Case: M/S Hira Lall &amp; Sons &amp; Ors Vs. M/S Lakhsmi Commercial Bank

2. The allegations in the application before the Tribunal are that the petitioners requested for opening Letters of Credit in favour of M/s. Palmex Enterprises of Singapore for a sum of US dollars 205992.51 to cover the payment of consignment of PVC, C & F Bombay; that the respondent issued letter of credit in favour of the said seller for the said sum; that the letter of credit was transmitted to the seller through a negotiating bank authorising him under this Letter of Credit and the claim reimbursement by debiting the account of respondent-bank with their New York office; that the seller is purported to have shipped goods on 30.8.1979 and negotiated documents as required under the Letter of Credit on 31.8.1979 with the negotiating bank; that the negotiating bank made the payment and on receipt of the original documents the issuing bank presented them to the buyer and asked the buyer to pay the amount; that the petitioner did not pay and hence the application before the Tribunal. The petitioner took the stand that it had come to know that the ship carrying the goods had sunk; that this fact was informed to the bank and the documents of goods were received by the respondent as sent by the petitioner; that the bank lodged formal claims with the Insurance Company under copy to the petitioner; that the bank retired the documents despite non-acceptance by the petitioner and informed the petitioner accordingly; that the petitioner informed the respondent of their negligence; that a suit had been filed by the respondent-bank against the petitioners on 9.7.1980; that the leave to defend having been refused, a decree was passed; that an appeal was filed against the order refusing the grant leave. In the meanwhile, the Recovery of Debts Due to Bank and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act") came into force which established a Tribunal thereunder to exercise the jurisdiction, power and authority under the Act in respect of cases filed by the banks and financial institutions. Thus, the aforesaid suit also stood transferred to the Tribunal. It is claim that there are several cases of similar nature pending before the High Court wherein on account of sinking of the ships importers lodged claims with the Insurance Companies, while Banks filed suits against the various importers under the Letters of Credit since importers disputed documents as discrepant and not in terms thereof. On refusal by the Insurance Companies to pay the claims of the importers, they filed suits for recovery of insurance claim. It is contended that in the suits filed by importers against Insurance Companies and in the suits filed by the Banks certain common issues arise. Therefore, it is prayed that this matter should be re-transferred to the High Court. The petitioners request is strongly resisted by the respondent.

Court's reasoning:
The settled legal position is that a Letter of Credit constitutes sole contract with the banker and its authorising the bank issuing Letter of Credit has no concern with any question that may arise between the seller and the purchaser of goods in respect of the purchase price; that there should, however, be strict compliance both by the customer at whose instance Letter of Credit was issued and by the banker, with his instructions; that in a claim on Letter of Credit defence of fraud or apprehension of irretrievable injustice or non-compliance with instructions could also be raised. All such defences could be urged or agitated before the Tribunal by the petitioner and on a decision by it, an appeal also could befrom this fact, we may notice that when exclusive jurisdiction has been given to the Tribunal under the Act in respect of matters that could be dealt with under Section 17 of the Act, the jurisdiction in other courts to entertain and decide such matters for recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions stood ousted as provided under Section 18 of the Act. Further Section 31 of the Act provides for transfer of case from civil courts to the Tribunal. Our view in this regard is consistent with what has been enunciated in Union of India & Anr. vs. Delhi High Court Bar Association & Ors. (2002) 2 SCR 450 , wherein this Court, after examining the entire scheme of the Act, upheld the constitutional validity of the same.