UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Computer

The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.

Question: Why are registers used instead of frequently accessing main memory?
Answer: increases the computer's speed

Question: Which type of memory is slower to read and write to?
Answer: main memory

Question: Why is it beneficial to limit main memory usage?
Answer: often slow compared to the ALU and control units

Question: Which type of memory is quicker to read and write to?
Answer: registers

Question: What is the main function of a register?
Answer: memory

Question: What do registers help do in the computer?
Answer: increases the computer's speed

Question: The computer's main memory is slow in comparison to what?
Answer: Registers

Question: Where can memory cells be read quicker
Answer: registers

Question: What reason is there for needing to increase the CPU's speed by utilizing registers?
Answer: data is constantly being worked on

Question: What pieces of hardware can be accessed by the CPU's functions faster than it can the main memory?
Answer: ALU and control units

Question: What types of actions can be applied the CPU's special set of memory?
Answer: read and written
Computer

A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]

Question: What is the simple, broad definition of a computer?
Answer: Any device which processes information

Question: What type of device are computers typically thought to be?
Answer: electronic

Question: What conclusion is made about the word "computer?"
Answer: Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer

Question: What are the common types of information processing activities that a computer undergoes?
Answer: high-speed mathematical or logical operations

Question: What can you call a personal computer?
Answer: computer

Question: What kind of content can a computer store in its memory?
Answer: information

Question: What type of information processing does a computer do?
Answer: purposeful

Question: What do I need to know to understand what a computer does?
Answer: A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine

Question: What main point does the passage claim?
Answer: computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk

Question: What does popular culture believe a computer contains?
Answer: a processor

Question: What form of operations you can do on a computer?
Answer: logical

Question: What is the other name for the device that is able to process information?
Answer: A computer

Question: When can you consider a device a computer?
Answer: processing is purposeful
Computer

Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example.

Question: What is the earliest way of using something for a very long period of time?
Answer: tally stick

Question: What are types of aid between clay spheres, grains and cones?
Answer: clay spheres, cones

Question: In what way are the aids different from bread?
Answer: unbaked

Question: What isn't a type of aid between clay spheres, grains and cones?
Answer: grains

Question: What acted as something else?
Answer: clay spheres, cones
Computer

In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Question: Where was the web first used?
Answer: academic and military institutions

Question: Where was the web originally used?
Answer: academic and military institutions

Question: What is a reason that the use of computers became more widely used?
Answer: cheap, fast networking technologies

Question: What is a device that uses the internet?
Answer: personal computers

Question: What were the first entities to use the web?
Answer: academic and military institutions

Question: The internet is a type of?
Answer: technologies

Question: The internet was originally used in?
Answer: academic and military institutions

Question: How could computers connect to the internet?
Answer: Ethernet and ADSL
Computer

A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595." The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.

Question: What can be given direction?
Answer: The computer

Question: what is the first machine mentioned?
Answer: computer

Question: What could someone try to put into a computer's memory?
Answer: Letters, numbers, even computer instructions

Question: what part of a machine is mentioned last?
Answer: memory

Question: What might I want to put into a computer's memory?
Answer: Letters, numbers, even computer instructions

Question: What has a numerical location?
Answer: cells

Question: what part of a machine is mentioned first?
Answer: memory

Question: which number is mentioned second?
Answer: 1357

Question: what is the memory viewing a bunch of at the end?
Answer: numbers

Question: What does not discriminate?
Answer: the CPU

Question: What can you can store in a computer's memory?
Answer: information
Computer

Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

Question: An English mechanical engineer and polymath considered to be father of the computer lived in?
Answer: the early 19th century

Question: What was the mechanism that allowed for data to be stored?
Answer: integrated memory

Question: An English mechanical engineer and polymath is considered to be father of the computer for what invention?
Answer: first mechanical computer

Question: What part of the design was there to give notification of input or output acknowledgement?
Answer: a bell

Question: An English mechanical engineer and polymath considered to be father of the computer had a realization when?
Answer: 1833

Question: Prior to his discovery what was the creator's main field of study?
Answer: navigational calculations

Question: Which was the more specialized engine?
Answer: difference

Question: What were punched cards used for in the analytical machine?
Answer: input of programs and data
Computer

Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.

Question: What does having more than 1 logic unit do for the specific type of computer?
Answer: allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously

Question: How do these devices with Graphics processors multi-task?
Answer: contain multiple ALUs

Question: What can have an ALUs too?
Answer: SIMD and MIMD

Question: What programs are all mentioned?
Answer: Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs

Question: What allows computers to perform multiple instructions at the same time?
Answer: multiple ALUs

Question: What bigger part has smaller pieces that make it possible to help students with trigonometry?
Answer: SIMD and MIMD

Question: What do superscalar computers contain?
Answer: processors

Question: How many ALUs can have processing power?
Answer: multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously

Question: How do SIMD computers perform the same operation on multiple data points?
Answer: simultaneously

Question: What are used to perform logic operations?
Answer: ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices

Question: What might be useful to someone who has trouble with Trigonometry?
Answer: ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices

Question: What type of processor associated with images is able to contain multiple logic units?
Answer: Graphics

Question: What contains SIMD and MIMD features?
Answer: Graphics processors and computers

Question: What piece of hardware are ALUs located on a computer?
Answer: Graphics processors

Question: What do machines using MIMD have?
Answer: processors

Question: How many logic units would be contained within the mentioned microprocessor unit?
Answer: multiple
Computer

The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location.

