finally, ECMWF has been entrusted by the European Commission with the implementation of two environmental information services within the EU Copernicus Earth Observation the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and the Copernicus Atmospheric Composition Service (CAMS). The implementation of both services relies on contributions from many European institutions, including national meteorological services, satellite agencies and

452 7th National Communication private companies.
The services also make use of ECMWF’s modelling and data assimilation systems for generation of global datasets in support of environmental monitoring and prediction. ECMWF also has responsibility of routine monitoring of daily TEMP and CLIMAT TEMP reports for the GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN) as part of the GUAN Analysis Centre after the Met Office Hadley Centre ceased monitoring of CLIMAT TEMP messages in May 2007 (the Met Office Hadley Centre still provides data to users and creates global and regional statistics for the The below sections highlight where the ECMWF is involved in reanalysis of data. Over the past decade, reanalyses of multi-decadal series of past observations have become an important and widely utilized resource for the study of atmospheric and oceanic processes and predictability. The first reanalysis at ECMWF was carried out in early 1980s for the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) year 1979, when ECMWF operations began. Two major ECMWF reanalyses have exploited the substantial advances made since then in the forecasting system and technical infrastructure. The first project, ERA-15 (1979-1993), was completed in 1995 and the second extended reanalysis project, ERA-40 (1957-2002), in 2002. Products of ERA-15 and ERA-40 have been used extensively by the Member States and the wider user community. They are also increasingly important to many core activities at ECMWF, particularly for validating long-term model simulations, for helping develop a seasonal forecasting capability and for establishing the climate of EPS (Ensemble Prediction System) forecasts needed for construction of forecaster-aids such as the Extreme Forecast Index. ERA-Interim is ECMWF’s most recent atmospheric reanalysis, covering the data-rich period from 1979 to present, with monthly product updates to support climate monitoring. The ERA- Interim system is based on a 2006 release of the IFS (Cy31r2). ERA-Interim data are available on the internet, for research as well as commercial applications. ECMWF is preparing to replace ERA-Interim with a new atmospheric reanalysis at a global resolution of 40km, based a current In recent years ECMWF has been able to expand its climate reanalysis activities with substantial support from the European Commission through its 7th Framework Programme. The ERA-CLIM project (2011-2013), has led to the development of a set of new reanalysis products spanning the 20th century (from 1900-2010), which are based on surface pressure and marine wind observations. The Met Office was a key partner in ERA-CLIM, with contributions in data rescue and provision of new, state-of-the-art global SST and sea-ice estimates for the 20th century. ECMWF reanalysis products for the 20th century have been available to users since mid-2014. The follow-up ERA-CLIM2 project (2014-2017) extends these activities to the production of climate reanalyses based on a coupled atmosphere-ocean model. A substantial work package, led by the Met Office, is dedicated to research and development in coupled data assimilation. The sections below describe activities for capacity-building in least developed countries, small island developing States and countries with economies in transition related to the collection, exchange and use of observations. A number of projects aimed at improving the operation of the GCOS Surface Network (GSN) have been initiated using funds provided through in-kind contributions from Germany (DWD), Japan (JMA), the Netherlands (KNMI) and the UK Met Office. Using priorities set by the GCOS/ WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate, the GCOS secretariat, working with the

WWW and RCD Departments, has designed and is implementing projects to benefit 27 GSN stations, primarily in equatorial areas of Africa, South America and on oceanic islands. Specific improvements included replacement of instrumentation, installation of new automated equipment and training both in the operation and maintenance of the system. Through the UK contribution to the WMO Voluntary Cooperation Programme (VCP), we also support the GCOS Surface Network (GSN) at some UK Overseas Territories. For example, we support the station at Pitcairn Island through the ‘Pacific Fund’ operated in partnership with A number of projects aimed at improving the operation of the GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN) have been initiated using funds provided through in-kind contributions from Germany (DWD), Japan (JMA), Switzerland (MeteoSwiss) and the UK Met Office. Using priorities set by the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate, the GCOS secretariat, working with the WWW and RCD Departments, has designed and is implementing projects to benefit 6 GUAN stations, primarily in equatorial areas of Africa, South America and on oceanic islands. Specific improvements included new upper-air stations to bridge gaps in network coverage, replacement of hydrogen generators when old units had become inoperable, and radiosondes for stations whose operation had ceased because they could no longer afford them. Apart from these activities involving the GCOS’ donor initiatives, the UK supports some overseas sites directly through the VCP . Over a long period, we have supported GUAN stations at St Helena, Gough Island (in partnership with South African Weather Services), Seychelles and in the South Pacific (in partnership with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and New Zealand’s MetService) at Funafuti in Tuvalu and Tarawa in Kiribati. The UK continues to support workshops to assist in the regional planning and sustainability of the network, and upgrades to technology where appropriate. Additional support is also provided to other GUAN stations where funds allow. 2.6.3 Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory The National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), in conjunction with the Max- Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany (MPIB Jena), and the Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany (IfT), has a major WMO GAW station on Sao Vicente, Cape Verde since 2006. The observatory is currently supported financially by the UK and Germany and operated by the local National Meteorological and Hydrological Service, the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica (INMG). The observatory contributes to a number of GAW networks and has been a key means to build people capacity associated with the atmospheric composition research in the West African region. 2.7 Acquisition and synthesis of palaeoclimate data The sections below provide an overview of UK activities in setting current climatic changes within a historical context using palaeoclimate data.
Palaeoclimate data relating to a range of climate variables are being acquired and synthesised by a number of groups in the UK. The UK has several world-leading laboratories for palaeoclimate research, with specialties including novel proxies for past climate conditions, model-data integration, and creation of high-resolution records. In addition, much of this

