UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Capacitor

Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes." Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor.

Question: What went hand in hand with the new capacitor for Bell Labs
Answer: their newly invented transistor

Question: What was the first birth name of the inventor listed
Answer: Karol

Question: What makes Bell's invention different from Pollak's?
Answer: tantalum

Question: What was the main perk of the new capacitor
Answer: more reliable

Question: What happened during the 5th decade of the 20th century?
Answer: Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories

Question: What is the name Charles was first given in life?
Answer: Karol

Question: Pollak's parents gave him which name?
Answer: Karol

Question: Who was responsible for a capacitor that people could better rely on?
Answer: Bell Laboratories

Question: What had Pollak changed his name to?
Answer: Charles

Question: What did Charles do in the 96th year of the 19th century?
Answer: he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes."

Question: Who added on to the progress of capacitors?
Answer: Bell Laboratories
Capacitor

The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.

Question: To make parasitic capacitance negligibly small, which should be smaller, plate width or separation?
Answer: separation

Question: Which type of electric field is less desirable, between the plates or outside the dielectric?
Answer: outside the dielectric

Question: Which of the following does not affect the maximum amount of energy the capacitor can store: dielectric volume, equations or dielectric strength?
Answer: equations

Question: Where is energy stored?
Answer: capacitor

Question: What does a change in the distance of the plates do?
Answer: It becomes negligibly small

Question: The electric field being concentrated is just what?
Answer: these equations assume

Question: What is one characteristic of capacitor?
Answer: effective capacitance

Question: The plates that will increase the effective capacitance are where?
Answer: sides

Question: How can the capacitance change?
Answer: It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large

Question: What is a part of capacitor?
Answer: plates

Question: What influence the parasitic capacitance?
Answer: ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation

Question: The changing of the plate can be done while what?
Answer: maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store

Question: What is parasitic capacitance charateristic of?
Answer: capacitor
Capacitor

where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part, Z(ω) is the complex impedance with the dielectric present, Ccmplx(ω) is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present, and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement "without the dielectric" in principle means measurement in free space, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as dichroism. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of C0, is sufficiently accurate.)

Question: What kind of friend do some kids have that are not real or seen?
Answer: imaginary

Question: Another term commonly used for a gift given on Christmas day is?
Answer: present

Question: An item with the property of transmitting an electric force without conduction is descried as?
Answer: dielectric

Question: A property of material that can cause visible light to split into two or more distinct beams of differing wavelengths is called?
Answer: dichroism

Question: The effective resistance of an electrical circuit to alternating current is referred to as?
Answer: impedance

Question: What word stems from the Latin word for "of the Earth", and is used as an adjective as such?
Answer: terrestrial

Question: What is less than double?
Answer: single

Question: What is another word for gift?
Answer: present
Capacitor

Most types of capacitor include a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance. These dielectrics are most often insulators. However, low capacitance devices are available with a vacuum between their plates, which allows extremely high voltage operation and low losses. Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits. Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates, with no significant air space between them.

Question: Which of the following is not a capacitor part: plates, dielectric spacer, or radio?
Answer: radio

Question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of low capacitance devices: high voltage operation, open to atmosphere, or low losses?
Answer: open to the atmosphere

Question: What is opposite of high?
Answer: low

Question: Vaccuums are not ideal for?
Answer: radio tuning circuits

Question: WHat is opposite of least?
Answer: Most

Question: What is opposite of exclude?
Answer: include

Question: How are vacuums used?
Answer: low capacitance devices

Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of variable capacitors: vacuum between their plates, moving and stationary plates, or plates open to the atmosphere?
Answer: plates open to the atmosphere

Question: What are dielectrics used in?
Answer: capacitor
Capacitor

Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".

Question: The inventor of the low voltage electrolytic capacitator with porous carbon electrodes did not know?
Answer: the double layer mechanism

Question: What kind of device did Becker make?
Answer: capacitor

Question: What gives the Supercapacitors their advantage?
Answer: electric double-layer

Question: What did the supercapacitors improve?
Answer: electrolytic capacitor

Question: How do supercapacitors store energy?
Answer: the double layer mechanism

Question: The inventor of the low voltage electrolytic capacitator with porous carbon electrodes had what document?
Answer: patent

Question: What is one characteristic of the electrodes of the supercapacitor?
Answer: porous

Question: What features did the supercapacitor that was invented have?
Answer: energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors

Question: What did we call the best capacitors then?
Answer: electric double-layer capacitor

Question: The inventor of the low voltage electrolytic capacitator with porous carbon electrodes believed?
Answer: energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor

Question: What is the purpose of the supercapacitors?
Answer: energy storage

Question: What stored the energy of the capacitor?
Answer: the component
Gramophone_record

Eventually the 12-inch (300 mm) 33 1⁄3 rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums, and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued. The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called Hall of Fame, CL 2600, issued on October 26, 1956, containing six songs, one each by Tony Bennett, Rosemary Clooney, Johnnie Ray, Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, and Frankie Laine. The 10-inch LP however had a longer life in the United Kingdom, where important early British rock and roll albums such as Lonnie Donegan's Lonnie Donegan Showcase and Billy Fury's The Sound of Fury were released in that form. The 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc or "single" established a significant niche for shorter duration discs, typically containing one item on each side. The 45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs, while the 12-inch LP discs eventually provided up to one half-hour of recorded material per side.

