UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Melbourne

From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy. In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city—almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined, and Melbourne's property market remained strong, resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.

Question: Which of the following is not an example of an Australian city: Brisbane, Perth, or 2008?
Answer: 2008

Question: Which of the following is not a city, Melbourne or 2008?
Answer: 2008

Question: Which city was growing faster in 2009, Melbourne or Brisbane?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: What would cause an adjustment?
Answer: the city's population

Question: What wan an adjustment considered for?
Answer: growth boundary

Question: Which city was growing faster in 2009, Melbourne or Perth?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Which of the following is an Australian city: Perth, high property prices, or 2008?
Answer: Perth

Question: How would a realtor fared in Late 2000s Melbourne?
Answer: property market remained strong
Melbourne

Melbourne's CBD, compared with other Australian cities, has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower, situated in Southbank. It has an observation deck near the top from where you can see above all of Melbourne's structures. The Rialto tower, the city's second tallest, remains the tallest building in the old CBD; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed.

Question: A pack of cards is also called a?
Answer: deck

Question: What specific factor allowed developers in Melbourne to raise the bar on how tall they built in the city center?
Answer: comparatively unrestricted height limits

Question: What neighborhood boasts a top tourist destination?
Answer: Southbank

Question: Which building in the center of Melbourne can I not visit the top of?
Answer: The Rialto

Question: During what time frame could you no longer go on the observation deck?
Answer: recently

Question: What exclamation is used to express triumph or discovery, derived from the Greek word heúrēka?
Answer: Eureka

Question: What does not impede the view from the top of the city's tallest structure?
Answer: Melbourne's structures

Question: Of the Eureka Tower and Rialto tower, which was the tallest in the original central business district?
Answer: Rialto

Question: What is Melbourne classified as?
Answer: cities

Question: Canberra is the capital of what?
Answer: Australia

Question: What tower in Melbourne CBD began construction in 1982, and finished in1986?
Answer: Rialto

Question: A hexagon is a shape with how many sides?
Answer: six

Question: What ended that caused a lot of building?
Answer: war

Question: Which building in the center of Melbourne is a tourist destination?
Answer: Eureka Tower
Melbourne

RMIT University was also ranked among the top 51–100 universities in the world in the subjects of: accounting, Business and Management, communication and media studies, computer science and information systems. The Swinburne University of Technology, based in the inner city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn is ranked 76–100 in the world for Physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities making Swinburne the only Australian university outside the Group of Eight to achieve a top 100 rating in a science discipline. Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students. Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.

Question: Where is the university that has ranked 76?
Answer: Hawthorn

Question: What must be the location of the Group of Eight?
Answer: Australian

Question: What suggests raising revenue is important for the schools?
Answer: an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students

Question: What does the first E in "DEECD" stand for?
Answer: Education

Question: Where would you go to study broadcasting and speaking?
Answer: RMIT University

Question: Who is in charge of education?
Answer: Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)

Question: What might be considered strange given that Universities are overseen by the DEECD?
Answer: Early Childhood Development

Question: What does the second D in "DEECD" stand for?
Answer: Development

Question: What does the second E in "DEECD" stand for?
Answer: Early

Question: What is in Geelong?
Answer: Deakin University

Question: Where is RMIT located?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: What does the C in "DEECD" stand for?
Answer: Childhood

Question: What is a science discipline example?
Answer: Physics
Melbourne

Melbourne's air quality is generally good and has improved significantly since the 1980s. Like many urban environments, the city faces significant environmental issues, many of them relating to the city's large urban footprint and urban sprawl and the demand for infrastructure and services. One such issue is water usage, drought and low rainfall. Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and climate change may have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne. In response to low water supplies and low rainfall due to drought, the government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including: water recycling schemes for the city, incentives for household water tanks, greywater systems, water consumption awareness initiatives, and other water saving and reuse initiatives; also, in June 2007, the Bracks Government announced that a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant would be built on Victoria's south-east coast, capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year, as well as a 70 km (43 mi) pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong. Both projects are being conducted under controversial Public-Private Partnerships and a multitude of independent reports have found that neither project is required to supply water to the city and that Sustainable Water Management is the best solution. In the meantime, the drought must be weathered.

