Case: Bhujangarao Daulatrao Vs. Malojirao Daulatrao &amp; Others

6. The facts are as follows: A common ancestor of the present parties was given the Gajendragad estate as a Saranjam some time before the advent of the British. When they arrived on the scene they decided, as far as possible, to continue such Saranjams, jagirs and inams as had been granted by the earlier rulers, and accordingly they framed Rules under Sch. B, R. 10 of Bombay Act XI (11) of 1852 (The Bombay Rent Free Estates Act of 1852) to regulate the mode of recognition and the succession and conditions of tenure to Saranjams, which are analogous to jaghgirs. In compliance with this, the common ancestor shown at the head of the genealogical tree set out above was recognised by the British Government as the Saranjamdar of the Gajendragad estate. He may for convenience be termed the British Grantee. The Register Ex.3 shows that the estate consisted of 26 villages. We do not know the date of the British recognition but the nature of the tenure is described as follows :Continuable to all male legitimate descendants of the holder at the time of British conquest viz. Bhujangrao Appasaheb, the first British Grantee, son of Bahirojirao Ghorapde7. On the death of the British Grantee (Bhujangrao Appasaheb) he was succeeded by his son Daulatrao I who died on. This Daulatrao I left three sons Bhujangrao I., Yeshwantrao and Malojirao8. In the year 1866 Bhujangrao I and his brother Yeshwantrao alias Annasaheb sued Malojirao for possession of this Saranjam. A question of impartibility was raised but the Bombay High Court declared that the property in British India was partible. They further declared that Bhujangrao I was the head of the family and as such was entitled to a special assignment, which was not to exceed a quarter share, for the expenses and duties which might devolve on him by virtue of his position, and that after this had been set aside each of the three brothers was entitled to an equald share in the landed property in India. This judgment is reported inBhujangrao v. Malojirao,5 Bom. H. C. R. (A. C.)161. The duties enumerated at p. 170 included thekeeping up of armed retainers for the fort of Gajendragad, and for the improvement of that village, which was the chief seat of this branch of the Ghorpade family, and also to enable him to distribute on ceremonial occasions the customary presents to the junior members of the family9. As a consequence a division of the property was effected. Malojirao separated himself from his brothers and was allotted seven villages. The other two brothers continued joint and took the remainder. But this was only with respect to property situate in British India. The parties also had property in the State of Kolhapur. That was left undivided11. The Bombay Government followed a similar course regarding the property in British India. On2 they passed a Resolution embodying the following decision: (1) the adoption was to be recognised and the adopted son was to occupy the same position as his adoptive father, that is to say, he was to getd of the property plus the assignment given to him as head of the family. (2) Malojirao who had already taken his share of the estate was to continue in possession. (3) Yeshwantrao (alias Annasaheb) was given the option of remaining joint with the adopted boy or separating12. Finally, the Resolution concluded :The two brothers will hold their respective shares as their private property in virtue of the decree of the High Court and the Jahagir will hence forth be restricted to the portion awarded by the High Court to Bhujangrao which the adopted son will now inherit. It should however be clearly understood that the decision of the High Court is not to be held as a precedent and that no partition of the Jahagir Estate to be continued to the adopted son will ever be allowed13. This position was emphasised by Government in the same year on. Krishnabai, who had been allowed by Government to adopt Daulatrao II, asked that her husbandsd share in the estate be also treated as private property in the same way as the shares of the other two brothers. This prayer was refused and Government stated:It should be plainly understood that Government allow the adoption to be made by her only in consideration of BhujargraosIt appears to Government that the whole Gajendragad Estate is a Saranjam continuable as hereditary in the fullest sense of the word as interpreted by the Court of Directors is para 9 of their Despatch No. 27 dated5 It is continuable to all male legitimate descendants of the holder at the time of the British conquest; and should Government ever sanction an adoption the terms of sanction would be those applicable to Saranjamdars. The property should be dealt with like other Saranjams in the Political Department15. In the year 1901; the adopted son Daulatrao II sued Yeshwantraos son Bhujangrao II for partition. It will be remembered that in the litigation of 1866, which ended