Question: How many songs by Johnnie Ray were on the 10-in LP released by Columbia Records on October 26, 1956?
Answer: one

Question: How many songs by Rosemary Clooney were on the Hall of Fame CL 2600 album?
Answer: one

Question: How many songs by Frankie Laine were on the 10-inch LP released by Columbia Records in 1956?
Answer: one

Question: Which artists remained popular on older abum types after the 12 inch option became popular?
Answer: Lonnie Donegan's Lonnie Donegan Showcase and Billy Fury's The Sound of Fury

Question: What was the 7-inch record similar to?
Answer: 78 rpm discs

Question: How many songs by Frank Sinatra were on the 1956 album called Hall of Fame, CL2600?
Answer: one

Question: What did the diameter of the record increase to?
Answer: 12-inch

Question: Which type of disc has songs on two sides?
Answer: 12-inch LP

Question: What was the diameter of records prior to the switch to a 12 inch format?
Answer: 10-inch

Question: How many songs by Tony Bennett were on the album Hall of Fame, CL 2600?
Answer: one

Question: What diameter was used prior to the 10 inch record?
Answer: 7-inch
Gramophone_record

In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old records and out-of-print recordings in particular are in much demand by collectors the world over. (See Record collecting.) Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues, sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl.

Question: What state are those who still enjoy the medium in?
Answer: enthusiastic

Question: What are records made from?
Answer: Vinyl

Question: What type of record do fan boys drool over more than new records?
Answer: Old records

Question: What is a notable fact that the passage mentions as it describes records popularity?
Answer: record sales are considered to be a niche market

Question: Who is most likely to buy records?
Answer: audiophiles, collectors, and DJs

Question: In what ways can new music be heard in an anachronistic manner?
Answer: vinyl records

Question: What alternate to popular rock uses the medium?
Answer: independent rock

Question: What genre is most likely to produce a record?
Answer: independent rock bands

Question: What travel related issue does the medium have?
Answer: lack of portability

Question: What is often the main usage of the passage's topic?
Answer: Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues, sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl
Gramophone_record

The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today.

Question: What are the things that are necessary for this process to function?
Answer: phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers

Question: Why are quadraphonic records named as such?
Answer: four separate sound signals

Question: What did quadraphonic records create a market for?
Answer: home cinema

Question: Which, between the SACD and the SQ, is the most modern?
Answer: SACD

Question: Why were quadraphonic records called by that name?
Answer: four separate sound signals

Question: What method pioneered the movement forward for sound systems?
Answer: This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal

Question: What is the main point of the passage?
Answer: proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems

Question: What, between SACD and QS, was released first?
Answer: QS

Question: How many types of quadraphonic record systems went into widespread use?
Answer: two

Question: What, between SACD and SQ, was released first?
Answer: SQ
Gramophone_record

Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonances. Crystal pickups were also introduced as lower cost alternatives. The dynamic or moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone in 1932. Both of these high quality microphones became widespread in motion picture, radio, recording, and public address applications.

Question: What was another name that could of been used for a moving coil microphone?
Answer: dynamic

Question: What drove microphone design in the 1940's?
Answer: lower cost alternatives

Question: what type of recording device is mentioned last?
Answer: high quality microphones

Question: what machine is mentioned first?
Answer: radio

Question: what period in time is mentioned second to last?
Answer: 1930

Question: What was common function of electric recordings?
Answer: to be played back electrically

Question: What is crystal pickups an alternative to?
Answer: Magnetic pickups

Question: What did someone do to save a recording for later in the 1940's?
Answer: electric recordings

Question: what was the last use of microphones mentioned?
Answer: public address applications

Question: How would someone save music for later in the 1940's?
Answer: electric recordings

Question: Listening to a radio of the era was similar to what?
Answer: electric recordings to be played back electrically

Question: The improvement of the damping of spurious resonances can be attributed to what?
Answer: Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed

Question: what period in time is mentioned last?
Answer: 1932
Gramophone_record

In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm, such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would "stand still" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60 Hz). After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s, to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records.

