UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Idealism

The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from "the spontaneity of thought". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;

Question: kant refuted
Answer: Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism

Question: What might Kant believe to be the necessary component of idealism?
Answer: the spontaneity of thought

Question: What does Kant say about inferring 'I' as an object from "the spontaneity of thought"?
Answer: that it is not possible

Question: Who might be a big influence on Kant's idea of idealism?
Answer: Locke, Berkeley and Hume

Question: Who might have promoted the transcendental idealism?
Answer: Kant

Question: Kant's concepts were separated from whose idea other than Descartes' in the 2nd edition?
Answer: Berkeley's

Question: Who criticizes Descartes?
Answer: Kant

Question: What cogito ergo sum mean?
Answer: possible to infer the 'I' as an object

Question: What did Hume study?
Answer: idealism

Question: What is the title of people Kant drew concepts from?
Answer: philosophers

Question: Who might be the author of the 2nd edition?
Answer: Kant

Question: What did Decartes say?
Answer: cogito ergo sum

Question: kants trancendental ideas differ from
Answer: previous varieties

Question: Where can you find Paralogisms of Pure Reason?
Answer: Refutation of Idealism

Question: What did Kant study?
Answer: transcendental idealism

Question: according to Descartes it is possible to infer the self as an object
Answer: from "the spontaneity of thought
Idealism

In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.

Question: How does idealism operate against physicalist and dualist theories?
Answer: asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit

Question: What is one of the main things that idealism claims?
Answer: all entities are composed of mind or spirit

Question: What overall thing is idealism concerned with?
Answer: society

Question: What do I need to know about idealism to understand it?
Answer: manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing

Question: What does the philosophy say about what is real?
Answer: immaterial

Question: What is the main point of the passage?
Answer: thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind

Question: What does the philosophy of idealism analyze?
Answer: human ideas

Question: What is the epistemological approach to idealism?
Answer: a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing

Question: How does idealism reject physicalist and dualist theories?
Answer: idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed
Idealism

With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, "The only space or place of the world is the soul" and "Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul", Ludwig Noiré wrote: "For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.

Question: __ was very converned about animal welfare.
Answer: Schopenhauer

Question: Schopenhauer was a?
Answer: modern philosophers

Question: Who believed in the soul first?
Answer: the East

Question: Plotinus's job was?
Answer: philosophers

Question: Who adopted a new idea?
Answer: Western philosophy

Question: __ was porn in Gdansk.
Answer: Schopenhauer

Question: __ was a virulent misogynist.
Answer: Schopenhauer

Question: What is a new idea?
Answer: whether we know external objects
Vacuum

Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.

Question: What cukture dervied the term vacuum
Answer: Latin

Question: An imperfect vaccum might be created in a what?
Answer: laboratory

Question: Who might be interested in the definition of a vacuum?
Answer: Physicists

Question: How does an imperfect vacuum differ from true vacuum?
Answer: region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure

Question: What is another word for vacuum?
Answer: free space

Question: What is the opposite of full of matter?
Answer: vacant

Question: What is the word derived from?
Answer: vacuus

Question: What roots can vacuum be dervied from?
Answer: vacuus for "vacant" or "void

Question: What is a secondary term for physicists?
Answer: free space

Question: How does Vacuo differ from Vacuus
Answer: describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum

Question: How is a vacuum different from air?
Answer: void of matter

Question: What is the Latin term?
Answer: vacuus

Question: A partial vacuum, as opposed to a true vacuum, is created by the presence of just a tiny bit of?
Answer: matter

Question: What prevents a given region from being a true vacuum?
Answer: matter
Vacuum

Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge. Hot cathode gauges are accurate from 10−3 torr to 10−10 torr. The principle behind cold cathode version is the same, except that electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge. Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10−2 torr to 10−9 torr. Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction geometry, chemical composition of gases being measured, corrosion and surface deposits. Their calibration can be invalidated by activation at atmospheric pressure or low vacuum. The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement.

