UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Muslim_world

The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba.

Question: What people were the source of the original concept of One Thousand and One Nights?
Answer: Indian

Question: What is the title of One thousand and one nights in Arabic?
Answer: alf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla

Question: What kind of stories are in Arabian Nights?
Answer: folk tales

Question: What exactly does Arabian Nights come from originally?
Answer: a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables

Question: What type of book is One Thousand and One Nights?
Answer: a compilation

Question: What from One Thousand and One Nights have been popular on their own?
Answer: Various characters

Question: The term Arabian Nights may be misleading because?
Answer: All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English

Question: Who can English only speakers thank for being able to read One Thousand and One Nights?
Answer: Antoine Galland
Muslim_world

Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included Fustat (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and Tabriz (from 1470 to 1550).

Question: On what was the revolutionary technique most often displayed?
Answer: elaborate pottery

Question: Damascus and Tabriz are examples of areas that contributed to a period of pottery innovation that spanned when?
Answer: Between the 8th and 18th centuries

Question: What location served to produce ceramics for less than 100 years?
Answer: Tabriz

Question: What hue were the original Islamic opaque glazes?
Answer: blue

Question: What was used in the production of the glazing?
Answer: Tin

Question: What location was important in ceramics for approximately 500 years?
Answer: Damascus

Question: What is the coating applied to?
Answer: ceramics

Question: What region were centers for ceramic pottery located in?
Answer: Old world

Question: After Basra, which location was the next to be known for producing ceramics?
Answer: Fustat

Question: What, specifically, did Basra contribute?
Answer: blue-painted ware

Question: Which non-Egyptian and non-Iraqi location was also important?
Answer: Tabriz
Muslim_world

Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

Question: __ is equal parts art and science.
Answer: arabesques

Question: What are the religious facilities Muslims are famous for?
Answer: Mosque

Question: The design of a mosque is a type of?
Answer: architecture

Question: A palace and a tomb are both types of?
Answer: buildings and structures

Question: Mistakes in __ are meant to show that only Allah produces perfection.
Answer: arabesques

Question: A mosque is visually important because it is?
Answer: the most important expression of Islamic art

Question: What emblems of nature can be found in Islamic buildings?
Answer: foliage based arabesques

Question: __ are very similar across regions.
Answer: arabesques
Muslim_world

Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology: such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (also known as Abulcasis) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy.

Question: Which author is mentioned here with only his Latin name?
Answer: Avicenna's

Question: what ethnic group is mentioned second to last?
Answer: European

Question: what field of study is mentioned last?
Answer: pharmacy

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: Muslim physicians

Question: What is the second system mentioned in the text that had diagrams in the Anatomy of the body?
Answer: nervous

Question: Which book title has a word in it that also means a musical piece?
Answer: The Canon of Medicine

Question: what is the first occupation mentioned?
Answer: physicians

Question: What is the other title of Book of Concessions?
Answer: Kitab al-Tasrif

Question: What is the other title of Anatomy of the body?
Answer: Tashrih al-badan

Question: what field of study is mentioned second to last?
Answer: pharmacology
Palermo

Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.

Question: What makes Palermo more accessible to tourists?
Answer: international airport

Question: Which of the following has a bigger population: Italy or Palermo?
Answer: Italy

Question: What three factors contributed to Palermo's popularity and size?
Answer: for cultural, artistic and economic reasons

Question: What country is Palermo in?
Answer: Italy

Question: In what area does Palermo hold a ranking based on size?
Answer: Mediterranean

Question: Which of the following is not a main industrial sector in Palermo: tourism, commerce, or churches?
Answer: churches

Question: What ethnicity are the residents of Palermo?
Answer: Sicilian

Question: What specific cultural attractions does the city have to offer?
Answer: renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music

Question: Which of the following is not a type of church: Romanesque, Sicilian or Gothic?
Answer: Sicilian

Question: What is one of the most popular places for tourists to visit in Italy and Europe?
Answer: Palermo

Question: From where does Palermo receive a major amount of financial support?
Answer: significant underground economy

Question: Where does a major part of Palermo's economy come from?
Answer: underground economy
Palermo

The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

Question: What separate area in the port is reserved for the private use of various boats?
Answer: tourist marina

Question: What are the largest tourist attractions to use the port?
Answer: cruise ships

Question: The tourist marina is a specific area within a port that is important to what larger area?
Answer: Sicily

Question: What represents the amount of product coming and going from the port?
Answer: almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU

Question: In addition to places like Cagliari and Tunis, what other smaller places are connected?
Answer: islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands

Question: What is linked closely in importance with Palermo?
Answer: port of Messina

Question: What means of public transportation could one use to travel from Palermo to Naples?
Answer: ferries

Question: Other than cruise ships, what floods the area along with ferries as measured throughout the year?
Answer: cargo

Question: What island am I visiting when I enter the port?
Answer: Sicily

Question: Which of the following is not a port linked to Palermo: Genoa, Naples or marina?
Answer: marina

Question: Which are there more of in Palermo, tonnes of cargo or TEU?
Answer: tonnes of cargo

Question: In addition to large amounts of cargo, what else moves yearly through this area?
Answer: 2 million passengers

Question: Which of the following is not an island: Ustica, Phoenicians or Aeolian Island?
Answer: Phoenicians
Palermo

After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula were promoted from the County of Sicily into the Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at the Palazzo dei Normanni. Much construction was undertaken during this period, such as the building of Palermo Cathedral. The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe.

Question: what place is mentioned last?
Answer: Europe

Question: What kind of ruler did Sicily have?
Answer: King

Question: what period in time is mentioned first?
Answer: 1072

Question: What did the family that made up the Hautevilles have that most do not?
Answer: army

Question: what type of land formation is mentioned first?
Answer: Peninsula

Question: what place is mentioned second to last?
Answer: The Kingdom of Sicily

Question: How did they communicate prior to 1072?
Answer: dynastic quarrels

Question: What religious teachings did Roger endorse?
Answer: Norman

Question: what location is mentioned fourth to last?
Answer: Palazzo dei Normanni
Dominican_Order

Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

Question: Which of the following did not characterize the brethren of the Dominican Order: urban, collective or contemplative?
Answer: collective

Question: What did the nuns do to the Dominican characteristics besides absorbing them?
Answer: made those characteristics their own

Question: How was spirituality of brethren of the Dominican Order described?
Answer: contemplative and mystical

Question: Which of the following was not part of the Dominicans' daily routine: prayer, deprivation or meditation?
Answer: deprivation

Question: How was the government described?
Answer: highly developed

Question: What did Dominicans do besides study, prayer and meditation?
Answer: preaching

Question: What practice represented a lack of materialism within the Dominican Order?
Answer: worldly deprivation

Question: Which of the following was not one of Dominic's inspiring qualities: learning, deprivation or virtue?
Answer: deprivation

Question: Of the traits of the Order discussed in the article, what strays from the religious and intellectual to the worldly?
Answer: highly developed governmental structure
Dominican_Order

Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: "... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)

Question: For nine years he served as master of the general order?
Answer: Humbert of Romans

Question: He encouraged the Dominicans to study the study of language?
Answer: Humbert of Romans

Question: What office does Humbert quote Lyons is directly ordained for the salvation of souls?
Answer: preaching

Question: What specific skill did the master general urge his students to pursue?
Answer: Arabic

Question: What activity does Lyon describe when he says" ...for it is not without great danger..."?
Answer: preaching

Question: Who did Humbert spend a lot of time on while master general?
Answer: young preachers

Question: Humbert encouraged the study of Arabic among them because Muslims in the Middle East forced those led astray to convert?
Answer: Dominicans
Dominican_Order

The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws, direction, and instructions. It was also, however, a group of Englishmen. Its direct supervisors were from England, and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities, towns, villages, and roadways. English and European ingredients constantly came in contact. The international side of the province's existence influenced the national, and the national responded to, adapted, and sometimes constrained the international.

Question: In the Christian Church, what is a metropolitan  or district under an archbishop called?
Answer: Province

Question: Germany, France, and Spain are all examples of which types of countries?
Answer: European

Question: The descriptor used for someone should they act frank or straight to the point, opposite to indirect is?
Answer: direct

Question: What is the final thing mentioned that the English Province got from the international order?
Answer: instructions

Question: A single type of lens worn over the eye to correct vision, akin to glasses is called a?
Answer: contact

Question: What is the second thing mentioned that the English Province got from the international order?
Answer: direction

Question: The text listed several actions the national did in response to the international side, which one refers to becoming adjusted to something?
Answer: adapted

Question: A company that exists in various nations, or even serves various nations is described to be?
Answer: international

Question: What is the first thing mentioned that the English Province got from the international order?
Answer: laws

Question: A competition that affects the whole country or a nation is given which description?
Answer: national

Question: Basic components of a dish are called?
Answer: ingredients

Question: Countries or regions under the control of the ancient Roman government were referred to as a?
Answer: Province

Question: Of the types of areas members of the English Province labored in, which refers to the smallest collection of houses or buildings?
Answer: villages
Dominican_Order

The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.

Question: What was the Friars Minor and Friars Preachers led by?
Answer: the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman

Question: Where could you find priests a century before the Dominican Order came into being?
Answer: behind the walls of a cloister

Question: The Dominican Order started to view religion in a new way in what time?
Answer: Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way

Question: Franciscans followed who?
Answer: Francis of Assisi

Question: The major change is that a certain demographic began interacting more with the populace, this demographic is?
Answer: Men of God

Question: Who were the first to travel among the people?
Answer: apostles of the primitive Church

Question: Which came later, the primitive Church or the Friars Preachers?
Answer: Friars Preachers

Question: How many new orders were there involving the mendicant?
Answer: two orders of mendicant friars
Dominican_Order

Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, "for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for."

Question: How did Diego want the Holy Church to be model Cathars?
Answer: papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life

Question: How were the Cathars seen by Diego?
Answer: state of self-sacrifice

Question: What was Diego concerned about?
Answer: Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony

Question: What did Diego suggest after the legates agreed to the reforms?
Answer: he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians
Dominican_Order

Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by Père Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin González (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]

Question: Who died earlier, Thomas Zigliara or Heinrich Denifle?
Answer: Thomas Zigliara

Question: Who died earlier, Thomas Zigliara or Zephirin González?
Answer: Thomas Zigliara

Question: Who died in 1893 besides Thomas Zigliara?
Answer: Alberto Guillelmotti

Question: Who died earlier, Zephirin González or Heinrich Denifle?
Answer: Zephirin González

Question: What was important to preachers?
Answer: the restoration of the Preachers

Question: What was built in the 20th century?
Answer: Angelicum

Question: What came from the instutions?
Answer: important parts

Question: Who died earlier, Père Thomas Coconnier or Heinrich Denifle?
Answer: Heinrich Denifle

Question: Who was significant during this time?
Answer: Père Thomas Coconnier

Question: What order faltered in the 19th century?
Answer: the Dominicans