Case: Thomas Abraham &amp; Others Vs. The National Tyre &amp; Rubber Company of India Limited

2. The plaintiffs are the appellants. The appellants claimed a decree for the principal amount of Rs.0 and interested thereon for Rs.2 aggregating Rs. 31073 and further interest at 9% on the said principal amount. The appellants and the respondent had dealings and transactions in Latex rubber. The appellants claim is found on a letter of acknowledgment dated 18th March, 1955 wherein a sum of Rs.1 was found due as the price of Latex rubber supplied by the appellants to the respondent and a further sum of Rs.3 was mentioned to be due by the respondent to the appellants as interest in accordance with the agreement. The aggregate sum due was Rs.. The appellants gave credit to the respondent for sums of money paid on divers occasions. The appellants claimed the balance sum of Rs. 31073 and further interest.      3. The defence of the respondent was as follows. The amount of interest shown as Rs.3 could not be interest on the principal amount of Rs.1 inasmuch as interest on the said principal amount was payable only from 30 August, 1954 up to 18 March. 1955 when the acknowledgment sued upon by the appellants was made by the respondent. Both the respondent and its allied concern Paratex Corporation Ltd. had dealings and transactions with the appellants. The appellants and the other concern had two accounts of such dealings and transactions. The parties however treated the two accounts as a consolidated one. In the year 1952 the respondent and the allied concern owed large sums of money to the appellants. The appellants demanded payment. Paratex Corporation by a letter dated 27 August, 1952 requested the appellants to obtain financial accommodation for Orient Central Bank Ltd. and agreed to reimburse the appellants in respect of interest to be paid by the appellants to the said Bank on loans incurred by the appellants by reason of sums remaining due and outstanding by the respondent and Paratex Corporation Ltd. to the appellants. The respondent alleged that Paratex Corporation discharged all dues to the appellants on 24 June, 1954. On 30 August, 1954 a sum of Rs.1 remained due by the respondent to the appellants. On 18 March, 1955 the respondent signed the acknowledgment showing the principal amount of Rs.1 but there was an error and mistake in regard to the interest calculated as mentioned in the letter of acknowledgment because interest was payable by the respondent to the appellants from 30 August, 1954 to 18 March, 1955 at the rate of 9 per cent per annum.      4. The trial Court came to the conclusion that Rs.1 was outstanding on 1 January, 1952 and interest up 28 February 1955 less remission amounted to Rs. 17321. The trial Court therefore found that the principal amount of Rs.1 mentioned in the letter of acknowledgment was not disputed and the amount of interest shown as Rs.3 represented the correct interest. The trial Court found that the words on the said principal occurring in the letter of acknowledgment were a mistake in expression and decreed the entire suit by holding that the interest amounting to Rs.3 was interest on the outstanding of Rupees1 less amounts paid from time to time.      5. The High Court held that the trial Court totally overlooked the agreement between Paratex Corporation and the respondent to pay interest to the appellants and further that the appellants collected as interest from Paratex Corporation in regard to the liability of the respondent and Paratex Corporation and therefore the appellants were not entitled to any interest from the respondent up to the end of June, 1954. The High Court found that interest was payable by the respondent to the appellants only from 30 August, 1954 and the agreement to pay interest from that date was at the rate of 9 per cent per annum. The High Court on that conclusion passed a decree for Rs.6. The evidence establishes three features. First, the appellants and the respondent had dealings and transactions up to the month of June, 1952. The statements of account sent by the appellants to the respondent and in particular the statements dated 21 October. 1952 Exhibit5 and the statement dated 28 February, 1954 Exhibit4 indicate that the appellants never charged and included any interest on any sum due by the respondent to the appellants. Second, in the month of August, 1952 Paratex Corporation wrote a letter to the appellants undertaking to reimburse the appellants for all interest hey had to pay to the Orient Central Bank. Exhibit2 is the statement showing interest charged by Orient Central Bank Ltd. to the appellants from2 to 30 June, 1954. Exhibits6 to2 are the statements of account sent by the appellants to Paratex Corporation Ltd. The amounts of interest debited by the appellants to Paratex Corporation during the years 1952 to 1954 tally with the amounts mentioned in Exhibit2 with the result that on 24 June, 1954 the entire liability of Paratex Corporation as mentioned in Exhibit2 for the sum of Rupees6 was discharged by payment in cash. Third, the identity of the amount in Exhibit2 of interest that the appellants had to pay to Orient Central Bank Ltd. with the amount of interest debited in Exhibits6 to2 being the statements issued by the appellants to Paratex Corporation establish beyond any measure of doubt that the appellants acted upon the agreement between the appellants and Paratex Corporation whereby the latter reimbursed the appellants for all interest paid to Orient Central Bank Ltd.

