UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
John,_King_of_England

When the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territories. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being "governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre" and established "its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. After the 1140s, these principles had been largely accepted within the English church, albeit with an element of concern about centralising authority in Rome. These changes brought the customary rights of lay rulers such as John over ecclesiastical appointments into question. Pope Innocent was, according to historian Ralph Turner, an "ambitious and aggressive" religious leader, insistent on his rights and responsibilities within the church.

Question: What man is mentioned that is the same name as one of the gospels?
Answer: John

Question: The church was lorded over by what position?
Answer: kings

Question: What king started with an A?
Answer: Angevin

Question: what person was mentioned last?
Answer: Ralph Turner

Question: What do you call a person that studies the past and then tells  it to others in the present?
Answer: historian

Question: what type of monarch is mentioned first?
Answer: king

Question: what type of occupation is mentioned last?
Answer: historian

Question: what type of place is mentioned last?
Answer: church

Question: what religious title is mentioned first?
Answer: Archbishop

Question: Who is the person that tells us what happened in the past?
Answer: Ralph Turner
John,_King_of_England

After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard. The powerful Anjou nobleman William des Roches was persuaded to switch sides from Arthur to John; suddenly the balance seemed to be tipping away from Philip and Arthur in favour of John. Neither side was keen to continue the conflict, and following a papal truce the two leaders met in January 1200 to negotiate possible terms for peace. From John's perspective, what then followed represented an opportunity to stabilise control over his continental possessions and produce a lasting peace with Philip in Paris. John and Philip negotiated the May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet; by this treaty, Philip recognised John as the rightful heir to Richard in respect to his French possessions, temporarily abandoning the wider claims of his client, Arthur.[nb 4] John, in turn, abandoned Richard's former policy of containing Philip through alliances with Flanders and Boulogne, and accepted Philip's right as the legitimate feudal overlord of John's lands in France. John's policy earned him the disrespectful title of "John Softsword" from some English chroniclers, who contrasted his behaviour with his more aggressive brother, Richard.

Question: Who was not a count, Renaud or John Softsword?
Answer: John Softsword

Question: Who was John's rival?
Answer: Arthur

Question: Who was Richard's brother?
Answer: John

Question: Which King were the two counts allied to before John against France?
Answer: Richard

Question: William des Roches changed sides to follow the brother of whom?
Answer: Richard

Question: What did john want to do after the papal truce negotiations?
Answer: stabilise control over his continental possessions and produce a lasting peace with Philip in Paris

Question: What title did those responsible for  strengthening John's position in the war after desultory negotiations hold?
Answer: counts

Question: what sentiment did both counts who strengthened John after desultory negotiations share for france?
Answer: anti-French

Question: Who was not a count, Baldwin or John Softsword?
Answer: John Softsword

Question: What nationality was the person who negotiated with John in May 1200?
Answer: French

Question: What nationality was the person who negotiated with Philip in May 1200?
Answer: English

Question: Which king came before John?
Answer: Richard

Question: what part of France did John move to defend after his coronation?
Answer: the eastern and southern Normandy borders
John,_King_of_England

In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco.

Question: When did John do badly during his reign in Ireland?
Answer: first period of rule

Question: Where did John go at the end of the twelfth century?
Answer: Ireland

Question: John was from?
Answer: England

Question: Who really didn't like John in Ireland?
Answer: local Irish rulers

Question: Why didn't the locals like Henry II?
Answer: Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces

Question: Why did John leave Ireland?
Answer: lose ground militarily against the Irish

Question: When John was ruler of Ireland when had Ireland been conquered?
Answer: only recently

Question: Who was on John's side when Pop Lucius III wasn't?
Answer: Henry

Question: John was not part of what culture?
Answer: Irish
John,_King_of_England

Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise their forces or surrender London as agreed. Despite his promises to the contrary, John appealed to Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the pope's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John's feudal lord. Innocent obliged; he declared the charter "not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust" and excommunicated the rebel barons. The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the First Barons' War.

