Case: International Amusement Limited Vs. India Trade Promotion Organization

The appellant herein was running an amusement park in Pragati Maidan, New Delhi since the year 1984, which was well known as "Appu Ghar". The land for the purpose was initially allotted to the appellant by India Trade Promotion Organisation (for short the ITPO) on licence basis as the lease between the Central Government and the ITPO was still pending and as such permanent allotment of the land could not be made in favour of the appellant. Only as an administrative measure, the license agreements were entered into between the appellant and the ITPO. The appellant claimed that it was the permanent allottee of the land for running the amusement park on the similar lines as were allotted in favour of the Statutory Corporations/Instrumentalities of the State and Central Government. It was only on the assurance of the Land & Development Office (for short "the L&DO"), Ministry of Urban Development and ITPO that the appellant made huge amount of investment for establishing and running "Appu Ghar". The last agreement entered into between the parties was on 6.11.1995. In the said agreement, arbitration clauses 27 and 28 were incorporated, which are extracted hereunderThe licensed premises are public premises as defined in the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 1971 and fall within the jurisdiction of the Estate Officer, Pragati Maidan.28. In case of any dispute arising out of or in connection with this agreement the disputes shall be referred to the sole arbitration of the Chairman, India Trade Promotion Organisation or his nominee whose decision/award shall be final, conclusive and binding on the parties. Application for reference to arbitration shall be made by either party within two months of arising of thecase of the appellant is that it being a permanent allottee of the land at Pragati Maidan, it had made huge investments for opening Water Park, in order to provide additional amusement facilities to the public atITPO being aware of the permanent status of the appellant in respect of the land as well as the factum of huge investments made by it upon the same towards establishing the Water Park, called upon the appellant to vacate the premises vide letter dated 02.09.1999. The appellant has raised various disputes, claims and counter claims against theafter the notice was received by the appellant, it submitted a detailed representation to ITPO with a request to renew the lease of the land for further period. Being unsuccessful, the appellant commenced proceedings under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short "the Arbitration Act") invoking its right under clause 28 of the agreement referred to supra. The arbitration notice dated 11.11.1999 was issued to the ITPO invoking the provisions of clause 28 of the aforesaid licence agreement and filed an application under Section 8 of the Arbitration Act before the Estate Officer for referring the matter for arbitration. On 18.11.1999 ITPO issued notice of eviction under Section 4A of the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorized Occupants) Act, 1971 (for short "the P.P. Act") to the appellant to evict from the land of its unauthorized occupation. The application for arbitration filed by the appellant was rejected by the Estate Officer vide his order dated 28.3.2000 on the ground that the Estate Officer exercises his jurisdiction as provided under the provisions of the P.P. Act. It was further stated that it is an admitted case that the premises in Pragati Maidan for running Appu Ghar was given to the appellant on licence basis and on expiry of the licence period the appellant becomes an unauthorised occupant as defined under Section 2(g) of the P.P. Act and therefore, it was required to vacate the premises and hand over the same to ITPO, hence, the appellant cannot take up the plea that it was a permanent allottee of the premises involved in this case and that there was no dispute at all between the parties, which could be agitated as raised by theaggrieved by the order of Estate Officer, the appellant filed W.P. (C) No.1425 of 2000 before the Delhi High Court questioning the correctness of the order passed by him. Thereafter, on 08.05.2000, the appellant filed an application being A.A. No.111/2000 under Section 11(6) and petition OMP No.63/2000 under Section 9 of the Arbitration Act before the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court. The learned single Judge, who is the nominee of the learned Chief Justice, vide his order dated 23.01.2001 allowed the application by appointing an arbitrator for deciding the disputes between the parties through the process ofby the said order, the ITPO filed Writ Petition (C) No.2015 of 2001 before the Division Bench of Delhi High Court, challenging the correctness of the order of appointment of the arbitrator by the High Court. On 12.04.2001, the High Court stayed the arbitration proceeding which has been in force till the disposal of the writthe pendency of the above matter, some part of "Appu Ghar" land was required by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation for construction of Pragati Maidan Metro Station which was handed over by the appellant to thethe land of Appu Ghar was resumed by the L&DO and the same was allotted to the Supreme Court Registry for its expansionHigh Court vide its common order dated 16.7.2007 allowed Writ Petition (C)No. 2015 of 2001 filed by the ITPO holding that the matters enumerated under Section 15 of the P.P. Act cannot be referred to arbitration for adjudication for arbitrator. The application C.M. (M) No. 553 of 2007 filed by the appellant was also dismissed. Hence, these appeals.

Court's reasoning:
This Court must accept the contention of the learned senior counsel on behalf of the ITPO that the said clause in the licence agreement is not an arbitration agreement between the parties for the reasons discussed below. The three Judge Bench decision of this Court (of which two of us were members) in P. Dasaratharama Reddy Complex v. Government of Karnataka & Anr. [2014) 2 SCC 201 ], while examining a similar clause of an arbitration agreement, after careful consideration and interpretation of the clause, has held that in all the matters of dispute arising out of the agreement regarding quality of materials and work, etc., the decision of the Board of Directors of the Nagarika Yogbakashema Mathu Gruha Nirmana Sahakara Sangha, shall be final and binding on the part of the Contractor. Further, the case of Mysore Construction Company v. Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd. & Ors. [ILR 2000 KAR 4953] was discussed in P. Dasaratharama Reddy (supra) by this Court, at para 14, wherein, the Designated Judge has referred to the passage from Russell, on Arbitration (19th Edition, page 59) and the other judgments of this Court in K.K. Modi v. K.N. Modi and Ors., Chief Conservator of Forests, Rewa v. Ratan Singh Hans [AIR 1967 SC 166 ], Rukmanibai Gupta v. The Collector, Jabalpur [(1980) 4 SCC 556] , State of Uttar Pradesh v. Tipper Chand [(1980) 2 SCC 341] , State of Orissa v. Damodar Das [(1996) 2 SCC 216] , Bharat Bhushan Bansal v. Uttar Pradesh Small Industries Corporation Ltd., Kanpur [1992) 2 SCC 166] and observed that the decisions in the abovementioned cases make it clear by laying down the conditions, when an agreement or a clause in the agreement can be construed as an arbitration agreement between theat paragraph 16 of P. Dasaratharama Reddy (supra), the distinction between an expert determination and arbitration between the parties has been spelt out as per Russell, on Arbitration (21st Edn.) in the followingcases have been fought over whether a contracts chosen form of dispute resolution is expert determination or arbitration. This is a matter of construction of the contract, which involves an objective enquiry into the intentions of the parties. First, there are the express words of the disputes clause. If specific words such as arbitrator, Arbitral Tribunal, arbitration or the formula as an expert and not as an arbitrator are used to describe the manner in which the dispute resolver is to act, they are likely to be persuasive although not always conclusive.... Where there is no express wording, the court will refer to certain guidelines. Of these, the most important used to be, whether there was an issue between the parties such as the value of an asset on which they had not taken defined positions, in which case the procedure was [pic]held to be expert determination; or a formulated dispute between the parties where defined positions had been taken, in which case the procedure was held to be an arbitration. This imprecise concept is still being relied on. It is unsatisfactory because some parties to contract deliberately choose expert determination for dispute resolution. The next guideline is the judicial function of an Arbitral Tribunal as opposed to the expertise of the expert.... An Arbitral Tribunal arrives at its decision on the evidence and submissions of the parties and must apply the law or if the parties agree, on other consideration; an expert, unless it is agreed otherwise, makes his own enquiries, applies his own expertise and decides on his own expertwas further held that a clause substantially similar to the clauses referred to in P. Dasaratharama Reddy (supra) was interpreted by the three Judge Bench of this Court in the State of Uttar Pradesh v. Tipper Chand (supra) wherein paras 2 and 3 of the said judgment contain the reasons for holding that the clause in the agreement cannot be construed as an arbitrationpara 18 in P. Dasaratharama Reddy (supra), the case of State of Maharashtra v. Ranjeet Construction [AIR 1986 Bom 76 ] has been discussed wherein a two Judge Bench of this Court interpreted clause 30 of the agreement entered into between the parties, which is almost identical to the clauses under consideration, relying upon the judgment in the Tipper Chand (supra), and held that clause 30 cannot be relied upon by the parties for seeking reference of any dispute to an Arbitrator arising out of theA reading of the above clause in the contract as a conjoint whole, would give us an indication that during the progress of the work or after the completion or the sooner determination thereof of the contract, the Public Health Engineer has been empowered to decide all questions relating to the meaning of the specifications, drawings, instructions hereinbefore mentioned and as to the quality of workmanship or material used on the work or as to any other question, claim, right, matter or thing whatsoever in any way arising out of, or relating to, the contract drawings, specifications, estimates, instructions, orders or those conditions or otherwise concerning the works or the execution or failure to execute the same has been entrusted to the Public Health Engineer and his decision shall be final. In other words, he is nominated only to decide the questions arising in the quality of the work or any other matters enumerated hereinbefore and his decision shall be final and bind the contractor. A clause in the contract cannot be split into two parts so as to consider one part to give rise to difference or dispute and another part relating to execution of work, its workmanship, etc. It is settled now that a clause in the contract must be read as a whole. If the construction suggested by the respondent is given effect then the decision of the Public Health Engineer would become final and it is not even necessary to have it made rule of the court under the Arbitration Act. It [pic]would be hazardous to the claim of a contractor to give such instruction and give power to the Public Health Engineer to make any dispute final and binding on the contractor. A careful reading of the clause in the contract would give us an indication that the Public Health Engineer is empowered to decide all the questions enumerated therein other than any disputes or differences that have arisen between the contractor and the Government. But for Clause 25, there is no other contract to refer any dispute or difference to an arbitrator named orat paragraph 21 of the case of P. Dasaratharama Reddy (supra) the case of K.K. Modi v. K.N. Modi (supra) fell for consideration, wherein this Court interpreted clause 9 of the Memorandum of Understanding that was signed by the two groups of Modi family. The relevant portion from the said judgment with regard to interpretation of Clause 9 of the Memorandum of Understanding between the parties is extractedImplementation will be done in consultation with the financial institutions. For all disputes, clarifications, etc. in respect of implementation of this agreement, the same shall be referred to the Chairman, IFCI or his nominees whose decisions will be final and binding on both thein the decision of P. Dasaratharama Reddy at para 30 referred to the case of Mallikarjun v. Gulbarga University [2004) 1 SCC 372 ] wherein it was held that the decision of the Superintending Engineer of Gulbarga Circle was final, conclusive and binding on all parties to the contract upon all questions relating to the meaning of the specifications, designs etc. whether arising during the progress of the work or after the completion or abandonment thereof in case of dispute arising between the contractor and the Gulbarga University. The case of Punjab State v. Dina Nath [(2007) 5 SCC 28] was also referred supporting the same view in the case of P. Dasaratharama Reddy (supra). In view of the aforesaid decisions and the law laid down by this Court in catena of cases referred to supra which are reiterated in the case of P. Dasaratharama Reddy (supra) we are of the view that the clause 28 in the agreement which is referred to in the case on hand is not an arbitration clause. Therefore, the appointment of an Arbitrator by the nominee of the Chief Justice has been rightly set aside in the impugned judgment by the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court. The law laid down by this Court in the above referred judgments, after interpretation of relevant arbitration clauses in the agreement in those cases, are aptly applicable to the fact situation on hand and we answer the questions of law framed by this Court against the appellant and in favour of the ITPO and Union ofother proceedings involved in this case, if any, pending under the provisions of the P.P. Act before the Estate Officer, the same shall be continued by