UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Royal_assent

If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.

Question: Official agreement or consent can also be referred to as?
Answer: assent

Question: The judge that presides in a Supreme Court is called?
Answer: Chief Justice

Question: The lower chamber of the bicameral Parliament of Canada is called?
Answer: House of Commons

Question: What must happen when there is assent?
Answer: the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law

Question: The lower chamber of Canada is called the House of Commons, it is under which kind of legislative goverment system?
Answer: parliament

Question: Who are the backup options to give assent?
Answer: Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada

Question: What does the Governor General do?
Answer: give assent

Question: What does the Senate and House need for a bill to become law?
Answer: notified on the same day

Question: What is the House of Commons and the Senate together called?
Answer: the parliament

Question: How should the House be notified?
Answer: while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons

Question: A monarch is an example of what kind of ruler?
Answer: sovereign

Question: What must happen regarding both house of parliaments regarding assent?
Answer: both houses must be notified on the same day

Question: What can be done other than notification of bills?
Answer: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament

Question: What is the second method of assent mentioned?
Answer: each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house
Serbo-Croatian

In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".

Question: What was the joint language called around the turn of the 19th century?
Answer: Bosnian

Question: The article describes the development of what language?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian

Question: When did the creation of a joint language begin?
Answer: mid-19th century

Question: Who did Gaj and Danicic mentor?
Answer: Croatian writers and linguists

Question: what occupation is mentioned second?
Answer: folklorist

Question: What was Shtokavian?
Answer: the most widespread dialect

Question: Who accompanied Serbian in the advocacy for the use of Shtokavian?
Answer: most Croatian writers and linguists

Question: what time period is mentioned last?
Answer: 1907

Question: Serbo-Croation came about after what event?
Answer: the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907

Question: The article describes the origins of what language?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian

Question: what time period is mentioned second to last?
Answer: 1850

Question: what group was mentioned last?
Answer: Croats

Question: what place was mentioned last?
Answer: Herzegovina

Question: Serbian and Croation writers and linguists came together to create what?
Answer: the Vienna Literary Agreement

Question: Why was there a language that contained a mix of Serbian and Croation language?
Answer: In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard
Serbo-Croatian

South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by urbanization and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences.

Question: Of the 18th century and the 20th century, which one had migration caused by war?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What century began on the year 1701?
Answer: 18th

Question: An instrument or machine that is used for accurate weighing of objects is called?
Answer: scale

Question: The year 1508 occured in what century?
Answer: 16th

Question: Which of the following came first: urbanization or the spread of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: Ottoman Empire

Question: 12 countries lying on the southeastern edge of the European continent such as Croatia are all together called?
Answer: Balkans

Question: The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1808, but ended in what century?
Answer: 20th

Question: If two places are closer geographically what will there be more of in terms of dialect?
Answer: similarities

Question: What part of language can change from place to place?
Answer: dialect

Question: What happened to the dialect continuum due to the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: broke

Question: If two places are further apart, what will there be more of in terms of dialect?
Answer: differences

Question: Which came later, the 16th or 20th century?
Answer: 20th

Question: Which of the following did not occur in the 20th century: urbanization, the spread of the Ottoman Empire, or wars?
Answer: spread of Ottoman Empire
Serbo-Croatian

The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se, but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian, These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian.

Question: what way of speaking is mentioned last?
Answer: Old Croatian

Question: what way of speaking is mentioned last?
Answer: Old Croatian

Question: what place is mentioned second?
Answer: Dubrovnik

Question: what way of speaking is mentioned second to last?
Answer: modern-day Croatian

Question: What is Croatian an example of?
Answer: language

Question: what way of speaking is mentioned third to last?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned first?
Answer: Italian

Question: what area is mentioned second?
Answer: Dubrovnik

Question: what way of speaking is mentioned second?
Answer: Slavic

Question: Besides Slavs, what nationality lived in Dalmatia?
Answer: Italian

Question: What language was considered similar to Croatian?
Answer: Serbian

Question: Which Croatian was the original?
Answer: Old

Question: What type of region was Dalmatia?
Answer: city-states

Question: what group of people are mentioned first?
Answer: writers

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned second?
Answer: Slavic
MP3

During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.)

