UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Franco-Prussian_War

The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war.

Question: The French national census of 2012 estimated the population of __ to be 119,551.
Answer: Metz

Question: What happened in the late 19th century?
Answer: ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished

Question: The Siege of Metz and Battle of Sedan caused?
Answer: officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile

Question: what is the second place mentioned?
Answer: Sedan

Question: The autumn storms had what effect on the North Sea by 1870?
Answer: French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter

Question: what is the last time of year mentioned?
Answer: winter

Question: what military branch is mentioned first?
Answer: Marines

Question: Who was nabbed Sedan?
Answer: the capture of most of the professional French army

Question: What happened to the French Marines?
Answer: captivity at Sedan

Question: Which group was caught in action?
Answer: The French Marines and naval infantry

Question: what is the last group mentioned?
Answer: navy

Question: Ports were blockaded by?
Answer: the French ships

Question: __ remained German until the end of World War I, when it reverted to France.
Answer: Metz

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned last?
Answer: English

Question: __  was the oppidum of the Celtic Mediomatrici tribe.
Answer: Metz

Question: Besides France and Germany, another culture mentioned is?
Answer: English

Question: Ships are what vessels?
Answer: naval
Franco-Prussian_War

Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre, who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles, with the armistice coming into effect at midnight. Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris, Favre broke into tears, and collapsed into his daughter's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight. At Tours, Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans which, predictably, failed. A delegation of Parisian diplomats arrived in Tours by train on 5 February to negotiate with Gambetta, and the following day Gambetta stepped down and surrendered control of the provincial armies to the Government of National Defence, which promptly ordered a cease-fire across France.

Question: __ sat for Morbihan.
Answer: Trochu

Question: When was the treaty signed?
Answer: two days later at Versailles

Question: Trochu was a?
Answer: President

Question: Gambetta was trying to help what place?
Answer: Paris

Question: Was the attack successful?
Answer: Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans which, predictably, failed

Question: What happened three days later?
Answer: At Tours, Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans

Question: __ was succeeded by Adolphe Thiers.
Answer: Trochu

Question: __ was preceded by Napoleon III.
Answer: Trochu

Question: What happened when the treaty was signed?
Answer: Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris, Favre broke into tears, and collapsed into his daughter's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight

Question: Favre surrendered to?
Answer: the Prussians
Franco-Prussian_War

The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France.

Question: what nation is mentioned last?
Answer: France

Question: William I was the king of which country?
Answer: Prussia

Question: Where was Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen?
Answer: Prussia

Question: Who was the king of Prussia from 1861 until he became German Emperor in 1871?
Answer: William I

Question: Samual Morse in 1844 using a telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore sent America's first what?
Answer: telegram

Question: what type of monarch is mentioned last?
Answer: king

Question: what event is mentioned first?
Answer: the war

Question: Which country did Bismarck represent?
Answer: Prussia

Question: Napoleon III becomed Emperor of which forces on 1825 until 1870?
Answer: French

Question: What was a prominent German state that originated in 1525, but ended in 1918?
Answer: Prussia

Question: What method was used to convey information of a pressing nature?
Answer: telegram

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned last?
Answer: French

Question: what nation is mentioned second?
Answer: France

Question: Who was the prime minister of prussia from 1862 until 1890?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
Franco-Prussian_War

The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications. The officers of the General Staff were hand-picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy). Moltke embraced new technology, particularly the railroad and telegraph, to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces.

Question: what group was mentioned third to last?
Answer: officers of the General Staff

Question: what group is mentioned last?
Answer: large forces

Question: what area is mentioned first?
Answer: Europe

Question: what group is mentioned second?
Answer: the General Staff

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: The Prussian army
Franco-Prussian_War

The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat.