Question: What neighboring location is crucial for the city's water supply?
Answer: Victoria

Question: In what way may the global climate be contributing to the problem?
Answer: high temperatures

Question: Which of the following is not an environmental issue: water usage, desalination, or low rainfall?
Answer: desalination

Question: What strategy does the Melbourne government use for reducing how much water people use?
Answer: restrictions

Question: What action may provide monetary rewards to its followers?
Answer: incentives for household water tanks

Question: Which of the following is a response to drought: greywater systems, climate change, or high temperatures?
Answer: greywater systems

Question: Why would someone living in Melbourne be unable, for example, to take a five-hour-long shower?
Answer: water restrictions

Question: What is one way a person in Melbourne can help with the water scarcity issue, which is also backed by the government?
Answer: household water tanks

Question: Which of the following is not a city: Melbourne, greywater, or Geelong?
Answer: greywater

Question: It can be concluded that the desalination plant in Wonthaggi and the pipelines projects are not as effective as what?
Answer: Sustainable Water Management

Question: How does the Melbourne government try to educate people about how water is used and how to take care of water as a precious resource?
Answer: water consumption awareness initiatives
Melbourne

The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo. Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station. Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network.

Question: Where is Melbourne Airport?
Answer: Australia

Question: What is an alternative method than driving that is available in Melbourne?
Answer: metropolitan train

Question: What moves along the ground?
Answer: train

Question: What is the main purpose of Tullamarine Airport?
Answer: passenger airport

Question: Where do buses depart from in Melbourne?
Answer: Southern Cross Station

Question: Which train station would an individual travelling across Australia and departing from Melborne use?
Answer: Southern Cross Station

Question: What is located on the water in Melbourne?
Answer: Port of Melbourne

Question: What holds shipped goods?
Answer: cargo

Question: What iS the most likely place you'd land when flying to Australia?
Answer: Tullamarine Airport

Question: Where in the world is the biggest urban tram system?
Answer: Australia
Melbourne

Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia, while Monash has a research centre based in Prato, Italy. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia, was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2010 THES international rankings. The 2012–2013 Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 28th (30th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Monash University was ranked as the 99th (60th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Both universities are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.

Question: Where can you find a Melbourne university?
Answer: all over Australia and some internationally

Question: What does the Univeristy of Melbourne have in common with Monash University?
Answer: Both universities are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education

Question: What kind of schools are in the group that includes 8 schools?
Answer: tertiary

Question: Who, accoding to QS, is ranked higher: Monash University or University of Melbourne?
Answer: University of Melbourne

Question: Of the universities mentioned, which has been around longer?
Answer: The University of Melbourne

Question: Which publication was responsible for awarding the university of Melbourne with its highest ranking?
Answer: THES international rankings

Question: Where was the highest ranking school located?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Which of the mentioned Universities does the THES Supplement rank toward the bottom of the top 100 in the world?
Answer: Monash University

Question: What is the system which measures what place these universities sit at in overall quality?
Answer: QS ranking

Question: Who, according to THES, is ranked higher: Monash University of University of Melbourne?
Answer: University of Melbourne

Question: Of all the universities mentioned, which university ranked lowest?
Answer: Monash University
Melbourne

Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s.

Question: __ had a population of 106 in 2016.
Answer: South Wharf

Question: What investment has been made to the inner city areas?
Answer: the city's industries and property market

Question: __ is bordered to the north by the Yarra River, and to the east by St Kilda Road.
Answer: Southbank

Question: Melbourne has seen gains in its residents compared to other what entities?
Answer: Australian capital city

Question: What factors led to population growth and suburban expansion through the 2000s?
Answer: Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf

Question: People from what areas are interested in Melbourne?
Answer: international

Question: A city environment can also be described as?
Answer: urban

Question: __  includes some of Melbourne's landmarks, including the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre
Answer: South Wharf
Empiricism

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone. The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

Question: Where did the experiment take place for the book?
Answer: a desert island

Question: What was the Andalusian Muslim philosopher's nickname?
Answer: Abubacer

Question: Who does Abubacer use in his experiment for his book?
Answer: a feral child

Question: What was the genre of the book that Abubacer wrote?
Answer: Arabic philosophical novel

Question: What was a main topic for the his book?
Answer: the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment

Question: What additional literature followed the book of isolation?
Answer: Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question: What book did Abubacer include a theory that was an experiment?
Answer: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan

Question: what piece of writing is mentioned last?
Answer: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question: What would have encouraged average, non-scientific types to read the book?
Answer: he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone

Question: what language is mentioned last?
Answer: Latin

Question: what period in time is mentioned last?
Answer: 1671

Question: what area is mentioned first?
Answer: the West)

Question: What was the name of the story type book?
Answer: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned second?
Answer: Arabic
Empiricism

In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony, but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking, and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of "pragmaticism". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based) and rational (concept-based) thinking.

Question: Peirce and James created?
Answer: pragmatic philosophy

Question: What mindset is more abstract?
Answer: rational

Question: What is pragmatism considered a method of?
Answer: thinking

Question: What way of thought combines real life and the abstract?
Answer: pragmatism

Question: Peirce was alive in the?
Answer: late 19th and early 20th century

Question: What stance characterizes what someone has been through?
Answer: empirical

Question: The thing created by Peirce and James is a kind of?
Answer: philosophy
Empiricism

Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method — that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.

Question: __ is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth.
Answer: the sun

Question: What has no clear end?
Answer: justification for inductive reasoning

Question: What cannot be foretold?
Answer: the future will resemble the past

Question: __ does not have a definite boundary, but its density decreases exponentially with increasing height above the photosphere.
Answer: sun

Question: What is without explanation?
Answer: knowledge

Question: How would Hume predict where the sun would rise?
Answer: there is no certainty

Question: Why will inductive reasoning not work?
Answer: it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning

Question: __ color is white, with a CIE color-space index near (0.3, 0.3), when viewed from space.
Answer: sun
Empiricism

Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such "groups of permanent possibilities of sensation" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of "reality" that goes beyond mere "possibilities of sensation", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.

Question: Mill was a?
Answer: philosophers

Question: What is another word for methods?
Answer: procedures

Question: What is another word for higher power?
Answer: God

Question: Mill wrote on experience as it relates to?
Answer: knowledge

Question: What is the opposite of externally?
Answer: internally

Question: Arithmetic and algebra are examples of what science?
Answer: mathematics

Question: What is a famous university in the western United States?
Answer: Berkeley
Empiricism

Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical "scientific method".

Question: Which of the following is not a method endorsed by John Locke: intuition, sense-based experience, or reasoning?
Answer: sense-based experience

Question: Who would not find it rational to believe in the unknown, such as God, for example?
Answer: Philosophical empiricists

Question: Who didn't like the experimental method?
Answer: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz

Question: What type of scientist would hold views quite opposite Robert Boyle, for example?
Answer: Philosophical empiricists

Question: Who is in favor of the scientific method?
Answer: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz

Question: Descartes and Leibniz advocated a hybrid between sense based empiricism and rationalism grounded in reason that promoted what theory of advancing knowledge?
Answer: the empirical "scientific method"

Question: Which of the following was not an advocate of the scientific method: Boyle, Leibniz or Locke?
Answer: Locke

Question: That God exists is an idea inconsistent with empiricism because it relies not on senses but instead in what?
Answer: intuition and reasoning alone

Question: An empiricist believes in ideas and knowledge gained by experiences in what fashion?
Answer: sense-based

Question: What philosophers are often at odds with the rationalist school of thought?
Answer: empiricists

Question: Which of the following is not a continental rationalist: Descartes, John Locke or Leibniz?
Answer: John Locke

Question: What term describes the stance that we are born with ideas that are not developed through experience?
Answer: innate ideas

Question: Who likes empirical methods?
Answer: The main continental rationalists

Question: How is God's existence determined?
Answer: intuition

Question: Which view is based on your own experiences?
Answer: Philosophical empiricists

Question: Locke's theory that the existence of God could be deduced free from empiricism is an example of what?
Answer: rationalism

Question: Which train of thought allows for beliefs and ideas outside of what one can physically experience?
Answer: rationalism

Question: What would one not be using when holding a belief in the afterlife, for example?
Answer: senses