UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Federalism

A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.

Question: Which article makes special provisions for a lower number of states?
Answer: Article 370

Question: Which of the following does not derive its special provisions from Article 371: Assam, Mizoram or Jammu?
Answer: Jammu

Question: What trait of Indian federalism has nothing to do with its symmetry?
Answer: system of President's Rule

Question: Which of the following is not granted special provisions by Article 370: Jammu, Goa or Kashmir?
Answer: Goa

Question: Who carries out the President's rule?
Answer: the central government

Question: Mizoram is not under the provisions of which article?
Answer: 370

Question: It is safe to assume that the proplr of Jammu are of what culture?
Answer: Indian

Question: There are provisions for a lesser number of states in which article?
Answer: 370

Question: Which of the following is not a state: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, or governor?
Answer: Governor
Federalism

The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

Question: The words that have a root in foedus used to be?
Answer: synonyms

Question: What is the word we don't use most in today's society
Answer: confederalism

Question: When did federalism and confederalism became no longer synonyms?
Answer: nineteenth century

Question: What does confederalism mean now?
Answer: league of states

Question: What is the second defining English root word to define federalism or confederalism
Answer: pact

Question: What is a synonym of treaty?
Answer: pact

Question: Foedus is in the etymology of?
Answer: federalism' and 'confederalism

Question: Does Madison believe the US is a federalism or confederalism
Answer: neither

Question: When did federalism stopped to mean treaty?
Answer: nineteenth century

Question: Until when did federalism and confederalism were synonyms?
Answer: nineteenth century

Question: Foedus is a?
Answer: Latin word
Federalism

In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).

Question: How are unitary states viewed?
Answer: Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism)

Question: Some think the founding fathers did not want modern what to exist?
Answer: federalism

Question: How did the founding fathers view unitary states?
Answer: As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended

Question: What is the difference for North America?
Answer: The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense

Question: What did the Founding Fathers intend?
Answer: weaker central government

Question: What did the Founding Fathers intend more of?
Answer: limiting the powers of the federal government

Question: When the powers of the federal government are limited, it becomes?
Answer: weaker

Question: America has less experience compared to?
Answer: Europe

Question: How do the continents differe?
Answer: European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government

Question: How has federalism changed?
Answer: Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government

Question: What is the opposite of a stronger central government?
Answer: federalism
Federalism

Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1)

Question: What are people entitled to as citizens?
Answer: rights

Question: What has someone done if they change and adapt?
Answer: evolved

Question: Which number Federalist paper promotes the idea of associative federalism?
Answer: 28

Question: Where is it written that it is ok for citizens to pit the two governments against each other when they don't get their way?
Answer: Federalist No. 28

Question: Who are both governments supposed to work to protect?
Answer: citizens

Question: Of the two men mentioned, who was first to write in a Federalist paper?
Answer: Alexander Hamilton

Question: Who wrote the first Federalist paper listed in the article?
Answer: James Madison

Question: Which government's namesake resembles that of Federalism?
Answer: federal

Question: Which is not a last name, States or Madison?
Answer: States

Question: What is the nationality of the citizens mentioned?
Answer: American

Question: Who wrote about dual federalism?
Answer: James Madison
Federalism

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

Question: What did the autonomous communities in Spain do to gain national specificity?
Answer: spearheaded a historic movement

Question: Is Spain a symmetric or asymmetric federalism?
Answer: Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state

Question: What do asymmetric federations' states possess in terms of power and autonomy?
Answer: different powers

Question: What did Navarre have in the past?
Answer: specific rights

Question: What special treatments are enjoyed by a distinct culture in a particular region?
Answer: granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do

Question: How is the "coffee for everyone" arrangement characterized?
Answer: autonomous

Question: How is the Basque Country recognized?
Answer: Asymmetric federalism

Question: What allows them to recognize distinct cultures?
Answer: autonomy

Question: What do some cultures have the privilege of?
Answer: recognition

Question: Which group that begins with G spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized?
Answer: Galicians

Question: What happens in symmetric federalism?
Answer: every component state of a federation possesses the same powers

Question: Which historic community mentioned in the text begins with N?
Answer: Navarre
Federalism

The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.

Question: What did Putin do to Yeltsin's reforms?
Answer: scaled back

Question: Who was not a president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?
Answer: Vladimir Putin

Question: The acronym for the soverign state that existed in the past from 1922-1991 was?
Answer: USSR

Question: The act or process of removing restrictions on something is called?
Answer: liberalized

Question: What was the first step Russia took toward an autonomous model?
Answer: the establishment of the USSR

Question: What was Russia a part of?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Which leader came before Putin?
Answer: Yeltsin

Question: How did Russia change after the USSR?
Answer: increasingly liberal reforms

Question: What was Russia a part of?
Answer: the USSR

Question: What came before the USSR?
Answer: post-Imperial

Question: Who fought in the Chechen War?
Answer: Chechen secessionist rebels

Question: The consequences or effect of an event are referred to the event's what?
Answer: aftermath

Question: Chechnya today is home to individuals given the name Chechen, what country is this a federal state of?
Answer: Russia
Federalism

Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

Question: If something is opposite of pointless or not needed, it is what?
Answer: useful

Question: A word to describe that something is missing?
Answer: lacks

Question: Events that celebrate special occasions are called what?
Answer: parties
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves "the descendants" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.

Question: What is the ethnicity of Henry Louis Gates?
Answer: African

Question: How many Harvard students came from the South Bronx?
Answer: few

Question: What was one of  the topics being discussed at the panel discussion?
Answer: affirmative action policies at Harvard

Question: Who are the descendants?
Answer: Harvard students from the historic African American community

Question: Which group of people had a small number of graduates from Harvard?
Answer: African American community

Question: How distant were the black students at Harvard to their ancestors?
Answer: multiple generations

Question: Who is Lani Guinier?
Answer: prominent black professors

Question: Who is Henry Louis Gates?
Answer: prominent black professors

Question: How did the parents of the majority African students at Harvard University come to the United States?
Answer: immigrants
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding".

