UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Economic_inequality

In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. "On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers." "Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair." Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.

Question: How are demand for skilled workers and supply of skilled workers related?
Answer: the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker

Question: Market Price is set according to which factor?
Answer: skill

Question: What is the term for the amount of  able workers and amount of work that need to occur?
Answer: law of supply and demand

Question: Who tries to control the amount of labor?
Answer: professional and labor organizations

Question: What is a consequence of skill based market prices for labor?
Answer: inequality

Question: What happens to those that pay too little?
Answer: chronically understaffed

Question: Which of the following is not a drawback of markets: high levels of inequality, abuse of workers and consumers, or profit?
Answer: profit

Question: What will someone that only wants to make money not do with wages?
Answer: offer below or above market wages

Question: What determines worker wages?
Answer: the market

Question: What are the negatives that capitalism can group together?
Answer: concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers
Economic_inequality

Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "rent-seeking". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation. A better explainer of growing inequality, according to Stiglitz, is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them. This process, known to economists as rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth but from "grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort"

Question: What occupation theorizes on distribution and consumption of goods and services?
Answer: Economist

Question: How does rent-seeking hurt businesses?
Answer: by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation

Question: What is the concept of economic gain without any reciprocal contribution?
Answer: rent-seeking
Economic_inequality

Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.

Question: What is the difference between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions in a market economy?
Answer: the productivity gap

Question: What are workers and business owners?
Answer: economic actor

Question: A business owner is an example of what in this text?
Answer: economic actor

Question: Where does this theory originate from?
Answer: Neoclassical economics

Question: What is the theory that is used in assessing inequality in this passage?
Answer: Neoclassical economics
Economic_inequality

In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years.

Question: How much more education would workers need to add billions to growth?
Answer: one more year of school

Question: Where is the S&P?
Answer: United States

Question: What does S&P stand for?
Answer: Standard & Poor

Question: What could improve if more people went to school?
Answer: the country's economy

Question: What does S&P mean?
Answer: Standard & Poor

Question: How could you make it more fair for the average US citizen boost the economy?
Answer: increasing access to education

Question: What was S&P's idea on how to deal with disparity?
Answer: increasing access to education

Question: What was the downside to the slow recovery of the recession?
Answer: more prone to boom-and-bust cycles

Question: Who would need to do something to add $105 billion to economy?
Answer: average United States worker
Economic_inequality

In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, "more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth."

Question: These societies reflect lower rates of investment?
Answer: very unequal societies

Question: What is the outcome of inequality and economic growth?
Answer: associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth

Question: Three years prior to Perotti's study, it was demonstrated to have significant negative ramifications on economic development?
Answer: inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections

Question: He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation?
Answer: Perotti

Question: What is a problem with market imperfections?
Answer: lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development
Teacher

In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.

Question: What another way of considering a guru?
Answer: spiritual teacher

Question: What has a high spiritual meaning?
Answer: Hinduism

Question: What does a guru teach?
Answer: Hinduism

Question: Who is highly respected in Hinduism especially in the West?
Answer: guru

Question: When did the teachers practice control over the disciples?
Answer: often

Question: What are the students in Hinduism?
Answer: disciples

Question: What is important in the traditions of Hinduism?
Answer: emphasis on spiritual mentorship

Question: What does a guru provide to their disciples?
Answer: spiritual mentorship

Question: What do gurus really value?
Answer: spiritual mentorship

Question: What do gurus call their students?
Answer: disciples
Teacher

Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.[citation needed]

Question: What program is being offered?
Answer: licensing

Question: What demographic is expected to have high retirement numbers?
Answer: secondary school teachers

Question: What vocation in particular is trending more towards ends than beginnings?
Answer: secondary school teachers

Question: What is the status of jobs that alternative programs are good for attracting?
Answer: hard-to-fill

Question: When advantages are greater than disadvantages, this is also said to what in comparison to disadvantages?
Answer: outweigh

Question: What profession is being discussed?
Answer: teaching

Question: What is the action opposite to repulsion that brings objects together?
Answer: attract

Question: What is the adjective for an object that comes after primary?
Answer: secondary

Question: What will opportunities do depending on where someone lives and what they teach?
Answer: vary

Question: What criteria do you need to teach in different districts
Answer: alternative licensing programs

Question: What is being used to suck people in?
Answer: alternative licensing programs
Teacher

There are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school. In many countries, elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education specialty track, obtain the prerequisite "student-teaching" time, and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation. In addition to certification, many educational institutions especially within the US, require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom. This is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow.

Question: What do some countries mandate that aspiring teachers successfully complete in order to teach?
Answer: background check and psychiatric evaluation

Question: What entity decides if a person is qualified to be an educator?
Answer: Governments

Question: Americans usually undergo things before they can go in a?
Answer: classroom

Question: Some countries merely require what in order for a teacher to begin elementary education after high school?
Answer: elementary school education certificate

Question: If a high school student is to receive a degree to teach after graduation, what do they have to complete in addition to their education studies?
Answer: "student-teaching" time
Teacher

Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.[citation needed] Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.

Question: What does working longer often allow to happen?
Answer: salaries can go much higher

Question: What was the starting pay for a teacher in this time period?
Answer: £20,133

Question: Who of the mentioned teachers must abide by a stricter requirement?
Answer: Teachers in state schools

Question: What is the highest a teacher may have earned in this time period?
Answer: £41,004

Question: What does having additional roles and duties end up achieving?
Answer: salaries can go much higher

Question: What do elementary educators make ?
Answer: £20,133 to £41,004

Question: What is the lowest level of education available?
Answer: Nursery

Question: What should educators acquire to earn more?
Answer: experience and extra responsibilities

Question: How can you benefit from having teaching experience and taking on more responsibilities?
Answer: salaries can go much higher

Question: What education do publicly funded schools need?
Answer: bachelor's degree
Teacher

30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.

