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UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 594 IPCC (2019), 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Petroleum Review (2000), 2000 UK Retail Marketing Survey.
A special Supplement to Petroleum Review, Institute of Petroleum, March 2000. National Grid (2023). Natural gas leakage estimates and gas compositional analysis for all gas transmission and distribution infrastructure operated by National Grid. Personal communications from National Grid, July 2023. Northern Gas Networks (2023). Natural gas leakage estimates and gas compositional analysis for all gas distribution infrastructure operated by NGN. Personal communication from NGN, Northern Ireland Environment Agency (2023). Northern Ireland Pollution Inventory (NIPI). Personal communication from NIEA, July 2023. NRW (2023), Welsh Emissions Inventory, waste interrogator data and landfill gas use data, Natural Resources Wales. Personal communication from NRW, September 2023. Phoenix Natural Gas (2023) Gas leakage, annual gas demand data for 2022. Personal Communication from Phoenix Natural Gas, 2023. SGN (2023). Natural gas leakage estimates and gas compositional analysis for all gas distribution infrastructure operated by SGN, personal communication from SGN, October SEPA (2023), Scottish Pollutant Release Inventory, Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Personal communication from SEPA, July 2023. Shaw et al. (2022). Jacob T. Shaw, Amy Foulds, Shona Wilde, Patrick Barker, Freya Squires, James Lee, Ruth Purvis, Ralph Burton, Ioana Colfescu, Stephen Mobbs, Stéphane J. -B. Bauguitte, Stuart Young, Stefan Schwietzke, Grant Allen. Flaring efficiencies and NOx emission ratios measured for offshore oil and gas facilities in the North Sea. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Volume 23, Issue 2, 2023, pp.1491-1509. UKOOA (1998), Internal UKOOA study to determine pre -EEMS emissions totals and trends, 1990-1995, via personal communication (Peter Russell, Granherne) UKOOA (2005), EEMS Environmental Database for Emissions and Discharges from Offshore Installations, Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, 2003 data. Personal communication from UKOOA via Peter Russell at Granherne. USEPA (2004), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Vol 1, 5th Edition, AP-42, North Carolina. Wales & West Utilities (2023). Natural gas leakage estimates and gas compositional analysis for all gas distribution infrastructure operated by W&W. Personal communication from WWU, See references under Chapter 5 See references under Chapter 6

UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 595 BEIS (2021a), Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2021, London, The Stationery Environment Agency and Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2002) Guidance of landfill Environment Agency and Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2004) Guidance on the Defra (2021), Expenditure and Food Survey Report providing data to 2020. DOE (1993), UK Sewage Sludge Survey, CES Limited, HMSO. Golder Associates (2005), UK Landfill Methane Evaluation and Appraisal of Waste Policies and Projections to 2050. Report version A.2, November 2005. Report for the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Arnold, S. and Yang. Z. Report LQM (2003), Methane emissions from landfill sites in the UK. Final report. January 2003. Report for the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Gregory, RG, Gillett, AG, Bradley, D, LQM report 443/1. Defra