Case: Goswami Shree Vallabhalalji Vs. Goswamini Shree Mahalaxmi Bahuji Maharaj

1. The appellant and the second respondent are both descendants of Vallabhacharyaji, a great Vaishnava teacher who flourished more than 400 years ago. Vallabhacharyaji left his native place near Champaranya in South India, and coming to Gujrat and other parts of India established shrines for the worship of Vishnu at several places. His descendants became the priests and Shebaits of such shrines and also of other shrines established thereafter. These came to be known as Gadis. While each of these Gadis had a temple for the worship of Vishnu, considerable properties, movable and immovable were acquired for them from time to time by gift or otherwise. One such shrine was established more than 100 years ago at Nadiad and about the year 1899 A.D. a descendant of Vallabhacharyaji who on adoption took the name of Anniruddhalalji Murlidharji became the head of the Nadiad shrine and was thus possessed of the movable and immovable properties appertaining to the Gadi. This gentleman also became by adoption head of another shrine known as the Moti Haveli at Jamnagar in the year 1913 and then took a slightly different name Anniruddhalalji Brijeshji. Both these adoptions were in accordance with the Goda Dattak custom of adaption which prevailed among the members of the Vallabhacharya community. Anniruddhalalji, Murlidharji (alias Anirudhalalji Brijeshji) died on December 17, 1935 leaving a widow Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj, who is the first respondent before us2. The question of adopting an heir to him assumed importance immediately on his death and it appears there was some talk of adopting by the Goda Dattak custom one of the sons of the present appellant, who it is necessary to mention, was the natural brother of Anniruddhalalji. The talks however proved fruitless and ultimately on June 1, 1946, the second respondent who as already stated was also a descendant of Vallabhacharya was adopted. The present suit was brought by the appellant in respect of the Haveli and other properties left by Anniruddhalalji at Nadiad. In this he challenges the validity of the adoption of the second respondent by the first respondent, Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj3. The main prayer in the suit is for a declaration that respondent No. 2 was not the legally adopted son of Aniruddhalalji and did not acquire any right or shares in his property by the alleged adoption. The other prayers included one for a declaration that he the appellant was the nearest heir of the deceased, that the first respondent had no other right in the property except as a Hindu widow, for an injunction restraining her from frittering away the property or any part thereof, for an order on her to produce the balance of the sale proceeds of Maharajas Bag which she had sold off and for an order on both these respondents to render accounts of the properties of Goswami Anniruddhalalji which might have come into their hands4. It is no longer in dispute that the plaintiff would be the nearest heir on the death of the widow if there has been no valid adoption of the second respondent to Aniruddhalalji. The appellant challenged the validity of the adoption on three main grounds. The first was that under the custom of the. Vallabhacharya community under which Goda Dattak adoption is made the adoptee (using that word to denote the boy taken in adoption) must be only from the family of the adoptive father if this be possible and in the present case even though the plaintiff himself as well as his two sons were available for adoption the second respondent was adopted in preference to them. The second ground was that under the Goda Dattak custom the wifes sisters husband cannot be validly adopted. The third ground was that Aniruddhalaji had expressed his desire in this matter of adoption in such a manner that there was an implied prohibition by him from taking in adoption anybody except the present appellant or one of his sons5. The first two grounds were raised in Issue No.8 of the 19 Issues that were framed by the Trial Court while the third ground was raised in Issue No. 12. These Issues are in the following words :-Issue No.8 : Does the plaintiff prove the custom that in Goda adoption :-(i) a widow cannot adopt her sisters husband as a son to her husband ?(ii) the adoptee should belong to the family of the adopter ?Issue No.12 : Does the plaintiff prove that the Defendant No.1 was prohibited by Annirudhalalji from adopting in the Goda form any one except the plaintiff or one of his sons ?6. It may be mentioned that an Issue was framed as regards the factum of adoption in Issue No. 6, viz., whether Defendant No. 2s adoption is proved, in view of what was said in paragraph 14 of the plaint that he was not aware whether Defendant No. 1 and Defendant No. 2 had performed any ceremonies or rites according to the Goda Dattak form of adoption or as required by Hindu Law. This issue was answered in the affirmative and the correctness of that answer has not been challenged before us7. The Trial Court held that the plaintiff had not been able to establish the alleged custom for Goda Dattak that a widow could not adopt her sisters husband as a son to her husband nor that the adoptee should belong to the family of the adopter and accordingly answered Issue No. 8 in the negative. As regards Issue No. 12 the plaintiff relied on a letter which was marked Ex. 115, apart from his own evidence and evidence of some of his witnesses. The Trial Court accepted Defendant No. 1s contention that this letter had been inspired by the plaintiff