Case: Mahatma Gandhi Sahakara Sakkare Karkhane Vs. National Heavy Engg. Coop. Ltd.

The appellant herein is a Co-operative Society registered under the provisions of the Karnataka Co-operative Societies Act, 1959. It has established a sugar factory at Hunji, Balki Taluk, Bidar District, Karnataka with a capacity of 2500 TCD per day with a provision to expand the same upto 4000 TCD per day. The appellant had undertaken expansion of its sugar factory from 2500 TCD to 4000 TCD crushing capacity per day and accordingly invited tenders. The offer of the first respondent which is also a Co-operative Society registered under the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act which is involved in supply, erection and commissioning of Sugar Plants was accepted in the meeting of the State Level Advisory Committee held on 10th August, 2000. The first respondent undertook to design, procure manufacture, supply transport and deliver at the site and to do the supervision of erection and commissioning of the Sugar Plant and Machinery in conformity with the agreed specifications vide agreement dated 1st November, 2000. The clauses of the agreement dated 1st November, 2000 which are relevant to be noticed are reproduced as5 : Supply, Delivery and Supervision of Erection and Commissioning.Clause 5.1 : The Seller agrees to supply plant and machinery - so that the supply and erection of the plant and machinery is completed in all respects and to the satisfaction of the Purchaser and the Sugar Plant and Machinery is Commissioned and made ready for commercial production and use by 11th December, 2001.8.0 TRIALS AND TAKE OVER:8.1 As soon as the Plant is ready for commissioning after completion of the supply of plant and machinery and erection of the same to the satisfaction of the purchasers, the sellers on getting information from the erection contractor shall notify in writing to the purchasers specifying the date and time, at least 30 days before the sellers intend to carry out steam and water trials to enable the purchasers to arrange for boiler feed water, fuel, operational staff and workmen and other facilities. Unless otherwise agreed by the purchasers and the sellers, the sellers shall begin the said trial on the date and time so notified.Provided that the water, steam and vacuum trials shall be conducted by the sellers for a period of one month before the commissioning of the plant and machinery after complete delivery and erection to the entire satisfaction of the purchasers.8.2 After the said steam, water and vacuum trials have been completed to the entire satisfaction of the purchasers and on their furnishing a certificate to the effect that all the plant and machinery mentioned in Annexure I to III have been inspected and approved by the Inspection Agency, delivered as per detailed parts list of materials referred to above, erected and commissioned under the supervision of the sellers according to the terms and conditions of this agreement, the sellers guarantees given in pursuance of clause 17.2 shall be deemed to have beenguarantees were required to be furnished by the respondent in terms of the agreement. The case of the appellant is that the first respondent failed to commission the plant in terms of the agreement. The appellant sent a notice dated 26th April, 2003 duly putting the respondent on notice of its failure to commission the plant by the scheduled date i.e. 11th February, 2001 and other revised dates, i.e., 26th January, 2002, 25th November, 2002, 28th February, 2003 and 25th April, 2003. Thereafter, a meeting was held between the parties at the intervention of the Government of Karnataka on 1st July, 2003 where both the parties had agreed as1st respondent shall furnish bank guarantee for Rs.92.40 lakhs towards delivery and commissioning of the plant valid upto 28.02.2004.(Clause 1).ii) Simultaneously, with the receipt of the aforesaid bank guarantee, the petitioner shall release Rs.140.41 lakhs to the 1st respondent (Clause 4)iii) 1st respondent will start trial run to crush 500-1000 tonnes of sugarcane within 20 days from the date of receipt of Rs.140.41 lakhs as aforesaid (Clause 6).iv) The plant will be fully commissioned by November/December 2003 (Clausefirst respondent in terms of the agreement reached between the parties furnished a bank guarantee for a sum of Rs. 92.40 lakhs dated 4th July, 2003. The appellant on its part released Rs. 140.41 lakhs on 5th July,case of the appellant is that the trial crushing did not start even as on 28th / 29th July, 2003; no doubt, the trial crushing commenced on 26th November, 2003 but the same had to be stopped on 22nd December, 2003 due to defects in the turbo alternator. The appellant addressed letter dated 27th December, 2003 to the respondent regarding non-supply, defective erection and non-commissioning of the plant by the first respondent. It is not necessary to notice further details in this regard as there is any amount of controversy between the parties as regards non-compliance with the terms and conditions of the agreement. Each is accusing the other of breach of terms of agreement. The appellant, however, relied upon the detailed report dated 16th January, 2004 furnished by National Federation of Co-operative Sugar Factories Ltd., the consultants to the project, in support of the plea that