Case: M/S. BANGALORE CLUB Vs. THE COMMISSIONER OF WEALTH TAX &amp; ANR.

1. In the year of grace 1868, a group of British officers banded together to start the Bangalore Club. In the year of grace 1899, one Lt. W.L.S. Churchill was put up on the Clubs list of defaulters, which numbered 17, for an amount of Rs.13/- being for an unpaid bill of the Club. The Bill never became an Act. Till date, this amount remains unpaid. Lt. W.L.S. Churchill went on to become Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Prime Minister of Great Britain. And the Bangalore Club continues its mundane existence, the only excitement being when the tax collector knocks at the door to extract his pound of flesh.2. Fast forward now from British India to free India and we come to assessment years 1981-82 and 1984-85 upto 1990-91.The order of assessment dated 3 rd March, 2000, passed by the Wealth Tax Officer, Bangalore, referred to the fact that Bangalore Club is not registered as a society, a trust or a company. The assessing officer, without further ado, after a careful perusal of the rules of the Club, came to the conclusion that the rights of the members are not restricted only to user or possession, but definitely as persons to whom the assets of the Club belong. After referring to Section 167A, inserted into the Income Tax Act, 1961, and after referring to Rule 35 of the Club Rules, the assessing officer concluded that the number of members and the date of dissolution are all uncertain and variable and therefore indeterminate, as a result of which the Club was liable to be taxed under the Wealth Tax Act. By a cryptic order dated 25 th October, 2000, the CIT (Appeals) dismissed the appeal against the aforesaid order. On the other hand, by a detailed order passed by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Bangalore dated 7 th May, 2002, the Appellate Tribunal first referred to the Objects of the Bangalore Club, which it described as a social Club, as follows:1. To provide for its Members, social, cultural, sporting, recreational and other facilities;2. To promote camaraderie and fellowship among its members.3. To run the Club for the benefit of its Members from out of the subscriptions and contributions of its member.4. To receive donations and gifts without conditions for the betterment of the Club. The General Committee may use its discretion to accept sponsorships for sporting Areas5. To undertake measures for social service consequent on natural calamities or disasters, national or local.6. To enter into affiliation and reciprocal arrangements with other Clubs of similar standing both in India and abroad.7. To do all other acts and things as are conducive or incidental to the attainment of the above objects.Provided always and notwithstanding anything hereinafter contained, the aforesaid objects of the Club, shall not be altered, amended, or modified, except, in a General Meeting, for which the unalterable quorum shall not be less than 300 members. Any resolution purporting to alter, amend, or modify the objects of the Club shall not be deemed to have been passed, except by a two thirds majority of the Members present and voting thereon.3. The Tribunal then set out Rule 35 of the Club Rules, which stated as follows:RULE 35 APPOINTMENT OF LIQUIDATORS:If it be resolved to wind up, the Meeting shall appoint a liquidator or liquidators and fix his or their remuneration. The liquidation shall be conducted as nearly as practicable in accordance with the laws governing voluntary liquidation under the Companies Act or any statutory modifications thereto and any surplus assets remaining after all debts and liabilities of the Club have been discharged shall be divided equally amongst the Members of the Club as defined in Rules 6.1(i), 6.1(ii), 6.1 (iii), 6.2(i), 6.2(ii), 6.2(iii), 6.2(vii), 6.2(viii) and 6.2(ix).4. After setting out Section 21AA of the Wealth Tax Act, the Tribunal then referred to this Courts judgment in CIT v. Indira Balkrishna (1960) 39 ITR 546  and held:9. From the facts of the case, it is clear that members who have joined here have not joined to earn any income or to share any profits. They have joined to enjoy certain facilities as per the objects of the club. The members themselves are contributing to the receipts of the club. The members themselves are contributing to the receipts of the club (sic) and what is the difference between the Income and Expenditure can be said to be only surplus and not income of the assessee-club. It is an accepted principle that principle of mutuality is applicable to the assessee club and hence not liable to income-tax also. At the most, this. may be called the Body of Individuals but not an AOP formed with an intention to earn income.. It then referred to a CBDT Circular dated 11 th January, 1992, explaining the pari materia provision of Sections 167A in the Income Tax Act, and therefore inferred, from a reading of the aforesaid Circular, that Section 21AA would not be attracted to the case of the Bangalore Club. It was then held, on a reading of Rule 35, that since members are entitled to equal shares in the assets of the Club on winding-up after paying all debts and liabilities, the shares so fixed are determinate also making it clear that Section 21AA would have no application to the facts of the present case. As a result, the Appellate Tribunal allowed the appeal and set aside the orders of the Assessing Officer and the CIT (Appeals).6. Against this order, by a cryptic order of the High Court, the decision in CWT v. Club 197 ITR Karnataka 609 was stated to cover the facts of the present case, as a result of which the question raised was decided in favour of the revenue by the impugned order dated 23 rd January, 2007. A Review Petition filed against the aforesaid order was dismissed on 19 th April, 2007.

