Case: M.J. Export Ltd. and another Vs. The Customs, Excise &amp; Gold Appellate Tribunal, Bombay and others

Import Trade Control was introduced in India as a war-time measure in the early stages of the Second World War, initially by a notification issued in exercise of the powers conferred under the Defence of India rules. The primary object of the notification was to conserve foreign exchange resources and restrict physical imports so as to reduce the pressure on the limited available shipping space. To start with, the import of only 68 commodities, mainly consumer items, were brought under control. Subsequently, as foreign exchange resources came under pressure, import control was extended to cover other commodities asafter the second world war came to an and, the control of imports an d exports was statutorily provided for. The Imports and Exports (Control) Act, 1947 (18 of 1947) came into force with effect from 25th March, 1947, initially for a period of three years and was extended from time to time. The Act was substantially amended by the imports and Exports (Control) Amendment Act, 1976. Section 3 of the Act is relevant for our present purposes. It. Powers to prohibit or restrict imports and exports - (1) The Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, make provisions for prohibiting, restricting or otherwise controlling, in all cases or in specified classes of cases and subject to such exceptions, if any, as may be made by or under the order:-(a) the import, export carriage coastwise or shipment as ships stores of goods of any specified description;(b) the bringing into any port or place in India of goods of any specified description intended to be taken out of India without being removed from the ship or conveyance in which they are being carried.(2) All goods to which any order under sub-section (1) applies shall be deemed to be goods of which the import or export has been prohibited under section 11 of the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962), and all the provisions of that Act shall have effect accordingly. (3)anything contained in the aforesaid Act, the Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette prohibit, restrict or impose conditions on the clearance whether for home consumption or for shipment abroad of any goods or class of goods imported intonotifications were issued under s.3 of the above Act from time to time setting out the lists of controlled items. At the relevant time with which we are concerned, the notification governing imports was the Imports (Control) Order, 1955 as amended from time to time and the one governing exports was the Exports (Control) Order, 1988 which came into force on 30th March, 1988. The broad scheme of the Imports Control Order is that the items of goods set out in Schedule I to the said order cannot be imported except under a licence or customs clearance permit issued in terms of Schedules II, III and V to the order. Clause 11(4) of the Order, however, also envisages the issue of an Open General Licence or Special General Licence by the Central Government permitting the import of such goods by such persons and subject to such conditions as may be specified. Clause 3 of the Exports Control Order likewise imposes restrictions on exports from the country in the following. Restrictions on export of certain goods - (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Order no person shall export any goods of the description specified in Schedule I, except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Central Government or by an officer specified in Schedule II.(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub- clause (1) goods specified in Schedule III may be exported on fulfillment of the terms and conditions specified therein.(3) If in any case, it is found, that the value, specification, quality and description of the goods to be exported are not in conformity with the declaration of the exporter in those respects or the quality and specification of such goods are not in accordance with the terms of the export contract, the export of such goods shall be deemed to be prohibited."Government of India periodically announces its import-export policy which remains in force for a specified period subject to such changes or amendments as the Government may make from time to time. The Import -Export Policy of the Government for the period 1988-1991 (hereinafter referred to as the policy) is the one with which we are concerned. Appendix 6 to the policy deals with the categories of goods that can be imported under an Open General Licence (OGL) and lists out the categories of importers, the items allowed to be imported by them under OGL and the conditions governing such importation. Item 36 of this Appendix permits the import, under OGL, "by all persons" of "Life-saving equipment as per List 2 of the Appendix and their spares". Item 37 permits the import, under OGL, "by all persons" of "finished drug preparations, life saving and anti-cancer drugs as per List 3 of this Appendix".List 2 which contains the "List of life saving equipment allowed for import under OGL" includes, as item no. 27, "Haemafiltration instrument/Haemo-dialysers and accessories/sparesnotification was also issued by the Government of India under s.25 of the Customs Act, 1962 (hereinafter referred to as the Act). This notification, as it stood at the relevant time, was in theseexercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of Section 25 of the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962), and in supersession