Case: Laljee Dubey &amp; Others Vs. Union of India &amp; Others

3. The appellants were employed in the Government Harness and Saddlery Factory, Kanpur. They were designated as checkers. Their duties were substantially clerical. They made representations to the authorities for being classified as clerks. The matter was referred to a Committee called Kalyanwala Committee. The Committee recommended that persons doing clerical work should be designated as lower division clerks. The recommendation was accepted by the President of India. The Director General was directed tocheckers as lower division clerks if they were matriculates or completed three years continuous service. The appellants claimed that they satisfied the tests and yet they were not classified as lower division clerks. The grievance of the appellants was that other employees who did not possess the necessary qualifications were designated as lower division clerks. The appellants asked for a declaration that they were entitled to be classified and redesignated as lower division clerks. The appellants founded their claim on the letter dated 17 November, 1953.4. The respondents contended that the duties performed by the appellants were not substantially clerical and other employees who were sufficiently qualified were designated as lower division clerks.5. The trail Court referred to the oral evidence. Three witnesses on behalf of the appellants narrated their career in the service of Harness and Saddlery Factory and described the duties performed by them. The trial Court also referred to the evidence on behalf of the respondents. The principal issue before the trial Court was whether the appellants were entitled to be classified and designated as lower division clerks on the basis of the recommendation of Kalyanwala Committee and the sanction of the President of India thereon. On this issue the trial Court referred to the evidence on behalf of the parties and found that the evidence showed beyond any doubt that the appellants performed duties which are of a substantially clerical nature. The trial Court, therefore, answered the issue in favour of the appellants.6. On appeal the District Judge found in favour of the appellants that the duties performed by them were of a substantially clerical nature. The District Judge, however, held that the Court had no jurisdiction to grant relief to the appellants even if departmental rules have been disregarded by the executive authorities.7. The High Court on second appeal found that the finding of the trial Court as well as of the first appellate Court was in favour of the appellants that they performed duties of a substantially clerical nature. The learned single Judge of the High Court on second appeal referred the matter to the learned Chief Justice for constituting a larger Bench of the question as to whether the order of the President of India created a right in favour of the appellants.8. The matter was thereafter heard by a Division Bench of the High Court. The question for consideration before the High Court was whether the letter dated 17 November, 1953 conferred any right on the appellants. The appellants contended that the letter constituted a rule framed by the President of India under Article 309 of the Constitution. The respondents on the other hands contended that the letter was a mere order of an administrative nature.9. The letter dated 17 November, 1953 was addressed by the Under Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Defence to the Director General, Ordnance Factories. The letter referred to the recommendations of a committee of Enquiry called the Kalyanwala Committee and conveyed the sanction of the President as followsexisting posts of Checkers, Grades I and II in Ordnance Factories, the duties of which are substantially clerical, shall be classified by you in consultation with the D.F.A. (PYS) as posts of Lower Division Clerk. The incumbents of the posts so classified will be redesignated as lower division clerks provided they are at least matriculates, or, if non matriculates, they have completed 3 years continuous service as Checkers on the date from which these orders take effect or from the date of reorganisation of the existing cadre of Checkers whichever is later. Such of the incumbents of these posts as areand have not completed 3 years continuous service as Checkers on the date of effect of this letter, provided they are considered suitable in all respects for the work, will also be redesignated as Lower Division Clerks; they will, however, be reverted as checkers as and when vacancies occur, in future in that grade and will then be replaced in the grade of Lower Division Clerks by qualified individuals.The remaining posts will continue to be designated as Checkers but there will be no grades. Incumbents of these posts will be brought on to the single scale of Rs.in place of the existing two scales of Rs.on the date from which these orders take effect or the date of reorganisation of the cadre of Checkers whichever is later".The letter dated 17 November, 1953 consisted of directions of two different nature. First, there were directions laying down how certain Checkers were to be reclassified as Lower Division Clerks. Second, directions given related to the abolition of the two grades of Checkers who remained after excluding those persons who were redesignated as Lower Division Clerks. There was a further direction that in future there would be only one single grade for the Checkers. That grade would be Rs.instead of the twoscales of Rs.11. The High Court on second appeal was divided in opinion. One of the learned Judges held that the letter contained orders and instructions governing certain individuals only who were in service towards the end of the years 1953 and the underlying idea was to reclassify them as Checkers. There was no idea to fix conditions of service of Checkers for all time. The letter did not constitute a rule under Article 309 of the Constitution. The letter was a mere direction of an administrative nature. The other learned Judge held that the letter laid down conditions of service. Conditions of service could only be prescribed by the President by Rulers under Article 309. The letter amounted to a rule framed by the President of India.12. In view of the division the question was referred to the third learned Judge as to whether the letter dated 17 November, 1953 constituted a rule framed by the President under Article 309. The third learned Judge held that the letter was of a composite nature. There were ad hoc directions in respect of certain checkers. The letter also laid down some conditions of service which would apply to the remaining checkers. The letter did not constitute a rule framed by the President of India under Article 309. The letter merely contained an order of an administrative or executive nature. This view of the third learned Judge became the majority view of the High Court.

Court's reasoning:
Denial of the benefits of the order to the appellants is violative of fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. Other checkers performing duties similar to those of the appellants have been granted the benefit of the order contained in the letter dated 17 November, 1953 whereas the appellants who are similarly situate have been arbitrarily denied the benefit of the same.In the present case the letter dated 17 November, 1953 shows that the President of India gave sanction to the recommendations of Kalyanwala Committee. The authorities admitted some of the persons as lower division clerks and left others to their own posts. The direction containing the sanction of the President indicates that checkers who had the requisite qualifications, viz., passing the matriculation examination or in the alternative three years continuous service in the department were to be put in the category of lower division clerks. The letter dated 17 November, 1953 divided checkers into two groups. The first group consisted of checkers who possessed the necessary qualifications as laid down in that order. The second group consisted of those who did not possess that qualification. In the case of persons of the first group the authorities concerned could not have any option to make any selection among such persons. The direction in that letter indicates that such persons should be classified as lower division clerks. In the case of the second group, viz., those who did not fulfil the qualification requirements it was left open to the authorities to exercise their discretion and classify some of the checkers in the post of lower division clerk if they considered them to be fit and suitable to serve in those posts. The appellants were, therefore, entitled to be designated as lower division clerks, in accordance with the directions contained in the letter dated 17 November 1953. There has been arbitrary discrimination against the appellants.It is not necessary to express any opinion as to whether the letter dated 17 November, 1953 became a rule under Article 309 of the Constitution. For the purposes of the appeal it is sufficient to hold that the letter has been accepted by the authorities and given effect to in case of some of the employees belonging to the same group as the appellants.