UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Fresno,_California

In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Question: He strummed an instrument in WWVA Jamboree?
Answer: Bill Aken

Question: What mode of transportation is featured in the name of Bill Aken's famous song about Fresno?
Answer: Walking

Question: The city that neighbors Fresno is called?
Answer: Madera

Question: A notable member of Mexican cinema from the past was?
Answer: Lupe Mayorga

Question: How are Fresno and Bill Aken connected?
Answer: the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken

Question: Witnessed in his youth, the hardships faced by migrant farm workers were chronicled here?
Answer: Walking Into Fresno

Question: "Walking Into Fresno" was recorded by this famous group?
Answer: "WWVA

Question: Hall of Fame guitarist was raised by?
Answer: Lupe Mayorga

Question: The instrument played by Bill AKen was primarily what?
Answer: guitar

Question: It served as inspiration and reference for the song "Walking Into Fresno"?
Answer: Fresno

Question: When did Aken encounter the topic of his song?
Answer: as a child

Question: What were the circumstances of Aken's parentage?
Answer: adopted
Fresno,_California

The "West Side" of Fresno, also often called "Southwest Fresno", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno's African-American community. It is culturally diverse and also includes significant Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laotian) populations.

Question: Where do the Hmong live?
Answer: West Side

Question: What is the newest beltway in Fresno?
Answer: 180 Freeway

Question: What beltway divides Fresno?
Answer: 99 freeway

Question: Why is the west side also called southwest Fresno?
Answer: southwest of the 99 freeway

Question: Where do the Laotian live?
Answer: West Side
Fresno,_California

Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric Street Cars, and contained some of the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Water Tower, the Bank of Italy Building, the Pacific Southwest Building, the San Joaquin Light & Power Building (currently known as the Grand 1401), and the Hughes Hotel (burned down), to name a few.

Question: Which architectural building associated with the judicial system in Downtown Fresno was demolished?
Answer: the original Fresno County Courthouse

Question: What is the past name for the architectural building listed by the pasage that houses a utility company?
Answer: San Joaquin Light & Power Building

Question: The water tower did not burn and was not demolished, which architectural building had a fire?
Answer: Hughes Hotel

Question: Of the listed buildings associated with Downtown Fresno, which one was affected by a fire?
Answer: Hughes Hotel

Question: It was a place for learning in the 19th century, why is that building no longer standing?
Answer: demolished

Question: In what part of the United States is Fresno?
Answer: Pacific Southwest

Question: What architectural building had a fire and was not called a water tower?
Answer: Hughes Hotel

Question: What was used to run the trolleys?
Answer: electric

Question: There were many doors inside with numbers on them, what happened to it?
Answer: burned down
Fresno,_California

The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km²). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970.

Question: What in Fresno is the second most prominent racial group?
Answer: Hispanic or Latino

Question: What percent was from the Pacific Islands?
Answer: 0.2%

Question: What percent was from an unspecified race?
Answer: 22.6%

Question: Which race has the lowest population of distinguishable races?
Answer: Pacific Islander

Question: What was the population density in square km?
Answer: 1,700.6

Question: Which Asian group has the second lowest population?
Answer: Vietnamese

Question: Was the percentage of non-hispanic whites up or down from 1970?
Answer: down

Question: What is the second biggest Asian group in Freso?
Answer: Indian

Question: Which is the fifth most common Asian group in Fresno?
Answer: Thai

Question: Which Asian group has the lowest population?
Answer: Korean

Question: What percent were bi-racial?
Answer: 5.0%
Fresno,_California

Fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), with mild, moist winters and hot and dry summers, thus displaying Mediterranean characteristics. December and January are the coldest months, and average around 46.5 °F (8.1 °C), and there are 14 nights with freezing lows annually, with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °F (−1.1 °C). July is the warmest month, averaging 83.0 °F (28.3 °C); normally, there are 32 days of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs and 106 days of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs, and in July and August, there are only three or four days where the high does not reach 90 °F (32.2 °C). Summers provide considerable sunshine, with July peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours; conversely, January is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550 hours. Average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches (292.1 mm), which, by definition, would classify the area as a semidesert. Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest, as winds are driven downward along the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics. Fresno meteorology was selected in a national U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm, dry western United States locale.