of the notification of the Government of India in the Department of Revenue and Banking No.182-Customs, dated the 2nd August, 1976, the Central Government, being satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, hereby exempts goods specified in the Schedule annexed hereto when imported into India from(i) the whole of the duty of customs livable thereon under the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975); and(ii) the whole of the additional duty livable thereon under Section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 ofSchedule annexed was in three parts. Part A set out a list of life-saving drugs or medicines, item 8 in which is "Haemodyalisers and accessories/spare parts thereof". Part B gave a list of "life-saving equipments". Part C enabled the exemption to be availed of even in case of other "life-saving drugs, medicine or equipment" not specified in Parts A and B if the Director General of Health Services certified that the goods fell under the above category and recommended exemption from customsImport Policy read with the Customs notification made it possible for any person to import, inter alia, haemodialysers free of import duty. This is what may be called the import- side of the picture we have towe turn to the export angle. We have already referred to clause 3 of the Exports (Control) Order, 1988. It prohibits or restricts the exports of the items of goods specified in Schedules I and III thereto . It is common ground that Haemodialyers do not figure in either of the these two Schedules. The wide liberty granted for exports (particularly to hard currency areas) of all goods other than a few specified in the above two Schedules is easily understood in the context of the countrys imperative need to boost up its exports and augment its foreign exchange reserves. Simultaneously, India had also entered into reupee trade agreements with U.S.S.R. and certain other countries with view to improving mutual trade between India and these countries. These agreements permitted, subject to certain monetary limits and other restrictions, exports of various types of goods from India to theseappellant, which is a "recognised trading house", carrying on business as exporters, saw in these provisions an opportunity to make quick money. It imported Haemodialysers from West Germany and exported them to Russia at a profit. We are told that sometime in 1987 he imported several sets of such Haemodialysers through Bombay customs and, within a short interval, exported them to the U.S.S.R. through Bombay customs without any objection being taken thereto by the customs authorities. This, apparently, emboldened the appellant to repeat the attempt with some variation and it is with this second transaction that we are here concerned. In May, 1988, the appellant obtained from the Trade Representative of the U.S.S.R. in India another order for the supply of 53 Haemodialysing machines (along with spare parts and accessories) manufactured by the renowned West German company M/s. Fresenins A.G. bearing the trade name "A-2000C". In pursuance of the above order, the appellant, in turn, placed an order with the West German manufacturers for the import of 53 Haemodialysers into India through the port of Bombay. The Bombay Custom House allowed the clearance of the goods on 19.10.88 under OGL and without payment of customs duty. After clearing the goods, the appellant took the goods to its Ankleshwar factory at Gujarat where the goods are claimed to have been subjected to "moisture proof packing, pelletisation, fabrication of necessary stand etc." but argument s before us have proceeded on the footing as was also found by the authorities that nothing special had been done to the imported goods and that, in India, they were merely repack ed for the purposes of export. The goods were then taken to Kandla Port for shipment to the U.S.S.R. and shipping bills were presented to the Customs Department at Kandla on 2.12.88. The C.I.F. value of the imports to the appellant was Rs. 2 , 33 , 91, 288 whereas the F.O.B. value of the exports was Rs.3, 31, 27, 600. The appellant thus earned a profit of Rs.97, 36, 312 on theshipping bills were presented to the Kandla Customs authorities on 2.12.88. The pro-forma of the bills contained three alternative descriptions for the goods sought to be exported viz. "free goods/India Produce to be exported/India Produce", none of which were struck off. On examination it was found that the goods were of foreign origin in original packing and that they had been cleared in October 1988 through Bombay Customs House "for home consumption" but got repacked at Ankleshwar and presented for export at Kandla. As the Customs authority was of opinion that re-export of goods imported under OGL was not permissible except with the specific approval of the Import-Export Control authorities - he subsequently also got this clarified by the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports he detained the goods for further examination. The appellant, however, represented that the immediate export of the goods was an imperative necessity to cater to the victims of the earthquake in Armenia and persuaded the authorities to clear the goods for export, subject to the outcome of the proceedings, on payment of a cash desposit of Rs. 6 lakhs, furnishing a bank guarantee of Rs. 10 lakhs and a bond for the full value of thelooking further into the matter, the Customs authorities were of opinion "that the appellant had contravened the conditions of the customs notification and