UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Rule_of_law

Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the "rule of law," and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word "law" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being "defined by formal or substantive criteria," and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.

Question: What is John Harrison's last name?
Answer: Harrison

Question: What is the disagreement?
Answer: Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all

Question: How does this affect legal proceedings?
Answer: judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria

Question: Who defined the law?
Answer: U.S. Constitution

Question: What is the core of the debate?
Answer: U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the "rule of law,"

Question: What is Thomas Aquinas' last name?
Answer: Aquinas

Question: What is Thomas Aquinas' first name?
Answer: Thomas

Question: Who thought that laws based on the Constitution are to be interpreted?
Answer: Gedicks

Question: What is John Harrison's first name?
Answer: John

Question: Who agrees that a law is set in stone?
Answer: Harrison

Question: Which rule of law did the U.S. Constitution adopt according to John?
Answer: judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria

Question: How does the Constitution reference law?
Answer: simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being "defined by formal or substantive criteria,"

Question: What discretion is given to judges?
Answer: an unjust law was not really a law at all
Rule_of_law

The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.

Question: __ has the freest labour market in Europe.
Answer: Denmark

Question: How does the law change in different countries?
Answer: To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries

Question: What is important for links between the rule of law and real economy?
Answer: A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries

Question: __has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil.
Answer: Denmark

Question: What does Rule of Law mean?
Answer: is not yet fully clarified

Question: How does this influence countries?
Answer: common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy

Question: Why is this important for countries?
Answer: The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries

Question: Where is study needed to make connections?
Answer: research of links between the rule of law and real economy

Question: What is the difference in language?
Answer: it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

Question: Where won't you heard the phrase Rule of Law most likely?
Answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

Question: Where is the term not yet found?
Answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

Question: Where will you see the main idea of this ideal beginning to be applied?
Answer: developing and transitional countries

Question: The term rule of law has no hard meaning even in places like?
Answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

Question: With Norway and Sweden, __ is part of the Scandinavian Airlines flag carrier.
Answer: Denmark
Aspirated_consonant

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Question: What vocal type is used more often?
Answer: murmured (breathy-voice)

Question: What might people say sounds like whispering?
Answer: True aspirated voiced consonants

Question: What type of letters aren't usually aspirated?
Answer: consonants

Question: what is the sixth word in the first paragraph ?
Answer: opposed

Question: Which letters can be considered clicks?
Answer: [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ]

Question: Aside from the whisper tone dialects, what else might be heard in India?
Answer: Kx'a languages

Question: Which specific letters fall into the common category of pronunciation?
Answer: [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ]

Question: What is true sign of affricates and clicks?
Answer: [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ]

Question: Where do the general rules not seem to apply?
Answer: in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages

Question: what is the last word in the paragraph?
Answer: are

Question: what is the fourth word in the first paragraph?
Answer: consonants

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: languages of India

Question: What might sound similar to Morse-code?
Answer: clicks
Aspirated_consonant

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Question: What exception is mentioned?
Answer: but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period

Question: What is the main point of the passage?
Answer: other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point

Question: Out of the Ionic, Doric, and Aeolic dialects, which one had a consonant sound made by the friction of breath in a narrow opening, producing a turbulent air flow?
Answer: Doric

Question: What additional point is made about the main subject discussed in the passage?
Answer: the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis)

Question: Which dialect is not identified by a fricative or the presence of psilosis?
Answer: Arcadocypriot

Question: What dialect besides Doric didn't sometimes lose aspiration?
Answer: Arcadocypriot

Question: What dialect besides Aeolic sometimes made a sound change by the loss of a consonant sound?
Answer: Ionic
Aspirated_consonant

Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

Question: what is the fourth word in the passage?
Answer: marked

Question: what is the sixth word in the passage?
Answer: placing

Question: A thing that serves as a representation of something else, often abstract is called a?
Answer: symbol

Question: what is the last word in the passage?
Answer: stop

Question: What goes last
Answer: consonant

Question: A sound formed from the closure of ones lips is called?
Answer: bilabial

Question: A character that represents a speech sound and is part of an alphabet is referred to as a?
Answer: letter

Question: what is the fifth word in the passage?
Answer: by

Question: A thing that makes changes or modifies something else is called a?
Answer: modifier

Question: A speech sound that is performed with the closure of the vocal tract is called?
Answer: consonant

Question: What do preaspirated consonants look like
Answer: ʰp

Question: Whats the preaspirated bilabial stop
Answer: ʰp
Aspirated_consonant

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

Question: What needs to be oscillated in order to create a breathy voice?
Answer: vocal folds

Question: What does a bilabial stop really look like
Answer: b̤

Question: What kinds of letters can be voice aspirated and are not vowels?
Answer: consonants

Question: What can be used to represent a dental stop?
Answer: modifier letter

Question: How are consonants sometimes communicated?
Answer: voiced

Question: How should one pronounce a bilabial stop?
Answer: breathy

Question: What does the breathy voice modifier look like
Answer: bʱ

Question: How do you show a breathy voice
Answer: ◌ʰ

Question: How should one pronounce a murmured word?
Answer: breathy

Question: What does a bilabial stop look like
Answer: ⟨bʰ⟩

Question: How are breathy voiced words created?
Answer: phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

Question: What kind of letter would you see represented by a lowercase b in a transcription?
Answer: voiced aspirated consonants

Question: What should I do if I need to express voiced aspirated consonants?
Answer: phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

Question: What do I need to do if I want to express voiced aspirated consonants?
Answer: phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

Question: What would I need to do in order to express voiced aspirated consonants?
Answer: phonation or vibration of the vocal folds
Aspirated_consonant

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Question: What tradition is listed
Answer: aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated

Question: What does bʰ mean?
Answer: consonants with breathy voiced release

Question: Pronounced with an exhalation of breath?
Answer: aspirated

Question: What is the opposite of aspirated?
Answer: breathy-voiced

Question: How are voiced consonants written
Answer: ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ

Question: symbol for breathy b
Answer: bʰ

Question: What is the symbol that means a consonant has breathy release?
Answer: ◌ʰ

Question: What uses "voiceless" and "voiced" aspirated as terminology?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: What is the opposite of breathy-voiced?
Answer: aspirated

Question: What do voiced consonants look like
Answer: ◌ʰ

Question: Symbol for breathy voiced relief
Answer: ʰ
Aspirated_consonant

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Question: What besides English can have the aspiration?
Answer: In some languages

Question: What makes a noise, but seems like it should not?
Answer: voiceless stops

Question: What causes the break between words
Answer: aspiration

Question: How are words broken up
Answer: aspiration

Question: Synonym for breathing in
Answer: aspiration

Question: What is the opposite of what aspiration is in English?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: Red octagon shaped signs are intended to make what kind of vehicle manuever occur next to them?
Answer: stops

Question: Breaks in words that are not voiced
Answer: unaspirated

Question: The inability to produce words or communicate is described as what affliction in a person?
Answer: voiceless

Question: Audiobooks are text that can be listened to by a listener, as the narrator does what action in regards to the words?
Answer: voicing

Question: What can be told without the voice and how do they do it?
Answer: stops are sometimes aspirated

Question: German and French are examples of what system of agreed upon human communication?
Answer: languages

Question: What sounds like it should have vocal emphasis but does not?
Answer: voiced stops

Question: How can you really tell pauses apart?
Answer: voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated

Question: Sometimes, some phoemes can change their sound based on how a word is spelled, these are?
Answer: allophonic
Aspirated_consonant

They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

Question: What might be a different word for a syllable?
Answer: morphemes

Question: The consonants in a clusters which can be analyzed as belonging to different heteromorphemic explanation is used to describe which example of two letters?
Answer: st

Question: What is another word similar to several that is being used to describe why a stop is aspirated?
Answer: different

Question: Which type of people aspirate words?
Answer: speakers

Question: What is the other letter besides S that is being used as an example?
Answer: t

Question: What determines if consonants are aspirated?
Answer: heteromorphemic

Question: How is a stop pronounced?
Answer: aspirated

Question: Immediately unaspirated by following word-inital s, who is it being referred to as unaspirated?
Answer: speakers

Question: How is S usually pronounced by people?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: What is the general characteristic of the s when it occurs in the beginning of a word?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: How are clusters analyzed?
Answer: heteromorphemic

Question: What can be said of the word distaste in terms of aspiration?
Answer: heteromorphemic

Question: What makes compound words different?
Answer: aspirated

Question: What letter is pronounced differently based on the location of where it occurs in a word?
Answer: s

Question: The word taste is part of what word used to describe an aspirated?
Answer: distaste
Josip_Broz_Tito

In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent.

Question: Was Stalin or Tito considered too independent?
Answer: Tito

Question: Of Tito and Stalin, who was considered the overall leader?
Answer: Stalin

Question: What communist leader was the most highly viewed?
Answer: Stalin

Question: What discord is introduced within the passage about the two subjects?
Answer: with Stalin considering Tito too independent

Question: Did Stalin or Tito have more allegiance to the capital city?
Answer: Tito

Question: What could be determined about the setting of the central figures?
Answer: In the first post war years

Question: What happened before Tito was considered a communist leader?
Answer: war

Question: Of Tito and Stalin, who was behind the other in status?
Answer: Tito

Question: What is the main point of the passage made?
Answer: Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow

Question: After the war, was Tito or Stalin seen as loyal to the capital city?
Answer: Tito
Josip_Broz_Tito

Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary.[nb 1] He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 – 16 December 1936), was a Croat, while his mother Marija (25 March 1864 – 14 January 1918), was a Slovene. His parents were married on 21 January 1891. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javeršek in the Slovenian village of Podsreda, he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905. In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a machinist's apprentice in Sisak. There, he became aware of the labour movement and celebrated 1 May – Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of metallurgy workers and at the same time the Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in Kamnik (1911–1912, factory "Titan"), Cenkov, Munich and Mannheim, where he worked for the Benz car factory; then he went to Wiener Neustadt, Austria, and worked as a test driver for Daimler.

Question: When did Broz's mother die?
Answer: 14 January 1918

Question: What political faction did Broz join?
Answer: Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia

Question: When did Josip test drive cars?
Answer: Between 1911 and 1913

Question: When was Broz's mother born?
Answer: 25 March 1864

Question: What event in winter in the late 1800s make Borz's existence more likely?
Answer: parents were married

Question: In what part of a season did Broz emerge into the world?
Answer: May

Question: When was Josip's father born?
Answer: 26 November 1860

Question: What was Marija's dad's name?
Answer: Martin Javeršek

Question: With the progenitor of which of his progentitors did Broz cohabitate in the early part of his existence?
Answer: maternal grandfather

Question: What was a major point of differentiation between the two progenitors of Broz?
Answer: Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 – 16 December 1936), was a Croat, while his mother Marija (25 March 1864 – 14 January 1918), was a Slovene

Question: Where did Marija's dad live?
Answer: Podsreda

Question: What did Broz forego, only to take part in after gaining knowledge about a political issue?
Answer: 1 May – Labour Day

Question: In what years did Broz work for Titan?
Answer: 1911–1912
Josip_Broz_Tito

Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.

Question: Which is not a last name, Tito or Yugoslav?
Answer: Yugoslav

Question: What country in Africa was part of Tito's Non-Aligned Movement movement?
Answer: Egypt

Question: How was Tito's leadership over Yugoslavia seen?
Answer: Viewed as a unifying symbol

Question: When is Tito's birthday?
Answer: 7 May

Question: Which is not a last name, Broz or Gamal?
Answer: Gamal

Question: How was Tito seen by his critics?
Answer: authoritarian

Question: When did Tito become active in politics?
Answer: 1943

Question: How would one write Tito's name in the Russian language?
Answer: Јосип Броз Тито

Question: Who is the leader of a tribe?
Answer: chief

Question: Name three international leaders allied with Tito?
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia

Question: What part of his name was Tito not born with?
Answer: Tito

Question: What type of country was Yugoslavia?
Answer: federation

Question: What was the Partisan movement dealing with as a result of the war?
Answer: occupied Europe
Josip_Broz_Tito

After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Russian family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year.

Question: Which happened first, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains or Broz participated in the July Days demonstrations?
Answer: Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains

Question: Where did Broz leave?
Answer: Omsk

Question: Which did not happen in 1918, Broz left Omsk to find work or Broz managed to participate in the July Days demonstrations?
Answer: participate in the July Days demonstrations

Question: Which happened before August 1917, the July Days demonstrations or the October Revolution?
Answer: July Days demonstrations

Question: With whom was he living when he met his wife?
Answer: a Russian family

Question: Which happened later, Broz was selected as the camp leader or Broz left Omsk to find work?
Answer: Broz left Omsk to find work

Question: How long was Broz in prison?
Answer: three weeks

Question: Where did Broz originally flee to?
Answer: Kirgiziya

Question: Which happened first, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains or Broz left Omsk to find work?
Answer: Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains

Question: what happened in 1918?
Answer: he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party

Question: Why did broz return to omsk?
Answer: a White counteroffensive

Question: Why was Broz near Omsk?
Answer: was employed as a mechanic

Question: Where was Broz found when he was subsequently placed into the Peter and Paul Fortress?
Answer: On his way to Finland

Question: Where was Broz running from when he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress?
Answer: Petrograd (St. Petersburg)