Court's reasoning:
19. It is well-settled that when Parliament used the expression association of persons in Section 21AA of the Wealth Tax Act, it must be presumed to know that this expression had been the subject matter of comment in a cognate allied legislation, namely, the Income Tax Act, as referring to persons banding together for a common purpose, being a business purpose in the context of a taxation statute in order to earn income or profits.24. This being the case, it is clear that in order to be an association of persons attracting Section 21AA of the Wealth Tax Act, it is necessary that persons band together with some business or commercial object in view in order to make income or profits. The presumption gets strengthened by the language of Sec. 21AA (2), which speaks of a business or profession carried on by an association of persons which then gets discontinued or dissolved. The thrust of the provision therefore, is to rope in associations of persons whose common object is a business or professional object, namely, to earn income or profits. Bangalore Club being a social club whose objects have been referred to by the Appellate Tribunal in this case make it clear that persons who are banded together do not band together for any business purpose or commercial purpose in order to make income or profits. In fact, the nature of these kind of clubs has been set out in Cricket Club of India Ltd v. Bombay Labour Union (1969) 1 SCR 600  as follows:What we have to see is the nature of the activity in fact and in substance. Though the Club is incorporated as a Company, it is not like an ordinary Company constituted for the purpose of carrying on business. There are no shareholders. No dividends are ever declared and no distribution of profits takes place. Admission to the Club is by payment of admission fee and not by purchase of shares. Even this admission is subject to balloting. The membership is not transferable like the right of shareholders. There is the provision for expulsion of a Member under certain circumstances which feature never exists in the case of a shareholder holding shares in a Limited Company. The membership is fluid. A person retains rights as long as he continues as a Member and gets nothing at all when he ceases to be a Member, even though he may have paid a large amount as admission fee. He even loses his rights on expulsion. In these circumstances, it is clear that the Club cannot be treated as a separate legal entity of the nature of a Limited Company carrying on business. The Club, in fact, continues to be a Members Club without any shareholders and, consequently, all services provided in the Club for Members have to be treated as activities of a self-serving institution.(at page. 614)This judgment has been referred to with approval recently in State of West Bengal v. Calcutta Club Limited (2019) 13 SCALE 474  at paragraph 28.25. At this stage, it is important to refer to CWT v. Ellis Bridge Gymkhana, (supra). In this case, the Ellis Bridge Gymkhana, like the Bangalore Club, is an unincorporated club. The assessment years involved in this case are from 1970-71 to 1977-78 i.e. prior to Section 21AA coming into force.Despite the fact that Section 21AA did not apply, this Court referred to Section 21AA as follows:15. All these provisions go to show that the Wealth Tax Act has been drafted on the same lines as the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. There is great similarity of wording between the various provisions of the Wealth Tax Act and corresponding provisions of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. But in the case of the charging Section 3 of the Wealth Tax Act, the phraseology of the charging Section 3 of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922 has not been adopted. Unlike Section 3 of the Income Tax Act, Section 3 of the Wealth Tax Act does not mention a firm or an association of persons or a body of individuals as taxable units of assessment.16. The position has been placed beyond doubt by insertion of Section 21-AA in the Wealth Tax Act itself. This amendment was effected by the Finance Act, 1981 with effect from 1-4-1981. It provides for assessment of association of persons in certain special cases and not otherwise.The Court then went on to hold:17. It will be seen that assessment as an association of persons can be made only when the individual shares of members of the association in the income or assets or both of the association on the date of its formation or any time thereafter are indeterminate or unknown. It is only in such an eventuality that an assessment can be