so not entitled to its benefit and had also contravened the provisions of the OGL" and "that they (the goods) appeared to be liable to confiscation under s.113(d) of the Customs Act and to have rendered themselves liable to a penalty under s.114 of the Customs Act". A "show-cause" notice was, therefore, issued on 25.3.89 and, after considering the appellants reply dated 31.7.198 9, the Collector of Customs passed an order on 22.10.1990. He agreed with the appellant that the goods were not liable to import duty and that, in any event, the Kandla Collector of Customs had no jurisdiction to demand customs duty on goods imported through Bombay. But, hee goods under export were liable to confiscation under Section 113(d) of the Customs Act. Since the good s have already been exported, they are not available for confiscation. By rendering the goods liable to confiscation, M/s. M.J. Exports have rendered themselves liable to a penalty under Section 114 of the Customs Act. Considering the fact that the goods have already been exported, I proceed to take action in terms of the bond, Bank Guarantee and cash deposit furnished by the exporter. I therefore impose a penalty of Rs.50 lakhs on M/s. M.J. Exports. In order to realise this amount I order the appropriation of the cash deposit furnished by them towards penalty and direct the Department to invoke the Bank Guarantee furnished by them immediately. The balance amount shall be paid by M/s. M.J. Exports separately in terms of the bond furnished byappellant preferred an appeal to the Central Excise &Gold Control Appellate Tribunal (the Tribunal) which, by an order dated 14.6.91, dismissed the appeal. The present appeal by Special Leave is from the Tribunals order.

Court's reasoning:
Leaving out of consideration the issue whetherthe appellant was entitled to exemption from customs duty on the import of the goods inquestion - an issue which was decided in favour of the assessee by the Collector of Customs and has not been pursued further and is not in issue beforeing thatthis contention of the Revenue is sound. The contrast that finds emphasis in the sections as well as forms above referred to is of clearance for home consumption as opposed to clearance for warehousing. The presentation of a bill of entry for home consumption only means that the importer does not intend to warehouse the goods; in the latter ca se, he is not required to pay the import duties, if any, immediately (ss.59 and 59A). The form of the Bill of Entry prescribed under the Act does not require any declaration from the importer as to the purpose for which the imported goods are required or that they will be used or sold only in India. The expression home consumption has also, in the context, no clear or definite meaning and raises a lot of conundrums if literally interpreted to mean that imported goods should always be consumed in India. Is it home consummations if the importer does not use the goods himself but sell them? At what point of time should the importer make up his mind whether he proposes to sell the imported goods in India or wishes to export them outside? Is the condition infringed if a purchaser of goods from the importer sells it to a buyer in a foreign country? Will it be permissible for the importer to use the imported goods in the manufacture of other goods which he proposes to export? All these uncertainties in the connotation of the expression home consumption preclude one from giving an interpretation to this expression that the imported goods cannot be at all exported and incline one to hold that, in the context, it is only used in contrast to the expression for waresabove general consideration apart, there are other indications in the statute which show that the Act does not prohibit the export of imported goods. The Act provides that that goods which are cleared from the customs area for warehousing can be cleared from the warehouse for home consumption (s.68) or exportation (s.69). At first blush, this may seem to support the Revenues interpretation that clearance for exportation and clearance for home consumption are two different things. It is indeed suggested by State counsel that, if an importer intends to export the imported goods, he should clear them for warehousing and then proceed in terms of s.69. But a little though would show this interpretation cannot be correct. In the first place, where an importer, even at the time of the import purchase has decided to sell the goods in another country (as in the present case), he may, as pointed out earlier, easily ask the goods to be transited or transshipped to the country of sale and thus avoid any necessity for their being at all cleared in India. But where, for one reason or other, he wants to import the goods into India and then sell them to the foreign country or where the importer decides on an export sale only after he has arranged for the import of the goods into India, the Act prescribes no form of a Bill of Entry under which he can clear such goods intended for re-export. It would not be correct to insist that he must clear them for warehousing and then export them by clearing from the warehouse. Whether to deposit the goods in a warehouse o r not is an option given to the importer. If he is able to pay the import duties and has his own place to stock the goods, he is entitled to take them away. But, where he has either some difficulty in payment of the duties or where he has no ready place to stock the goods before use or sale, he cannot clear the goods from the customs area. The warehouse