Question: What was the exception to the standard number?
Answer: parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm

Question: What was an indication of the time period of the standards?
Answer: After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s

Question: What made a 78 spin in 1925?
Answer: electrically powered synchronous turntable motor

Question: What caused the revolutions?
Answer: motor

Question: What gear ratio would be used in parts of the world using 60 Hz?
Answer: 46:1 gear ratio

Question: How did the playing system operate?
Answer: electrically

Question: What does HZ measure?
Answer: light

Question: How many lines would you need to "stand still" if you were using an rpm of 78.26
Answer: 92 lines

Question: The initial standard was determined in a time before what?
Answer: World War II

Question: How were the rpms originally determined?
Answer: the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor

Question: What is being classified?
Answer: records

Question: What effect is displayed on a disc with 77 lines, spinning at 77.92 rpm, when exposed to 50 Hz light?
Answer: would "stand still"
Gramophone_record

Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the record. At high frequencies, hiss, pops, and ticks are significant. These problems can be reduced by using equalization to an agreed standard. During recording the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced, thus reducing the groove width required, and the amplitude at high frequencies is increased. The playback equipment boosts bass and cuts treble so as to restore the tonal balance in the original signal; this also reduces the high frequency noise. Thus more music will fit on the record, and noise is reduced.

Question: How do we make the groove on the record smaller?
Answer: the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced

Question: What happens when the groove of the record is wider?
Answer: At high frequencies, hiss, pops, and ticks are significant

Question: What effect does boosting bass and cutting treble have on the original signal?
Answer: restore the tonal balance

Question: How can we fit more music onto a record?
Answer: reduces the high frequency noise

Question: Unwanted sounds that are unpleasant, loud, or interfere with desired sounds are generally called?
Answer: noise

Question: Lowest pitch instruments such as guitars are given the designation...?
Answer: bass

Question: What is amplified by playback equipment?
Answer: bass

Question: What is reduced by playback equipment?
Answer: treble

Question: What needs a wider gap?
Answer: low frequencies

Question: What are two issues with a wide groove?
Answer: taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the record

Question: An adjective that refers to threefold is?
Answer: treble

Question: How can you keep sounds like pops from happening on your record?
Answer: using equalization to an agreed standard

Question: A depression in an object that is also usually long is called a?
Answer: groove

Question: What causes the most sound quality problems?
Answer: high frequencies

Question: Some smartphones may include a tool to allow fine touch on its screen called a?
Answer: stylus
Gramophone_record

Some recordings, such as books for the blind, were pressed at 16 2⁄3 rpm. Prestige Records released jazz records in this format in the late 1950s; for example, two of their Miles Davis albums were paired together in this format. Peter Goldmark, the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record, developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles, but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2⁄3 rpm records. Subsequently, the 16 2⁄3 rpm speed was used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired, and were never widely commercially available, although it was common to see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s.

Question: What happened to 16 2/3 after their failure in Chrysler cars?
Answer: used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired

Question: What rpm was more common than 16 2/3?
Answer: 33 1⁄3 rpm record

Question: How did a record company promote the 16 2/3 rpm records?
Answer: two of their Miles Davis albums were paired together in this format

Question: What happened to 16 2/3 rpm speed at last?
Answer: never widely commercially available

Question: What record was produced in 16 2/3 rpm?
Answer: Miles Davis albums

Question: What type of jazz records were released?
Answer: Miles Davis albums

Question: How were the jazz records from Prestige Records made?
Answer: pressed at 16 2⁄3 rpm

Question: Which weakness did the 16 2/3 rpm record focus on?
Answer: blind and visually impaired

Question: Before the 1960s, what was released on 16 2/3 rpm besides jazz records?
Answer: books for the blind

Question: What was the first product developed by Peter Goldmark?
Answer: 33 1⁄3 rpm record

Question: What kind of weakness was aimed at by the pressed format?
Answer: blind

Question: Why were the 16 2/3 eventually only used for books for the blind?
Answer: poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia
Gramophone_record

In 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, the sale of vinyl records was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year. Sales of other mediums including individual digital tracks, digital albums and compact discs have fallen, the latter having the greatest drop-in-sales rate.

Question: What album has sold the most vinyl in one week?
Answer: Lazaretto

Question: What type of music medium is enjoying a boost?
Answer: vinyl

Question: What are digital tracks?
Answer: mediums

Question: What are digital albums?
Answer: mediums

Question: What is Lazaretto?
Answer: solo release

Question: What is Vitalogy?
Answer: record

Question: Who did Jack White work with on his album?
Answer: solo

Question: Who broke a record for Vinyl Sales for an album in the early 90's?
Answer: Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy

Question: How did White sell his 40000 copies of his album in 2014?
Answer: on vinyl

Question: Who sold more than 36,000 records?
Answer: Jack White