himself and so no reliance could be placed on it. The oral testimony given by the plaintiff and other witnesses in support of the story that Aniruddhalalji had in his life time given certain directions in the matter of a adoption of a son to him was also found not reliable. Accordingly, Issue No. 12 was also answered in the negative8. One other argument addressed to the Trial Court was that Defendant No. 1 had not obtained the consent of her husbands sapindas for this adoption and so under the Madras School of Mitakshara Law, which it is said governed the parties, the adoption was invalid. The Trial Court considered this argument even though the question whether the Madras School of Mitakshara governed the parties and so the adoption was invalid without the consent of the husbands sapindas had not been specifically raised in the pleadings nor had any issue been framed in this. The learned judge however rejected the argument, being of opinion that "the ordinary law of adoption which puts restrictions on the widows right to adopt in Madras cannot be taken to be prevailing in the case of a customary adoption in the Goda form by a widow in the Goswami families."9. Holding that the Defendant No. 2s adoption could not be held to be invalid the Trial Court dismissed the suit with costs10. The plaintiffs appeal to the High Court of Bombay met a similar fate. The learned Judges of the High Court agreed with the Trial Court that the plaintiff had not been able to prove either that the wifes sisters husband was not eligible for adoption under the Goda Custom or that the son to be adopted must if possible come from the family of their adoptive father. On the question whether there was an implied prohibition to adopt anybody other than the plaintiff or his sons, also, they agreed with the Trial Court even though they were not prepared to say that the letter (Ex.115 ) was written by the Defendant No. 1 under undue influence of the plaintiff11. The learned Judges of the High Court refused to consider the further question raised on behalf of the appellant that the adoption was invalid in the absence of consent of the Sapindas as the proper pleading on which such a question could have been raised had not been made in the plaint and no issue had been framed. The High Court refused to frame an issue then, but gave time to the plaintiff to make an application for amendment of the plaint. An application for amendment was duly made, but was rejected by the learned judges who were of opinion that the application had not been made in good faith. The appeal was dismissed with costs12. The plaintiff has filed the present appeal against the decision of the High Court after obtaining special leave from this Court.

Court's reasoning:
There may be some force in this argument if the properties in question are the private secular properties of Aniruddhalalji. The position may well however be different if these properties were the Devattar properties belonging to the Thakur of which Annirudhalalji was a Shabeit16. It appears that a suit has actually been brought by certain Vaisnavas seeking a declaration that these properties are all Devattar properties of the Thakur. In view of this position we are of opinion that it would not be proper for us to decide in the present case whether under S. 14 of the Hindu Succession Act Defendant No. 1 had become the full owner of the properties in suit if the adoption by her was invalid. We shall therefore decide this appeal on merits leaving it open to the 1st respondent to pursue her claim under S. 14 of the Hindu Succession Act if that becomes necessaryIt is obvious that if the above be the objects of Goda adoption it must be implicit in the nature of Goda adoption that anybody who would be incapable of accomplishing any of these objects would be ineligible for adoption18. Unfortunately however for the plaintiffs case his witnesses were unable to quote any authority except their own ipso dixit for this proposition that the adoptee would be incapable of performing the Shradha of his adoptive father or adoptive maternal grandfather19. It is true that Dattak Mimansa has in a later passage gone further and said that son of a woman who could not be married because of Viruddha Sambandha relationship should be excepted from adoptionApart from that it is difficult to see how the wifes sisters husband can be considered to be Viruddha-Sambandha-putra. It is thus clear that even if the limitations of the orthodox Dattak adoption apply to Goda adoption there is no bar to the adoption of the wifes sisters husband20. On the materials on the record we are also satisfied that there is no custom barring the adoption of the wifes sisters husband in Goda Dattak formit is important to notice that the several objects for which Goda Dattak adoptions are made may well be satisfied even if the adoptee be from some other Vallabhacharya family. Practically the only evidence given in support of the case that there is a custom as alleged that if possible the adoptee must be from the adoptive fathers family is by the plaintiff himself. His witness Lakshmi Shankar Upadhaya, who, as already stated, appears to have considerable experience of Goda Dattaka adoptions does not speak of any such custom. Even his witness Hari Krishna Virji Sastri who appears rather partial to him-it may be mentioned that he admits having read even the plaint on being sent for by the plaintiff-does not speak of any such custom. Against the plaintiffs own evidence that there is such a custom we find defendant No. 2 giving three instances where boys from other families were adopted in Goda Dattak even though members in