the trial run was unsuccessful and incomplete. The appellant stated on account of the teething problems the appellant could not undertake the crushing of sugarcane leading to heavyit as it may, the Board of Directors of the appellant Society resolved in its meeting dated 13th March, 2004 to invoke the bank guarantee of Rs. 92.40 furnished by the first respondent. The appellant accordingly sent a letter requesting the Commissioner of Cane Development and Director of Sugar to counter sign the invocation letter on the ground that the respondent herein had failed to commission the plant ascase of the respondent in nut shell is that the project fell into rough weather purely on account of the inability of the appellantto arrange the requisite funds. It is however admitted that after exchange of several acrimonious letters and notices, the parties finally agreed on a final course with a revised time frame to erect and commission the plant in a meeting held on 1st July, 2003. It is pursuant to that agreement the respondent furnished the bank guarantee in question and the appellant released the amount of Rs.140.41 lakhs on 5th July, 2003 and required the respondent to implement the trial run by 25th July, 2003. It is submitted that the contract between the parties envisaged four different kinds of bank guarantees to ensure particular set of obligations by the respondent. Clauses 16.4 and 17.5 deal with the bank guarantees for timely delivery of civil drawings and clause 17.6 deals with bank guarantee for advance payments; for timely delivery and commissioning of plant is dealt with clauses 8, 16, 16.3, 17.4,17.9 and for ensuring performance of the plant is dealt with by clauses 9, 16.2, 17.3 and 17.9. It is the case of the respondent that the trial run of plant and machinery was arranged during 25th July, 2003 and 2nd August, 2003 and the trial run was found satisfactory. The actual commissioning was to take place from 21st July, 2003 but has actually started on 27th November, 2003. According to the respondent after continuous crushing of the sugarcane for about a month all of a sudden there was a problem in the working of the machinery which was attended to on the spot. We do not propose to notice further details in this regard for each one of the parties is blaming the other. There is any amount of controversy between the parties in this regard and it would not be proper to make any comment at this stage since the parties are already before the Arbitrator who is required to decide the dispute on merits in accordance with law. The main contention of the respondent is that the appellant raised false and untenable claims only with a view to avoid or postpone the payment of huge amount of Rs. 327 lakhs due and payable to the respondent. It is under those circumstances the respondent got issued notice to the appellant to refer the dispute for resolution through arbitration. The appellant instead of responding to the notice resolved to invoke the bank guarantee with a malafide intention of depriving the respondent of its legitimate right to receive certaincase of the respondent is that the bank guarantee is a conditional one and unless the condition precedent for enforcement of the bank guarantee is satisfied the appellant cannot be permitted to invoke the bank guarantee. It is on that ground the respondent filed Misc. Petition Under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 seeking injunction against the appellant restraining it from encashing the bank guarantee No.56/03 dated 4th July,trial court after an elaborate consideration of the matter dismissed the application filed by the respondent herein and refused to grant any injunction restraining the appellant from encashing the bank guarantee as prayed for by the respondent. The trial court came to the conclusion that invocation of the bank guarantee and its encashment by the appellant cannot be held to be fraudulent or untenable and further held that the respondent has failed to prove that there will be irretrievable injustice in case bank guarantee isaggrieved by the order passed by the trial court rejecting the injunction application, the respondent herein filed MFA No.6188/04 challenging the legality and the correctness of the order passed by the trial court. The High Court upon reappreciation of the evidence and material available on record reversed the order passed by the trial court and accordingly granted injunction restraining the appellant herein from encashing the bank guarantee. The appellate court has taken the view that the bank guarantee appears to be a conditional one and "under the documents the guarantor is entitled to know that the appellant has failed to conduct the trial test and the commissioning of the project as agreed." The appellate court however also took a strange view that the invocation of the bank guarantee without informing to the bank as to the fact of alleged breach of agreement itself amounts to fraud. The Appellate Court also took the view that the letter invoking the bank guarantee should be counter signed by the Commissioner of Sugar, Bangalore, but the same has been signed by some other authority and not by the Commissioner ofaggrieved by the orders passed by the High court restraining the appellant from invoking the bank guarantee the present appeal has been preferred.

