UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Circadian_rhythm

Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades in light to produce Cry1. Phytochromes B–E are more stable with phyB, the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the light. The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a photoreceptor and as part of the clock's endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Cryptochromes 1–2 (involved in blue–UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light conditions.

Question: What range of light wavelengths are chryptochromes 1 and 2 sensitive to?
Answer: blue–UVA

Question: What kind of phytochrome is less stable?
Answer: phyA

Question: What do plants use to take up blue and red light from their environment?
Answer: phytochromes and cryptochromes

Question: What controls time in the body
Answer: circadian clock

Question: What's most important to plant growth
Answer: Light

Question: If you grow a seedling in bright light conditions, what phytochrome will it have the most of?
Answer: phyB

Question: What does the circadian clock use?
Answer: Light

Question: What is suppressed in the light
Answer: phyA

Question: Where does blue light in plants go?
Answer: through several phytochromes and cryptochromes

Question: What is the least stable phytochrome?
Answer: phyA
Hard_rock

Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers (1984), which reached number five in the UK, hit the top five in five other countries, and was a platinum-seller in the US. After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, Fair Warning, Van Halen rebounded with the Top 3 album Diver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984. It reached number two on the Billboard album chart and provided the track "Jump", which reached number one on the singles chart and remained there for several weeks. Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which hit number one and contained four Top 10 singles including their first number one hit. The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "Gimme All Your Lovin'" (1983), which helped their albums Eliminator (1983) and Afterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "Keep on Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984), Journey with "Don't Stop Believin'" (1981) and "Open Arms" (1982), Foreigner's "I Want to Know What Love Is", Scorpions' "Still Loving You" (both from 1984), Heart’s "What About Love" (1985) and "These Dreams" (1986), and Boston's "Amanda" (1986).

Question: What were REO Speedwagon, Boston and others have in common in terms of the 1980s?
Answer: renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads

Question: With what album did Heart have their first chart-topper?
Answer: their eponymous ninth studio album

Question: What Van Halen album brought them renewed success?
Answer: Diver Down

Question: What kind of album is ZZ top's
Answer: Afterburner

Question: What was one thing that didn't exist in the music industry in the 1960s?
Answer: Van

Question: What kind of album is ZZ Top's Eliminator?
Answer: diamond

Question: What technology helped ZZ Top make a comeback?
Answer: video

Question: Was the song "These Dreams" or the song "What About Love" released first?
Answer: "What About Love"

Question: When was the fifth Van Halen album created?
Answer: 1982

Question: What was the name of the fifth Van Halen album?
Answer: Diver Down

Question: What kind of success did Perfect Strangers have?
Answer: reached number five in the UK, hit the top five in five other countries, and was a platinum-seller in the US

Question: What was the name of Heart's comeback album?
Answer: Heart
Immunology

The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.

Question: What are the results of when antibodies are evoked?
Answer: antigens

Question: Antibodies are disbursed by what?
Answer: B lymphocytes

Question: What entities are used in the basic understanding of immunology?
Answer: antibodies and antigens

Question: The second half of the term antigen comes from what word?
Answer: "gen"erators

Question: What is the response of the humoral?
Answer: interaction between antibodies and antigens

Question: What is one of the two responses of the humoral?
Answer: antigens

Question: What is the type of molecule that attacks antigens?
Answer: proteins

Question: Antibodies and antigens are a response to what component?
Answer: cellular

Question: What is the partner in communication for antigens?
Answer: antibodies

Question: What are B lymphocytes?
Answer: immune cells

Question: The generation of antibodies cannot be compared to what other type of protein release?
Answer: Antibodies

Question: What comes first, antibodies or antigens?
Answer: antigens

Question: Antigens illicit the release of what in the body?
Answer: antibodies

Question: What are antibodies continually communicating with?
Answer: antigens
Predation

The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.

Question: How did the loss of predators affect fauna?
Answer: affecting the area's plant populations

Question: What was a concern for beavers?
Answer: their habitat became territory for grazing

Question: Wolves are not a type of?
Answer: herbivores

Question: What was the consequence of the wolf population dropping?
Answer: profound impacts on the trophic pyramid

Question: Wolves engage in?
Answer: predation

Question: What resulted after the wolf population dropped?
Answer: profound impacts on the trophic pyramid

Question: Why is the lack of predation a problem for water features?
Answer: predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order

Question: Plants are eaten by?
Answer: herbivores

Question: What was the outcome after the wolf population dropped?
Answer: profound impacts on the trophic pyramid

Question: What did the elimination of wolves do to hydrology?
Answer: Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place

Question: What is a concern of the loss of predators?
Answer: herbivores began to over-graze
Central_Intelligence_Agency

Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.

