UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Mosaic

The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community.

Question: What wasn't included in the decorations at Ein Gedi?
Answer: images

Question: Which panel depicts only one animal?
Answer: western

Question: Which panel has taken major damage?
Answer: the western one

Question: Which of the panels depicts a man in danger?
Answer: western

Question: Which panel depicts a shrine?
Answer: eastern

Question: What panel was damaged?
Answer: the western one

Question: Which of the panels is not mentioned to depict any sort of wildlife?
Answer: central

Question: One stands on a?
Answer: floor

Question: Besides deer and rams, what else is an animal?
Answer: lion

Question: How was the Roman synagogue remodeled?
Answer: a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels

Question: What shape is the western panel in?
Answer: seriously damaged

Question: What was included in the mosaic floor of the synagogue at Ein Gedi?
Answer: birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images

Question: Which panel depicts Daniel in the lion's den?
Answer: western
Mosaic

Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.

Question: What did people turn to in order to make the first mosaics?
Answer: Pebble

Question: Versions of the things that started in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC had appeared on the what of Christian buildings?
Answer: wall and ceiling

Question: What did people first make mosaics from?
Answer: Pebble

Question: What did people employ when making the first mosaics?
Answer: Pebble

Question: Classical versions of the things that started in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC had?
Answer: patterns and pictures

Question: Versions of the things that started in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC became unpopular when?
Answer: in the Renaissance
Mosaic

In 2003, the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the Bizere Monastery near the River Mureş in present-day Romania. The panels depict real or fantastic animal, floral, solar and geometric representations. Some archeologists supposed that it was the floor of an Orthodox church, built some time between the 10th and 11th century. Other experts claim that it was part of the later Catholic monastery on the site because it shows the signs of strong Italianate influence. The monastery was situated that time in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Question: What was above the mosaic remnants?
Answer: the Bizere Monastery

Question: What do they think the pavement was a part of?
Answer: Orthodox church

Question: Why is it thought to be a catholic structure?
Answer: Italianate

Question: What kind of true creatures were featured on the mosaics?
Answer: real

Question: What religious boarding facility did some experts think that the mosaic was from?
Answer: Catholic monastery

Question: What is a good marker of catholic art?
Answer: strong Italianate influence

Question: Where were mosaic remains recently found?
Answer: present-day Romania

Question: What was the contemporary power during the time of the church?
Answer: Kingdom of Hungary
Mosaic

Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl. Both of these themes were widely copied.

Question: What were often the subject of larger geometric mosaic designs?
Answer: Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy

Question: What was another common motif in Bronze Age pebble mosaics?
Answer: strongly emphasized borders

Question: The pursuit if animals in what activity has been seen in mosaics?
Answer: hunting

Question: The paragraph discusses what kind of ancient art form?
Answer: Bronze age pebble mosaics

Question: What was a common design element of Bronze age pebble mosaics?
Answer: Mythological subjects

Question: Hobbies of the upper class appeared in what part of a visual?
Answer: centrepieces

Question: Mosaic material includes?
Answer: pebble

Question: In general, what is the paragraph about?
Answer: Bronze age pebble mosaics
Mosaic

The Monreale mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy, covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae. This huge work was executed between 1176 and 1186 by the order of King William II of Sicily. The iconography of the mosaics in the presbytery is similar to Cefalu while the pictures in the nave are almost the same as the narrative scenes in the Cappella Palatina. The Martorana mosaic of Roger II blessed by Christ was repeated with the figure of King William II instead of his predecessor. Another panel shows the king offering the model of the cathedral to the Theotokos.

Question: Which of the following is not a king: Roger II, Christ, or William II?
Answer: Christ

Question: Which of the following is not a religious location: nave, cathedral or decoration?
Answer: decoration

Question: Which of the following is not a material used to make tesserae: glass, presbytery, or stone?
Answer: presbytery

Question: Which of the following is not the subject of a mosaic: Roger II, Christ, or Monreale?
Answer: Monreale

Question: Which of the following is not a component of a mosaic: panel, tesserae, or nave?
Answer: nave

Question: Who reigned first, Roger II or William II?
Answer: Roger II
Mosaic

In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. The Roman church of Santa Costanza, which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault, which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration.

Question: Does the Roman Church of Santa Costanza have religious wall mosaics or non- religious wall mosaics?
Answer: The Roman church of Santa Costanza, which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics

Question: What building in Europe has some of the first wall mosaics?
Answer: Domus Aurea

Question: What was the main purpose of the religious place where the religious mosaics and secular ceiling mosaics where build?
Answer: served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family

Question: What incorporates both religious mosaics and non-religious mosaics?
Answer: contemporary palace decoration

Question: Where can you find non-religious mosaics?
Answer: The Roman church of Santa Costanza

Question: Where can the oldest mosaics be found?
Answer: the Domus Aurea

Question: Where were some of the original mosaics created?
Answer: Rome

Question: Where were some of the first wall mosaics found?
Answer: Rome

Question: What technique was used in 64 AD?
Answer: mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings

Question: Who built the church that has religious and decorative secular ceiling mosaics?
Answer: Roman

Question: Where were mosaics originally used when they initially became an art form?
Answer: surfaces of walls and ceilings

Question: What kind of mosaics were made during the Christian era?
Answer: both religious mosaic and decorative secular

Question: During what time period were the oldest mosaics thought to be completed?
Answer: 64 AD

Question: In what parts of Rome did architects build mosaics like the Domus Aurea ones?
Answer: Pompeii and neighbouring sites
Jews

By the 1st century, Babylonia, to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million  between the years 200 CE – 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era. At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth. Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.

Question: Throughout history, whenever people converted to Judaism, the Jewish population did what?
Answer: increased

Question: When were one sixth of all the Jews in the world in Babylonia?
Answer: between the years 200 CE – 500 CE

Question: When was the conflict that led to some of the earliest Jewish migration to Babylonia?
Answer: 135 CE

Question: What is the second event that caused Jews to move?
Answer: the Bar Kokhba revolt

Question: Where was 1/6 of the world Jewish population between 200 CE - 500 CE?
Answer: Babylonia

Question: What was happening to the Jewish population in the 1st century?
Answer: speedily growing

Question: When were there fewer Jews, 500 CE or the 1st century?
Answer: 1st century

Question: At what point did the Jewish population double?
Answer: between the years 200 CE – 500 CE

Question: What is represented by .1666666....?
Answer: Jews from the Land of Israel

Question: Between 135 C.E. and 500 C.E. the Jewish population of Babylonia did what?
Answer: doubled

Question: What is the first event that caused Jews to move?
Answer: the Babylonian conquest

Question: What was specifically doubled early on in reference to the Jewish people?
Answer: population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews

Question: What caused the Jews to double?
Answer: natural growth and by immigration

Question: Were there more Jews in 1st century Babylonia or the 1st century Roman Empire?
Answer: Roman Empire

Question: Which came first, the Jewish population in Babylonia increased to an estimated 2 million, or the Bar Kokhba revolt?
Answer: Bar Kokhba revolt

Question: What was the timespan during which the Jewish population doubled?
Answer: 200 CE – 500 CE

Question: Name two reasons Jews went to Babylonia?
Answer: the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE

Question: How many million was the Jewish population before it doubled in the Roman era?
Answer: four

Question: In addition to conversion, how have Jews increased their numbers throughout history?
Answer: natural growth

Question: What is an unverified statement here?
Answer: the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion
Jews

Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tomás de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.

Question: Discrimination against Jewish populations is motivated by?
Answer: antisemitism

Question: The New Christians were thrown out of many countries, what was this called?
Answer: expulsions

Question: The threat of extreme methods were sufficient to silence who?
Answer: Jewish populations

Question: Portugal and another country had targeted what Jews?
Answer: Marrano

Question: What are examples of oppression methods the Jewish populations suffered in history?
Answer: the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tomás de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition

Question: The Jewish populations were sought to be destroyed by what last thing?
Answer: nations

Question: What was the harshest form of oppression faced by Jewish populations?
Answer: genocide

Question: What form of oppression did the Jewish population was a minor form that they dealt with possibly due to antisemitism?
Answer: expulsion

Question: Portugal and another country had what organization for dealing with Jews?
Answer: Inquisition
Political_philosophy

Communism remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 1960s. Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose. In general, there was a marked trend towards a pragmatic approach to political issues, rather than a philosophical one. Much academic debate regarded one or both of two pragmatic topics: how (or whether) to apply utilitarianism to problems of political policy, or how (or whether) to apply economic models (such as rational choice theory) to political issues. The rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist, postcolonial, and multicultural thought becoming significant. This led to a challenge to the social contract by philosophers Charles W. Mills in his book The Racial Contract and Carole Patemen in her book The Sexual Contract that the social contract excluded persons of colour and women respectively.

