UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
LaserDisc

Many early LDs were not manufactured properly; sometimes a substandard adhesive was used to sandwich together the two sides of the disc.[citation needed] The adhesive contained impurities that were able to penetrate the lacquer seal layer and chemically attack the metalized reflective aluminium layer, causing it to oxidize and lose its reflective characteristics. This was a problem that was termed "laser rot" among LD enthusiasts, also called "color flash" internally by LaserDisc-pressing plants. Some forms of laser rot could appear as black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise. But, for the most part, rotted discs could actually appear perfectly fine to the naked eye.

Question: What chemical process causes laser rot?
Answer: oxidize

Question: What part of the laser disc was most likely to cause failure of the device?
Answer: adhesive

Question: "Color flash" was used by plants to refer to the oxidation of what part of the laser?
Answer: metalized reflective aluminium layer

Question: Losing what physical property would render a LaserDisc unable to be played?
Answer: its reflective characteristics

Question: What part of the laser disc would show black spots of "laser rot"?
Answer: metalized reflective aluminium layer

Question: What caused laser rot?
Answer: substandard adhesive

Question: Which part of a LaserDisc is most crucial for playback?
Answer: aluminium layer

Question: A LaserDisc suffering from laser rot can display what symptoms despite seeming normal to the naked eye?
Answer: skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise

Question: Laser rot is the result of what chemical reaction happening?
Answer: oxidize

Question: What manufacturing terminology is used for a problem that early LDs sometimes exhibited?
Answer: color flash

Question: Laser rot is the result of what substance?
Answer: impurities that were able to penetrate the lacquer seal layer

Question: What visual effect can be seen on failed laser discs?
Answer: black spots

Question: What chemical reaction causes "color flash"?
Answer: oxidize
LaserDisc

Similar to the CD versus LP sound quality debates common in the audiophile community, some videophiles argue that LaserDisc maintains a "smoother", more "film-like", natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial. Early DVD demo discs often had compression or encoding problems, lending additional support to such claims at the time. However, the video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of LaserDisc are substantially less than that of DVDs, making DVDs appear sharper and clearer to most viewers.

Question: What analogous argument about DVDs exists?
Answer: CD versus LP

Question: What was an initial shortfall of digital media?
Answer: compression or encoding problems

Question: Why would one choose a DVD over a LaseDsic?
Answer: However, the video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of LaserDisc are substantially less than that of DVDs, making DVDs appear sharper and clearer to most viewers

Question: When DVDs first came around, what did some people say were superior?
Answer: LaserDisc

Question: What is the difference between the CD and LP?
Answer: sound quality

Question: What is the advantage of the CD?
Answer: LaserDisc maintains a "smoother", more "film-like", natural image

Question: What lacks the sharper and clearer look of DVDs?
Answer: LaserDisc

Question: What type of image do some say isn't as real?
Answer: DVD

Question: Why would one choose a LaserDisc?
Answer: Early DVD demo discs often had compression or encoding problems

Question: What was an issue with the discs?
Answer: DVD still looks slightly more artificial
LaserDisc

Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc (either Dolby Digital or DTS), so if surround sound is desired, the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment (LD Player and Receiver/Decoder) by the purchaser. A fully capable LaserDisc playback system includes a newer LaserDisc player that is capable of playing digital tracks, has a digital optical output for digital PCM and DTS audio, is aware of AC-3 audio tracks, and has an AC-3 coaxial output; an external or internal AC-3 RF demodulator and AC-3 decoder; and a DTS decoder. Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic, but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers.

Question: The audio technology option made by an american company based in California that is used on LasarDisc is called?
Answer: DTS

Question: From what period were receivers made that had integrated demodulators?
Answer: 1990s

Question: Which of the following is not a potential surround sound option for LaserDiscs: Dolby Digital, LD or DTS?
Answer: LD

Question: If you are buying a LaserDisc and have playback equipment for Dolby Digital, you should make sure the surround sound option on the disc is not what?
Answer: DTS

Question: As opposed to being analog, LaserDiscs are in what format?
Answer: digital

Question: Which of the following is not a type of playback equipment: LD Player, Receiver/Decoder, or LaserDisc?
Answer: LaserDisc

Question: What do you need in addition to the LaserDisc in order to experience surround sound?
Answer: playback equipment

Question: Which of the following is not a type of decoder: AC-3, A/V or DTS?
Answer: A/V
LaserDisc

The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators.