Question: Who made lackluster attempts to follow peaceful efforts?
Answer: John nor the rebel barons

Question: How did the pope respond to the request?
Answer: obliged

Question: What did Innocent do for a living?
Answer: pope

Question: How would you describe the charter were you to take up the beginning of the official language projected about it?
Answer: shameful and demeaning

Question: John talking to who was a breach of a promise?
Answer: Innocent

Question: Barons thought John would deny what was legal?
Answer: the charter

Question: What was the barons holding in thrall at the time of the negotiations?
Answer: London

Question: What was Innocent's job?
Answer: pope
John,_King_of_England

The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother. Longchamp, who had left England after Walter's intervention, now returned, and argued that he had been wrongly removed as justiciar. John intervened, suppressing Longchamp's claims in return for promises of support from the royal administration, including a reaffirmation of his position as heir to the throne. When Richard still did not return from the crusade, John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost. Richard had in fact been captured en route to England by the Duke of Austria and was handed over to Emperor Henry VI, who held him for ransom. John seized the opportunity and went to Paris, where he formed an alliance with Philip. He agreed to set aside his wife, Isabella of Gloucester, and marry Philip's sister, Alys, in exchange for Philip's support. Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the king finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. John retreated to Normandy, where Richard finally found him later that year. Richard declared that his younger brother – despite being 27 years old – was merely "a child who has had evil counsellors" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland.

Question: What relation to king Philip II was John's new bride?
Answer: sister

Question: What was the result of all of John's poor decisions?
Answer: Richard declared that his younger brother – despite being 27 years old – was merely "a child who has had evil counsellors" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland

Question: Who was John's brother?
Answer: Richard

Question: What excuse was provided on John's behalf?
Answer: was merely "a child who has had evil counsellors"

Question: Which of the following kings did NOT go on a crusade, John or Richard?
Answer: John

Question: Which of the following is NOT one of John's wives: Alys, Isabella, or Henry?
Answer: Henry

Question: Who did John leave to marry Alys?
Answer: Isabella

Question: If John made an agreement with someone, what might he receive?
Answer: Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard

Question: Who was Richard's brother?
Answer: John

Question: Why did John give up?
Answer: John's military position was weak

Question: Why didn't John make an agreement that would gain him lands?
Answer: persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother

Question: Which of the following people did NOT oppose Richard: Longchamp, the Duke of Austria, Phillip, or John?
Answer: Longchamp

Question: What group acknowledged John as the rightful air to the throne?
Answer: the royal administration
John,_King_of_England

Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.

Question: How did the war end?
Answer: in stalemate

Question: Who was the father of John?
Answer: Henry

Question: Who assisted John in his attack?
Answer: Geoffrey

Question: Richard became something after?
Answer: Henry

Question: Who was Henry the Young the primary heir to?
Answer: Henry

Question: Richard and Harry had the same?
Answer: father

Question: Where is Aquitaine located?
Answer: south

Question: Richard was a what to a king?
Answer: brother

Question: What is the name of Henry's son that didn't survive?
Answer: Henry the Young King

Question: Who is the father of Richard?
Answer: Henry

Question: How was Henry the Young related to Richard in the family?
Answer: brother

Question: Who was the father of Geofrey?
Answer: Henry

Question: John and Richard are members of the same?
Answer: family

Question: Normandy and Aquitaine were also under the authority of what rank?
Answer: King of England
John,_King_of_England

Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to £666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (£466) for England and 300 marks (£200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship.

Question: Who felt like they were being bullied?
Answer: John

Question: Who got more of the money through the reconciliation
Answer: England

Question: What happen to the unpaid money owed
Answer: forgotten this debt

Question: Who lost support from the papacy as a result of the reconciliation?
Answer: Philip

Question: The money owed by John each year was divided how?
Answer: 700 marks (£466) for England and 300 marks (£200) for Ireland

Question: Who got the lesser of the money from the negotiations
Answer: Ireland

Question: What did John do the year after the papal terms for submission were accepted?
Answer: he ceased making payments

Question: What was someone being bullied into?
Answer: reconciliation

Question: What was the value in pounds John offered per year?
Answer: 666

Question: John gained what from the papacy?
Answer: backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues

Question: How was someone bullied?
Answer: political pressure
John,_King_of_England

After Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his heir presumptive in the final years before his death, but the matter was not clear-cut and medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided. With Norman law favouring John as the only surviving son of Henry II and Angevin law favouring Arthur as the only son of Henry's elder son, the matter rapidly became an open conflict. John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster, backed by his mother, Eleanor. Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of Philip II, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent. With Arthur's army pressing up the Loire valley towards Angers and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards Tours, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two.

Question: The one whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II wasn't supported by what nobles?
Answer: Breton, Maine and Anjou

Question: What was John's empire in danger?
Answer: Arthur's army pressing up the Loire valley towards Angers and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards Tours

Question: What was Phillip in support of?
Answer: Arthur

Question: What was Arthur's forces going up?
Answer: Loire valley

Question: What direction were Phillip's forces moving?
Answer: down

Question: Different what from different places gave guidance on claims?
Answer: law

Question: Who did not get the throne?
Answer: Arthur I

Question: The one whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II had allies from?
Answer: English and Norman nobility
John,_King_of_England

Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto. These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign. Reliable accounts of the middle and later parts of John's reign are more limited, with Gervase of Canterbury and Ralph of Coggeshall writing the main accounts; neither of them were positive about John's performance as king. Much of John's later, negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after the king's death, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris, the latter claiming that John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aid from the Almohad ruler Muhammad al-Nasir - a story which is considered to be untrue by modern historians.

Question: after whos death did two chroniclers write?
Answer: the king's

Question: When John was rising to power, what were the four men associated with him?
Answer: group of chroniclers

Question: who wrote the story that claims John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aide from the Almohad ruler?
Answer: Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris

Question: What do people say today about Paris's writings?
Answer: untrue

Question: who wrote the story that is considered to be untrue by modern historians?
Answer: Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris

Question: How did the four writers feel about John's first years after Richard?
Answer: slightly more positive

Question: How did Gervase and Ralph write about John?
Answer: neither of them were positive about John's performance as king

Question: What is Roger and Matthew give to John?
Answer: negative reputation

Question: what were Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto?
Answer: historians

Question: What was not consistent?
Answer: Historical interpretations of John

Question: What was analyzed?
Answer: John's reign

Question: What was a bargaining chip?
Answer: conversion to Islam

Question: under who's rule was John under?
Answer: Richard's
John,_King_of_England

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

Question: Which house came first in England?
Answer: Angevin

Question: What did the Magna Carta lead to?
Answer: constitution of the United Kingdom

Question: What did his enemies force John to accept?
Answer: the Magna Carta

Question: When was the Magna Carta approved?
Answer: 13th century

Question: What helped the Capetian dynasty grow?
Answer: John lost the duchy of Normandy

Question: Who succeeded the Angevin Empire?
Answer: the Capetian dynasty

Question: What ended Johns career?
Answer: baronial revolt

Question: Who was John Lackland?
Answer: King of England

Question: Who was Johan sanz Terre?
Answer: King of England

Question: Who is John san Terre ?
Answer: John Lackland

Question: Who is blamed for the Angevin Empire's fall?
Answer: John

Question: Who first controlled Normandy?
Answer: John
Mammal

The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

Question: Where did modern birds come from?
Answer: pelycosaurs

Question: What connects the modern reptiles to their ancestors?
Answer: pelycosaurs

Question: What group did today's mammals emerge from?
Answer: pelycosaurs

Question: Which of the following is still extant: birds or non-avian dinosaurs?
Answer: birds

Question: Which came first, the Neogene period or the Carboniferous period?
Answer: Carboniferous period

Question: What is the main group in which you can trace back birds that we see today?
Answer: Dimetrodon

Question: When did the first mammals come to be?
Answer: Carboniferous

Question: What was the name of the group the stem group came from?
Answer: Dimetrodon

Question: Which of the following is less related to today's mammals, Dimetrodon or sphenacodont pelycosaurs?
Answer: Dimetrodon
Mammal

In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.

Question: Why is a cat considered smarter than a deer?
Answer: must think to outwit its prey

Question: Some animals have marvelous brains, what is an example of one of these kinds of animals?
Answer: primates

Question: Mammals and intelligence is a broad spectrum that can be what?
Answer: not easy to define

Question: What is an animal with a small brain, indicated by the type of food gathering it partakes in?
Answer: deer

Question: What is smarter, a cat or a deer?
Answer: cat

Question: Does a deer or cat have more intelligence?
Answer: cat

Question: What might indicate that an animal is less intelligent than others?
Answer: brain smaller

Question: Which is higher on the food chain, deer or cats?
Answer: cat

Question: What kind of food do deer eat?
Answer: plants

Question: A cat is an example of what?
Answer: intelligent mammals

Question: Which of the following is not a mammal: rat, cat, or food?
Answer: food

Question: Rats and primates have a lot in common, what is a characteristic that they share?
Answer: intelligent mammals

Question: What makes some mammals smarter than others?
Answer: the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain

Question: Which of the following is a sign of intelligence: ability to learn, feeding on plants, or smaller than a cat?
Answer: ability to learn