Case: A.M. Moosa Vs. Commnr Of Income Tax, Trivandrum

Background facts in a nutshell are as follows.For the assessment year 1992-93, the assessee appellant had claimed deduction under Section 80-HHC of the Income Tax Act, 1961, (in short, the Act). The assessing officer disallowed the claim on the ground that the profits of the business computed under Section 80-HHC indicated a negative figure. An appeal was preferred before Commissioner of Income-Tax (Appeals), Cochin Bench, hereinafter, referred to as the CIT(A). The said appellate authority also was of the same view and dismissed the appeal. The assessee appellant preferred an appeal before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Cochin Bench, in short the ITAT. By Order dated 14th September, 1995 in ITA No. 498 (Coch)/1995, the view of the assessing officer as well as of CIT(A) was affirmed. On being moved for reference, ITAT referred the following questions for adjudication by the HighWhether, on the facts and circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was justified in entertaining the additional ground raised by the assessee on an issue which had not been disputed earlier before the assessing officer or the first appellate authority?(2) Whether, on the facts and circumstances of the case, the Tribunal is right in law in holding that the payment received from the export houses under the agreements could not partake the nature of receipt towards "charges" mentioned in clause (baa) of Explanation to Sec.80HHC?(3) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, and on an interpretation of Sec. 8OHHC(3) would the assessee be entitled to the deduction in an amount equal to 90% of the sums referred to in clause (iiia) (not being profits on sale of a licence acquired from any other person) and clause (iiib) and clause (iiic) of section 28, the same proportion as the export turnover bears to the total turnover to the business carried on by the assessee?(4) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal is right in its interpretation of the term profits of business?(5) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the assessee is entitled to the benefits of sec. 80HHC of the Income TaxBy the impugned Judgment, the High Court held that the view taken by the assessing officer, CIT(A) and ITAT was in order. Accordingly, as noted above, the reference was answered in favour of the department and against the assessee.

Court's reasoning:
7. The stand needs careful consideration. Undoubtedly, Section 80-HHC has been incorporated with a view to providing incentive to export houses. Even though a liberal interpretation has to be given to such a provision, the interpretation has to be as per the wordings of this section. If the wordings of the section are clear, then benefits, which are not available under the section, cannot be conferred by ignoring or misinterpreting words in the section. In this case we are concerned with the wordings of sub-section (3)(c) of Section 80-HHC. As noted earlier, sub-section (3)(a) deals with the case where the export is only of self-manufactured goods. Sub-section (3)(b) deals with the case where the export is only of trading goods. Thus, when the legislature wanted to take exports from self-manufactured goods or trading goods separately, it has already so provided in sub-sections (3)(a) and (3)(b). It would not be denied that the word "profit" in Section 80-HHC (1) and Sections 80-HHC(3)(a) or (3)(b)means a positive profit. In other words, if there is a loss then no deduction would be available under Section 80-HHC (1) or (3)(a) or (3)(b). In arriving at the figure of positive profit, both the profits and the losses will have to be considered. If the net figure is a positive profit, then the assessee will be entitled to a deduction. If the net figure is a loss then the assessee will not be entitled to a deduction. Sub-section (3)(c) deals with cases where the export is of both self-manufactured goods as well as trading goods. The opening part of sub-section (3)(c) states "profits derived from such export shall". Then follow clauses (i) and (ii). Between clauses (i) and (ii) the word "and" appears. A plain reading of sub-section (3)(c) shows that "profits from such exports" has to be profits from exports of self-manufactured goods plus profits from exports of trading goods. The profit is to be calculated in the manner laid down in Sections (3)(c)(i) and (ii). The opening words "profit derived from such exports" together with the word "and" clearly indicate that the profits have to be calculated by counting both the exports. It is clear from a reading of sub-section (1) of Section 80-HHC(3) that a deduction can be permitted only if there is a positive profit in the exports of both self-manufactured goods as well as trading goods. If there is a loss in either of the two then that loss has to be taken into account for the purposes of computing profits.8. Under Section 80-HHC(1), the deduction is to be given in computing the total income of the assessee. In computing the total income of the assessee both profits as well as losses will have to be taken into consideration. Section 80-AB is relevant. It reads asWhere any deduction is required to be made or allowed under any section included in this Chapter under the heading C. Deductions in respect of certain incomes in respect of any income of the nature specified in that section which is included in the gross total income of the assessee, then, notwithstanding anything contained in that section, for the purpose of computing the deduction under that section, the amount of income of that nature as computed in accordance with the provision of this Act (before making any deduction under this Chapter) shall alone be deemed to be the amount of income of that nature which is derived or received by the assessee and which is included in his gross total income." (emphasis inSection 80-B(5) is also relevant. Section 80-B(5) provides that "gross total income" means total income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act.10. Section 80-AB is also in Chapter VI-A. It starts with the words "where any deduction is required to be made or allowed under any section included in this Chapter". This would include Section 80-HHC. Section 80-AB further provides that "notwithstanding anything contained in that section". Thus Section 80-AB has been given an overriding effect over all other sections in Chapter VI-A. Section 80-HHC does not provide that its provisions are to prevail over Section 80-AB or over any other provision of the Act. Section 80-HHC would thus be governed by Section 80-AB. Decisions of the Bombay High Court in CIT v. Shirke Construction Equipment Ltd. (2000 (246) ITR 429) and the Kerala High Court in CIT v. T.C. Usha (2003 (132) Taxman 297) to the contrary cannot be said to be the correct law. Section 80-AB makes it clear that the computation of income has to be in accordance with the provisions of the Act. If the income has to be computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, then not only profits but also losses have to be taken into consideration.11. Even under Section 80-HHC (3) (c) (i) the profit is to be adjusted profit of business. The adjusted profit of the business means a profit as reduced by the profit derived from business of exports out of India of trading goods. Thus in calculating the profits under sub-section (3)(c)(i) one necessarily has to reduce profits under sub-section (3)(c)(ii). As seen above, the term "profit" means positive profit. Thus if there is loss then those losses in export of trading goods have to be adjusted. They cannot be ignored. A plain reading of Section 80-HHC makes it clear that in arriving at profits earned from export of both self-manufactured goods and trading goods, the profits and losses in both the trades have to be taken into consideration. If after such adjustments there is a positive profit, the assessee would be entitled to deduction under Section 80-HHC(1). If there is a loss he will not be entitled to any deduction.12. It was submitted that the word "profit" in Section 80-HHC must have the same meaning in the entire section, and that as the word profit in Section 80-HHC(1) means only positive profit, it will have the same meaning in Section 80-HHC(3)(c). It is submitted that thus the word profit in Section 80-HHC(3)(c) would not include losses and if there are any losses, they are to be ignored. The plea is clearly without substance. Firstly, it is not necessary that the word "profit" must have the same meaning. The meaning of the word "profit" will depend on the context in which it is used. In Section 80-HHC (1) it is admittedly used to indicate positive "profit" because the deduction will only be of a positive profit. Section 80-HHC(3) is the sub-section which provides how profits are to be worked out in computing total income. For purposes of such computation both profits and losses have to be taken into account. Thus the word "profit" in Section 80-HHC(3) will mean profits after taking into account losses, if any. More importantly, in our view, the term "profit" in Section 80-HHC both in sub-section (1) and in sub-section (3) means a positive profit worked out after taking into consideration the losses, if any. Thus the word "profit" has the same meaning in Sections 80-HHC(1) and (3).