contract EPG 1/1/145. Ofgem (Office for Gas and Electricity Markets) . BEIS (2021a), Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2021, London, The Stationery Murrells et al. (2011). Murrells T, John Norris, Glen Thistlethwaite, Neil Passant, Helen Walker, Nikki Webb (2011). Definitions of Gas Oil and DERV and Allocations to Sectors in the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory. AEA Report for DECC under Task 5 of the 2011 UK GHG Inventory Improvement Programme. AEAT/ENV/R/3234, November 2011. Arnold, T., A. J. Manning, J. Kim, S. Li, H. Webster, D. Thompson, J. Muhle, R. Weiss, S. Park, and S. O'Doherty; Inverse modelling of CF4 and NF 3 emissions in East Asia; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13305-13320, 2018, Bergamaschi et al. (2005). Bergamaschi, P., M. Krol, F. Dentener, A. Vermeulen, F. Meinhardt, R. Graul, M. Ramonet, W. Peters, and E. J. Dlugokencky, Inverse modelling of national and European CH4 emissions using the atmospheric zoom model TM5, Atmos. Chem. Jones et al. (2007). Jones A.R., Thomson D.J., Hort M. and Devenish B., 'The U.K. Met Office's next-generation atmospheric dispersion model, NAME III', in Borrego C. and Norman A.-L. (Eds) Air Pollution Modelling and its Application XVII (Proceedings of th e 27th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application), Lawson, C. L. and Hanson, R. J. (1974) Solving Least Squares Problems, Classics in Applied Mathematics, 1974 Manning et al. (2003). Manning A.J., Ryall D.B., Derwent R.G., Simmonds

UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 596 P.G. and O’Doherty S., 'Estimating European emissions of ozone -depleting and greenhouse gases using observations and a modelling back-attribution technique', J. Geophys. Res., 108, Manning, A. J., Redington, A. L., Say, D., O'Doherty, S., Young, D., Simmonds, P. G., Vollmer, M. K., Mühle, J., Arduini, J., Spain, G., Wisher, A., Maione, M., Schuck, T. J., Stanley, K., Reimann, S., Engel, A., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., Harth, C. M., Salameh, P. K., Weiss, R. F., Gluckman, R., Brown, P. N., Watterson, J. D., and Arnold, Evidence of a recent decline in UK emissions of hydrofluorocarbons determined by the InTEM inverse model and atmospheric measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12739 –12755, 2021. Manning et al. (2011). Manning, A. J., O'Doherty S., Jones, A. R. Simmonds, P. G. and Derwent R. G., Estimating UK methane and nitrous oxide emissions from 1990 to 2007 using an inversion modelling approach, J. Geophys. Res ., 116, D02305, Manning A.J., Ryall D.B., Derwent R.G., Simmonds P.G. and O’Doherty S., 'Estimating European emissions of ozone -depleting and greenhouse gases using observations and a modelling back-attribution technique', J. Geophysical Research 108, 4405, 2003 Nilsson et al. (2001). Nilsson, M., C. Mikkela, I. Sundh, G. Granberg, B. H. Svensson, and B. Ranneby, Methane emission from Swedish Natural and regional budgets and dependence on mire vegetation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20847-20860. O'Doherty et al. (2004). O’Doherty S., Cunnold D.M., Manning A.J., Miller B.R., Wang R.H.J., Krummel P.B., Fraser P.J., Simmonds P.G., McCulloch A., Weiss R.F., Salameh P.K., Porter L.W., Prinn R.G., Huang J., Sturrock G., Ryall D.B., Derwent R.G. and Mont zka S., Rapid growth of HFC-134a, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b and HCFC-22 from AGAGE observations at Cape Grim, Tasmania and Mace Head, Ireland during 1997-2002, J. Geophys. Res., 109. O'Doherty et al. (2014).
