Case: The Corporation of the City of Nagpur  Vs. Its Employees

2. The appellant is the corporation of the City of Nagpur constituted under the City of Nagpur Corporation Act, 1948 (Madhya Pradesh Act No. 2 of 1950). Disputes arose between the corporation and the employees in various departments of the corporation in respect of wage scales, gratuity, provident fund, house rent, confirmation, allowances etc. The Government of the State of Madhya Pradesh by its order dated October 23, 1956, referred the said disputes under s. 39 of the Act to the state industrial Court, Nagpur and the reference was numbered as Industrial Reference No. 18 of 1956. The appellant filed a state October 23, 1956, referred the said disputes under s. 39 of the Act to the State Industrial Court, Nagpur and the reference was numbered as Industrial Reference No. 18 of 1956. The appellant filed a statement before the Industrial Court, inter alia, on the ground that the corporation was not an industry as defined by the Act. On February 13, 1957, the Industrial Court made a preliminary order holding that the Corporation was an industry and that the further question whether any department of the corporation was an industry or not, would be decided on the evidence. The appellant challenged the correctness of that order by filing a petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution in the High Court of Bombay at Nagpur, but that petition was dismissed, as the award was made before its hearing. On June 3, 1957, the Industrial court made an award holding that the corporation was an industry and further that all departments of the Corporation were covered by the said definition. It also revised the pay scales of the employees and accepted the major demands made by them. On July 15, 1957, the appellant again filed a petition in the High Court at Nagpur, questioning the validity and the correctness of the said award. A division bench of the said High Court, by its order dated September 11, 1957, rejected the contention of the appellant that the Corporation was not an industry as defined by the Act and remanded the case to the State Industrial Court to decide the activities of which departments of the Corporation fell within the definition of industry given in the Act and to re-examine the schedules and categories of persons and to restrict the award to the persons concerned within the definition of the word industry in the Act. On remand, the said Industrial Court scrutinized the activities of each of the departments of the Corporation and held that all the departments of the Corporation, except those dealing with (i) assessment and levy of house-tax, (ii) assessment and levy of octroi, (iii) removal of encroachment and removal and pulling down of dilapidated houses, (iv) prevention and control of food adulteration, and (v) maintenance of cattle pounds, were covered by the definition of industry under the Act. It further gave findings in regard to the disputes between the parties and also as to the persons entitled to the reliefs. It is not necessary to give the particulars of the findings arrived at or the reliefs given by the Industrial Court, as nothing turns upon them in this appeal. The appellant by special leave filed in this Court Civil Appeal No. 143 of 1959 against the award of the Industrial Court. It also filed in this Court by special leave Civil Appeal No. 144 of 1959 against the order of the High Court holding that the activities of the Corporation came under the definition of industry in the Act and remanding the case to the Industrial Court for decision on merits in respect of each of the activities of the Corporation.3. Civil Appeal No. 545 of 1958, the third appeal in this batch, arises out of a reference made by the State Government of Madhya Pradesh in regard to the disputes between the appellant i.e., the Corporation of the City of Nagpur, and the employees of the Corporation in the Fire Brigade Department, representing themselves and other employees. The said reference was numbered as Industrial Reference No. 1 of 1957. As there was overlapping of the disputes raised in Industrial Reference No. 18 of 1956 and Industrial Reference No. 1 of 1957, the Industrial Court heard both the reference together and, by consent, the evidence in Reference No. 18 of 1957. On December 14, 1957, an award was made in Reference No. 1 of 1957 and it was based on the findings in the award made in Reference No. 18 of 1956. The Industrial Court held that the Fire Brigade Department was an industry within the meaning of the Act and, on that basis gave the necessary reliefs to the employees.

Court's reasoning:
5. The first question need not detain us, for it has now been finally decided by two decisions of this Court against the appellant. In D. N. Banerji v. P. K. Mukherjee[1953]4SCR302 , the chairman of a municipality dismissed two of its employees, namely, the Sanitary Inspector and the Head Clerk, and the Municipal Workers Union Questioned the propriety of the dismissal and claimed that they should be re-instated and the matter was referred by the Government to the Industrial Tribunal for adjudication under the Industrial Disputes Act. In that case two questions were raised before this Court - one was whether the said dispute was industrial dispute within the meaning of s. 