Question: The head of which govenment agency is allowed to spend government money?
Answer: Central Intelligence

Question: Which has a higher budget between the CIA and the NSA?
Answer: the CIA

Question: Of the 52.6 billion in non-military intelligence spending, how much of it was attributed to the Central Intelligence Agency?
Answer: $14.7 billion

Question: Which was higher in 2013, the non-military fiscal figure or the CIA's fiscal budget?
Answer: the fiscal 2013 figure

Question: Who is in charge of the SIGINT program?
Answer: the CIA

Question: Which of the CIA's programs has the least amount of funding?
Answer: SIGINT

Question: Which budget is higher HUMINT or SIGINT?
Answer: HUMINT

Question: Which top-secret activities account for more than 2 billion of the CIAs spending?
Answer: CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities
Printed_circuit_board

Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or other surface platings are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed bare original copper laminate from the board, isolating the individual traces. Some single-sided boards which have plated-through holes are made in this way. General Electric made consumer radio sets in the late 1960s using additive boards.

Question: What is a product manufactured by GE?
Answer: radio

Question: In addition to tin, what metal is used?
Answer: copper

Question: The application of metal is?
Answer: platings

Question: Other than copper, what metal is used in the process?
Answer: Tin

Question: What element comes into play?
Answer: copper

Question: What is the least unique method?
Answer: Semi-additive

Question: What is in the planks?
Answer: holes

Question: What type of plank is used?
Answer: single-sided

Question: What is a board with only one-side called?
Answer: single-sided

Question: What is the breadth needed for the element?
Answer: thin

Question: What action happens the most?
Answer: Semi-additive

Question: GE sold to what demographic?
Answer: consumer

Question: Tin-lead is a metal, just like?
Answer: copper
Neolithic

Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia. Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture.

Question: Where did the Neolithic cultures bring about change first?
Answer: Near East

Question: Which of the following developed farming before pottery: Japanese societies or the earliest farming societies in the Near East?
Answer: earliest farming societies in the Near East

Question: Which places had similar Neolithic cultures?
Answer: Europe and Southwest Asia

Question: Which regions developed agriculture first?
Answer: Near East

Question: What might have been viewed differently in other venues?
Answer: cultural elements

Question: Japan is an example of an?
Answer: East Asian cultures

Question: What was an important development in the Neolithic?
Answer: agriculture

Question: Which is closer to the Japanese societies, other East Asian cultures or Africa?
Answer: other East Asian cultures

Question: Where could you have had a pot to cook but no food?
Answer: Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures

Question: What was a characteristic of the Neolithic period?
Answer: pottery

Question: One place mentioned does not use pottery, other places do - with what people could you have bartered for a clay pot?
Answer: Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures

Question: Pottery didn't appear in the?
Answer: Near East

Question: Which of the following continents contains Japan: Asia, Africa or Europe?
Answer: Asia
Christian

A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. Denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of "Christianity". For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:

Question: What is a commonality among Christians?
Answer: disagree on a common definition of "Christianity"

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: follows

Question: What creates the need for denominations and sects in the Christian religion?
Answer: disagree on a common definition of "Christianity"

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: Christianity

Question: Christianity in the US offers what?
Answer: disparity of beliefs

Question: Disparity of beliefs even lead to what in Christianity?
Answer: wide range of beliefs and practices

Question: In what area did Beal focus when studying the range of beliefs and practices among Christians?
Answer: United States

Question: What is a common occurrence in the Christian religion?
Answer: wide range of beliefs and practices

Question: What separates the wide range of beliefs and practices in the Christian religion?
Answer: Denominations and sects

Question: what is the first word in the second paragraph?
Answer: Denominations

Question: what religion is mentioned?
Answer: Christianity
FA_Cup

Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007–08 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over £60,000 in prize money.

Question: What was the level of the team that lost between Chasetown and Cardiff City?
Answer: Level 8

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: Chasetown

Question: what is the first ethnicity mentioned?
Answer: English

Question: what is the first period in time mentioned?
Answer: 2007–08

Question: what is the name of the last group mentioned?
Answer: Cardiff City

Question: Which of the following is not a team name: Cardiff City, Chasetown, or FA Cup?
Answer: FA Cup

Question: Why did Chasetown get 60,000 pounds?
Answer: prize money

Question: How many teams were in the Third Round Proper?
Answer: 64

Question: Which of the following is an award: Chasetown, FA Cup or Midlands?
Answer: FA Cup

Question: What level was the team that Chasetown lost to?
Answer: Level 2

Question: Which is greater, the number of teams that entered that season or the number of teams in the Third Round Proper?
Answer: teams entered that season

Question: what are the last type of ranks mentioned?
Answer: runners-up

Question: Which is higher of Southern League Division One Midlands and Southern Football League?
Answer: Southern Football League
FA_Cup

After being rendered obsolete by the redesign, the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA's long-serving president Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923, and his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005. It was duly sold at Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £420,000 (£478,400 including auction fees and taxes). The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia, surpassing the £254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997. The successful bidder was David Gold, the then joint chairman of Birmingham City; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country, Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation. Accordingly, Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006, where it went on immediate public display. It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester. In November 2012, it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers, after they beat Wanderers 7–1 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final.

Question: What happened 13 years after the 1985 replica was presented?
Answer: Kinnaird died

Question: Auction fees and taxes aside, how much did the 1895 replica sell for at the action?
Answer: £420,000

Question: Manchester or Birmingham, which was not where David Gold was Chairman in 1997?
Answer: Manchester

Question: What was the highest sale price fetched by a piece of football memorabilia prior to the 2005 auction at Cristie's auction house?
Answer: £254,000

Question: What, in the article, happened about a year before the trophy was presented to the National Football Museum in Preston?
Answer: It was duly sold at Christie's auction house

Question: After Gold gave the trophy to the National Football Museum, where did it move to its new location from?
Answer: Preston

Question: Lord Kinnaird or Jules Rimet, who didn't die in 1923?
Answer: Jules Rimet

Question: How many pounds sterling did the item sell for, sans applicable levies and costs?
Answer: £420,000

Question: Who didn't win the charity replay?
Answer: Wanderers

Question: The previous record was broken in what year?
Answer: 2005

Question: What, in the article, happened 6 years and roughly 8 months years after the trophy was presented to the museum?
Answer: it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers

Question: In what year did a piece of football memorabilia set the record for highest sale price since 1997?
Answer: 2005

Question: Where did the trophy find its home prior to being presented to the Royal Engineers after they beat the Wanderers?
Answer: National Football Museum
Great_Plains

From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.

Question: What is grown on the great plains?
Answer: crop

Question: Where is irrigation being used?
Answer: on large landholdings

Question: why is the ground unable to keep up with rate of water use in the aquifer
Answer: Center pivot irrigation

Question: Where does the irrigation come from?
Answer: Ogallala Aquifer

Question: Why is pivot irrigation used?
Answer: in drier sections

Question: Where is the strata located?
Answer: underground

Question: Where are the crop growing areas?
Answer: Great Plains

Question: What happens in the dry parts?
Answer: aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge

Question: What is the size of the underground water place?
Answer: huge

Question: What is left over from the ice age?
Answer: water-bearing strata

Question: How often is center pivot irrigation used?
Answer: extensively

Question: an aquifer is located where
Answer: underground
Lancashire

The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population, numbering over 70,000 and 6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east.

Question: What would be found at Blackburn?
Answer: major settlements in the ceremonial county

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a town: Blackburn, Asian, or Nelson?
Answer: Asian

Question: What are found at Burnley?
Answer: major settlements in the ceremonial county

Question: What are found at the town of Accrington?
Answer: major settlements in the ceremonial county

Question: Which of the following is not part of the Central Lancashire New Town: Leyland, Burnley, or Chorley?
Answer: Burnley

Question: What is partly concentrated in Nelson and Colne?
Answer: major settlements in the ceremonial county

Question: Which area is less rural, the south or the north?
Answer: south

Question: Where are the major settlements mainly?
Answer: on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65

Question: Which of the following is further north: Lancaster, Nelson, or Leyland?
Answer: Lancaster

Question: Which of the following towns is not located along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Chorley or Colne?
Answer: Chorley

Question: Which of the following towns is not in the north of the county: Leyland, Lancaster, or Morecambe?
Answer: Leyland
Lancashire

To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the west of the Pennines, overlooked by Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire.

Question: What geological formation rests above the river discussed in the article?
Answer: Pendle Hill

Question: What are you likely to find when you climb past the land areas known for their livestock?
Answer: uncultivated moorland

Question: What water source flows into the River Ribble?
Answer: Calder

Question: What helps the River Ribble form a gap?
Answer: its tributary the Calder

Question: In what land feature are you more likely to find towns with bigger populations?
Answer: valleys

Question: Where around the county are you more likely to find creatures that say "moo"?
Answer: lowland

Question: Where around the county are you more likely to find wool-producing creatures?
Answer: the higher ground

Question: What geological formation is mentioned extensively in the article?
Answer: valleys