in only a place which the importer, on payment of prescribed charges, is permitted to utilise for keeping the goods where he is not able to take the goods straightaway outside the customs area. There is nothing in the provisions of the Act to compel an importer even before or when importing the goods, to make up his mind whether he is going to use or sell them in India or whether he proposes to re-export them. Again, there may be cases where he has imported the goods for use or sale in India but subsequently receives an attractive offer which necessitates an export. It would make export trade difficult to say that he cannot accept the export offer as the goods, when importer, had been cleared for home consumption. S.69, therefore, should be only read as a provision setting out the procedure for export of warehoused goods and not as a provision which makes warehousing an imperative pre-condition for expiating the importedsecond reason for not reading ss.68 and 69 as supporting the Revenues interpretation is even more weighty. That interpretation would mean that imported good s can be re-exported after being warehoused for sometime (even a day or a few hours) but that they cannot be exportedan interpretation has no basis in logic or sense and makes mincemeat of the broader principle contended for by the Revenue that imports are intended for use in the country and not for export. Incidentally, we may observe that even this principle contended for by Revenue may itself be of doubtful validity as it is based on an erroneous assumption that a re-export of imported goods will always be detrimental to the country. It is true that, in the present case, the appellant has been criticised for having utilised valuable hard currency for the purchases and reselling the goods only for rupee consideration. But, conceivably, there may be cases where an importer is able to import goods from a soft-currency area and sell them in a hard-currency area earning foreign exchange for the country. It is also possible to think of cases w here, though economically unremunerative, the exports can be justified on considerations of international amity and goodwill such as for example, where the goods are exported to a country which is in dire need of help and assistance. The principle is also non-acceptable on the ground of vagueness as to the extent of its application to exports made after an interval or after changing several hands inside the country by way of sale. We are, therefore, unable to read ss.68 and 69 as supporting the Revenueshave considered this aspect of the matter carefully. The relevant OGL is the one dated 20/5/88 covered by Order No. 15/88-91 which refers in its Schedule to "Life-saving equipment appearing in List No.2 of Appendix-6 of Import and Export Policy, 198 8-91 (vol.1) and their spares". It also set out a number of conditions of grant of the OGL, the very first of which is that, except in the case of "teaching aids" covered by serial no.1, "all other items covered by the Schedule annexed to it may be imported by any person for stock and sale purposes". Prima facie, there appears to be no reason to confine this only to sales in India and as prohibiting the re-export of the imported goods from India. The interpretation of a condition in these terms came up for consideration, though not finally decided, in the case of Janak Photo Enterprises, relied upon for the appellant. In that case, the assessee had imported photographic colour films from Japan, cleared them for home consumption, and then presented them for export to Singapore. The customs authorities, relying upon a certificate of the CCIE analogous to the one in the present case, confiscated the goods under s.113(d) but allowed them to be re-exported on paymen t of a huge redemption fine, a penalty and payment of appropriate duty for ex-bond clearance. The assessee filed a writ petition challenging this order. Pending disposal of the writ, the High Court permitted the export of the goods subject to certain conditions. In doing so, the court made certain observations which, learned counsel for the appellant says, are equally apposite in the presentThe goods in question, being the photographic films (colour), fall under App.7, List 8, Part II, Serial No.41 of the Import and Export Policy, 1988- 91, and their import is allowed by all persons for actual use/stock and sale. The contention of Mr. aggarwal is that since the goods were imported for stock and sale, these could not be re-exported. We are unable to agree with the contention of Mr. Aggarwal or with the view taken by the respondents. Again, to us, the goods do not appear to be prohibitedare, therefore, of the opinion that, although there is no express prohibition, the re-export as such of items of goods specified in list 2 and imported into India is prohibited by necessary implication by the language of, and the scheme underlying, the grant of OGL in regard to them. It is difficult to agree that the import-export policy envisages the re-export of goods belonging to this category. The opinion of the CCIE is also to the same effect. This opinion also derives some binding effect from para 24(1) of the Import Policy read with par as 22 &23 of the Export Policy, which24(1): The interpretation given by the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, New Delhi in the matter of interpretation of Import Policy and procedures shall be final and will prevail over any clarification given by any other authority and person in the same matter.Para 22: Cases for relaxation of existing policy and procedures where it creates genuine hardship or where a strict application of the existing policy is likely to affect exports adversely may be considered by the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports.Para 23: In matters relating to export, as well as the interpretation of export policy and procedures, the person concerned may address the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, New Delhi for necessary advice. Any interpretation of the export policy given in any other manner or by any other person will not be binding on the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, or inprincipal enunciated in the said decisions is that the court should construe the terms of the statutory provision or instrument before it and should not supply or introduce words which are not found therein to give effect to a possible intention behind the provision or instrument which is not borne out by the language used.But, as pointed out by this Court in Surjit Singh Kalra v. Union of India, 1991 (2) SCC 87 , "though it is not permissible to read words in a statute which are not there, where the alternative lies between either supplying by implication words which appear to have been accidentally omitted, or adopting a construction which deprives certain existing words of all meaning, it is permissible to supply the words". The Court should construe a provision in a harmonious way to make it meaningful having regard to the context in which it appears. Here, we are only interpreting the language used and giving content and meaning to the classification and heading used in the order permitting imports under OGL in certain cases in the context of the provisions of the Imports and Exports Control A ct, 1947, as well as the orders and notifications issued thereunder we, therefore, do not find any force in the contention of Sriinto account all the above considerations, we hold that the goods in question were "prohibited " goods within the meaning of S.2(33) and that their confiscation under S.113(d) and the penalty under S.114 were fullyMuch emphasis has been laid by the counsel for the Revenue on the circumstance that the appellant had obtained the import of the goods free of duty by relying on the notification granting exemption from customs duty. It is obvious that it could not have been the intention of the legislature to grant exemption from customs duty in respect of vital goods of the nature in question in order that an importer may make profit by selling them abroad. The notification is, therefore, relevant for the issue before us to the limited extent that it lends supports to the construction of List 2 of Appendix 6 in the manner we have interpreted it. This apart, we are not concerned here with the questions whether the attempt of the assessee to export the goods (which has, in the event, been successful) would amount to an infringement of the conditions permitting the import so as to render either the import itself [vide s.111(0) of the Act] or the exemption from import duty or both illegal and invalid and, if so, the consequencesReference has been made on behalf of the Revenue to the foreign exchange loss incurred to the country by the import from a hard currency area and the export to a country which will pay for the goods only in rupees. We do not, however, think this argument or the foreign exchange regulations, to which some casual reference was made, have any relevance to the present issue. It is not the suggestion of the Revenue that there has been any infringement of the FERA in this case. Even if there had been, the consequences flowing from such infringement have to be worked out elsewhere. The issue before us is only that of the permissibility of the export, the destination of export being immaterial. As pointed out for the appellant and as indeed happened in Janak Photo Enterprises (supra) the export could well have been to a hard currency area in which event this objection of the Revenue would have had no force. But, on the ratio of our decision, an attempted export to such a country would have been equally objectionable. The goods were for use in this country, not in another.(3) During the pendency of the proceedings before the Collector, the appellants are said to have secured a no objection certificate of the RBI to the export "on humanitarian grounds" in view of the appellants representation that the goods were needed for the succour of the victims of the Armenian earthquake in Russia. There is no material before us regarding the date of the earthquake or to indicate t hat the purchase orders had been placed thereafter. We do not even know whether the earthquake was only a subsequent development taken advantage of by the assessee to have the goods cleared pending adjudication of issue by the Customs authorities. It is true that the goods, being in the nature of life-saving equipment, may have been eventually used only for that purpose in the country of export. But, if as we have held, the imports of the goods were intended for their use in India, this circumstance is of no assistance.Learned counsel has, however, contended that the exports have been made in pursuance of a mutual trade agreement between the Government of India and U.S.S.R. considered beneficial to both countries and hedged in with conditions ensuring the interests of both the countries and that this should be considered sufficient to justify the export. In our opinion, the mere fact that mutual trade was allowed between the two countries is not enough to hold that even goods of this type - which had been allowed to be imported with a specific end in view - could be exported. Learned counsel did not place the trade agreement or any material to show that it specifically provided for the export of goods of this nature to U.S.S.R. We have no doubt that the export of such goods may also endure to the benefit of India indirectly but, in the absence of anything to s how that the goods in question constituted one of the categories of goods specifically envisaged by the mutual trade agreement, it is not possible to override the prohibition implicit, as held by us, in the Import regulations.(4) The show cause notice referred to clause 15(g) of the Export Control Order, 1988. The said clause 15 is headed "savings" and it enumerates situations in which the Export Control order does not apply; in other words, it provides that, in certain circumstances, exports can be permitted even where such export might otherwise contravene the provisions of the order. It is, in this context, that it provides that goods cleared under a bond for re-export to countries other than Nepal and Bhutan [sub- cl.(g)] or goods imported in transit or transhipment to destinations outside India [sub-cls.(c) and (f)] or even goods imported without a valid licence if permitted to be re-exported [sub-cl.(i)] could be re-exported irrespective of any restrictions under Export Control Orders issued from time to time. We agree with learned counsel for the appellant that sub-clause (g) cannot be interpreted to mean that imported goods cannot be exported unless they are cleared, at the time of import, under a bond for re-export.(5) Two clauses of the Import Control Order, 1955 have also been relied upon by the Revenue. The first of these is sub-clause (d) of clause 11(1). This clause, like clause 15 of the Export Control Order, is headed "savings" and, by virtue of sub-clause (d), nothing in the order was to apply to the import of thetransshipment, as imported and bonded on arrival for re-export as ships stores to any country outside India except Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan or imported and bonded on arrival for re-export as aforesaid but subsequently released for use of diplomatic personnel...who are exempt from payment of duty...."sub-clause was amended in 1985 to add the words "or otherwise" after the word "ships stores". The CEGAT has relied upon the amendment to draw an inference against the appellant that, since the goods do not fall under this clause, their export was not permitted. We think that this is not correct for the reasons we have pointed out in respect of clause 15(g) of the Export Control Order, 1988. To say that goods bonded for re-export as above will not be affected by the provisions of the order does not mean that goods, not so bonded, cannot be exported at all. Their export can be interdicted only if their is some other express or implicit prohibition in clause 3 of the Export Control Order orthink, however, that para 10C is of some indirect assistance in the present case. We may put it this way. The interpretation of the OGL that has commended itself to us (viz. that the import of the goods is permitted only for use in India) was also the one which the CCIE had formed and this opinion he had formulated in his two letter dated 10.10.1988 and 27.1.1989. As we have already pointed out, the CCIE s opinion on the Import and Export Control Order is final and binding. In view of this, when the CCIE came to know that the appellant was seeking to export the goods, he could have intervened and issued directions under clause 10C either permitting the export of the goods to the USSR or directing them to be sold to needy hospitals or other parties in India. He could have effectively stopped the export of the goods. This shows that the export of the goods is not free or unrestricted as made out by the learned counsel for theLearned counsel for the Revenue also pointed out that the shipping bills called for a mention as to whether the goods of which export was sought were "free goods or India produce t o be exported or India Produce". The appellant did not strike off any of these descriptions as inappropriate. The customs authorities were given the impression that these were Indian goods that were being exported. Indeed, the appellant itself well knew that goods imported could not be exported as such without the performance of some operation of processing or manufacture in regard to them. That is why it put up a facade of taking the goods to Ankleshwar after their imp ort allegedly for being subjected to some processes. The customs officers, on verification, found that all this was untrue and that the appellant was surreptitiously trying to export imported goods, after just recapping them as goods of Indian manufacture. The appellant had adopted a similar subterfuge on the earlier occasion in December 1987 and succeeded in exporting like goods by not striking out the appropriate columns o f a shipping bill proforma which required the exporter to specify whether the goods were "Indian produce or foreign produce to be re-exported". It is, therefore, urged that the goods sought to be exported do not conform to the description in the bill of entry for export, attracting the provisions of clause 3(3) of the Export Control Order and, in turn, s.113(d) of the Act. There is some force in this contention but we express no opinion thereon as this was not the ground on which action was taken and it is a new ground, involving investigation of facts, taken for the first time before us.