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act and the other was whether the Industrial Disputes Act was invalid inasmuch as it allowed the Tribunal to re-instate employees and to that extent trenched on the power of the chairman to appoint and dismiss employees. This Court held that the Act was not invalid, as it was in pith and substance a law in respect of industrial and labour disputes and that the conservancy service rendered by the municipality was an industry and the dispute between the municipality and the employees of the conservancy department was an industrial dispute within the meaning of the Industrial Disputes Act. This decision was followed by this Court in Baroda Borough Municipality v. Its Workmen (1957)ILLJ8SC . In that case the effect of the earlier decision was summarized thus, at p. 38 :It is now finally settled by the decision of this Court in D. N. Banerji v. P. K. Mukherjee [1953]4SCR302 that a municipal undertaking of the nature we have under consideration here is an industry within the meaning of the definition of that word in s. 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, and that the expression industrial dispute in that Act includes disputes between municipalities and their employees in branches of work that can be regarded as analogous to the carrying on of a trade or business.6. In that case the workmen employed in the electricity department of the Baroda Municipality demanded bonus. The electricity undertaking of the Baroda municipality was held to be an industry and the dispute between the Municipality and its employees an industrial dispute. Bonus was refused on other grounds and we are not concerned with that aspect of the case here. These two cases, therefore, have finally and authoritatively held that municipal undertakings could be industry within the meaning of the Industrial Disputes Act.A comparative study of these two sections brings out the following differences : While the definition of industry in the Industrial Disputes Act means certain things and includes others, the definition of industry in the Act includes the three categories described therein; while the definition in the former Act places undertaking  in a category different from manufacturing or mining, in the latter Act it is qualified by the words manufacturing or mining. In our view these differences do not justify us in taking a different view from that accepted by this Court in the foregoing decisions. Clause (a) of the definition defines industry with reference to the employers and clause (b) with reference to the employees. Excluding the words manufacturing or mining undertaking from clause (a) of the definition, the other words in cls. (a) and (b) thereof are comprehensive enough to take in all the categories which the definition of industry in the Industrial Disputes Act will take in. That apart, a perusal of the decision of this Court in D. N. Banerji v. P. R. Mukherjee [1953]4SCR302 does not indicate that this Court would have come to a different conclusion if the word undertaking in the Industrial Disputes Act was qualified by the words manufacturing or mining. The decision was founded on a broader basis, having regard to the history of the legislation, the cognate definitions in the Act and the inclusive part of the definition corresponding to s. 2(14)(b) of the Act. We, therefore, hold that a service rendered by a corporation, if it complies with the conditions implicit in the definition - which we would consider at a later stage of the judgment - will be an industry within the meaning of the definitions in the Act.The following five characteristics are stated to be the conditions implicit in the definition : (i) the activity must concern the production or distribution of goods or services; (ii) it must be to serve others but not to oneself; (iii) it must involve co-operative effort between employer and employee, between capital and labour; (iv) it must be done as a commercial transaction; and (v) it must not be in exercise of purely governmental functions.12. The said doctrine, therefore, cannot be invoked in cases where the intention of the Legislature is clear and free of ambiguity. The phraseology used in the section is very clear and it is not susceptible of any ambiguity. The words used in the first part of clause (b) are unqualified; and the qualification is introduced only in the later part. If the words calling, service, employment, handicraft are really intended to be qualified by the adjective industrial, one should expect the legislature to affix the adjective to the first word calling rather than to the last word occupation. The inclusive definition is a well recognized device to enlarge the meaning of the word defined, and, therefore, the word industry must be construed as comprehending not only such things as it signifies according to its natural import but also those things the definition declares that it should include : see Strouds Judicial Dictionary, Vol. 2, p. 1416. So construed, every calling, service, employment of an employee or any business, trade or calling of an employer will be an industry. But such a wide meaning appears to overreach the objects for which the Act was passed. It is,therefore, necessary to limit its scope on permissible grounds, having regard to the aim, scope and the object of the whole Act. To arrive at the real meaning of the words, Lord Coke in Heydons case [1584] 3 Rep. 7 says that the following matters are to be considered: (1) What was the law before the Act was passed; (2) what was the mischief or defect for which the law had not provided; (3) What remedy Parliament has appointed; and (4) The reason of the remedy. The word employers in clause (a) and the word employees in clause (b) indicate that the fundamental basis for the application of the definition is the existence of that relationship. The cognate definitions of industrial dispute, employer, employee, also support it. The long title of the Act as well as its preamble show that the Act was