UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant's apical meristems. Chloroplasts do not normally develop from proplastids in root tip meristems—instead, the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts is more common.

Question: What do protoplastids in the root tip not usually form?
Answer: Chloroplasts

Question: What are chloroplasts found in?
Answer: plant cell
Oxygen

Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (R-CO-R); aldehydes (R-CO-H); carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR2). There are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen, including: acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid. Acetone ((CH3)2CO) and phenol (C6H5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide. Epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms.

Question: There are alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, acid anhydrides, and amides, what else contain oxygen?
Answer: aldehydes (R-CO-H); carboxylic acids (R-COOH)

Question: What letter does the abbreviation for acid anhydrides both begin and end in?
Answer: R

Question: Organic solvents such as acetone, methanol, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid, what is missing?
Answer: ethanol, isopropanol, furan

Question: Which of the organic compounds, in the article, contains nitrogen?
Answer: amides

Question: What do dioxane, acetone, and methanol have in common?
Answer: oxygen

Question: Which of the important classes of organic compounds, in the article, has a number in its abbreviation?
Answer: amides

Question: In addition to having oxygen, what do alcohols, ethers and esters have in common, according to the article?
Answer: organic compounds
Oxygen

Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides. The surface of most metals, such as aluminium and titanium, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (wüstite) is written as Fe1 − xO, where x is usually around 0.05.

Question: What is created first?
Answer: chemical bonds

Question: Which of the following is not crucial to oxidation: air or non-stoichiometric compounds?
Answer: non-stoichiometric compounds

Question: Which of the following is not a metal: oxygen, aluminium or titanium?
Answer: oxygen

Question: Why does oxygen stick to most other elements?
Answer: electronegativity
Oxygen

Oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas. Liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers, which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting.

Question: How are gases sometimes transported?
Answer: bulk as a liquid

Question: How are gases sometimes stored?
Answer: high pressure oxygen tanks

Question: What type of storage methods are used for oxygen besides oxygen tanks and chemical compounds?
Answer: cryogenics

Question: What are heat exchangers used on?
Answer: Liquid oxygen

Question: What type of storage methods are used for oxygen besides cryogenics and high pressure oxygen tanks?
Answer: chemical compounds

Question: What type of tankers are used at hospitals?
Answer: specially insulated tankers

Question: What type of containers are used for people who need to move around?
Answer: smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas

Question: How is oxygen also stored?
Answer: high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds

Question: What type of equipment is used with liquid oxygen but not other methods of oxygen storage?
Answer: heat exchangers

Question: What can be used to cut with?
Answer: oxygen

Question: Which of the following is not used to store oxygen: tanks, chemical compounds, or hospitals?
Answer: hospitals

Question: Why is oxygen transported in insulated tankers?
Answer: economy
Oxygen

Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.

Question: What part of the vegetation is measured?
Answer: canopies

Question: Which of the following is a property of oxygen: spectrophotometric absorption bands or health?
Answer: spectrophotometric absorption bands

Question: Which of the following is a barrier to using radiance as a measure of plant health: low signal-to-noise ratio or the carbon cycle?
Answer: low signal-to-noise ratio

Question: What difference is used tomeasure the health of the vegetation canopies?
Answer: discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence

Question: How many different wavelengths in the spectrum does oxygen show peak absorption at?
Answer: two

Question: What is oxygen's shorter peak wavelength?
Answer: 687

Question: How many absoprtion bands does Oxygen present?
Answer: Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands

Question: What is the measurement of radiance from vegetation canopies supposed to monitor?
Answer: carbon cycle

Question: What is the area of expertise of scientists who want to measure radiance from vegetation canopies?
Answer: remote sensing

Question: From where are scientists proposing to measure carbon?
Answer: from satellites on a global scale

Question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of vegetation: reflectance, wavelengths or fluorescence?
Answer: wavelengths

Question: From what location do some scientists want to measure wavelengths?
Answer: from a satellite platform

Question: Why might measuring the radiance from the vegetation canopy be useful?
Answer: possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale

Question: What type of living thing has weaker fluorescence and stronger reflectance?
Answer: vegetation

Question: What is the ultimate goal of the technique of measuring radiance coming from vegetation canopies?
Answer: monitoring the carbon cycle

Question: What data could be gathered by measuring radiance t 687 and 760 nm from satellites?
Answer: plant health status
Oxygen

Breathing pure O2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as Apollo, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits, the O2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting O2 partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level O2 partial pressure (for more information on this, see space suit and arterial blood gas).