in the Bombay High Courts judgment reported in Bhujangrao v. Malojirao,5 Bom. H. C. R. (A. C.) 161, Malojirao alone separated and the other two brothers continued joint. The litigation of 1901 put an and to that position. The High Courts judgment dated8 makes it clear that as Government was not a party to that litigation its rights against either or both of the parties were not affected. But as between the parties inter se they were bound by the previous decision and so the adopted son was entitled to partition and separate possession of such properties as might fall to his share. After this decision was given the two partitioned the property between themselves amicably16. In or about the year 1930 a Record of Rights was introduced in fourteen of the villages in the Gajendragad Jahagir and a dispute arose again between the three branches of the family. The District Deputy Collector, after inspecting the records, found thatthe name of the Khatedar Saranjamdar alone has found place in the village Inam register, in the Saranjam list and the land alienation register, while in the other village records the various members of the family were entered according to the actualwahivator enjoyment17. After due consideration he thought that the interest of Government and the Saranjamdar would be sufficiently safeguarded by allowing the same position to continue. He ordered the entries to be made accordingly. The order also discloses that the matter had been referred to the Legal Remembrancer to the Bombay Government18. In the mean while, on8 a set of Rules framed under Sch. B. R. 10, Bombay Rent Free Estates Act of 1952 were drawn up and published in the Bombay Gazette. These Rules were republished, probably with some modification, in the Gazette of. The portions applicable here were as follows :I. Saranjams shall ordinarily be continued in accordance with the decision already passed by Government in each caseII. A Saranjam which has been decided to be hereditarily continuable shall ordinarily descend to the eldest male representative, in the order of primogeniture, of the senior branch of the family descended from the first British Gramee or any of his brothers who were undivided in interest. But Government reserve to themselves their rights for sufficient reason to direct the continuance of the Saranjam so any other member of the said family, or as an act of grace, to a person adopted into the same family with the sanction of Government* * * * *V. Every Saranjam shall be held as a life estate. It shall be formally resumed on the death of the holder and in cases in which it is capable of further continuance it shall be made over to the next holder as a fresh grant from Government, unencumbered by any debts, or charges, save such as may be specially imposed by Government itselfVI. No Saranjam shall be capable of sub divisionVII. Every Saranjamdar shall be responsible for making a suitable provision for the maintenance of ...... (certain members of the family enumerated in the Rule.)* * * * *IX. If an order passed by Government under R. VII is not carried out Government may, whatever the reason may be, direct the Saranjam, or a portion of it to be resumed ..... Provision for the members of the Saranjamdars family entitled to maintenance shall then be made by Government out of the revenues of the Saranjam so resumed19. After the District Deputy Collectors orders were passed on. Daulatrao II died on1 and the matter was again taken up by Government. This time it passed the following Resolution on. The resolution was headed, Resumption and regrant of the Gajendragad Saranjan standing at No. 91 of the Saranjam List. It reads:l is pleased to direct that the Gajendragad Saranjam should be formally resumed and regranted to Bhujangrao Daulatrao Ghorpade eldest son of the deceased Saranjamdar Sardar Daulatrao Bhujangrao Ghorpade and that it should be entered in his sole name in the accounts of the Collector of Dharwar with effect from the date of the death of the last holder. The Collector should take steps to place the Saranjamdar in possession of the villages of the Saranjam estate which were in possession of the deceased Saranjamdar2. The Governor in Council agrees with the Commissioner, Southern Division, that the assignments held by the Bhaubanasaspotgi holders should be continued to them as at present20. The Bhujangrao mentioned in the Resolution is the plaintiff who is shown as Bhujangrao III in the genealogical tree21. The defendants were evidently aggrieved by this, for they filed Suit No. 23 of 1934 against the present plaintiff and the Secretary of State for India in Council prayinginter aliathat the properties in that suitviz., the villages allotted to their shares, were their independent and private properties and in case they were held to be Saranjam properties they be declared as independent Saranjams, separate and distinct from the one held by the present plaintiff23. This was done. On6 Government passed