UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Buddhism

Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.

Question: Where is Buddhism not seen as exotic?
Answer: the East

Question: What religion receives support from the government of Bhutan?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: What never changes among the Buddhist people?
Answer: The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha

Question: Who is responsible for what the Dharma educates with?
Answer: Buddha

Question: How does the West view Buddhism?
Answer: exotic and progressive

Question: What's the state religion of Cambodia?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: What is a practitioner of Buddhism called?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: Formal membership of what varies between communities?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: How does Bhutan look at Buddhism?
Answer: state religion

Question: What is created in Buddhism from modern influence?
Answer: new forms

Question: What is considered the state religion in Bhutan?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: What religion receives government support in Cambodia?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Where is Buddhism not seen as traditional?
Answer: the West

Question: What gets government support in Asia?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: How much does new Buddhism differ from the older?
Answer: significantly
Buddhism

According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.

Question: What is Iran?
Answer: countries

Question: In which countries is Buddhism becoming popular?
Answer: Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries

Question: What was the last year of study of Buddhism adherents by Johnson and Grim?
Answer: 2010

Question: Which period was being studied about Iran's Buddhism adherents?
Answer: 2000–2010

Question: What is Pakistan?
Answer: countries

Question: What is Lebanon?
Answer: countries

Question: What is Qatar?
Answer: countries

Question: Where did most Buddhists begin to appear?
Answer: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries

Question: What was the first year of Johnson and Grim's study?
Answer: 1910

Question: What is Saudi arabia?
Answer: countries

Question: When was the study on Buddhism published?
Answer: 2013
Buddhism

The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.

Question: what faith is mentioned first?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: what place is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Kushan Empire

Question: The century for the 1st and 2nd century is shortened to what?
Answer: CE

Question: What is the latest century that Buddhism would have come to China?
Answer: 2nd

Question: What Chinese location was probably the first place in China where Buddhism was brought?
Answer: Tarim Basin

Question: The monks were considered to be Buddhist, Foreign and were trying to do what in China?
Answer: The first documented translation efforts

Question: The Kushan did what into Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin?
Answer: expansion

Question: The spread of Buddhism would also be called what on it's way to China?
Answer: transmission

Question: The transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have been as a result of the inroads into the country made by these religious people.
Answer: Buddhist monks

Question: The idea that the transmission began in the 2nd or 1st century is what?
Answer: commonly thought

Question: What note should be consulted regarding the literary sources?
Answer: 41

Question: Foreign Buddhist monks most likely originated where?
Answer: Kushan Empire

Question: The consequence of expansion has what chance?
Answer: probably

Question: what route is mentioned first?
Answer: The Silk Road

Question: what place is mentioned last?
Answer: Tarim Basin

Question: what type of movement is mentioned last?
Answer: expansion
Buddhism

Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The "Tathāgatagarbha Sutras" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.

Question: What is one explanation for the importance of clarity and emptiness of one's mind?
Answer: the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty

Question: What idea can be traced to Abhidharma and to Buddha in the Nikayes?
Answer: tathāgatagarbha

Question: Based on the paragraph, distracting thoughts can be described as what?
Answer: adventitious obscurations

Question: According to Jonang. what refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience when adventitious obsurations are removed?
Answer: tathāgatagarbha

Question: Various definitions are offered by different Buddhist sects for the state of being known as?
Answer: tathāgatagarbha

Question: According to Gelug, what is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty?
Answer: tathāgatagarbha

Question: What type of Buddhism is named after a high-altitude plateau in Central Asia?
Answer: Tibetan Buddhism

Question: Generally, what religion is dicussed in the article?
Answer: Buddhism
Buddhism

The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.

Question: What type of cultural heritage pieces arose from the joining of Greek and Buddhist influences?
Answer: Greco-Buddhist art

Question: What were the two examples of amalgamation of cultures.
Answer: the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra

Question: Who did Buddhism interact with other than Greek and Indian groups?
Answer: Persian

Question: What areas did Buddhism reach and become interested in?
Answer: Persian and Greek civilization

Question: Where did a mix of Buddhism and Mediterranean culture come about?
Answer: the Indo-Greek Kingdom

Question: What belief groups experienced a two-way interchange with Buddhism?
Answer: non-Buddhist Indian religions

Question: Buddhism had interactions with what non-Asian cultures?
Answer: Persian and Greek

Question: Who was interested in Buddhism and adopted some beliefs?
Answer: Indian religions

Question: What was the cause of the Buddhist religion's influence from other cultures?
Answer: The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas

Question: What was the title of the official from Greece who came to be spoken about in Buddhist records?
Answer: Greek king

Question: What new ethnical people did the Buddhists come into contact with?
Answer: Persian and Greek civilization
Buddhism

There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.

