UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

Question: According to some minds, who may be responsible for a mix up with the historical account?
Answer: a scribe

Question: What qualifies Schaefer to disagree with the possibility of a lunar eclipse?
Answer: astronomer

Question: What supposedly impedes visibility for a lunar eclipse?
Answer: daylight

Question: What did Humphreys, Waddington, Henige, and Schafer all agree had taken place?
Answer: an eclipse

Question: Who recorded the eclipse?
Answer: the gospel

Question: Which is not a last name, Humphreys or Lunar?
Answer: lunar

Question: What is the opposite of night time?
Answer: daylight

Question: Which is not a school, Oxford or Bradley?
Answer: Bradley

Question: What kind of eclipse did Henige believe happened?
Answer: solar

Question: What type of eclipse would Schaefer agree took place?
Answer: solar

Question: Who came up with the theory that others found impossible and indefensible?
Answer: Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington

Question: Who is quoted to have disagreed rather harshly with the fact that the eclipse may have been lunar?
Answer: Historian David Henige

Question: What type of eclipse would be more visible during daylight hours?
Answer: solar
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".

Question: Which of the following people did not write an account of the Gospel: Luke, Mark or Plutarch?
Answer: Plutarch

Question: Which of the following phrases is meant to be taken literally: "barking up the wrong tree," "darkness over the land," or a theologically significant event?
Answer: theologically significant event

Question: What would a dog be doing if it saw a cat?
Answer: barking

Question: Which is not a last name, Dio Cassius or Luke?
Answer: Luke

Question: Why was the Mark Gospel significant?
Answer: theologically

Question: How was the gospel to be interpreted?
Answer: not intended to be taken literally

Question: What can a student be rewarded with to help financially with college?
Answer: scholarship

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a writer: Philo, Gospel, or Virgil?
Answer: Gospel

Question: What was the theme of the Mark Gospel?
Answer: darkness
Translation

After World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the House of Saud took over the Hijaz, and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey. "[B]oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East," writes de Bellaigne, "Islamism and militarism, received a major impetus from Western empire-builders." As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as Muhammad Abduh, largely had to yield to retrograde currents.

Question: Which of the following did not oppose illiberal movements: translators, army officers or modernizers?
Answer: army officers

Question: Which of the following is not an illiberal political movement: Islamism, modernizers or militarism?
Answer: modernizers

Question: Which of the following countries is furthest from the others: Turkey, Iran, or Britain?
Answer: Britain

Question: What eventer triggered the emergence of terror groups?
Answer: Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries

Question: What happened in the countries involved in the Sykes-Picot Agreement?
Answer: social crisis

Question: Why were middle eastern nations created after ww1
Answer: Sykes-Picot agreement

Question: How did the Muslim brotherhood gain power?
Answer: in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction

Question: Who took control over Turkey after WW1 divisions?
Answer: army officers

Question: In addition to Britain, what nation was deeply involved in the breaking up of the Middle East?
Answer: France

Question: Whatemerged in the middle east after ww1
Answer: Islamism and militarism

Question: What group took control over the area of Egypt after WWI?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What two ideas emerged after Britain and France broke wartime promises?
Answer: Islamism and militarism
Translation

Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel ("present", "current"), the Polish aktualny ("present", "current," "topical," "timely," "feasible"), the Swedish aktuell ("topical", "presently of importance"), the Russian актуальный ("urgent", "topical") or the Dutch actueel.

Question: What shouldn't one do the words from other languages?
Answer: English actual should not be confused with

Question: Actueel, Actual, and Actuel sound the same because of their what?
Answer: common etymology

Question: Words with a common etymology such as the English actual and the French actuel are known as what?
Answer: cognate

Question: Which of the following is not a possible meaning of aktualny: present, timely or ecological?
Answer: ecological

Question: Which language uses a different alphabet than the others?
Answer: Russian

Question: Whose word is written in their own language?
Answer: Russian актуальный

Question: What is not the language for aktualny: French or Polish?
Answer: French

Question: Which meaning of "actual" is found in Polish, Swedish and Russian?
Answer: topical

Question: There are words is several languages which sound like the English "actual", such as the Dutch "actueel", and this Swedish word.
Answer: aktuell

Question: Who doesn't use the word actueel: the Dutch or Russians?
Answer: Russian

Question: What language isn't aktuell: Swedish or French?
Answer: French

Question: The Polish word aktualny is not a feasible translation of which English word?
Answer: actual
Translation

Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary — for the original meaning and other crucial "values" (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context.

Question: How has translation been transformed since previous years?
Answer: shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary — for the original meaning and other crucial "values" (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context

Question: What time was of great influence to the transformation of the interpretation of other languages?
Answer: early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century)

Question: What have professionals in translators usually done in terms of the practice of this field?
Answer: translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary — for the original meaning and other crucial "values" (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context

Question: In what period did the practice of translation changed the most?
Answer: pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century

Question: How much transformation has the interpretation of other languages have since ancient times?
Answer: hardly changed since antiquity

Question: What might translators have problems with in translations from the 1700's?
Answer: adapters

Question: What might throw a wrench in translation in medival times?
Answer: extreme metaphrasers

Question: What are some of the traits of the professionals who are in charge of interpreting other languages?
Answer: prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary

Question: During the time where Christianity was starting translators might have problems with what?
Answer: extreme metaphrasers
Translation

Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

Question: Translation is work with?
Answer: languages

Question: How have translators left their mark?
Answer: in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated

Question: What array concatenated bodies of facts from one civilization to another?
Answer: Translators

Question: Why are translators important?
Answer: in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated

Question: What path of movement of parts of types of speech faciliatated the growth of the type of speech of origin of people who rephrased one type of speech using another type of speech?
Answer: from the source languages, into their own languages

Question: Cultures have different?
Answer: languages

Question: Authors are skilled at?
Answer: writing

Question: What legacy do translators leave?
Answer: in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated

Question: What were examples of assemblages that participated in an action that indirectly helped create changes in the way people spoke and wrote?
Answer: monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible
Translation

Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus.

Question: What happened in 1453 in translation?
Answer: the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho

Question: Where is Florence located?
Answer: Italy

Question: What needed to be precise?
Answer: exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus

Question: What was the nationality of Pletho?
Answer: Turks

Question: Why was it important that translations were accurate?
Answer: philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words

Question: Who conquered Constantinople?
Answer: Turks

Question: Who translated the biblical texts written after the birth of Jesus?
Answer: Erasmus

Question: What was required from the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Jesus?
Answer: exact words

Question: Who did people look to for their philosophy and religious beliefs?
Answer: Plato, Aristotle and Jesus

Question: Besides the Bible, what was translated to Latin?
Answer: Plato's works

Question: What did scholars give to the world to help them experience the words of ancient figures?
Answer: translation

Question: Which Renaissance scholar introduced the world Plato from what we now consider an ancient language?
Answer: Marsilio Ficino

Question: Why did the new period in translation begin other than translations of Plato?
Answer: Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament

Question: Readers demanded what as a result of the New Testament and Plato's works?
Answer: translation

Question: Which figure was exhibited in Hebrew works, later translated to Latin?
Answer: Jesus

Question: What happened after 1453?
Answer: first

Question: People became more demanding of what pratice?
Answer: translation
East_India_Company

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

Question: Who took control?
Answer: Britain

Question: Which of the following did not increase the demand for Indian commodities: increased availability of raw material, higher standards of living or the need to sustain the troops?
Answer: higher standards of living

Question: What led to a higher standard of living in Britain?
Answer: the advent of the Industrial Revolution

Question: Which of the following was not part of a positive feedback loop: prosperity, war or production?
Answer: war

Question: What were easier to get due to the industrial revolution?
Answer: raw materials

Question: What was one of the factors leading to an increased need for Indian products?
Answer: the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war

Question: Who almost has a monopoly?
Answer: The company

Question: What was the biggest contributor to Britain's success in the 1800s?
Answer: the advent of the Industrial Revolution

Question: What country was the largest competitor in the global market?
Answer: Britain

Question: What economic ideal had some significance here?
Answer: demand and production

Question: Which of the following did not become more common after the Industrial Revolution: raw materials, troops or efficient methods of production?
Answer: troops

Question: Besides European trade what else did the Industrial Revolution boost?
Answer: the British global market

Question: What did Britain need more of during the industrial revolution?
Answer: Indian commodities

Question: What kind of effect did Britain have during the revolution?
Answer: profound influence on overseas trade
East_India_Company

In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

Question: What was King's time limit on the subsidiary license?
Answer: for an indefinite period

Question: What is the building  goods manufactured?
Answer: factory

Question: What was making the profits King James I liked?
Answer: factory in south India

Question: How long was the company allowed to operate?
Answer: indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years

Question: What must King James I have wanted by giving out the charter?
Answer: high profits

Question: What were the conditions of the licenses?
Answer: a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years

Question: Where is London located?
Answer: England

Question: How did the company get licensed?
Answer: King James I

Question: Why was the condition that nullified the license added to the charter?
Answer: profits

Question: What did the companies announce?
Answer: high profits

Question: What was the building located?
Answer: Bengal

Question: What do the factories need to keep their charters?
Answer: high profits
East_India_Company

"Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The shield had as a crest: "A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT" (Latin: God Indicates). The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts).

Question: What did the sea lions represent?
Answer: DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET

Question: What is the crest depicting something living?
Answer: a leopard

Question: What was on the masts of the Azure ships?
Answer: ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules

Question: What was the primary motto?
Answer: DEUS INDICAT

Question: What did the sea lion motto say in English?
Answer: Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts

Question: What did the masts all have?
Answer: cross Gules

Question: What was on the sails of the smaller ships?
Answer: the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET

Question: What creature could be found besides two sea lions?
Answer: leopard

Question: What was written on the sails?
Answer: DEUS INDICAT

Question: What did the sphere say in English?
Answer: God Indicates

Question: What did the sails show on the Auzre ships?
Answer: on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard

Question: What plant was on the masts?
Answer: two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert

Question: What is the difference in the ships?
Answer: The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET

Question: What does the main motto mean?
Answer: God Indicates

Question: What's found on the masts?
Answer: a fleur-de-lis
East_India_Company

The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

Question: Who did the Company control?
Answer: Indian Princes

Question: In which country is India not located?
Answer: Nepal

Question: What states did not fall under company control
Answer: Punjab and Sindh

Question: Who was in charge of everthing but Punjab and Sindh
Answer: the Company

Question: How were the decisions of Company leadership considered by most
Answer: aggressive

Question: Where was the Sugauli Treaty negotiated?
Answer: Sugauli

Question: What was Lord Wellesley's title?
Answer: Lord

Question: What was the Marquis of Hastings title?
Answer: Marquis

Question: Where did the company fail
Answer: Punjab and Sindh

Question: who funded the war when finances got low
Answer: Parliament

Question: Why was the Charter Act needed
Answer: The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance
East_India_Company

The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: "Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or." The crest was: "A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper." The supporters were: "Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ (Latin: By right of the King and the Senate of England).

Question: Who had a Crest?
Answer: The East India Company

Question: What was East India's saying in English?
Answer: By right of the King and the Senate of England

Question: What was the crest on?
Answer: shield

Question: What can we assume is the Latin word for Senator?
Answer: SENATUS

Question: Which Latin word in the passage can we assume is related to "King"?
Answer: King

Question: Which citizen of the jungle was shown on the item granted by the crown authority?
Answer: lion

Question: What was East India Company's saying?
Answer: AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ

Question: What did the company live by (in latin)?
Answer: AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ

Question: Who had a motto?
Answer: The East India Company

Question: What did the mentioned business receive from the crown authority 2 years prior to 1970?
Answer: arms

Question: What can we assume is the Latin word for "and"?
Answer: ET