UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Digimon

The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data. The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently, and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again. Digimon who are reincarnated in this way will sometimes retain some or all their memories of their previous life. However, if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die.

Question: Digimon don't die but turn into what that will recompose into a Digi-Egg?
Answer: infinitesimal bits of data

Question: What can be seen throughout the show?
Answer: do not die under normal circumstances

Question: What happens after a Digimon dissolves?
Answer: recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg

Question: How do you get a Digimon out of the egg?
Answer: rubbed gently

Question: How can one permanently get rid of a Digimon?
Answer: data is completely destroyed

Question: How does Digimon life cycle differ from real organisms?
Answer: do not die under normal circumstances

Question: When does a digimon dissolve?
Answer: receives a fatal wound

Question: What are Digimon comprised of?
Answer: bits of data

Question: What comes together in a Digi-Egg?
Answer: data

Question: Where did we first learn about the life cycle of Digimon?
Answer: The first Digimon anime

Question: What is most like real world animals: a Digimon's aging or their death?
Answer: do not die under normal circumstances
Digimon

The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version. Its premise is a group of 7 kids who, while at summer camp, travel to the Digital World, inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters, or Digimon, learning they are chosen to be "DigiDestined" ("Chosen Children" in the Japanese version) to save both the Digital and Real World from evil. Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon. The children are helped by a mysterious man/digimon named Gennai, who helps them via hologram. The Digivices help their Digimon allies to Digivolve into stronger creatures in times of peril. The Digimon usually reached higher forms when their human partners are placed in dangerous situations, such as fighting the evil forces of Devimon, Etemon and Myotismon in their Champion forms. Later, each character discovered a crest that each belonged to a person; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Friendship, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. the Crest of Hope, and later Kari the Crest of Light which allowed their Digimon to digivolve into their Ultimate forms. The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi "Tai" Kamiya, Yamato "Matt" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro "Izzy" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru "T.K." Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari "Kari" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister).

Question: What happened to kids after transport ot the DigiWorld?
Answer: Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon

Question: How many characters were in the digimon group?
Answer: The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi "Tai" Kamiya, Yamato "Matt" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro "Izzy" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru "T.K." Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari "Kari" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister)

Question: What happened on March 7th of 199?
Answer: The first Digimon television series, which began airing

Question: Who did the show's producers think of last?
Answer: Hikari "Kari" Kamiya

Question: What let the characters reach their final state?
Answer: crest

Question: What facilitated the characters' transformation into their Ultimate forms?
Answer: crest

Question: What helped the characters reach their final state of being?
Answer: crest
Bird

Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek pest insects are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programs. Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories, and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers. Kiwis and shorebirds with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of ecological niches. Loons, diving ducks, penguins and auks pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as sulids, kingfishers and terns plunge dive after their prey. Flamingos, three species of prion, and some ducks are filter feeders. Geese and dabbling ducks are primarily grazers.

Question: How would we categorize a bird that had strategies for both insects and seed foraging?
Answer: generalists

Question: Where is a bird before it attacks a bug?
Answer: a branch

Question: What does a hummingbird prefer to eat?
Answer: Nectar

Question: Which swimming birds eat fish?
Answer: Loons, diving ducks, penguins and auks

Question: Who is a control agent?
Answer: species that seek pest insects

Question: Which birds feed by taking in water, and pushing out the waste while keeping the food?
Answer: Flamingos, three species of prion, and some ducks

Question: Which birds are unlikely to be found with an insect in their diet?
Answer: hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories, and lorikeets

Question: A nectar feeding bird would be called what?
Answer: specialists

Question: What do generalists eat?
Answer: a variety of food
Bird

Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. Recent discoveries in the Liaoning Province of northeast China, which demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs, contribute to this ambiguity.

Question: Of drmaeosaurs and Liaoning, which one is a type of therapod?
Answer: dromaeosaurs

Question: Where are birds being studied?
Answer: China

Question: Non-birds may actually be what after all?
Answer: birds

Question: What is being looked at by scientists to prove things?
Answer: fossil and biological evidence

Question: When were discoveries made about therapod feathered dinosaurs?
Answer: Recent

Question: Birds are part of what specific subgroup?
Answer: Maniraptora
Bird

Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.

Question: Why might a bird preen in front of another one?
Answer: Visual communication among birds

Question: How might a bird who has "got the moves" might benefit?
Answer: males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays

Question: How do birds communicate indirectly?
Answer: preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour

Question: What increases teh odds of a male bird obtaining a mate?
Answer: ritualised displays

Question: What might a bird who is preening might be involuntarily communicating?
Answer: These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds

Question: Which is smaller: hawks or young chicks?
Answer: young chicks

Question: How might one bird scare off another?
Answer: make threatening displays

Question: What is a defense mechanism of a mother bird?
Answer: sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator

Question: Which of the following is not part of bird communication: preening, pecking or chicks?
Answer: chicks

Question: How might plumage help a bird defend themselves?
Answer: make threatening displays

Question: Which species is eaten by the other, sunbitterns or hawks?
Answer: sunbittern
Bird

Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's cloaca. The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by joining cloaca, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate pellets. Males within Palaeognathae (with the exception of the kiwis), the Anseriformes (with the exception of screamers), and in rudimentary forms in Galliformes (but fully developed in Cracidae) possess a penis, which is never present in Neoaves. The length is thought to be related to sperm competition. When not copulating, it is hidden within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. The digestive system of birds is unique, with a crop for storage and a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein from many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.

Question: Why do birds possess gizzards?
Answer: contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth

Question: How is extra enegry stored in migrating birds?
Answer: protein from the intestines

Question: What is different about neoaves compared to other birds
Answer: a penis, which is never present

Question: What is not prominent?
Answer: penis

Question: What is named after a fruit?
Answer: kiwis

Question: How is a hummingbird different from most birds on excreting waste?
Answer: excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia

Question: How is nitorgen disposed from birds
Answer: uric acid

Question: Who is unique in secretions?
Answer: hummingbirds
Bird

Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation. The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of megapodes comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources. Incubation periods range from 10 days (in woodpeckers, cuckoos and passerine birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and kiwis).

Question: Which is not a species of bird: passerine, kiwi, or chick?
Answer: chick

Question: Adult albatrosses can lose 2.9 ounces a day of weight from their what?
Answer: body

Question: Incubation helps ensure the ideal what for the development of chicks?
Answer: temperature

Question: Two birds mentioned that have the longest incubation are what?
Answer: albatrosses and kiwis

Question: Which is not a part of birds' bodies: breast, brood, or abdomen?
Answer: brood

Question: What is the longest known incubation period?
Answer: over 80 days

Question: What is incubated?
Answer: egg

Question: __  have strong bills for drilling and drumming on trees
Answer: woodpeckers

Question: What is the minimum length of incubation?
Answer: 10 days

Question: Which is not a source of warmth for incubation: the sun, volcanic sources, or megapodes?
Answer: megapodes

Question: __ have long sticky tongues for extracting food
Answer: woodpeckers

Question: What is the first 2nd and 3rd bird mentioned with a short incubation?
Answer: woodpeckers, cuckoos and passerine

Question: __ are part of the family Picidae
Answer: woodpeckers

Question: Volcanoes are one source of heat for incubation of  the eggs of what birds?
Answer: megapodes
Bird

Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.

Question: What is the longest time span of bird pairings?
Answer: several years

Question: How does infidelity manifest?
Answer: Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise

Question: What is significant about birds??
Answer: Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous

Question: Why is this theory not 100% true?
Answer: Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common

Question: In biparental care, who takes care of the baby bird with the females?
Answer: males

Question: What is one species that is known for infidelity?
Answer: ducks

Question: What is an advantage of this social development?
Answer: Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing

Question: How are humans similar to birds?
Answer: These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate

Question: What's the shortest duration that socially monogamous bird couples stay together?
Answer: the length of the breeding season

Question: In biparental care, who care for the baby birds?
Answer: males and females

Question: Even though considered monogamous, what do birds sometimes commit?
Answer: infidelity

Question: From where does the sperm that females store come?
Answer: males

Question: In what activity do birds who are unfaithful to their partner participate?
Answer: extra-pair copulation
Bird

The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed off all other dinosaurs. Birds in South America survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world via multiple land bridges while diversifying during periods of global cooling. Primitive bird-like dinosaurs that lie outside class Aves proper, in the broader group Avialae, have been found dating back to the mid-Jurassic period. Many of these early "stem-birds", such as Archaeopteryx, were not yet capable of fully powered flight, and many retained primitive characteristics like toothy jaws in place of beaks, and long bony tails.

Question: What have scientists used to learn more about the timeline for birds' evolution?
Answer: DNA-based evidence

Question: When did the first true birds appear?
Answer: around 100 million years ago

Question: What gives us an understanding of the timeline that birds evolved by?
Answer: DNA-based evidence

Question: What group gave rise to birds?
Answer: theropod group

Question: What are "stem-birds" inept at?
Answer: fully powered flight

Question: What happened that changed the course for all bird diversification?
Answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

Question: When did the Aves class begin?
Answer: the Cretaceous

Question: Aves are what?
Answer: birds

Question: What gives us insight to the evolution of birds?
Answer: DNA-based evidence

Question: Archaeopteryx is part of what group?
Answer: Avialae

Question: What are the ancestors of birds?
Answer: dinosaurs
Bird

Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers. Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—kestrels have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents. The eyelids of a bird are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the nictitating membrane, a third eyelid that moves horizontally. The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds. The bird retina has a fan shaped blood supply system called the pecten. Most birds cannot move their eyes, although there are exceptions, such as the great cormorant. Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field. The avian ear lacks external pinnae but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the Asio, Bubo and Otus owls, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The inner ear has a cochlea, but it is not spiral as in mammals.

Question: Who can use UV light to hunt?
Answer: kestrels

Question: If a blue tit has an ultraviolet patch on it's head, then what is it?
Answer: Male

Question: What is a kestrel?
Answer: bird

Question: What part of the bird displays their sex characteristics?
Answer: feathers

Question: Why would an owl have a better depth of field than another type of bird?
Answer: binocular vision

Question: What does the blue tit show when it wants to court a female bird?
Answer: ultraviolet reflective crown patch

Question: What is invisible to the human eye?
Answer: ultraviolet

Question: What kind of birds resemble humans more?
Answer: birds with eyes on the front of their heads

Question: What moves horizontally?
Answer: a third eyelid

Question: What does urine leave behind?
Answer: Ultraviolet light

Question: What hides the hole that a bird senses sounds out of?
Answer: feathers

Question: Who does not have a wide visual field?
Answer: owls

Question: What are the number of movable eye coverings do birds have?
Answer: third

Question: What is unique about owls?
Answer: have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field

Question: What aside from the sharpness of vision can aid in hunting prey?
Answer: Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging
Bird

The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For diurnal migrants, the sun is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an internal clock. Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris. These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's geomagnetism through specialised photoreceptors.

Question: Birds can fly over three thousand what?
Answer: mi

Question: Birds live on the?
Answer: Earth

Question: Birds can fly over five thousand what?
Answer: km

Question: Where did the bird fly from?
Answer: Boston

Question: Birds navigate using a variety of methods, including what daytime celestial body?
Answer: the sun

Question: What do the birds use to guide themselves?
Answer: the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris

Question: What can some birds feel that others cannot?
Answer: the Earth's geomagnetism