UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Nanjing

Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum.

Question: What are some of the most interesting tourist destinations in the city?
Answer: Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain

Question: Where was the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebellion centered?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: In general, what is the article about?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: Which began prior to 1800, the Three Kingdoms period or the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei?
Answer: the Three Kingdoms period

Question: What was the capita of China in 1943?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: What world record was Nanjing once known for?
Answer: the world's largest city aggregately

Question: Who was the Chinese ruler at the same time FDR was president?
Answer: Wang Jingwei

Question: Which started before 1800, the Three Kingdoms period or the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
Answer: the Three Kingdoms period

Question: Which began after 1930, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom or the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei?
Answer: the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei

Question: Which period began later, the Three Kingdoms period or the Ten Kingdoms period?
Answer: the Ten Kingdoms

Question: Which started earlier, the Ten Kingdoms period or the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
Answer: the Ten Kingdoms

Question: Where did the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom headquarter?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: What bodies of water are located in Ninjing?
Answer: Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake
Nanjing

Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

Question: Which of the following is not a culture: Taowu, Zhonghua or Hushu?
Answer: Zhonghua

Question: Which of the following is not a state: Wu, Yue or Jinling?
Answer: Jinling

Question: Which of the following is less well suited to holding liquid, Wu or Zun?
Answer: Wu
Nanjing

Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.

Question: What were the immediate effects of the textile boom?
Answer: the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city

Question: What was made in the last 2 centuries?
Answer: 200 thousand jobs

Question: What place has history in the three kingdoms?
Answer: China

Question: What conditions have set the city up for success?
Answer: its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation

Question: What was a bustling area?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: When did textiles peak in Nanjing?
Answer: 18th and 19th century

Question: What beenfits did Nanjing when having its best success with textiles?
Answer: 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city

Question: Where is Nanjing located?
Answer: China

Question: What is Nanjing known as?
Answer: textiles and minting

Question: What word describes nanjing?
Answer: prosperous

Question: What is the name of a place in East Asia?
Answer: Nanjing
Nanjing

A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.

Question: What does PM in PM2.5 stand for?
Answer: particulate matter

Question: Alerts for air pollution issued by the cities affected by the smog were likely removed by when?
Answer: 12 December

Question: what is the oldest school grade mentioned in the text
Answer: middle schools

Question: What health conditions can result from elevated levels of air pollution?
Answer: bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections

Question: It was likely that the smog was caused mostly by pollutants produced by what two sources cited in the passage?
Answer: automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system

Question: Factories in China often produce what type of gas in their emissions that acts as pollution?
Answer: SO2

Question: What is the size of the pollution cloud mentioned
Answer: 1,200 kilometres (750 mi)

Question: What unit of measure is used to measure smog
Answer: micrograms per cubic metre

Question: Based on the statistics reported in the passage, it can be inferred that what demographic was most strongly affected by the smog?
Answer: Children

Question: What was the density of particulate matter in the air a day after smog had entered Central and Eastern parts of China?
Answer: 943 micrograms per cubic metre

Question: What does AQI measure?
Answer: pollution

Question: What is the reason why the smog mentioned in the passage stuck around for so long?
Answer: lack of wind

Question: What region of China is Jiangsu located?
Answer: Central and Eastern
Nanjing

During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.

Question: Nanjing had how many hosueholds?
Answer: 280,000

Question: __ saw the migration of the Han Chinese
Answer: North–South division

Question: __ lasted about two centuries.
Answer: North–South division

Question: Nanjing was not in the?
Answer: North

Question: __ saw the spread of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism.
Answer: North–South division
Nanjing

There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers, including stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, tennis court, etc. Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.

Question: Which of the mentioned sports centers is more modern?
Answer: Nanjing Olympic

Question: Which of Nanjing's sports centers bears its name?
Answer: Nanjing Olympic

Question: Where is Nanjiing?
Answer: China
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.

Question: What is Leibniz' criteria for discerning things?
Answer: if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing

Question: What is opposite of differnt?
Answer: same

Question: Which is not a last name, Leibniz or Principle?
Answer: principle

Question: When are discernible states the same thing?
Answer: if there is no way of telling two entities apart

Question: How did Leibniz attempt to explain the contradiction?
Answer: thought experiments

Question: Leibnuz uses what method to reject the ideas of  absolutists?
Answer: a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction

Question: What is something that people want that makes no fact absolute?
Answer: a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is

Question: Which is not a last name, Leibniz or Facts?
Answer: facts

Question: What did Leibniz aim to show?
Answer: there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts

Question: How does Leibniz feel about the absolutist position?
Answer: there is contradiction

Question: What do objects need to be considered?
Answer: way of telling two entities apart
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.

