UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Qing_dynasty

China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well, so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people. Soon all available farmland was used up, forcing peasants to work ever-smaller and more intensely worked plots. The Qianlong Emperor once bemoaned the country's situation by remarking "The population continues to grow, but the land does not." The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria, where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland. The emperor decreed for the first time that Han Chinese civilians were forbidden to settle. Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into neidi (the Han Chinese 18 provinces) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing.

Question: Why wouldn't the emperor allow the Han Chinese to settle?
Answer: The population continues to grow, but the land does not

Question: When did China start to suffer overpopulation?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Why were the Chinese able to increase in numbers?
Answer: prosperity and internal stability

Question: Who helped improve food supply?
Answer: Americas

Question: Where was the Manchu homeland?
Answer: Jilin and Heilongjiang

Question: Who controlled the remaining farmland?
Answer: Manchu

Question: What were the Chinese learning to grow?
Answer: potato and peanut

Question: Who were given punishments for crossing borders?
Answer: Mongols
Qing_dynasty

The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) and Dungan Revolt (1862–77) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a ruthless but capable leader. When, in response to the violently anti-foreign Yihetuan ("Boxers"), foreign powers invaded China, the Empress Dowager declared war on them, leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an.

Question: Which happened first, the First Sino-Japanese War or the Hundred Days' Reform?
Answer: First Sino-Japanese War

Question: Which came first, the First Sino-Japanese war or the Hundred Days' Reform?
Answer: First Sino-Japanese War of 1895

Question: Which happened first, the Taiping Rebellion or the Hundred Days' Reform?
Answer: Taiping Rebellion

Question: Which happened first, the Dungan Revolt or the Hundred Days' Reform?
Answer: Dungan Revolt

Question: Which came first, Qianlong Emperor or Tongzhi Restoration?
Answer: Qianlong Emperor

Question: Which of the following did not decline under the Qianlong Emperor's reign: prosperity, foreign control or changes in the world system?
Answer: changes in the world system

Question: What eventually happened to the Empress Dowager Cixi's empire?
Answer: defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an

Question: Which of the following was never the ruler of China: Empress Dowager Cixi, rebels, or the Qianlong Emperor?
Answer: rebels

Question: Which happened first, the Opium War or the Taiping Rebellion?
Answer: Opium War

Question: What was one of the events that helped lead to the deaths of 20 million people: Dungan Revolt or The First Sino-Japanese War?
Answer: Dungan Revolt

Question: What did the European leaders unequally impose after the Opium War: free trade or taxes?
Answer: free trade

Question: Why did Cixi declare war?
Answer: foreign powers invaded China
Qing_dynasty

First, the Yongying system signaled the end of Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment. Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources, henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government's de facto first-line troops. Second, the Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders, weakening central government's grip on the whole country. Finally, the nature of Yongying command structure fostered nepotism and cronyism amongst its commanders, who laid the seeds of regional warlordism in the first half of the 20th century.

Question: What was a negative point, not taking into account the central government's grip, of the Qing government's de facto first-line troops before changing their name?
Answer: nepotism and cronyism amongst its commanders, who laid the seeds of regional warlordism in the first half of the 20th century

Question: Who was a cost with no benefits?
Answer: the Banners and Green Standard

Question: Who was a cost with no benefit besides the Green Standard?
Answer: Banners

Question: Why did the Yonging Corps change their structure to the Quing Government's de Facto First-Line troops taking into account money issues only?
Answer: Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders, weakening central government's grip on the whole country

Question: What disappeared as a result of Yongying system?
Answer: Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment

Question: Whom were the Yongying corps loyal to?
Answer: regional commanders

Question: Who commanded in Qing dynasty?
Answer: Manchu

Question: Why did the government lose its hold the nation?
Answer: Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders

Question: How were the Qing Goverment's de facto first-line troops sustained before changing their name?
Answer: through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders

Question: What was Qing's orignial military foundation?
Answer: the Banners and Green Standard armies

Question: What did Yongying do to the higher ups?
Answer: fostered nepotism and cronyism amongst its commanders

Question: Which one was not good to central government, Banners and Green, or Yongying?
Answer: Yongying
Qing_dynasty

The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and censorate, or surveillance. Each province was administered by a governor (巡撫, xunfu) and a provincial military commander (提督, tidu). Below the province were prefectures (府, fu) operating under a prefect (知府, zhīfǔ), followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a county magistrate. The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of viceroy or governor-general (總督, zongdu) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight.