Question: What  is moist in San Francisco?
Answer: winters

Question: What 's the coldest possible temperature in San Francisco?
Answer: below 30 °F

Question: What's the highest temperature san Francisco can get?
Answer: 100 °F (37.8 °C)

Question: What is semi-arid in San Francisco?
Answer: climate

Question: How  many days are the coldest in San Francisco?
Answer: 14
Fresno,_California

This vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed] After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second and third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,[citation needed] at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre.

Question: When did the neighborhood see both decline and revival?
Answer: 1970s

Question: What is the name of the last theatre mentioned?
Answer: Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre

Question: When did the neighborhood begin its decline?
Answer: in the late 1960s

Question: Which of the following is not a street name: Olive, Rocka, or Wishon?
Answer: Rocka

Question: Which of the following is not a surname: McDonald, Tower or Rocka?
Answer: Tower

Question: Which of the following is not a role in a play: Evita, Roger Rocka or The Wiz?
Answer: Roger Rocka
Immune_system

In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin. These signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-12, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. These cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation, proliferation, and differentiation. It is during this time that undifferentiated, or less differentiated, like naïve and central memory T cells, peak (i.e. during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response). In addition to these effects, the milieu of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1, an increase in overall Th cell proliferation, and naïve T cell migration to lymph nodes. This milieu is also thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of Th1 immune responses.

Question: Which of these is not a pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1, TNF-alpha, or leptin?
Answer: leptin

Question: What needs to decrease before pituitary growth hormone can increase in the blood?
Answer: cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Question: What hormones decrease during the slow-wave-sleep stage?
Answer: cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Question: What overall system does sleep impact?
Answer: immunological functions

Question: What type of molecule is prolactin?
Answer: hormones

Question: Which hormone does not drop during early slow-wave-sleep, cortisol, norepinephrine, or prolactin?
Answer: prolactin

Question: Which of the following hormones does not support interaction between APCs and T-cells: leptin, prolactin, or epinephrine?
Answer: epinephrine
Immune_system

The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.

Question: What part of the immune system is first?
Answer: physical barriers

Question: What is the body's response following a physical barrier breach?
Answer: innate immune system

Question: Which of the following groups contains the subgroup vertebrates:  plants, animals or bacteria?
Answer: animals

Question: What is the immune system supposed to do?
Answer: protects organisms from infection

Question: Which of the following is not a pathogen: viruses, plants or bacteria?
Answer: plants

Question: Before a pathogen can trigger an innate immune response, it must overcome what type of defense?
Answer: physical barriers

Question: What is it called when the system retains its memory of the pathogen fight?
Answer: immunological memory

Question: The innate immune system mounts what type of defense against pathogens?
Answer: non-specific response

Question: Where is the pathogen initially encountered?
Answer: physical barriers

Question: Which layer of the immune system is the least specific in its defense methods?
Answer: physical barriers

Question: What is the first line of defense against pathogens?
Answer: physical barriers

Question: What is the final layer of protection?
Answer: immunological memory

Question: Who are protected by immune systems?
Answer: plants and animals

Question: What are bacteria and viruses?
Answer: pathogens

Question: What is the first line of defense in a layered immune system?
Answer: physical barriers
Immune_system

The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way, especially if the tumor cells have fewer MHC class I molecules on their surface than normal; this is a common phenomenon with tumors. Sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system.

Question: What is the immune system trying to kill when there's a tumor?
Answer: abnormal cells

Question: Cells in a tumor have fewer cells where?
Answer: their surface

Question: What allows the killer T cells to classify a tumor as irregular?
Answer: antigens

Question: What makes cells able to notice a tumor?
Answer: Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules
Immune_system

The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity. In humans, the blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain.