the following Resolution:After careful consideration then Council is pleased to confirm the decision in Government Resolution (Political Department) No. 1769 dated1 and to declare that the whole of the Gajendraged Estate shall be continuable as an inalienable and impartible Saranjam on the conditions stated in the said Resolution. Having regard, however, to the manner in which different portions of the estate have been held by different branches of the family, then Council in modification of the orders contained in Government Resolution No. 8969 dated 7th June 1932, is pleased to direct that the portions of the said estate held by Sardar Bhujangrao Daulatrao Ghorpade, Daulatrao Malojirao Ghorpade, and Bhujangrao Yeshwantrao Ghorpade, respectively, shall henceforth be entered in the Revenue Records asde facto shares in the said estate held by the said persons as representatives, respectively, ofs of the Ghorpade family. Each of the said de facto shares shall be continuable hereditarily as such as if it were a separate Saranjam estate in accordance with the rules made for the continuance of Saranjams by the Governor in Council in exercise of the powers referred to in the rules framed under the Bombay Rent Free Estates Act, 1852 and S. 2 (3), Bombay Summary Settlement Act (VII [7] of 1863) and such special orders as thel may make in regard to the Gajendragad Estate as a whole or in regard to the said share. The recognition of the aforesaid shares and their entry in the Revenue Records as separate shares shall not be deemed to amount to a recognition of the estate of Gajendragad as in any manner partible or alienable and shall not in any way affect the right of Government to treat the said estate as an entire impartible and inalienable Saranjam estatel further directs that the aforesaid shares shall in no case be capable ofn and shall not in any way be alienated or encumbered except in accordance with the rules and orders referred to above24. The present suit is an attack on the action of Government in passing this Resolution. Defendants 1 and 2 are the present representatives of the other branch of the family and defendant 3 is the Province of Bombay (now the State of Bombay). The plaint states:..... Government can have no jurisdiction to deprive the plaintiff at any rate during hisof the full benefit of all the rights and privileges appertaining to the holder of a Saranjam. The Order of Government of 8th February 1936 is, therefore, ultra vires and in no way binding on the present plaintiff10. Defendants 1 and 2,thereforeare not entitled to any rights or privileges claimable by the holder of a Saranjam which according to the G. R. is continuable as an inalienable and impartible Saranjam, such as for example in the matter of appointment of the village officers in any of the 27 villages appertaining to the Gajendragad Saranjam11...... The cause of action arose in April 1938 and the resolution and the entry being ultra vires is not binding12. As this is a suit claiming for relief primarily against defendants 1 and 2, defendant 3 is made a party to the suit in order to enable Government (defendant 3) to give proper effect to the decision of Government of17th March 1891 and of 7th June 1932 as against defendants 1 and 2 who have no right to the position which they claim25. The reliefs prayed for are:(a) that it be declared that defendants 1 and 2 have no right to go behind the order of the Government as per Resolution No. 8969 of 7th June 1932 under which plaintiff is entitled to be recognised as the sole Saranjamdar in the Revenue Records, and that the assignments held by defendants 1 and 2 are held by them as mere potgi holders(b) That in consequence of this position of a sole Saranjamdar the plaintiff alone at any rate during hishas the sole right to the rights and privileges appertaining to the post of a sole Saranjamdar, to wit, to be consulted in the appointment of the village officers in all the villages appertaining to the Saranjam estate, but assigned to defendants 1 and 2 for potgi(c) Defendants 1 and 2 be restrained from doing any acts or taking any steps in contravention of the aforesaid right of the plaintiff(d) That it be declared that defendant 3 (Government) have no right to change the Resolution No. 8969 of 7th June 1932 and at any rate during the26. The first Court dismissed the plaintiffs claim on the merits holding that Government had the right to amend its Resolution in the way it did27. The lower appellate Court also dismissed the suit on three grounds: (1) that the two previous decisions of 1868 and 1908 operate as res judicata,(2) that the impugned Resolution is intra vires and (3) that S. 4 (a) and (d), Revenue Jurisdiction Act bars the jurisdiction of the Court28. In second appeal the High Court only considered the question of jurisdiction and, agreeing with the lower appellate Court on the point, dismissed the appeal but it granted the plaintiff leave to appeal to this Court.