Question: Why are RLVs purple-blue?
Answer: dye embedded in the reflective layer

Question: What does one RLV or LaserDisc have that another doesn't?
Answer: reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color

Question: What other disc has embedded dye in it?
Answer: DVD-R and DVD+R discs

Question: Why would the air force prefer RLVs over LaserDiscs?
Answer: flight simulators

Question: What does LD mean?
Answer: LaserDiscs

Question: What does the second D in DVD mean?
Answer: disc

Question: What makes the RLV recordable?
Answer: dye embedded in the reflective

Question: What color are LaserDiscs?
Answer: silver mirror appearance
LaserDisc

During the early years, MCA also manufactured discs for other companies including Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros. Some of them added their own names to the disc jacket to signify that the movie was not owned by MCA. After Discovision Associates shut down in early 1982, Universal Studio's videodisc software label, called MCA Videodisc until 1984, began reissuing many DiscoVision titles. Unfortunately, quite a few, such as Battlestar Galactica and Jaws, were time-compressed versions of their CAV or CLV Disco Vision originals. The time-compressed CLV re-issue of Jaws no longer had the original soundtrack, having had incidental background music replaced for the video disc version due to licensing cost (the music would not be available until the THX LaserDisc box set was released in 1995). One Universal/Columbia co-production issued by MCA Disco Vision in both CAV and CLV versions, The Electric Horseman, is still not available in any other home video format with its original score intact; even the most recent DVD release has had substantial music replacements of both instrumental score and Willie Nelson's songs. An MCA release of Universal's Howard the Duck, sees only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film. For many years this was the only disc-based release of the film, until widescreen DVD formats were released with extras. Also, the LaserDisc release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is the only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster telling off Elliott for letting the frogs free in the biology class.

Question: The DVD releases of which movie are all missing a scene?
Answer: E.T

Question: Who profited from Discovision shutting down?
Answer: Universal Studio

Question: What company was only operating prior to 1982?
Answer: Discovision Associates

Question: What happened in the 6th year of the 1990s?
Answer: the THX LaserDisc box set was released

Question: Which company, between Disney and Discovision Associates, did NOT shut down in 1982?
Answer: Disney

Question: Who owned MCA?
Answer: Universal Studio's

Question: Which company, between Discovision Associates and Paramount, shut down in 1982?
Answer: Discovision Associates

Question: What was the drawback with reissuing the DiscoVision movies?
Answer: time-compressed versions

Question: What did it mean if a company's name was on the movie packaging?
Answer: the movie was not owned by MCA

Question: What is one movie that has the opening in one aspect ratio and the main part of the movie in another?
Answer: Howard the Duck

Question: What was too expensive to keep in the reissued movies?
Answer: original soundtrack
ASCII

ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many additional characters. ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8, which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII.

Question: What is ASCII's job?
Answer: character-encoding scheme

Question: What is ASCII?
Answer: American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Question: ASCII has been the basis of?
Answer: Most modern character-encoding schemes

Question: Where is ASCII used?
Answer: computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text

Question: ASCII appears in the form of?
Answer: text

Question: What is UTF-8?
Answer: character-encoding scheme

Question: How do you pronounce ASCII?
Answer: i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee

Question: The character-encoding scheme is of what culture?
Answer: American

Question: What was the inferior character encoding scheme in 2008?
Answer: ASCII

Question: What does ASCII relate to?
Answer: text

Question: What does the A stand for in ASCII?
Answer: American
ASCII

Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() –  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers—​​following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)—​​and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Question: What letter did one use instead of the digit zero on the Remington No.2?
Answer: O

Question: The IBM Selectric is a?
Answer: Electric typewriters

Question: You can choose between electric and?
Answer: mechanical

Question: ASCII uses not just letters, but also?
Answer: non-alphanumeric characters

Question: O replaced?
Answer: 0

Question: What letter did one use instead of the digit 1 on the first typewriter with a shift key?
Answer: l

Question: Prior to ten digit keys becoming standard, which digits had keys on mechanical typewriters?
Answer: 23456789

Question: What typewriter's keyboard layout was imitated by subsequent mechanical typewriters?
Answer: Remington No. 2

Question: Once typewriters with keys for all 10 digits became common, what was the standard digit key to hit while holding down shift to produce an exclamation point?
Answer: 1

Question: Characters show up on?
Answer: typewriters

Question: l replaced?
Answer: 1
ASCII

ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

Question: When was the second ASCII version made public?
Answer: 1967

Question: Why did the ASA pick that day to start work on the ASCII?
Answer: the first meeting

Question: What is the ASA?
Answer: subcommittee

Question: ASCII was changed most near the present day when?
Answer: 1986

Question: What organization used ASCII before anyone else?
Answer: Bell data services

Question: ASCII's first significant alteration happened?
Answer: 1967

Question: What years describe the birth of the ASCII standardization?
Answer: 1963

Question: Bell used ASCII in a what type of application?
Answer: commercial

Question: What device did early telegraphy use?
Answer: teleprinters

Question: Who is behind  the ASCII standard?
Answer: ASA

Question: What did telegraphy lead to?
Answer: ASCII
ASCII

With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

Question: What was discussed of the code?
Answer: whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet

Question: What is built into the code?
Answer: 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code

Question: What allowed keyboards and printers to be produced?
Answer: Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7

Question: Which group voted that it was to be changed?
Answer: International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2

Question: What made case insensitive matching easier?
Answer: the characters to differ in bit pattern

Question: How did they decide if they would change its draft standard?
Answer: group voted

Question: What was decided of the discussion?
Answer: proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7

Question: How do the changes work?
Answer: Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers

Question: How were the characters dissimilar after the May assembly?
Answer: bit pattern

Question: When was the proposal accepted?
Answer: October
Armenia

On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR – the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western, Galen in Roman, Ibn Sīnā in Arabic medicine.

Question: What happened in the nineteen thirty-three?
Answer: Medical Institute separated

Question: What, in the article, happened 65 years before YSMI was renamed to YSMU?
Answer: Medical Institute separated

Question: What happened in the 80th year of the 20th century?
Answer: Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR

Question: Who was the physician equal to in an area centered on Italy?
Answer: Galen

Question: What was the former name of the campus in a city rhyming with caravan?
Answer: YSMI

Question: What happened to YSMI 4 years before it was renamed YSMU?
Answer: named after Mkhitar Heratsi

Question: Which syndicate aiding the campus could be associated with where Stalin ruled?
Answer: Order of Labor red Banner

Question: What, in the article, happened 50 years before YSMU received an award?
Answer: Medical Institute separated

Question: What does the "Y" in YSMU stand for?
Answer: Yerevan

Question: What happened in the 95th year of the 20th century?
Answer: YSMI was renamed to YSMU
Armenia

The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.

Question: Where is Yerevan?
Answer: Armenia

Question: Which does not house art: Middle Ages or the Children's Picture Gallery?
Answer: Middle Ages

Question: What doesn't have 16,000 works: The Modern Art Museum or The National Art Gallery?
Answer: The Modern Art Museum

Question: What are some of the other places to see art in Yerevan other than the names mentioned?
Answer: private galleries

Question: How can one obtain art?
Answer: sales

Question: Where is Yerevan located?
Answer: Armenia

Question: Besides the National Art Gallery in Yerevan, what other types of galleries operate?
Answer: private galleries

Question: The Modern Art Museum is one of what?
Answer: a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan

Question: What kind of entertainment does the city provide?
Answer: Art Gallery

Question: What institution is named for the people under 18?
Answer: the Children’s Picture Gallery

Question: There are over how many art works displayed at Yerevan?
Answer: 16,000

Question: Besides Armenia, art from what other place is featured?
Answer: European

Question: What is offered by the counterparts of the institutions cited here?
Answer: rotating exhibitions and sales
Armenia

Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Question: What did Armenia belong to during the majority of the 20th century?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Which happened earlier, the Russian Revolution or the modern Republic of Armenia became independent?
Answer: the Russian Revolution

Question: Which came first in Armenia. Armenian Soviet Socialist  Republic or the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Armenian Genocide

Question: Which happened earlier, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved or the modern Republic of Armenia became independent?
Answer: the Transcaucasian state was dissolved

Question: Which happened closer to 1920, the Russian Revolution or the dissolution of the Soviet Union?
Answer: the Russian Revolution

Question: Which happened earlier, the Russian Revolution or the dissolution of the Soviet Union?
Answer: the Russian Revolution

Question: Before being taken over by various empires, what made up Armenia?
Answer: Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia

Question: What did countries formerly ruled by Russia gain in 1918?
Answer: independence

Question: Who ruled over the other part of Armenia after the Russian empire conquered Eastern Armenia?
Answer: Ottoman Empire

Question: Which happened closer to 1930, the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia or the dissolution of the Soviet Union?
Answer: the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia

Question: Which came first in Armenia. Iranian rule or the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Iranian

Question: Which came first in Armenia, Ottoman rule or the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: Which came first in Armenia. Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic or the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Armenian Genocide

Question: Which came first in Armenia. Republic of Armenia or the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Armenian Genocide