Question: Multiculturalism is a result of what?
Answer: The rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world

Question: Which book mentioned in the passage would probably be most relevant to movements like Black Lives Matter today?
Answer: The Racial Contract

Question: Pragmatism in politics grew in importance compared to what?
Answer: philosophical

Question: Which topic that arose during the 1950s and 1960s would likely have been most of most interest to Native Americans at the time?
Answer: Colonialism

Question: What was a topic that would likely have been hotly debated in a university during the 1950s or 1960s regarding how to solve problems in politics?
Answer: economic models

Question: Who had been left out of the social contract?
Answer: persons of colour and women

Question: The rise of feminism occurred when what major political theory was prominent?
Answer: Communism

Question: What societal changes contributed to changes in the post-war era?
Answer: rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities

Question: What was a topic that would likely have been hotly debated in a university during the 1950s or 1960s regarding how to solve issues relating to politics?
Answer: utilitarianism

Question: What were big issues discussed widely in universities?
Answer: two pragmatic topics: how (or whether) to apply utilitarianism to problems of political policy, or how (or whether) to apply economic models (such as rational choice theory) to political issues
Political_philosophy

From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism. In continental Europe, on the other hand, the postwar decades saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy, with Marxism dominating the field. This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968 led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the New Left. A number of continental European émigrés to Britain and the United States—including Karl Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Leo Strauss, Isaiah Berlin, Eric Voegelin and Judith Shklar—encouraged continued study in political philosophy in the Anglo-American world, but in the 1950s and 1960s they and their students remained at odds with the analytic establishment.

Question: what is the last time period mentioned?
Answer: 1960s

Question: What did the new left study when they learned of revolutionary ideology?
Answer: Marxism

Question: Where in Europe did the philosophy immigrants come from?
Answer: continental

Question: what is the second to last group mentioned?
Answer: students

Question: what nation is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Britain

Question: How did political philosophers feel about the analytic field?
Answer: remained at odds

Question: what is the last group mentioned?
Answer: the analytic establishment

Question: What was the content of  a  A Theory of Justice considered?
Answer: normative judgments

Question: Why was Sarte embraced, but Rawls was not?
Answer: Marxism dominating the field. This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre

Question: What group supported learning more about political science?
Answer: European émigrés to Britain and the United States

Question: Where was skepticism not an issue after the war?
Answer: Europe

Question: what is the second to last time period mentioned?
Answer: 1950s
Political_philosophy

Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.These and other communitarians (such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus. Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.

Question: Walzer's camp wants more power in what environment?
Answer: local

Question: communitarians want more
Answer: local control

Question: Bell and Taylor says what is above single people?
Answer: communities

Question: Who in the article shared the same first name?
Answer: Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel

Question: Name three communitarians.
Answer: Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor

Question: Communitarians look well upon having what with liberals?
Answer: debate

Question: who are the  communitarians
Answer: Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell

Question: What is most important to liberal communitarians?
Answer: communities
Political_philosophy

Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.

Question: When was State Confucianism replaced?
Answer: the 20th century

Question: Which philosopher would support a hierarchical government?
Answer: Confucius

Question: What interpersonal thing did Confucianism base its philosophy around?
Answer: relationships

Question: Which philosophy was not created in 6th century BC?
Answer: communism

Question: How far back does the political philosophy of China go?
Answer: the Spring and Autumn Period

Question: What Chinese philoposphy would most likely be found in a Feudalist government?
Answer: Mohism

Question: What two structural factors was Mohism based on?
Answer: communal, decentralized government

Question: How does Chinese philsophy originate?
Answer: Confucius in the 6th century BC

Question: What replaced state confucianism in the 1900's?
Answer: communism

Question: What philosophy was prominent before State Confucianism?
Answer: Legalism

Question: What two attributes were characteristic of Confucianism?
Answer: hierarchical, meritocratic

Question: For what purpose was Chinese philsophy created?
Answer: a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period

Question: What was the dominant philosophy after the 20th century?
Answer: communism

Question: How did Confucius feel that a country should be run
Answer: hierarchical, meritocratic government