Case: Smt. Shanno Devi Vs. Mangal Sain

The appellant, Shanno Devi, was one of the unsuccessful candidates at the general election held in March 1957 for the Punjab Legislative Assembly. The respondent, Mangal Sain, was the successful candidate. The nomination papers of these and other candidates which were scrutinised on February 1, 1957, were accepted on the same date. The voting took place on March 12, and after counting of votes on March 14, 1957, the respondent, Mangal Sain was declared duly elected. On March 27, 1957, the appellant filed an election petition and challenged the respondents election on various grounds, the principal ground being that the Returning Officer had improperly accepted the nomination paper of the respondent on the ground that he was not a citizen of India and was not qualified to stand for election. With the other grounds which were taken in this petition we are no longer concerned as after the Election Tribunal rejected these several grounds they were not pressed before the High Court and have also not been raised before us. The Election Tribunal however held that Mangal Sain was not an Indian citizen at the time he was enrolled as a voter or at the time his nomination papers were accepted and even at the time when he was elected. Accordingly the Tribunal allowed the election petition and declared the respondents election to be void. On appeal by Mangal Sain to the High Court the only point raised was whether the appellant was a citizen of India at the commencement of the Constitution. If he was a citizen of India at the date of such commencement, it was not disputed, he continued to be a citizen of Indian on all relevant dates, viz., the date of his enrolment as a voter, the date of acceptance of his nomination and the date of his election. If however he was not a citizen of India at the commencement of the Constitution he had not since acquired citizenship and so his election would be void. The respondents case all along was that he was a citizen of India at the commencement of the Constitution under Art. 5 of the Constitution and apart from that he must be deemed to be a citizen of India at such commencement under Art. 6 of the Constitution. The Election Tribunal as already indicated rejected both these contentions. The learned judges of the High Court while indicating that they were inclined to think that the respondents claim to citizenship of India under Art. 5 could not be sustained did not consider that matter in detail, but held that his claim to be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of the Constitution under Art. 6 thereof must prevail. The primary facts as found by the Tribunal on the evidence led by the parties before it, have been correctly summarised in the judgment of the High Court in these words:-"On the evidence led by the parties the learned Tribunal held that it was proved that Mangal Sain was born of Indian parents sometime in 1927 in village Jhawarain, District Sargodha, and that when he was only two years old he was taken by his parents from Jhawarain to Mandlay in Burma wherefrom the entire family returned to Jullunder (Punjab) in 1942 when Burma was occupied by the Japanese forces during the Second World War. After having stayed for a few days in Jullunder, Mangal Sain, his parents and his brother went to their home district Sargodha where they stayed for about two or two and a half years. During this period Mangal Sain passed Matriculation examination from the Punjab University and after having himself matriculated he again returned to Jullunder, where he was employed in the Field Military Accounts Office from 8th December, 1944 to 7th August, 1946, when his services were terminated because of his continuous absence from duty. Mangal Sains parents and his brother according to the findings of the learned Tribunal also returned from Sargodha to Jullunder and lived there for about two and a half years from some time in 1945 onwards before they again went over to Burma which country they had left in 1942 due to its occupation by the Japanese forces. While Mangal Sain was in service in the Field Military Accounts office, he joined Rashtriya Swayam, Sewak Sangh movement and became its active worker. Sometime after his services were terminated, he shifted the scene of his activities to Hissar and Rohtak districts where he moved from place to place to organise the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh movement. During this period apparently he had no fixed place of residence and he used to reside in the offices of the Jan Sangh and took his meals at various Dhabas. For about 4 months from June to September in the year 1948 Mangal Sain served as a teacher in Arya Lower Middle School, Rohtak. In July 1948 Mangal Sain submitted to the Punjab University his admission form for the University Prabhakar examination which form was duly attested by Prof. Kanshi Ram Narang of the Government College, Rohtak. Sometime in January 1949 he was arrested in connection with the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh movement and was detained in Rohtak District Jail from 10th January, 1949, till 30th May, 1949. In August 1949 he again appeared in Prabhakar examination and was placed in compartment, he also appears to have organised Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh in the districts of Rohtak and Hissar during the years 1948-49 and he used to move about from place to place without having any fixed place of abode. The Tribunal further found that it was sometime in the end of 1949 or in January 1950 that Mangal Sain left India and went to Burma where his parents and other brothers were already residing. In that country he tried to secure permission to stay there permanently, but the Government of Burma did not agree and directed him to leave that country; in this connection he applied for a writ to the Supreme Court of Burma but his petition was disallowed. On the 29th October, 1951, Mangal Sain deposited with the competent authority in Burma the registration certificate granted to him under the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1948, and a few days later he came back to India and since then he has