Question: How does the paper solve it?
Answer: The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than

Question: Which is not a last name, McTaggart or Past?
Answer: past

Question: What is the term for the ability to understand or have instinctive feeling of movement upon the ordered points of static series events?
Answer: the moving Now

Question: Which is not a last name, McTaggart or Series?
Answer: series

Question: What timeline refers to pre and post past or future events?
Answer: B-series

Question: How can this be put into practice?
Answer: two "temporal series"

Question: What time series fails to order events by temporal relations earlier than and later than?
Answer: The A-series

Question: What is said about the past?
Answer: The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than

Question: What time series fails to order events according to their being in the past, present or future?
Answer: The B-series

Question: What does the paper seek to solve?
Answer: flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy

Question: What does the paper say about the brain?
Answer: The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now

Question: Which timeline is formed without any qualification or condition?
Answer: A-series

Question: Which is not a last name, McTaggart or Temporal?
Answer: temporal
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.

Question: The Irishman is a new __
Answer: film

Question: Joker is a __
Answer: film

Question: What is played backwards but will not still portray a physcially possible process?
Answer: cinematographic film

Question: Tree of Life is an example of __
Answer: film

Question: What is opposite of opinions?
Answer: facts

Question: What is a solution needed for?
Answer: The problem

Question: The past is set but what can we do with the future?
Answer: influence

Question: What is another word for average?
Answer: directly

Question: The future is undecided due to not knowing but the past is full of what?
Answer: memories

Question: Physical Laws are time reversal invariant, why?
Answer: fundamental

Question: What breaks but can not put itself onto a table?
Answer: Glasses
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."

Question: Who lived first?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: What does sight let us know when there is a lack measurements?
Answer: next to nothing

Question: What, besides the intuitiveness of spacial perception (and, therefore, the autonomy of vision), did al-Haytham reject?
Answer: Aristotle's definition of topos

Question: What did his thinking conflict with?
Answer: Aristotle's definition of topos

Question: What did al-Haytham's work result in?
Answer: changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space

Question: What was Ibn al-Haytham skilled in?
Answer: Physics

Question: What was the content of Book of Optics?
Answer: space perception

Question: How does one say al-Haytham?
Answer: Alhacen or Alhazen

Question: In which 100-year period was the Book of Optics released?
Answer: 11th century

Question: What is needed to prove the theory?
Answer: vision

Question: Who wrote a book first?
Answer: Aristotle
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

Question: What is considered a difficult description?
Answer: time-reversibility

Question: What is wrong with the time-asymmetric phenomena?
Answer: too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry

Question: What kind of force of physics is being dealt with in the solution?
Answer: quantum

Question: What are the reasons why the third type of solution is not enough?
Answer: the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes

Question: What does the third solution assume?
Answer: quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes

Question: What is the solution not a good answer?
Answer: 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

Question: What isn't good enough?
Answer: A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric

Question: If something was time reversible and it worked, what would it be?
Answer: the weak nuclear force

Question: What does the third solution say about quantum mechanics?
Answer: time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition

Question: What is different about reversible time in quantum mechanics?
Answer: comprises a more complex definition
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

Question: Who wrote about time?
Answer: Parmenides and Heraclitus

Question: What did the Vedas focus on?
Answer: Indian philosophy

Question: What describes nature?
Answer: The Vedas

Question: According to the Vedas, what happens after the universe dies?
Answer: rebirth

Question: What happens every four thousand millenium?
Answer: repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth

Question: Time was described by who?
Answer: Parmenides and Heraclitus

Question: What did Ptahhotep and Heraclitus focus on?
Answer: philosophy

Question: What describes time?
Answer: the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit

Question: What aspects of life were consideren in the Hindy philosophy book that dates back to the late 2nd millennium BC?
Answer: creation, destruction, and rebirth

Question: How many years do the Vedas have?
Answer: dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC

Question: What is the main purpose of the Indian philosphy book that dates back to the late second millennium BC?
Answer: ancient Hindu cosmology

Question: How old is the first thought leader?
Answer: 2650–2600 BC
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).

Question: What shape does water NOT take in an otherwise empty universe?
Answer: curve

Question: __ was educated at home until the age of 14.
Answer: Mach

Question: If there was absolutely nothing in space, what would the surface of what's in the bucket look like?
Answer: flat

Question: What do you need to happen if you want the water in the water experiment to have a greater arc?
Answer: an increase in the number of objects in the universe

Question: What property comes about due to the effect of total number of things in space?
Answer: momentum

Question: A lunar crater was named for __
Answer: Mach

Question: In this experiment, the surface of what might be, depending on the circumstances, straight or have an arc?
Answer: water

Question: In a universe with only a bucket and a star, what object does the bucket have an effect on?
Answer: star

Question: Which of the following is not a type of momemtum: angular, curvature or linear?
Answer: curvature

Question: __ early work involved the Doppler effect.
Answer: Mach's