UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Bird

Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as an aerofoil. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are flightless, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators. Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to "fly" through the water, as do auks, shearwaters and dippers.

Question: What feature does a bird have that makes it easier to carry its weight when flying?
Answer: a lightweight skeleton

Question: Which of the following is a flight muscle: the pectoralis, the skeleton, or the forelimb?
Answer: pectoralis

Question: What is not a means of transportation for flightless birds?
Answer: Flight

Question: What plays the biggest part in keeping a bird light enough to fly?
Answer: lightweight skeleton

Question: what mode of movement is mentioned first?
Answer: fly

Question: what is the last type of creature mentioned?
Answer: dippers

Question: what is the second to last type of creature mentioned?
Answer: shearwaters

Question: What type of flight takes the most energy?
Answer: powered, flapping flight

Question: What features do some flightless birds have that make them similar to birds that can fly?
Answer: similar musculature and movements

Question: what creature is mentioned first?
Answer: birds

Question: What is something that not all bird species are able to do?
Answer: fly

Question: what is the third to last creature mentioned?
Answer: auks

Question: Which of the following is not a use of flight: feeding, breeding, or a lightweight skeleton?
Answer: lightweight skeleton
Galicia_(Spain)

In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics with Solidaridad Gallega (1907–1912) modeled on Solidaritat Catalana in Catalonia. Solidaridad Gallega failed, but in 1916 Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhood of the Language) developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationalist movement. Vicente Risco and Ramón Otero Pedrayo were outstanding cultural figures of this movement, and the magazine Nós ('Us'), founded 1920, its most notable cultural institution, Lois Peña Novo the outstanding political figure.

Question: What is the Galician word for Brotherhood?
Answer: Irmandades

Question: What was established in the 7th year of the 20th century?
Answer: Solidaridad Gallega

Question: What came into being about 13 years after the birth of Solidaridad Gallega?
Answer: the magazine Nós

Question: What came into being 8 years after the end of Solidaridad Gallega?
Answer: the magazine Nós

Question: An autonomous community located in the northeastern part of Spain that includes Barcelona is called?
Answer: Catalonia

Question: Which came first, Solidaridad Gallega or Irmandades da Fala?
Answer: Solidaridad Gallega

Question: The Spanish politician born in 1893 in Vilalba was?
Answer: Lois Peña Novo

Question: Which of the following was not a noted cultural figure: Vicente Risco, Ramon Otero Pedrayo, or Irmandades da Fala?
Answer: Irmandades da Fala

Question: A founder member of the Galician nationalist movement Xeración Nós that was born in 1884 was?
Answer: Vicente Risco

Question: The Catalan word for solidarity is translated to what word in Galician?
Answer: Solidaridad

Question: Which came first, Solidaritat Catalana or Solidaridad Gallega?
Answer: Solidaritat Catalana
Galicia_(Spain)

Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville —who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk—, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kallī- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In any case, Galicia, being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaikói, would mean 'the land of the Galicians'.

Question: people with fair skin are called
Answer: Galicians

Question: the field of study about origins of words is
Answer: etymology

Question: Which of the following is not an ethnic group: Galicians, forest or Gauls?
Answer: forest

Question: What is the term for the study of the names?
Answer: etymology

Question: What does the ending of their name refer to in the Celtic tongue?
Answer: the forest

Question: what proto In word means forest
Answer: kallī

Question: Which of the following Proto-Indo-European words is not a potential source of the name Callaeci: hill, forest or land?
Answer: land

Question: Which of the following is not an ancient language: Proto-Celtic, Galicia or Proto-Indo-European?
Answer: Galicia

Question: what doe the word Gauls relate to in greek
Answer: milk

Question: who are fair skinned
Answer: Galicians

Question: What different etymological route did recent scholars take?
Answer: derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kallī- 'forest'
Galicia_(Spain)

Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day is Catholicism, though only 20% of the population described themselves as active members. The Catholic Church in Galicia has had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century.