Question: When are the samples transformed?
Answer: During encoding

Question: What of noise is taken?
Answer: samples

Question: What is time transformed into?
Answer: frequency

Question: When are 192 samples taken?
Answer: If there is a transient

Question: What is auditory?
Answer: noise

Question: What is one process shown in the text?
Answer: encoding

Question: How does the transient noise spread?
Answer: temporal

Question: What is a problem during encoding?
Answer: the temporal spread of quantization noise

Question: What should we see for further information?
Answer: psychoacoustics

Question: What do you encounter in psychoacoustics?
Answer: noise
MP3

An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the U.S. Patents filed for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 a year or more after its publication are questionable. If only the known MP3 patents filed by December 1992 are considered, then MP3 decoding has been patent-free in the US since 22 September 2015 when U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired which had a PCT filing in October 1992. If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires.

Question: What is different?
Answer: patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents)

Question: What, in the article, happens a little over 2 years after patent 5,812,672 expired?
Answer: U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires

Question: what is the last month mentioned?
Answer: December

Question: What happens with Patent 5,703,999
Answer: then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires

Question: What happened to Patent 5,812,672?
Answer: since 22 September 2015 when U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired

Question: what hyphenated name is mentioned?
Answer: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

Question: What happened in the 15th year of the 21st century?
Answer: U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired

Question: what vehicle is mentioned?
Answer: submarine

Question: what film related company is mentioned?
Answer: Technicolor

Question: When do the patents end?
Answer: from 2007 to 2017

Question: what is the first location mentioned?
Answer: United States

Question: What will happen toward the end of the 17th year of the 21th century?
Answer: U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires

Question: Who potentially holds the patent?
Answer: the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor
MP3

There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder.

Question: What kind of files are MP3s?
Answer: audio

Question: What legal blocks are not a concern in the text
Answer: patent restrictions

Question: What audio compression formats that are not Vorbis do not contain limitations that are inherent to the mp3 format?
Answer: AAC, WMA Pro

Question: What are AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis more effective than?
Answer: any MP3 encoder

Question: Which compression format is listed twice in the text
Answer: Vorbis

Question: what is the second in the list older version of audio compression formats listed
Answer: Vorbis

Question: What do the programs mentioned compress?
Answer: MP3 format

Question: What is an advantage of Opus besides it not costing any money?
Answer: without any known patent restrictions

Question: What is the price of Opus?
Answer: free of charge
MP3

A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music.

Question: In which department does Berger teach?
Answer: Music

Question: In what academic department does Berger teach?
Answer: Music

Question: In which department is Berger a faculty member?
Answer: Music

Question: In which department does Jonathan Berger work?
Answer: Music

Question: In what department does Jonathan Berger teach classes?
Answer: Music

Question: In what department is Berger employed?
Answer: Music

Question: What does the preference for sizzle sounds say?
Answer: preference for MP3-quality music has risen

Question: What subject does Berger teach?
Answer: Music

Question: Who is causing MP3 use to grow?
Answer: students

Question: How do they know what the students like?
Answer: A test

Question: What was the main thing that most of the tested agreed on?
Answer: prefer the 'sizzle' sounds

Question: How did Berger assess student music preference?
Answer: A test

Question: In what department is Jonathan Berger employed?
Answer: Music

Question: What did they do to figure out what kind of sound the people preferred?
Answer: A test given to new students

Question: In what department does Berger teach classes?
Answer: Music
MP3

Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio. This reduction in sampling rate serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bitrate by 50%. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel.

Question: By how much were the sampling rates reduced in the second iteration?
Answer: exactly half

Question: In which year were the revised standards for mpeg issued?
Answer: 1995

Question: To what is the reduction in bitrate attributed?
Answer: reduction in sampling rate

Question: What is the rate difference?
Answer: exactly half

Question: What is MPEG-2 Part 3?
Answer: ISO/IEC 13818-3

Question: How many channels can not be utilized in mPEG-1?
Answer: 5.1

Question: What cuts back but also improves?
Answer: reduction in sampling rate

Question: How was the channel coding increased in MPEG-2 Part 3?
Answer: coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel

Question: What kind of files are MPEG-2 standards applied to?
Answer: audio

Question: What is MPEG-2 Audio BC?
Answer: MPEG-2 Part 3

Question: What is the predecessor of MPEG-2?
Answer: MPEG-1 Audio
MP3

Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s.

