UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Frédéric_Chopin

Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand.

Question: What happened first at 12am in the fall?
Answer: the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly

Question: Which of the following people was related to Chopin: Ludwika, Thoma Albrecht, or Solange?
Answer: Ludwika

Question: Which of the following people did not provide music for Chopin's funeral: Potocka, Franchomme, or Chopin?
Answer: Chopin

Question: Which of the following people was highest in status: Princess Marcelina, Thomas Albrecht, or Solange?
Answer: Princess Marcelina

Question: Who is Sand's in-law?
Answer: Solange's husband Clésinger

Question: Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello not by their own accord, but because it was what?
Answer: his request

Question: Who is Solange's parent?
Answer: Sand

Question: Who did Sand's child wed?
Answer: Clésinger

Question: Which is not a last name, Chopin or Solange?
Answer: Solange
Frédéric_Chopin

In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.

Question: Who is not a royal: Queen Victoria, Jenny Lind, or Prince Albert?
Answer: Jenny Lind

Question: Where were vocals added to the piano music?
Answer: At a concert on 7 July

Question: Which of the following was not a member of the aristocracy: Chopin, Queen Victoria or Prince Albert?
Answer: Chopin

Question: How did Chopin get gigs?
Answer: Broadwood

Question: What else did Chopin offer, besides concerts?
Answer: piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals

Question: What would have been a cheaper way to see Chopin play in person?
Answer: piano lessons

Question: Which cost more, piano lessons or private recitals?
Answer: private recitals

Question: Who is not a musician: Jenny Lind, Chopin, or Stafford?
Answer: Stafford

Question: Who has Chopin performed beside?
Answer: Viardot

Question: How did Prince Albert try to learn from Chopin?
Answer: moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique

Question: How would I know if I could get Chopin to teach me to play the flute?
Answer: Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons

Question: What instrument did Chopin play: piano or mazurkas?
Answer: piano

Question: What might suggest that Chopin had a high opinion of his skills?
Answer: charged the high fee

Question: Who does the excerpt mainly focus on?
Answer: Chopin

Question: Which currency was used to pay Chopin?
Answer: guineas

Question: Which of the following is not a musician: Jenny Lind, Chopin or Stafford?
Answer: Stafford
Frédéric_Chopin

In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]

Question: What resulted from the move?
Answer: In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n

Question: The family moved, what could have triggered such a move to the Palace?
Answer: death

Question: The Chopin Family also known as what received their own what?
Answer: (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum

Question: How did the move impact his life?
Answer: Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century

Question: What feature did they leave near?
Answer: the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście

Question: The students at the boarding house had what in common that is the last thing mentioned?
Answer: male

Question: What impacted the artist's life?
Answer: the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n

Question: What part of the country did they leave?
Answer: from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace

Question: Who was not pictured in the family portraits done by Ambroży Mieroszewski in 1829?
Answer: Emilia

Question: In what way was his family's business preserved for the future?
Answer: became a museum in the 20th century

Question: Before leaving Warsaw when did Chopin first become immortalized in art?
Answer: 1829

Question: How far away did they move?
Answer: across the street

Question: At what address did Chopin live until 1830?
Answer: the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście

Question: Before he left Warsaw, who immortalized Chopin in art?
Answer: Ambroży Mieroszewski
Frédéric_Chopin

In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace." Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: "Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm." He further stated: "One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity." The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.

Question: What peculiarity in Chopin's technique was different from the one other artists back in 1841?
Answer: His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique

Question: Which of the following did Escudier not attribute to Chopin: originality, dexterity or grace?
Answer: dexterity

Question: What type of playing did Chopin subscribe to?
Answer: no set technique

Question: Which of the following is not used to play the piano: hand, upper arm or school?
Answer: school

Question: What part of the body is the most important to playing piano, according to Chopin?
Answer: hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm

Question: Which of the following is not a music term: grace notes, dexterity or octaves?
Answer: dexterity

Question: What did Chopin think of the standard method of playing piano?
Answer: refused to conform

Question: What did Chopin love to do above all else?
Answer: piano

Question: What method of playing did Chopin believe in?
Answer: no set technique

Question: What did Chopin do that made him different from other artist of his time?
Answer: Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing

Question: What did Chopin do in order to master his style?
Answer: One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound

Question: How was Chopins music described as being unique?
Answer: distinction

Question: What trait did Chopin consider the most important when playing music?
Answer: dexterity

Question: What part of the keyboard did the method Chopin used and taught include?
Answer: entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings
Frédéric_Chopin

On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: "Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die." He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.

Question: Which doctor did not think Chopin was dead?
Answer: the third

Question: In what month did Chopin receive the instrument he referenced in correspondence to Pleyel in 1839?
Answer: December

Question: Which opus did Chopin reference in correspondence to Pleyel in 1839?
Answer: Op. 28

Question: Which opus of Chopin's was composed on an instrument that survived the sea and bad weather?
Answer: Op. 28

Question: On what instrument did Chopin finish his Preludes on?
Answer: I finished them on your little piano

Question: Who told Chopin he was going to die?
Answer: doctors in Majorca

Question: Why was Chopin unhappy with the doctors?
Answer: the incompetence of the doctors

Question: How did the Pleyel piano arrive to Chopin?
Answer: the best possible condition

Question: What did Pleyel's piano help Chopin start?
Answer: Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39

Question: What kept Chopin from receiving his piano?
Answer: the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs

Question: What made Chopin need medical attention?
Answer: his bad health

Question: Who did the two doctors think had died?
Answer: Chopin

Question: How did Chopin contact Pleyel?
Answer: Chopin wrote
Frédéric_Chopin

Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice."