Question: How are cold cathode gauges different from hot cathode gauges in terms of resulting electrons?
Answer: electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge

Question: The current strength depends indirectly on the amount of what?
Answer: gas molecules

Question: What affects current in hot cathode gauges?
Answer: the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge

Question: What is the source of ions that are collected at the negative electrode in an ion gauge?
Answer: gas molecules

Question: What causes the ionized gas to move and create a current?
Answer: a negative electrode

Question: What can be used to make sure the readouts from an ion gauge are as close to correct as possible?
Answer: mass spectrometer

Question: What ultimately is determined by the pressure in a hot cathode iron gauge?
Answer: current

Question: Hot cathode gauges can measure vacuum pressures of what?
Answer: 10−3 torr to 10−10 torr

Question: What is the lowest accuracy of an ion gauge, including both hot and cold types?
Answer: 10−2

Question: Cold cathode ion gauge gets its name from what?
Answer: electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge

Question: Hot cathode and cold cathode ion gauges are the same except for how they each do what?
Answer: produces an electron beam

Question: What kind of Ion gauges can one find?
Answer: two types: hot cathode and cold cathode

Question: What is created in the hot cathode Ion gauge?
Answer: an electron beam

Question: How are gas molecules ionized in hot cathode gauges?
Answer: electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them
Vacuum

Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.

Question: What are some applications no longer used to drive accessories on automobiles?
Answer: vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps

Question: Does a vacuum servo blow particles into the atmosphere?
Answer: did not

Question: What can help assist cars in stopping suddenly?
Answer: brakes

Question: When it rains what helps assist the automobile mechanism that assists with this problem?
Answer: vacuum-driven windscreen wipers

Question: Which part of an internal combustion engine like the ones found in vehicles produces vacuum?
Answer: Manifold

Question: How were automobile components powered before the advent of modern electrical systems?
Answer: vacuum-driven

Question: For what purpose are Attitude Indicators and Heading Indicators used?
Answer: as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments

Question: What kind of application is the vacuum servo?
Answer: Manifold vacuum

Question: What material was once moved by the assistance of vacuum power in an automobile?
Answer: fuel

Question: Airplanes have how many forms of suction?
Answer: two readily available sources of vacuum

Question: Why was there originally a need for vacuum powered instuments on an aircraft?
Answer: since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems

Question: What powers the flippers that clean automobile windows?
Answer: vacuum-powered

Question: What source of power was used in aircraft instrumentation in the early days of aviation?
Answer: vacuum

Question: What kind of transportation are Attitude Indicator (AI)s and Heading Indicatior (HI)s used in?
Answer: aircraft
Vacuum

In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics, denoted as QCD vacuum. QED vacuum is a state with no matter particles (hence the name), and also no photons. As described above, this state is impossible to achieve experimentally. (Even if every matter particle could somehow be removed from a volume, it would be impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons.) Nonetheless, it provides a good model for realizable vacuum, and agrees with a number of experimental observations as described next.

Question: Which word can mean the solution to the equations of the theory?
Answer: state

Question: The lowest energy state of a volume of space is mathematically know as what?
Answer: the ground state of the Hilbert space

Question: In which field is the lowest possible energy state defined as also having no photons?
Answer: quantum electrodynamics

Question: What makes a QED vacuum impossible to realize in the real world?
Answer: blackbody photons

Question: What needs to be eliminated along with matter in order to achieve a QED vacuum?
Answer: photons

Question: Blackbody photons make it impossible to achieve what?
Answer: QED vacuum

Question: What type of particle is NOT made of matter?
Answer: blackbody photons

Question: Is the ground state of the Hilbert space a QED vaccum or QCD vacuum?
Answer: QED

Question: QED stands for what?
Answer: quantum electrodynamics

Question: Which field does not define a vacuum as also free of all photons?
Answer: quantum chromodynamics

Question: A QED vacuum is a theoretical Hilbert space defined in what quantum mechanics theory?
Answer: quantum electrodynamics

Question: In what way is it not possible to create a QED vacuum?
Answer: experimentally

Question: What pervasive material makes experimental QED vacuums impossible?
Answer: blackbody photons
Vacuum

Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge.

Question: Why is the density and vapor pressure of mercury important?
Answer: ends are exposed to different pressures

Question: How is the tube manipulated to give results?
Answer: one side of which is connected to the region of interest

Question: What occurs when the liquid ceases going up or down?
Answer: equilibrium

Question: What is a secondary difference between the McCleod and hydrostatic gauges?
Answer: Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric

Question: WHat is measured in Torrs?
Answer: Simple hydrostatic gauges

Question: How would a McLeaod gague be used?
Answer: Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated

Question: What be subject ot dofferent levels of pressure?
Answer: Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube
Vacuum

QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum fluctuations are an essential and ubiquitous part of quantum field theory. Some experimentally verified effects of vacuum fluctuations include spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift. Coulomb's law and the electric potential in vacuum near an electric charge are modified.

