UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Neoclassical_architecture

A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Question: How might the old ruins of the classical world be described in styles?
Answer: a lighter and more elegant feel

Question: What did "Works in Architecture" accomplish?
Answer: made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe

Question: Who is the younger brother of the Adams family
Answer: James

Question: Who was the older brother in the family
Answer: Robert

Question: What suggests neoclassical style is less ornate than the  styles used previously?
Answer: aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles

Question: How was "Works in Architecture" released?
Answer: in installments

Question: What influenced the designs of the Adams brothers?
Answer: ruins of the classical world

Question: what was James Adam known for besides his architecture
Answer: furniture and fittings

Question: What people are the topic of the paragraph?
Answer: Robert and James Adam

Question: What was required for the Works in Architecture to be published?
Answer: crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings

Question: What type of architecture did the Adams brothers influence?
Answer: Georgian houses
Neoclassical_architecture

After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.

Question: What kind of community can one visit to see examples of neoclassicism?
Answer: urban

Question: During what decade did certain educational programs begin to embrace neoclassicism?
Answer: 1990s

Question: Which of the following is not a university: Judson, Andrews, or Smith?
Answer: Smith

Question: After what event did Modernism become a dominant feature of architechture?
Answer: World War II

Question: How was it replaced?
Answer: period of modern architectural dominance

Question: Which of the following is not a type of architecture: neoclassicism, postmodern, or resurgence?
Answer: resurgence

Question: What architecture lost popularity for a time?
Answer: neoclassicism

Question: What does neoclassicism style have?
Answer: classical elements

Question: Which school of architecture became popular first, modern or neoclassical?
Answer: neoclassical

Question: What are classical styles used in modern times referred to as?
Answer: neoclassical

Question: What was the name of the University where Thomas Gordon Smith contributed to an educational program in classical styles?
Answer: Notre Dame

Question: What prompted the new embrace of style?
Answer: the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic
Neoclassical_architecture

A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

Question: Who seized the new archaeological classicism in Italy?
Answer: young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings

Question: What style did republican Italians favor?
Answer: Rococo style

Question: Which neoclassic wave do we know less about?
Answer: first phase of neoclassicism

Question: Who reined over France during the waves of neoclassicism?
Answer: the Napoleonic Empire

Question: Which wave of neoclassicism was more subtle?
Answer: first phase of neoclassicism

Question: What changed the style that the Italians liked?
Answer: Napoleonic regimes

Question: Which wave of neoclassicism do we have less archaeological evidence of?
Answer: first phase of neoclassicism

Question: What changed the style that was most popular in Italy?
Answer: Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism
Neoclassical_architecture

By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Question: Was the neoclassical style first adopted in Sweden and Russia or England and France?
Answer: England and France

Question: What in the ancient cities/countries influenced Johann Joachim Winckelmann's writings?
Answer: architecture

Question: In the article, what did Sweden and Russia adapt?
Answer: neoclassical architecture

Question: What did Pompeii dig-ups influence?
Answer: neoclassical architecture

Question: What is another term for the 1750's?
Answer: mid 18th century

Question: __ built Somerset house in neoclassical style.
Answer: William Chambers

Question: Neoclassical is a what of architecture?
Answer: style

Question: How did neoclassical architecture become popular in a country which was not France?
Answer: Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam

Question: Greece and where were influential here?
Answer: Rome

Question: What did William Chambers influence?
Answer: neoclassical architecture

Question: What civilization did Pompeii become part of?
Answer: Rome

Question: What country were the French art students originally from?
Answer: France

Question: What did the Grand Tour influence?
Answer: neoclassical architecture

Question: Scottish architect __ built homes and furniture in the neoclassical style.
Answer: Robert Adam
Neoclassical_architecture

From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.

Question: How did the British architects work towards the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal?
Answer: combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment

Question: What was James Stuart also known for influencing?
Answer: a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal

Question: Carr worked in?
Answer: architecture

Question: What work was representative of the Ancient Greco-Roman?
Answer: Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec

Question: What style was used by a most British Designers?
Answer: combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment

Question: Who were James Wyatt and James Gandon?
Answer: British architects and designers

Question: What caused changes in the Architecture of Great Britain in the mid 1800's
Answer: exploration and publication

Question: What culture was appropriated by Stuart?
Answer: Greece

Question: Whose work was even better than Stuart's?
Answer: Adam Brothers

Question: Which architect represented a smaller region?
Answer: John Carr

Question: Chester worked in?
Answer: architecture
Neoclassical_architecture

At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".

Question: Which of the following is not a style of architecture: Biedermeier, Federal or Napoleon?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: What category of style was the Federal style considered a part of?
Answer: neoclassicism

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned second?
Answer: French

Question: What was the overall style called in France?
Answer: neoclassicism

Question: what style was mentioned second?
Answer: neoclassicism

Question: Which of the following was born earlier: Hugh Honour or Napoleon?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: what was the style mentioned third?
Answer: Imperial Roman

Question: what style was mentioned second to last?
Answer: Neo-classical

Question: What type of style dominated during the time of Napoleon's leadership?
Answer: Empire

Question: Which of the following did not help inspire masterpieces: high-minded ideas, rapid decline or force of conviction?
Answer: rapid decline

Question: what country is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Britain
Estonian_language

Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object).