the adoptive fathers family were present. It is true that the evidence does not show whether such adoptions from other family took place only after members in the adoptive fathers family who might have been available for adoption declined to be adopted. It will be unreasonable however to expect such evidence as to the exact circumstances under which adoptions were made from other families even in the presence of members in the adoptive fathers family. But even if it be correct to say that the defendant has not established clearly that members from other families were adopted even though members in the adoptive fathers family were willing to be adopted, the fact remains that the plaintiff has not been able to establish by either any authoritative texts or from the opinion of some person well learned about the Goda Dattaka customsthat a custom exists barring the adoption of members from other Vallabhacharya families if it were possible to adopt members from the adoptive fathers familyWe are inclined to agree with the High Court that this letter was written by Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj of her own accord and cannot be brushed aside as having been written under the influence of the plaintiff. All that the letter shows however is that Annirudhalalji had expressed a desire that Gokul Nath (who is plaintiffs son) should be taken in adoption to him. While a reasonable reading of this letter would show that Annirudhalalji authorised Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj to make an adoption and that he expressed his preference for the adoption of Gokul Nath, the letter does not show even remotely that An-nirudhalalji indicated any wish that nobody except Gokul Nath should be adopted. It is interesting to remember in this connection that plaintiffs own case in the plaint is not that Annirudhalalji had declared any wish that nobody other than Gokul Nath should be adopted but that his desire was that "nobody other than the plaintiff or any one of his sons should be adopted." The plaintiff in his own testimony has no doubt said that Annirudhalalji after asking the plaintiff to give his eldest son in Goda adoption told Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj that "only his brothers son should be adopted". If this was true it is difficult to understand why the plaintiff tried to make a case in the plaint that Annirudhalalji had declared a wish that nobody except the plaintiff himself or one of his sons should be adopted.It is not possible in this state of the evidence to accept as true the plaintiffs uncorroborated testimony that Anniruddhalalji said to defendant No. 1, Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj that only the plaintiffs son should be adopted23. We are therefore of opinion that the High Court is right in its conclusion that no implied prohibition by Annirudhalalji of adoption of anybody other than the plaintiff or his sons has been proved24. The last argument that the parties being governed by the Madras School of Mitakshara, the adoption is invalid in the absence of consent y the husbands sapindas must be rejected, for the simple reason that the letter Ex. 115 and the evidence of the plaintiffs own witnesses justify the conclusion that in his life time Annirudhalalji. authorised Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj to make an adoption after his death-though at the same time indicating his preference for one particular boy. The necessity of consent of the husbands sapindas would arise-if the Madras School of Mitakshara law was applicable-only where there was no authority from the husband25. In the present case there was authority from the husband to adopt and so even if the rule of orthodox Dattak adoption was applicable and Annirudhalalji was governed by the Madras School of Mitakshara the question of any consent of husbands sapindas does not arise at all. In the view we have taken of this argument it is unnecessary for us to consider whether the High Court was right in rejecting the application for amendment of the plaint that was made by the plaintiff in order to induce the High Court to consider this very argument. It is also not necessary for us to enter into the question on which some evidence appears to have been led though no issue was framed, viz., whether Coda Dattak adoption is a mere variant of the orthodox Dattak adoption or an affiliation altogether different from Dattak adoption. We therefore express no opinion on this question16. It appears that a suit has actually been brought by certain Vaisnavas seeking a declaration that these properties are all Devattar properties of the Thakur. In view of this position we are of opinion that it would not be proper for us to decide in the present case whether under S. 14 of the Hindu Succession Act Defendant No. 1 had become the full owner of the properties in suit if the adoption by her was invalid. We shall therefore decide this appeal on merits leaving it open to the 1st respondent to pursue her claim under S. 14 of the Hindu Succession Act if that becomes necessaryWe have however held in Mst. Abhiraj Kuer v. Devendra Singh, (C. A. No. 379/58 : (AIR 1962 SC 351 ) ) in which judgment has been delivered today that this rule in Dattaka Mimansa against Viruddha Sambandha putra is only recommendatory and not mandatory.Apart from that it is difficult to see how the wifes sisters husband can be considered to be. It is thus clear that even if the limitations of the orthodox Dattak adoption apply to Goda adoption there is no bar to the adoption of the wifes sisters husband20. On the materials on the record we are also satisfied that there is