Question: Which element is mentioned?
Answer: O2

Question: Where is the O2 partial pressure measured for spacesuits?
Answer: in the breathing gas

Question: What is Apollo?
Answer: early spacecraft

Question: Which aspect of the human body is of concern?
Answer: arterial blood

Question: Where is the O2 partial pressure measured for astronauts?
Answer: arterial blood

Question: What is the unity of measurement used for pressure?
Answer: kPa

Question: Aside from spacecrafts, where else is it safe to breathe in O2 if you are an astronaut?
Answer: modern space suits

Question: Other than Apollo, what is the other example of space applications?
Answer: some modern space suits
Oxygen

Oxygen condenses at 90.20 K (−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F), and freezes at 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Both liquid and solid O2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue color of the sky, which is due to Rayleigh scattering of blue light). High-purity liquid O2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air. Liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air, using liquid nitrogen as a coolant. It is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.

Question: On the Celsius scale, when does O2 condense?
Answer: −182.95 °C

Question: On the Celsius scale, when does O2 freeze?
Answer: −218.79 °C

Question: On the Fahrenheit scale, when does Oxygen freeze?
Answer: −361.82 °F

Question: On the Fahrenheit scale, when does O2 condense?
Answer: −297.31 °F
Oxygen

This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram), orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e., degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.

Question: Which orbitals are only partially filled in O2?
Answer: highest energy

Question: What does it mean if two orbitals are degenerate?
Answer: equal energy

Question: What prevents spontaneous combustion?
Answer: triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules

Question: what is the chemical name for oxygen?
Answer: O2

Question: What is not complete?
Answer: orbitals

Question: What does partially filled orbitals cause?
Answer: filling weakens the bond order from three to two

Question: What is a spin triplet state?
Answer: An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons

Question: What are in the orbitals of atoms?
Answer: electrons

Question: What is an equal energy orbital?
Answer: degenerate
Oxygen

The other major method of producing O2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure swing adsorption. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption).

Question: What is it called to remove nitrogen from O2?
Answer: vacuum swing adsorption

Question: what made when the dry air is passed through the machine
Answer: O2 gas

Question: What are zeolite molecular sieves called?
Answer: non-cryogenic technologies

Question: what happens when pressure is reduced and oxygen is sent through the zeolite chamber
Answer: nitrogen gas is released

Question: what is removed to concentrate the oxygen from the air
Answer: nitrogen

Question: How do you remove nitrogen?
Answer: passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves

Question: What is oxygen or O2?
Answer: gas

Question: what is the common name of O2?
Answer: Oxygen

Question: how concentrated is the oxygen after processing
Answer: 90% to 93%

Question: what direction does the oxygen go when removing nitrogen
Answer: in the reverse direction of flow
Oxygen

Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content. Water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of O2 in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand, or the amount of O2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration.

Question: Which of the following is not considered a pollutant: nitrates, O2, or phosphates?
Answer: O2

Question: Which of the following encourages plant growth: O2 or nitrates?
Answer: nitrates

Question: Nitrates and phosphates can come from what living thing?
Answer: plant

Question: The growth of a non-animal lifeform in water can be stimulated by what from plants?
Answer: nitrates or phosphates

Question: What is the main thing that would cause decay of organisms in bodies of water?
Answer: eutrophication

Question: What temperature is better for aquatic animals?
Answer: lower

Question: What stimulates the growth of algae, decay of organisms and other biomaterials or plant nutrients?
Answer: plant nutrients
Oxygen

Singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O2 in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength, and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly also in animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.

Question: Oxygen is often a product of?
Answer: photosynthesis
Jacksonville,_Florida

In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.

Question: The government reform movement was ultimately an attempt create a consolidated government between Jacksonville and what?
Answer: Duval County

Question: what is the last time period mentioned?
Answer: 1964

Question: what era is first mentioned?
Answer: mid-1960s

Question: what was poliyically wrong in the state?
Answer: corruption

Question: Suburban whites joined with what other group to get political reform in Duval County in the mid-1960s?
Answer: inner city blacks

Question: what was attached with scandal in the passage?
Answer: corruption

Question: Political reforms in Jacksonville and Duval County were spearheaded by what organization?
Answer: Jacksonville Consolidation

Question: When did a political reform movement begin in Jacksonville and Duval County?
Answer: mid-1960s
Jacksonville,_Florida

Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons").

Question: Why is Jacksonville a deep-water port?
Answer: Harbor improvements since the late 19th century

Question: what is the last place mentioned?
Answer: Jacksonville

Question: Where is the 3rd largest military station Jacksonville?
Answer: Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay

Question: What is important in the golf?
Answer: tourism

Question: what is the first time period mentioned?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: what nation is mentioned first?
Answer: United States

Question: what recreational activity is mentioned last?
Answer: golf

Question: Where is Jacksonville?
Answer: Florida
Jacksonville,_Florida

On May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire. Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly. In just eight hours, it swept through 146 city blocks, destroyed over 2,000 buildings, left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents. The Confederate Monument in Hemming Park was one of the only landmarks to survive the fire. Governor Jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order. On May 17 municipal authority resumed in Jacksonville. It is said the glow from the flames could be seen in Savannah, Georgia, and the smoke plumes seen in Raleigh, North Carolina. Known as the "Great Fire of 1901", it was one of the worst disasters in Florida history and the largest urban fire in the southeastern United States. Architect Henry John Klutho was a primary figure in the reconstruction of the city. The first multi-story structure built by Klutho was the Dyal-Upchurch Building in 1902. The St. James Building, built on the previous site of the St. James Hotel that burned down, was built in 1912 as Klutho's crowning achievement.

Question: Who enforced the martial law?
Answer: state militia to

Question: Where was Klutho's crowning achievement structure built?
Answer: on the previous site of the St. James Hotel

Question: What damage did the fire do?
Answer: it swept through 146 city blocks, destroyed over 2,000 buildings, left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents

Question: What did the militia enforce?
Answer: martial law

Question: How many people died in the great fire of 1901?
Answer: 7

Question: How did the great fire spread more rapidly?
Answer: Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly

Question: How did the fire spread so quickly?
Answer: Spanish moss

Question: Where was the site of the largest urban fire in the southeastern United States?
Answer: Jacksonville

Question: What caused the larger fire that was spread due to something near a factory?
Answer: kitchen fire
Jacksonville,_Florida

The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.

Question: What was the original name of the structure that was built after 1987?
Answer: the Barnett Center

Question: How tall is the building that defines the Jacksonville skyline?
Answer: 37-story

Question: Of all buildings mentioned, which has the shortest height?
Answer: Riverplace Tower

Question: Which building is now  in the space that is now the tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville?
Answer: the Bank of America Tower

Question: Which was built first: the Wells Fargo Center or the Riverplace Tower?
Answer: Riverplace Tower

Question: Of all buildings mentioned, which has an odd-numbered amount of floors?
Answer: Wells Fargo Center

Question: Which structure was built before 1970?
Answer: Riverplace Tower

Question: In 1990 what was the tallest building in Jacksonville?
Answer: the Barnett Center

Question: Which building might stand out to you most when looking at the Jacksonville skyline and why?
Answer: Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base

Question: What is an alternative name for the 188 m building in Florida?
Answer: Barnett Center

Question: Which was built first, the Wells Fargo Center or the Riverplace Tower?
Answer: Riverplace Tower

Question: Which was built later, the Wells Fargo Center or the Barnett Center?
Answer: the Barnett Center

Question: Which was built first, the Barnett Center or the Riverplace Tower?
Answer: Riverplace Tower

Question: Which came first in history, of all structures mentioned??
Answer: Riverplace Tower
Jacksonville,_Florida

The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.

Question: Who did the Timucua meet?
Answer: Europeans

Question: In which country is Jacksonville?
Answer: United States

Question: The Mocama do not belong to which larger group?
Answer: Europeans

Question: What country do Europeans not live in?
Answer: United States

Question: Where did the Mocama live?
Answer: The area of the modern city of Jacksonville

Question: What group is not native to the USA?
Answer: Europeans