UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Martin_Luther

Luther's disappearance during his return trip back to Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my Patmos", Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a "Refutation of the Argument of Latomus," in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus, an orthodox theologian from Louvain.

Question: where was the religious figure mentioned from?
Answer: Mainz

Question: in what way was Luther returned?
Answer: escorted

Question: what is the first location mentioned?
Answer: Wittenberg

Question: During this time what were those who robbed and killed those traveling through the woods?
Answer: highwaymen

Question: what was the last location mentioned?
Answer: Louvain
Martin_Luther

In October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states. Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.

Question: How did the assembly form?
Answer: Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly

Question: Unlike many modern day meetings which typically involve businessmen, who did this assembly bring together?
Answer: theologians

Question: Upon what was Philip I hoping the theologians could agree?
Answer: doctrinal unity

Question: For whom did the theologians hope to establish doctrinal unity?
Answer: emerging Protestant states

Question: Which issue was the most divisive amongst the doctrinal pillars established?
Answer: the Eucharist

Question: The Eucharist was one of how many issues debated by those in attendance of the meeting?
Answer: fifteen
Martin_Luther

Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), based on Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come"), based on Luke 2:11–12. Luther connected high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children. His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute, later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century.

Question: what social structure did Luther bring together?
Answer: all classes

Question: The things Luther made are performed through?
Answer: singing

Question: what was the inspiration for Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her?
Answer: Luke 2:11–12

Question: what did he write that was inspired by pslam forty six?
Answer: Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God")

Question: where did Luther bring unity with worship?
Answer: school, home, and the public arena

Question: Luther created many things which are a type of?
Answer: music
Martin_Luther

On the other hand, Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments – when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law – also positively teach how the Christian ought to live. This has traditionally been called the "third use of the law." For Luther, also Christ's life, when understood as an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments, which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis.

Question: What has traditionally been called the "third use of the law"?
Answer: positively teach how the Christian ought to live

Question: What does Luther point out about the Ten Commandments?
Answer: positively teach how the Christian ought to live

Question: What should be an example for a Christian to model their life after?
Answer: Christ's life

Question: What can teach how Christians ought to live?
Answer: Ten Commandments

Question: WHat can the ten commandments be considered as?
Answer: an expression of his eternal will

Question: How do the Ten Commandments teach Christians to live?
Answer: positively

Question: Whose point of view is being expressed throughout the text?
Answer: Luther
Martin_Luther

From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."

Question: What did Luther claim the church was misdefining?
Answer: penance and righteousness

Question: What was the key Bible teaching that Luther claimed the Catholic church misunderstood?
Answer: justification

Question: Who was not the Messiah, Jesus or God?
Answer: God

Question: Which of the following terms is not one of the ones Luther came to see in new ways: penance, doctrine, or righteousness?
Answer: doctrine

Question: Which of the following is not one of the books of the Bible: Hebrews, Messiah, or Galatians?
Answer: Messiah

Question: What helped Luther see the corruption of the church?
Answer: Bible
Martin_Luther

Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.

Question: What did Luther want to make sure of?
Answer: his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade

Question: Luther traveled to somewhere how many times?
Answer: third

Question: What action caused Luther to go to Mansfeld?
Answer: Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control

Question: Why would they not be able to continue mining?
Answer: Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control

Question: Albrecht controlled the?
Answer: copper mining trade

Question: What was the last time he traveled to Mansfeld?
Answer: early 1546
Martin_Luther

Luther's Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that "the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man "in this life" (homo enim in hac vita) tired from his daily labour (defatigus diurno labore) who at night enters his bedchamber (sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams.

Question: What is had by something without physical eyes?
Answer: visions

Question: Who read the passage first?
Answer: John Jortin

Question: What are the visions according to Fritschel?
Answer: dreams

Question: What can be considered premonitions?
Answer: visions

Question: What is intangible but given a human quality?
Answer: the soul

Question: Whose argument was Gottfried trying eliminate?
Answer: Francis Blackburne
Martin_Luther

On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."

Question: Who wrote that Luther was the greatest antisemite of his time?
Answer: Sasse

Question: In what year did Kristallnacht occur?
Answer: 1938

Question: Who did Sasse warn German people about?
Answer: Luther

Question: To which ethnic group did Martin Luther belong?
Answer: The German people

Question: In what month was Martin Luther born?
Answer: November

Question: During what occasion did the synagogues burn in Germany?
Answer: Luther's birthday

Question: Who did the German Bishop encourage to head the words of Martin Luther when it came to the Jewish people?
Answer: The German people

Question: Which people's architectural spaces where destroyed?
Answer: the Jews

Question: Who said Luther was the 'warner of his people against the Jews'?
Answer: Sasse
Martin_Luther

Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522. He wrote to the Elector: "During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word." For eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons". In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change.

Question: It is implied that Martin Luther preached his eight sermons in response to the use of what by Christians?
Answer: violence

Question: Of the core Christian values that Martin Luther mentioned in his eight sermons, which one was likely in conflict with the ongoing use of violence at the time?
Answer: love

Question: he made sure the people erased what in their heart?
Answer: violence

Question: According to the eight sermons of Martin Luther, what would occur if Christians were to follow the teachings of God?
Answer: necessary change
Martin_Luther

Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.

Question: What kind of church was Luther against?
Answer: established

Question: What did the new church practices need if not reversing?
Answer: modifying

Question: How was Luther compared to radical reformers?
Answer: conservative

Question: Which of the following didn't Luther have to fight: the established Church, public order, and radical reformers?
Answer: public order

Question: What did the new church practices need if not modifying?
Answer: reversing

Question: From where were the Zwickau prophets banished?
Answer: Church

Question: Who did the church hate?
Answer: Luther
Martin_Luther

Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn "Ein neues Lied wir heben an" ("A new song we raise"), which is generally known in English by John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line "Flung to the Heedless Winds" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C. Tiddeman.

Question: Luther wrote?
Answer: hymns
Martin_Luther

To avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change. He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another. He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. He worked closely with the new elector, John the Steadfast, to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this partnership "was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign". The elector authorised a visitation of the church, a power formerly exercised by bishops. At times, Luther's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements. For example, the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony (1528), drafted by Melanchthon with Luther's approval, stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins, despite Luther's position that faith alone ensures justification. The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise, and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works. The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luther's thought and practice.

Question: What did Luther originally maintain was most important for achieving forgiveness?
Answer: faith

Question: What did Luther try not to do in relation to the peoples of his country?
Answer: extreme change

Question: Which of the following is not a person: Agricola, Luther, or Saxony?
Answer: Saxony

Question: Which of the following did Luther support more: Agricola or John the Steadfast?
Answer: John the Steadfast
Martin_Luther

However, this oft-quoted saying of Tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.

Question: Tetzel was known for a?
Answer: saying
Martin_Luther

In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution, since "every Christian is a confessor." In November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.

Question: If someone makes a confession, they are referred to as a?
Answer: confessor

Question: What was the ultimate goal for a monk?
Answer: to win salvation

Question: An immoral act that is judged by God or a divine figure is generally called?
Answer: sin

Question: The main organ that pumps blood throughout the body is?
Answer: heart

Question: What major holiday for the US occurs in November?
Answer: thanksgiving
Martin_Luther

On 13 June 1525, the couple was engaged with Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen. The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out, and were made up two weeks later on 27 June.

Question: Who shared a first name with Mr. Bugenhagen?
Answer: Johannes Apel
Martin_Luther

On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520, an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. As a consequence, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

Question: How did Luther provoke the Pope?
Answer: publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg

Question: The bull Decet Romanum Pontificem is a type of?
Answer: edict
United_Methodist_Church

The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.

Question: Their characterization on capital punishment as it applies to the less fortunate?
Answer: falls unfairly and unequally

Question: Who opposes the death penalty?
Answer: The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches

Question: What can the church not do when it comes to the death penalty?
Answer: accept

Question: What does the death penalty ultimately result in.
Answer: taking human life

Question: This subset of the Church holds the policy that its ordained stand against the death penalty?
Answer: The General Conference

Question: Who is unfairly effected by the death penalty?
Answer: marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses

Question: The Son of God distances himself ( in the book of Matthew) from this death policy explicitly in this chapter and verse?
Answer: 5:38-39

Question: They fought for the cessation of capital punishment being carried out by those in power?
Answer: General Conference of the United Methodist Church

Question: What is the second scripture listed that condemns capital punishment
Answer: John 8:7

Question: Singled out specifically among its Methodist brethren it says the Methodist doctrine does not accept the policy of an eye for an eye?
Answer: United Methodist Church

Question: When should the death penalty end occur?
Answer: immediate

Question: What is the second listed unfairly treated type of person listed in pursuing capital punishment
Answer: the uneducated
United_Methodist_Church

The United Methodist Church is organized into conferences. The highest level is called the General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium). Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference. Non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the Book of Resolutions, which is published after each General Conference, and expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of General Conference. The last General Conference was held in Tampa, Florida, in 2012. The event is currently rotated between the U.S. jurisdictions of the church. The 2016 General Conference will be in Portland, Oregon. Bishops, Councils, Committees, Boards, Elders, etc., are not permitted to speak on behalf of The United Methodist Church as this authority is reserved solely for the General Conference in accordance with the Book of Discipline.

Question: What is the separation of the Church?
Answer: conferences

Question: The gathering location of the General Conference prior to 2020?
Answer: Portland, Oregon

Question: Gathers during the same rotation of time as a United States Presidential election and the meeting of the Olympic Summer Games?
Answer: General Conference

Question: What is rotated?
Answer: General Conference

Question: The next gathering location of the General Conference after 2012?
Answer: Portland, Oregon

Question: Alternations are made to the?
Answer: Book of Discipline

Question: They expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of General Conference?
Answer: Non-legislative resolutions

Question: How is the Church grouped?
Answer: conferences
United_Methodist_Church

The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that "as Christians they are aware that neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God."

Question: What does the Church support as a result of conscription?
Answer: supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war

Question: what faith does the first group mentioned align itself with?
Answer: Methodist

Question: What does the Church think about those that choose to serve?
Answer: supports and extends its ministry

Question: what is the last authority figure mentioned?
Answer: God

Question: What is the Church's official view on the issue?
Answer: neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God

Question: what is the last faith group mentioned?
Answer: Christians

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: The United Methodist Church

Question: What does the Church think of those that choose to serve in the armed forces?
Answer: supports and extends its ministry to those persons

Question: The Church supports those who oppose war and what else?
Answer: refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription

Question: What does the United Methodist Church consider incompatible?
Answer: conscription

Question: What does the Church think of those that refuse to serve in the armed forces?
Answer: supports and extends its ministry to those persons

Question: what is the first group mentioned against?
Answer: conscription

Question: What does the Church think of those that choose to serve in alternative service?
Answer: supports and extends its ministry to those persons

Question: What does the Church think about those that refuse to cooperate with systems of military conscription?
Answer: supports and extends its ministry to those persons