UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
On_the_Origin_of_Species

Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.

Question: What did Huxley do?
Answer: praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science

Question: What did Henry want to learn?
Answer: whether natural selection could form new species

Question: What other questions did Huxley have?
Answer: if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation

Question: What didn't Henry need?
Answer: Evolution

Question: What did Darwin theorize?
Answer: Evolution

Question: What has Huxley's aim?
Answer: Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference

Question: Haeckel would interact with someone whose expertise was in?
Answer: anatomy

Question: What is Darwin most famous for?
Answer: Evolution

Question: Huxley was not overly respectful of?
Answer: religious

Question: What is Darwin known for?
Answer: Evolution
On_the_Origin_of_Species

In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.

Question: Which is not a last name, Aristotle or Was?
Answer: was

Question: Which of the following is not a group of humans: early Christian Church Fathers, species, or Medieval European scholars?
Answer: species

Question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of organisms: physical form, heraldic significance, or capricious?
Answer: capricious

Question: Which is not a last name, Darwin or Christian?
Answer: Christian

Question: What was the view that Genesis was more allegory?
Answer: organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form

Question: Aristotle is way before the time of?
Answer: Darwin

Question: Which is not a last name, Darwin or Form?
Answer: form

Question: Who was born later, Empedocles or Aristotle?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: These allegorical views of Genesis by scholars led to what views about the animals?
Answer: Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life
On_the_Origin_of_Species

Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.

Question: The activity of having birds reproduce is?
Answer: animal husbandry

Question: What kind of changes are the variations that Darwin talks about?
Answer: hereditary

Question: What is a helpful driver of evolution?
Answer: ubiquitous small differences

Question: What is a key factor of evolution?
Answer: ubiquitous small differences

Question: What is a key driver of evolution?
Answer: ubiquitous small differences

Question: Darwin studied what concept related to rock pigeons?
Answer: artificial selection

Question: The activity of making plants reproduce is?
Answer: plant breeding
On_the_Origin_of_Species

In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their "centre of creation". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.

Question: Where did Darwin learn about uniformitarianism?
Answer: Principles of Geology

Question: Who did Darwin see as savages comparable to animals
Answer: The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives

Question: Where was Darwin before he was in St Jago?
Answer: England

Question: What happened during the 37 year of the 1800s?
Answer: the Beagle neared England

Question: What happened during 12th month of the 32nd year of the 1800s?
Answer: he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist

Question: When did they return?
Answer: 1836

Question: What relation to animals was Darwin hoping to discover?
Answer: centre of creation

Question: Wht helped Darwin get a better understanding of the landscapes during his travels?
Answer: Lyell's uniformitarianism

Question: Who made Darwin question the gap between humans and animals?
Answer: their relatives on the island
Hunter-gatherer

Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.

Question: The Pacific Northwest Coast as a place is?
Answer: particularly rich

Question: What role didn't have to be done on the Pacific Northwest Coast?
Answer: hunter

Question: The natives of this particularly rich environment have what food acquisition style?
Answer: hunter-gatherer

Question: Hunter-gatherers were made up of what?
Answer: indigenous peoples

Question: Who initally gravitated towards the pacific northwest?
Answer: Some hunter-gatherer cultures

Question: How was the coast life changing?
Answer: allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary

Question: Access to resources can enable a lifestyle that is?
Answer: sedentary
Hunter-gatherer

Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.

Question: What gave these hunters their food supply?
Answer: big-game

Question: Where did these hunters get their food supply from?
Answer: big-game

Question: Hunter-gatherers moved in pursuit of?
Answer: now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna

Question: What did the hunters cross?
Answer: a land bridge

Question: Megafauna are a type of?
Answer: big-game

Question: How did people get to South America?
Answer: they migrated down the Pacific coast

Question: What is the name of the thing which people travel from Asian to America on?
Answer: Beringia

Question: Where did these hunters get their calories from?
Answer: big-game
Hunter-gatherer

As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.

Question: Before farming what didn't India have in control?
Answer: government

Question: What are associations of farms called?
Answer: agricultural societies

Question: Before farming people used to be hunters and what?
Answer: gatherers

Question: What did agricultural people need?
Answer: lands

Question: Before farming if you were not a gatherer, you were a what?
Answer: hunter

Question: What took over in ancient China?
Answer: agricultural societies

Question: What is another word for agrarian?
Answer: agriculture

Question: What is the action of becoming larger?
Answer: expansion

Question: What group makes the rules for the area?
Answer: government

Question: What development was located in Mexico?
Answer: Olmec
Hunter-gatherer

As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.