Court's reasoning:
21. In our considered opinion if the bank guarantee furnished is an unconditional and irrevocable one, it is not open to the bank to raise any objection whatsoever to pay the amounts under the guarantee. The person in whose favour the guarantee is furnished by the bank cannot be prevented by way of an injunction in enforcing the guarantee on the pretext that the condition for enforcing the bank guarantee in terms of the agreement entered between the parties has not been fulfilled. Such a course is impermissible. The seller cannot raise the dispute of whatsoever nature and prevent the purchaser from enforcing the bank guarantee by way of injunction except on the ground of fraud and irretrievable injury.22. In U.P. State Sugar Corporation vs. Sumac International Ltd. [ 1997 (1) SCC 568 ] this court had laid down the principle as to the enforcement of the bank guarantees as underlaw relating to invocation of such Bank Guarantees is by now well settled. When in the course of commercial dealings an unconditional bank guarantee in terms is given or accepted, the beneficiary is entitled to realise such a bank guarantee in terms thereof irrespective of any pending disputes. The bank giving such a guarantee is bound to honour it as per its terms irrespective of any dispute raised by its customer. The very purpose of giving such a bank guarantee would otherwise be defeated. The courts should, therefore, be slow in granting an injunction to restrain the realization of such a bank guarantee. The courts have carved out only two exceptions. A fraud in connection with such a bank guarantee would vitiate the very foundation of such a bank guarantee. Hence if there is a fraud of which the beneficiary seeks to take advantage, he can be restrained from doing so. The second exception relates to cases where allowing the encashment of an unconditional bank guarantee would result in irretrievable harm or injustice to one of the parties concerned".We do not propose to burden this judgment of ours with various other authoritative pronouncements on this very subject.24. In the present case the respondent in its application filed under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 in the district court, Bidar mostly highlighted as to how the very vital conditions of the agreement have been breached by the appellant herein by not arranging the funds at the proper time. It is alleged that the appellant did not even complete their obligation in respect of providing storage facilties for valuable goods etc. It is specifically alleged that required funds were not available with the appellant. On account of non availability of funds there were two halts of nine months and five months during the execution of the project from 03.12.2001 to 14.08.2002 and from 14.08.2002 to 10.01.2003. It is further alleged that the appellant failed to arrange for all the pre-requisites. It is not necessary for the purpose of disposal of this appeal to notice all the allegations and averments filed by the respondents except to note that the main thrust of the allegation relate to alleged breach of the conditions of the agreement by the appellant. It was further contended that the bank guarantees were conditional bank guarantees and not unconditional. We have referred to the substance of the allegations only to highlight that no factual foundation as such has been laid in the pleadings as regards the allegation of fraud. In fact there is no serious allegation of any fraud except using the word "fraud". It is also not stated as to how irreparable loss would be caused in case the appellant is allowed to encash the bank guarantee. The only two exceptions, namely fraud and irretrievable injury based on which injunction could be granted restraining encashment of bank guarantee are singularly absent in the pleadings. Once it is held that the bank guarantee furnished by the banker is an unconditional one, the appellant in our considered opinion cannot be restrained from encashing the bank guarantee on the ground that a serious dispute had arisen between the parties and on the allegations of breach of terms and conditions of the agreement entered between the parties.25. The High Court in its judgment went to the extent of recording a finding that it cannot be said that there was no delivery, erection and commissioning of plant. The High Court also took the view that the appellant has agreed to invoke the bank guarantee only in case of default on the part of the respondent in delivery, erection, commissioning of the plant. This view of the High Court is totally contrary to the terms and conditions of the bank guarantee executed by the bank in favour of the appellant. It has been specifically agreed by