UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Steam_engine

It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]

Question: How do you increase efficiency with cylinders?
Answer: divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage

Question: what type of engine is mentioned first?
Answer: compound

Question: What came after multiple expansion engines?
Answer: vibration-free turbine engine

Question: Which of the following uses Y-S-T engines, triple expansion engines or double expansion engines?
Answer: triple

Question: Known as the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy system, what sort of engine was altered and made popular among the Olympic class of ocean liners prior to the turbine?
Answer: marine triple expansion engines

Question: what is the time period mentioned?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: What does adding multiple expansions to an engine do to the overall workload of the engine?
Answer: divide the work into equal shares

Question: Limitations of what attribute would cause two smaller cylinders to be used in place of one standard size one during the low pressure stage?
Answer: space

Question: What geometric solid is commonly found in engines?
Answer: cylinders

Question: What is the logical extension of a compound engine?
Answer: split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency

Question: What was one of the first multiple expansion engines that became popular?
Answer: Y-S-T engines

Question: what type of engine is mentioned last?
Answer: turbine

Question: what is missing with the last engine mentioned?
Answer: vibration

Question: A quadruple expansion engine would operate at a higher level of what than a triple expansion engine?
Answer: efficiency
Steam_engine

The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered "engines" known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Denis Papin, a Huguenot refugee, did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.

Question: What was invented in the Seventeenth Century to helped in the retrieving of resources from the earth?
Answer: water pump for draining inundated mines

Question: What was the purpose of a device invented in the seventeenth century that used water vapor to raise and lower a piece of metal?
Answer: to raise weights

Question: From what area was the author of the writings which were discovered about the first steam engine?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What recorders from the early Modern period gave us expositions about a steam powered invention of that time?
Answer: Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629
Steam_engine

It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs.[citation needed]

Question: What problem causes leakage?
Answer: sealing the rotors

Question: What type of engine is cited other than the pistonless rotary engine?
Answer: conventional reciprocating steam engine

Question: How many designs were made from Watts' time to today?
Answer: Many

Question: What is the difference between a Wankel engine and a conventional reciprocating steam engine?
Answer: a pistonless rotary engine

Question: What type of engine is the Wankel?
Answer: pistonless rotary engine

Question: What is the level of difficulty in sealing the rotors?
Answer: major

Question: How popular were the engines?
Answer: relatively few were actually built
Steam_engine

The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines. In the United States 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century.

Question: Energy is measured by?
Answer: horsepower

Question: What used the things more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines?
Answer: ships
Steam_engine

Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam. The efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine reaches some 27-30% on high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.[not in citation given]

Question: The units for pounds are often designated by what specific symbol?
Answer: lb

Question: The symbol used for kilograms is?
Answer: kg

Question: From where is the entity that is trying to modernize the steam engine?
Answer: Sweden

Question: What style of steam engine is discussed in the article primarily?
Answer: reciprocating
Steam_engine

Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.

Question: What type of invention was patented after the first patent?
Answer: pump

Question: Thomas Savery patented a device that was less of a steam engine, and more of a what?
Answer: steam pump

Question: What is the basic goal of a steam engine?
Answer: Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion

Question: Who was the man who got a patent near the end of the 17th century?
Answer: Thomas Savery

Question: What type of machine was used in a mine?
Answer: first commercial true steam engine using a piston

Question: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont is an inventor noted for what?
Answer: the first patent for a steam engine

Question: Unlike those before him, Thomas Newcomen's steam engine successfully used what?
Answer: a piston

Question: Who was the man who had an engine in the 18th century?
Answer: Thomas Newcomen

Question: Early attempts to use steam to do work were what?
Answer: not practical
Steam_engine

Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.

Question: Steam can vary in?
Answer: temperature

Question: Which has a lower temperature, exhaust steam or admission steam?
Answer: exhaust steam

Question: What causes the energy waste in the counterflow cycle?
Answer: hotter incoming admission steam

Question: What does the exhaust steam cool?
Answer: port and the cylinder walls

Question: Compared to turbines for smaller engines, how is the efficiency of the uniflow?
Answer: comparable

Question: Making the steam flow only in one direction has what purpose?
Answer: improve efficiency

Question: Which of the following is not an engine component: piston, cylinder walls, or stroke?
Answer: stroke
Steam_engine

Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.

Question: What was a newer idea?
Answer: electric motors

Question: What is the lower number of expansions?
Answer: double

Question: How much influence did compound engines have in the 19th century?
Answer: widespread

Question: What is the goes into bigger cylinders?
Answer: exhausted steam

Question: What is another name for expansions?
Answer: stages

Question: What became obsolete?
Answer: Steam engines

Question: Why did steam engines become obsolete?
Answer: advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines
Steam_engine

A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders.

