Case: M/s. Sable Waghire &amp; Company &amp; Others Vs. Union of India &amp; Others

1. The petitioners Nos. 2 to 5 in Writ Petition No, 37 of 1970 are the sole partners of petitioner No, 1 which is a registered partnership firm (briefly the firm) carrying on the business of manufacturing, marketing and selling bidis under the pictorial representation and the trade name "Chhatrapati Shivaji Bidi", The firm is the sole proprietor of the Registered Trade Mark No. 12549 in respect of the pictorial representation of the picture of "Chhatrapati Shivaji" and of the Registered Trade Mark No, 12550 in respect of the trade name "Chhatrapati Shivaji" registered in the Registry of Trade Marks, Bombay. The Petitioner in Writ Petition No. 38 of 1970 supporting the petitioners in Writ Petition No. 37 of 1970 has submitted the additional petition claiming the same reliefs. In fact the petitioner in Writ Petition No. 38 of 1970 (briefly the company) has also been impleaded as respondent No. 4 in Writ Petition No. 37 of 19702. According to the petitioners the business of manufacturing bidis according to special formula and processes and of marketing and selling them under the pictorial representation of Chhatrapati Shivaji" and under the trade name "Chhatrapati Shivaji" was first started in about the year1928 by one Raghunath Ramchandra Sable, the father of petitioners 2 and 4. It is stated that Raghunath Ramchandra Sable adopted the said pictorial representation and the said trade name in response to a call of the then popular leaders to adopt the name of Chhatrapati Shivaji in relation to all articles designed for public use or consumption with a view to popularise and keep before the public eye the image of the national hero, Chhatrapti Shivaji, By a declaration dated November 25, 1938, filed with the Registrar of Assurances at Bombay, petitioner No. 2 obtained protection for the user of the said pictorial representation of "Chhatrapati Shivaji" and for the use of the said trade name as the exclusive proprietor thereof. In due course under an agreement dated June 29, 1967, the firm while retaining exclusive proprietary rights in respect of the Registered Trade Marks Nos. 12549 and 12550 gave exclusive right of user thereof to the company for valuable consideration. It is said that the bidi business developed on a very vast and extensive scale and the sale of bidis marketed and sold under the pictorial representation of "Chhatrpati Shivaji" and the words "Chhatrapati Shivaji" associated therewith came to over Rs. 2 crores. The business also spread to different States3. Trouble started when by a Notification No. SO/1020 dated March 16, 1968, issued by the Central Government under Section 8 ofthe Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 (briefly the Act) and published in the Gazette of India on March 23 1968, in item No. 9A in the Schedule to the Act after the words "Pictorial  representation of, the words "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj or" were inserted, We have therefore, to turn our attention to the Act4. The long title of the Act is The Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act 19509. The petitioners represented to the Government of India in the Commerce Department about the hardship caused to them and requested for extension of time up to March 31, 1972, for continuing to use the said Trade Marks. The Government allowed the petitioners time to use the existing Trade Marks with the name and the pictorial representation of Chhatrapati Shivaji till May 31. 1969. After the expiry of the aforesaid date no further extension of time was granted10. The Joint Registrar of Trade Marks (Respondent No. 3, by Notice No.PR/2951 dated October 16, 1969, informed the firm that the use and registration of the name and the pictorial representation of "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj" is prohibited by virtue of Sections 3 and 4 of the impugned Act and the registration of the aforesaid Trade Marks Nos. 12519 and 12550 offended the provisions of Section 11 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act,1958 read with Section 32 (b) of the said Act and, therefore, proposed to rectify the Register by expunging therefrom the said Trade Marks under Section 56 (4) of the said Act. The Registrar called upon the firm to submit objections if any. The petitioners applied for extension of time to show cause before the Registrar and ultimately moved these Writ applications challenging the constitutional validity of the Act and in particular of Sections 3, 4 and 8 of the Act as well as of the Notification of the Central Government dated March 16, 1968. They have also prayed for quashing the Notice of the Registrar dated October 16, 1969. A rule nisi was obtained on March 2, 1970, with interim stay preventing the Government from enforcing the provisions of the Act.

Court's reasoning:
12. In considering the question of competency of legislation and, for the matter of that, in interpreting the entries in the Lists of the Seventh Schedule a broad and liberal approach has been a well-settled rule of the Court. The subject matter of the legislation is also to be gathered from the totality of the provisions of the Act read with the preamble and the Schedule. So read it is clear that the Act does not concern itself directly or even substantially with trade or commerce13. Entry 49 of List I may well supply the coverage for the Union legislative field so far as the Act is concerned. Trade marks, designs and merchandise marks may legitimately take in matters relating to their abuses and improper uses. Even otherwise the residuary entry 97 of List is of wide amplitude to take care of the particular subject matter of legislation, namely prevention of improper use of certain emblems and names for professional and/or commercial purposes. The objection on the score of legislative incompetency of Parliament is, therefore, devoid of merit17. We take it that the scheme disclosed in the provisions of the Act read with the preamble, and the Objects and Reasons make it clear that there was imperative necessity for regulating the use of certain emblems and names. The fact that only improper use of the names and emblems is prohibited itself provides guidance. The original entries in the Schedule would also point to the nature and character of the names, emblems and entities. It is not possible for the Parliament to envisage the possibility of improper use of all names and emblems as time goes on. Nor is it possible to enumerate in the Schedule an exhaustive list of all the names, emblems and entities. Section 8. therefore, makes provision for empowering the Central Government to add to or alter the Schedule. In the nature of things, there is no abdication of legislative function by Parliament in delegating its power under Section 8 in favour of the Central Government which will be the appropriate authority to consider from time to time as to the items to be included in or omitted from the Schedule in the light of knowledge and experience gathered from the nook and corner of the entire country. There is, therefore, no excessive delegation of legislative power by Parliament in favour of the Central Government. From the Objects and Reasons, the preamble and the provisions of the Act with the built-in limitations in Section 3 taken with the schedule, a policy is clearly discernible and there is sufficient guidance therein to enable the Central Government to exercise its power under the Act. The relevant matters mentioned above are sufficiently informative of the policy of the law to rob the efficacy of an argument on the score of scantiness in the Act. The impugned Notification dated March 16,1968 of the Central Government under Section 8 cannot, therefore, be invalid. The objection on the score of Article 14 is of no avail18. There is also no merit in the contention that Sections 3 and 4 violate the provisions of Article 19 (1) (f) and (g) of the Constitution. The petitioners right to trade in bidis is not at all interfered with by the legislation, Section 3 in terms provides for enabling the affected persons to adjust their business or affairs inasmuch as the Central Government can permit some time to alter their emblems, designs, etc. to carry on with their trade, Indeed in the present case the petitioners on their own application obtained an extension of time presumably under Section 3 of the Act and, therefore, cannot complain on that score. There is built-in safe guard in Section 3 itself for mitigating any hardship to persons or any rigour of the law. The provisions are accordingly regulatory in nature and even if at all, impose only reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the petitioners right under Article 19 (1) (f) and (g). Section 4 is a consequential provision and validly co-exists with Section 3We are not impressed by this argument. From the scheme and machinery of the Act there is nothing to indicate that absence of rules will make the Act unworkable. The submission is devoid of substanceThe Notification is not an executive order but is a piece of subordinate legislation made by the Central Government under Section 8 of the Act. It was duly published in the Gazette of India over the signature of the Under Secretary who was authorised for the purpose. The question of violation of Article 77 does not arise21. Since the Act and the impugned provisions are constitutionally valid, objection to the Notice of the Joint Registrar dated October 16, 1969. is also of no avail.