Case: Ibrahim Vs. State of Rajasthan

2. The facts given rise to the appeal are briefly these. The case of the prosecution was that the appellantIbrahim, s/o Mirua resident of Rajgarh in Bikaner Divisionwas a Pakistani national who had originally come over to India on a Pakistani passport issued to him in 1954 and on the strength of a visa granted in December, 1956. He was then found to be overstaying in India since February 18, 1957 and an order was thereupon passed in March, 1957 for his deportation. This order was given effect to and on April 21, 1957 be was taken across the Pakistan border at the Check Post Munabao by the Indian police officials and deported. Then followed the events which have given rise to the present proceedings. Subsequent to his deportation to Pakistan and on a date as regards which the prosecution had no information, the appellant had, unknown to the Indian authorities, managed to come over to India clandestinely and he was found again in Rajgarh. On seeing him there theof Churu made a report to the Station House Officer of Rajgarh by which he drew the latters attention to the fact that the appellant who had been deported had managed to cross the border on the side of Ganganagar and hadIndia and he brought this to his notice for the purpose of action being taken. The accused was thereupon apprehended and was charged with an offence of having entered India without a passport in contravention of S. 3 (2) (a) of the Foreigners Act.3. The defence of the appellant was simple. He said he had been in India all the time, since birth had never gone to Pakistan and so had never come here in 1957 with a Pakistani passport, was never deported therefrom and therefore there was no question of his having entered India without a passport. In other words, his defence was that he was not the person who had come over in 1957 and had been deported to Pakistan in April 1957.4. In support of their case the prosecution proved the order of Government by which Ibrahim, son of Meeru of Rajgarh had been directed to be deported in which is found a reference to his having come over to India with a passport and having overstayed the time permitted by the visa, the general diary of the Emigration Check Post, Munabao dated April 21, 1957 which recited that on April 21, 1957 thecome with a Head Constable and that the deportation order had been given effect to and an entry in the deportation register of the Check post which recited the date and number of the Pakistani passport and the authority by which the order of deportations had been passed and the carrying out of the actual deportation. In order to establish the identity of the appellant with the Ibrahim mentioned in these documents the prosecution examined twoRattan who was thee of the Munabao Check post at the relevant date (P. W. 2) and Govind Singh who was a peon who was posted at the police lines at Churu and who accompanied Dube Singh, Head Constable when Ibrahim was taken from Rajgarh to the Check post at Munabao for being deported. These two witnesses identified the appellant who was present in Court as the Ibrahim whom they had seen off at the border Check Post in execution of the order to deport. The learned Magistrate, however, was not satisfied with this proof of identity, because he was of the view that the two prosecutionuld not, after the lapse of 4 years be believed when they said that they remembered that the appellant was the Ibrahim whom they had seen deported at the Check Post. The learned Magistrate also held that there was some discrepancy in the fathers name of Ibrahim in one of the documents produced by the prosecution which, according to him, did not tally with the name of the appellants father. On these grounds the learned Magistrate acquitted the accused.5. Thefiled an appeal to the High Court against this order of acquittal and the learned Judges holding that there could be no doubt about the identification by P. Ws. 2 and 3 of the appellant as the Ibrahim whom they had deported, reversed the order of acquittal and held the appellant guilty of the offence charged and sentenced him to a term of imprisonment. It is from this judgment of the High Court that the present appeal has been filed pursuant to leave granted by this Court.

Court's reasoning:
P.Ws. 2 and 3 are public servants and there is no reason why they should depose falsely against the appellant. The document produced as regards which there is no challenge gives the name of the person deported as Ibrahim, his father as Miru and besides, they specify his age as 27 which, it is conceded, tallies with the description of thehowever, it was pointed out to learned Counsel during the course of the arguments that there was a possibility of these words written in Urdu being wrongly transliterated into English learned Counsel did not persist in the point. If then Ibrahim s/o Miru, aged 27 was deported and there is evidence adduced which has been accepted by the High Court that is was the appellant that was deported on the former occasion, we find no substance in the argument as regards this question ofaccording to the case of the prosecution the appellant had come over to India on the strength of a Pakistani passport issued in 1954 and under a visa of December, 1956. It must, therefore, be taken that he had crossed over to India before the 19th January, 1957. On that date he was not a foreigner, though a Pakistani as he was a citizen of a Commonwealth country. He could not, in law, become a "foreigner" subsequently and no action could be taken against him on the footing that he had become a "foreigner". We see no merit in this submission. A prima facie reading of the Foreigners Act would show that if on the date when the offence is committed a person is a "foreigner", as defined by the Act, it would be no excuse for him to say that on an earlier date he was not a foreigner. But it is, however, unnecessary to consider this point further because, firstly, there is no proof on the record before us that the appellant entered India before January 19, 1957. But even if he had it would only mean that the earlier order of deportation which was passed in March/April 1957 was wrong order and that certainly is not a matter with which we are concerned, because it is common ground, if the identity of the appellant is held to be established, that the appellant was deported to Pakistan in April, 1957. He could come over to India only subsequent to April, 1957 and if he did come over it is also common ground that he came over without a passport. As date upon which he could have come over certainly after April, 1957 by which date S. 2 (a) of the Foreigners Act containing the definition of "Foreigner" had been amended, the appellant was a foreigner when he came into India without a valid passport and visa in contravention of the provisions of S. 3 of the Foreigners Act, and that is the offence with which he is now being charged. We find therefore that there is no substance in thisargument proceeds upon a misapprehension of the legal position. In the first place, under S. 9 of the Foreigners Act the onus is upon the person who is accused under the Act to prove trial he is not a foreigner. In the present case once the plea regarding the absence of identity of the appellant with the deportee of April, 1957 was rejected it could not be suggested that the appellant was ever an Indian citizen.It is only where there is proof that a person is, to start with, a citizen of India and it is alleged that he has lost his Indian citizenship by reason of acquiring the nationality of a foreign state that any question of invoking the provisions of S. 9 (2) of the Citizenship Act arises. That is not the case here. The case of the prosecution was that the appellant was a Pakistani national who had come over to India on a valid Pakistani passport in 1957 and had been legally deported out of India in April, 1957. On those facts there is no question of S. 9 (2) of the Citizenship Act being invoked or coming into play. The offence charged was that having been deported once out of India he again entered India without proper travel documents in violation of the provisions of S. 3 (2) (a) of the Foreignersfrom the point being without substance in view of the terms of S. 3 (2)(a) we have extracted earlier, and which was the offence with which the appellant was charged, this point about delegation was never urged in the courts below and consequently no evidence was led to establish delegation under S. 12 of the Act if that was necessary for sustaining the prosecution in the present case. As this point was not raised in the Courts below we declined to permit learned Counsel to raise it before us