Question: Which of the following was not Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli or Mozart?
Answer: Mozart

Question: Who was something stolen from?
Answer: Mozart

Question: What is a form of rubato Chopin used?
Answer: melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass

Question: Chopin never used apreggiation of the chords, but would use which one?
Answer: form of rubato so important to Mozart

Question: Why are Chopins' music easy to identify?
Answer: rubato

Question: Which of the following people did not use rubato: Charles Rosen, Mozart or Chopin?
Answer: Charles Rosen

Question: What was thought to have been more likely included in the alleged theft?
Answer: the older form of rubato

Question: Who does Chopin take cues from in some of his music?
Answer: Mozart

Question: What is it called when someone is stealing items from another?
Answer: robbing

Question: Which of the following is a type of musical composition: mazurkas, rubato, or arpeggiation?
Answer: mazurkas
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.

Question: When did it become an issue whether or not executions were public?
Answer: Around 1890

Question: When did the death penalty become not for the public to watch
Answer: 1890

Question: Who could say who could watch a death penalty be carried out
Answer: sheriff

Question: What were a limited amount of people permitted to do during the execution?
Answer: witness the hanging

Question: What type of a ruling governs the death penalty in Missouri?
Answer: a statute

Question: What was different about executions in Missouri after 1919?
Answer: not "public"

Question: What Missouri law allowed sheriffs to gives passes to individuals?
Answer: L.1919, p. 781

Question: Who did a sherrif allow to watch a death penalty get carried out
Answer: local citizens

Question: What law disallowed the public from attending executions in Missouri?
Answer: L.1919, p. 781

Question: Where were the death penalties carried when they couldn't be done in the holding facility
Answer: enclosure near the jail

Question: What were states doing to make executions private?
Answer: Several states enacted laws

Question: What law was passed in Missouri in 1919?
Answer: L.1919, p. 781

Question: In what part of the country could you no longer watch a death penalty get carried out
Answer: Missouri
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Eighth Amendment rights, saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions. This ruling suggests that specific explanations to the jury are necessary to weigh mitigating factors.

Question: What is a jury supposed to talk about when it comes to the defendant?
Answer: defendant's mental health

Question: What needs to be considered about the health of the defendant?
Answer: mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health

Question: Where is the Supreme Court?
Answer: United States

Question: If the jury doesn't talk about the defendant's mental state it is considered doing what?
Answer: violate the defendant's Eighth Amendment rights

Question: Which mitigating factor are we concerned with in the passage?
Answer: mental health

Question: What is given to the jury to help them understand the case better?
Answer: specific explanations

Question: What is specified to the jury?
Answer: to weigh mitigating factors

Question: When does the jury need to consider mental health?
Answer: in death penalty cases

Question: What has to happen with regard to mitigating factors?
Answer: the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors

Question: Where is the Court of Appeals?
Answer: United States

Question: What does the jury need to be given in a death penalty case?
Answer: specific explanations

Question: When Courts don't brief jurors on these factors, they are essentially ignoring what?
Answer: the defendant's Eighth Amendment rights

Question: Which general policy connects Bigby v. Dretke to the other case that was held in the Supreme Court?
Answer: death penalty
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983.

Question: Who is the plaintiff in Hill v. McDonough?
Answer: Hill

Question: Why can't Section 1983 be used to challenge a death sentence?
Answer: violation of the Eighth Amendment

Question: What is permitted to be challenged under Section 1983?
Answer: means by which that the judgment will be carried out

Question: Why did the court think Hill was challenging his sentence of death?
Answer: the purposes of delay

Question: Who was the plaintiff in Baze v. Rees?
Answer: Baze

Question: What did Hill face?
Answer: sentence of death

Question: What is considered a way to die that is not cruel or unusual?
Answer: lethal injection

Question: Who is the defendant in Hill v. McDonough?
Answer: McDonough

Question: Why did Hill challenge his sentence?
Answer: cruel and unusual punishment

Question: How can a prisoner delay his execution?
Answer: not attacking directly his judgment of death

Question: What happens if a person has a sentence of death?
Answer: execution

Question: How can a person not challenge their death sentence?
Answer: Section 1983

Question: Who was rhe defendant in Baze v. Rees?
Answer: Rees
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution; this has prevented executioners from using EU-manufactured anesthetics like propofol which are needed for general medical purposes. Another alternative, pentobarbital, is also only manufactured in the European Union, which has caused the Danish producer to restrict distribution to U.S. government customers.

Question: Why doesn't the United States government continue to use sodium thiopental to execute prisoners?
Answer: Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011

Question: Why are American governments having trouble getting drugs to carry out executions
Answer: The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution

Question: Why doesn't the United States government use propofol manufactured in the European Union instead of sodium thiopental when executing prisoners?
Answer: The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution

Question: What class of drugs is used in execution?
Answer: anesthetics

Question: Why doesn't the United States government use EU-manufactured anesthetics to carry out executions of prisoners?
Answer: The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution

Question: Why doesn't the Danish government provide the United States government pentobarbital for use in executions?
Answer: The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution

Question: Why can't propofol be exported?
Answer: could be used in an execution

Question: Why can't the United States use pentobarbital manufactured in the United States to execute prisoners?
Answer: pentobarbital, is also only manufactured in the European Union

Question: Why can't US get lethal injection drugs?
Answer: The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution

Question: Where is Hospira located?
Answer: U.S

Question: What do pentobarbital and propofol have in common
Answer: EU-manufactured anesthetics