Question: What are two ways to write "prefectures" in Chinese?
Answer: 府, fu

Question: What does 巡撫 mean in English?
Answer: governor

Question: Who had the lowest rank in the Qing system?
Answer: county magistrate

Question: How did the system get its inspiration?
Answer: the Ming dynasty

Question: What does 提督 mean in English?
Answer: provincial military commander

Question: How many provinces did each viceroy rule?
Answer: two or three

Question: What are the Chinese symbols for the word viceroy or governor-general?
Answer: 總督

Question: What is another term for viceroy?
Answer: governor-general

Question: What does 府 mean in English?
Answer: prefectures

Question: What are the Chinese symbols for the word prefect?
Answer: 知府

Question: How did the systems differ?
Answer: later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces

Question: Where else did the Qing draw from?
Answer: the Yuan

Question: Wheere was the capital?
Answer: Zhili

Question: What are two ways to write "governor" in Chinese?
Answer: 巡撫, xunfu

Question: What was a position of rpestige?
Answer: The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight
Qing_dynasty

To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan was eventually killed in the Dzungar–Qing War. In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of Taiwan from Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Koxinga, who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing. Zheng Keshuang was awarded the title "Duke Haicheng" (海澄公) and was inducted into the Han Chinese Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners when he moved to Beijing. Several Ming princes had accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1661-1662, including the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓), son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan in 1683 back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile since their lives were spared from execution. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for series of battles over Albazin, the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia. Zheng's former soldiers on Taiwan like the rattan shield troops were also inducted into the Eight Banners and used by the Qing against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. After Galdan's death, his followers, as adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, attempted to control the choice of the next Dalai Lama. Kangxi dispatched two armies to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.

Question: Who was exiled in 1683?
Answer: 17 Ming princes

Question: Who surrendered on behalf of Taiwan?
Answer: Zheng Keshuang

Question: How was power consolidated?
Answer: a series of military campaigns

Question: Who ended up being awarded a title?
Answer: Zheng Keshuang

Question: The awarded title was also written how?
Answer: 海澄公

Question: The Eight Banners decided to include who?
Answer: rattan shield troops

Question: Who was in Taiwan for almost two decades?
Answer: Ming princes

Question: The Dzungar-Qing War had who as a casuality?
Answer: Galdan

Question: What happened after Galdan's death?
Answer: Galdan
Qing_dynasty

These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade–Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title "Tongzhi" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent.

Question: Who was emperor first, Cixi's five-year-old son or Cixi's nephew?
Answer: son

Question: What made the "Tongzhi" title obsolete within a decade?
Answer: Ci'an suddenly died

Question: Why was the "Tongzhi" title no longer accurate within a decade?
Answer: Ci'an suddenly died

Question: What made the "Tongzhi" title inaccurate within a decade?
Answer: Ci'an suddenly died

Question: Who was emperor second, Xianfeng or Tongzhi?
Answer: Tongzhi

Question: How old was the empress that served as regent with Empress Cixi when she passed away?
Answer: forty-three

Question: Who died first, the emperor or Ci'an?
Answer: Emperor

Question: What is the english meaning of the title Empress Dowager Cixi used between 1861 and 1873?
Answer: ruling together

Question: Who is the mother of the Tongzhi Emperor?
Answer: Empress Dowager Cixi

Question: What was Cixi's title in the 73rd year of the 9th century?
Answer: Tongzhi

Question: What was the name of the person who joined in on the coup with Xianfeng's empress?
Answer: Prince Gong

Question: What was the name of the person that Tongzhi or Guanzxu belong to their blood line?
Answer: Empress Dowager Cixi

Question: What, in the article, happened in the 75th year of the 19th century?
Answer: the emperor's death

Question: What, in the article, happened in the 81st year of the 19th century?
Answer: Ci'an suddenly died
Comcast

On February 12, 2014, the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $45.2 billion. On February 13, it was reported that Time Warner Cable agreed to the acquisition. This was to add several metropolitan areas to the Comcast portfolio, such as New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Charlotte, San Diego, and San Antonio. Time Warner Cable and Comcast aimed to merge into one company by the end of 2014 and both have praised the deal, emphasizing the increased capabilities of a combined telecommunications network, and to "create operating efficiencies and economies of scale".

Question: Which Ohio cities were metropolitan areas in the COmcast portfolio?
Answer: Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati

Question: When did Time Warner Cable and Comcast seek to combine?
Answer: by the end of 2014

Question: Was it the 12th or 13th that the deal was made?
Answer: February 13

Question: How many cities in Comcast's portfolio at the time began with the letter C?
Answer: Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Charlotte

Question: What happened a couple of days before Valentine's Day in 2014?
Answer: the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $45.2 billion

Question: What happened two days before Valentine's Day in 2014?
Answer: the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $45.2 billion

Question: How did they feel about the deal?
Answer: both have praised the deal

Question: Which North Carolina city was a metropolitan area in the Comcast portfolio?
Answer: Charlotte

Question: What made the deal's business purpose so compelling?
Answer: increased capabilities of a combined telecommunications network
Comcast

In 1963, Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners, Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky, purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent, Jerrold Electronics, for US $500,000. At the time, American Cable was a small cable operator in Tupelo, Mississippi, with five channels and 12,000 customers. Storecast Corporation of America, a product placement supermarket specialist marketing firm, was purchased by American Cable in 1965. With Storecast being a Muzak client, American Cable purchased its first Muzak franchise of many in Orlando, Florida.

