UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Genghis_Khan

Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.

Question: What did Jochi do when he was summoned by his father?
Answer: remained in Khorasan

Question: What did Khan do before Jochi's death in 1226?
Answer: sent for his sons in the spring of 1223

Question: Jochi passed away at least three years after which historical figure?
Answer: Sultan Muhammad

Question: Why is an alleged comment by Jochi in question?
Answer: Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223

Question: Who went to Khan after his order in 1223?
Answer: his brothers

Question: What did Genghis order that most of his sons followed?
Answer: sent for his sons in the spring of 1223

Question: Jochi was related to which major figure in world history?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: Why did Jochi supposedly doubt his father's character?
Answer: massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands

Question: Why did Jochi not travel with his brothers when sent for by his father?
Answer: disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench
Genghis_Khan

One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

Question: What name was preferred over Tenggis?
Answer: Jenggis

Question: Why is Genghis spelled with a G and not a J?
Answer: medieval romanization

Question: What was the other name of Genghis?
Answer: Chinggis

Question: What is the Chinese character of "true"?
Answer: 正

Question: What background is Tenggis?
Answer: Mongolian and Turkic

Question: What does Genghis mean?
Answer: "right", "just", or "true"

Question: How was the name Genghis pronounced by the Mongolians?
Answer: Chinggis

Question: Based on what Chinese pronunciation was the name Genghis used?
Answer: Zhèng

Question: What type of word category does Tenggis come from?
Answer: palatalised

Question: What saltwater body was Tenggis used to describe?
Answer: ocean

Question: How did the Mongolian pronounce Zheng?
Answer: Jenggis

Question: Based on what idea did the Mongols want to name Genghis?
Answer: "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading"

Question: What does "just" mean in Chinese?
Answer: 正

Question: How would Mongols say Jenggis?
Answer: Chinggis
Genghis_Khan

There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.

Question: Which of Genghis Khan and Ong Khan was more experienced?
Answer: Ong Khan

Question: What was not ruled by law and free from interference?
Answer: religion

Question: How is religion viewed in the Mongol Empire?
Answer: personal

Question: Which Khan followed the son of Mary?
Answer: Ong

Question: Which claim is flagged as needed citation, that religion was a personal concept or that various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian?
Answer: religion was a personal concept

Question: Who sometimes received tax breaks, teachers or Mongol tribes?
Answer: teachers

Question: What was the final relationship between Genghis Khan and Ong Khan?
Answer: rival

Question: Which people that take the hippocratic oath didn't have to pay taxes?
Answer: doctors

Question: Who did Ong Khan educate?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: What did the Mongol Empire believe?
Answer: religion was a personal concept
Genghis_Khan

The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.

Question: Who elected the Gur Khan in 1201?
Answer: a khuruldai

Question: What was Subutai's job?
Answer: generals

Question: Who was the leader of the Temujins in 1201?
Answer: Jamukha

Question: Who is known to use Gur Khan?
Answer: the rulers of the Qara Khitai

Question: Who was given a title that made him a ruler?
Answer: Jamukha

Question: Who's young sibling left before fighting?
Answer: Jelme's

Question: Who abandoned their post before intense fighting began?
Answer: Subutai

Question: What is the defenition of the title that was given to Jamukha?
Answer: "universal ruler"

Question: How did Naimans help the universal ruler?
Answer: refuge

Question: Who was opposed by a group of tribes that was created?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: Who was related to each other?
Answer: Subutai, Jelme
Genghis_Khan

Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.

Question: How does history view Genghis Khan?
Answer: fearsome

Question: Sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan are his what?
Answer: descendants

Question: Who ruled the khanates?
Answer: his sons and grandsons

Question: How was the land divided?
Answer: khanates

Question: What was given to Khan's posterity?
Answer: his empire

Question: What was the first name of the Khan that beat Western Xia?
Answer: Genghis

Question: Which offspring got the empire?
Answer: sons and grandsons

Question: What place of Genghis Khan can't you identify?
Answer: grave

Question: What was the first name of Ogedei Khan's predecessor?
Answer: Genghis

Question: Where in Mongolia would you go to find his final resting place?
Answer: unknown
Genghis_Khan

Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to the customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii mountain range). According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death, is his memorial, but not his burial site.

Question: Genghis was buried after?
Answer: his death

Question: Where is Genghis Khan buried?
Answer: close to the Onon River

Question: Where is the Onon River?
Answer: Mongolia

Question: Near which mountain range was Genghis Khan buried?
Answer: Kentii

Question: Where is Burkhan Khaldun mountain?
Answer: Kentii mountain range

Question: How did Genghis Khan's burial site remain a secret?
Answer: the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path

Question: The journey of the body is immortalized in?
Answer: legend

Question: Where is the Kentii mountain range?
Answer: Mongolia
Genghis_Khan

Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha.

Question: who is khasar's brother?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: who was a quick student?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: who was ruthless?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: Who was Khasar's brother?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: Who was one of Wang Khan's allies?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: who is jochi's father?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: What did Genghis accept?
Answer: new technologies and ideas that he encountered

Question: Who is Khasar's brother?
Answer: Genghis Khan's

Question: who adapted new technologies and ideas that he encountered?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: Who was Jochi's uncle?
Answer: Khasar

Question: Who had special powers that Genghis had a rift with?
Answer: shaman

Question: Who's son is Jochi?
Answer: Genghis Khan's

Question: Who was Genghis Khan's rival?
Answer: Jamukha
Genghis_Khan

In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century."