Court's reasoning:
30. It was strenuously contended that this is not a claim against the Crown but one against defendants 1 andThat, in my opinion, is an idle contention in view of paras. 9 and 12 of the plaint and reliefs (a) and (d). In any event, Mr. Somayya was asked whether he would strike out defendant 3 and those portions of the plaint which sought relief against it. He said he was not prepared to do so.I cannot see how a plaintiff can insist on retaining a person against whom he claims no relief as a party. I am clear that this is a suit against the Crown within the meaning of S. 4 (a)31. The next question is whether, assuming that to be the case, it is also one relating to lands held as Saranjam.So far as the reliefs sought against Government are concerned, that is clearly the case. Paragraph 9 of the plaint challenges Governments jurisdiction to deprive the plaintiff of the full benefit of all rights and privileges appertaining to the holder of a Saranjam. These rights cannot exist apart from the lands which form part of the Saranjam estate and the implication of the prayer is that Government has, for example, no right to resume the Saranjam either under Rule 5 on the death of the last Saranjamdar or under R. 9 during his lifetime. It is to be observed that a resumption under R. 9 can only be of the land because the rule directs that when the Saranjam is resumed Government itself shall make provision for the maintenance of those entitled to it out of the revenue of the Saranjam so resumed. These revenues can only come out of the land32. Relief (d) in the prayer clause seeks a declaration that Government have no right to change Resolution No. 8969 dated 7th June 1932. That Resolution directly relates to the land because it directs that the Gajendragad Saranjam be resumed and the Collector is directed to take steps to place the Saranjamdar in possession of the villages of the Saranjamestate etc33. It is impossible to contend that this is not a claim relating to lands held as Saranjam37. There are two decisions of the Bombay High Court which have taken his view. Basalingappagouda v. Secy. of State,28 Bom. L. R. 651, was a Watan case. Government had recognised the second defendant as the Watandar. Plaintiff sued Government and the second defendant and sought a declaration and injunction. On being faced with the dilemma that the suit against Government did not lie because of S. 4 (a) (3) of Bombay Revenue Jurisdiction Act of 1876, he asked the Court, as here to leave the Government out of consideration and decree his claim against the second defendant alone. The learned Judges held that that would amount to striking out the main relief sought against both the defendants and would entirely change the character of the suit and added that as long as the Secretary of State is a party to the suit, such a declaration could not be granted38. In the other case, Basangauda v. Secy. of State,32 Bom. L. R. 1370, Beaumont C. J. and Baker. J. took the same view. They said :Mr. Gumaste, who appears for the appellant, says that his claim is not a claim against the Government but in that case he ought to strike out the Government. He is not prepared to strike out the Government, because if he does they will not be bound by these proceedings and will follow the decision of their revenue tribunals. Therefore, he wants to make the Government a party in order that they may be bound. But, if they remain a party, it seems to me that there is a claim against them relating to property appertaining to the office of an hereditary officer, although no doubt it is quite true that the appellant does not desire to get any order against the Government as to the way in which the property should be dealt with or anything of the sort, and he only wants a declaration as to his title which will bind Government39. That held that the jurisdiction of the Courts was ousted40. It was next contended, on the strength of a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council reported in Province of Bombay v. Hormusji Manekji,74 Ind. App. 103, that the Courts have jurisdiction to decide whether Government acted in excess of its powers and that that question must be decided first.In my opinion, this decision does not apply here42. As pointed out by Strangman K. C., on behalf of the, authorised must mean duly authorised,and in that particular case the impugned assessment would not be duly authorised if the Government Resolution of0 purporting to treat the agreement relied on by the respondent as cancelled and authorising the levy of the full assessment was ultra vires under S. 211 of the Land Revenue Code. Thus, before the exclusion of the Civil Courts jurisdiction under S. 4 (b) could come into play the Court had to determine the issue of ultra vires. Consequently, their Lordships held that that question was outside the scope of the bar. But the position here is different. We are concerned here with S. 4 (a) and under that no question about an authorised act of Government arises. The section is general and barsall claims against the Crown relating to lands . . . . . held as Saranjam. That is to say even if the Governments act in relation to such lands was ultra vires,a claim impugning the validity of such an act would fall within the scope of the exclusion in clause (a) provided it relates to such land43. There is a difference of opinion in the Bombay High Court as to whether S. 4 is attracted if the only relief sought against Government is a declaration. One set of decisions holds that does not amount to a claim against Government .Dattatraya Vishwanath v. Secretary of State, I.L.R. (1948) Bom 809  at p. 820, is typical of that view. On the other hand Daulatrao v. Govt. of Bombay,47 Bom. L. R. 214, a case relating to the Gajendragad estate, took the other view. In my opinion, the latter view is correct