Question: How frequent are hunter gatherers
Answer: few

Question: What is the connection of people and farming?
Answer: reliance

Question: What portion of time does a foraging group reside where you can't farm?
Answer: usually

Question: How widespread is lack of self sufficiency?
Answer: universal

Question: As of when is farming necessary?
Answer: now

Question: What forces  people to be self-sufficient?
Answer: live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use

Question: What type of land is required by the foragers?
Answer: agricultural

Question: How do these people survive?
Answer: hunter-gatherer cultures

Question: What is issue if less people farm?
Answer: human reliance upon agriculture

Question: How much of the human race forages?
Answer: few
Hunter-gatherer

Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]

Question: What greatly decreased in North and South America?
Answer: large mammal species

Question: Because of agriculturalist, what have hunter-gatherers had to do as a result?
Answer: moved to other areas

Question: Where would you find hunter-gatherers?
Answer: arid regions or tropical forests

Question: What does Diamond study?
Answer: hunter-gatherers

Question: What causes the scarcity of resources?
Answer: overexploitation by humans

Question: What do agriculturalist need?
Answer: land

Question: What do hunter-gatherer eat?
Answer: wild foods

Question: What is a good area to find wild foods?
Answer: arid regions or tropical forests

Question: What is one explanation for why mammal species declined?
Answer: overexploitation by humans

Question: Where can you find hunter-gatherers?
Answer: arid regions or tropical forests

Question: Who is challenged?
Answer: Diamond

Question: What has also been found to be a reason hunter-gathered moved areas?
Answer: decline in the availability of wild foods
United_States_Air_Force

Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces. However, Congress did allow for $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations.

Question: How will USAF replace its aging fleet?
Answer: fleet modernization

Question: What percentage of the Air force fleet receive upgrades from congressional allotments?
Answer: third

Question: The concerns around the inability of the air force were what?
Answer: Specific

Question: What is Air Force reserve part of?
Answer: USAF

Question: How will the $208 million allocated by congress be spent by the Air Force?
Answer: modernization

Question: What was the USAF's target population in its initiative?
Answer: the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower

Question: Why would a military need to adjust their fleet and its operators?
Answer: fleet modernization

Question: What was the final outcome reached to alleviate the USAF's specific concerns?
Answer: $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization

Question: Who did not make the final decision on who would replace the Air Force's aging fleet?
Answer: The USAF

Question: What happened in an attempt to help?
Answer: However, Congress did allow for $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations

Question: What is Air National Guard part of?
Answer: USAF

Question: Who attempted to fix the issue early on?
Answer: The USAF attempted to make these adjustments

Question: Who was affected besides the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve under the USAF's initiative?
Answer: their associated manpower

Question: What was a major causation factor of the Air Force replacing its aging fleet?
Answer: an overall reduction of strength and readiness

Question: What do USAF operate?
Answer: aging fleet

Question: Without congressional help, how would a modern Air Force update their equiment?
Answer: primarily cutting

Question: How will the USAF get better?
Answer: fleet modernization
United_States_Air_Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.

Question: How did the US army and USAF seperate?
Answer: under the National Security Act of 1947

Question: Clothing wise, all the service branches are what?
Answer: uniformed

Question: Why is the Air Force responsible for Nuclear management?
Answer: articulates its core functions

Question: What service division spends time in the highest physical place?
Answer: The United States Air Force (USAF)

Question: What branch was the USAF a part of?
Answer: Army

Question: What Us service came from the army?
Answer: USAF

Question: What is the USAF which was made in 1947?
Answer: The United States Air Force

Question: What was made with the National Security Act of 1947?
Answer: USAF

Question: At what point did the folks in the sky become autonomous?
Answer: 18 September 1947

Question: What service branch ended up being last to the party?
Answer: The United States Air Force (USAF)

Question: What function of theirs involves the physically highest thing?
Answer: Space Superiority
United_States_Air_Force

Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal "warriors" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social "distance" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military.

Question: How does the USAF refer to other branches of the armed forces?
Answer: sister services

Question: What are the people that belong to an association or club called?
Answer: members

Question: What is a difference of the Air Force from other armed services?
Answer: When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military

Question: How does the Air Force differ from other military sectors
Answer: Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social "distance" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services

Question: Outside of the air force, what is the relationship between officers and enlisted personnel?
Answer: formal social "distance"

Question: Which is not a last name, Magruder or General?
Answer: General

Question: Who goes to war in the air force?
Answer: officers

Question: What are core tenents of the Air Force?
Answer: an egalitarianism

Question: What do members of the airforce work on?
Answer: aircraft

Question: How are officers viewed?
Answer: its officers fought, not its enlisted force

Question: How is the culture of the Air Force created?
Answer: from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal "warriors" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft

Question: What are you taking when you place a bet?
Answer: risk

Question: What were the people in the USAF who weren't officers?
Answer: enlisted
United_States_Air_Force

Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. Post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century. This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of nuclear operations to ensure high levels of performance.

Question: What future benefit to tjhe US might a nuclear strike do?
Answer: deter further aggression

Question: What branch of the military is listed
Answer: Air Force

Question: Why does the military practice war situations besides support
Answer: to ensure high levels of performance

Question: What is the purpose of the nuclear arsenal
Answer: deter further aggression

Question: Who regualtes the nuclear capabilities of the US
Answer: Air Force

Question: What is the main fear the of North Korea that is discussed in the text.
Answer: Nuclear strike

Question: What is the reach of nuclear strikes
Answer: globally

Question: What guidelines would the air force use when deciding on aggressions?
Answer: US NDO objectives

Question: What might The united states choose to use nuclear force.
Answer: prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest

Question: What does nuclear deployment show
Answer: demonstrate US resolve