454 7th National Communication research into climate of the past is only possibly due to the UK’s leading role in ocean and continental drilling programmes19&20 • National Oceanography Centre & University of Current research topics within the Palaeoceanography and Palaeoclimate and Geochemistry Research Groups o Climate sensitivity in the past o Past ocean circulation, temperature, climate and continental ice volume (sea level). o The history of biogeochemical cycling and global biodiversity. o High frequency climate change on seasonal through centennial time scales. o Past changes in regional and global carbon cycling, including ocean acidity and 2 levels. Long-term impacts of climate dynamics on past human o Research into the influence of past climates on the behaviour of ice sheets and glaciers, using landforms and landscapes. • British Antarctic Survey (NERC), o Research to understand the behaviour of the ice-atmosphere-ocean system in Antarctica in the past, and to use this knowledge to predict future behaviour. Work is also carried out in Greenland and Svalbard. o Multi-proxy research on ocean-ice-climate interaction in the North East Atlantic to investigate ocean circulation, climate and ice sheet behaviour during the last o Department of Earth Sciences – current research ■ Understanding astronomical forcing of climate change records as recorded in ■ Multi-proxy studies of abrupt climate change in the oceans, and its impacts ■ Sedimentological and geochemical tracers of past deep-sea circulation vigour and its role for changing atmospheric ■ Use of foraminiferal metal chemistry and the stable isotopic composition of biogenic sediments in palaeochemical studies of ocean temperature and ■ The stability of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, particularly during 20

o ‘Cambridge Quaternary’ (comprised of staff and students from Archaeology, Earth Sciences, Geography, Plant Sciences and Zoology departments): research centres on glacial cycles over the past 2.6 million years, causing significant fluctuations in sea level, major geographical changes and major plant and animal population migrations. Sedimentary sequences record these changes in great detail and are central to unravelling past events. o Current research projects cover a wide variety of timescales, ranging from the causes and consequences of rapid climate change since the last ice age; to the reasons for the long-term global cooling since the age of the dinosaurs. Archives such as deep-sea cores contain evidence of sudden and gradual change in factors like seawater temperatures, ice cover, ocean currents, and CO2 levels that tell us how the climate system works. Recent focus on historic climate change. • Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, o Quantitative climate reconstructions, climate change detection and historical o Quaternary palaeoenvironments; modelling of ancient ice sheets. o Quaternary science and polar environments. • Liverpool John Moores o Quaternary palaeoenvironments. • University of London, Royal Holloway and Bedford New o Quaternary research, palaeohydrology. • Environmental Change Research Centre at the University of London, University o Reconstruction of climate and nutrient histories for lakes in a number of areas, including the Arctic (Svalbard, Kola Peninsula), the Antarctic (South Orkney Islands, Vestfold Hills) and Southern Africa. o Research on global change covers environments from forests and tropical coral reefs, to the polar ice caps and deep ocean, investigating change in climate and marine chemistry on timescales ranging from millions of years to months, and seeking to understand controls on environmental change in Earth’s past, present o Quantifying uncertainty in isotope dendroclimatology to understand and characterise the natural variability between individual trees to maximise the potential of the tree-ring isotopic signal for palaeoclimate research. 456 7th National Communication o Palaeoclimate research group uses geochemical, biological, and geological proxies to reconstruct climate change throughout geological time. All temporal scales are represented, from ultra-high resolution records of tropical cyclone activity over the last two thousand years to records of the timing and extent of global glaciations more than one billion years in the past. The group’s vision is to clarify how the climate system responded to external and internal forcings in the past, and then use this information to predict how climate may respond in the • University of palaeoclimate research integrates sedimentologists, palaeontologists, geochemists and climate modellers to produce an integrated view of ancient palaeoenvironmental change. Current projects o Palaeoclimate Records from Ocean Drilling o Origins and Global Impacts of Antarctic Glaciation o Palaeoclimate Proxy data assimilation into Climate Models o Novel climate proxies from coccolith calcite o Atmospheric Forcing of Sulphate in Speleothems o Early Cenozoic climates of Extreme Warmth • University of Exeter (Camborne School of Mines) o The Deep Time Global Change group seeks to understand the geological history and governing processes behind some of the major environmental changes that have affected the Earth through deep time. Using samples from cores and outcrops, work spans from lithosphere to atmosphere, and an age range from the Precambrian to the Quaternary. • University of Research at the Cabot Institute o Determining the drivers of environmental and climate change in the distant past o Heavy focus on climate modelling o Understanding past changes in ice sheet extent in response to past climate o Proxies for palaeoclimate reconstruction • University of Oxford; Department of Earth Sciences in oceanography, climate and Palaeoenvironment research group o Assessment of how the climate system operates in the past using cave deposits o Investigations into sealevel variation and ice volume change o Using the geological records from the Mesozoic to understand how the climate system operates when warmer than today. o Ocean anoxia in the Mesozoic. • University of Plymouth (Centre for Research in the Earth Sciences) o Understanding response of the climate system to large perturbations of the Earth o Ocean anoxia in the Mesozoic, mass extinctions and climate change.
• University of Nottingham (School of Geosciences Research Theme) o Reconstructing the past environment on a variety of scales. o Human impacts and their intersection with climate change o Calibration of novel proxies. • Northumbria University (Geography and Environmental Sciences, cold and Palaeo- o Understand the interplay between the ancient biosphere, atmosphere and cryrosphere to improve the understanding of the Earth System • Imperial College London (Earth Sciences and Engineering, within MAGIC research o Long-term ocean circulation patterns & climate change o Monsoon dynamics in Central Asia during the Holocene o Stability and dynamics of the Antarctic Ice Sheet o Global atmospheric dust cycle - Geochemistry and Modelling • The Open University (Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences) o Sea-level change, stratigraphy and sedimentology o Palaeoceanography and oceanography o Palaeobiology and ecosystem dynamics • University of Leeds (School of Earth and Environment; Institute for climate and o Use computer simulation and proxy data to understand the evolution of the climate Steps being taken to improve the availability of As detailed in section 2.3.1, the UKEOF set up a coordinating Climate Observations Group which ran from 2012-2014. The aim of the group was to oversee coordination of UK climate observing activities, advise on UK user priorities, and encourage implementation of common observing standards and methods. The group produced a report and a guidance note in 2013. Activities were then taken on by the UKEOF Management Group and Secretariat. The UKEOF holds a catalogue of UK monitoring and observation activities which was updated in 2016 so records can now be searched in terms of Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Essential

