UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Dog

In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.

Question: What is Canis familiaris?
Answer: the dingo

Question: What is a group that likes to use Canis familiaris?
Answer: internationally recognized researchers

Question: what year was mentioned in the first paragraph?
Answer: 2003

Question: How did the ICZN make a ruling about wild animal names?
Answer: in its Opinion 2027

Question: dingo is a?
Answer: dog

Question: what classes of animal is friendly to man?
Answer: domestic

Question: what is been disussed in the passage?
Answer: animals

Question: What do the names of wild animals and domesticated derivatives have in common?
Answer: scientific name

Question: What is related to a dog?
Answer: dingo

Question: What sort of researches used Canis familiaris?
Answer: internationally recognized

Question: What can users make a choice about?
Answer: name
Dog

Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.

Question: What performed worse than an Australian dingo at non-social problem solving?
Answer: domestic dogs

Question: What level of vocabulary did the working and herding dog know?
Answer: over 1,000 words

Question: Who knew more, Rico or Chaser?
Answer: Chaser

Question: How was the canine referred to who retained more than 200 things?
Answer: Rico

Question: What was Chaser's claim to fame?
Answer: learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words

Question: What's everything a dog can understand with people?
Answer: human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands

Question: Who knew less, Chaser or Rico?
Answer: Rico

Question: When modern domestic dogs have a problem, what is the source of their problem solving?
Answer: humans

Question: What is the method by which canines get information?
Answer: inference

Question: What help do domestic dogs seek when faced with an impossible task?
Answer: look at the human

Question: What other type of animals did dogs perform worse than?
Answer: socialized wolves

Question: What method was used to teach Rico a new object?
Answer: exclusion learning

Question: What type of proof is there about the abilities of Australian dingos?
Answer: compelling
Dog

Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.

Question: A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested is a?
Answer: hypothesis

Question: Dogs played a role in taming what?
Answer: wolf

Question: Which species evolved later, dog or wolf?
Answer: dog

Question: What animal is unlikely today to be a pet in a modern household?
Answer: wolf

Question: What can a canine's olfactory glands do?
Answer: assist with the hunt

Question: What sense assists canines with tracking animals?
Answer: smell

Question: Which group of hunters is less likely to be successful, the group with a dog or without a dog?
Answer: without a dog

Question: The process of taming a wild animal for personal or farm use is?
Answer: domestication

Question: The scientific name of Canis lupus familiaris is used for which animal?
Answer: dog

Question: Which species did not exist before domestication?
Answer: dog

Question: Measuring an objects quantitites as oppose to its qualities is given the adjective?
Answer: quantitative
Dog

Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.

Question: Which listed health condition contains the letter y twice?
Answer: hypothyroidism

Question: Which of the following is not a health condition that can affect humans: diabetes, epilepsy, or dogs?
Answer: Dogs

Question: What is the last health condition listed?
Answer: arthritis

Question: Which of the following is not a health condition that can affect humans: diabetes, cancer, or dogs?
Answer: Dogs

Question: Which being that is not a dog can die from hypothyroidism?
Answer: humans

Question: Which being that is not a dog can die from cancer?
Answer: humans

Question: Which being that is not a dog can die from diabetes?
Answer: humans

Question: Which being that is not a dog can die from heart problems?
Answer: humans

Question: Which being that is not a dog can die from dental problems?
Answer: humans
Dog

There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.

Question: What has having a dog become?
Answer: trends

Question: Besides including dogs in the concept of family and the home, what else has changed for dogs?
Answer: commodification

Question: Which trend, first or second would allow dogs to behave like themselves in personality and behavior
Answer: The second

Question: A dog that fetches the newspaper or sleeps at the foot of its owner could be examples of what?
Answer: commodification

Question: Which would the dogs find easier to do to, commodification or let dogs be as dogs
Answer: dogs-as-dogs

Question: What do owners require of dogs?
Answer: to conform to human expectations

Question: Which trend, first or second, would favor dogs to behave as expected by humans in everyday routines and practices
Answer: The first

Question: What should every house have?
Answer: dogs

Question: Rather than remaining stagnant, the status of pet dogs is what?
Answer: changing

Question: More and more, dogs are seen as part of what?
Answer: the family and the home

Question: What defines who should have a dog?
Answer: major trends
Dog

Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.