Question: Is it the prefix non or standard that hits 640 kbit/s?
Answer: Non

Question: What kind of equipment is needed to upgrade from standard bit rate?
Answer: LAME encoder and the freeformat option

Question: Who has indicated that decoders must only be able to decode up to 320 kbits?
Answer: ISO standard

Question: What goes above and beyond the standard requirements?
Answer: the LAME encoder and the freeformat option

Question: Which does not match the ISO Standard, 640 kbit/s or 320 kbit/s?
Answer: 640 kbit/s

Question: Which has the lower bit rate, files that meet the ISO Standard or non-standard files?
Answer: ISO standard

Question: What is the minimum needed to meet necessities?
Answer: 320 kbit/s

Question: Which files are considered non-standard, 640 or 320?
Answer: 640

Question: What level outshines the standard minimum, but isn't necessarily a good thing?
Answer: 640 kbit/s

Question: What is the issue with using LAME?
Answer: few MP3 players can play those files

Question: How many more kbits are in the non-standard versus the standard?
Answer: 320 kbit/s

Question: MP3 players normally plays which bit rate?
Answer: 320 kbit/s

Question: What is necessary to upgrade from 320 kbits?
Answer: LAME encoder and the freeformat option
MP3

Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song "Tom's Diner" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some refer to Suzanne Vega as "The mother of MP3". This particular track has an interesting property in that the two channels are almost, but not completely, the same, leading to a case where Binaural Masking Level Depression causes spatial unmasking of noise artifacts unless the encoder properly recognizes the situation and applies corrections similar to those detailed in the MPEG-2 AAC psychoacoustic model. Some more critical audio excerpts (glockenspiel, triangle, accordion, etc.) were taken from the EBU V3/SQAM reference compact disc and have been used by professional sound engineers to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG Audio formats.

Question: What did Tom's Diner offer?
Answer: making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks

Question: Which is not a last name, Vega or Audio?
Answer: Audio

Question: Why was a version of Vega's music used?
Answer: because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content
Raleigh,_North_Carolina

The National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford, Connecticut (where it was known as the Hartford Whalers). The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later RBC Center and now PNC Arena), was under construction. The Hurricanes are the only major league (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the Stanley Cup in 2006, over the Edmonton Oilers. The city played host to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game.

Question: What happened 14 years after the Hurricanes moved to Raleigh?
Answer: The city played host to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game

Question: What did the Hurricanes do 9 years after moving to Raleigh?
Answer: winning the Stanley Cup

Question: What North Carolina city did the Hurricanes first play in?
Answer: Greensboro

Question: What, in the article, took place in the 11th year of the 21st century?
Answer: NHL All-Star Game

Question: What happened 9 years before the Hurricanes won the Stanley Cup?
Answer: Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh

Question: What league do the Hurricanes play in?
Answer: The National Hockey League

Question: What, in the article, took place in the 6th year of the 21st century?
Answer: the Stanley Cup

Question: Where did the Hurricanes start being called the Hurricanes?
Answer: Raleigh

Question: What, in the article, happened in the 8th year of the 90s?
Answer: The National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh

Question: What sport do the Hurricanes play?
Answer: Hockey

Question: What happened to the arena in Raleigh in 1997?
Answer: construction
Raleigh,_North_Carolina

Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, or TTA). Triangle Transit offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park and several of the region's larger suburban communities. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers and commute destinations.

Question: What is this public transportation considered since it always makes the same stops without variation?
Answer: fixed-route

Question: What suggests that the Triangle Transit is not the only place the the people of Raleigh use for transportation?
Answer: is also served

Question: Who are the people that arrange for a large van for their workers so that they can get to work?
Answer: employers

Question: What disproves an impression that this is a national transit system?
Answer: regional and commuter bus service

Question: Besides urban areas, Triangle Transit also serves?
Answer: larger suburban communities

Question: What is the name of a large town in the service area?
Answer: Research Triangle Park

Question: If you need to get to work while riding with others, and want to take a large passenger vehicle that is not a van or train, what could you use?
Answer: commuter bus

Question: What is consistent and permanent?
Answer: service

Question: A form of transportation that isn't the bus, van, or ridesharing can be taken at the?
Answer: Raleigh-Durham International Airport

Question: Which modes of transportation would be the most comparable to carpooling?
Answer: vanpool and rideshare

Question: What do you do when you travel to work, by any means?
Answer: commute

Question: If you are a local, what service would benefit you that is dependable and consistent?
Answer: fixed-route regional and commuter bus service

Question: The TTA has what kind of smaller transportation options?
Answer: vanpool and rideshare