Question: What do monks live their lives by?
Answer: doctrines

Question: What was known as Bodhisattvayāna?
Answer: Mahāyāna

Question: Who lived by the teachings of Mahayana?
Answer: bodhisattvas

Question: What, exactly, is different between Mahayana and other sects of Buddhism?
Answer: it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas

Question: Where do monks usually live?
Answer: monasteries

Question: What might be found alongside another of the same building?
Answer: monasteries

Question: What religion do people in both China and India sometimes follow?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Who sometimes lived next to each other?
Answer: Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks

Question: What was the basis of Mahāyāna?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Who has expertise in the Mahayana?
Answer: Paul Williams

Question: Who has studied the Mahayana?
Answer: Paul Williams

Question: Who is knowledgeable about the Mahayana?
Answer: Paul Williams

Question: What was Mahāyāna made of?
Answer: ideals

Question: What is the given English translation for Bodhisattvayana?
Answer: Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas
Buddhism

Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.

Question: How often do the Three Jewels change?
Answer: never

Question: what is considered the ultimate expression of compassion?
Answer: bodhisattva path

Question: what is the first step in most Buddhist schools?
Answer: taking refuge

Question: How long will the Three Jewels remain in existence?
Answer: eternal

Question: How often do the Three Jewels get destroyed?
Answer: never

Question: what is the foundation of one's religious practice?
Answer: taking refuge

Question: What is equivalent to a vow?
Answer: pledge

Question: what is recognized by most scholars as an early text on infant baptism?
Answer: practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children
Buddhism

Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.

Question: Between seon and zen, which one is Korean?
Answer: seon

Question: How would you write "zen Buddhism" in Chinese?
Answer: 禅

Question: What is the ultimate goal of Zen Buddhism?
Answer: truth

Question: What relaxing practice is important to most Buddhists?
Answer: meditation

Question: Of Sanskrit and Japanese, where does the term dhyana come from?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: Who places significance on scripture?
Answer: some other forms of Buddhism

Question: What does Zen place primary importance on?
Answer: direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth

Question: Between Chan and Seon, which is Korean?
Answer: seon

Question: Between Chan and zen, which one is Chinese?
Answer: Chán

Question: How do you say Zen in Japan?
Answer: zen

Question: Where did the Japanese word for Zen come from?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: How do you say Zen in China?
Answer: Chán

Question: Between zen and dhyana, which is Sanskrit?
Answer: dhyāna
Buddhism

According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.

Question: Vetter is attributed to coining what term?
Answer: the eightfold path

Question: What resulted in the description of the eightfold path?
Answer: the middle way

Question: Details of right samadhi are not offered by __
Answer: the eightfold path

Question: The description of what was elaborated?
Answer: the middle way

Question: What can be used to describe if something is 8 times as numerous?
Answer: eightfold

Question: __ can be practiced by either gender.
Answer: the eightfold path

Question: Cognitive psychoogists have studied __
Answer: the eightfold path

Question: What is the description for remaining pathway of three total, where two veer off either left and right?
Answer: middle

Question: A Tibetan monk is typically described as what?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: The Pixie Cut and Bob haircuts are described as what kind of hairstyles?
Answer: short

Question: The description of the Buddhist party is attempt to be transcribed to?
Answer: the middle way

Question: What types of journeys are being described?
Answer: the description of the Buddhist path

Question: If something is easily understood and without difficulty, it is described as?
Answer: simple

Question: What made the transcription more helpful?
Answer: this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path

Question: The middle way may also be known as what path?
Answer: eightfold
Buddhism

In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.

Question: __ means Great Carriage
Answer: Mahayana

Question: The Buddha is considered to be more than just?
Answer: human

Question: __ was influenced by Abhidharmakosha of Vasubandhu
Answer: Mahayana

Question: How is Buddha imagined to be in Mahayana?
Answer: beyond the range and reach of thought

Question: How is Buddha compared to Sangha?
Answer: are viewed essentially as One

Question: 53% of Buddhists practice __
Answer: Mahayana
Buddhism

Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.

Question: Coming back is a form of?
Answer: rebirth

Question: Who serves those who can perform good actions, producing merit?
Answer: Monks

Question: What do buddhists believe in?
Answer: rebirth

Question: Why do the monks volunteer?
Answer: to realize rebirth

Question: Monks and who can be Buddhist?
Answer: Laypersons

Question: Why do monks practice vinaya?
Answer: to realize rebirth

Question: Why do monks meditate?
Answer: to realize rebirth

Question: Why do the monks teach?
Answer: to realize rebirth
Buddhism

In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.

Question: What does samadhi belong to?
Answer: language of the Noble Eightfold Path

Question: A Buddhist teaching
Answer: Noble Eightfold Path

Question: How is samadhi trained?
Answer: meditation

Question: __ is translated as fixity in Chinese
Answer: samādhi

Question: What is mostly affected after learning samadhi?
Answer: one's mind

Question: __ is a non-dualistic state of consciousness.
Answer: samādhi

Question: A state of intense concentration along the path
Answer: samādhi

Question: How is samyaksamadhi translated?
Answer: In

Question: What do you lose when you attain samadhi
Answer: defilement

Question: What language is samyaksamadhi?
Answer: samādhi

Question: __ first appeared in the Maitri Upanisad.
Answer: samādhi

Question: Shortened form of samyaksamadhi
Answer: samādhi
Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India.

Question: What  is responsible for the learning centers?
Answer: dynasty of the Guptas

Question: The Guptas established a?
Answer: dynasty

Question: What is considered a critical school?
Answer: Nālandā University

Question: The 5th century and what was when a certain kind of Buddhism flourished?
Answer: onwards

Question: Mahayana Buddhism reigned supreme during an important dynasty located in this place?
Answer: India

Question: The centres of learning were all where?
Answer: Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India

Question: Mahayana Buddhism started to become popular during the fifth century of what era?
Answer: CE

Question: In Mahayana Buddhism, Nalanda is very?
Answer: important

Question: What era was where the Buddhism flourished?
Answer: during the dynasty of the Guptas

Question: A university is a place one can partake in?
Answer: learning

Question: The Mahayana version of the belief system was taught at this most important university in north-eastern India.
Answer: Nālandā

Question: What kind of schools were created?
Answer: Mahāyāna

Question: Where would one obtain a higher learning degree?
Answer: Nālandā University
Buddhism

A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.

Question: What is the second mentioned Buddhism practice to emerge?
Answer: Engaged Buddhism

Question: New forms of Buddhism sprang up during the latter part of the twentieth what?
Answer: Century

Question: What nonspecific change was the result of movements in Buddhism?
Answer: further development of various Western Buddhist traditions

Question: How did the  Dalit Buddhist movement become?
Answer: modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism

Question: Did Buddhism advance during the second or first portion of the century preceding the 21st?
Answer: second

Question: Which buddhism practice was first mentioned to emerge during the 20th century?
Answer: the Dalit Buddhist movement

Question: Which specific type of movement was not referred to as neo-Buddhism?
Answer: Engaged Buddhism

Question: How are Dalit Buddhism and neo-Buddism related?
Answer: Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism')

Question: What happened to new Buddhism in modern times?
Answer: emerged
Buddhism

Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.

Question: Who is bodhisattva?
Answer: buddha

Question: What do you need to get to be a buddha?
Answer: bodhi

Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
Answer: arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well

Question: Why is the bodhisattva full of hallucination?
Answer: achieves nirvana

Question: what is still subject to delusion?
Answer: the arahant

Question: The bodhisattva will do what if he achieves nirvana?
Answer: attains bodhi and becomes a buddha

Question: What are the principles of Buddhism?
Answer: freed from greed, hate and delusion

Question: What does the passage make clear that arahant hinges upon?
Answer: according to Mahayana Buddhism

Question: what can you be free of by obtaining nirvana?
Answer: delusion

Question: bodhi and nirvana carry what in the early texts?
Answer: same meaning

Question: Who is full of hallucination?
Answer: arahant

Question: What conclusion is drawn in regards to arahant?
Answer: He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha