UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Force

Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:

Question: Netwon's laws work best in environments which are?
Answer: idealized

Question: An object is made of?
Answer: matter

Question: Netwon's laws work best in environments which are not in?
Answer: real life

Question: Theories of continuum mechanics describe the ways forces affect atoms in what structure?
Answer: lattice
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016. This represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices (including 9% in Sky's family package) and the dropping of the 3D channel.

Question: How much more did customers have to pay for the family package?
Answer: 9%

Question: What was discontinued after the move?
Answer: 3D channel

Question: Who was treated unjustly?
Answer: competition and the consumer

Question: What happened to some employees who worked for Sky?
Answer: staff cuts

Question: What happened to Sky afterSetanta Sports was awarded packages?
Answer: monopoly came to an end
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.

Question: What are the new channels offering?
Answer: a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio

Question: What range of content does BSkyB offer besides films, sport, and news?
Answer: entertainment

Question: What happened at the same time NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media?
Answer: BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels

Question: Who thought BSkyB might change its mind about the transition?
Answer: industry sources

Question: What was the previous name of Virgin Media?
Answer: NTL

Question: What new channels will BSkyB customers have to pay for?
Answer: sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news

Question: What was Virgin Media previous known as?
Answer: NTL

Question: What was Virgin Media before they re-branded?
Answer: NTL's services

Question: What happened 24 hours before NTL changed it's name?
Answer: Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform

Question: When did Setanta decide to start charging for content?
Answer: February 2007

Question: What kind of new channels are being offered?
Answer: sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.

Question: If a customer in 2012 subscribed to BSkyB and also had an HDTV and wanted Sky+ which box would they use?
Answer: Sky+HD

Question: What is another name for Sky?
Answer: BSkyB

Question: What was the replacement for the Sky+ Box?
Answer: Sky+HD Box

Question: What, in the article, happened early in the second year of the 2010s?
Answer: BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box

Question: What box customers who don't want Sky+ service get?
Answer: smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+

Question: What, in the article, happened early in the first year of the 2010s?
Answer: BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard

Question: What kind of function does that Sky provide in their Sky+ package?
Answer: PVR

Question: What do customers that subscribe to BSkyB get for free?
Answer: Sky+

Question: What condition will Sky not charge you a subscription fee before July 1, 2007?
Answer: for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels

Question: How could subscribers get free Sky+?
Answer: package included two or more premium channels
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".

Question: How did people figure out that a woman had subscribed to a sports channel?
Answer: checking claimants' "Sky TV bills

Question: Where could people watch sports?
Answer: Sky TV

Question: What demographic was being investigated for legitimate need of aid in 2012
Answer: single mother

Question: Sports channel subscriptions are implied by the passage to primarily be associated with which gender?
Answer: man

Question: How did the UK government decide if a woman had a partner living with her?
Answer: subscription to sports channels

Question: Conservative members of the UK parliament in 2012 argued that a Welfare Cash Card should be used to pay for essentials, not which item being bought by single mothers?
Answer: subscription to sports channels

Question: Incentives given to taxpayers to reduce the amount of taxes are called?
Answer: tax credits

Question: Why would finding a man be bad?
Answer: a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone

Question: How might a single mother be found out as having a partner
Answer: subscription to sports channels

Question: How would assistance change under conservative rule?
Answer: buy only "essentials

Question: A substance that can be chewed or smoked that is considered to be hazardous to be used by an individual is called?
Answer: tobacco

Question: A subscription to BSkyB was described to damage an individual in many ways, in addition to which vice that is primarily involved with the potential to earn money?
Answer: gambling

Question: What living situation was the government investigating?
Answer: single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached its target, the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people. The target was first announced in August 2004, since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home service. Media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened.

Question: BSKyB provides a kind of media service to many households in the UK through what kind of viewing device?
Answer: TV

Question: It is assumed that a portion of television services in the UK or Europe, requires the viewer to do what in order to watch said service?
Answer: pay

Question: A set goal or milestone that a company sets for itself can also be referred to as a?
Answer: target

Question: At the forefront of pay-TV in Europe?
Answer: BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service

Question: Ten years after the start of the decade it was found in millions of dwellings?
Answer: BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service

Question: Those who make remarks towards a television program or an event for others to hear or listen to are?
Answer: commentators

Question: How many people had BskyB in 2010?
Answer: 25m

Question: Thirty-six percent of households translates into a viewing of north of ?
Answer: 25m people

Question: When did BSkyB reach it's target?
Answer: August 2004

Question: More than 25 million people have subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home service which is remarkable because they were doubtful it was was even possible?
Answer: Media commentators

Question: What company did more than 1/3 of UK houses use for TV in 2010?
Answer: BSkyB

Question: Why is the enrollment of 25m people a big deal?
Answer: Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone

Question: Individuals that are spectators to an event or a television program are referred to as it’s what?
Answer: audience
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

BSkyB's standard definition broadcasts are in DVB-compliant MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky Box Office channels including optional Dolby Digital soundtracks for recent films, although these are only accessible with a Sky+ box. Sky+ HD material is broadcast using MPEG-4 and most of the HD material uses the DVB-S2 standard. Interactive services and 7-day EPG use the proprietary OpenTV system, with set-top boxes including modems for a return path. Sky News, amongst other channels, provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams.

Question: What medium is primarily listened to?
Answer: soundtracks

Question: What media usually lasting 2 hours is shown?
Answer: Movies

Question: Which of the following is not a brand name: Sky, Dolby, or MPEG?
Answer: MPEG

Question: What medium is a moving picture?
Answer: video

Question: Which of the following is not part of a brand name associated with BSkyB: Movies, Digital soundtracks, or Box Office channels?
Answer: Digital soundtracks

Question: Which of the following is not a broadcast format: MPEG-2, MPEG-4 or accessible?
Answer: accessible
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's largest digital subscription television company. Following BSkyB's 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, its holding company British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc. The United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky.

Question: What is the relationship between BSkyB and Sky Italia?
Answer: acquisition

Question: What superlative is the claim to fame of BSkyB?
Answer: largest

Question: How did BSkyB come into existance?
Answer: merger

Question: What type of company was British Satellite?
Answer: Broadcasting

Question: The previous name for Sky UK Limited  that likely gave it is modern name was called?
Answer: British Sky Broadcasting Limited

Question: Sky UK Limited aquired various companies before it was renamed from British Sky Broadcasting Limited, which one orignated from the country where Rome is located?
Answer: Sky Italia

Question: Sky UK Limited primarily deals with what kind of service or product?
Answer: digital subscription television

Question: What entertainment medium does Sky UK Limited deal with in its products and subscriptions?
Answer: television

Question: What level is 90.04% interest considered?
Answer: majority

Question: Another way to call Germany in the German language is?
Answer: Deutschland
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.

Question: Which of the following does not have the power to discipline BSkyB, Ofcom or third-party channels?
Answer: Third-party channels

Question: Which of the following does BSkyB take responsibility for: picture quality or free EPG entries?
Answer: free EPG entries

Question: Can BskyB refuse service to any entity?
Answer: BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels

Question: What is the highest cost in euros of access to EPG?
Answer: 100,000

Question: How can one get a deal?
Answer: encryption

Question: Who is limited?
Answer: BSkyB

Question: Who cannot overturn change?
Answer: BSkyB
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then. At this time the use of the Sky Digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open.... now called Sky Active, BSkyB competed with the ONdigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days, over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold, which help bolstered BSkyB's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from May 1999.

Question: Which had better sound, Sky's analogue or digital service?
Answer: Digital

Question: What did digital offer over analogue?
Answer: the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open

Question: Which service offered interactivity, digital or analogue?
Answer: Digital

Question: What was done prior to the new millennium?
Answer: give away free digiboxes and minidishes

Question: What happened first, the giveaway of digiboxes, or the launch of the Sky Digital brand?
Answer: the Sky Digital brand

Question: Which had more channels, Sky's digital service, or analogue?
Answer: Digital
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season.  Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.

Question: What was needed for broadcast?
Answer: rights

Question: Who bid against ITV for broadcasting rights after the 1991 season
Answer: BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid

Question: How weree the broadcasting rights divided between the two successful bidders
Answer: The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights

Question: How did ITV  specifically think bid details had been leaked
Answer: ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid

Question: What was contested?
Answer: rights

Question: Why did ITV challenge the Premier League's decision
Answer: it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken

Question: Murdoch might be associated with which company?
Answer: BSkyB

Question: Who held the broadcasting rights for the Premier League prior to 1992
Answer: ITV

Question: Who might have to decide on what actions are permitted about the leaked information?
Answer: the High Court
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications. The Sky Q set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control. The Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds. This allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media. The Sky Q Silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts, which Sky will introduce later in 2016.

Question: What year was the Sky Q Silver not released in?
Answer: 2015

Question: Which feature will be available first, UHD broadcasts or Wi-Fi hotspot functionality?
Answer: Wi-Fi hotspot functionality

Question: What feature allows the Sky system to distribute media among all 3 products?
Answer: a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection

Question: Which feature will be available first, UHD broadcasts or Power-line?
Answer: Power-line

Question: What will allow cellphones to share in the media of the 3 Sky products?
Answer: mobile applications
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

In July 2013, the English High Court of Justice found that Microsoft’s use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky’s right to the "Sky" trademark. On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft will not appeal the ruling, and will rename its SkyDrive cloud storage service after an unspecified "reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand," plus "financial and other terms, the details of which are confidential". On 27 January 2014, Microsoft announced "that SkyDrive will soon become OneDrive" and "SkyDrive Pro" becomes "OneDrive for Business".

Question: What company infringed?
Answer: Microsoft

Question: What happened after the court case?
Answer: BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement

Question: Why did Microsoft rename SkyDrive?
Answer: Microsoft’s use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky’s right to the "Sky" trademark

Question: What was the second part of the settlement?
Answer: rename its SkyDrive cloud storage service

Question: What company was infringed on by Microsoft?
Answer: BSkyB
Sky_(United_Kingdom)

The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.

Question: Besides the launch, what caused the closure of BSkyB's analogue service?
Answer: expansion

Question: What did Sam Chisholm do with their business strategy?
Answer: converting

Question: What happened to end the service?
Answer: closure

Question: Besides former channels, what type of channels could you find on the package?
Answer: new

Question: How many new subscribers took a premium channel?
Answer: majority