Question: What is the most dominant Christian faith in Galicia?
Answer: Catholicism

Question: What is Santiago de Compostela known for?
Answer: primatial seat

Question: How many people consider themselves to be devout in their faith?
Answer: 20%

Question: When did the Gallaeci religion cease to be the main religion in Galicia?
Answer: Late Antiquity

Question: How many Christians identify as active Catholics in Galicia?
Answer: 20% of the population

Question: What religion was practiced in Galicia before Late Antiquity?
Answer: the old Gallaeci

Question: What is another name for the Galician Catholic Church's jurisdictional Authority base?
Answer: primatial seat

Question: How many of Galicians, although not all active members, consider themselves Christians?
Answer: 73%

Question: Of the two religions, Christianity and the Gallaeci religion, what was established earliest?
Answer: Gallaeci religion

Question: What is considered to be the main branch of religion practiced in the region?
Answer: Catholicism

Question: Which event occured first: the introduction of Christianity to the region or the Catholic Church establishing it's primatial seat?
Answer: introduction

Question: Which form of Christianity had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century?
Answer: Catholicism

Question: How far back does Christianity go in Galicia?
Answer: Late Antiquity

Question: Although only 20% identify themselves as active members, when to the majority of Galicians identify themselves as Christians?
Answer: Today

Question: What did Galicians practice besides Christianity?
Answer: the old Gallaeci religion
Galicia_(Spain)

In northern Galicia, the A Coruña-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coruña in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's growth occurred after the Spanish Civil War at the same speed as other major Galician cities, but it was the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco when A Coruña left all the other Galician cities behind.

Question: What event led the city to lead in growth?
Answer: the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco

Question: What did Coruna Ferrol become prevalant in northern galicia
Answer: population

Question: How did the population of Coruna compare to everytihng else at the utnr of the 20th century?
Answer: 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556

Question: What area does A Coruna excel in?
Answer: population of the city

Question: When did coruna gowth stop in other cities?
Answer: after the death of Francisco Franco

Question: When did A Coruna begin to grow?
Answer: after the Spanish Civil War

Question: After the Spanish Civil War did the population of A Coruna and other big Galician cities grow at the an equal pace or did A Curuna's growth happen more rapidly?
Answer: left all the other Galician cities behind

Question: What has happened to the population in A Coruna-Ferrol?
Answer: growth occurred
Aircraft_carrier

In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014.

Question: Were there fewer trucks or helicopters?
Answer: helicopters

Question: If the weight allowance is correct, what alternative to trucks could be carried on the ship?
Answer: equivalent equipment

Question: How many ASW helicopters, for instance, could be coming or going at once?
Answer: five

Question: Where there more ASW helicopters or SAR helicopters?
Answer: ASW helicopters

Question: How many SAR helicopters could, hypothetically, be leaving and returning to the ship at the same time?
Answer: five

Question: How many helicopters could be on the ship despite the plans for the initial complement?
Answer: 14

Question: What design element gives the ship the ability to safely have room for helicopter landings?
Answer: flattop

Question: In spite of the number of landing pads, what is the helicopter capacity of the ship?
Answer: 14

Question: How many non aircraft can be put on the ship?
Answer: fifty

Question: Which was deployed earlier, the two ships of the Shirane class or the Izumo?
Answer: two ships of the Shirane class

Question: How many helicopters did they decide to use for the first launch of the military ship?
Answer: seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters
Aircraft_carrier

The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

Question: What addition would raise the number of persons aboard a ship?
Answer: when the air group is embarked

Question: what group is mentioned last?
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: Why were the HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales created?
Answer: to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers

Question: Which of the new carriers will begin later than the other?
Answer: Prince of Wales

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: The Royal Navy

Question: what type of crafts are mentioned last?
Answer: warships

Question: What are there more of, aircraft or Invicible-class carrriers?
Answer: aircraft

Question: Which type of carrier was introduced later, Invicible or Queen Elizabeth?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth

Question: Why does it seem odd that the ships are retiring?
Answer: Invincible

Question: On a casual day, how many staff would be aboard the HMS Queen Elizabeth?
Answer: 680

Question: What is the maximum amount  of aircraft would one expect to see on deck during a humanitarian mission?
Answer: 50

Question: What class is the Prince of Wales?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth

Question: what time period is mentioned last?
Answer: 2020

Question: When would you be able to ride on the carriers?
Answer: 2020

Question: When will the new carriers be ready for use?
Answer: starting in 2020

Question: what name of a monarch is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth
Aircraft_carrier

Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

Question: How did the STOVL aircraft take off from the deck?
Answer: with a vertical or rolling takeoff

Question: How to ski jump ramp assist larger aircraft?
Answer: allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight

Question: What problem of aircraft does  the deck structure with a ski-jump ramp address to?
Answer: far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks

Question: The ski jump ramp only works for big carriers?
Answer: adopted by many navies for smaller carriers

Question: WHy is the purpose of a ski jump ramp?
Answer: to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks

Question: What is a ski-jump ramp on the flight deck?
Answer: some

Question: What was not recommended for heavily loaded aircraft?
Answer: a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks

Question: What was the first aircraft to use the ski jump ramp?
Answer: STOVL

Question: What does the ski-jump ramp help the aircraft?
Answer: to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight

Question: How does the ski-jump ramp help heavy aircraft sustain normal flight?
Answer: converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards

Question: Besides the Stovl what is another aircraft mentioned in the paragraph?
Answer: Harrier
Aircraft_carrier

With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

Question: Which is not a last name, Ford or Enterprise?
Answer: Enterprise

Question: What president were the ships named for?
Answer: Gerald R. Ford

Question: Which is not a last name, Ford or Ships?
Answer: ships

Question: How many larges ships are in operation?
Answer: 10

Question: Which is larger, America-class ships, or a Gerald R. Ford-class carrier?
Answer: Gerald R. Ford-class carrier

Question: How many ships will be built?
Answer: The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned

Question: What was the cost of the ships?
Answer: $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research)

Question: Which ship is older, the Tripoli, or the Enterprise?
Answer: Enterprise

Question: Which ship is larger, the USS America, or a Gerald R. Ford-class carrier?
Answer: Gerald R. Ford-class carrier

Question: What was the rate for launching the ships?
Answer: one every four years

Question: Which is not a last name, Ford or Deploy?
Answer: deploy

Question: Which ship is older, the America, or the Enterprise?
Answer: Enterprise

Question: Which ship is larger, the USS Tripoli, or a Gerald R. Ford-class carrier?
Answer: Gerald R. Ford-class carrier
Aircraft_carrier

The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft.

Question: Which flight deck requires a bigger tax base?
Answer: CATOBAR

Question: Which is heavier, aircraft or supercarriers?
Answer: supercarriers

Question: What vehicle can you travel by air to another state in?
Answer: aircraft

Question: Which of the following is smaller: supercarriers or jets?
Answer: jets

Question: What must one reserve or book in order to fly to another location?
Answer: flight

Question: What are used to assist in a fight or battle?
Answer: weapons
Aircraft_carrier

The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

Question: Why were naval aircraft becoming so important?
Answer: They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective

Question: What kind of fighting do battleships do?
Answer: naval combat

Question: Why were aircraft carriers becoming so important?
Answer: advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft

Question: Which happened later: HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet, or the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor?
Answer: Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor

Question: What ship has a distinct advantage over carriers?
Answer: battleships

Question: Which were there fewer of: incapacitated Italian battleships or torpedo bombers lost in the attack?
Answer: torpedo bombers

Question: When was an aircraft carrier sunk?
Answer: 1940

Question: What caused naval combat to become so significant?
Answer: air power

Question: What changed naval history forever?
Answer: 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor

Question: What vehicles did aircraft carriers have on them?
Answer: aircraft

Question: Which happened later: the sinking of HMS Glorious or the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor?
Answer: Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor

Question: What gives the carrier an advantage over other ships?
Answer: superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft
Southampton

After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the act in 1888, Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire, which meant that it had many features of a county, but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council. There is a great source of confusion in the fact that the ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton or Southamptonshire. This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries. Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974.

Question: What was prior to the start of the 60s?
Answer: officially changed to Hampshire

Question: What happened in 1970s?
Answer: Southampton became a non-metropolitan district

Question: What happened 46 years ago?
Answer: Southampton became a non-metropolitan district

Question: Who made decisions for Southampton after 1888?
Answer: governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council

Question: Which is not a name for the county: Hampshire, County Council, or Hantscire?
Answer: County Council

Question: What was created prior to 1950?
Answer: Hampshire County Council

Question: Why did Hampshire wait until 1888 to make Southampton a county borough?
Answer: establishment of Hampshire County Council

Question: What happened to Southampton in the 1950s?
Answer: officially changed to Hampshire

Question: Where is Southampton?
Answer: within the county of Hampshire

Question: What was prior to the 80s?
Answer: Southampton became a non-metropolitan district