passed to make provision for the promotion of industries and peaceful and amicable settlement of disputes between employers and employees in an organized activity by conciliation and arbitration and for certain other purposes. If the preamble is read for certain other purposes. If the preamble is read with the historical background for the passing of the Act, it is manifest that the Act was introduced as an important step in achieving social justice. The Act seeks to ameliorate the service conditions of the workers, to provide a machinery for resolving their conflicts and to encourage co-operative effort in the service of the community. The history of labour legislation both in England and India also shows that it was aimed more to ameliorate the conditions of service of the labour in organized activities than to anything else. The Act was not intended to reach the personal services which do not depend upon the employment of a labour force.However wide the definition of industry may be, it cannot include the regal or sovereign functions of state. This is the agreed basis of the arguments at the Bar, though the learned counsel differed on the ambit of such functions. While the learned counsel for the Corporation would like to enlarge the scope of these functions so as to comprehend all the welfare activities of a modern State, the learned counsel for the respondents would seek to confine them to what are aptly termed the primary and inalienable functions of a constitutional government. It is said that in a modern State the sovereign power extents to all the statutory functions of the State except to the business of trading and industrial transactions undertaken by in its quasi-private personality. Sustenance for this contention is sought to be drawn from Hollands Jurisprudence, wherein the learned author divides the general heading public Law into four sub-heads and under the sub-head Administrative Law he deals with a variety of topics including welfare and social activities of a State. The treatment of the subject Public Law by Holland and other authors, in our view, has no relevance in appreciating the scope of the concept of regal powers which have acquired a definite connotation.14. These words clearly mark out the ambit of the regal functions as distinguished from the other powers of a State. It could not have been, therefore, in the contemplation of the Legislature to bring in the regal functions of the State within the definition of industry and thus confer jurisdiction on Industrial Courts to decide disputes in respect thereof. We. therefore, exclude the regal functions of a State from the definition of industry.17. A corporation may, therefore, discharge a dual function: it may be statutorily entrusted with regal functions strictly so-called, such as making of laws, disposal of certain cases judicially etc., and also with other welfare activities. The former, being delegated regal functions, must be excluded from the ambit of the definition of industry.This argument, if we may say so, is the result of an incorrect reading of the decision. There the question was whether the sanitary department of a municipality was an industry within the meaning of the Industrial Disputes Act and whether the dispute between the municipality and its employees in that department was an industrial dispute there under At p. 311, the learned Judge specifically deals with a contention based upon the collocation of the words in the section and observes :Though the word understanding in the definition of industry is wedged in between business and trade on the one hand and manufacturing on the other, and though therefore it might mean only a business or trade undertaking, still it must be remembered that if that were so, there was no need to use the word separately from business or trade. The wider import is attracted even more clearly when we look at the latter part of the definition which refers to calling, service, employment, or industrial occupation or avocation of workmen. Undertaking in the first part of the definition and industrial occupation or avocation in the second part obviously mean much more than what is ordinarily understood by trade or business. The definition was apparently intended to include within its scope what might not strictly be called a trade or business venture.20. This passage leaves no room for doubt that this Court construed the terms of the definition of industry in a way which takes in activities which are not strictly called trade or business. Therefore, the words not strictly be called a trade or business venture and the words analogous to the carrying out of a trade or business emphasize more the nature of the organized activity implicit in a trade or business than to equate the other activities with trade or business. This is made more clear by the learned Judge when he expressly reserves the Courts opinion on a wider question in the following words at p. 318 :it is unnecessary to decide whether disputes arising in relation to purely administrative work fall within their ambit.21. We cannot, therefore, agree with the contention that the said decision, it when it expressly accepted the comprehensive meaning which the words of the section naturally bear,intended to circumscribe the wide sweep of the section to business of trade and activities in the nature or business. Nor a fair reading of the section bears out such a construction. We have already indicated our view on the construction of the section, having regard to the clear phraseology used or business or activities analogous to trade or business.23. This test steers clear of the argument that to be an industry the activity