UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Buddhism

In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.

Question: Who seeks the ultimate goal of the Theravadins?
Answer: the meditator

Question: Which of the following is considered desirable in Buddhism: hatred, defilements or Nibbana?
Answer: Nibbāna

Question: Which of the following is not a technique to reduce defilements: internal investigation, suffering or analyzing?
Answer: suffering

Question: What is the root of most suffering according to Thervadin beliefs?
Answer: craving

Question: Based on Theravadin beliefs, most negative human behaviors ultimately stem from some type of?
Answer: craving

Question: Coveting a friends spouse would be considered by the Theradins as one of many what?
Answer: defilements

Question: According to this form of Buddhism, how does one get rid of the things that cause suffering?
Answer: by using jhāna

Question: What does jhāna entail?
Answer: internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements

Question: Of what religion are the people who want to achieve Nibbāna?
Answer: Theravāda Buddhism

Question: Which of the following is not a defilement, delusion, enlightenment or hatred?
Answer: Enlightenment

Question: Excessive avarice would be described by the Theravadins as one of several?
Answer: defilements

Question: What would hatred be considered in this form of Buddhism?
Answer: defilements
Buddhism

Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.

Question: During what activity are yogis not supposed to meditate?
Answer: defecating

Question: What did Buddha improve?
Answer: built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques

Question: What was a belief of yogis before Buddha?
Answer: theories of liberation

Question: Why can it be assumed that Buddhists did not invent meditation?
Answer: Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha

Question: Buddhists dismissed the yogis theories of liberation, but were able to evolve on their
Answer: tradition

Question: What about the yogi's practices did the Buddha not like?
Answer: theories of liberation

Question: While both the yogi and the Buddha valued introspection, leading to some overlap, the yogi believed in
Answer: theories of liberation

Question: What part of the yogi's practices did the Buddha add to?
Answer: concern with introspection

Question: The yogis are exempt from honing their skills during certain acts, such as defecating, but what about the Buddha?
Answer: mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times

Question: What did Buddha improve on the most?
Answer: mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times

Question: Which type of yogi should refrain from any practice in the potty?
Answer: Brahmanical tradition

Question: What is the most important development for Buddha?
Answer: mindfulness and clear awareness

Question: Awareness is crucial for both the yogi and the Buddha, but what is the distinction?
Answer: In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times

Question: Before Buddha, what did yogis do?
Answer: Meditation

Question: What was a practice that yogis didn't have pre-Buddha?
Answer: mindfulness and clear awareness
Buddhism

Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices. Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator. The foundations of Buddhist tradition and practice are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community). Taking "refuge in the triple gem" has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the Buddhist path, and in general distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist. Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including, giving charity to reduce the greediness; following ethical precepts; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment; study of scriptures; devotional practices; ceremonies; and in the Mahayana tradition, invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas.

Question: What shows that Buddhists are polytheistic
Answer: mundane deities

Question: What's the expensive rock mean
Answer: declaration and commitment to being on the Buddhist path

Question: What does taking refuge in the Three Jewels reveal?
Answer: distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist

Question: The Three Jewels are also called what?
Answer: the triple gem

Question: The triple gem is also called what?
Answer: the Three Jewels

Question: What is believed about a supreme being
Answer: mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator

Question: What practice, in the faith of those who follow the man formerly known as Siddhartha Gautama, serves to help the adherent control pecuniary lust?
Answer: giving charity

Question: Rather than agreeing on their respective practices, Buddhist schools do what?
Answer: vary on the exact nature

Question: What specific elements in the faith of the followers of the man formerly known as Siddhartha Gautama make up the core also known as the Triple Gem?
Answer: Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)

Question: What element of monotheistic religions is not a part of the faith of the followers of the man formerly known as Siddhartha Gautama?
Answer: Buddhism denies a creator deity

Question: What level of similarity exists among the followers of the man formerly known as Siddhartha Gautama in relation to help human beings become free and their own textual and practical relevance?
Answer: Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices

Question: Instead of having the same approach to the importance of and canonicity of various teaching and scriptures, Buddhist schools do what?
Answer: vary on the exact nature

Question: Rather than agree on the path to liberation, Buddhist schools do what?
Answer: vary on the exact nature
Buddhism

The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]

Question: What might be the central goal regarding the dukkha?
Answer: overcome

Question: What is a term for mentally perceiving something that doesn't actually exist?
Answer: conceptual

Question: What might underlie the Buddhist religious views?
Answer: the Four Noble Truths