O'Doherty, S., Rigby, M., Mühle, J., Ivy, D. J., Miller, B. R., Young, D., Simmonds, P. G., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., Steele, L. P., Dunse, B., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Arnold, T., Weiss, R. F ., Kim, J., Park, S., Li, S., Lunder, C., Hermansen, O., Schmidbauer, N., Zhou, L. X., Yao, B., Wang, R. H. J., Manning, A., and Prinn, R. Global emissions of HFC -143a (CH3CF3) and HFC-32 (CH2F2) from in situ and air archive atmospheric observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys ., 14, 9429 -9258, Prinn, R. G. et al (2018), History of chemically and radiatively important atmospheric gases from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 985-1018, 10.5194/essd-10-985-2018, 2018. Ryall, D.R., Maryon R.G., Derwent, R.D., and Simmonds, P.G. , 'Modelling long -range transport of CFCs to Mace Head, Ireland', Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 124, 417-446, 1998 Simmonds, P. G., Rigby, M., Manning, A. J., Lunt, M. F., O’Doherty, S., McCulloch, A., Fraser, P., Henne, S., Vollmer, M. K., Muhle, J., Weiss, R., Salameh, P, Young, D., Reimann, S., Wenger, A., Arnold, A., Harth, C., et al, Global and regional emissions estimates of HFC-152a from in situ and air archive observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, pp. 365-382, 2016. Stanley, K. M., Grant, A., O'Doherty, S., Young, D., Manning, A. J., Stavert, A. R., Spain, T. G., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Simmonds, P. G., Sturges, W. T., Oram, D. E., and Derwent, R. Greenhouse gas measurements from a UK network of tall technical description and first results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1437-1458, 10.5194/amt-11-1437-2018, 2018. Stavert A. R., S. O'Doherty, K. Stanley, D. Young, A. J. Manning, M. F. Lunt, C. Rennick, T. UK greenhouse gas measurements at two new tall towers for aiding emissions

UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 597 verification, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1103 -1121, ICOS RI, 2025. European Obspack compilation of atmospheric methane data from ICOS stations for the period 1984 -2025; obspack_ch 4_466_GV_ICOSFT2025.1_20250120. ICOS RI, 2025. European Obspack compilation of atmospheric nitrous oxide data from ICOS stations for the period 1996 -2025; obspack_n 2o_466_GV_ICOSFT2025.1_20250120. ICOS RI, 2024. ICOS Atmosphere Release 2024-1 of Level 2 Greenhouse Gas Mole Fractions of CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, meteorology and 14CO 2, and flask samples analysed for CO 2, CH4, N2O, CO, H2, SF6 and 14C. Henne, S. et al, 2024. Collection of historic and ongoing N 2O observations across Europe (release 2024-11). Baggott et al. (2004). Baggott SL, Lelland A, Passant NP, and Watterson J (2004) Review of Carbon Emission Factors in the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory. AEA Energy and BEIS (2021a), Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2021, London, The Stationery BEIS (2021b). EU ETS data for all UK installations, as provided by the UK regulators to BEIS, personal communication, BEIS, April 2021. BEIS (2021c). Autogenerator gas consumption by refineries and other sectors, as reflected in DUKES. Personal Communication, BEIS, 2021. BEIS OPRED (2021), spreadsheet of emissions data from the EU ETS reporting system of site operator annual returns to BEIS OPRED for 2020. British Steel (2021). Emissions and activity data by sub-source within integrated steelworks in 2020. Personal communication from British Steel, April 2021. DECC (2010), email response to EU ETS -DUKES discrepancy issues, Personal Communication (Warren Evans), 2010 DESNZ (2023a), Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2023, London, The Stationery DESNZ (2023b). UK ETS data for all installations, as provided by the UK regulators to DESNZ (In most cases this reference also refers to prior years’ ETS data, including those reported Hedmark (2015). Clarifications regarding the completeness and detail of reporting of several EU ETS installations in Scotland, for sites using the “fall -back” reporting approach. Personal communication from Asa Hedmark of SEPA, October 2015. Tata Steel (2023). Emissions and activity data by sub-source within integrated steelworks in 2022. Personal communication from Tata Steel, August 2022. UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 598 Fuels Industry UK (formerly UKPIA) (2023a), Refinery production & emissions data in 2022, carbon emission factors, petroleum products data from the United Kingdom Petroleum Industry Association, Personal Communication from UKPIA, September 2023. UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 599 We are grateful for the contributions, advice and support from the following people listed in Person Technical work area and responsibility Brown, Peter Project Manager for the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory with overall responsibility for the NID and the CRT 111. Lead Author. Author of the key category analysis annex. Reviewed F -gas sections. Contributions to many chapters. Cardenas, Laura112 Sector expert for Agriculture; UK Agricultural Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Inventory (UK – AAGHGI) Technical Director at Rothamsted; author of sections of the NID and other reporting Del Vento, Sabino Lead author of Chapter 7 and Annex 5.1.5 Karagianni, Eirini Sector expert and NID text author for road transport and off-road MacCarthy, Joanna Author of End user Annex. Contributions to many chapters. Mullen, Paddy Lead author of Chapter 10. Contribution to many chapters. Gorgi, Sam Industry and combustion sector expert. Lead compiler and NID author for Energy (stationary combustion), IPPU (except F- gases) and industry and waste incineration. Richmond, Ben Contributions to Annex 5.2 and Annex 8. Development of UK Thistlethwaite, Glen UK GHG Inventory Technical Director at Ricardo. Inventory compiler and QC of Agriculture sector. Thomson, Amanda113 Sector expert for LULUCF. Main author of LULUCF Chapters 6, Annex 5.1.4 and LULUCF sections in Chapters 1 and 2. Contributor to compilation of Sector 4. Wakeling, Daniel Transport sector lead compiler and NID text author, including road transport, off-road machinery, shipping and fishing. Willis, Daniel UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report Manager, Author of Annex 5.2 and the Trends chapter, contributions to many chapters 111 The UK greenhouse gas inventory is part of the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory contract.
The UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory is funded by the UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and is contracted to a consortium led by 113 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 600 Person Technical work area and responsibility Anthony, Steven114 Agriculture Sector project manager. Sector expert for Sheep and Grasslands and Senior Analyst for the Agriculture inventory Broomfield, Mark Sector expert for solid waste disposal on land. Buys, Gwen3 UKCEH project manager for the LULUCF inventory team. Data and QA/QC manager for LULUCF sector. Compilation of Sector Carnell, Ed3 Agriculture sector expert, including pre-processing of June Agricultural Census data, derivation of RFT dataset and high- definition mapping of Agriculture sector estimates. Carswell, A.2 Agriculture sector expert with focus on NH3 emissions Clilverd, Hannah3 LULUCF contributing author for Cpt 6 and Annex 5.1.4. Contributor to compilation of sector 4. Dragosits, Ulli3 Agriculture sector expert, lead for pre-processing of June Agricultural Census data, derivation of RFT dataset and for high-definition mapping of Agriculture sector estimates. Elliott, Megan Author of Annex 8. Compilation of Energy Background Tables. Gibbs, Mark115 Compilation of rail emissions estimates and text for this sector. Gilhespy, Sarah112 Inventory compilation for Dairy, Pig, Poultry, Other Livestock sectors. Contributions to agriculture sector NID text. Gluckman, Ray116 Author of the section on f-gases in Cpt 4. Gorji, Sam Author of MS1, MS19, Source Categories 2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B2, Hamilton, Neve Contribution to Annex 2. Hampshire, Kathryn5 QA/QC of OTs and CDs inventory compilation and NID text Henshall, Paul117 CARBINE modelling for LULUCF inventory for 4A Forestry, 4G Harvested Wood Products, contributions to text for sections in Hobson, Melanie5 Compilation of rail emissions estimates and text for this sector Ingledew, Dominic Inventory compilation Kelsall, Alex Author of MS2, MS18, Source Categories 2B6, 2C3, 2G2A, 2G2B, 2G2E, and Uncertainties Annex. King, Katie5 QA/QC of OTs and CDs inventory compilation and NID text Humphreys, Liz DESNZ GHGI contract manager. Levy, Peter3 Lead on the land-use change methodological improvement in London, Joe Inventory compilation Malcolm, Heath3 Contribution to LULUCF QA/QC. 114 RSK ADAS Ltd

UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 601 Person Technical work area and responsibility Manning, Alistair118 Verification of the UK greenhouse gas inventory (Annex 6) Matthews, Robert3 CARBINE modelling for LULUCF inventory for 4A Forestry, 4G Harvested Wood Products, contributions to text sections in Milne, Alice2 Agriculture sector uncertainties lead. Murrells, Tim Technical Director of NAEI Programme. Transport sector Nickerson, Rachel3 Contributor to compilation of LULUCF sector 4. O'Doherty, Simon10 Verification of the UK greenhouse gas inventory (Annex 6) Passant, Neil Author of MS20, Source Categories 2A4 and 2B8 Pearson, Ben Database manager; compilation support. Pitt, Joe10 Verification of the UK greenhouse gas inventory (Annex 6) Quinn, Paul Author of MS 4, Source Categories 2B1 and 2C1. Raine, Beth3 Contributor to the land-use change methodological improvement Redington, Alison8 Verification of the UK greenhouse gas inventory (Annex 6) Sandars, Daniel119 Cattle Tracing System data lead analyst for the Agriculture inventory and compiler for the Beef sector. Skirvin, Dave3 Agriculture inventory model developer and code author. Stanley, Kieran105 