shall be a trading activity. If a service performed by an individual is an industry, it will continue to be so notwithstanding the fact that it is undertaken by a corporation.this Court in D. N. Banerji v. P. R. Mukherjee [1953]4SCR302 has held that neither the investment of capital or the existence of profit-earning motive seems to be a sine qua non or necessary element in the modern conception of industry. The conception that unless the public who are benefited by the services pay in cash for the services rendered to them, the services so rendered cannot be industry is based upon an exploded theory. As observed by Chandrasekhara Aiyar, J., the conflicts between capital and labour have now to be determined more from the standpoint of status than of contract. Isaac and Rich, JJ., in the Federated Municipal and shire Council Employees Union of Australia v. Melbourne Corporation [1918] 26 C.L.R. 508 formulated the modern concept of industry at p. 554 thus :Industrial disputes occur when, in relation to operations in which capital and labour are contributed in co-operation for the satisfaction of human wants or desires, those engaged in co-operation dispute as to the basis to be observed, by the parties engaged, respecting either a share of the product or any other terms and conditions of their co-operation.25. The learned Judges proceeded to state at p. 564 :The question of profit-making may be important from an income tax point of view, as in many municipal cases in England; but, from an industrial dispute point of view, it cannot matter whether the expenditure is met by fares from passengers or from rates. In each case the municipality is performing a function; and in the case it with a variation in contrast with the other.27. Monetary considerations for service is, therefore, not an essential characteristic of industry in a modern State.We do not see any justification for this artificial division of municipal activities. Barring the regal functions of a municipality, if such other activities of its, if undertaken by an individual, would be industry, then they would equally be industry in the hands of a municipality. It would be unrealistic to draw a line between a department doing a service and a department controlling or feeding it. Supervision and actual performance of service are integral part of the same activity. In other words, whether these three functions are carried out by one department or divided between three departments, the entire organizational activity would be an industry. This aspect of the question was incidentally touched upon by this Court in Baroda Borough Municipality V. Its Workmen (1957)ILLJ8SC and the following passage at p. 49 reads thus :We have already pointed out that under the Municipal Act a Municipality may perform various functions, some obligatory and some discretional. The activities may be of a composite nature : some of the departments may be mostly earning departments and some mostly spending departments. For example, the department which collects municipal taxes or other municipal revenue, is essentially an earning department whereas the sanitary department or other service department is essentially a spending department. There may indeed be departments where the earning and spending may almost balance each other.29. We have extracted this passage only because the observations are opposite to the discussion on hand but not to express our concurrence with the conclusion drawn in that case. The question of bonus does not fall to be considered in the present appeal. These observations lend support to our view that integrated activities of a municipality cannot be separated to take in some under the definition of industry and exclude others from it.30. We can also visualize different situations. A particular activity of a municipality may be covered by the definition of industry. If the financial and administrative departments are solely in charge of that activity, there can be no difficulty in treating those two departments also as part of the industry. But there may be cases where the said two departments may not be in charge of a particular activity or service covered by the definition of industry but also in charge of other activity or activities falling outside the definition of industry. In such cases a working rule may be evolved to advance social justice consistent with the principles of equity. In such cases the solution to the problem depends upon the answer to the question whether such a department is primarily and predominantly concerned with industrial activity or incidentally connected therewith.31. The result of the discussion may be summarized thus : (1) The definition of industry in the Act is very comprehensive. It is in two parts : One part defines it from the standpoint of the employer and the other from the standpoint of the employee. If an activity falls under either part of the definition, it will be an industry within the meaning of the Act. (2) The history of Industrial disputes and the legislation recognizes the basic concept that the activity shall be an organized one and not that which pertains to private or personal employment. (3) The regal functions described as primary and inalienable functions of State though statutorily delegated to a corporation are necessarily excluded from the purview of the definition. Such regal functions shall be confined to legislative power, administration of law and judicial power. (4) If a service rendered by an individual or a private person would be an industry, it would equally be an industry in the hands of a corporation. (5) If a service rendered by a corporation is an industry, the employees