Question: What is on the decline?
Answer: corporal punishment

Question: The majority of what has banned corporal punishment?
Answer: US states

Question: Where is Mississippi?
Answer: US

Question: If you are in the south, what is likely to be legal?
Answer: corporal punishment

Question: Where is Georgia located?
Answer: US

Question: What would happen in a hallway?
Answer: Corporal punishment

Question: What region in America is corporal punishment allowed?
Answer: the South

Question: Why might a student dread going to the principals office?
Answer: corporal punishment
Teacher

In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.

Question: Which crime is mentioned?
Answer: teacher misconduct

Question: What was Pamela Rodgers?
Answer: teacher

Question: what made the additional attention come about
Answer: several high-profile cases

Question: Which person mentioned has a first name where the third letter is r?
Answer: Mary Kay Letourneau

Question: what was Pamela Rogers
Answer: teacher

Question: What level of popularity are the cases of these women deemed?
Answer: high-profile

Question: What happened in US courts?
Answer: several high-profile cases

Question: Which person mentioned has a last name where the second letter is e?
Answer: Mary Kay Letourneau

Question: Who was a teacher?
Answer: Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau

Question: Which person mentioned has a first name where the third letter is m?
Answer: Pamela Rogers

Question: what was Mary Kay Letourneau involved with
Answer: misconduct

Question: Which person mentioned has a last name with a third letter of t?
Answer: Mary Kay Letourneau

Question: Which person mentioned has a first name where the last letter is y?
Answer: Mary Kay Letourneau

Question: What has a negative effect on teachers?
Answer: high-profile cases
Teacher

In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.

Question: Which level of school employs the most teachers?
Answer: elementary

Question: Which type of teacher is estimated to be employed at the highest amount?
Answer: elementary school

Question: Are there estimated to be more elementary school or secondary school teachers?
Answer: elementary school

Question: Which level of schooling employs the least teachers?
Answer: middle school

Question: Are there estimated to be more middle school or secondary school teachers?
Answer: secondary school

Question: Are there estimated to be more elementary school or middle school teachers?
Answer: elementary school

Question: What is required in order to become a public school teacher in addition to a bachelor's degree?
Answer: certification

Question: Which type of teacher is estimated to be employed at the lowest amount?
Answer: middle school
Teacher

The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.

Question: Infants are instructed by whom?
Answer: A teacher

Question: Who interacts with students that may be infants?
Answer: The teacher

Question: How old are the people taught by the teacher?
Answer: different ages

Question: A teacher does with with different students while following a standardized curricula?
Answer: interact

Question: Who are the lesson plans designed to help?
Answer: students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities

Question: Who interacts with students that may have different abilities?
Answer: The teacher

Question: Disabled students will learn from whom?
Answer: teacher
Teacher

It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.

Question: The cardinal direction opposite of west is called?
Answer: East

Question: What don't students in Japan follow?
Answer: extremely rigid codes of behavior

Question: How certain is it that Asian classroom goals are in line with western countries' goals?
Answer: It's not clear

Question: Why do students act up in schools?
Answer: do not enforce discipline

Question: Why do the teachers not follow through?
Answer: teachers find the students unmanageable

Question: What struggles do Japanese teachers face in the calssroom?
Answer: classroom discipline and behavior

Question: A mirror does what to a light beam when it strikes its surface?
Answer: reflects

Question: Who causes problems in Japan's schools?
Answer: students

Question: China is not part of which region of the world?
Answer: Western

Question: Who has the upper hand in many classrooms?
Answer: students

Question: Europe and the United States are not examples of which kinds of countries?
Answer: East Asian

Question: How strict are the teachers when giving consequences?
Answer: do not enforce discipline at all

Question: Where do western countries struggle in reference to the classroom?
Answer: attainment on standardized tests
Teacher

Since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis. One of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials.

Question: What is important for student approval?
Answer: enthusiastic teachers

Question: Students learn via teachers and?
Answer: course materials

Question: What quality should administrators seek in teachers?
Answer: enthusiasm

Question: What type of feelings are counterproductive?
Answer: bored

Question: What is a result of a happy teacher?
Answer: positive learning experience

Question: What is important for student success?
Answer: enthusiastic teachers

Question: Who receives poor ratings?
Answer: teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials
Teacher

In Germany, teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies). There are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule) and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium). Salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung).

Question: Where am I if my school is called a Gymnasium?
Answer: Germany

Question: what is Lehramtstudien
Answer: special university classes

Question: what is the basic secondary school
Answer: Hauptschule

Question: Where would I be if my salary was determined by the bundesbesoldungsordnung?
Answer: Germany

Question: what are medium secondary schools
Answer: Realschule

Question: If you're not a teacher in higher secondary schools, elementary schools, or lower secondary schools, then where do you teach?
Answer: middle level secondary schools

Question: what are special university classes
Answer: Lehramtstudien

Question: Where would my child attend Hauptschule?
Answer: Germany

Question: In German, what determines if and when a teacher in a mid level secondary school receives a raise or not?
Answer: Bundesbesoldungsordnung

Question: What is the longest German term mentioned in the text?
Answer: Bundesbesoldungsordnung

Question: what are salary scale also called
Answer: Bundesbesoldungsordnung

Question: Where would a child attend Realschule?
Answer: Germany