been living in this country and has been organising Rastriya Swayam Sevak Sangh movement in the districts of Hissar and Rohtak. In 1953 he was again arrested and detained in Rohtak jail as a detenu from the 8th February to 8th May, 1953, when he was transferred to Ambala jail.2. On these facts the Tribunal further held that it cannot be said "that the respondent had an intention to settle in India permanently and that he had no intention of ever leaving it. Taking along with these facts the respondents declaration in the affidavit (Ex. 5) to which we shall presently refer the Tribunal further held that"his own declaration in the affidavit (Ex. 5) and his conduct in going over to Burma and trying to settle there permanently furnish convincing proof that all along he had the intention to follow his parents and other relations to Burma and to settle there permanentlyThe Tribunal finally concluded by saying that4. On these same primary facts mentioned above, Mr. Justice Dua who delivered the leading judgment of the High Court recorded his conclusion thus:-"I can draw but only one conclusion from the evidence on the record, that the appellant who had moved from his home district to Jullunder had, after the 15th August, 1947, no other intention than of making the Dominion of India as his place of abode. On the 15th August, 1947, therefore the appellants migration from Jhawarian to the territory of India was clearly complete, whatever doubts there may have been before that date, though I would be prepared even to hold that he had moved away from his village in 1944 and had migrated to the eastern districts of the Punjab.5. On these conclusions the learned Judges held that the respondents claim to be deemed a citizen of India at the commencement of the Constitution must succeed.

Court's reasoning:
7. The extreme contention raised by Mr. Sastri on behalf of the appellant that migration under Art. 6 must take place after the territory of India came into existence under the Constitution cannot be accepted. It has to be noticed that Art. 6 deals with the question as to who shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of the Constitution. That itself suggests, in the absence of anything to indicate a contrary intention, that the migration which is made an essential requirement for this purpose must have taken place before such commencement. It is also worth noticing that Cl. (b) of Art. 6 which mentions two conditions, one of which must be satisfied in addition to birth as mentioned in Cl. (a) and " migration as mentioned in the main portion of the Article being proved, speaks in its first sub-clause of migration " before the 19th day of July 1948 and in sub-cl. (ii) migration " after the 19th day of July 1948, The second sub-clause requires that the person must be registered as a citizen of India by an officer appointed in that behalf by the Government of the Dominion of India on an application made by him therefor to such officer before the commencement of the Constitution. The proviso to that Article says that no person shall be so registered unless he has been resident in the territory of India for at least six months immediately preceding the date of his application. It is clear from this that the act of migration in Art. 6 must take place before the commencement of the Constitution. It is clear therefore that "migrated to the territory of India means "migrated at any time before the commencement of the Constitution to a place now in the territory of India10. We have referred to these cases on the meaning of the word " Immigration to show that there can be no doubt that the word " migrate may have in some contexts the wider meaning " come or remove to a place without an intention to reside permanently and in some context the narrower meaning " come or removed to a place with the intention of residing there permanently. The fact that the Constitution makers did not use the words " with the intention to reside permanently in Art. 6 is however no reason to think that the wider meaning was intended. In deciding whether the word " migrate was used in the wider or the narrower sense, it is necessary to consider carefully the purpose and scheme of this constitutional legislation. The Constitution after defining the territory of India and making provisions as to how it can be added to or altered, in the four articles contained in its first Chapter proceeds in the second Chapter to deal with the subject of citizenship. Of the seven articles in this chapter the last Article, the Art. 11 only saves expressly the right of Parliament to make provisions as regards acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship. Of the other six articles, the first Art. 5, says who shall be citizens of India at the commencement of the Constitution; while Arts. 6 and 8 lay down who though not citizens under Art. 5 shall be deemed to be citizens of India. Art. 10 provides that once a person is a citizen of India or is deemed to be a citizen of India he shall continue to be a citizen of India, subject of course to the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament. Article 9 provides that if a person has voluntarily acquired citizenship of any foreign State he shall not be a citizen of India or deemed to be a citizen of India. Art. 7 also denies the right of citizenship to some persons who would have otherwise been citizens of India under Art. 5 or would be deemed to be citizens of India under Art. 611. The primary provision for citizenship of India, in this scheme is in Art5. That follows the usual practice of insisting on birth or domicile which shortly stated means " residence with the intention of living and dying in the country as an essential requirement for citizenship; and confers citizenship on a person fulfilling this requirement if he also satisfied another requirement as regards his birth within what is now the territory of India or birth of any of his parents within this area or ordinary residence in this area for a continuous period of five years immediately preceding the commencement of the Constitution. If there had been no division of India and no portion of the old India had been lost this would have been sufficient, as regards conferment of citizenship apart from the special provision for giving such rights to persons of Indian origin residing outside India. But part of what was India as defined inthe Government of India Act,, had ceased to be India and had become Pakistan. This gave rise to the serious problem whether or not to treat as citizens of India the hundreds of thousands of persons who were of Indian origin-in the sense that they or any of their parents or any of their grand-parents had been born in India-but who would not become citizens under Art5. The Constitution-makers by the provisions of Art. 6 decided to treat as citizens some of these but not all. Those who had not come to the new India before the date of the commencement of the Constitution were excluded, those who had so come were divided into two categories -those who had come before the 19th July, 1948, and those who had come on or after the 19th July, 1948. Persons in the first category had in order to be treated as citizens to satisfy the further requirement of " migration whatever that meant, and of ordinary residence in the territory of India since they " migrated to India; while those in the second category had, in addition to having migrated, to be residents for not less than six months preceding the date of the application for registration as citizens which application had to be filed before the date of the commencement of the Constitution.But while the primary provisions in the Constitution as regards the citizenship for people born at a place now included in India and people whose parents were born at a place now in India insist on the requirement of intention to reside here permanently by using the word " domicile, Art. 6 which under the scheme of the Constitution deals with what may be called " secondary citizenship and says about some persons that they will be deemed to be citizens of India, does not mention "domicile as a requirement. Can it be that the Constitution-makers thought that though in the case of persons born in what has now become India or those any of whose parents was born in what is now India as also in the case of person who had been residing here for not less than five years in what is now India, it was necessary to insist on domicile before conferring citizenship, that was not necessary in the case of persons whose parents or any of whose grand-parents had been born in what was formerly India but is not now India? In our opinion the Constitution-makers could not have thought so. They were aware that the general rule in almost all the countries of the world was to insist on birth or domicile as an essential pre-requisite for citizenship. They knew that in dealing with a somewhat similar problem as regards citizenship of persons born out of what was then the territory of Irish Free State, the Constitution of the Irish Free State had also insisted on domicile in the Irish Free State as a requirement for citizenship. There can be no conceivable reason for their not making a similar insistence here as regards the persons who were born outside what is now India, or persons any of whose parents or grandparents were born there. Mention must also be made of the curious consequences that would follow from a view that an intention to reside permanently in the territory of India is not necessarily in Art. 6. Take the case of two persons, one of whom was born in what is now India and has all along lived there and another person who though born in what is now India went to live in areas now Pakistan and then moved back to areas in what is now India. The first named person would have to satisfy the requirement of domicile at the commencement of the Constitution before he is a citizen; but the second person would not have to satisfy this condition. It would be unreasonable to think that such a curious result could have been intended by the Constitution-makersOur conclusion therefore is that the High Court is right in holding that Mangal Sain satisfies the first requirement of Art. 6 of the Constitution of "migration to the territory of India from the territory now included in Pakistan. It is not disputed and does not ever appear to have been disputed that Mangal Sain was born in India as defined inthe Government of India Act,1935and thus satisfies the requirement of cl. (a) of Art. 6There can be no doubt also that since the date of his migration which has for the present purpose to be taken as August 15, 1947, Mangal Sain has been "ordinarily residing in the territory of India. Mr. Sastri contended that to satisfy the test of being "ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration it had to be shown that Mangal Sain was in India on January 26, 1950. We do not think that is required. It is first to be noticed that Art. 6 of the Constitution is one of the Article which came into force on November 26, 1949. For applying the test of being "ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration, it is necessary therefore to consider the period up to the 26th day of November, 1949 from the date of migration. It is not however even necessary that on the 26th day of November 1949 or immediately before that date he must have been residing in the territory of India. What is necessary is that taking the period beginning with the date on which migration became complete and ending with the date November 26, 1949, as a whole, the person has been " ordinarily resident in the territory of India. It is not necessary that for every day of this period he should have resided in India. In the absence of the definition of the words "ordinarily resident in the Constitution it is reasonable to take the words to mean" resident during this period without any serious break. The materials on the record leave no doubt that there was no break worth the name in Mangal Sains residence in the territory of India from at least August 15, 1947, till the 26th November, 1949We have therefore come to the conclusion that the High Court was right in sustaining Mangal Sains claim to be deemed a citizen of India under Art. 6 of the Constitution and, in that view was also right in allowing his appeal and ordering the dismissal of the Election Petition.