Question: Which is not a last name, Thomson or Pulleys?
Answer: pulleys

Question: What was used as the solution?
Answer: The tide-predicting machine

Question: Which is not a last name, Thomson or Waters?
Answer: waters

Question: If the system had pulleys, it would still need what to operate?
Answer: wires

Question: How was the tool to used in preparing for floods?
Answer: predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location

Question: how were floods able to be forecast?
Answer: a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels

Question: How did the invention manage to fulfill its intent in addition to wires?
Answer: pulleys

Question: It became easier to move around in non-deep water thanks to what living entity?
Answer: Sir William Thomson

Question: What time frame was it when it become easier for people to get around in water that wasn't deep?
Answer: 1872

Question: What specialty was provided by the impressive invention?
Answer: tide-predicting

Question: Which is not a last name, Thomas or Calculate?
Answer: calculate
Computer

A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires.

Question: What is the control unit a part of?
Answer: main components

Question: How are the four main components of  a comupter connected?
Answer: by buses

Question: What is the computer memory a part of?
Answer: main components

Question: What helps connect a computer together?
Answer: groups of wires

Question: What makes up a computer?
Answer: four main components

Question: What helps bring together the components of a computer?
Answer: groups of wires
Computer

Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.

Question: Wnat method made work possible in z2 computers
Answer: electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation

Question: Which is not a last name, Zuse or Relay?
Answer: relay

Question: How did the early computers that took over for electromechanical computers work?
Answer: vacuum tubes

Question: What was included in the next wave of computers?
Answer: vacuum tubes

Question: Why were all electric computers seen as superioir to the z2?
Answer: much faster all-electric computers

Question: How did the Z2 work?
Answer: electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation

Question: How did the earliest of computers operate?
Answer: electromechanical

Question: What was one shortcoming of early digital computers?
Answer: low operating speed

Question: How did the Z2 get the letter portion of its name?
Answer: Konrad Zuse

Question: Which is not a last name, Zuse or Digital?
Answer: digital
Education

Developed countries have people with more resources (housing, food, transportation, water and sewage treatment, hospitals, health care, libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education, etc.) than most of the world's population. One merely needs to see through travel or the media how many people in the undeveloped countries live to sense this. However, one can also use economic data to gain some insight into this. Yet criticism and blame are common among people in the developed countries.

Question: What are all the resources that have to do with education?
Answer: libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education

Question: What social science is related to development?
Answer: economic

Question: What insights does data provide
Answer: how many people in the undeveloped countries live

Question: What is the third resource listed for those that live in developed countries
Answer: transportation

Question: Who experiences shortage of resources?
Answer: people in the undeveloped countries

Question: Where do you find least of the resources?
Answer: most of the world's population

Question: What kind of beings live in both developed and undeveloped countries?
Answer: people

Question: What main factor separates developed from undeveloped countries.
Answer: resources

Question: Other than travel and media, what other way is there to find out about life in undeveloped countries?
Answer: economic data
Education

Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages.

Question: What was a pretty big PRO for corporations?
Answer: beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer

Question: A high school is a type of?
Answer: Secondary education

Question: What could you be upon receiving a diploma?
Answer: skilled workers

Question: What benefit did employers get from high school
Answer: improved human capital

Question: _ educational requirements ar typially lower than for white collar jobs.
Answer: blue

Question: Why did high schools become more prevalant in the early 20th century
Answer: required skilled workers

Question: What major changes in the US onset in the early 20th century
Answer: Secondary education in the United States

Question: What industry were you going to be capable of with this line of education?
Answer: advancing technology in factories

Question: Automation poses a threat to __
Answer: blue

Question: How did large factories strengthen their work base?
Answer: high schools were created
Federalism

Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.

Question: Who requires endorsement of all states involved?
Answer: Australia

Question: What does the United States require in the senate?
Answer: equal representation

Question: What amendment is the exception when it comes to abolishing the federal system?
Answer: no amendment

Question: What is at stake of being redefined in the Canadian constitution?
Answer: the monarchy

Question: If a new law were to impact Tasmania, how would it be passed or not?
Answer: referendum

Question: What would a state signal if it wanted to be left out of an amendment?
Answer: consent

Question: What is Oklahoma, as well as all it's counterparts, guaranteed?
Answer: equal representation in the senate

Question: If Florida, for instance, did not have representation in the federal government, what would not be being followed?
Answer: US constitution

Question: How do citizens have a direct impact on changes to laws that may affect them?
Answer: referendum
Federalism

Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.

Question: What prompted reconsideration of former understandings of the concept?
Answer: New research

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: Union

Question: Why did prior understandings of the concept get revised?
Answer: New research

Question: what nation starts with G?
Answer: Germany

Question: The European Union is not a federal state but a?
Answer: union

Question: what form of government was pointed to?
Answer: federalism

Question: Secession was an issue for the?
Answer: United States

Question: what nation start with A?
Answer: Australia

Question: How come former understandings of the concept needed to be reconsidered?
Answer: New research
Federalism

Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.

Question: What type of house is the German Bundesrat?
Answer: upper

Question: How can lower houses not be apportioned to population?
Answer: states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats

Question: Which house is less likely to be directly elected?
Answer: upper

Question: What is a foreign comparison to this?
Answer: the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union

Question: in the lower house what is determined by the number of citizens of a state
Answer: number of seats

Question: What is another way upper house members may be elected?
Answer: be actual members or delegates of the state governments

Question: the people of the upper house are representatives of the state where
Answer: German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union

Question: politicians who are indirectly elected a part of what
Answer: an upper house

Question: In 1900, how were members of the United States upper house chosen?
Answer: indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states

Question: politicians who are directly by the citizens are part of what
Answer: The lower house