Case: H. Dear and Company Private Limited Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, Calcutta

For the period July 1, 1944, to June 30, 1950, thewas permitted under two separate agreements both dated September 14, 1944, with the Maharaja of Jeypore to collect " sleepers and scantlings " approved by the company from logs of sal trees marked by the forest department, in the Ramgiri Forest and Omerkote Nowrangpur range in the Jeypore Estate, in consideration of the company agreeing to pay as royalty specified percentages of the price at which the " sleepers and scantlings " were supplied by the company to the Indian railways. By a letter dated January 16, 1950, addressed to the Dewan of Jeypore, the company offered to pay enhanced royalty for the period June 1, 1948, to June 30, 1950, in consideration of the Estate granting renewal of the agree ments which were about to expire. The Collector of Koraput, who was the authority to sanction the grant or renewal of the agreement under section 3(1)(a) of the Orissa Preservation of Private Forests Act, 1947, by order dated April 3, 1950, sanctioned renewal of the original agreements for one year from July 1, 1950, to June 30, 1951. A fresh agreement was thereafter executed on June 13, 1952, for a term of three years with effect from July 1, 1951, under which the company was granted the right to cut sal trees marked by the Estates forest department in the areas agreed upon and to convert the same into " sleepers and scantlings " and to remove them. The agreement provided that the company would pay to the Estate, subject to a minimum of Rs. 40, 000 annually (which would not be altered during the term of the agreement), at the rates specified in clause 6 for different types of " sleepers and scantlings " mentioned therein During the course of the negotiations for extension of the agreement from July 1, 1951, the company agreed to pay royalty at enhanced rates for the period July 1, 1948, to June 30, 1950, on condition that the agreement was extended for at least three years. This worked at the rate of Rs. 69, 000 per annum. The company then offered by its letter dated March 22, 1951, to pay an additional amount of Rs. 9, 000 annually in addition to Rs. 69, 000 already agreed to be paid. By another letter dated June 10, 1952, it was confirmed that subject to a lease being signed in terms of the draft enclosed with the companys letter dated June 9, 1951, the company agreed to pay additional amounts in the aggregate at the rate of Rs. 83, 000 annually during the term of the lease.A covenant about the additional payments offered to be made by the company was however not incorporated in the agreement dated June 13, 1952In proceedings for assessment ofin the assessment yearthe claim of the company to deduct Rs. 83, 157 paid during the year of account in addition to the royalty stipulated to be paid under the agreement dated June 13, 1952, as an allowable expenditure under section 10(2)(xv) of the IndianAct was rejected by theOfficer. The order of theOfficer was reversed by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner who held that the agreement to pay amounts of money in addition to royalty stipulated to be paid under the formal agreement were " additional royalty " solely for the purpose of acquiring logs to be converted into sleepers for sale and the payments represented " the prime cost of the companys". In appeal by thetax Appellate Tribunal confirmed the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. The Tribunal then drew up a statement and submitted the following question for the opinion of the High Court of Judicature at Calcutta" Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, and on the correct interpretation of the three enclosures to the letter of the assessee dated the 8th day of July, 1954, to theOfficer concerned, the sum of Rs. 83, 157 was allowable as an expenditure of a revenue nature ?High Court recorded its answer on the question in the negative. In the view of the High Court, the expenditure incurred by the company was of the nature of capital expenditure and not revenue. In reaching their conclusion the learned judges assumed that the royalty payable under the agreement dated June 13, 1952, and the additional payments agreed to be made by correspondence between the company and the Dewan of the Estate were of the same character, and that by the agreement dated June 13, 1952, the company did not purchase standing timber, but it was given " a right to extract sleepers ". According to the High Court, the company had " to enter the forests, to wait for certain trees to be marked, and then to cut such trees according to its requirements for the supply of sleepers to the railways and others, as and when it liked, within the specified period of three years, " and that what was acquired under the agreement was notbut the right to acquire it and, upon the principle laid down by the House of Lords inv. Inland Revenue, Commissioners, the company acquired a capital asset of an enduring nature. In the alternative, the High Court observed, the additional amounts agreed to be paid in respect of the period under the original agreements which had expired were in consideration of the Estate granting extension of the agreement which came to an end in the month of June, 1950. Had the agreement not been extended, observed the High Court, the " business of the company would have been greatly affected and there could be no doubt that by the payment the company acquired a benefit of an enduring nature ", and since by the payment of the amounts the company got the benefit of a contract whereby it could continue its business activities for a sufficiently long period to come, it was a benefit of an enduring nature and, therefore, the payments were of a capital natureUnder section 10(2) of the Act in the computation of the profits of a business carried on by an assessee certain allowances are permitted to be deducted and one such allowance is " expenditure not being an allowance of the nature described in clauses (i) to (xiv) inclusive, and not being in the nature of capital expenditure or personal expenses of the assessee laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of such business, profession or vocation. " The expenditure in question was, it is common ground, laid out wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business, and it was not an allowance of the nature described in clauses (i) to (xiv) of(2) of section 10. It was still not admissible as an allowance, if it was in the nature of capital expenditure

Court's reasoning:
In our view the High Court was not right in assuming that the royalty agreed to be paid under the terms of the agreement dated June 13, 1952, and the additional payments annually made were of the same character. The High Court was also not right in holding that the royalty paid under the agreement was of the nature of capital expenditure. Under the terms of the agreement dated June 13, 1952, the company had made an arrangement for obtaining what was itsand money spent for acquiringof the business is revenue expenditure. TheOfficer did not disallow the royalty stipulated to be paid under the terms of the agreement dated June 13, 1952 : he only disallowed the additional amounts which related to what was called " back royalty " for the period July 1, 1948, to June 30, 1950. The question referred by the Tribunal also related to the amount of Rs. 83, 157 which was paid as an additional amount over and above the royalty agreed to bewe are of the view that the answer recorded on the alternative ground which appealed to the High Court must be sustained. The additional payments were worked out on the basis of total royalty paid during the period of two years under the earlier agreements, i.e., from June 1, 1948, to June 30, 1950, and were offered to be paid in consideration of the Estate agreeing to grant renewal of those agreementsUnder the original agreements of the year 1944, certain payments were stipulated to be made for acquiring the " sleepers and scantlings " and payments were made accordingly by theis in the light of these persistent efforts made by the company to secure renewal of the agreements for what the High Court called a " sufficiently large period " that the nature of the payment has to be determined. It was only with a view to persuade the State authorities to " grant a new lease for a period of four or five years " that an offer to pay those amounts in addition to the stipulated royalty was made. There was no legal obligation to pay those amounts under the terms of the original agreements, and the company offered " as a special case to pay " those additional amounts " on the understanding that the Government will give approval " for renewal of the agreement. The amounts agreed to be paid did not form part of the price of the companysright to collect which was conferred by the agreement dated June 13, 1952. There is no doubt that payment of premium in consideration of the owner of property agreeing to grant a right to take and remove theof the taxpayer is in the nature of capital expenditure.