Question: What does the O in "SVO" stand for?
Answer: object

Question: What does the O in "SVO" stand for?
Answer: object

Question: What does the V in "SVO" stand for?
Answer: verb

Question: What does the S in "SVO" stand for?
Answer: subject

Question: What does the V in "SVO" stand for?
Answer: verb

Question: What does the S in "SVO" stand for?
Answer: subject

Question: What does the "V" in SVO stand for?
Answer: verb

Question: What does the "S" in SVO stand for?
Answer: subject

Question: What does the "O" in "SVO" stand for?
Answer: object
Estonian_language

Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.

Question: Instead of V in 1930s Germany, what would be written?
Answer: W

Question: What role does 'W/'w' have on othography today?
Answer: influences

Question: what is the last word in the passage?
Answer: the

Question: Early writing in Estonia had used?
Answer: Latin and Middle Low German orthography

Question: what nation start with G?
Answer: German

Question: what is the third word in the first paragraph?
Answer: orthography

Question: When was orthography first created?
Answer: 17th century

Question: what name start with E?
Answer: Eduard Ahrens

Question: Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung teamed up to created?
Answer: Older Orthography

Question: Which people created orthography?
Answer: Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung

Question: In the 17th Century the Orthography created was?
Answer: Older Orthography

Question: What was modern othography based on?
Answer: standard German orthography

Question: Eduard Ahren's works were based on Orthography, culminating in the production of?
Answer: Newer Orthography

Question: When did orthography come into creation?
Answer: 17th century
Estonian_language

After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

Question: What is Estonian War of independence?
Answer: War

Question: What was Estonia in 1919?
Answer: independent country

Question: What was Estonia in 1945?
Answer: independent country

Question: Estonian is used in?
Answer: Estonia

Question: What is estonia?
Answer: country

Question: How old was Estonia in 1919?
Answer: newly

Question: Estonia got sovereignty after a?
Answer: War
Estonian_language

Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names.

Question: What is the smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system?
Answer: grapheme

Question: what word is used to show the voiceless letter h
Answer: Pasha

Question: what is there a history of deviations from
Answer: phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme

Question: what is this discussing about
Answer: Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles

Question: Pasha is not a word in?
Answer: Estonian

Question: A noun that refers to any distinct unit of sound in a language, that is used to distinguish a word from another, is called?
Answer: phoneme

Question: The amount that a single measurement deviates from a mean or average is called?
Answer: deviations

Question: In the English Language, what is the eleventh letter?
Answer: k

Question: Pasha is a what name?
Answer: foreign

Question: What is the term for a meaningful unit of language that can not be divided any further?
Answer: morpheme

Question: what is it that tells one word from another in a language
Answer: phonemic principles

Question: Reasons for deviations can have what basis?
Answer: historical and morphological
Estonian_language

Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

Question: An example of a bridge language
Answer: Middle Low German

Question: What spoken languages have impacted Estonian?
Answer: Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian

Question: What type of German was Estonian initially influenced by?
Answer: Middle

Question: Which is not related to Estonian genetically?
Answer: Russian

Question: A citizen
Answer: burgher

Question: What group in Estonia speaks German?
Answer: Baltic Germans

Question: What are the categories of languages that shaped Estonian?
Answer: Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian

Question: What has shaped Estonian?
Answer: Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian

Question: What are two areas that have influenced Estonian?
Answer: Swedish, German

Question: A bridge language
Answer: lingua franca
Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

Question: What is the percentage of vocabulary taken from the two languages?
Answer: 22–25

Question: How did the Estonians get part of their verbage?
Answer: borrowed

Question: What can you kind of compare certain words to in Estonian due to it's use of 22-25 percent of germanic languages?
Answer: English

Question: How can Estonian and English be compared in terms of where they came from?
Answer: different

Question: Which language contributes the least to Estonian?
Answer: High German

Question: What people used around 15% of low saxon in their language?
Answer: Estonian

Question: What can you kind of compare certain words to in English due to that language's use of 22-25 percent of germanic languages?
Answer: Estonian

Question: How can you describe the source of some Estonian words?
Answer: Germanic languages

Question: Which language loans more words to Estonian?
Answer: Low Saxon
Valencia

Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

Question: What relates to visitors?
Answer: tourism

Question: Where would you find farms in Valencia?
Answer: 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves

Question: Most have careers which are?
Answer: service-oriented

Question: What growing-related practice isn't prominent?
Answer: Agricultural activities

Question: What grows?
Answer: orchards and citrus groves

Question: Why might you think there have been a lot of building projects in Valencia?
Answer: Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry

Question: Why would you come to Valencia if you needed to get a haircut or see a doctor?
Answer: The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations

Question: What travel-related business helps?
Answer: tourism

Question: Why would it be hard to find a farmer here?
Answer: Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population

Question: What area of the economy is growing?
Answer: expansion of telecommunications and transport
Valencia

The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.

Question: To what did she lend her name?
Answer: death warrants

Question: Which of the following is not a noble title: vicereine, queen, or Castile?
Answer: Castile

Question: What was a result of the actions?
Answer: harsh treatment of the agermanats

Question: HOw was control maintained in the area?
Answer: The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders

Question: When did the comuneros' fight against Charles begin?
Answer: 1520

Question: How would this be remembered in the region?
Answer: this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I

Question: What was her official title?
Answer: Queen Germaine

Question: How was England effected?
Answer: accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I

Question: How did the Queen maintain power?
Answer: harsh treatment of the agermanats

Question: Why did she lend her name to the official documents?
Answer: former rebels

Question: What was the second title mentioned?
Answer: Queen

Question: What was the result of the actions?
Answer: She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred

Question: Which was there more of, personally signed death warrants or executions?
Answer: executions