made on an association of persons, otherwise not. Sub-section (2) of Section 21-AA deals with cases of such associations as mentioned in sub-section (1). That means only association of persons in which individual shares of the members were unknown or indeterminate can be subjected to wealth tax. Sub-section (3) also deals with association of persons referred to in sub-section (1). Sub- sections (4) and (5) deal with some consequences which will follow the members of an association of persons spoken of in sub-section (1) in the case of discontinuance or dissolution.xxx xxx xxx19. In our view, Section 21-AA far from helping the case of the Revenue directly goes against its contention. An association of persons cannot be taxed at all under Section 3 of the Act. That is why an amendment was necessary to be made by the Finance Act, 1981 whereby Section 21-AA was inserted to bring to tax net wealth of an association of persons where individual shares of the members of the association were unknown or indeterminate.After referring to the explanatory notes introducing Section 21AA in paragraph 32, the Court then went on to hold:33. It will appear from this notification that the Central Board of Direct Taxes clearly recognised that the charge of wealth tax was on individuals and Hindu Undivided Families and not on any other body of individuals or association of persons. Section 21-AA has been introduced to prevent evasion of tax. In a normal case, in assessment of an individual, his wealth from every source will be added up and computed in accordance with provisions of the Wealth Tax Act to arrive at the net wealth which has to be taxed. So, if an individual has any interest in a firm or any other non-corporate body, then his interest in those bodies or associations will be added up in his wealth. It is only where such addition is not possible because the shares of the individual in a body holding property is unknown or indeterminate, resort will be taken to Section 21-AA and association of individuals will be taxed as association of persons.. A perusal of this judgment would show that Section 21AA has been introduced in order to prevent tax evasion. The reason why it was enacted was not to rope in association of persons per se as one more taxable person to whom the Act would apply. The object was to rope in certain assessees who have resorted to the creation of a large number of association of persons without specifically defining the shares of the members of such associations of persons so as to evade tax. In construing Section 21AA, it is important to have regard to this object.28. The Bangalore Club is an association of persons and not the creation, by a person who is otherwise assessable, of one among a large number of associations of persons without defining the shares of the members so as to escape tax liability. For all these reasons, it is clear that Section 21AA of the Wealth Tax Act does not get attracted to the facts of the present case.29. However, the impugned judgment of the High Court relies solely upon CWT v. Chikmagalur Club (supra). This case dealt with a club that was registered under the provisions of the Karnataka Societies Registration Act, 1960. After referring copiously to the Appellate Authoritys orders on facts in this case, the Court went on to hold:10. … Several High Courts and the Tribunals have taken different view on the question whether a club registered under the provisions of Karnataka Societies Registration Act is exigible to tax under the provisions of the Wealth Tax Act, but in our view, for the present, the issue is now settled by the pronouncement of the Supreme Court in the case of the Commissioner of Wealth Tax v. Ellis Bridge Gymkhana [ 229 ITR 1 .] — wherein it is held that club is not assessable to wealth tax in assessment years 1970- 1971 to 1977-1978 as an Association of Persons and while saying so, the Court has observed that the position has been placed beyond doubt by the insertion of Section 21AA in the Wealth Tax Actr this purpose, paragraph 17 already extracted in the Ellis Bridge Gymkhana case (supra) was referred to by the said judgment. After referring to paragraph 17, the Court then concluded:13. … Now that the scope of Section 21AA of the Act has been explained by the Apex Court in Ellies Bridge Gymkhana Clubs case-229 ITR 1 , we need not dilate much on the scope and interpretation of the said Section. It would be suffice to notice that assessment as an association of persons can be made only, when the individual shares of the members of the association in the income or assets or both of the association on the date of its formation or any time thereafter are indeterminate or unknown can be subjected to wealth tax. In the present case, the assessee is a club registered under the provisions of the Karnataka Societies Registration Act and had declared nil wealth and had claimed that it is not susceptible to the provision of wealth Tax Act, since it is only an association of persons providing recreation facilities to its members. This claim, in our view, is rightly rejected by both the assessing authority as well as by the first appellate authority on the ground that the assessee is an association of persons and the members are the owners of the assets and the individual shares of the members in the owners of the assets and the individual shares of the members in the income or assets or both of the association on the date of formation or any time thereafter or indeterminate or unknown and accordingly, has subjected the assessee to wealth tax.. What will be noticed is that the High Court in Chikmagalur Club (supra) only referred to paragraph 17 and omitted to refer to paras 19, 32 and 33 of the Ellis Bridge Gymkhana judgment (supra) which have been referred to by us hereinabove. If all these paragraphs would have been referred to, what would have been clear is that a social club like the Chikmagalur Club could not possibly be said to be an association of persons regard being had to the object sought to be achieved by enacting Section 21AA, which is a Section enacted in order to prevent tax evasion. As has been pointed out by us hereinabove, the Section was not introduced to add one more category to the category of taxable persons – that could have been done by amending the charging section i.e. Section 3(1) of the Wealth Tax Act. Further, the High Court judgment is completely oblivious of the line of judgments starting with Indira Balakrishnas case (supra) by which association of persons must mean persons who are banded together with a common object – and, in the context of a taxation statute, common object being a business object being to earn income or profits. This judgment does not refer to Indira Balakrishna (supra) and the judgments following it at all. For all these reasons, the judgment in CWT v. Chikmagalur Club (supra) not being correctly decided, is overruled. Equally, the High Court judgment which rests solely upon the decision in Chikmagalur Clubs case (supra) has no legs to stand.The submission that Section 21AA (2) which deals with dissolution of an association of persons and the fact that on dissolution under Rule 35 of the Bangalore Club, members get an equal share would show first, that the Bangalore Club is an association of persons; and second, that the members share in its income and assets are indeterminate or unknown, is an argument which has to be stated to be rejected. First and foremost, sub-section (2) begins with the words any business or profession carried on by an association of persons. No business or profession is carried on by a social members club. Further, the association of persons mentioned in sub-section (1) must be persons who have banded together for a business objective – to earn profits – and if this itself is not the case, then sub-section (2) cannot possibly apply. Insofar as Rule 35 is concerned, again what is clear is that on liquidation, any surplus assets remaining after all debts and liabilities of the club has been discharged, shall be divided equally amongst all categories of members of the club. This would show that at any time thereafter within the meaning of Section 21AA (1), the members shares are determinate in that on liquidation each member of whatsoever category gets an equal share.32. The judgments cited by Shri Nikhil Nayyar in so far as this aspect is concerned, have no direct relevance. The judgment in CWT v. Rama Varma Club 226 ITR 898 and CWT v. George Club 191 ITR 368 are both judgments in which no part of the assets is to be distributed even on liquidation to any of the members of these clubs. Thus, it was held in these cases that the members do not have any share in the income or assets of the club at all. The same cannot be said in the facts of this case inasmuch as under Rule 35 the members of the Bangalore Club are entitled to receive surplus assets in the circumstances stated in Rule 35 - equally on liquidation. However, the result remains the same – viz., that even if it be held that the Bangalore Club is an association of persons, the members shares being determinate do not attract Section 21AA.First and foremost, the definition of person in Section 2(31) of the Income Tax Act would take in both an association of persons and a body of individuals. For the purposes of income tax, the Bangalore Club could perhaps be treated to be a body of individuals which is a wider expression than association of persons in which such body of individuals may have no common object at all but would include a combination of individuals who had nothing more than a unity of interest. This distinction has been made by the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Deccan Wine and General Stores v. CIT 106 ITR 111 at pages 116, 117. Quite apart from this, to be taxed as an association of persons under the Income Tax Act is to be taxed as an association of persons per se. We have already seen that Section 21AA does not enlarge the field of tax payers but only plugs evasion as the association of persons must be formed with members who have indeterminate shares in its income or assets. For all these reasons, we cannot accede to Shri Banerjees argument that being taxed as an association of persons under the Income Tax Act, the Bangalore Club must be regarded to be an association of persons for the purpose of a tax evasion provision in the Wealth Tax Act as opposed to a charging provision in the Income Tax Act.In CWT v. Trustees of H.E.H. Nizams Family 108 ITR 555 (1977), this court had to construe Sec. 21 of the Wealth Tax Act. Sec. 21 (1) & (4) which are relevant for our purpose are set out hereinbelow:21. (1) In the case of assets chargeable to tax under this Act, which are held by a court of wards or an administrator-general or an official trustee or any receiver or manager or any other person, by whatever name called, appointed under any order of a court to manage property on behalf of another, or any trustee appointed under a trust declared by a duly executed instrument in writing, whether testamentary or otherwise (including a trustee under a valid deed of wakf), the wealth-tax shall be levied upon and recoverable from the court of wards, administrator-general, official trustee, receiver, manager or trustee, as the case may be, in the like manner and to the same extent as it would be leviable upon and recoverable from the person on whose behalf or for whose benefit the assets are held, and the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly.xxx xxx xxx(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, where the shares of the persons on whose behalf or for whose benefit any such assets are held are indeterminate or unknown, the wealth-tax shall be levied upon and recovered from the court of wards, administrator-general, official trustee, receiver, manager, or other person aforesaid as if the person on whose behalf or for whose benefit the assets are held were an individual for the purposes of this Act.34. The argument made in this case was that, as the members of the Nizams family trust who are beneficiaries thereof would be a fluctuating body of persons, the beneficiaries must be said to be indeterminate as a result of which Sec. 21(4) of the Act would apply and not Sec. 21(1). This was repelled by this Court stating:This immediately takes us to the question as to which of the two sub-sections, (1) or (4) of Section 21 applies for the purpose of assessing the assessees to wealth tax in respect of the beneficial interest in the remainder qua each set of unit or units allocated to the relatives specified in the Second Schedule. Now it is clear from the language of Section 3 that the charge of wealth tax is in respect of the net wealth on the relevant valuation date, and, therefore, the question in regard to the applicability of sub- section (1) or (4) of Section 21 has to be determined with reference to the relevant valuation date. The Wealth Tax Officer has to determine who are the beneficiaries in respect of the remainder on the relevant date and whether their shares are indeterminate or unknown. It is not at all relevant whether the beneficiaries may change in subsequent years before the date of distribution, depending upon contingencies which may come to pass in future. So long as it is possible to say on the relevant valuation date that the beneficiaries are known and their shares are determinate, the possibility that the beneficiaries may change by reason of subsequent events such as birth or death would not take the case out of the ambit of sub-section (1) of Section 21. It is no answer to the applicability of sub-section (1) of Section 21 to say that the beneficiaries are indeterminate and unknown because it cannot be predicated who would be the beneficiaries in respect of the remainder on the death of the owner of the life interest. The position has to be seen on the relevant valuation date as if the preceding life interest had come to an end on that date and if, on that hypothesis, it is possible to determine who precisely would be the beneficiaries and on what determinate shares, sub- section (1) of Section 21 must apply and it would be a matter of no consequence that the number of beneficiaries may vary in the future either by reason of some beneficiaries ceasing to exist or some new beneficiaries coming into being. Not only does this appear to us to be the correct approach in the application of sub-section (1) of Section 21, but we find that this has also been the general consensus of judicial opinion in this country in various High Courts during the last about thirty years. The first decision in which this view was taken was rendered as far back as 1945 by the Patna High Court in Khan Bahadur M. Habibur Rahman v.CIT [(1945) 13 ITR 189 (Pat)] and since then, this view has been followed by the Calcutta High Court in Suhashini Karuri v. WTO [(1962) 46 ITR 953 (Cal) ] the Bombay High Court in Trustees of Putlibai R.F. Mulla Trust v. CWT [(1967) 66 ITR 653, 657- 8 (Bom)] and CWT v. Trustees of Mrs Hansabai Tribhu wandas Trust [(1967) 69 ITR 527 (Bom)] and the Gujarat High Court in Padmavati Jaykrishna Trust v.CIT [(1966) 61 ITR 66, 73-4 (Guj) ]. The Calcutta High Court pointed out in Suhashini Karuri case:The share of a beneficiary can be said to be indeterminate if at the relevant time the share cannot be determined but merely because the number of beneficiaries vary from time to time, one cannot say that it is indeterminate.The same proposition was formulated in slightly different language by the Bombay High Court in Trustees of Putalibai R.F. Mulla Trust case [(1967) 66 ITR 653, 657-8 (Bom) ]:The question whether the shares of the beneficiaries are determinate or known has to be judged as on the relevant date in each respective year of taxation. Therefore, whatever may be the position — as to any future date, so far as the relevant date in each year is concerned, it is upon the terms of the trust deed always possible to determine who are the sharers and what their shares respectively are.The Gujarat High Court also observed in Padmavati Jaykrishna Trust case [(1966) 61 ITR 66, 73-4 (Guj) ] :. . . in order to ascertain whether the shares of beneficiaries and their numbers were determinate or not, the Wealth Tax Officer has to ascertain the facts as they prevailed on the relevant date and therefore any variation in the number of beneficiaries in future would not matter and would not make sub-section (4) of Section 21 applicable.These observations represent correct statement of the law and we have no doubt that in order to determine the applicability of sub-section (1) of Section 21, what has to be seen is whether on the relevant valuation date, it is possible to say with certainty and definiteness as to who would be the beneficiaries and whether their shares would be determinate and specific, if the event on the happening of which the distribution is to take place occurred on that date. If it is, sub-section (1) of Section 21 would apply: if not, the case will be governed by sub-section (4) of Section 21.35. It is thus clear that what has to be seen in the facts of the present case is the list of members on the date of liquidation as per Rule 35 cited hereinabove. Given that as on that particular date, there would be a fixed list of members belonging to the various classes mentioned in the rules, it is clear that, applying the ratio of Trustees of H.E.H. Nizams Family (supra), such list of members not being a fluctuating body, but a fixed body as on the date of liquidation would again make the members determinate as a result of which, Sec. 21AA would have no application.10. It will be noticed that only three types of persons can be assessed to wealth tax under Section 3 i.e. individuals, Hindu undivided families and companies. It is clear that if Section 3(1) alone were to be looked at, the Bangalore Club neither being an individual, nor a HUF, nor a company cannot possibly be brought into the wealth tax net under this provision.Section 21AA was enacted w.e.f. 1 st April, 198113. It can be seen that for the first time from 1 st April, 1981, an association of persons other than a company or cooperative society has been brought into the tax net so far as wealth tax is concerned with the rider that the individual shares of the members of such association in the income or assets or both on the date of its formation or at any time thereafter must be indeterminate or unknown. It is only then that the section gets attracted.