in the departments connected with that service, whether financial, administrative or executive, would be entitled to the benefits of the Act. (6) If a department of a municipality discharges many functions, some pertaining to industry as defined in the Act and other non-industrial activities, the predominant functions of the department shall be the criterion for the purposes of the Act.32. The following are the various departments of the Nagpur City Corporation: (1) General Administration Department; (2) Octroi Department; (3) Tax Department; (4) Public Conveyance Department; (5) Fire Brigade Department; (6) Lighting Department; (7) Water Works Department; (8) City Engineer Department; (9) Enforcement (encroachment) Department; (1o) Sewage Pumping Station Department; (11) Sewage Farm Department; (12) Health Department; (13) Market Department; (14) Cattle Pound Department; (15) Public Gardens Department; (16) Public Works Department; (17) Assessment Department; (18) Estate Department; (19) Education Department; (20) Printing Press Department; (21) Workshop Department; and (22) Building Department. Out of these departments. the State Industrial Court has held that all the departments except those pertaining to (i) assessment and levy of house-tax, (ii) assessment and levy of octroi, (iii) removal of encroachment and pulling down of dilapidated houses, (iv) maintenance of cattle pounds, and (v) prevention and control of food adulteration, are industries. Even in regard to the departments which the State Industrial Tribunal held to the industries it denied relief to persons who are not covered by the definition of employees in the Act. As the employees have not preferred any appeal against the award in so far as it went against them, nothing further need be said in regard to the aforesaid five departments.Shortly stated, the Act creates the Corporation a juristic person capable of holding and disposing of property, confers power on it to impose and collect taxes and licence fees, to borrow money, to decide disputes in the first instance in respect thereof, constitutes the amounts so collected as the fund of the municipality from and out of which the liabilities of the Corporation are met and the salaries of its employees are paid, imposed on it duties to carry out various welfare activities in the interest of the public, confers on it powers for implementing their duties satisfactorily and also powers to make by-laws for regulating its various functions. In short, a corporation is analogous to a big public company carrying out most of the duties which such a company can undertake to do with the difference that certain statutory powers have been conferred on the corporation for carrying out its functions more satisfactorily.34. With this background let us take each of the departments of the Corporation held by the State Industrial Court to be governed by the Act.(i) Tax Department : The main functions of this department are the imposition and collection of conservancy, water and property taxes. No separate staff has been employed for the assessment and levy of property taxes: the same staff does the work connected with assessment and collection of water rates as well as scavenging taxes. It is not disputed that the work of assessment and levy of water rate and scavenging rate for private latrines is far heavier than the other works entrusted to this department. No attempt has been made to allocate specific proportion of the staff for different functions. We, therefore, must accept the finding of the State Industrial Court that the staff of this department doing clerical or manual work predominantly does the work connected with scavenging taxes and water rate. The said rates are really intended as fees for the service rendered. The services, namely, scavenging and supply of water, can equally be undertaken by a private firm or an individual for remuneration and the fact that the municipality does the same duty does not make it any the less a service coming under the definition of industry. We would, however, prefer to sustain the finding on a broader basis. There cannot be a distinction between property tax and other taxes collected by the municipality for the purpose of designating the tax department as an industry or otherwise. The scheme of the Corporation Act is that taxes and fees are collected in order to enable the municipality to discharge its statutory functions. If the functions so discharged are wholly or predominantly covered by the definition of industry, it would be illogical to exclude the tax department from the definition. While in the case of private individuals or firms services are paid in cash or otherwise, in the case of public institutions, as the services are rendered to the public, the taxes collected from them constitute a fund for performing those services. As most of the services rendered by the municipality come under the definition of industry, we should hold that the employees of the tax department are also entitled to the benefits under the Act.(ii) Public Conveyance Department : This is a tax which is a wheel-cum-road tax. Conveyance department is meant to regulate the using of cycles, rickshaws, bullock-carts etc. This department recovers registration feels for rickshaws, licence fee from rickshaws drivers and wheel tax from bullock-carts. It also recovers cycle tax on every cycle used in Corporation limits. (See the evidence of Witness No. 1 Party No. 1). These taxes are therefore really fees collected by the Corporation for the services rendered to the owners of cycles and other conveyances by way of maintenance and construction of roads. These services can equally be performed by a private individual or a firm for remuneration. It satisfies the tests laid down by us. This department, therefore, is an industry within the meaning of the definition in the Act.(iii) Fire Brigade Department : Ex. N.A. 22 gives the duties of the driver-cum-fitter of the Fire Brigade Department. This exhibit indicates that the function of this department is to attend to fire calls. Witness No. 3 for Party No. 1 says that it is the duty of the fire brigade to supply water at marriage functions and other public functions. The fire brigade employees and not paid any extra amount for supplying water at public or private functions. Though the department renders some extra services, the main function of the department is to attend to fire calls. Private bodies also can undertake this service. It is said that under s. 333 of the City of Nagpur Corporation Act powers are conferred on specified officers to remove or order the removal of any person who interferes with or impedes the operation for extinguishing the fire, to close any street or passage in or near which any fire is burning, to break into or pull down or use for the passage of hoses or other appliances, any premises for the purpose of extinguishing the fire and generally to take such measures as many appear necessary for the preservation of life or property, and that the services of the fire brigade cannot be satisfactorily rendered without such powers and that no private individual can perform the same. Here the argument tends to be fallacious as it ignores the distinction between the services and the statutory powers conferred to satisfactorily discharge the said services. A private person or a firm can equally do the same services and nothing prevents the legislature from conferring similar powers on an individual or a firm. These services also satisfy all the tests laid down by us and therefore we hold that this department is also an industry.(iv) Lighting Department : Lighting Department looks after the arrangements for Lighting the streets in the Corporation area. There are two systems of lighting streets, namely, (1) by electricity, and (2) by kerosene oil lamps. Electric street lighting is given on contract to Nagpur Light and Power Co., Nagpur, by the Corporation. Kerosene oil street lighting is done departmentally by the lighting department. Electric Light and Power Co., is responsible to the Corporation for street lighting. The said Company has to fix electric lights according to the program given to it by the Corporation. The burning hours are also fixed by the Corporation. The Corporation does not charge the public for street lighting. (See the evidence of Witness No. 5 for Party No. 1). We have already indicated that quid pro quo in the shape of payment of money for particular services rendered is not a necessary condition for the application of the definition of industry. The services rendered by the department satisfy the terms of the definition. They also satisfy both the positive and negative tests laid down by us. We therefore, hold that this department is an industry.(v) Water Works Department : This department maintains three head-works, Kanhan, Gorewara, and Ambazeri. There are pumping stations at Kanhan and Gorewara. At the pumping stations the water is filtered and pumped into service reservoir at Nagpur. The Corporation has a separate staff at each pumping station. It has also a separate staff for distribution. In addition it maintains an assessment department to assess water cess for the distribution of water. (See the evidence of Witness No. 9 for Party No. 1). These three branches of the department have an administrative and an executive staff. Whether the services rendered by the department are concerned with manufacturing process or not, they are certainly covered by the wide definition of industry in the tests laid down by us. None of them comprise delegated regal functions of State and they are such that a private individual can equally undertake to do. We, therefore, hold that the said department comes under the definition of industry.(vi) City Engineers Department : The function of this department is to exercise supervisory and administrative control over its subordinate departments. The City Engineer is the head of this department. (See the evidence of Witness No. 5 for Party No. 1). As we are of the view that the departments subordinate to this department come under the definition of industry, this department, which has administrative control over those subordinate departments. If so, it follows that this department is also an industry.(vii) Enforcement (encroachment) Department : The function of this department is to remove encroachment and unauthorised constructions and dilapidated houses. This department is a section of the Estate Department. (See the evidence of Witness No. 5 for Party No. 1). It is contended that the functions of this department are all statutory and that no private individual can perform them. Statutory powers are conferred on the Corporation to remove encroachment and unauthorised construction and dilapidated houses. These powers are necessary for the Corporation to protect its properties and to prevent encroachment thereon and to remove dilapidated houses in the interest of the public. But if a distinction is made between the powers and the nature of the services rendered, it would be obvious that the services rendered are not peculiar to a corporation. A private firm may undertake to manage the properties of others. it will have to appoint persons to detect encroachment and to take steps to recover possession of lands encroached upon. The only difference