UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia.

Question: What happened on a celebrated birthday?
Answer: existing constitution

Question: The Russian Federation is organized as a?
Answer: republic

Question: The Russian Federation was?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What happened to the predecessor state? It?
Answer: collapse

Question: The Russian Federation used to be?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What needed to be changed in order for the name to be legal?
Answer: amendment to the existing constitution

Question: What happened near Easter?
Answer: This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992

Question: Russia is an?
Answer: official state names

Question: What was kept when the Constitution was written in 1993?
Answer: official state names
Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Question: Who fought the Germans, the Soviet Russian Republic or the Russian Empire?
Answer: Russian Empire

Question: What was the first major decision of the country?
Answer: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany

Question: What first reduced the size of the country?
Answer: giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany

Question: What was done after peace?
Answer: Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Question: Which name is oldest, Soviet Russian Republic, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, or Russian Empire?
Answer: Russian Empire

Question: Which country did NOT see several states secede?
Answer: Germany

Question: Why did Germany get the land?
Answer: peace

Question: What shaped the country?
Answer: the Russian Civil War

Question: What was the cause of the war?
Answer: several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more

Question: What did the All-Russian Congress agree to?
Answer: giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany

Question: Where did the country form?
Answer: the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.

Question: Who was the subject of the 1922 treaty?
Answer: the USSR

Question: What happened to the RSFSR after the October Revolution?
Answer: The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state

Question: What was created the next year?
Answer: The first Constitution

Question: What happened within the next year?
Answer: The first Constitution was adopted

Question: What state came before the USSR?
Answer: RSFSR

Question: After the revolution, when was there a new treaty?
Answer: 1922

Question: What was the result of the October revolution?
Answer: The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state
Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially-organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990.

Question: Were there more students or institutes of higher education in 1974?
Answer: students

Question: Which were there more of, institutes of higher education or languages taught in those institutions?
Answer: institutes of higher education

Question: If you were in Russia in the 1970s and wanted to go to college, how many options did you have?
Answer: 475

Question: Which of the following is not a country: the United States, Gorbachev, or Russia?
Answer: Gorbachev

Question: When did the Russian economic structure really start to slow down?
Answer: late 1970s

Question: Which of the following is not a natural landmark: the Volga, the Urals or the USSR?
Answer: the USSR

Question: Where in the world could you find more of the fuel that runs cars than in Russia?
Answer: United States and Saudi Arabia

Question: In what country were there nearly 24 million students in the 1970s?
Answer: Russia
Gymnastics

Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12–14 and 15-17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category.

Question: A practitioner and her partner who are adults would do their Sport Aerobics routine in which space?
Answer: larger floor (10x10m)

Question: What is the smallest number of practitioners who can perform sport aerobics?
Answer: individuals

Question: Who can do Aerobic Gymnastics other than individuals, trios, and six people groups?
Answer: pairs

Question: If a person and her two friends wanted to form an aerobic gymnastics group, what category would they fall into?
Answer: trios

Question: What kind of group is one third as large as the largest allowed group for an aerobic gymnastics routine?
Answer: pairs

Question: Who performs on the same floor as single competitors?
Answer: 12–14 and 15-17 trios and mixed pairs

Question: Lifting weights can help with what foundation of aerobic gymnastics?
Answer: strength

Question: Whether or not a practitioner can do the splits during her routine falls under what foundation of Sports Aerobics?
Answer: flexibility

Question: What is the routine called when 3 people perform?
Answer: trios

Question: What is the length of one side of an individual aerobic gymnasts performance area?
Answer: 7x7m

Question: For adults performing in groups, what is the area of their performance space?
Answer: 10x10m

Question: Who can do Aerobic Gymnastics other than individuals, pairs, and six people groups?
Answer: trios

Question: What is the youngest an aerobic gymnast must be to compete?
Answer: 12

Question: What is a routine called when only 2 people perform?
Answer: pairs

Question: What is a routine called when only one person performs?
Answer: individuals
Gymnastics

A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.