Question: What kind of people usually go Yale and Princeton?
Answer: Americans

Question: What favoritism was given at Princeton ?
Answer: race and legacy preferences

Question: Where did Janet Rapelye work?
Answer: Princeton University

Question: Where was the  suit claimed?
Answer: Office for Civil Rights

Question: What are Asian Americans considered?
Answer: race
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the "policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as "grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments," were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72

Question: What was the targeted entity that had to follow Kennedy's mandate?
Answer: employment practices

Question: What was forced to comply?
Answer: all federal funds

Question: What is the type of official order did Kennedy use to continue his policy of affirmative action?
Answer: mandate

Question: What did Kennedy follow up on two years after his 1961 executive order?
Answer: policy of affirmative action

Question: What was an addition?
Answer: Executive Order 11114

Question: what kind of funds did unions and employers have to have compliance with the affirmative action policies?
Answer: taxpayer funds

Question: What year was the Executive Order 11114 that supplemented previous affirmative action policy?
Answer: 1963

Question: When did the policy start?
Answer: 1961

Question: What level of government was affirmative action implemented in?
Answer: federal

Question: What was affirmative action supposed to address?
Answer: discrimination
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged compared to White Americans and are more likely to live in poverty. They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12% increase between 1975-1990. In 1990, they constituted 9% of the population, but only received 3.1% of the bachelors's degrees awarded. At times when it is favorable to lawmakers, Latinos were considered "white" by the Jim Crow laws during the Reconstruction. In other cases, according to Paul Brest, Latinos have been classified as an inferior race and a threat to white purity. Latinos have encountered considerable discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and education. Brest finds that stereotypes continue to be largely negative and many perceive Latinos as "lazy, unproductive, and on the dole." Furthermore, native-born Latino-Americans and recent immigrants are seen as identical since outsiders tend not to differentiate between Latino groups.

Question: Where are African Americans succeeding more than Latinos?
Answer: high school completion rate

Question: How do Latinos fare in pre-college education?
Answer: suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate

Question: Latinos are perceived to be on what in regards to negative stereotypes?
Answer: the dole

Question: What was the time frame where Latino rates fell and African American rates rose for high school completion?
Answer: 1975-1990

Question: Who used the Jim Crow laws?
Answer: lawmakers

Question: José Martí founded the __ Revolutionary Party.
Answer: Cuban

Question: Who are the people that see native-born and immigrants as basically the same?
Answer: outsiders

Question: Americans born in the country south of the United States are call what kind of Americans?
Answer: Mexican

Question: __ slaves worked primarily in urban settings.
Answer: Cuban

Question: __ territory was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people.
Answer: Cuban

Question: What are the percentages of population versus undergraduate diplomas?
Answer: 9% of the population, but only received 3.1% of the bachelors's degrees awarded
Madonna_(entertainer)

Madonna was born to Catholic parents Silvio Anthony "Tony" Ciccone (b. 1931) and Madonna Louise Fortin (c. 1933 – December 1, 1963) in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958. Her father's parents were immigrants from Pacentro, Italy, while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry. Tony worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors. Since Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called her "Little Nonni". She has two elder brothers, Anthony (born 1956) and Martin (born 1957), and three younger siblings, Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962).

Question: Who was the youngest girl in the family?
Answer: Melanie

Question: Although Madonna is of Italian and French Canadian descent she is from what place
Answer: Bay City, Michigan

Question: What is name of Madonna's youngest sister?
Answer: Melanie

Question: Who was born right after Madonna?
Answer: Paula

Question: What was Madonna's father's occupation?
Answer: engineer designer

Question: Madonna is one of how many children in the Ciccone family
Answer: She has two elder brothers, Anthony (born 1956) and Martin (born 1957), and three younger siblings, Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962)

Question: How many sisters does Madonna have
Answer: Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962)

Question: Who was the youngest child?
Answer: Melanie

Question: Who was the youngest boy in the family?
Answer: Christopher

Question: When did Madonna's mother die?
Answer: December 1, 1963

Question: What is Madonna's dad's nickname?
Answer: "Tony"

Question: Madonna is the third of how many children
Answer: She has two elder brothers, Anthony (born 1956) and Martin (born 1957), and three younger siblings, Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962)
Madonna_(entertainer)

In September 1993, Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour, in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among the audience. In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that required censorship on television, and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it. The releases of her sexually explicit films, albums and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. Critics and fans reacted negatively, who commented that "she had gone too far" and that her career was over.

Question: where was it said that she went at the end?
Answer: too far

Question: where did she offend puerto rico?
Answer: stage

Question: What gave Madonna the reputation of a sexual renegade?
Answer: The releases of her sexually explicit films, albums and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman

Question: in what light was she generally seen in conclusion?
Answer: negatively

Question: what kind of prop did she use for her character?
Answer: whip

Question: What did the people who reacted badly say about Madonna about her career?
Answer: her career was over

Question: What kind of land is Puerto Rico?
Answer: island

Question: What late night TV broadcast did Madonna appear on in 1994?
Answer: the Late Show

Question: What did Madonna's character in The Girlie Show World Tour use?
Answer: a whip

Question: what was her traveling entourage named?
Answer: The Girlie Show World Tour

Question: How did Madonna appear on the Late Show with David Letterman?
Answer: aggressive

Question: When did Madonna dress as a dominatrix?
Answer: The Girlie Show World Tour

Question: Wheredid Madonna uses inappropriate language on television?
Answer: as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman