UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Heresy

In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

Question: The bottom part of which country saw the immigration of Christian sects?
Answer: France

Question: What is Marcionism considered?
Answer: heretical

Question: How do people spell organized in England?
Answer: organised

Question: What is the formal consequence of committing heresy against the Catholic Church?
Answer: excommunication

Question: How do people in England spell center?
Answer: centre

Question: Which sect was the progenitor of major heresies as opposed to small localised sects?
Answer: Paulicians

Question: Where did the Paulicians move to?
Answer: Western Europe

Question: Which sect was more organized between Arianism and Dulcinians?
Answer: Dulcinians

Question: What was Montanism?
Answer: small localised sects

Question: What religion is Donatism a branch of?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What is Montanism considered?
Answer: heretical

Question: What did the Church consider Donatism?
Answer: heretical

Question: What is Donatism considered?
Answer: heretical

Question: What is Pelagianism considered?
Answer: heretical

Question: How would the Catholic Church describe Pelagianism?
Answer: heretical
Heresy

In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

Question: Who took the throne in England first, Mary I or Elizabeth I?
Answer: Mary I

Question: What religion was held by the people being charged of treason?
Answer: Catholics

Question: Who ruled England in 1565?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: Who reintroduced the heresy laws, Edward VI or Mary I?
Answer: Mary I

Question: Who was the last person to be executed in the 16th-century?
Answer: Thomas Aikenhead

Question: Who was the ruler of England in 1580?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: Why were people being executed?
Answer: on charges of heresy

Question: Who ruled England in 1550?
Answer: Edward VI

Question: How many people lost there lives on the charge of heresy?
Answer: sixty

Question: Who was the ruler of England in 1585?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: Under whose rule did heresy come to an end?
Answer: James VI and I

Question: Were there more people executed under the reign of Mary I or Henry VIII?
Answer: Mary

Question: Who was the ruler of England in 1556?
Answer: Mary I

Question: Under whose rule were there more executions, Mary I or Elizabeth I?
Answer: Mary I

Question: Which religion saw more executions under the rule of Henry VIII, Protestants or Catholics?
Answer: Protestants
Heresy

Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."

Question: How many Islam deaths equaled Christian deaths?
Answer: one Shiite

Question: Who went against the status quo?
Answer: Shiite

Question: A practicioner of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as Muhammads first true successor is?
Answer: Shiite

Question: Which group did the Sultan head?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: The Ottoman Turkish word for 'red-head' is?
Answer: Qizilbash

Question: What did the Sultan state?
Answer: the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians

Question: wha western religion was mentioned?
Answer: Christians

Question: The description given to the personification of Death or the Reaper is?
Answer: Grim

Question: which religious status was mentioned?
Answer: Sultan

Question: what name start with O?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: what is the second word in the first paragraph?
Answer: Sultan

Question: What was the killing of the Shia people equated to?
Answer: as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians

Question: A spiritual world such as heaven are described as what?
Answer: otherworldly

Question: A type of couch with no back is called?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: Killing one Shiite would grant you what?
Answer: as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."
Heresy

The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

Question: How is heresy used
Answer: an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because

Question: What form of government party would oppose those who have left-wing heresy views?
Answer: Republican

Question: What is the term used in the article to unfairly think of or describe something or someone as belonging to a particular group?
Answer: pigeonhole

Question: How does heresy show the ideology about what someone believes?
Answer: the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views

Question: Which field originated the term heresy?
Answer: religion

Question: What are contemporary heresy an example of
Answer: metaphors

Question: What are the two key characteristics of heresy?
Answer: difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views

Question: What are the established orthodoxies that metaphors can link to?
Answer: geology or biology or any other field to religion

Question: What distinct theme do metaphors contain from a piece of writing or conversation?
Answer: subtext

Question: What is the main idea dependent upon as a further explanation that makes it more clear?
Answer: the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion

Question: What is the term that refers to how one uses metaphors?
Answer: tongue-in-cheek contemporary