Question: What specifially is the immune system supposed to detect?
Answer: viruses to parasitic worms

Question: What must the immune system identify pathogens against?
Answer: healthy tissue

Question: What is a well-functioning immune system's purpose?
Answer: protects against disease

Question: What is a liquid blocking organ that protects the brain?
Answer: fluid–brain barriers

Question: What type of immunity is made possible by blood cells?
Answer: cell-mediated immunity

Question: What type of separation protects the brain?
Answer: blood–brain barrier

Question: What type of animal creature does the immune system protect against?
Answer: parasitic worms

Question: If someone's immune system has failed, what would they be susceptible to?
Answer: disease
Immune_system

A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.

Question: What do antibodies stick to?
Answer: pathogens expressing the antigen

Question: What activates the matching helper T cells?
Answer: combination of MHC and antigen

Question: What does a B cell required to do before displaying the antigenic peptides?
Answer: processed by proteolysis into peptides

Question: What surface feature of a B cell result in the cell's ability to recognize a foreign threat?
Answer: antibodies

Question: What activates the B cell?
Answer: lymphokines

Question: Where do antibodies move around?
Answer: in blood plasma and lymph

Question: What happens to all of the copies of the antibody that are produced by a B cell?
Answer: circulate in blood plasma and lymph

Question: Where does a B cell put the peptides it makes after picking up an antigen?
Answer: MHC class II molecules

Question: What must B cell go through before dividing into plasma cells?
Answer: lymphokines and activates the B cell

Question: How might a pathogen fail to escape the B cells?
Answer: when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen

Question: What do T cells secrete into their environment?
Answer: lymphokines

Question: What makes a T cell come over near a B cell?
Answer: combination of MHC and antigen
Immune_system

In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules, which are also proteases. After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe, they activate their protease activity, which in turn activates other complement proteases, and so on. This produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback. The cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen, marking it for destruction. This deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane.

Question: What is the less direct way complement kills microbes?
Answer: marking it for destruction

Question: What accounts for the increasing rapidity with which the body's immune system attacks pathogens?
Answer: a catalytic cascade

Question: What is another name for a foreign microbe which the body's immune system attacks?
Answer: a pathogen

Question: Which of the following is found on the surface of microbes: carbohydrates, proteases, or peptides?
Answer: carbohydrates
Immune_system

It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.

Question: What type of organism does not have a restriction modification system, bacteria or bacteriophages?
Answer: bacteriophages

Question: What does a bacteriophage attack?
Answer: bacteria

Question: What category of animals had the first adaptive immune systems?
Answer: vertebrates

Question: What category of organism has the restriction modification system?
Answer: bacteria

Question: What do prokaryotes do that mimics CRISPR in it's usage?
Answer: retain fragments of the genomes of phage

Question: Other than prokaryotes, what else have immune systems?
Answer: unicellular eukaryotes

Question: Which of the following can be found in invetebrates: lymphocytes, acquired immunity or antibody-based humoral response?
Answer: acquired immunity

Question: What kind of animals are able to make lymphocytes?
Answer: vertebrates

Question: Where do the genome fragments that CRISPR sequences hang onto come from?
Answer: phage
Immune_system

Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.

Question: What is special about the start of lupus and puberty?
Answer: coincides

Question: How does growth hormone affect our body?
Answer: regulate the immune system

Question: Which sexual category are most of the victims of lupus?
Answer: women

Question: What is prolactin?
Answer: hormones

Question: How does Lupus strike the body?
Answer: autoimmune
Immune_system

It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D levels. First, they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels. This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation. Second, as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin D.

Question: Where is vitamin D produced?
Answer: skin

Question: Where do people stay in as they age which reduces vitamin D levels?
Answer: indoors

Question: What behavior-related concept goes down as people age?
Answer: activity levels

Question: What happens to skin as people age?
Answer: becomes less adept at producing vitamin D