Case: The Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd Vs. The Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal I, Calcutta

The assessee is a public limited company having its registered office at Calcutta. Its principal business consists of manufacturing aluminium ingots, sheets and such other products from aluminium. There is another company known by the name of Aluminium Laboratories Limited, Montreal, in Canada, hereinafter called the "Montreal Company", which provided the assessee with technical know-how, engineering services etc. regarding development of production of the goods. An agreement was entered into on January 31, 1947 between the Montreal Company and the assessee. The agreement provided for payment of a retainer fee on an annual basis. There was no condition or stipulation that the fee would be payable by the assessee without deduction of tax under the provisions of the Act. The assessee credited a total fee of Rupees 2,50,808/- in favour of the Montreal Company for a period of seven years between the accounting year ending September 30, 1944 and Septmber 30, 1950.2. In 1951 the Income-tax Officer treated the assessee as being in default under Section 18 (7) of the Act in respect of the amount of tax which the assessee was liable to deduct from the payments made to the Montreal Company under the provisions of Sections 18 (3-A), 18 (3-B) and 18 (3-C) of the Act. The amount of tax which was found to be payable by the assessee came to a total sum of Rupees 1,24,199/-. The assessee wrote to the Montreal Company asking for reimbursement of the said amount. The Montreal Company, however, refused to accept the assessees claim for reimbursement by means of a letter dated August 3,1954. The assessee wrote off the amount of Rs. 1,24,199/during the relevant previous year ending on December 31, 1954. The assessee appealed to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner who allowed its claim. The department preferred an appeal to the Tribunal which held that the amount in question was neither expenditure incidental to the business nor was it wholly and exclusively laid out for that purpose nor was it claimable as a bad debt in view of the fact that it had not been incurred as a trade debt in the course of the business. The departmental appeal was therefore allowed and the order of the Income-tax Officer was restored. The High Court was of the view that there was a nexus between payment and the business of the assessee inasmuch as it had an indirect bearing upon the technical aid which the assessee had obtained from the Montreal Company but was of the opinion that even if the payment had some connection with the business it could not be said to be incidental to it as the liability could have been avoided by the assessee if it had deducted at the source the required amount of income-tax from the retainer fee which was payable to the Montreal Company. The High Court also considered the question whether amount paid to the Montreal Company could be treated as a bad debt within the meaning of S. 10 (2) (xi) but came to the conclusion that as it had not been advanced as a trading debt in the course of business it was not deductible as a bad debt. According to the High Court the provisions of S. 18 (3-B) had not been complied with and since the statutory provisions had been disobeyed and as a result thereof the assessee had incurred a liability it could not be construed as a part of business expense within the meaning of Section 10 (2) (xv) nor could it be said that such an expense was wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of the business.

Court's reasoning:
4. The claim of the assessee principally is two fold It is maintained firstly that after the refusal of the Mortreal Company in the matter of reimbursement the amount of Rupees 1,24,199/- was written off as a bad and irrecoverable debt. It was, therefore, deductible under S. 10 (2) (xi) of the Act. In the section the debt certainly means something more than a mere advance. It is something which is related to business or results from it. To be claimable as a bad and irrecoverable debt it must first be shown as a proper debt. (Vide A. V. Thomas and Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income tax, (1963) 48 ITR 67     at p. 75 (SC). ) It is well settled that a business or trading debt should spring directly from the carrying on of a business or trade and should be incidental to it and it cannot be just any loss sustained by the assessee even if it has some connection with his business.5. Although it is true that the retainer fees were paid by the assessee to the Montreal Company for technical assistance which had a connection with the business of the assessee but it is not possible to regard the amount which the assessee was bound to deduct from the total payment made to the Montreal Company under S. 18 (3-B) of the Act and which it failed to recover from that company as a debt which could be deducted under S. 10 (2) (xi). The debt was not incidental to the business because it, arose out of non-compliance with the provisions of the Act. The payment which the assessee made to the income tax authorities and which it failed to recover from the Montreal Company was more a matter of commercial expediency and proceeded out of motives of business relationship because the assessee was anxious not to annoy or offend the Montreal Company so as to avail of its continued technical assistance and advice.Indeed the argument on behalf of the appellant has rested a great deal on this aspect of the matter and it has been urged strenuously that the assessee could not afford to displease the Montreal Company as it stood greatly in need of the latters technicalthat purpose the assessee had to establish that the amount in question had been wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of its business. Our attention has been invited to a decision of the Bombay High Court in Commissioner of Income tax, Bombay v. M/s Pannalal Narotamdas and Co. Bombay (1969) 1 ITJ 32 (Bom) in which it was held that the amount of penalty imposed not for the fault of the assessee but because he had to pay the same for the purpose of getting the goods released from the Customs Authorities could be regarded as wholly and exclusively incurred for the purpose of his business. We consider it unnecessary to pronounce on the correctness of this decision. The point which came up for consideration there was altogether different and it can afford no assistance to us in determining whether an amount which an assessee had to pay by virtue of the provisions of the Act could be regarded as an expense incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business. The assessee was presumed to know the relevant provisions of the Act at the time when it entered into an agreement with the Montreal Company. There was no provision in the agreement with the Montreal Company which created a contractual obligation on the assessee to make payment of the taxes deductible under S. 18 (3-B). At any rate it is difficult to understand how a payment made under a statutory obligation, because the assessee was in default, could constitute expenditure laid out for the purpose of the assessees business.