Question: What does dukkha not explain: suffering, unsatisfactoriness, or framework?
Answer: framework

Question: What does dukkha explain: Anxiety or Conceptual?
Answer: anxiety

Question: Who might try to over come suffering, anxiety, and unsatisfactoriness?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: What doesn't dukkha explain: anxiety, suffering, or central?
Answer: central

Question: What does the Four Noble Truths make clear?
Answer: the nature of dukkha

Question: Who might try to understand the nature of dukkha?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: What aspect of dukkha might someone be feeling after doing bad on a test that they had studied for?
Answer: unsatisfactoriness

Question: What is the opposite of a falsehood?
Answer: Truths

Question: What additional understanding might be needed in overcoming dukkha beside its nature?
Answer: its causes

Question: What aspect of dukkha might someone be feeling before giving a big presentation?
Answer: anxiety
Buddhism

Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.

Question: What did Gautama Buddha teach other than Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana?
Answer: dependent origination

Question: Which of these is among the main scriptures of Buddhism: the four Nikayas, the Four Noble Truths or the Noble Eightfold Path?
Answer: four principal Nikayas

Question: Why do some scholars propose other theories?
Answer: disagree

Question: what is the opposite of none?
Answer: all

Question: What do most scholars recognize?
Answer: Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism

Question: Which are there more of, Noble Truths or Aggregates?
Answer: Aggregates

Question: Why do most scholars agree on the teachings of Gautama Buddha?
Answer: Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts

Question: What is the opposite of late?
Answer: early

Question: Which is not a last name, Pitaka or Buddhism?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Which are there fewer of, marks of existence or aggregates?
Answer: marks of existence
Buddhism

In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.

Question: Which happened closer to the 20th century, Mahayana Sutras spread to China or Buddhism spread from India to Tebet?
Answer: Buddhism spread from India to Tibet

Question: Where did Mahayana Sutras spread to second, China or Japan?
Answer: Japan

Question: Where was Buddha most practiced?
Answer: India to Tibet and Mongolia

Question: Which did not spread to China and then to Korea, Mahayana Sutras or Buddhism?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Which did not spread from India to Tibet, Mahayana Sutras or Buddhism?
Answer: Mahayana Sutras

Question: What was rampant during the 10th century?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Where did Mahayana Sutras spread to second, China or Korea?
Answer: Korea

Question: Where was the second place that Mahayna Sutras would reach?
Answer: Korea

Question: Where did Mahayna Sutras initiially move to after the 1st century?
Answer: China

Question: Which spread to a new place second, Mahayana Sutras or Buddhism?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Where did Mahayana finally reach?
Answer: Japan
Buddhism

Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.

Question: What do the new monks learn?
Answer: ten precepts

Question: How many rules do monks follow when they are beginners?
Answer: ten

Question: What else besides standards can be different depending on the school?
Answer: scriptures on Vinaya

Question: Another general name for monks or a follower of a monsastary of any gender is?
Answer: monastics

Question: After learning the basic precepts what should nuns move on to?
Answer: Vinaya

Question: Monks associated with Buddhism’s oldest and still extant school is referred to as?
Answer: vinayapitaka

Question: A unit of measurement for angles is?
Answer: degree

Question: What community does Vinaya govern?
Answer: monastics

Question: Where can monks find the Patimokkha?
Answer: Vinaya

Question: What is the Patimokkha?
Answer: Vinaya

Question: What rules primarily guide the monastics?
Answer: ten precepts

Question: The oldest and smallest section of the Tipitaka is?
Answer: vinayapitaka

Question: A text that has been revised and made into a new edition can be called a?
Answer: recension

Question: Why do some monks have stricter rules than others?
Answer: subschools set different standards

Question: What school is the Patimokkha for?
Answer: Theravadin recension
Buddhism

According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama, an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince's father, Suddhodana, and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls.

Question: A tool used to cut wood or other materials, and has a blade with sharp teeth?
Answer: saw

Question: What position of nobility was Buddha born into in some depictions of his life?
Answer: prince

Question: The original last name of Buddha, the holy figure of Buddhism is?
Answer: Gautama

Question: What is the first name of the monk whose teaches founded Buddhism?
Answer: Siddhartha

Question: What was Gautama also known as?
Answer: Siddhartha

Question: Who was the person, Asita, who visited the father?
Answer: astrologer

Question: Who was related to Suddhodana?
Answer: Gautama

Question: What would have to happen for Siddhartha's fate to change?
Answer: whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls

Question: Who was a ruler of the Shakya?
Answer: Suddhodana

Question: What prompted the visit from the astrologer?
Answer: the birth of young prince Gautama

Question: What would Siddhartha be if not a holy man?
Answer: great king

Question: Who was Suddhodana to the prince?
Answer: father

Question: Which of the three people mentioned in not related to either of the other two?
Answer: Asita
Buddhism

Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."

