UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Military_history_of_the_United_States

When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793, the United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty, which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared "Quasi-War" between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington was called out of retirement to head a "provisional army" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks.

Question: Which treaty was between France and the United States before 1780?
Answer: 1778 Treaty of Alliance

Question: Where in the Caribbean did France lose battles?
Answer: at sea

Question: Which country did the French pick on because they were upset about a breach of contract after declaring war on Great Britain?
Answer: United States

Question: What was France taking from America that started a battle on the water?
Answer: vessels

Question: Which occurred first, France declared war on Great Britain, or the Treaty of Alliance?
Answer: Treaty of Alliance

Question: Which happened later, France declared war, or John Adams made a truce?
Answer: President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce

Question: What was the deal called that was agreed upon before 1780?
Answer: Treaty of Alliance

Question: Which happened first, John Adams made a truce with France, or France and Britain went to war?
Answer: France declared war on Great Britain

Question: Which happened first, France declaring war on Great Britain or the Quasi War?
Answer: France declared war on Great Britain

Question: Which happened first, the Jay Treaty or John Adams managed to negotiate a truce?
Answer: Jay Treaty

Question: Who made a treaty with France in a year sometime after 1793?
Answer: President John Adams

Question: Who made a treaty with France after 1778?
Answer: President John Adams

Question: What other country besides France was involved in the Quasi-War?
Answer: United States
Spectre_(2015_film)

Following Garreth Mallory's promotion to M, on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M, 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra, an assassin who survived the attack. In the ensuing struggle, Bond steals his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus, and then kills Sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter. Upon returning to London, Bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is in the midst of a power struggle with C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service, consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to form alongside 8 other countries "Nine Eyes ", a global surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative between nine member states, and uses his influence to close down the '00' section, believing it to be outdated.

Question: What was shown on the piece of jewelry Bond acquired during the Day of the Dead festival in Mexico City?
Answer: octopus

Question: What honor does the character portrayed by Alessandro Cremona hold in relation to the assassination of a triad of humans by the main character of Ian Fleming's spy novels?
Answer: survived the attack

Question: What is the actual name of the person who suspends Bond from field duty?
Answer: Garreth Mallory

Question: Who thinks there is no more use for James Bond type agents?
Answer: C

Question: Under what authority did the character portrayed by Ralph Fiennes in the movie Skyfall take on the mantle of the head of MI6?
Answer: posthumous message from the previous M

Question: How did Bond finish off the assassin during the terrorist bombing attempt at the Day of the Dead celebration in Mexico City?
Answer: by kicking him out of a helicopter

Question: Garreth Mallory was undergoing a disagreement with which official from the British government?
Answer: C

Question: What situation does the character portrayed by Ralph Fiennes in Skyfall find himself at a time when he must censure the main character of Ian Fleming's spy novels?
Answer: in the midst of a power struggle with C

Question: What was the position earned by Mallory?
Answer: M

Question: Who is Garreth Mallory's rival?
Answer: C

Question: Which M did not send Bond to Mexico City?
Answer: Garreth Mallory

Question: What was the goal of the triad assassinated by the main character of Ian Fleming's spy novels?
Answer: terrorist bombing

Question: What character, portrayed by Ralph Fiennes in the movie Skyfall, has the honor of taking on the mantle of the head of MI6?
Answer: Garreth Mallory
Spectre_(2015_film)

In India, it was reported that the Indian Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) censored kissing scenes featuring Monica Bellucci, Daniel Craig, and Léa Seydoux. They also muted all profanity. This prompted criticism of the board online, especially on Twitter.

Question: What does the first "C" in "CBFC" stand for?
Answer: Central

Question: What does the "B" in CBFC stand for?
Answer: Board

Question: What does the F in "CBFC" stand for?
Answer: Film

Question: Which actress will appear in the upcoming 2020 movie No time to Die?
Answer: Léa Seydoux

Question: The actress mentioned in the text that is not Italian is?
Answer: Léa Seydoux

Question: What does the first C in "CBFC" stand for?
Answer: Central

Question: What does the "F" in CBFC" stand for?
Answer: Film

Question: The CBFC specifically censored which type of entertainment medium?
Answer: Film

Question: One actress that was in the movie Mission Impossible-Ghost Protocol is?
Answer: Léa Seydoux

Question: What does the second C in "CBFC" stand for?
Answer: Certification

Question: Who described in the text appeared in the movie Knives Out and Spectre?
Answer: Daniel Craig
Spectre_(2015_film)

With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district. The planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron, which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage. This particular scene in Mexico required 1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers. Reports in the Mexican media added that the film's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas, to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area.