Question: Which of the following is not an example of a dog's coat type: short, curly, or selective breeding?
Answer: selective breeding

Question: Besides specific body types, what have people selected for in dog breeding?
Answer: behaviors

Question: Many breeds of dogs have this happen to their hair?
Answer: shed

Question: What is the longest that current breeds of dogs have generally been around?
Answer: a few hundred years

Question: If a dog has a blue coat, what color are they?
Answer: grays

Question: Which dog breed is taller, the Chihuahua or the Irish Wolfhound?
Answer: Irish Wolfhound

Question: Why are dogs bred?
Answer: functional roles

Question: How do humans play a role in breeding dogs?
Answer: artificially selected

Question: Which of the following is not an example of a dog's color: white, black, or centimetres?
Answer: centimetres

Question: Which of the following is not an example of a dog breed: Chihuahua, Irish Wolfhound, or morphological variation?
Answer: morphological variation
Dog

While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.

Question: Who is known to have all the information on dog types and breeds?
Answer: modern kennel clubs

Question: What do kennel clubs do?
Answer: non-scientific classifications of dogs

Question: What role does genetics play in dogs?
Answer: characteristics

Question: What are groupings of dogs that have clusters of characteristics that make them unique when compared to other types of dogs?
Answer: breeds

Question: What sort of groups are in charge of the information about dog breeds?
Answer: modern kennel clubs

Question: What are function, characteristics and genetics grouped into?
Answer: broad categories

Question: In addition to DNA and physical features, what else can be used to lump dogs into general groupings?
Answer: function
Dog

Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.

Question: What is the British spelling of odor?
Answer: odour

Question: What award did Daisy win?
Answer: Blue Cross (for pets) Medal

Question: What is an indicator of a problem maintaining normal insulin levels?
Answer: blood glucose level

Question: What did Daisy do that saved lives?
Answer: detected 551 cancer patients

Question: Who might sniff my crotch and tell me if I have prostate cancer?
Answer: Daisy

Question: What does a dog have to do to be able to start detecting cancer?
Answer: train

Question: How many diseases does each dog detect?
Answer: single disease

Question: What did Daisy do that earned her the medal?
Answer: detected 551 cancer patients

Question: What makes a dog able to pick up scents faster and further than a human could?
Answer: Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million

Question: If I don't die of liver failure from drinking while working on MTurk or having a heart attack from trying to beat this accursed AI, what might still get me in the end?
Answer: cancer

Question: Why do dogs have a more sensitive sense of smell than humans?
Answer: Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million

Question: What kind of animals have a very large olfactory cortex compared to humans?
Answer: dogs

Question: 500 plus 50 plus just one more equals what?
Answer: 551

Question: What is Daisy's profession?
Answer: Medical detection dogs

Question: Sniffing a person or their urine can help with what for dogs?
Answer: detecting

Question: Daisy got the Blue Cross award, with what specification?
Answer: for pets

Question: The 93 percent is accuracy is from what?
Answer: A Labrador Retriever

Question: In addition to police, what other types of professions can dogs help?
Answer: Medical
Dog

There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.

Question: Which of the following is not a dog breed, curled or Braque du Bourbonnais?
Answer: curled

Question: What is the second type of dog tail shape mentioned?
Answer: straight up

Question: Which of the following is not a dog tail shape: straight, sickle, or Braque du Bourbonnais?
Answer: Braque du Bourbonnais

Question: What does communicating their emotional state help dogs with?
Answer: getting along with others

Question: What is it called when a dog's tail is removed to prevent injury?
Answer: docked

Question: Which of the following is not a type of dog tail shape: straight up, sickle, or hunting dogs?
Answer: hunting dogs

Question: What is the third type of dog tail shape mentioned?
Answer: sickle

Question: What do dogs use to indicate their emotional state?
Answer: tails

Question: What kind of dogs usually have docked tails?
Answer: hunting

Question: What are some puppy breeds born without tails?
Answer: Braque du Bourbonnais
Dog

The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.

Question: What kind of animal is friendly?
Answer: dogs

Question: If were to read the study and didn't like dogs, what part would change my mind?
Answer: making them friendly social pets to humans

Question: what test produced or unearth the reason for the strong bond between men and dogs
Answer: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question: What conclusion is drawn based on the evidence presented?
Answer: the ability to recognize emotional human sounds

Question: what was the technique used in the study?
Answer: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
Answer: dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so

Question: What makes dogs able to recognize emotional human sounds?
Answer: dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans

Question: what can be classified as mens best  pal?
Answer: dogs

Question: what is a dog to man?
Answer: friendly social pets
Dog

Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.

Question: Which animal is more like a dog, hyenas or alligators?
Answer: hyenas

Question: Dog owners must be cautious of what animal known for its laugh-like call?
Answer: hyenas

Question: what types of creatures are mentioned first?
Answer: Coyotes

Question: what types of creatures are mentioned third?
Answer: dogs

Question: Besides leopards, what big cat attacks dogs?
Answer: Tigers

Question: Who would likely win in a fight between a dog and a leopard?
Answer: Leopards

Question: What is the closest relative of a dog that poses a great threat to it?
Answer: Coyotes

Question: Besides hyenas, what wild dogs kill other dogs?
Answer: Coyotes

Question: What kind of animal is a leopard?
Answer: big cats

Question: what is the first place mentioned?
Answer: Manchuria

Question: What legless creature might consume a dog?
Answer: pythons

Question: What mammal group not related to dogs poses a deadly threat to dogs?
Answer: big cats

Question: what types of creatures are mentioned second?
Answer: big cats

Question: What striped creature that is not a hyena might attack dogs?
Answer: Tigers

Question: what is the second place mentioned?
Answer: Indochina
Dog

Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.

Question: What gender of bulldog has mating problems?
Answer: Male

Question: What is difficult for a breed because of its size in this situation?
Answer: mounting the female

Question: What has selective breeding done to French Bulldogs that makes it impossible to mate?
Answer: Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female

Question: What has been negatively affected by selective breeding?
Answer: French Bulldogs

Question: Why can't male French bulldogs breed?
Answer: incapable of mounting the female

Question: If people like a feature a dog has, how can they replicate this?
Answer: selective breeding

Question: How does breeding french bulldogs differ from other breeds?
Answer: the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce

Question: Why ultimately made is hard for male bulldogs to breed?
Answer: selective breeding

Question: What is an acquired trait that make breeding hard for these dogs mentioned?
Answer: incapable of mounting the female

Question: Why did male French bulldogs begin having problems breeding?
Answer: acquired traits through selective breeding

Question: What kind of traits can be acquired?
Answer: interfere with reproduction

Question: Why are some traits acquired?
Answer: selective breeding
Dog

Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.

Question: What has an occasional blaze on their chest?
Answer: Domestic dogs

Question: What is the characteristic of countershading?
Answer: natural

Question: What is a blaze of white fur on the chest or underside of a dog?
Answer: countershading

Question: What is a stripe of white fur on the underside of a dog?
Answer: countershading

Question: What patterns can be found on a countershaded dog?
Answer: "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur

Question: How does countershading camouflages
Answer: reduces its general visibility

Question: What is the trick of countershading?
Answer: coloring

Question: Why is a countershaded animal not easily seen?
Answer: have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below

Question: Why do some dogs have stripes?
Answer: countershading

Question: What coloring is on a countershaded dogs stomach?
Answer: light

Question: How atypical is countershading?
Answer: common natural

Question: What kinds of dogs sometimes have a shape of white fur on their undersides?
Answer: Domestic dogs
Richmond,_Virginia

Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry Nuclear Generating Station, as well as a coal-fired station in Chester, Virginia. These three plants provide a total of 4,453 megawatts of power. Several other natural gas plants provide extra power during times of peak demand. These include facilities in Chester, and Surry, and two plants in Richmond (Gravel Neck and Darbytown).

Question: What is the difference between the plants?
Answer: Nuclear Generating

Question: What are backup stations using?
Answer: natural gas

Question: Where are the auxillary stations?
Answer: These include facilities in Chester, and Surry, and two plants in Richmond (Gravel Neck and Darbytown)

Question: Where does the power come from?
Answer: Dominion Virginia Power

Question: Where does Richmond get electricity besides North Anna Nuclear Generating Station?
Answer: Surry Nuclear Generating Station, as well as a coal-fired station in Chester, Virginia

Question: What places proved power besides Richmond?
Answer: Chester, and Surry

Question: In the event I needed to speak to the CEO, where would I find him?
Answer: Richmond

Question: Where does the company pull resources from?
Answer: Chester, Virginia

Question: Where does Richmond get energy besides Surry Nuclear Generating Station and a coal fired station?
Answer: North Anna Nuclear Generating Station

Question: If additional resources are needed where does the company seek them?
Answer: facilities in Chester, and Surry, and two plants in Richmond

Question: How wide an area does Dominion service?
Answer: nine states

Question: What are other forms of power in Richmond?
Answer: coal-fired station

Question: Where does Richmond get energy besides North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and a coal fired station?
Answer: Surry Nuclear Generating Station

Question: Who benefits from Dominion Virginia Power's services?
Answer: customers in nine states