Verification of the UK greenhouse gas inventory (Annex 6) Stewart, Robert Combustion expert. Szanto, Courtney5 Responsible for compilation of emission estimates for the OTs Thornton, Annie5 Responsible for compilation of emission estimates for the OTs and CDs and updating the OTs and CDs Annex tables. Tomlinson, Sam3 Contributor to the land-use change methodological improvement Vaughan, Adam NAEI QA/QC Manager. Author of Annex 4. Walker, Charles Sector expert for aviation in the NAEI and author of NID aviation Watterson, John Review of LULUCF chapters and Annex. Wong, Jason Author of MS7, MS15 and shipping Method Statements. Young, Dickon105 Verification of the UK greenhouse gas inventory (Annex 6) Young, Hannah3 Contributor to compilation of LULUCF sector 4. Black, Ross DESNZ GHGI Statistics Lead Blake Lynsay Defra Head of Resources ad Waste Science Brown, Kathryn DNV QAQC technical lead Defra Agriculture sector lead, commissioning improvements for

UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 602 Person Technical work area and responsibility Durcan, Rose DESNZ LULUCF Lead Esegbue, Onoriode DESNZ GHGI Science Lead Grainger, Mark DNV QAQC project manager Review of the draft versions of the NID; feedback on inventory improvements; scrutiny of GHGI updates. Richardson, Joe NAEI compilation, GIS expert. Rose, Jake DESNZ GHGI Statistician Stroud, Ailsa DESNZ Head of GHGI William Hayes DESNZ GHGI Statistician Waite, Christopher DESNZ GHGI Statistician Wright, Ken DESNZ Head of GHGI science and improvement Organisation Summary of Data Provided DESNZ Energy statistics (DUKES) including fuel activity, NCVs and GCVs; Oil and gas production; upstream oil and gas emissions (EEMS). Defra Solid waste disposal / fate statistics; Waste-water treatment activity data; Agricultural survey data, activity statistics (livestock, crops). Rail activity and emission estimates (REM); OGA Petroleum Production Reporting System data, oil and gas production per field, throughput per terminal; gas density and NCV per field Wells Operations Notification System, wellbore database on number of wells drilled and their status (e.g. suspended, abandoned). ONS PRODCOM statistics (industrial production data); Economic activity statistics (GDP, GVA); Industrial activity and emissions data (EU ETS); Industrial emissions data from IPPC/EPR regulation; Waste management and disposal statistics, including incineration data, Fuels Industry UK Refinery emissions data by source; Oil products characteristics (RVP, sulphur content) Mineral processing activity and emissions data; fuel quality data; National Grid Gas National Transmission System (NTS) operator, providing gas leakage and natural gas compositional data for the NTS.
Gas Distribution Network operators, each Natural gas compositional analysis provided annually per Local Distribution Zone (LDZ); Gas leakage estimates from the UK distribution network per ISSB Iron and steel production statistics, by technology; Iron and steel fuel use, by fuel, by source; Tata Steel Iron and steel facility emissions by source for integrated works;

UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 603 Organisation Summary of Data Provided British Steel Fuel quality data and other raw material parameters; Rio Tinto Alcan Aluminium production data, facility emissions data, supporting data on plant British Glass Glass production data. Facility emissions data by source, aligned to specific inventory reporting requirements for the chemicals and petrochemicals sectors. Data and facilities involved in the production of the CH4, N2O and SF6