between a firm and a municipal corporation is that the corporation can, in exercise of its statutory powers, remove the encroachment, but it does not prevent the aggrieved party from going to a civil court to establish his title to the property : but in the case of a firm, it cannot take the law into its own hands : it has to get the encroachment removed through a court of law. So far as the nature of the service is concerned, namely, protecting its properties in the interest of the public from encroachment and to recover possession of the lands encroached upon, there is no essential distinction between the said service of the Corporation and a similar service performed by private firm. The service satisfies not only the terms of the definition, but also the tests laid down by us.Even so, it is contended that the said reasoning cannot be invoked in the case of the service rendered by the municipality in removing dilapidated houses and it is said that the said service is rendered in exercise of a governmental function which a private individual cannot himself discharge. Here again the incidental power is confused with the service. To illustrate, a firm many undertake to remove dilapidated houses and render the said service to those who engage it. It may not have the power to remove dilapidated houses of persons other than those who employed its service. The difference does not in any way affect the character of the service. We therefore, hold that this department is also an industry.(viii) Sewage Department; The sewage pumping station is meant for pumping sewage at the outfall of the underground sewers. The sewage is utilised on the land on broad irrigation system, and some crops are also grown on the farm. (See the evidence of Witness No. 8 for Party No. 1). In the cross-examination of the said witness it was elicited that whatever sewage is left after irrigating the farm maintained by the Corporation will be sold to the neighbouring farms. For the said reasons, it must be held that this department is also an industry.(ix) Health Department : This department looks after scavenging, sanitation, control of epidemics, control of food adulteration and running of public dispensaries. Private institutions can also render these services. It is said that the control of food adulteration and the control of epidemics cannot be done by private individuals and institutions. We do not see why. There can be private medical units to help in the control of food adulteration and in the control of epidemics for remuneration. Individuals may get the food articles purchased by them examined by the medical unit and take necessary action against guilty merchants. So too, they can take advantage such a unit to prevent epidemics by having necessary inoculations and advice. This department also satisfies the other tests laid down by us, and is an industry within the meaning of the definition of industry in the Act.(x) Market Department : The function of the Market Department is to issue licences, collect ground-rent and registration fee and to detect short weights and measures. Rents are collected for permitting persons to enter the Corporation land and transact business therein. Detection of short weights and measures is a service to the people to prevent their being cheated in the market. The setting apart of market places, supervision of weights and measures are services rendered to the public and the fees collected are remuneration for the services so rendered. These services can equally be done by any private individual. This department also satisfies the tests laid down by us. We, therefore, hold this department is an industry within the meaning of the Act.(xi) Public Gardens Department : The functions of this department are the maintenance of public parks and gardens and laying of new gardens and parks; and planting of trees on road sides. (See the evidence of Witness No. 5 for Party No. 1). This service is covered by the definition of industry functions stated above and the fact that the municipality has undertaken those duties does not affect the municipality has undertaken those duties does not affect the nature of the service. This also satisfies the tests laid down by us. We, therefore, hold that this Department is an industry.Public Works Department : This department is in charge of construction and maintenance of public works such as roads, drains, building, markets, public latrines etc. For the convenience of the public, this department is divided into zones and every zone has its office. The outdoor staff in the P.W.D. consists of assistant engineer, overseers, sub-overseers, timekeepers, mates, carpenters, masons, blacksmiths and coolies. The other staff, consisting of clerks and peons performs indoor duties. (See the evidence of Witness No. 5 for Party No. 1). This department performs both administrative and executive functions. The services rendered are such that they can equally be done by private individuals and they come under the definition of industry, satisfying both the positive and negative tests laid down by us in this regard. We, therefore, hold that this department is an industry.