Question: What country is Orlando in?
Answer: America

Question: What happened in the 63rd year of the 20th century?
Answer: Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners, Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky, purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent, Jerrold Electronics, for US $500,000

Question: What kind of company was Jerrold Electronics to American Cable Systems?
Answer: parent

Question: Which of the following was not a business partner of Ralph J. Roberts: Julian A. Brodsky or Tupelo?
Answer: Tupelo

Question: What happened in the 65th year of the 20th century?
Answer: Storecast Corporation of America, a product placement supermarket specialist marketing firm, was purchased by American Cable

Question: What, in the article, was exchanged for half a million US dollars?
Answer: American Cable Systems

Question: Where was Storecast located?
Answer: America

Question: Which of the following was not a business partner of Ralph J. Roberts: Daniel Aaron or Mississippi?
Answer: Mississippi

Question: Did American Cable have more channels or customers?
Answer: customers

Question: Where is Mississippi?
Answer: America

Question: Where is Florida?
Answer: America

Question: Which was not purchased in 1963, American Cable Systems or Storecast Corporation of America?
Answer: Storecast Corporation of America
Comcast

On February 11, 2004, Comcast announced a $54 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company, as well as taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt. The deal would have made Comcast the largest media conglomerate in the world. However, after rejection by Disney and uncertain response from investors, the bid was abandoned in April. The main reason for the buyout attempt was so that Comcast could acquire Disney's 80 percent stake in ESPN, which a Comcast executive called "the most important and valuable asset" that Disney owned.

Question: what was the second to last organization mentioned?
Answer: Comcast

Question: To what did Comcast really want access?
Answer: ESPN

Question: How did investors feel about the bid?
Answer: uncertain

Question: what is the first organization mentioned?
Answer: Comcast

Question: what was the last amount mentioned?
Answer: 80 percent

Question: What did Comcast really want to procure?
Answer: ESPN

Question: What response did Comcast receive from Disney?
Answer: rejection

Question: what is the second group mentioned mentioned?
Answer: The Walt Disney Company

Question: What was called Disney's most valuable asset?
Answer: 80 percent stake in ESPN

Question: what was the last organization mentioned?
Answer: Disney

Question: Why did Comcast want to acquire Disney?
Answer: so that Comcast could acquire Disney's 80 percent stake in ESPN

Question: What did Comcast attempt to do to Disney?
Answer: buyout

Question: How did the deal between Comcast and Disney end?
Answer: rejection
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Question: How is the system significant?
Answer: Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo

Question: Which national satellites will apparently have to request license to use COMPASS bands?
Answer: Europe's

Question: In what aspect is the coincidence of broadcast bands disadvantageous?
Answer: inter-system interference

Question: Who is likely to get priority for the E2 band?
Answer: Chinese

Question: What is the difference in the systems?
Answer: The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies

Question: What area has to take a back seat to the rights holder?
Answer: Europe

Question: Who has priority to the frequencies?
Answer: Chinese COMPASS satellites

Question: How is the order decided?
Answer: International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies

Question: Which of the following is not a band of frequencies: E1, ITU, or E5B?
Answer: ITU

Question: In what aspect is the coincidence of broadcast bands advantageous?
Answer: receiver design

Question: Which are the least vulnerable bands for multinational impingement?
Answer: E5B, and E6

Question: Which of the following is not an organization: ITU or Galileo?
Answer: Galileo
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:

Question: Who would best be qualified to give specific information regarding the how the conception happened and the device will operate?
Answer: Chen Fangyun and his colleagues

Question: Who assisted in the development of the project?
Answer: his colleagues

Question: This was started around the?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What leads you to believe there would be more information coming or information was cut off?
Answer: the development of the system would be carried out in three steps

Question: Chen is?
Answer: Chinese

Question: Who would direct the director?
Answer: China National Space Administration

Question: Who was in charge of the people assisting?
Answer: Chen Fangyun

Question: Satellites go into?
Answer: Space

Question: Other than the main guy, who had the original idea for the Chinese satellite navigation system?
Answer: his colleagues

Question: Who is in chage of the navigation system in the largest Communist Asian country that is based upon objects in space?
Answer: the China National Space Administration