458 7th National Communication 3. Atmospheric Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) The below sections describe the UK’s national contributions of atmospheric ECV observations to the international community, with a focus on the requirements outlined in the GCOS 3.1 Contributions to the GCOS Surface Networks The UK’s contribution to the GSN comes from the national network (for the UK itself) of 29 stations within the UK’s Regional Basic Climate Network (RBCN) and the 34 stations within the UK’s Reference Climate Network. The 6 UK GSN stations run by the Met Office are Lerwick (3005), Stornoway (3026), Eskdalemuir (3167), Valley (3302), Waddington (3377), Camborne (3808). Additionally there are 2 overseas St Helena (61901), supported by the UK through VCP . Lerwick, Stornoway, Eskdalemuir, Camborne are funded via the PWS. In 2009 VCP took over funding of St Helena. All are considered secure. All 8 of these UK Met Office run GSN stations operate to the specific GCOS standards and therefore supply their data to the IDCs – but only back as far as they have been digitized. There are three additional GCOS Surface Network stations in UK Overseas Territories for which the UK is not directly responsible. These are Gough Island (68906), Bermuda (78016) and Pitcairn (91964). Gough Island is run jointly by SAWS and the UK (through VCP); Bermuda is run by serco for the Bermudan Government; and Pitcairn is serviced by MetService New Zealand (supported through funding from VCP). The UK contributes to the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) with two stations, at Lerwick and Camborne. These stations are supported by the PWS and both stations provide data to the World Radiation Monitoring Center (WRMC), although post July 2007 data is awaiting processing for submission. There are 89 UK stations measuring downwelling global radiation, in addition to the two BSRN stations. The 89 stations are partly compliant with the The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) runs 4 Overseas GCOS Surface Network Halley (89022), Rothera (89062), Fossil Bluff (89065) and Grytviken, South Georgia (88903). All four stations operate to GCOS standards and historic data have been supplied to the IDCs, for their operational periods where the data have been digitized. The Met Office contributes to the EUMETNET Surface Marine programme (ESURFMAR, managed by Meteo-France), which deploys around 120 drifting buoys per year in the North Atlantic, Nordic Seas and Mediterranean. At end of October 2017 , 67 drifters were operating in the frame of E-SURFMAR. This includes 60 E-SURFMAR funded Iridium SVP-Bs (including nine in the Arctic and one HRSST-2 drifters with more accurate SST sensors), the remaining buoys were one ICEB buoy in the Arctic and six Iridium drifters owned by NOAA upgraded with In addition to deploying drifting buoys for E-SURFMAR, the Met Office also procures and deploys drifters in the South Atlantic/Southern Ocean in support of the global drifter array. Typically this is around ten drifters each year, with 15 drifters active at end October 2017 . The Met Office currently manages around 241 Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) making manual observations, of which around 224 meet climate (VOSClim) standards. Over the last six years the Met Office has developed an Autonomous Marine Observing System (AMOS),

which has now been installed on 60 ships, initially only operating around the British Isles, but now also further afield on vessels sailing in the Far East and South Atlantic. All VOS data are exchanged on the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and available to the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS)21. This includes the contribution from Air temperature 6 + 2 (Met Office) 4 (BAS) 12 12 12 radiation balance data Surface radiation 86 partly Some Some 17 (Met Office) 26 (SAMS) N/A 17 17 Moored buoys Air temperature, air VOS and 42 ship AWS) 185 312 312 Information about other sustained measurements of the surface-based atmospheric ECVs, Met Office Climate and Rainfall The entire UK land surface observing network currently comprises 239 ordinary climate stations (many of which have very long records) and 151 synoptic stations. There are an additional 2700 rainfall-only stations. These stations are all compliant with GCOS standards, but are more subject to site changes or closures than those in the GSN, RBCN and the UK’s Reference Climate Network.
Historic time series from a small number of the UK surface climate and rainfall stations are available in IDCs, but there has been no comprehensive activity to add all that are

Met Office coastal moored buoy The Met Office presently operates 11 moored buoys mainly to the west of the UK and in Biscay, which contribute to the wider WWW / GOS surface network. These networks deliver data on many ECVs and there are time-series in excess of 20 years. The data are being used in marine climate studies (e.g. the Defra Charting Progress reports on the state of UK seas) and are submitted to the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). NCAS Facility for Ground based Atmospheric Long-term The Chilbolton Facility for Atmospheric and Radio Research (CFARR) in southern England is funded by NERC and operated by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Co-located surface meteorological measurements including solar irradiance (relevant to the surface radiation 3.2 Contributions to the GCOS Upper-Air Networks The Met Office Radiosonde Network is part of the Full WWW/GOS Upper Air Network and GCOS Upper-air Network (GUAN) and provides measurements of air temperature, water vapour and wind speed and direction. The data is widely used for climate measurement and model verification. The two sites in the UK are Lerwick (03005) and Camborne (03808). There are 2 GUAN stations St Helena (61901) and Mt. Pleasant (88889), and two GUAN stations in UK overseas Gough Island (jointly supported by SAWS and the Met Office through VCP) (68906) and Bermuda (78016). The Shipborne radiosonde network is part of the Full WWW/GOS Upper Air Network and also monitors upper air wind speed and direction, air temperature and water vapour. The Met Office is a contributing member of the EUMETNET E-ASAP programme, which manages the ship- bourne radiosonde network on behalf of members. The Global Positioning System (GPS) Water Vapour Programme provides vertical integrated water vapour data as part of the Ground-based GPS receiver network. Data from roughly 250 stations are processed by the UK (though this varies). Most sites are run by external bodies, so data and most site choice is third party. Most sites are chosen to be of a roughly equal spatial distribution, and some are chosen to be specifically near to radiosonde stations. The Met Office also processes GPS water vapour data on behalf of a number of other National Meteorological Services and provides the data processing services on behalf of EUMETNET under the E-GVAP The Met Office operates 6 wind profilers (one is in conjunction with NERC) providing observations of the vertical and horizontal velocity upper air wind speed and direction (doppler winds) and is part of the EUMETNET wind profiler network (E-PROFILE). The Met Office manages 1500+ AMDAR (Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay) reporting aircraft within the E-AMDAR Programme that generates 60,000+ high quality upper air observations of temperature, wind speed and wind direction from commercial aircraft on a daily basis. A small number (9) aircraft in Europe also report humidity observations from water vapour sensor installed as part of an E-AMDAR Extended Humidity Trial project. E-AMDAR is a major contributor to the World Weather Watch (WWW) of WMO, forming a regional component of the

