UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Lighting

Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.

Question: What intangible object is central to the proper functioning of a lighting fixture?
Answer: safety codes

Question: What important criteria would a lighting fixture made of paper fail to meet?
Answer: tolerate the excess heat

Question: What might be pleasing to look at?
Answer: Lighting fixtures

Question: What is the condition for the material. employed in lighting fixtures?
Answer: it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes

Question: What is the most important consideration in the operational design of a lighting fixture?
Answer: tolerate the excess heat

Question: What is the range in styles for lighting fixtures?
Answer: Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves

Question: What kinds of materials can lighting fixtures be made from?
Answer: Nearly any material

Question: Humans suffer when a lighting fixture produces what?
Answer: visual glare

Question: What possibilies are there for the make up of lighting fixtures?
Answer: Nearly any material can be used

Question: What are the objects that are holders for the light source?
Answer: Lighting fixtures

Question: The criteria for the make up of a lighting fixture is what?
Answer: it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes

Question: What kind of objects could be pieces of art in themselves?
Answer: Lighting fixtures

Question: Lighting fixtures that are not plain may be considered to be what?
Answer: art

Question: What is meant to keep a light source in place?
Answer: Lighting fixtures

Question: What is one property of the styles used by lighting fixtures?
Answer: wide variety

Question: What kind of functions do lighting fixtures have?
Answer: various

Question: What needs to be able to withstand high temperatures?
Answer: fixtures

Question: What occurs to the output of a light source in a lighting fixture?
Answer: directed
Lighting

The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.

Question: What is the exception to the less bright form being a type of light meant to illuminate broadly?
Answer: a dark nightclub

Question: Where can you find art used for normal illumination?
Answer: a dark nightclub

Question: What place are you most likely to find neon?
Answer: a dark nightclub

Question: What is neon considered in an indoor setting?
Answer: general lighting

Question: What's the earliest decade that bright tops of rooms were in fashion?
Answer: 1960s

Question: If you wanted lights with an artistic flair, what would you search for?
Answer: neon

Question: What kind of lighting would a nightclub use?
Answer: neon

Question: A thing that lost luster was?
Answer: illuminated ceiling

Question: What type of illuminated ceiling wasn't used so much for seeing broadly throughout the whole room?
Answer: neon

Question: What was the next to last decade that lights high in a room enjoyed popularity?
Answer: 1970s

Question: Why does something dangle from above?
Answer: general lighting

Question: When did many people start preferring brighter rooms?
Answer: 1960s
Lighting

In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics.

Question: Solid state lighting has increased because of what?
Answer: (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading

Question: Solid state lighting uses what?
Answer: light emitting diodes

Question: The production and release of an item is referred to as emitting, but it can be also called?
Answer: emission

Question: A device that transfers light between a source and a target but does not produce an image is described as?
Answer: nonimaging

Question: Particles that are released from a flashlight are called?
Answer: light

Question: What has led to an increase in solid state lighting?
Answer: (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient

Question: LED stands for what?
Answer: light emitting diodes

Question: What make the optimal transfer of light?
Answer: nonimaging optics

Question: A device that is measured to produce an output with minimal energy loss is said to be highly what?
Answer: efficient

Question: How do LEDs contribute to the energy saving?
Answer: becoming increasingly efficient

Question: LED is short for what?
Answer: light emitting diodes

Question: What does solid state lighting use?
Answer: light emitting diodes

Question: What is the recent trend in the lighting market?
Answer: extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting

Question: Two terminals components that produces a current in one direction are called?
Answer: diodes
Lighting

From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.

Question: What is something that is used to trick the enemy?
Answer: Shadows are good places to hide

Question: What is light coming from behind you called?
Answer: backlight

Question: How does this change the conditions?
Answer: Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed

Question: From a military standpoint, what benefit does having the emissions of the star around which the Earth revolves or the emissions of manmade items mimicking that star in a position anterior to a soldier offer?
Answer: giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight

Question: What can using light expose in battle?
Answer: hidden position

Question: How do you confuse the enemy?
Answer: fight with the Sun or other light source behind you

Question: Why does the presence of light in certain areas of a battlefield present a problem from a military standpoint?
Answer: bright areas are more exposed

Question: How has the night vision changed over time in battle?
Answer: increased

Question: What are other ways to use this tactic?
Answer: If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used

Question: How important is lighting to conditions on the battlefield?
Answer: critical

Question: On a battlefield, should the light be behind you or the enemy?
Answer: you

Question: What is a benefit for the army?
Answer: lighting

Question: What element of physics proves itself to be a major negative factor in military operations?
Answer: Shadows

Question: From a military standpoint, where should the emissions of the star around which the Earth revolves or the emissions of manmade items mimicking that star be to help ensure victory?
Answer: behind you

Question: Why does the absence of light in certain areas of a battlefield present a problem from a military standpoint?
Answer: Shadows are good places to hide
Lighting

With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture".

Question: What was used in a prehistoric lamp to draw up oil?
Answer: fiber wick

Question: What lead to artificial lighting?
Answer: the discovery of fire

Question: What was needed to sustain the fire?
Answer: fuel

Question: What strange natural was used as a lamp after a wick was placed in it?
Answer: birds and fish

Question: How were oil lamps created by primitive people?
Answer: rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick

Question: What was used in a prehistoric lamp that rose through the wick to provide the fire?
Answer: grease

Question: What provided a concentrated flame?
Answer: fiber wick

Question: What was used as light in prehistoric times that might be shunned today?
Answer: Oily animals

Question: If I found a hollowed out stone in a cave that had been used as a lamp, where might I be?
Answer: Lascaux caves

Question: Which caves showed devices that were used to produces fires?
Answer: Lascaux caves
Lighting

Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.

Question: Which of the following groups is NOT affected by natural light: students, facilities, or the elderly?
Answer: facilities

Question: What is shown by the light?
Answer: emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used

Question: What are the benefits of specific types of light?
Answer: greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance

Question: What happens when something changes in the system?
Answer: disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments

Question: What kind of light source would you use to analyze quality of light?
Answer: natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light

Question: What should be considered?
Answer: spectral content if artificial light is to be used

Question: What does the analysis show?
Answer: that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules

Question: What kind of disease is affected by the circadian system?
Answer: breast cancer

Question: Which of the following is NOT caused by circadian disruption: breast cancer, Alzheimer's Disease, or delayed sleep phase syndrome?
Answer: Alzheimer's Disease

Question: How will using more natural light benefit us?
Answer: health

Question: What type of lighting doesn't involve spectral content analysis?
Answer: natural
Computer

In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved.

Question: How was DARPA established?
Answer: computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology

Question: Without who would the project not be possible?
Answer: ARPA

Question: What is one of the components of arpanet?
Answer: computers

Question: Having provided money to a project with a specific purpose in mind is referred to as?
Answer: funded

Question: what part of science receive boost after the project?
Answer: telecommunications

Question: ARPANET is named after?
Answer: ARPA

Question: To extend or apply to a surface in an even layer is called what verb?
Answer: spread

Question: Who created ARPANET?
Answer: computer engineers

Question: Arpanet was created by?
Answer: computer engineers

Question: Advanced Research Projects Agency refers to which acronym?
Answer: ARPA

Question: Leonardo Da Vinci and Alfred Nobel were famous what?
Answer: engineers

Question: A loop in a chain is called a?
Answer: link

Question: Arpanet is a type of?
Answer: technology
Computer

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are generally considered as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from electronic toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

Question: Not only are modern computers more capable, they also can do fit what else?
Answer: occupy a fraction of the space

Question: What significant change has improved new computers over original models
Answer: integrated circuits

Question: What are the most widely used types of modern computers
Answer: embedded computers

Question: A smartphone may also be referred to as what type of device?
Answer: mobile

Question: A young child age 1 to 4 would likely be given what kind of present for Christmas?
Answer: electronic toys

Question: Embedded computers are found in various devices, what is a likely example that those in the manufacturing industry will not have access to?
Answer: fighter aircraft

Question: Objects with resistors, transistors, and where a current can flow are?
Answer: circuits

Question: The batteries powering mobile computers would be considered to be what kind?
Answer: small

Question: What s one convenience of modern computers
Answer: occupy a fraction of the space

Question: What era are the computers considered that are more capable then their ancestors?
Answer: Modern

Question: A diamond set in a golden ring is said to be what?
Answer: embedded
Computer

These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL.

Question: What language is an brand of Informix?
Answer: 4GL

Question: Which languages are harder
Answer: 3G

Question: What needs direct help
Answer: 3G

Question: SQL is synonymous with this language?
Answer: 4G

Question: The latter version of these languages are more fluid in the official way they function?
Answer: 4G languages

Question: SQL is more user friendly and can help people who are not programmers, but SQL can also be used in what?
Answer: 4GL

Question: A definite plus of the 4GL is that it can gather info without having to immediately link to this person for aid?
Answer: programmer

Question: The earlier version of these languages are less fluid  in the official way they function?
Answer: 3G languages

Question: What is fourth generation language?
Answer: 4GL

Question: Who uses 3G languages
Answer: programmer

Question: What is not a 3G language
Answer: SQL

Question: 4GL does require a programmer but what does this article say about it?
Answer: without requiring the direct help of a programmer

Question: If you used syntax such as "select date from table where x = y", what would that be called?
Answer: SQL
Computer

Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.

Question: How does a program break out of the repetition of a task?
Answer: some internal condition is met

Question: How is a computer program like a book
Answer: jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest

Question: Why might a person reading a book doesn't read a section of it?
Answer: not of interest

Question: Why might it be easier for us to repeat tasks using a computer?
Answer: perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention

Question: What example does the text use to explain a computer program
Answer: reading a book

Question: What part of reading is similar to the flow control of a program?
Answer: at times jump back to an earlier place in the text

Question: What process should not happen in the scenario?
Answer: human intervention

Question: What is implemented in a Sisyphean way?
Answer: the instructions

Question: Who is the technology imitating?
Answer: a person

Question: When does a program stop
Answer: some internal condition is met

Question: What action might be quintessential in both reading a book and executing a program?
Answer: read
Computer

Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.

Question: A laptop is a type of?
Answer: machines

Question: How difficult is it for the average user to obtain multiprocessing configuration technology?
Answer: widely available

Question: What do supercomputers usually contain inside of them?
Answer: several CPUs

Question: What types of massive computer used to be associated with multiprocessors and multi cores?
Answer: supercomputers

Question: What would surprise computer gurus of decades ago to see happen now?
Answer: Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration

Question: What was once only found in large computers?
Answer: several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration

Question: What refers to many things that are related?
Answer: Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs

Question: A server is a type of?
Answer: machines

Question: What makes computers available to all income ranges?
Answer: increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result

Question: What do computers used as servers contain?
Answer: several CPUs

Question: What has the improvements in multiprocessing configuration led to?
Answer: Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available

Question: What was once found only in large machines?
Answer: several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration

Question: What is the main characteristic of multiprocessing configuration?
Answer: multiple CPUs

Question: A computer is a type of?
Answer: machines

Question: What are usually found in mainframe computers?
Answer: several CPUs

Question: What technological process is now being used in smaller computers?
Answer: distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration
Computer

Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation. The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’ was the first specification for such a device. John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania, also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945.

Question: What did Turing call the computer he was developing?
Answer: Electronic Calculator

Question: What was done to change how a computing machine worked?
Answer: re-wiring and re-structuring

Question: What is required for a stored-program computer to operate?
Answer: memory

Question: What is stored in memory?
Answer: instruction set

Question: How did this change?
Answer: A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation

Question: What was needed to make the early machines work?
Answer: fixed programs

Question: __ worked on the Manhattan Project.
Answer: John von Neumann

Question: __ wrote a book called The Computer and the Brain.
Answer: John von Neumann

Question: What type of item was the EDVAC?
Answer: stored-program digital computer

Question: Who worked at the Upenn?
Answer: John von Neumann

Question: __ pioneered the application of operator theory.
Answer: John von Neumann

Question: When did Turing begin his work?
Answer: 1936

Question: When did this change?
Answer: 1936
Computer

A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

Question: Where might one find a program counter?
Answer: CPUs

Question: How essential is a program counter to a CPU?
Answer: key component

Question: Where is the program counter
Answer: register

Question: Which computers have program counters
Answer: all

Question: what is the third word in the first paragraph ?
Answer: component

Question: How does a computer know what to do next
Answer: program counter

Question: What part of a central processing unit keeps track of where the next instruction should be read from?
Answer: program counter

Question: what is the last word in the paragraph?
Answer: from

Question: What part of the CPU is responsible for memory locations?
Answer: program counter

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: CPUs

Question: what is the fourth word in the first paragraph?
Answer: common

Question: If a CPU is running correctly and instructions are being read in the correct order, what can be assumed is working correctly?
Answer: program counter