Question: What happened in the fifth year of the 19th century?
Answer: A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented

Question: What happened in the 6th year of the 19th century?
Answer: patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine

Question: Multiple cylinders allows what to happen to the engine?
Answer: less heat is lost by the steam in each

Question: Why is the bore and stroke increased?
Answer: To derive equal work

Question: What does the "L" in "LP" represent?
Answer: lower
Steam_engine

The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]

Question: What is an example of a turbine with a higher entry temperature, as compared to the Rankine cycle?
Answer: gas turbine

Question: What underlies the utility of the Rankine cycle in power stations?
Answer: low turbine entry temperature

Question: What might stem from the supercritical levels of the fluid?
Answer: the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small

Question: Between the Carnot efficiency and actual efficiency for the Rakine cycle, which has a higher efficiency?
Answer: Carnot

Question: Are turbine entry temperatures or condenser temperatures higher in the Rankine cycle?
Answer: turbine entry temperatures

Question: Why might underlie the upper limit of the turbine temperature?
Answer: the creep limit of stainless steel
Steam_engine

The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties. Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle.

Question: What is the open loop system used in?
Answer: Rankine cycle

Question: What other type of loop is there other than an open loop?
Answer: closed loop

Question: What is advantageous about water?
Answer: non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties

Question: What is the most popular type of fluid?
Answer: water

Question: How available is water to use in the system?
Answer: abundance
Steam_engine

The Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives.

Question: What vehicle could you have that you would need lower pressure boiler feed water?
Answer: steam locomotives

Question: How many phases do centrifugal pumps have?
Answer: multi

Question: What substance goes through an injector?
Answer: water

Question: What vapor produced from heated water is mentioned here?
Answer: steam

Question: What substance is pumped by the pumps?
Answer: water
Steam_engine

An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]

Question: What powers the device?
Answer: steam

Question: In what application is this engine valued because of it's ease of operation?
Answer: toys and models

Question: What feature makes this type of engine valuable for use in small mechanized items?
Answer: simplicity

Question: What aspect of an oscillating steam engine would be considered very beneficial for use in small spaces?
Answer: compactness

Question: What is another term for oscillates?
Answer: rocks
Steam_engine

In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable. The atmospheric engines of Newcomen and Watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced, but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives.

Question: If you had water and coal or wood fuel, what could be done?
Answer: engines could be sited

Question: Who created an engine, other than Watt?
Answer: Newcomen

Question: What was a drawback of Watt's engine?
Answer: large compared to the amount of power they produced

Question: Less efficient steam engines were available in what year?
Answer: 1781
Steam_engine

The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back").[citation needed]

Question: What needs to be saved?
Answer: steam

Question: What needs consistency?
Answer: exhaust and compression periods

Question: Valve gears are in an?
Answer: engine
Steam_engine

Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission, where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done.[citation needed]

Question: What are nuclear power plants connected to?
Answer: turbine

Question: A turbine is the main part of a nuclear-powered ship, but what else is needed?
Answer: generators
Warsaw

The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw). City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws. In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:

Question: Why can one find mermaids throughout Warsaw?
Answer: Warsaw's symbol

Question: How did Warsaw display the sea monster in the region
Answer: on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms

Question: What is a sea monster also referred to commonly in the text
Answer: mermaid (syrenka)

Question: Along with statutes, how else is the mermaid utilized in Warsaw?
Answer: on the city's coat of arms

Question: When was the sea monster shown on the Coat of Arms seal
Answer: 1390

Question: What was distinct about the sea monster holding the sword on the 1609 document?
Answer: a female upper body
Warsaw

The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.

Question: When Triton's daughters went on their adventures, where did they go?
Answer: through the depths of the oceans and seas

Question: What were Triton's daughters?
Answer: mermaid

Question: Who was the father of the mermaids?
Answer: Triton

Question: What did the covetous businessman do?
Answer: followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid

Question: Which of the following is not a human settlement: Warszowa, Triton or Copenhagen?
Answer: Triton

Question: what did the fishermen hear?
Answer: her beautiful voice

Question: Where did the first mermaid retire?
Answer: coast of Denmark

Question: where did triton's children go?
Answer: through the depths of the oceans and seas

Question: What unsavory character also listened to the mermaid sing?
Answer: greedy merchant

Question: Which of the following does not have thoughts and feelings: Triton, Artur Oppman, or the Vistula River?
Answer: Vistula River

Question: Which of the following is not a type of body of water: oceans, river or beach?
Answer: beach

Question: Where did the 2nd daughter arrive to go into the body of water?
Answer: Vistula River

Question: Who were the mermaids related to?
Answer: Triton