no custom barring the adoption of the wifes sisters husband in Goda Dattak formIt will be unreasonable however to expect such evidence as to the exact circumstances under which adoptions were made from other families even in the presence of members in the adoptive fathers family. But even if it be correct to say that the defendant has not established clearly that members from other families were adopted even though members in the adoptive fathers family were willing to be adopted, the fact remains that the plaintiff has not been able to establish by either any authoritative texts or from the opinion of some person well learned about the Goda Dattaka customsthat a custom exists barring the adoption of members from other Vallabhacharya families if it were possible to adopt members from the adoptive fathers familyWe are inclined to agree with the High Court that this letter was written by Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj of her own accord and cannot be brushed aside as having been written under the influence of the plaintiff. All that the letter shows however is that Annirudhalalji had expressed a desire that Gokul Nath (who is plaintiffs son) should be taken in adoption to him. While a reasonable reading of this letter would show that Annirudhalalji authorised Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj to make an adoption and that he expressed his preference for the adoption of Gokul Nath, the letter does not show even remotely thatAnnirudhalaljiindicated any wish that nobody except Gokul Nath should be adopted. It is interesting to remember in this connection that plaintiffs own case in the plaint is not thatAnnirudhalaljihad declared any wish that nobody other than Gokul Nath should be adopted but that his desire was that "nobody other than the plaintiff or any one of his sons should be adopted." The plaintiff in his own testimony has no doubt said thatAnnirudhalaljiafter asking the plaintiff to give his eldest son in Goda adoption told Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj that "only his brothers son should be adopted". If this was true it is difficult to understand why the plaintiff tried to make a case in the plaint thatAnnirudhalaljihad declared a wish that nobody except the plaintiff himself or one of his sons should be adopted.The plaintiffs witnesses who have spoken as regards the declaration byAnnirudhalaljiof his wish in this matter of adoption have not stated thatAnnirudhalaljisaid that only his brothers son should be adopted. His witness Nateshwarji the brother ofs first wife says that "during his last illness Anniruddhalalji had spoken in my presence and in the presence of Defendant No.1 that his desire was to adopt Bhaiya Raja and he had inquired of Defendant No. 1 what her desire was". Defendant No. 1 had replied that "her desire was the same as his desire. Such a talk had taken place only once in my presence". Accepting that Nateshwarji has stated the full truth here his evidence does not show anything more than was indicated in the letter Ex. 115 itself and does not show that Defendant No.1 prohibited even by implication the adoption of anybody else excepting Bhaiya Raja (the plaintiffs son). The plaintiffs witness Gobardhan stated in his evidence:was speaking to all persons in touch with him that he wanted to take Bhaiya Raja in "Goda Dattak" and later that "he was spoken to by Maharaj that he wanted to take Bhaiya Raja in adoption". Even this witness who goes to the length of saying that a date was actually fixed byAnnirudhalaljifor the adoption of Bhaiyaa story which none of the other witnesssess not prepared to say thatAnnirudhalaljisaid to Defendant No. 1 or to anybody else that nobody other than Bhaiya Raja should be adopted.It is not possible in this state of the evidence to accept as true the plaintiffs uncorroborated testimony that Anniruddhalalji said to defendant No. 1, Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj that only the plaintiffs son should be adopted23. We are therefore of opinion that the High Court is right in its conclusion that no implied prohibition byAnnirudhalaljiof adoption of anybody other than the plaintiff or his sons has been proved24. The last argument that the parties being governed by the Madras School of Mitakshara, the adoption is invalid in the absence of consent y the husbands sapindas must be rejected, for the simple reason that the letter Ex. 115 and the evidence of the plaintiffs own witnesses justify the conclusion that in his life time. authorised Mahalakshmi Bahuji Maharaj to make an adoption after hish at the same time indicating his preference for one particular boy. The necessity of consent of the husbands sapindas wouldf the Madras School of Mitakshara law wasy where there was no authority from the husband25. In the present case there was authority from the husband to adopt and so even if the rule of orthodox Dattak adoption was applicable andAnnirudhalaljiwas governed by the Madras School of Mitakshara the question of any consent of husbands sapindas does not arise at all. In the view we have taken of this argument it is unnecessary for us to consider whether the High Court was right in rejecting the application for amendment of the plaint that was made by the plaintiff in order to induce the High Court to consider this very argument. It is also not necessary for us to enter into the question on which some evidence appears to have been led though no issue was framed, viz., whether Coda Dattak adoption is a mere variant of the orthodox Dattak adoption or an affiliation altogether different from Dattak adoption. We therefore express no opinion on this