Question: What could be looked upon with sarcasm?
Answer: contemporary usage of heresy

Question: What phrase shows the author's bias against heresy?
Answer: ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers

Question: What are metaphors that keep sub examples and links to religion
Answer: tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage

Question: Which type of heresy is metaphoric, a Democratic heresy or a religious heresy?
Answer: Democratic heresy

Question: Where are typical  academic studies referred to?
Answer: links orthodoxies in geology or biology
Heresy

Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

Question: Moses Mendelssohn initiated which form of Judaism in Germany?
Answer: Reform

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: Jews

Question: For a political party, spectrum, or system the conservative and rightist section is described as?
Answer: right-wing

Question: Which movement of Judaism traces its roots to the work of Azriel Hildesheimer and Samson Raphael?
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: what faith is mentioned last?
Answer: Conservative Judaism

Question: What modern Jewish movement was based on conceptions developed by Mordecai Kaplan?
Answer: Reconstructionist

Question: The part of a bird that allows it to take flight or glide through the air is called?
Answer: wing

Question: To believe or practice heresy, in the context of a religion is described as?
Answer: heretical

Question: The Jewish Religious movement that has Zecharias Frankel as its progenitor is described as?
Answer: Conservative Judaism

Question: what faith is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: what faith is mentioned first?
Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Question: what faith is mentioned fourth to last?
Answer: Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism

Question: A Jewish philosopher born in Spain was called?
Answer: Maimonides

Question: The adjective used to describe the willingness to accept behaviors or views different from commonplace, opposite to conservative is called?
Answer: liberal

Question: The term that is analogous to conservative, and refers to the ordinary or usual type is?
Answer: Orthodox
Alsace

Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL. Unlike the rest of France, the Local law in Alsace-Moselle still provides for to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 and the organic articles, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths is compulsory in public schools. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement.

Question: Why is the area different from the rest of the country?
Answer: German heritage

Question: What does the Napoleonic Concardat of 1801 give?
Answer: public subsidies

Question: What does the Napoleonic Concordat do?
Answer: provides public subsidies

Question: What is a concern?
Answer: Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition

Question: What influence did the German's have on Alsatian?
Answer: Protestant

Question: WHo is given public subsidies besides Jewish synagogues and Lutheran and Calvinist churches?
Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: What is the lesser religion of Alsatian?
Answer: Protestant

Question: In which region do you need to take religion classes?
Answer: disposition

Question: How do the people differ?
Answer: Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic

Question: Who is EPCAAL united with?
Answer: EPRAL

Question: When did the seperation occur?
Answer: This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for

Question: Why is the Napoleonic Concordat still followed?
Answer: Imperial Germany

Question: What is the EPCAAL?
Answer: France's second largest Protestant church

Question: What can be found here?
Answer: a significant Protestant community

Question: Who follows the Napoleonic Concordat?
Answer: Alsace-Moselle
Alsace

The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song "La Marseillaise" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. "La Marseillaise" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kléber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée and Westermann, who also fought in the Vendée.

Question: What did the French adopt post-revolution that was created during the revolution?
Answer: La Marseillaise

Question: Which general mentioned did not fight at Vendee?
Answer: Kellermann

Question: Who was the anthem created for?
Answer: Army of the Rhine

Question: Where was Westermann from?
Answer: Alsace

Question: What is the counterpart of the Bastille in Alsace?
Answer: Strasbourg city hall

Question: What is a subpart of Alsace called?
Answer: départements

Question: Who was the subordinate Alsatian officer in Vendee?
Answer: Westermann

Question: What was being protested by the Alsatians in the storming of the city hall?
Answer: feudal system

Question: What can be said about General Kellermann?
Answer: the victor of Valmy

Question: What did Kellermann, Westermann, and Kleber have in common?
Answer: famous generals

Question: Who was the marching song played for?
Answer: Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich

Question: Where was Kleber from?
Answer: Alsace

Question: Who is a famous non-military Alsatian of the period?
Answer: Rouget de Lisle
East_Prussia

Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor. In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession, Elector Frederick III was allowed to crown himself "King in Prussia" in 1701. The new kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty became known as the Kingdom of Prussia. The designation "Kingdom of Prussia" was gradually applied to the various lands of Brandenburg-Prussia. To differentiate from the larger entity, the former Duchy of Prussia became known as Altpreußen ("Old Prussia"), the province of Prussia, or "East Prussia".