the banker to pay the guaranteed amount to the appellant on demand and " it shall not be open to the guarantor to know the reasons of or to investigate or to go into the merits of the demands or the question or challenge the demand or to know any facts affecting the demand." The bank guarantee further makes it clear that it shall not be open to the guarantor to require the proof of the liability of the seller to pay the amount, before paying the sum demanded. In the process the High Court made the following observations which in our considered opinion are totally untenable and unsustainable being contrary to the terms and conditions incorporated in the bank guarantee.26. The High Courtthe facts and circumstances narrated by the petitioner, it is clear that the first respondent could not have invoked the bank guarantee when the setting up of the machinery and commissioning in accordance with the agreement and all these facts therefore show that the invocation of the bank guarantee was fraudulent.It is further held that since the appellant failed to give any information to the bank as to the fact of any alleged breach of agreement in order to invoke the bank guarantee itself amounts to fraud. We must however hasten to add that the learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent did not support this part of the judgment of the High Court.28. However, Shri Jayant Bhushan, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondents contended that invocation of the bank guarantee relating to "delivery and commissioning of the plant" was wholly illegal and the High Court was right in granting the injunction order relating to that guarantee. It was submitted that the said bank guarantee could be invoked only on the failure of the respondent to commission the plant according to the schedule of commissioning in terms of the relevant clauses of the principal agreement entered into between the parties and since the conditions contemplated under those clauses did not exist, the invocation of the guarantee by the appellant itself is bad.29. The learned counsel in support of his submission relied upon the decision of this Court in Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd. Vs. State of Bihar & Ors. [ (1999) 8 SCC 436 ]. This Court in Hindustan Construction Co. (supra) having referred to the terms of clause (9) of principal contract between the parties therein came to the conclusion that the bank guarantee specifically refers to the original contract and postulates that the obligations expressed in the contract, are not fulfilled by HCCL, the right to claim recovery of the whole or part of the "advance mobilisation" then alone the bank was liable to pay the amount due under the guarantee to the Executive Engineer. The court found that the bank guarantee specifically refers to clause (9) of the principal agreement and it is under those circumstances came to the conclusion that the amount covered by the bank guarantee becomes payable and the same could be invoked only in the circumstances referred to in clause (9) of the principal agreement. The bank guarantee executed by the bank in the instant case in favour of the appellant herein does not contain any such clause. Mere fact that the bank guarantee refers to the principal agreement without referring to any specific clause in the preamble of the deed of guarantee does not make the guarantee furnished by the bank to be a conditional one.In the very said judgment this Court observed that "what is important, therefore, is that the bank guarantee should be in unequivocal terms, unconditional and recite that the amount would be paid without demur or objection and irrespective of any dispute that might have cropped up or might have been pending between the beneficiary under the bank guarantee or the person on whose behalf the guarantee was furnished. The terms of the bank guarantee are, therefore, extremely material. Since the bank guarantee represents an independent contract between the bank and the beneficiary, both the parties would be bound by the terms thereof. The invocation, therefore, will have to be in accordance with the terms of the bank guarantee, or else, the invocation itself would be bad." What is relevant, therefore, is the terms incorporated in the guarantee executed by the bank.On careful analysis of the terms and conditions of the guarantee, we find the guarantee to be an unconditional one. The respondent, therefore, cannot be allowed to raise any dispute and prevent the appellant from encashing the bank guarantee.For all the aforesaid reasons, we hold that the respondent herein did not make out any case for grant of injunction restraining the appellant herein from encashing the bank guarantee.