Question: What was greatly reduced as a direct cause of the wrath of Khan?
Answer: the population

Question: What did the followers of Khan do to anger Iran?
Answer: killed up to three-fourths of the population

Question: What did Iran think of Khan?
Answer: universally condemned

Question: What did Khan call his followers?
Answer: Mongol

Question: What was the nationality of the individuals who were particularly affected by the wrath of Khan?
Answer: Iranian

Question: What was the approximate number of people that were killed by the destructive Mongolian forces in the mentioned region, as a ratio?
Answer: three-fourths
Genghis_Khan

As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.

Question: What did the Merkits do to Borte?
Answer: given away as a wife

Question: Who was Toghrul Khan a protector of?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: who was reportedly given away as a wife?
Answer: Börte

Question: who was kidnapped by the merkits?
Answer: Börte

Question: who did Temujin rescue?
Answer: Börte

Question: What tribe did Borte live with for awhile by force?
Answer: Merkits

Question: How did Temujin meet Borte?
Answer: previously arranged by his father

Question: How did Borte get back home with Temjujin?
Answer: Temüjin rescued her

Question: who was jochi's mother?
Answer: Börte

Question: Who may have been Jochi's father?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: Why was the parentage of Jochi not clear?
Answer: she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife

Question: who gave birth to a son?
Answer: Börte

Question: Who became a rival of Jamukha?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: What tribe did Borte join unwillingly?
Answer: Merkits
Genghis_Khan

According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.

Question: Who did Jamukha refuse to be friends with again?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: Who is the one sun in the sky?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: What did Jamukha believe had to happen to the additional sun?
Answer: noble death

Question: Who was the opponent general to Jamukha?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: Who only wanted loyal men in his army?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: How is a noble death done?
Answer: by breaking the back

Question: What is a noble death?
Answer: to die without spilling blood
Genghis_Khan

Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).

Question: What evidence supports the claim that women were relatively important in the Mongol Empire?
Answer: Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen

Question: What was the gender of the Khagan after Töregene Khatun?
Answer: male

Question: what profession is mentioned last?
Answer: scholars

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned first?
Answer: Mongolian

Question: What was Töregene Khatun role in the Mongol Empire?
Answer: briefly in charge

Question: what profession is mentioned first?
Answer: historians

Question: which tyrant is mentioned first?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: what gender is mentioned last?
Answer: male

Question: What did Khan strive for?
Answer: equality of all individuals

Question: What type of policies were applied against the Chinese in the Mongol Empire?
Answer: discriminatory
Genghis_Khan

Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.

Question: who did not have experience governing cities?
Answer: Mongol people

Question: who avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: what was Chu'Tsai?
Answer: a Khitan prince

Question: Who, between Genghis and Chu'Tsai, did NOT become a confidant of the Mongol Khans?
Answer: Genghis

Question: What service did Genghis Khan do for Chu'Tsai?
Answer: avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers

Question: Who, between Genghis and Chu'Tsai, did NOT avenge Chu'Tsai's forefathers?
Answer: Chu'Tsai

Question: who did the mongol army capture?
Answer: Chu'Tsai

Question: What was Genghis Khan?
Answer: Mongol
Genghis_Khan

At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.

Question: who has a son?
Answer: Hoelun

Question: Who is related to the main character?
Answer: Hoelun

Question: who engaged in thievery and raids?
Answer: various confederations

Question: What did Hoelun instill in her son
Answer: the need for alliances
Genghis_Khan

Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai (also known as the Western Liao, as it was originally established as remnants of the Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as "The Arrow".

Question: Who commanded the force that was sent to defeat the Western Liao, led by an usurper who had previously been the khan of the Naiman confederation?
Answer: Jebe

Question: Who defeated the confederation whose khan usurped the khanate of the Western Liao?
Answer: Temüjin

Question: What was the size of the army sent by Genghis to fight against Kuchlug?
Answer: 20,000

Question: Where did the leader of the confederation defeated by Temujin go?
Answer: west

Question: Whose khan usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai after being deposed by Temüjin?
Answer: Naiman confederation

Question: Who was older, Genghis or the leader known as The Arrow?
Answer: Genghis

Question: What dynasty survived as a khanate which Genghis Khan decided to conquer after his army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China?
Answer: Liao

Question: From what position was the khan of Qara Khitai, against whom 20,000 soldiers under Jebe "the Arrow" were sent, previously removed by Temüjin?
Answer: Khan of the Naiman confederation
Genghis_Khan

The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.

Question: the leader of the Mongols was who
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: Jebe died where
Answer: on the road back to Samarkand

Question: what campaign is unrivaled even to today
Answer: The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path

Question: who led the conquest of Volga Bulgaria
Answer: Batu

Question: who did the Mongols learn from
Answer: captives
Genghis_Khan

Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law. "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily," Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth. "Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law, and not with the distinctions between people. He was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces," Elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.

Question: How important is Genghis Khan?
Answer: Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country

Question: What was the Ikh Zasag?
Answer: the first written Mongolian law

Question: What are some advancements that Khan helped?
Answer: traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag

Question: What is Chinggis' surname?
Answer: Khaan

Question: Of the men mentioned, who was younger?
Answer: President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj

Question: How is Khan's views relevantly used today?
Answer: anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth