UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Race_(human_categorization)

The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.

Question: When were different classifications of characteristics were attributed to racial groups
Answer: 1735

Question: What racial birthplace was favored?
Answer: European

Question: What humour did europaeus have?
Answer: sanguine

Question: What humour did americanus have?
Answer: choleric

Question: What is Bernier's Nouvelle recognized as?
Answer: The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races

Question: People were separated into?
Answer: races

Question: How did early scientists classify different races
Answer: by the different species

Question: Who first designated different characteristics to racial groups
Answer: The

Question: What was the differences between human groups marred by?
Answer: racist ideas

Question: What humour did asiaticus have?
Answer: melancholic

Question: Non European humans were considered what by the inventor of zoological taxonomy?
Answer: crafty, lazy, and careless
Race_(human_categorization)

Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.

Question: How is race viewed?
Answer: sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits

Question: The scientists do what to convey they feel there is no need to point out race?
Answer: argue

Question: What has some outlandish views?
Answer: conceptualize race

Question: What is a homo sapien?
Answer: humans

Question: The set of traits are considered to be unclear, otherwise called what?
Answer: fuzzy

Question: How much agreement on race is there
Answer: broad scientific agreement

Question: Why is a little softly unclear?
Answer: traits

Question: How is race sometimes used
Answer: no taxonomic significance

Question: The agreement that essentially and typological concepts of race are untenable are considered to be just what?
Answer: broad scientific

Question: How is the theory put into practice?
Answer: scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways

Question: What is significant of the scientific study?
Answer: argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens

Question: What might Carolus Linnaeus have to say about race?
Answer: race has no taxonomic significance

Question: How does the scientist view differ?
Answer: Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable

Question: What do scientist agree on about race
Answer: essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable

Question: What is a broad justification that race doesn't matter much in the scheme of things?
Answer: race has no taxonomic significance
Race_(human_categorization)

Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart."

Question: If race is a social concept, how is it not definable?
Answer: genetically

Question: If race is a social concept, then differences within the human species are of what kind?
Answer: social

Question: What did Venter point out about the difficulty of studying races?
Answer: Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one

Question: What is the profession of Venter?
Answer: Health

Question: At the start of the millennium, Venter made what discovery that led to him also making a seemingly contradictory conclusion that racial issues can't be explained by science?
Answer: the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3%

Question: Based on the passage, we can infer that if two people differed in scientific ways, what would we observe on their genome maps?
Answer: bright lines (that would stand out)

Question: What controversial issue is shown to have no scientific basis after the data from the genome mapping presented by Venter and Collins?
Answer: Race

Question: What should be used to study race?
Answer: social concept

Question: How did the two scientists issue the communication?
Answer: jointly

Question: Even though the genetic variation within the human species was higher than expected, what conclusion is drawn by the person in the passage?
Answer: Race is a social concept

Question: To what kind of beings does the notion of race apply?
Answer: human species

Question: What objects did Collins study?
Answer: human species

Question: What evidence is the main basis of the argument made by Venter in this passage?
Answer: data from the genome mapping

Question: What did Venter conclude?
Answer: the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races

Question: Where do the people who are researched live?
Answer: on the planet
Race_(human_categorization)

One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.

Question: Why do so many people have so much variation in their family history?
Answer: colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships

Question: What is evidence of interracial relationships?
Answer: In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry

Question: What tells us that interracial relationships have occurred?
Answer: In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry

Question: What is one sign of interracial relationships?
Answer: In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry

Question: Why do so many black people have white ancestors?
Answer: in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships

Question: Why do people have such broad ethnic origins?
Answer: colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships
Tuvalu

In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.

Question: Who is responsible for managing water?
Answer: Tuvalu Government

Question: What socail cause based group did Tuvalu use to help them create a water policy
Answer: Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project

Question: Formerly known as the Ellice Islands
Answer: Tuvalu

Question: How is water budgeted in Tuvalu intended to be utilized
Answer: for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities

Question: Another name for SOPAC
Answer: Global Environment Fund

Question: Besides staying alive, water is used for?
Answer: cleaning, community and cultural activities

Question: What problem needs to be solved
Answer: improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation
Tuvalu

Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century.

Question: What, in the article, happened on during the 64th year of the 18th century?
Answer: Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu

Question: When was The Mystery of Gran Cocal solved?
Answer: 1980

Question: What was established in the 51st year of the 18th century?
Answer: the Dolphin

Question: What was Byron's title?
Answer: Captain

Question: Ring shaped reefs made of coral is referred to as  what?
Answer: atolls

Question: Which 17th century sailer described in the text discovered the Lagoon Islands, under a different name in Spanish?
Answer: Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa

Question: The Spanish word for "the" is what?
Answer: El

Question: Who gave El Gran Cocal its name?
Answer: Mourelle

Question: What happened during the 81st year of the 18th century?
Answer: Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past

Question: Chronometers can measure time, useful for sailing, but it cannot determine which measurement accurately?
Answer: latitude

Question: Why was the location of El Gran Cocal uncertain?
Answer: accurate chronometers were unavailable

Question: A sailer that sailed in the 17th century for the British navy was called?
Answer: John Byron

Question: What did Byron circumnavigate?
Answer: the globe
Tuvalu

Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year."

Question: What device was used to measure sea-level rise by the Australian Government?
Answer: altimeters

Question: What was improved due to the better recording technology?
Answer: data

Question: Where are scientists measuring these sea level changes?
Answer: near Tuvalu

Question: In which nation had questions arose over the changes in sea level prior to 1993?
Answer: Tuvalu

Question: What were people arguing about?
Answer: Whether

Question: Where is Tuvalu?
Answer: Pacific

Question: What year were changes made in the methodology of recording sea level changes?
Answer: 1993

Question: What was the name of the organization that published a report in 2011?
Answer: the Pacific Climate Change Science Program

Question: What was wrong with data before 1993?
Answer: recording technology

Question: What is the consensus on sea level change of Tuvalu?
Answer: a contentious issue
Pope_John_XXIII

His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

Question: What did Roncalli say to Ancilla in his correspondence with her?
Answer: not keep that promise

Question: Who had Ancilla as a family member?
Answer: Roncalli

Question: When was the last time Roncalli "saw" his sister?
Answer: He attended her funeral back in his hometown

Question: Where can we assume that Ancilla was buried?
Answer: Sotto il Monte

Question: What did Roncalli's sister die from?
Answer: stomach cancer

Question: Why couldn't Roncalli visit Ancilla?
Answer: he was consecrating a new church in Venice

Question: Who was related to Ancilla?
Answer: Roncalli

Question: Who would Roncalli neglect  to spend his posthumous time with?
Answer: the family

Question: What might have been a source of guilt for Roncalli regarding his sister?
Answer: He could not keep that promise

Question: What did Ancilla's brother request happen to his body upon his death?
Answer: to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice

Question: How did Ancilla die?
Answer: stomach cancer

Question: Whose sister was Ancilla?
Answer: Roncalli

Question: Whose sibling was Ancilla?
Answer: Roncalli

Question: Who did Roncalli wish to be buried near?
Answer: his predecessors

Question: What did Roncalli promise to Ancilla?
Answer: to visit her within the next week
Pope_John_XXIII

On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: "I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope John XXIII. He was a man of simple origins, of simple faith, of simple charity. In this exalted office he was still the gentle pastor. He believed in discussion and persuasion. He profoundly respected the dignity of man. He gave the world immortal statements of the rights of man, of the obligations of men to each other, of their duty to strive for a world community in which all can live in peace and fraternal friendship. His goodness reached across temporal boundaries to warm the hearts of men of all nations and of all faiths".

Question: What was Pope John XXIII?
Answer: gentle pastor

Question: How did the Pope hope that others would live?
Answer: in peace

Question: Who was the leader of the United States in 1963?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: If president is a certain thing to Johnson, what is the equivalent thing to John?
Answer: Pope

Question: What did the President do when the Pope passed away?
Answer: mourned

Question: Which man is NOT explicitly described as gentle?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: Which came first, the award or the speech?
Answer: award

Question: Pope John received something from the country Lyndon B. Johnson represents in what manner?
Answer: posthumously

Question: Pope John had a what with the country Lyndon B. Johnson represents?
Answer: good relationship

Question: What is the Pope's title?
Answer: His Holiness
Pope_John_XXIII

Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

Question: What happened to Angelo at the age of approximately 23?
Answer: ordained to the priesthood

Question: What year was Pope Saint John XXIII born?
Answer: 1881

Question: Where was the birth place of Pope Saint John XXIII?
Answer: Lombardy

Question: What was Roncalli #4 in?
Answer: fourth of fourteen children

Question: What is the last name of Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?
Answer: Roncalli

Question: Which event happened closer to 1900, Pope Saint John XXIII was ordained to the priesthood or was born?
Answer: ordained to the priesthood

Question: Where didn't Roncalli serve: Lombardy, Greece, or Turkey?
Answer: Lombardy

Question: When did Roncalli stop being the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca?
Answer: 28 October 1958

Question: Which happened first, Pope Saint John XXIII was ordained to the priesthood or was canonized?
Answer: ordained to the priesthood

Question: What was not one of Roncalli's job locations: Lombardy or France?
Answer: Lombardy

Question: What year was of Pope Saint John XXIII actually declared a Saint?
Answer: 2014

Question: Which happened closer to 2000, Pope Saint John XXIII was canonized or reigned as Pope?
Answer: was canonized

Question: What finally stopped Pope Saint John XXIII from serving as Pope?
Answer: death

Question: When was Roncalli given sainthood?
Answer: 27 April 2014

Question: Which happened first, Pope Saint John XXIII was ordained to the priesthood or reigned as Pope?
Answer: ordained to the priesthood
Pope_John_XXIII

The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council. On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday.

Question: What did the Pope speed along?
Answer: canonization

Question: What was the locale where Pope Francis offered prayers?
Answer: tomb

Question: What was done?
Answer: On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday

Question: What was done at the funeral?
Answer: visited his tomb and prayed there

Question: What was the first day that Pope John Paul II got to be considered a saint?
Answer: Divine Mercy Sunday

Question: Where does the 2nd miracle fit in terms of becoming a saint?
Answer: required

Question: What was the timeline?
Answer: A month

Question: Who set a precedent for not needing two miracles to become a saint?
Answer: John XXIII

Question: Who made John Paul II a saint?
Answer: Francis

Question: Who set a precedent for not needing a two miracles for canonization?
Answer: John XXIII

Question: What did Pope John Paul II get to be called?
Answer: saints

Question: What was celebrated?
Answer: A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization

Question: When humans came to where Pope John XXIII was buried, who had the same home space as them?
Answer: the late pope
Pope_John_XXIII

In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff.

Question: Who was given news that their mom was dying?
Answer: Roncalli

Question: How did Pope Pius XI's death affect Roncalli?
Answer: unable to see his mother for the end

Question: How did Roncalli connect with the coronation?
Answer: radio

Question: Who did Roncalli receive word from in late February 1939?
Answer: Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli

Question: Whose death came first: Roncalli's mother or the Pope?
Answer: Pope

Question: What news came first: Roncalli's mother was dying or the Pope died?
Answer: mother was dying

Question: What happened to Roncalli after Pope Pius XI died?
Answer: unable to see his mother

Question: Who received news that his mom was dying?
Answer: Roncalli

Question: What would Roncalli have to give up to stay at his post until the election?
Answer: Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end

Question: Who found out his mother was dying?
Answer: Roncalli