Question: Where do we find fine energy?
Answer: QED vacuum

Question: What is not boring?
Answer: QED vacuum

Question: If we are not talking about zero average values, but different kind of values, what are we talking about?
Answer: variances

Question: Vacuum fluctuations are the result of what?
Answer: electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero

Question: What has two different values?
Answer: electric and magnetic fields

Question: What kind of energy is found in QED vacuums?
Answer: finite

Question: The theory that contains virtual particles that hop into and out of existence is called?
Answer: quantum field theory

Question: What is not simple?
Answer: QED vacuum

Question: What can be measured to have a value of zero?
Answer: fields

Question: What does Coulomb's law concern itself with?
Answer: vacuum fluctuations

Question: What elements of the properties of QED vacuum don't exist physically?
Answer: virtual particles
Asthma

The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma, but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction. Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.

Question: What illness is more prevalent in modern society?
Answer: asthma

Question: What kind of bacteria prevents development of asthma?
Answer: non-pathogenic

Question: What has led to higher rates of asthma today?
Answer: reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Question: Why does the hypothesis say asthma there is more asthma?
Answer: reduced exposure, during childhood

Question: If a child live in a not too clean enviroment, what will benefit him?
Answer: prevent the development of asthma

Question: Why are we seeing higher rates of asthma today?
Answer: reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Question: Why are there higher rates of asthma today?
Answer: reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Question: Where is there more asthma?
Answer: worldwide

Question: What is the possible difference between a child in 17th century and one at current time?
Answer: rates of asthma

Question: What is the disvantage for increase cleanliness?
Answer: increased rates of asthma
Asthma

As of 2011, 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000–345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.

Question: What might suggest the diagnosis of asthma is not easy?
Answer: It is more common in developed than developing countries

Question: What is the highest prevalence of asthma by country?
Answer: 18%

Question: How many individuals are fatally impacted by the breathing disease yearly?
Answer: approximately 250,000–345,000

Question: Who are at a higher risk for death from Asthma?
Answer: Low and middle income countries

Question: What is the upper bound on the amount of people that die each year from asthma?
Answer: 345,000

Question: Where are the highest death rates from asthma found?
Answer: Low and middle income countries

Question: How might the low and middle income countries be referred to as?
Answer: developing countries

Question: What differentiates those who are affected in rich countries as opposed to in poor countries?
Answer: economically disadvantaged

Question: In what location are those that are financially well-off more impacted by asthma?
Answer: in developing countries

Question: What might suggests it might be costly to diagnose asthma?
Answer: It is more common in developed than developing countries

Question: Where is asthma less prevalent?
Answer: Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa

Question: What causes the deaths of less than 500,000 people annually?
Answer: asthma

Question: What is the upper bound on the amount of people affected by asthma worldwide?
Answer: 330 million

Question: What is the lower bound on the amount of people that die each year from asthma?
Answer: 250,000

Question: What is the lower bound in millions of people that are affected by asthma worldwide?
Answer: 235
Asthma

Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms.

Question: When do the lucky asthma sufferers have issues?
Answer: rarely

Question: Which symptom of the condition in which a person's airways become inexplicably inflamed and produce mucus involves making a high pitched whistling sound?
Answer: wheezing

Question: Who experiences worse symptoms?
Answer: people

Question: What is the common factor affected by asthma?
Answer: breath

Question: What is the temperature factor?
Answer: cold air

Question: In what situations would someone with the condition in which a person's airways become inexplicably inflamed and produce mucus experience the condition more acutely?
Answer: at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air

Question: If I have shortness of breath and coughing, I have most likely encountered one of many what?
Answer: triggers

Question: What would cold air make worse?
Answer: Asthma

Question: What is not easily procurred?
Answer: Sputum

Question: What, specifically, builds up in the body during an attack?
Answer: eosinophils

Question: What could be harder to deal with at night?
Answer: Asthma

Question: What characteristic does sputum often have?
Answer: pus-like

Question: Which symptom of the condition in which a person's airways become inexplicably inflamed and produce mucus involves difficulty taking in and expelling air?
Answer: shortness of breath

Question: What is white when recovering from an attack?
Answer: Sputum

Question: Which symptom of the condition in which a person's airways become inexplicably inflamed and produce mucus involves a feeling of constriction in the upper torso?
Answer: chest tightness

Question: What are some attacks preceded by?
Answer: triggers

Question: Which of the symptoms of the condition in which a person's airways become inexplicably inflamed and produce mucus involves the body trying to clear irritation from the airways?
Answer: coughing