Court's reasoning:
9. The trial Court relied on Exhibit6 the statement of account dated 9 August, 1954 sen by the appellants to the respondent. In that statement the appellants charged interest at 12 per cent per annum and further charged interest for the sum of Rupees6 on the accounts of the respondent from 1 March, 1952 up to 31 July 1954. The High Court rightly rejected the finding of the trial Court by relying on the respondents latter dated 12 August, 1954 to the appellants where the respondent stated first that the accounts were incorrect; second, that the appellants method of preparing accounts reflected an entirely different aspect of transactions; and thirdly, the true nature of accounts would be correctly evidenced by the previous statement mutually confirmed by and between the partiesIt will therefore be clear on the basis of Exhibits0 and1 being the statement from 1 July, 1952 to 24 June, 1954 as also the other accounts sent by the appellants to the respondent that the appellants did not charge the respondent any interest and Paratex Corporation made excess payment of interest for the sum of Rs.. This excess payment was made by Paratex Corporation towards the interest agreed by and between the parties to be paid to the appellants for obtaining credit facilities up to 30 August. 1954. The High Court therefore correctly held on the entire evidence that the sum of Rs.3 appearing on the letter of acknowledgment dated 18 March, 1955 was an error and interest on the principal sum of Rupees1 from 30 August, 1954 up to 18 March, 1955 was Rs.2 in accordance with the agreement between the parties on 17 March, 1955 to pay interest at 9 per cent per annum. It may be noticed here that Paratex Corporation had all along paid interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum12. Where accounts between the two parties are shown to be erroneous both in amount and in the number of items of where there is a fraudulent omission or insertion in the accounts the Court will open the account, and not merely surcharge and falsify.(See Williamson v. Barbour, (1877) 9 Ch. D. 529 at p. 533). It is also well settled that where accounts are drawn up and assented to by parties under a common mistake as to their rights an obligations, the accounts may be directed to the opened.(See Halsburys Laws of England, 3rd Ed. Vol 26 paragraph 1725 at page 927). It is an established principle of common law that an action for money had and received is a practical and useful instrument to prevent unjust enrichment. The law implies an obligation to repay the money which is an unjust benefit. In the present case, the evidence establishes that the respondent relied on the appellants for calculation of interest. Up to 30 June, 1954 Paratex Corporation paid all interest on the outstandings of Paratex Corporation and the respondent. There was no other agreement by the respondent to pay interest to the appellants. The statement of accounts sent by the appellants to the respondent showed that no interest was ever claimed by the appellants. In commercial transactions documents are of importance in showing the character of transactions conduct of parties as the criteria to be applied in judging the rival oral version as to transactions. The documents here furnish the guide in holding that there was no liability of the respondent to pay interest up to 30 August, 1954. The only Agreement to pay interest from 30 August, 1954 is the one arrived at on 17 March, 1955. The High Court correctly held that the calculation of interest at Rs.3 in Exhibit1 was wrong and the correct amount was Rs.. The High Court rightly gave the appellants decree for Rs.