Question: Which part of Prussia remained in control of the Teutonic Knights?
Answer: East Prussia

Question: Which area wasn't a part of the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters?
Answer: the Holy Roman Empire

Question: What was another name for Old Prussia in English?
Answer: East Prussia

Question: Which of the following is not a political and geographic entity: the Kingdom of Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire, or the Teutonic Order?
Answer: Teutonic Order

Question: How did the King in Prussia gain his title?
Answer: for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession

Question: Which of the following is not a person: Leopold, Frederick or Duchy?
Answer: Duchy

Question: Which land along with Prussia made up the Kingdom of Prussia?
Answer: Brandenburg

Question: Duchy of Prussia was in what direction?
Answer: East

Question: What was the larger entity as opposed to the Duchy of Prussia?
Answer: the various lands of Brandenburg-Prussia

Question: Which of the following was a person: Frederick III, Prussia or Roman?
Answer: Frederick III
East_Prussia

Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these "Autochthones" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.

Question: what is the fourth word in the first paragraph?
Answer: Polish

Question: Which group of inhabitants in the Olsztyn Voivodeship was the smallest?
Answer: Ukrainians

Question: what state start with S?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Who else lived in the annexed parts?
Answer: Ukrainians and Lemkos

Question: What happened to what the area was called?
Answer: Local toponyms were Polonised

Question: what is the last word in the passage?
Answer: Names

Question: Which group of inhabitants in the Olsztyn Voivodeship was the second smallest?
Answer: pre-war inhabitants

Question: How many of them were always there?
Answer: 18.5%

Question: Did a smaller percentage of the population consist of Ukrainians or pre-war inhabitants?
Answer: Ukrainians

Question: What happened in the lower part of the country?
Answer: Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia

Question: what state start with P?
Answer: Poland

Question: Did a larger percentage of the population consist of people coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union or Ukrainians?
Answer: coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union

Question: What happened in the spring?
Answer: Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia
East_Prussia

The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

Question: Were there lower amounts of Protestants or Jews in the province in 1900?
Answer: Jews

Question: Which religious group did not have a population higher than 1 million in the province in 1900: Protestants or Jews?
Answer: Jews

Question: Were there less Roman Catholics or Jews in the province in 1900?
Answer: Jews

Question: Which religious group did not have a population lower than 20,000 in the province in 1900: Protestants or Jews?
Answer: Protestants

Question: Were there greater numbers of Protestants or Roman Catholics in the province in 1900?
Answer: Protestants
Mandolin

The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America, founded by Norman Levine, represents these groups. Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis (the Mair-Davis Duo), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek.

Question: what is the second to last profession mentioned?
Answer: mandolinists

Question: the Classical Mandolin Society of America is a
Answer: national organization

Question: fretworks mandolin is part of the
Answer: Classical Mandolin Society of America

Question: What is the first name of the mandolin musician with the surname Israel?
Answer: Brian

Question: which mandolinist has the name of a country as part of their name
Answer: Brian Israel

Question: what are the first groups mentioned?
Answer: mandolin orchestras

Question: What is the first name of the mandolin musician with the surname Shynkman?
Answer: Emanuil

Question: what is the last location mentioned?
Answer: America

Question: what is the second type of instrument mentioned?
Answer: string

Question: What is the first name of the mandolin musician with the surname Krenek?
Answer: Ernst

Question: what is the second to last organization mentioned?
Answer: Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra

Question: What is the first name of the mandolin musician with the surname Firstman?
Answer: Samuel