(xiii) Assessment Department : This department deals with the assessment of taxes, fees and rates. The same staff does the assessment work connected not only with taxes strictly so called but also other fees and rates. As the services rendered, namely, scavenging and supply of water can be done by private individuals, the State Industrial Court held that they come under the definition of industry and therefore the department assessing fees and rates is also part of that industry. There is no reason why a distinction should be made in regard to the assessment of taxes so-called and that of fees and rates. The taxes are collected only for enabling the Corporation to render service to the public and, as most of the services come under the definition of industry, this department also, in our view, is an industry within the meaning of the Act. That apart, the State Industrial Court has held that the same staff does the work of assessment of house-tax as well as other fees and rates and the work of this department is predominantly connected with the assessment of scavenging tax and water rate. Applying the test of paramount and predominant duty, this department falls within the definition of industry in the Act.(xiv) Estate Department : This department maintains the record of property acquired, vested or transferred to the Corporation and all buildings and roads constructed by the P.W.D. This department lets out lands and houses belonging to the Corporation by public auction and gets income there from which no doubt is credited to the common fund. A department like this is equally necessary in a private company which carries out functions similar to the Corporation. Maintenance of records of the properties acquired, buildings and roads constructed and properties leased, is a necessary administrative function correlated to the corresponding services. If the service such as construction of buildings, roads etc., is an industry, its administrative wing is also an industry. The department as a whole, both with its administrative and executive wings, for reason stated in connection with the other departments, is an industry.(xv) Education Department : This department looks after the primary education, i.e., compulsory primary education within the limits of the Corporation. (See the evidence of Witness No. 1 for Party No. 1). This service can equally be done by private persons. This department satisfies the other tests. The employees of this department coming under the definition of employees under the Act would certainly be entitled to the benefits of the Act.(xvi) Printing Press Department : The printing press is maintained by the Corporation for printing passes. It is also used for printing of by-laws and the rules and proceedings and forms, and the by-laws and the rules so printed are sold to the public. For the reasons stated supra in the case of the Water Works Department, this department is also an industry.(xvii) Building Department : This department is really a building permission department. The function of this department is to regulate construction of buildings by private individuals and to take action against those who violate the by-laws and the provisions of the Corporation Act pertaining to this department. It is said that the functions of this department are statutory and no private individual can discharge those statutory functions. The question is not whether the discharge of certain functions by the Corporation have statutory backing, but whether those functions can equally be performed by private individuals. The provisions of the Corporation Act and the by-laws prescribe certain specifications for submission of plans and for the sanction of the authorities concerned before the building is put up. The same thing can be done by a co-operative society or a private individual. Co-operatives societies and private individuals can allot lands for building houses in accordance with the conditions prescribed by law in this regard. The services of this department are therefore analogous to those of a private individual with the difference that one has the statutory sanction behind it and the other is governed by terms of contracts. This department functions in the interest of the public and the services rendered by this department satisfy both the positive and negative tests laid down by us. We, therefore, hold that this department is covered by the definition of industry.(xviii) General Administration Department : This department co-ordinates the functions of all the other departments. The State Industrial Court describes the functions of this department thus: This department consists of treasury, accounts section, records section in which are kept records of all the different departments and public relations section. It also consists of a committee section the duty of which is to look after the conventing of meetings, to draw up agenda, minutes of proceedings and to draft by-laws. In the record section are kept records of most of the departments including health and engineering. Every big company with company with different sections will have a general administration department. If the various departments collated with this departments are industries, this department would also be a part of the industry. Indeed the efficient rendering of all the services would depend upon the proper working of this department, for, otherwise there would be confusion and chaos. The state Industrial Court in this case has hold that all except five of the departments of the Corporation come under the definition of industry and if so, it follows that this department, dealing predominantly with industrial departments, is also an industry. Hence the employees of this department are also entitled to the benefits of this Act.35. The State Industrial Court held that five of the departments of the Corporation did not fall within the terms of the definition of industry in the Act. The employees of these departments did not file any appeal against the finding of the State Industrial Court and we do not propose to express our final opinion on the correctness of the decision of the Industrial Court in regard to these activities.