UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Samurai

Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.

Question: How did the samurai wife learn how to wield a weapon?
Answer: trained

Question: What is a synonym for household?
Answer: home

Question: What were warriors called in Japan?
Answer: samurai

Question: During what time and in what place did the tantojutsu wield her knife?
Answer: early feudal Japan

Question: Why did women maintain the house?
Answer: husbands were often traveling abroad

Question: What word that does not start with the letter 'h' does a samurai woman need to protect?
Answer: family

Question: What was the job title of the samurai husband?
Answer: warrior

Question: What were women taught in order to defend their families?
Answer: tantojutsu

Question: What did the samurai husbands have to do as fighters?
Answer: often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles

Question: What word is used to mean families?
Answer: clan

Question: Why couldn't the samurai husbands usually help the women in the household?
Answer: husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles

Question: What did women use for protection?
Answer: a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken

Question: What were women trained to do if need be?
Answer: defend the home forcibly

Question: Why were the women trained with weapons?
Answer: to protect their household, family, and honor

Question: What Japanese tool of war does not start with the same letter as its English definition?
Answer: naginata
Samurai

The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taishōgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. "Bakufu" means "tent government", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.

Question: What did Yoritomo prove to the aristocracy?
Answer: Bakufu

Question: Where did the Japanese navy fight in 1185?
Answer: Shimonoseki Strait

Question: It stands to reason that as warriors, the shogun would establish what?
Answer: a military government

Question: Whose reputation was tarnished by Yoritomo?
Answer: aristocracy

Question: Who won at the naval battle in 1185?
Answer: samurai

Question: What structures made up the base ofr Kamakura soldiers?
Answer: tent

Question: The Kamakura shogunate or Bakufu looked like a government of what?
Answer: tent

Question: Which class ruled following the Gempei War?
Answer: samurai

Question: Which military force fought at the battle of Dan-no-ura?
Answer: naval

Question: Who's base of power was located in Kamakura in 1190?
Answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo

Question: With the war lasting five years and Yorimoto staying in Kyoto for two, what date marks the beginning of the rise to power?
Answer: 1180
Samurai

Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.

Question: Meiji was a what?
Answer: Emperor

Question: What were Samurai used for?
Answer: army

Question: What did all samurai have equipped?
Answer: katana

Question: When were samurai no longer allowed?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: Shizoku was a what?
Answer: Samurai

Question: What became a common occupation of those who used to be Samurai?
Answer: Imperial Army officer

Question: An Imperial Army officer who was disciplined, highly motivated, and exceptionally trained, likely used to be able to do what but no longer was allowed to?
Answer: the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect

Question: What was the purpose of getting rid of the Samurai?
Answer: a more modern, western-style, conscripted army
Samurai

In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

Question: What kind of everyday life dominated the life of these warriors?
Answer: warrior society

Question: Who was admired and written about?
Answer: warriors in the Heike Monogatari

Question: For what type of media did Wilson translate?
Answer: book

Question: What was one role that Heike Monogatari warriors served?
Answer: models for the educated warriors of later generations

Question: What were the warriors held up as?
Answer: an example for their men to follow

Question: What was another influence or contribution that came from the Heike Monogatari?
Answer: proper form

Question: What is another commonly used term to describe the Heike Monogatari?
Answer: Samurai

Question: Who did William Scott Wilson translate?
Answer: several warriors

Question: Who were the Heike Monogatari?
Answer: warriors

Question: What kind of warriors were good role models?
Answer: Samurai

Question: What were the warriors called?
Answer: Samurai
Samurai

In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.

Question: Why would a samurai's armor be different from century to century?
Answer: armor changed and developed

Question: The armor for the time was considered to be what as firearms grew during the 1500s?
Answer: new

Question: After the samurai were defeated, what did Japan replace the armor with?
Answer: uniforms

Question: In what way did Japan's defenses change after the satsuma rebellion?
Answer: modernized

Question: What happened to end the new armor?
Answer: satsuma rebellion

Question: For what reason are there no more samurai?
Answer: the last samurai rebellion was crushed

Question: What is official name of the thing that came into existence thanks to, along with other things, new fighting tactics?
Answer: Tosei-gusoku

Question: Why wasn't the armor used by samurai able to stay the same?
Answer: samurai warfare changed

Question: How were people able to protect themselves when the samurai ultimately failed?
Answer: uniforms

Question: This new armor could be considered to be called what to us?
Answer: modern armor

Question: What caused the rise of plate armor?
Answer: the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection

Question: What is something that firearms helped usher into the world?
Answer: plate armor
Textual_criticism

Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.[citation needed] Although biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur'an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972, which possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.

Question: Greek plays and the Bible are considered what kind of texts?
Answer: ancient

Question: What new early text raises questions about an ancient work's original sourcing?
Answer: Sana'a manuscripts

Question: What are biblical books compared to?
Answer: Greek plays

Question: What is Qur'an?
Answer: biblical books

Question: What do textual scholars study?
Answer: ancient works

Question: What is Gospels?
Answer: biblical books

Question: What do scholars look for in order to determine if they have an accurate interpretation of an ancient work?
Answer: the original

Question: What types of works are likely to have one original?
Answer: Greek plays

Question: Which Bible books are considered to have been translated from a single original?
Answer: biblical books that are letters

Question: What ancient work, in addition to the Bible, is under scrutiny due to a 1972 discovery?
Answer: Qur'an

Question: How can you improve the text?
Answer: citation

Question: What is Sana's manuscripts?
Answer: biblical books
Textual_criticism

In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity, the Bible, and Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents, in Mesopotamia and Egypt—a period of about five millennia. However, the application of textual criticism to non-religious works does not antedate the invention of printing. While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism, application of it to the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah and the Qur'an is, to the devout, taboo.[citation needed]

Question: Muslims do not like?
Answer: textual criticism

Question: Name a religion in the article that has an issue with textual criticism.
Answer: Jewish

Question: Which of the three religious mentioned in the article does NOT have a problem with textual criticism?
Answer: Christianity

Question: which text begins with a T
Answer: Torah

Question: Jews aren't ok with?
Answer: textual criticism

Question: Christianity is receptive of criticism of the
Answer: Bible

Question: Shakespeare wrote in?
Answer: English

Question: Which religious text, other than the Torah and Qur'an, is mentioned in the article?
Answer: the Bible
Textual_criticism

Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata may refer to "family trees". This specific meaning shows the relationships of the surviving witnesses (the first known example of such a stemma, albeit with the name, dates from 1827). The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram. The method works from the principle that "community of error implies community of origin." That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a hyparchetype. Relations between the lost intermediates are determined by the same process, placing all extant manuscripts in a family tree or stemma codicum descended from a single archetype. The process of constructing the stemma is called recension, or the Latin recensio.

Question: Lachmann died?
Answer: 1851

Question: What is the origin of the word stemmatics?
Answer: the word stemma

Question: Did Lachman die in 1851 or 1793?
Answer: 1851

Question: Karl Lachmann is not the creator of?
Answer: Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology

Question: What is a popular tool for ancestry?
Answer: family tree

Question: When was the man who made stemmatics popular, born?
Answer: 1793

Question: What methods works from the principle that a community of errors implies community of origin?
Answer: Stemmatics

Question: The meaning of what word shows the relationship of the surviving witnesses?
Answer: στέμματα

Question: Stemmata is a kind of?
Answer: loanword
Textual_criticism

Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype. "If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the constitutio (reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced.

Question: Who can be assumed were reliable in signing their revisions?
Answer: Greek and Roman

Question: What should be taken into account?
Answer: The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman

Question: The manuscripts were what to be applied to many other cultures?
Answer: lack

Question: How does Maas view this?
Answer: "If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the constitutio (reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced

Question: Where could you find the culprits who made identification hard?
Answer: cultures other than Greek and Roman

Question: How do the cultures differ?
Answer: dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript"

Question: Who writes a manuscript?
Answer: author

Question: What would be hard to determine without an autograph?
Answer: identification

Question: Mass comments go were for that A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript?
Answer: further

Question: How does the study work?
Answer: In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype

Question: How does this play out in histroy?
Answer: The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman

Question: What allowed for higher understanding and better translation?
Answer: succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the constitutio (reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced

Question: Manuscripts include words also called?
Answer: text

Question: Greek and Roman are examples of?
Answer: cultures

Question: In what situation is a key objective becoming the identification of the first exemplar?
Answer: The lack of autograph manuscripts
Freemasonry

Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

Question: Another term for blacks
Answer: African-Americans

Question: When did the segregation end
Answer: 1980s

Question: Which people can join Masonic lodges?
Answer: men

Question: Who can go to Prince Hall lodge?
Answer: all men

Question: When did the segregation of lodges end?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What are the lodges for
Answer: Masonic

Question: What is different about Prince Hall lodges?
Answer: black Americans

Question: What are Prince Hall lodges considered to be today?
Answer: open to all men regardless of race or religion

Question: Why was it difficult for African-Americans to get into a lodge?
Answer: segregation
Freemasonry

The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

Question: How are members ranked?
Answer: Installed Master

Question: What does the candidate get after three ceremonies?
Answer: passwords

Question: What is the ceremony before the degree of fellowcraft?
Answer: degree of Entered Apprentice

Question: Which type of ceremony is less common, degree ceremonies or the annual installation of the Master and officers?
Answer: annual installation of the Master and officers

Question: How does one rise in rank?
Answer: in a separate ceremony

Question: Which of the following is the candidate NOT entrusted with: passwords, signs, or installation?
Answer: installation

Question: What happens when no inner ceremony conveys new secrets?
Answer: the grade is not recognised

Question: What is the title of a new recruit?
Answer: Entered Apprentice

Question: What is the second rank?
Answer: Fellowcraft

Question: How does someone join the Freemasons?
Answer: progressively initiated

Question: Which rank is found in fewer jurisdictions, Installed Master or Fellowcraft?
Answer: Installed Master

Question: What is the ceremony after the degree of Fellowcraft?
Answer: degree of Master Mason

Question: What is an Entered Apprentice?
Answer: rank
Freemasonry

In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

Question: Who leads the Zionists?
Answer: Elders of Zion

Question: According to the expert cited here, what was antisemitism related to?
Answer: anti-masonry

Question: What political entity was in the majority in the Middle Eastern country that criminalized Freemasonry?
Answer: Ba'ath Party

Question: According to Prescott, anti-Zionists claim that what was behind the September 11 attacks?
Answer: a Zionist plot

Question: What does Prescott do to make a living?
Answer: Professor

Question: What does the expert mentioned in this passage has as profession?
Answer: Professor

Question: Which leader felt that Zionist principles should not be allowed in his country?
Answer: Saddam Hussein

Question: Where does the man that says antisemitism goes hand in hand with anti-masonry teach?
Answer: University of Sheffield

Question: What could you be convicted of in 1980's Iraq if you became a Zionist?
Answer: felony

Question: Which of the three, anti-masonry, antisemitism, and anti-Zionism, is not mentioned as such in the quote from the professor?
Answer: anti-Zionism

Question: What did the code consider promoting Freemasonry?
Answer: a felony

Question: What does Prescott do to make money for his family?
Answer: Professor

Question: In the 1980 code, Freemasonry is exemplified as what?
Answer: Zionist principles

Question: Who didn't like Zionism?
Answer: Saddam Hussein
Freemasonry

Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah). Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..."

Question: What is not good for the Jewish?
Answer: antisemitism

Question: __ followed Jesus around the kaaba in one of Mohammad's visions.
Answer: Dajjal

Question: What is feared to fall because of these beliefs?
Answer: Al-Aqsa Mosque

Question: Before __ arrives, people will be less holy.
Answer: al-Masih ad-Dajjal

Question: What is proposed to be replaced?
Answer: Al-Aqsa Mosque

Question: What is not authentic?
Answer: al-Masih ad-Dajjal

Question: __ means deceiver in Arabic.
Answer: Dajjal

Question: What has questionable integrity?
Answer: al-Masih ad-Dajjal