Question: Who attacked the French division?
Answer: German 3rd Army

Question: What exploded causing the death of Douay?
Answer: caisson

Question: What was caused by Douay's death
Answer: the French avenue of retreat

Question: Which side was Douay on?
Answer: French

Question: What was Douay's condition at the beginning of the battle?
Answer: a very strong position

Question: On what border was the battle fought?
Answer: Franco-Prussian

Question: Which side was I Corps on?
Answer: French

Question: Who shot on behalf of the French?
Answer: the Chassepots

Question: What  was the condition of Douay's enemy？
Answer: attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion

Question: What was the main cause of Douay's failure?
Answer: his force was too thinly stretched to hold it

Question: Who lost the battle in the end?
Answer: General Douay of I Corps

Question: Which of the following was not on the German side: the Bavarians, the Prussians, or the Chassepots?
Answer: Chassepots
Franco-Prussian_War

In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. According to the military historian Dallas Irvine, the system "was almost completely effective in excluding the army's brain power from the staff and high command. To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy."

Question: What advantage did the Prussians have over the French military policy?
Answer: military education

Question: What did the french model lack?
Answer: initiative and independent thinking

Question: What advantage did the Prussians have?
Answer: education

Question: Why did Dallas Irvine choose to write about the military education system?
Answer: military historian

Question: Who wrote about the education systems?
Answer: Dallas Irvine

Question: Who designed the Prussian military education system?
Answer: Moltke

Question: What officers were poorly educated in military thinking?
Answer: French

Question: What did Dallas Irvine say the end result was for French system?
Answer: lack of intelligence at the top

Question: What was the worst thing about the French model?
Answer: inexcusable defects

Question: Where was the problem in the opponents of the Prussian's military?
Answer: at the top

Question: What did the rival to the Prussians struggle with?
Answer: intellectual development
Franco-Prussian_War

Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves. The second was the provision for the conscription of every male Prussian of military age in the event of mobilization. Thus, despite the population of France being greater than the population of all of the German states that participated in the war, the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle.

Question: What was the result of Albrecht von Roon's second major reform to the Prussian military system in the 1860's?
Answer: the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle

Question: What increased the German Army's strength?
Answer: reorganization

Question: What was the result of Albrecht von Roon's first major reform to the Prussian military system in the 1860's?
Answer: integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves

Question: When did the Prussian Minister of War make major changes?
Answer: 1860s

Question: Which stretch of years do the events in the article take place?
Answer: 1860s

Question: Which group was conscribed?
Answer: every male Prussian of military age

Question: Between 1859 and 1873, Albrecht von Roon effected the betterment of which power in Germany?
Answer: military

Question: What aided Germany in gathering more soldiers than the French?
Answer: conscription

Question: Who had a larger army, France or Germany?
Answer: the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle

Question: Who was immediately the biggest concern of Germany in war?
Answer: France
Franco-Prussian_War

The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.

Question: How were French people allowed to eat after the armistice?
Answer: train loads of food

Question: Bismarck was the leader of what?
Answer: The Prussian Army

Question: Not citizens, but forces, went to where after leaving the city?
Answer: Alsace and Lorraine

Question: Why did the Germans withdraw from Paris?
Answer: under the terms of the armistice

Question: The Germans ended up where after leaving the city?
Answer: Alsace and Lorraine

Question: What carried life sustaining items to Paris?
Answer: train

Question: Both the citizens and whom left the city?
Answer: Prussian Army

Question: Why was Paris silent on the 17th of February?
Answer: victory parade

Question: When would all troops leave?
Answer: once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity

Question: What country are the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine located in?
Answer: France

Question: Who went to the countryside?
Answer: middle-class
Franco-Prussian_War

When the war began, the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts, which the small North German navy (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) with only five ironclads could do little to oppose. For most of the war, the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations. By the time engine repairs had been completed, the French fleet had already departed. The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris. Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war, were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland. Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July. Before long, the French navy ran short of coal, needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t). A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile. Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships.

Question: What were they to do if not in the Baltic Sea?
Answer: return to France

Question: Why didn't it matter when the ironclads were repaired?
Answer: the French fleet had already departed

Question: Who had only five ironclads?
Answer: Norddeutsche Bundesmarine

Question: What was a cause of the French Navy running out of coal?
Answer: pursuit of Prussian ships

Question: What were the Germans doing when the French ships left?
Answer: engine repairs

Question: Who overlooked parts of the blockade plan?
Answer: planners in Paris

Question: Why weren't the French completely triumphant even though the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles?
Answer: crucial oversights by the planners

Question: What was the result of the reservists being unavailable?
Answer: Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July

Question: Why did the French run out of fuel early on?
Answer: needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t)
Immaculate_Conception

Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones", George Sale stated: "It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam."

Question: Since there was no contact with Satan, what is Jesus without?
Answer: sin

Question: What islam passage supports Mary's immaculate conception?
Answer: the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones

Question: How did the Lord protect Jesus from Satan?
Answer: a veil

Question: Why are Mary and his son not effect by sin according to the Quran?
Answer: between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil

Question: What do newborns do after contact with Satan?
Answer: cries out

Question: who cries out
Answer: every person

Question: Why does Mahoammed state that people are with sin?
Answer: touched at his birth by the devil

Question: Whose pregnancy do some authors believe is Muslim?
Answer: Mary

Question: the devil is also called the evil
Answer: spirit

Question: Who has contact with newborns, according to an Arab leader?
Answer: the devil
Immaculate_Conception

Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

Question: Mary and Jesus were both what organism?
Answer: human

Question: What study focuses on Jesus?
Answer: Christology

Question: What is the translation of the description that was developed specifically for the mother of Christ?
Answer: prepurified

Question: Mary never engaged in certain activities, making her have?
Answer: sinlessness

Question: Which of the following is not an Orthodox author from the 2nd millennium: Nicholas Cabasilas, Joseph Bryennius, or Sophronios?
Answer: Sophronios

Question: What group evaluates concepts such as purification?
Answer: theologians

Question: Sin gives you a?
Answer: taint

Question: Which of the following people has a book of the Bible named after them: Mary, Luke or Jesus?
Answer: Luke

Question: Where did the idea that the savior's mother was just as pure as the savior initially take off?
Answer: Byzantium

Question: Which of the following people was not purified: Mary, Jesus or Luke?
Answer: Luke

Question: In addition to the mother of the savior, what female is revered?
Answer: St. Ann
Immaculate_Conception

Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63)—which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine—instead declined to take a position.

Question: What did Catholics celebrate?
Answer: the immaculate conception of Mary

Question: What was deemed significant near the conclusion of a century?
Answer: Mary's conception

Question: Who, between Mary and Aquinas, was NOT Doctor Angelicus in 1567?
Answer: Mary

Question: Who stood behind the celebration of Mary's immaculate conception?
Answer: Council of Basel

Question: When was the immaculate conception of Mary widely taught?
Answer: By the end of the 15th century

Question: What occurred in the 4th year of the 1320s?
Answer: Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised

Question: What did the Council of Trent decline to take a stance on?
Answer: the immaculate conception of Mary

Question: What had been predicted to comply with immaculate conception?
Answer: Council of Trent

Question: What Church declared Aquinas a doctor?
Answer: Catholic

Question: Who didn't agree?
Answer: Thomas Aquinas

Question: What occurred in the 39th year of the 15th century?
Answer: the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith

Question: What wasn't thought of as being Christian?
Answer: Council of Basel
Immaculate_Conception

The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary.) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner, Pablo Casals, Maurice Duruflé, Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, no:Ola Gjeilo, José Maurício Nunes Garcia, and Nikolaus Schapfl,

Question: Who is the fourth composer listed that composed the Gregorian chant music
Answer: Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki

Question: Who is the third composer listed that composed the Gregorian chant music
Answer: Maurice Duruflé

Question: Who is the second composer listed that composed the Gregorian chant music
Answer: Pablo Casals