Question: Harvey studied the?
Answer: Theravadins

Question: Where do children go to learn?
Answer: school

Question: What is another word for saved?
Answer: preserved

Question: Which isn't a last name, Harvey or Period?
Answer: period

Question: The things not tampered with are not what?
Answer: sectarian

Question: Academics are at odds regarding the precise dates of various strata of the __
Answer: Canon

Question: Various early things are what kind of content?
Answer: teachings

Question: Pali is the linguafranca of the __
Answer: Theravadins

Question: __ incorporates teachings that precede Buddha
Answer: Canon
Melbourne

The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and some grand mansions in large grounds, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859, and Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" became popular about the same time. In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run. In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument—the Burke and Wills statue.

Question: What was established in the 61st year of the 19th century?
Answer: Australia's first stock exchange

Question: What is the opposite of a side road?
Answer: major roads

Question: Which is not a last name, Burke or Melbourne?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Which is not a last name, Wills or Cricket?
Answer: Cricket

Question: Which came later, the Melbourne Cricket Club or the first stock exchange?
Answer: first stock exchange

Question: What occurred in the 64th year of the 19th century?
Answer: Melbourne acquired its first public monument

Question: Which of the following is not a sport: football, cricket or clubs?
Answer: clubs

Question: Which of the following is not featured on Melbourne's first public monument: Burke, Yarra or Wills?
Answer: Yarra

Question: What occurred in the 55th year of the 19th century?
Answer: the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG
Melbourne

With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished.

Question: What suggests the construction will continue?
Answer: still not finished

Question: How was construction funded?
Answer: the wealth brought on by the gold rush

Question: In what region was a Customs House erected in the 1850s and 1860s?
Answer: Victoria

Question: In the end, how well was the construction job carried out?
Answer: many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished

Question: What was the name of the jail in the article?
Answer: Old Melbourne Gaol

Question: Which place of worship came about from this construction?
Answer: St Patrick's cathedral

Question: What suggest Victoria was a lawful state?
Answer: the commencement of Parliament House

Question: What were erected in or around the 1850s?
Answer: Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral

Question: What suggests Victoria might have had their own mint?
Answer: the Treasury Building

Question: What suggests that Victoria controlled immigration?
Answer: Customs House

Question: What indicates people in Victoria were engaged civically?
Answer: the Melbourne Town Hall
Melbourne

Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.

Question: Avalon is a kind of?
Answer: Airport

Question: Australian Air Express planes can't land without an?
Answer: airport

Question: What might Australian air Express not provide service to?
Answer: passenger

Question: Toll Priority works out of what place?
Answer: Tullamarine

Question: What indicates there must be at least one other airport in Australia?
Answer: second busiest

Question: Moorabbin is a type of?
Answer: Airport

Question: Compared to others of its kind in the country, the city's main international and domestic gateway is the?
Answer: second busiest

Question: What is an example of types of flights at Melbourne airport?
Answer: passenger
Melbourne

Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s, at which time 25% of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6%. The public transport system was privatised in 1999, symbolising the peak of the decline. Despite privatisation and successive governments persisting with auto-centric urban development into the 21st century, there have since been large increases in public transport patronage, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips. A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006. Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20%.

Question: Was the percentage of travelers that used public transport smaller in the 1940s or 2003?
Answer: 2003

Question: What is the growth goal for public transport set by Melbourne's government?
Answer: 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020

Question: What year was the peak of the public transportation system?
Answer: 1940s

Question: Has the use of public transit be increasing or decreasing recently?
Answer: increasing

Question: When did use of public transit begin to increase again?
Answer: 1999

Question: What has not gotten in the way of the public transport system?
Answer: privatisation and successive governments persisting with auto-centric urban development

Question: Who had the busiest tram system in 1939?
Answer: Sydney

Question: In the early 2000s what marked rock bottom for the public transportation system?
Answer: privatisation

Question: In what time period did more than 20% of travelers use public transport?
Answer: the 1940s

Question: What was done to Melbourne's public transit in 1999?
Answer: privatisation

Question: At which time did less than 25% of travelers use public transport, the 1940s or 2003?
Answer: 2003