The British Antarctic Survey acquires measures of air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and direction and water vapour at Rothera and Halley stations. The upper air programme at the Halley (89022) station is fully GCOS compliant and forms part of GUAN network. For the Antarctic winters of 2017 and 2018 Halley has been closed between the start of March and the start of November due to safety concerns caused by a large crack that has formed in the ice shelf that it is built on. During these time is it not possible to carry out radiosonde ascents. Rothera upper air programme is GCOS compliant in all respects except that it has flights on only 5 out of 7 days a week, it is not a GUAN station but still submits its data via GTS. Information about other sustained measurements of the upper air ECVs, supplementary to those The Chilbolton Facility for Atmospheric and Radio Research (CFARR) in southern England is operated by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The main activity of the station is the remote sensing of clouds and aerosols using cloud radars and lidar. Co-located surface meteorological measurements including solar irradiance (relevant to the surface radiation budget) are also taken. Continuous monitoring of cloud profiles has allowed evaluation of biases/errors in model cloud parameterisations. Monitoring began in 1998 and is important for understanding the mechanisms by which aerosol in the atmosphere leads to the formation of different cloud types, which is important for predicting climate change. Chilbolton has played a leading role in international collaborations on remote sensing of clouds such as CLOUDNET, and now ACTRIS. The Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere Radar Facility at Aberystwyth is operated by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The primary role of the facility is to measure upper air wind speed and direction profiles with high vertical and time resolution. Continuous measurements started in 1997 . Supporting measurements of cloud base and surface meteorological parameters are also made, and the station hosts a UV-visible zenith sky spectrometer which contributes stratospheric ozone and NO The Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory on the north Norfolk coast has since 2012 been measuring greenhouse gas concentrations (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, and CO) on a continuous basis. Ozone, oxygen, hydrogen and basic meteorological parameters are also measured. 3.3 Contributions to the Global Atmospheric Watch Cape Verde Atmospheric The Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory22 was established in 2006 and is part of a bilateral German-UK initiative to undertake long-term ground and ocean-based observations. The Observatory measures greenhouse gases, stratospheric ozone depleting gases, short lived air pollutants, biogenic emissions, aerosols and particulates, atmospheric radiation, and precipitation and is located in the tropical Eastern North Atlantic Ocean. It is one of six long-term observatories that are part of NCAS’s Atmospheric Measurement Facility (AMF) programme.
The University of York is responsible for trace gas measurements at this site and operates as part of WMO/GAW GCOS Global Baseline Profile Ozone Network. The gases measured are 3, CO, NO, NO2, NOy, VOCs, halocarbons, and mercury. Data is archived at both the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) and the World Data Centre for Reactive Gases (WDCRG). The Observatory has been audited by WMO GAW for ozone, carbon monoxide, greenhouse gases and VOCs and was featured in the 2017 WMO/GAW Reactive Gases Long-Term Atmospheric Trace Gas Monitoring at Mace Head, Atmospheric composition monitoring began at Mace Head in 1987 with measurements of ozone, and a range of gases as part of GAGE (CH4, N2O and the CFCs) and now cover a wide range of parameters relevant to all of the atmospheric ECVs including measurements of ozone, CO, H2, CO2, CH4 and other GHGs (including N2O, SF6, NF3, HFCs, PFCs, halocarbons and a range of ozone depleting substances) and aerosol optical depth. Mace Head has the dual status of a WMO GAW global station and is an EMEP supersite. Mace Head is also part of AGAGE and the “UK DECC (Deriving Emissions linked to Climate Change) Network25”. The site operates as part of the GCOS-affiliated WMO/GAW Global Atmospheric N2O, CO2 and CH4 Monitoring Networks (GHGs and their precursors), the WMO/GAW GCOS Global Baseline Profile Ozone Network and WMO/GAW Aerosol Network (AOD). Co-located surface meteorological measurements are taken as part of the GCOS Surface Network and Full WWW/GOS Surface Network. Mace Head also contributes to the NOAA collaborative sampling network, filling weekly flasks that are returned to NOAA/ESRL ’s Global Monitoring Division. Baseline Measurement of Stratospheric Ozone and Baseline Measurement of Stratospheric Ozone and UV is a Defra funded initiative that measures column ozone and takes place at two sites - Reading and Lerwick. The Lerwick site makes column ozone measurements with a Dobson Spectrophotometer, with measurements dating back to the 1950s. The Reading site uses a Brewer spectrophotometer with measurements dating back to the 1990s. At both sites, spectrally resolved UV measurements are also made and can be used both independently and in conjunction with the ozone measurements during both long term trend and event analysis. The sites are part of the WMO/GAW GCOS Global Baseline Total Ozone Network and WMO/GAW GCOS Global Baseline Profile Ozone Network. Ozone measurements are also made at Manchester by the University of Manchester. 22 23 25