Question: What was filmed in Chaipas?
Answer: aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area

Question: Which item was required in this particular scene in a quantity that is less than a quarter of a million, paper flowers or extras?
Answer: extras

Question: What two decorative things were featured during the filming of the Day of the Dead scene?
Answer: 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers

Question: Which item was required in the lowest quantity for this particular scene: extras, giant skeletons, or paper flowers?
Answer: giant skeletons

Question: Did this particular scene require less giant skeletons or paper flowers?
Answer: giant skeletons

Question: Where did Chuck Aaron fly the helicopter for the fight scene, in Mexico City or Rome?
Answer: Mexico City

Question: What shots were considered too risky to do in the city?
Answer: aerial manoeuvres

Question: Why were 10 giant skeletons required?
Answer: for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter

Question: What did the stunt pilot fly?
Answer: Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter

Question: Did this particular scene require less extras or paper flowers?
Answer: extras

Question: Why were 1,500 extras required?
Answer: for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter

Question: Where were the aerial manoeuvres filmed?
Answer: Palenque in the state of Chiapas

Question: Did this particular scene require more extras or giant skeletons?
Answer: extras

Question: Which occurred first, completion of filming in Rome or the closure of the city square in Mexico City?
Answer: filming completed in Rome
Spectre_(2015_film)

Thomas Newman returned as Spectre's composer. Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's On Her Majesty's Secret Service theme. Mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label.

Question: When did people get a sneak peak at the movie?
Answer: July 2015

Question: What happened first, the theatrical trailer was released or the soundtrack album was released in the USA?
Answer: The theatrical trailer released

Question: Was the soundtrack album released first in the UK or the USA?
Answer: the UK

Question: Which version of the film played music for more than 100 minutes?
Answer: final

Question: Thomas is a?
Answer: Spectre's composer

Question: november was when?
Answer: The soundtrack album was released

Question: decca records produced?
Answer: The soundtrack album

Question: During what 30 day period was the preview released?
Answer: July

Question: He was into what profession?
Answer: filming

Question: What hit stores in England in the 10th month of 2015?
Answer: soundtrack album

Question: What happened first, the theatrical trailer was released or the soundtrack album was released in the UK?
Answer: The theatrical trailer released

Question: At what point in the filming did Newman work on the music?
Answer: during
Spectre_(2015_film)

In November 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects. Included within these were several memos relating to the production of Spectre, claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early drafts of the script written by John Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called "an early version of the screenplay".

Question: Who did the hackers go after?
Answer: Sony executives

Question: Who was targeted?
Answer: Sony Pictures Entertainment

Question: Which of Sony's employees were targeted?
Answer: executives

Question: What did the hackers get?
Answer: confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects

Question: How did Eon's statement respond to the rumors?
Answer: confirming

Question: Information from what kinds of movies were in the hacked emails?
Answer: high-profile

Question: Who responded?
Answer: Eon Productions

Question: What was learned from the hack?
Answer: the production of Spectre, claiming that the film was over budget

Question: What was found out about the movie?
Answer: claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early drafts of the script written by John Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project

Question: What quantity of projects did the criminals get information about?
Answer: several

Question: What did the hackers get a hold of?
Answer: confidential e-mails

Question: What was released by the hackers according to Sony?
Answer: an early version of the screenplay
Spectre_(2015_film)

In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £4.1 million ($6.4 million) from its Monday preview screenings. It grossed £6.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then £5.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed £41.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban's £23.88 million ($36.9 million) in 2004. Its Friday–Saturday gross was £20.4 million ($31.2 million) compared to Skyfall's £20.1 million ($31 million). The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $110,000, a record previously held by The Dark Knight with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the U.K., it surpassed Avatar to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million.

Question: How else can you refer to the United Kingdom?
Answer: the U.K

Question: What does K in UK stand for?
Answer: Kingdom

Question: What does U stand for in UK?
Answer: United
On_the_Origin_of_Species

In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.

Question: What is the religious interpretation of evolution?
Answer: "design" by the Creator

Question: Who did most naturalists not agree with?
Answer: Lamarck and Geoffroy

Question: What is the origin of the story of the great flood?
Answer: biblical

Question: Where would you find Oxford naturalists on a Sunday?
Answer: Church

Question: Which authors worked to improve the idea of transmutation?
Answer: Lamarck and Geoffroy

Question: What field of study did naturalists believe they were a part of?
Answer: science
On_the_Origin_of_Species

Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.

Question: Which botanist wrote Darwiniana, a collection of essays that defended the theory of evolution?
Answer: Asa Gray

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a book: A System of Logic, Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, or the idealist school?
Answer: the idealist school

Question: Which of the following was not a biologist: John Stuart Mill, Asa Gray or Henry Walter Bates?
Answer: John Stuart Mill

Question: Who's work did Asa Gray support?
Answer: Darwin

Question: What did some people think of Darwin's method?
Answer: disputed

Question: A group of islands, such as the Galapagos are generally called a?
Answer: archipelago

Question: What is nature governed by?
Answer: laws

Question: Who was the British Botanist that published the Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae?
Answer: Joseph Dalton Hooker

Question: Who published earlier, Joseph Dalton Hooker or Darwin?
Answer: Darwin

Question: One of the most influential thinkers of classical liberalism, who wrote the philosophical essay On Liberty was?
Answer: John Stuart Mill

Question: What did John Mill think about a lot?
Answer: Logic

Question: Who gives the name and also is credited today for proposing a theory of inheritance of aquired characteristics?
Answer: Lamarck

Question: What kind of people think about the laws of nature?
Answer: Scientific
On_the_Origin_of_Species

Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.

Question: What work failed to provide a viable mechanism?
Answer: Vestiges

Question: What was Darwin's take on the how species came about?
Answer: not been separately created

Question: What does the struggle for existence cause?
Answer: selection in nature

Question: Darwin's aim was?
Answer: twofold

Question: When Darwin starts his writings, how does he treat other work in the beginning?
Answer: ridicules

Question: who knew what the readers were familiar with?
Answer: Darwin

Question: Who was familiar with the concept of transmutation of species?
Answer: his readers

Question: where was struggle for existence discussed?
Answer: first four chapters

Question: What is ridiculed as failing to provide a viable mechanism?
Answer: Vestiges

Question: Where did Darwin ridicule Vestiges?
Answer: his introduction

Question: What being is the one that discussed natural selection?
Answer: Darwin

Question: Where did those that follow darwin stand on transmutation of species?
Answer: familiar

Question: What was the point of natural selection?
Answer: change

Question: what was discussed in the passage?
Answer: Darwin's aims
On_the_Origin_of_Species

By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.

Question: What action is taken to use a jump rope?
Answer: jumps

Question: What version of evolutionary thinking says that it happens without going slowly over time?
Answer: orthogenesis

Question: What made people believe less in Darwinistic views on evolution?
Answer: inheritance

Question: What is neo-Darwinism?
Answer: natural selection was the only mechanism

Question: What did scientist come to believe in during the 19th century?
Answer: evolution

Question: How do you do something not on accident?
Answer: purposeful

Question: What did Mendelian inheritance do?
Answer: invalidated Darwin's views

Question: How popular was Weismann's theory?
Answer: minority

Question: When did saltationism appear?
Answer: the eclipse of Darwinism

Question: What did less people believe about evolution?
Answer: that natural selection was the only mechanism

Question: What is not a big deal?
Answer: minor
On_the_Origin_of_Species

The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).

Question: How did Huxley show that Owen was incorrect?
Answer: asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains

Question: what was parodied as the great hippopotamus test?
Answer: Great Hippocampus Question

Question: What rank was Owen at what he did?
Answer: leading

Question: What does Darwin's Decent of Man an explanation of?
Answer: human origins

Question: Who supported ordained becoming along with Owen, that were not anatomists?
Answer: Duke of Argyll

Question: who rejected natural selection but supported creation by birth?
Answer: Duke of Argyll

Question: When was the light shown on the human origin dispute they had been having?
Answer: British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting

Question: who asserted that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains?
Answer: Owen

Question: Who said apes don't have structure in their heads that human men would?
Answer: Owen

Question: what was the philosophy of the others?
Answer: humans shared a common ancestor with apes

Question: who bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin?
Answer: Owen

Question: who contested Owen's views that humans were a separate sub-class?
Answer: Huxley

Question: Who parodied the Great Hippopotamus Test?
Answer: The Water-Babies

Question: What did Richard Owen do for a living?
Answer: anatomist