Question: Which of the following is affected by the time the landing takes: flight phase, the shape of the area, or ground reaction force?
Answer: shape of the area

Question: Which of the following is a type of momentum: linear, vertical, or external?
Answer: linear

Question: What do gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force?
Answer: external force

Question: What is another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum?
Answer: time the landing takes

Question: Gymnasts can overcome what by increasing the time taken to perform a landing?
Answer: vertical ground reaction force

Question: What does increasing height result in?
Answer: higher vertical ground reaction force

Question: Why might a gymnast increase lower body amplitude?
Answer: perform the landing

Question: What rises the bars with an increase of height?
Answer: amplitude

Question: Which of the following is not a key part of increasing the time taken to perform the landing: hip, muscle, or ankle?
Answer: muscle

Question: How do gymnasts combat outside forces?
Answer: muscle force

Question: What benefits comes from more height?
Answer: rise the bars
Gymnastics

Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.

Question: What is not required of the athletes?
Answer: a final routine

Question: How are routines scored
Answer: for difficulty

Question: What is not part of preliminary routines: free to perform any routine or a sequence of aerial skills?
Answer: sequence of aerial skills

Question: Which are there more of, bounces with pause or moves scored for difficulty during preliminary routines?
Answer: bounces without pause

Question: What is the gymanist routine?
Answer: trampolining

Question: What is the minimum possible score?
Answer: zero

Question: What is different about the top competitions other than points?
Answer: two preliminary routines

Question: Which are there more of: preliminary routines or points in the maximum score?
Answer: points

Question: How many additional points can be earned
Answer: no maximum

Question: What is the equipment being used by the gymnast?
Answer: trampolining
Gymnastics

The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.

Question: What requires great flexibility?
Answer: gymnastics

Question: What is the opposite of groups?
Answer: individuals

Question: What is performed in the air?
Answer: double rings

Question: What measures level of difficulty?
Answer: 10-point scale

Question: What is the opposite of individuals?
Answer: Groups

Question: Name one of the four seasons?
Answer: spring

Question: What comes before December?
Answer: November

Question: How many seasons are there?
Answer: four

Question: What is different about individuals versus groups?
Answer: For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used

Question: What kind of rules came in the 1970's?
Answer: The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics

Question: What is not excluded when there is more than one person?
Answer: apparatus

Question: How many points are possible?
Answer: 10
Compact_disc

CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits. The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.

Question: What does polishing fix?
Answer: Scratches on the clear side

Question: What is found in CDs that the candidum in Belize consumes?
Answer: The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs

Question: Why would you rather damage the non label side of a CD?
Answer: Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing

Question: How do CDs get ruined?
Answer: during handling and from environmental exposure

Question: What is something that can happen to a CD in Belize?
Answer: The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs

Question: What is the process of using similar plastic to repair a disc?
Answer: refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing

Question: What damage occurs on the label side?
Answer: Pits

Question: How might steam damage a CD?
Answer: The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed

Question: The plastic used to replace a clear side of a disc must be what to repair it?
Answer: similar

Question: Why do CDs get corroded?
Answer: The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed

Question: Which part of the disc must be kept safest?
Answer: label side of a disc

Question: What can "eat" CDs?
Answer: Geotrichum candidum

Question: The CDs are sometimes what that allows it to become defective?
Answer: The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits

Question: Which side of a CD is easier to fix?
Answer: Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing

Question: What can happen to the edges of the disc's?
Answer: sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits

Question: What natural organism can disintegrate CDs?
Answer: The fungus Geotrichum candidum

Question: How could water damage a CD specifically?
Answer: gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits
Compact_disc

A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: CD player

Question: How is the information stored on the disc?
Answer: spiral pattern

Question: what aspect of a CD is mentioned?
Answer: polycarbonate layer

Question: How is data placed on a disc?
Answer: spiral pattern

Question: How can you decipher data in the middle of a CD?
Answer: swing arm

Question: How far does the laser span?
Answer: the centre to the edge of a disc

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: itself

Question: What are essentially the eyes of the laser?
Answer: light

Question: What does the laser have that protects it?
Answer: polycarbonate layer

Question: What reads a CD?
Answer: semiconductor laser

Question: Based on the size of the wavelength, what kind of light is basically used in the semiconductor?
Answer: infrared

Question: What identifies the highs and lows of the light sources?
Answer: photodiode

Question: How is the bouncing of rays used?
Answer: The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected

Question: what is the first word in the second paragraph?
Answer: change
Compact_disc

The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

Question: What began on 3rd month of the 83rd year of the 20th century?
Answer: the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution

Question: What happened during the 88th year of the 20th century?
Answer: 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world

Question: what is the first period in time mentioned?
Answer: March 1983

Question: What is placed into CD players to play music?
Answer: CDs

Question: what is the last place mentioned?
Answer: the world

Question: what are the first machines mentioned?
Answer: CD players

Question: Who made the first CD players?
Answer: The Japanese

Question: what is the last period in time mentioned?
Answer: 1988

Question: What was first released during the 85th year of the 20th century?
Answer: Brothers in Arms

Question: what is the first region mentioned?
Answer: Europe

Question: What is the shape/form of  CDs?
Answer: discs

Question: What kind of major artist was David Bowie?
Answer: rock music

Question: What is a CD?
Answer: digital audio
North_Carolina

North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities, from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains. North Carolina offers fall colors, freshwater and saltwater fishing, hunting, birdwatching, agritourism, ATV trails, ballooning, rock climbing, biking, hiking, skiing, boating and sailing, camping, canoeing, caving (spelunking), gardens, and arboretums. North Carolina has theme parks, aquariums, museums, historic sites, lighthouses, elegant theaters, concert halls, and fine dining.

Question: What is the acronym for All Terrain Vehicle?
Answer: ATV

Question: If someone goes to North Carolina to have fun, what can they participate in?
Answer: recreational activities

Question: What activity at which Suzi Chaffee was a champion, is available in the state Andy Griffith was born in?
Answer: skiing

Question: Where do visitors go to experience the culture of North Carolina?
Answer: museums, historic sites, lighthouses, elegant theaters, concert halls, and fine dining

Question: Where are fall colors seen in North Carolina?
Answer: mountains

Question: What types of piscatorial activity are available in the state Andy Griffith was born in?
Answer: freshwater and saltwater fishing

Question: What type of garden, involving only trees, is available in the state Andy Griffith was born in?
Answer: arboretums

Question: What activity that involves propelling yourself through water using your arms and legs, with no vehicle or device, is available in the state Andy Griffith was born in?
Answer: swimming

Question: What locations from the past can someone visiting North Carolina go to?
Answer: historic sites

Question: What does the beach bring to North Carolina?
Answer: saltwater

Question: What activities in North Carolina should a tourist with acrophobia avoid?
Answer: ballooning, rock climbing

Question: What activity that involves visting farms is available in the state Andy Griffith was born in?
Answer: agritourism

Question: What bodies of water does North Carolina have?
Answer: freshwater and saltwater

Question: What do people climb in North Carolina?
Answer: rock

Question: Why is North Carolina attractive to outdoorsy tourists?
Answer: provides a large range of recreational activities, from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains
North_Carolina

Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protestants, the so-called "cohee". Arriving during the mid- to late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution. During the American Revolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain.

Question: What effected the political climate in North Carolina until the 20th century?
Answer: settlement patterns

Question: What region of Carolina supported the revolutionary war?
Answer: western North Carolina

Question: Who was faithful to England while the battles were going on?
Answer: the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina

Question: Where in North Carolina were most scots found?
Answer: The Tidewater

Question: Who signed a covenant to come to America?
Answer: English indentured servants

Question: What is another name for the Coastal Plain?
Answer: The Tidewater

Question: Which western N.C. settler was third mentioned?
Answer: Scots-Irish

Question: What were the most common immigrants in the early to mid 1700's
Answer: indentured servants

Question: What is another name for England?
Answer: Great Britain

Question: Which western N.C. settler was second mentioned?
Answer: Welsh

Question: Who was loyal to the new country during the American Revolutionary War?
Answer: English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain

Question: Which western N.C. settler was fourth mentioned?
Answer: German