Sun photometer measurements of the direct (collimated) solar radiation provide information to calculate the columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD). There are currently 18 sun photometer stations in the UK which are collecting data for the assessment of aerosol optical depth as part of the NASA AERONET project. These are listed below and they operate a CIMEL sun photometric system. Additionally there is a PREDE POM sun photometer which is operated by the Plymouth Marine Laboratory which is not part of the AERONET network. Observations in cryospheric The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) began taking measurements of ozone at the Halley (since 1957) and Rothera stations through their Long-Term Monitoring and Survey (LTMS) programme. As stated earlier, Halley has been closed during the Antarctic winter of 2017 and will not operate in the Antarctic winter of 2018. NOAA samples will be collected weekly when the station is operating during the Antarctic summer. ozone network Ozone 3 (Reading, Lerwick, Information about other sustained measurements of the atmospheric composition ECVs, UK DECC (Deriving Emissions linked to Climate Change) The UK DECC Network26 is a network of tall tower measurement sites set up to complement the measurements that take place at Mace Head, Ireland. This is described in detail in section 2.11 Defra funded networks monitoring air United Kingdom Eutrophying & Acidifying Two UK EMEP “supersites” in the UKEAP network monitor a comprehensive range of atmospheric composition parameters that are highly relevant to all of the GCOS atmospheric ECVs. The Auchencorth EMEP supersite facility in Scotland27 is operated by CEH and supports atmospheric chemistry, climate and ecosystem measurements by Defra/EA, research organisations and SMEs. Within EMEP the site aims to contribute as a Level II/ III site. Auchencorth Moss has been contributing since 2006, and gained regional status in WMO-GAW in 2014. It became an ICOS site in 2017 . Measurements of particulate mercury at Auchencorth are provided to the GAW GMOS project. A wide range of measurements relevant to all of the atmospheric composition ECVs are ozone, aerosols properties (including particulates, trace gas fluxes, emerging chemicals of concern (ECOCs)), precursors (supporting the ozone and aerosols ECVs), CO 2 and CH4 and other long-lived GHGs. In addition there are co-located meteorological measurements including radiation measurements, surface wetness, soil surface and below surface temperature, water vapour fluxes. The datset is archived on the 28. There are significant amounts of co-located data from the past decade for Auchencorth Moss relevant to terrestrial ECVs. This includes soil, vegetation, PAR and land use (from UK and EU projects). There are also water measurements made at the 26 27 28

stream that flows out of the site including flow, composition and GHG gas exchange information (held internally at CEH). The site has facility for short term intensive atmospheric measurements and for testing of prototype technologies. 4. Oceanic Essential Climate Variables (ECV) The below sections describe the UK’s national contributions of oceanic ECV observations to the international community, with a focus on the requirements outlined in the GCOS implementation plan. Collection of oceanographic (and marine) observations is widely distributed throughout the UK, with many government departments and laboratories, universities and commercial 4.1 Measurements of surface oceanic ECVs The Met Office routinely produce (and periodically enhance) many global ocean products (including SST, see section 2.5). The Met Office marine meteorological observations from Voluntary Observing Ships (incl. VOS CLIM) provide measurements of sea surface temperature, sea ice and sea state (the latter two measurements being from manually observing VOS).
Sub-surface observations are not made The Drifting Buoys Programme provides sea surface temperature measurements to the Global Drifter Array, see section 3.1. Sea surface currents are derived from buoy positions. Observations in cryospheric BAS ships observe sea-ice extent in an opportunistic manner through the VOS it is observed as part of the 6-hourly meteorological synoptic observations disseminated via the WMO GTS/WWW system as part of BAS Antarctic operations. Global Sea Level Observing The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) tide gauge network, which is coordinated by IOC with assistance from NOC, Liverpool, provides sea level and supporting measures of air pressure to the GLOSS Core Sea-Level Network. The UK contributes 3 tide gauges from the UK itself (Lerwick, Newlyn and Stornoway) plus Gibraltar and 8 sites in the South Atlantic which are in different states of working or needing maintenance visits. PSMSL is providing assistance for data management for some stations situated in Africa and the Caribbean. The 3 UK stations are part of the UK Tide Gauge Network (see below). UK National Tide Gauge The National Tidal and Sea Level Facility (NTSLF) is the UK centre of excellence for sea level measurement, computer modelling of tides and storm surges, and the statistical estimation of extreme sea levels. The core of NTSLF is based at the NOC in Liverpool and includes partners in top research universities, coastal engineering consultancies and the Met Office. The UK Environment Agency is now responsible for the operation of the 44 permanent tide gauge sites around the UK itself. However, the NTSLF is responsible for monitoring sea level in the British Overseas Territories, and at strategic sites in the south Atlantic as part of our contribution to international climate research. Sophisticated telemetry systems make the data available in real time for operational coastal flood warning. 4.2 Measurement of water column ECVs Porcupine Abyssal Plain The Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) Observatory is a sustained, multidisciplinary observatory in the North Atlantic coordinated by the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. In 2010 the NOC and the Met Office collaborated to revamp the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory (PAP-SO). The site now monitors atmospheric variables like wind speed and air pressure, in addition to the physical, biological and chemical properties of the ocean that were already being monitored. The PAP mooring is part of the international OceanSITES network and a GCOS reference mooring site. There are time-series in excess of 20 years and the observing The UK Argo Programme that contributes to the international Argo array of profiling floats measures temperature and salinity in the water column. The UK presently has 173 active floats contributing to the Argo float array. The UK Argo programme is managed by the Met Office and operated in partnership with NOC, BODC and PML. Normally the uppermost temperature and salinity measurement from Argo floats is at around 4-5m depth, however a sub-set of the Argo array continue to sample temperatures closer to the surface. Typically temperature and salinity are measured to 2,000m depth although new float designs that can go deeper are currently being tested. There are currently 40 deep floats deployed in the oceans, which are capable of measuring to a maximum depth of 3,500 to 6,000 metres, depending on float model. Deep ocean currents are derived from positions of floats as they surface, usually every 10 days. At present, 288 floats are measuring biogeochemical 29 in addition to temperature and salinity. Of these, 279 floats are measuring dissolved oxygen. All float numbers are from JCOMMOps website, as at 14 November 2017 . All UK Argo float data, irrespective of location, are processed by BODC and the data are submitted in real-time to the WMO GTS and to the Argo Global Data Assembly Centres (GDACs). All UK Argo float data are subjected to delayed-mode QC by BODC and submitted to 29 A float must measure between one and six of these six essential variables to be considered a biogeochemical Argo dissolved oxygen, nitrate, pH, chlorophyll-a, backscattering, irradiance

the GDACs. At September 2017 , about 54% of eligible delayed-mode data (for floats that have expired or been operating for longer than 18 months) have been submitted. For carbon inventory surveys, there are 3 current survey-based 1. Swire-NOCS Ocean Monitoring System (SNOMS)30 — VOS-based upper ocean CO2 parameters, funded by the Swire Group Trust and China Navigation. 2. Carbon-OPS project31 — CO2 parameters from UK research ships. Collaborators include the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), University of East Anglia (UEA) and the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC). 3. Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT)32 — biogeochemical surveys of N and S Atlantic. The programme is now entering its fifth phase with funding from NERC’s LTSS National Capability to the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML). All these activities provide data to international data centres (CDIAC for CO Argo network Temperature, salinity, Information about other sustained measurements of the oceanic surface and sub-surface ECVs, supplementary to those activities implicit in tables 3a and 3b are below. Oceanographic/Biological Monitoring - Rothera Oceanographic and Biological Time Series (BAS LTMS) known as RaTS33 is a manned time series sampling site (since 1997) providing a comprehensive range of measurements of relevance to many of the oceanic surface and subsurface ECVs. This includes measurements relevant to the phytoplankton, salinity of the column, temperature of the column, sea ice and nutrients ECVs monitored in compliance with the GCMPs. Oceanographic Monitoring - BAS also conducts quasi-annual autonomous underwater vehicle (ocean glider) deployments from Rothera, to extend the spatial scale of the monitoring across Marguerite Trough and the Antarctic Peninsula shelf, with measurements including ocean temperature, salinity, fluorescence and mixing.. BAS holds other CTD datasets 32 33

collected in consistent sampling areas over time, e.g. Drake Passage and Western Core Box, in addition to those collected at the Antarctic Peninsula. BAS operate a mooring site at Rothera as part of the OceanSITES network which supplies data to the Global Reference Mooring Network as part of research programmes rather than via sustained observation budgets.
BAS operates a continuous plankton recorder and pCO 2 equipment on the James Clark Ross - in conjunction with SAHFOS and Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML). NOC – Southampton and The RAPID-26N array is funded by NERC and run by NOC and became operational in April 2004. It comprises a monitoring array of 25 moorings and landers and contributes measurements of sub-surface temperature, salinity, oxygen, currents and bottom pressure. Currently a trial for gathering further biogeochemical data is underway. The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) provides an array of measurements of relevance to surface and sub-surface ECVs over 100° of latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. These ocean acidification, phytoplankton, ocean colour, partial pressure CO greenhouse gases, temperature and salinity. AMT has provided over two decades; sustained observations of biogeochemical variables including named ECVs, an annual research cruise with opportunities to collaborate for the international community, access to the remote North and South Atlantic gyres, opportunities for technological development. The Western Channel Observatory is a NERC funded (LTSS – National Capability) oceanographic time-series and marine biodiversity reference site in the Western English Channel. In situ measurements are undertaken weekly at the coastal station and fortnightly at the open shelf station, and comprise parameters relevant to the temperature and salinity ECVs (water column), ocean colour, phytoplankton, carbon, nutrient and oxygen ECVs. The WCO has some of the longest time- series in the world for zooplankton and phytoplankton, and the hydrographic series dates from 1903. These long data series are complemented by hourly measurements made at moorings situated at both stations. PML also takes standard meteorological measurements at their site as Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS): The extended Ellet line oceanographic section (from Scotland to Iceland) provides a comprehensive range of measurements of relevance to many of the oceanic surface and subsurface ECVs. This includes measurements of nutrients, carbon, oxygen, salinity and temperature of the column and subsurface currents. This line has been extended in 2014 to Canada via Greenland completing a transatlantic section. The transatlantic section will be repeated in 2022. This section contributes to The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP). Measurement standards are maintained through long- established ‘best practice’ and follow protocols outlined by GO-SHIP . Data and meta data are reported and logged through the BODC. SAMS also maintains a winter occupation of the extended Ellett line using Seagliders. These autonomous vehicles glide from the surface to 1 km depth, from Scotland to Iceland to Scotland collection temperature and salinity profiles and The UK maintains two mooring arrays contributing to international transatlantic transport monitoring OSNAP array (since 2014) in the subpolar gyre (SAMS & NOC supporting 9 mooring sites) and; RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS array (since 2004) in the subtropical gyre (NOC supporting 32 mooring sites). SAMS also has a continuous Seaglider presence from

Scotland to the Iceland Basin as part of OSNAP . These transport monitoring arrays and glider missions are funded as part of research programmes rather than via sustained observation Marine Scotland Science (MSS) coordinates environmental monitoring programmes covering coastal locations around Scotland and key hydrographic sections in the Northern North Sea and Faroe-Shetland Channel. Branded under the Scottish Coastal Observatory (SCObs), temperature, salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll, phytoplankton, zooplankton and ocean acidification are monitored around the Scottish coast and have been since 1997 . SCObs sites provide data to fulfil the monitoring requirements of the Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directives, as well as generating the time series of data to describe variability in coastal waters and investigate the impacts of environmental change. MSS also support ship- based hydrographic surveys in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and Northern North Sea, collecting temperature, salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll and oxygen measurements. An array of moorings has also been maintained in the Faroe-Shetland Channel since the early 1990s. Combining these current observations and satellite sea surface height measurements (altimetry) provide a gap-less time series of the transport of Atlantic Water. These are critical measurements of the warm-water–path of the North Atlantic Current as it enters the Nordic Sea. Changes in temperature and transport there would be strongly indicative of changing ocean circulation in response to climate change. Measurement standards are maintained through long-established ‘best practice’. Data and meta-data are reported and logged internally, as well as through the BODC and ICES data centres. MSS monitoring programmes are funded through Scottish Government funding budgets, supplemented with European research programme funding. Water Framework Directive The Water Framework Directive monitoring network includes measurements in coastal areas, covering Transitional (estuaries) and Coastal Waters. In England and Wales monitoring takes place up to one nautical mile from the shore and in Scotland this is extended to 3 nautical miles. Measurements relevant to a wide range of ECVs are monitored (hazardous substances, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, phytoplankton, benthic invertebrates, macroalgae, seagrass, saltmarsh and estuary fish). The Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) is an international charity that operates the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. The CPR survey is the world’s most geographically extensive and longest-running large-scale plankton biodiversity monitoring activity (it started in 1931). The survey determines the abundance and distribution of microscopic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) in our oceans and shelf seas. Using ships from approximately 13 shipping companies, it obtains samples at monthly intervals on about 22 routes across the oceans. The Foundation has been collecting plankton with the resulting data providing information on biogeography and ecology of the planktonic community. The results of the Survey are used by marine biologists, scientific institutes, governmental bodies and in environmental change studies across the world. 5. Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) The below sections describe the UK’s national contributions of terrestrial ECV observations to the international community, with a focus on the requirements outlined in the GCOS Terrestrial observations are made or coordinated by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), the Environment Agency (EA), Natural Resources Wales (NRW), the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA), the Forestry Commission and others.
The UK reports river discharge measurements from seven UK gauging stations to the GTN-R, which forms part of the GTN-H. Data are collected by the Environment Agency (EA) in England, Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), Natural Resources Wales (NRW), Rivers Agency of Northern Ireland and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and provided on a UK wide basis by the National River Flow Archive via the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC). These sites are Ballathie on the River Tay (Scotland); Blairstone on the River Clyde (Scotland); Colwick on the River Trent (England); Kingston on the River Thames (England); Movanagher on the Lower River Bann (Northern Ireland); Norham on the River Tweed (Scotland) and at Redbrook on the River Wye (Wales). All seven sites operate in accordance with GCMPs. The majority of sites have a complete historical record with the GRDC. The sites represent major freshwater outflows from the UK and as such are impacted by abstractions, discharges and impoundment. Other UK sites for which data is held on the GRDC may be of higher utility climate-monitoring assessments, for example those in the UK’s Benchmark Network (see section 2.5.7), and the NRFA is working with the GRDC regarding their inclusion in the Global Climate Sensitive Stations Dataset. Data will continue to be provided to the GTN-R for all seven sites as part of the larger UK contribution of over 200 sites to the Global Runoff Data Centre. Information about other sustained measurements of the terrestrial domain ECVs, supplementary Groundwater monitoring in the UK is mostly carried out by the regulatory agencies, the Environment Agency (EA), Natural Resources Wales (NRW), Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA). Groundwater levels are monitored at over 4000 sites nationally, with the majority of wells concentrated in England and Wales. The National Groundwater Level Archive (NGLA) is maintained by the British Geological Survey (BGS), part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and operated in close collaboration with the National River Flow Archive. The NGLA brings together water level data from across the UK for a set of boreholes chosen to provide a representative national network, with boreholes in all major aquifers, which can be used to assess seasonal resource variations and long term trends. Particular attention is paid to long term data, with a number of records from the 1800s; the longest time series held dates from 1838. Water quality monitoring is carried out in the UK by the Environment Agency (EA), Natural Resources Wales (NRW), Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) and other organisations in response to water management and regulatory activities. Particular focuses for water quality monitoring include the Water Framework Directive (WFD) Surveillance monitoring network and Upland Waters Monitoring Network. The WFD Surveillance monitoring network is a fixed monitoring network designed to measure long term environmental changes in rivers, lakes, transitional waters (estuaries) and coastal waters, with data collection of relevance to a range of terrestrial ECVs. The requirements for WFD surveillance monitoring of groundwater is built into a wider strategic monitoring The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) monitors and maintains networks of GPS stations measuring the movement of key icestreams and glaciers. A network of land-based GPS stations is also maintained to assist in the determination of isostatic recovery of Antarctica. This work is a component of their long-term monitoring and survey programme (LTMS). The information below provides additional information on the UK’s national climate programmes that contribute observations of the ECVs not reported elsewhere in these reports. 6.1 Contribution to satellite ECVs The UK’s main contribution to satellite based ECVs is through participation in international programmes of EUMETSAT, ESA and the EU. The UK’s financial contributions to EUMETSAT, ESA and the EU may result in the UK building satellite missions or instruments but the UK does not currently have its own independent programme for building climate relevant instruments or missions. The UK contributes to the following European satellite • EUMETSAT’s polar orbiting METOP and METOP Second Generation (METOP-SG) series of satellites and the geostationary Meteosat series (MSG, MTG). • The multi-agency JASON series of satellites. • ESA/EU Copernicus Sentinel series of satellites which provide long term continuity of many measurements started under the ESA ERS-1, 2 and ENVISAT missions. • ESA’s Earth Observation Envelope Programme (EOEP). EUMETSAT’s polar orbiting and geostationary programmes, the JASON programme and the Copernicus Sentinels are all designed to provide long term continuity of measurements, a key requirement for climate ECVs. ESA’s EOEP programme provides one-off scientific missions, which have potential to contribute to ECVs but long term continuity is not assured. The UK has also provided instruments to international programmes. DECC (now BEIS; previously Defra and other predecessor departments) sponsored the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) satellite instrument, which monitored sea surface temperature. It was launched in 2002 on ESA’s ENVISAT satellite platform and continued to operate successfully until the end of the ENVISAT mission in 2012. The AATSR instrument extended the record of highly accurate sea surface temperature measurements obtained from its precursor instruments ATSR and ATSR-2, also funded and built in the UK, and launched in 1991 (ERS-1) and 1996 (ERS-2) respectively. Additional funding has supported the reprocessing of the ATSR-1 and ATSR-2 datasets into the format used by AATSR in order to create a consistent, long-term sea surface temperature archive. The availability of the long-term archive has led to a wealth of scientific exploitation of the ATSR data. This includes the development of several surface temperature datasets, the latest of which is the ATSR Arctic Surface Temperature (AAST) dataset. In order to ensure that the ATSR geophysical data products are reliable, they must be validated by comparing them with in situ measurements. Measurements from the long-term in situ deployment of the Infrared sea surface temperature Autonomous Radiometer (ISAR), and also from the Scanning Infrared Sea surface Temperature Radiometer (SISTeR), have confirmed the consistency of the sea surface temperature data products.
Following a break in the series with the failure of ENVISAT, similar future European capabilities have resumed with the launch of the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) instrument on the Copernicus Sentinel 3A platform in 2016, to be followed by Sentinel 3B, C, and D in future years. More recently, UK involvement in the Sentinel programme has included provision of the satellite platform for the Sentinel-5 Precursor mission, which was successfully launched in October 2017 . Through a bilateral Implementation Arrangement with CNES in France the UK is also

• the NASA led Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. This mission will provide vital oceanographic data to help understand climate change. The UK has designed and built the Duplexer to this mission. • IASI This mission will determine temperature and water vapour profiles in the atmosphere, record ocean surface and land temperatures and monitor a vast range of chemical compounds and other key variables for climate research, including greenhouse gases, desert dust and cloud cover. UK is supplying the detectors for the IASI-NG instruments flying aboard the MetOp-SG satellites, providing atmospheric temperature and composition information contributing to NWP and ECVs; • The UKSA is a mission partner with CNES on the MicroCarb mission. MicroCarb is a small satellite mission monitoring CO whole Earth, and on a regional scale to inform climate change decision making. It is the first European mission dedicated to Carbon. The UK Space Agency has agreed to fund and manage the Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) of the satellite. The UK has also committed to providing key elements of the mission preparation activities, contributing UK scientists to the Mission Advisory group, calibration and validation activity- including UK contributions to the OGSE and development of the Payload Data Ground Segment and a pointing and calibration sub-system as well as other platform and instrument sub-system development. MicroCarb is set to launch in 2020. The UK also funded, designed and built the first Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument which measures solar reflected radiance and total reflected/emitted radiance. In all, a series of four GERB instruments on successive EUMETSAT geostationary satellites are planned providing a 20 year time series from 2002 to at least 2022. In addition to European satellite missions and instruments, the UK is involved in European programmes which develop ECVs, from satellite data, notably at The UK Met Office contributes to EUMETSAT’s Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CMSAF). The CM SAF generates and archives datasets for specific climate application areas, derived primarily from EUMETSAT satellite data and also from US meteorological missions. The UK contributes to the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI). It is the largest contributor to the second phase of CCI known as CCI+ and leads ECV production activities in sea-surface temperature and ocean colour. UK Met Office also leads the user group for the programme. UK participation in the ESA CCI ECV UK groups leading/participating Aerosol University of Oxford, Swansea University, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Cloud University of Oxford, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Glaciers Universities of Leeds, University of Bristol Ice sheets Universities of Leeds Land cover Met Office, Hadley Centre Ocean colour Plymouth Marine Laboratory (lead), University of East Anglia, Telespazio-Vega Ozone University of Cambridge, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Sea ice UCL, University of Cambridge, CGI (formerly Logica) Sea level CGI (formerly Logica) Sea surface temperature University of Edinburgh, Reading (lead), University of LeicesterMet Office, Space Connexions

ESA sponsors other relevant research, e.g. through its DUE (Data User Element) programme34 and the STSE (Support to Science Element) programme35 which develop global data sets (e.g. the DUE GLOB series of projects). Although not officially designated “ECVs” many of the activities are relevant to ECV production. A summary of current and recent projects relevant to ECV production with UK participants is summarised below36/37. Other ESA sponsored projects relevant to ECV production with UK GlobAerosol Development of a satellite data processing system to generate a standard reference multi-year global aerosol product (GAP) over land and water. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Developing and delivering a multi-annual global albedo dataset that has the potential to be sustained into the future using data from operational European satellites, such as the Copernicus Sentinels. University College London, University Demonstrated the production of a merged data set from several different satellite data MERIS, SeaWiFS and Aqua / MODIS. The objective was to combine these data streams in such a way that the output product is as far as possible independent of the input data source University of Plymouth, School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental GlobIce To derive information data sets over sea ice, which will improve our understanding of the role of the Arctic in global climate. University College London, Met GlobVapour To support user requirements for a long, homogenous time series of satellite borne global water vapour measurements. Met Office The objective of the GlobWave project is to improve the uptake of satellite- derived wind-wave and swell data by the scientific, operational and CGI (formerly Logica), National Oceanography Centre, SatOC Ltd OceanFlux GHG To improve quantitative air-sea flux estimates of CO2 and other greenhouse gases using EO data in synergy in the Atlantic Ocean. North Highland College, Plymouth To investigate the potential of EO data to reduce current uncertainties in methane emissions from boreal lakes and wetlands through the synergistic use of EO-based products in a coupled land surface-atmosphere model. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology To investigate the potential of EO data to reduce current uncertainties in methane emissions from boreal lakes and wetlands through the synergistic use of EO-based products in a coupled land surface-atmosphere model. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology UK is participating in a range of EU Framework 7 projects aimed at developing climate services incorporating the use of satellite data. Internationally, the UK is a member of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) and is a participating member of its Working Group on Climate (WGClimate).