UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Beer

After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.

Question: When does the yeast get added?
Answer: After boiling

Question: What is required to happen  after the H2O changed from a liquid to a vapor?
Answer: the hopped wort is now cooled

Question: After you add the yeast, wait, ethanol is produced, and the fine particulate matter is suspended, what's next?
Answer: the yeast also settles

Question: why is beer the color that it is?
Answer: the yeast also settles

Question: why is the hopped wort cooled after boiling?
Answer: for the fermenter

Question: What corn based alcohol is produced?
Answer: ethanol

Question: What is introduced that is pleasant to the nose?
Answer: hop flavouring

Question: what does the wort to do the small vat filled with hops?
Answer: may pass through

Question: where does the wort pass through?
Answer: In some breweries

Question: Where is the beer made?
Answer: breweries

Question: What is filled with hops?
Answer: a small vat

Question: What does the small vat being filled do for the wort?
Answer: which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter

Question: What does the fermentation time affect?
Answer: strength

Question: What happens to the yeast once the process is done?
Answer: yeast also settles
Beer

The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third.

Question: What position in the market does the brand Grolsch occupy?
Answer: premium

Question: Who is the second largest, by volume?
Answer: SABMiller

Question: How did Miller become the 2nd largest brewer?
Answer: South African Breweries bought

Question: What is the smallest type of company within the brewing industry?
Answer: brewpubs

Question: AB InBev used to be?
Answer: InBev and Anheuser-Bush

Question: What economic principle has led to the success of brewing companies in the brewing industry?
Answer: economy of scale

Question: What is the third largest brewery in the world?
Answer: Heineken International

Question: Anheuser-Busch was shortened to what after merging with InBev?
Answer: AB

Question: How much was sold in 2006?
Answer: 35 billion

Question: What is a common misspelling of Anheuser-Busch?
Answer: Anheuser-Bush
Emotion

Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.

Question: What did Stanley do about Gregorio's work?
Answer: formulated his theory

Question: Where was Gregorio from?
Answer: Spanish

Question: what two emotions were mentioned that people experienced during the experiment
Answer: anger or amusement

Question: what did Gregorio administer to patients?
Answer: injected patients with epinephrine

Question: what type of event did Schachter theorize affected emotions?
Answer: two-stage process

Question: who's work was based on the experiments of Dr maranon
Answer: Stanley Schachter

Question: the bear caused the heart to beat fast because it was what
Answer: evoking stimulus

Question: what did Schachter suggest specifically concentrating on an event depending on one's physiological state can affect?
Answer: emotions

Question: Which work condemn the experiment?
Answer: two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion

Question: what did the Dr. give patients for the experiment
Answer: adrenaline or a placebo
Emotion

Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.

Question: what are group meetings called where people get together face to face
Answer: rituals

Question: Which of the following is not someone's last name: Collins, Goffman or totemic?
Answer: totemic

Question: What does a person experience during emotional energy?
Answer: boldness

Question: Whose formulas were developed int he first decade of the 2000's?
Answer: Randall Collins

Question: Who's work was recorded in different millennia?
Answer: Goffman

Question: Which of the following is not a potential source of emotional energy: face-to-face interactions, interaction ritual theory, or group gatherings?
Answer: interaction ritual theory

Question: Which of the following is not a possible definition of emotional energy: a feeling of confidence, a boldness, or work on totemic rituals?
Answer: work on totemic rituals

Question: What feelings emerge from emotional energies?
Answer: confidence

Question: Who is the last theorist mentioned in the text
Answer: Goffman

Question: Who's work was done earlier that Collins formulated his theories on?
Answer: Durkheim

Question: who is the first to study rituals from the passage
Answer: Durkheim
Emotion

Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.

Question: What groups of functions are controlled by the area of the organ in our head that is crucial to sentimental experiences?
Answer: certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us

Question: What has the most current inquisition discovered about the section of the organ in a person's head that was thought to be straightforward in its relationship to sentimental experiences?
Answer: some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others

Question: What tiny section of the organ in a person's head that is concerned with sentimental experiences is located just below the thalamus?
Answer: hypothalamus

Question: What are the sections of the organ in a person's head that are concerned with sentimental experiences and are named after the Greek word for sea horse?
Answer: hippocampi

Question: Who conducted the most recent pioneering work?
Answer: MacLean

Question: Whose pioneering work was released after 1950, but before 1960?
Answer: MacLean

Question: Where do emotions originate from?
Answer: activities

Question: What is thought to be reasoning behind why one might experience emotions?
Answer: behavior

Question: Whose pioneering work was released after 1930, but before 1951?
Answer: Papez

Question: Who conducted the least recent pioneering work?
Answer: Broca

Question: What section of the organ in a person's head that is concerned with sentimental experiences is located in the middle of the cerebral cortex?
Answer: cingulate cortex

Question: What brain areas can you pinpoint emotions to?
Answer: limbic system
Emotion

More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Current research[citation needed] suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and António Damásio.

Question: How do feelings affect behavior?
Answer: emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making

Question: How was behavior adapted?
Answer: both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors

Question: Why did people develop certain behavior?
Answer: both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors

Question: What is involved in decision making in addition to emotion and reason?
Answer: instinctive responses

Question: Why can the brain be more thoroughly studied now?
Answer: The increased potential in neuroimaging

Question: What did LeDoux study?
Answer: evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain

Question: Emotion influences what?
Answer: decision-making and planning

Question: There are things that are what compared to emotion?
Answer: more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand

Question: The two types of emotions are studied by people in the field of?
Answer: evolutionary psychology

Question: How is emotion studied?
Answer: neuroimaging
Emotion

Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.

Question: How does it relate to the brain?
Answer: scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood

Question: What does psychology study?
Answer: physiological and neurological processes

Question: What do the study of human studies and psychiatry both involve?
Answer: disorders

Question: Besides personality and mood, what do psychologists study?
Answer: emotions

Question: What other category of scientific study is included in neuroscience?
Answer: psychological study

Question: What field works with what can be heard?
Answer: linguistics

Question: Scientists study the neural mechanisms of what by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality?
Answer: emotions

Question: Personality, emotion, and mood are what characteristics?
Answer: psychological

Question: What is examined?
Answer: the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms

Question: Which disciplines are interested in this?
Answer: psychiatry
Emotion

Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.

Question: Michael C. Graham thinks the things described by some theorists as discrete and consistent response actually are?
Answer: on a continuum

Question: What is more intense, concern or terror?
Answer: terror

Question: What do verbal, phyiscal and behavior, and neural response correspond to and understood by people to be?
Answer: discrete and consistent responses

Question: What is not the occupation of the person who is responsible for the kind of explanation given to explain the range of emotions?
Answer: theorists

Question: The thing that theorists suggested to have something to do with external and internal event, how did they discribe it?
Answer: discrete and consistent

Question: What brings out our emotions?
Answer: responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism

Question: Name one theory scientists have to explain why we have emotions.
Answer: biologically given and a result of evolution

Question: We might have emotions because they are?
Answer: biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors

Question: Moods and what Michael C. Graham described are different types of?
Answer: feelings
Mexico_City

In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City.

Question: What happened in the 41st year of the 1900s?
Answer: the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department

Question: Between Cuauhtemoc and General Anaya, which one was not combined with the Central Department?
Answer: Cuauhtémoc

Question: How was the area constituted?
Answer: the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City

Question: What was the case from the 42nd year of the 1900s to the 71s year of the 1900s?
Answer: the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City

Question: For the middle part of the century, how many areas were there?
Answer: twelve delegaciones and Mexico City

Question: Following the change, what happened?
Answer: In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen

Question: What happened after the merger?
Answer: reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality

Question: What happened in the first half of the century?
Answer: the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City"

Question: What happened in the 71st year of the 1900s?
Answer: Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones

Question: Between 1941 and 1970, which one saw 12 delegations?
Answer: 1941

Question: Of sixteen or twelve, which number of delegations came second?
Answer: sixteen

Question: In 1970, what direction did the number of delegations go?
Answer: increasing

Question: Between 1941 and 1970, which one saw 16 delegations?
Answer: 1970
Mexico_City

Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the Valley of Anahuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauhtémoc borough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San Ángel were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous. This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify themselves with an heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due cultural influence. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.

Question: Which group made up less of the population, those considered Mestizo or those considered Indigenous?
Answer: Indigenous

Question: Were more people considered European or Indigenous?
Answer: European

Question: Where did the richest in Mexico go?
Answer: south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San Ángel

Question: What was the majority population made up of?
Answer: Mestizo

Question: Which group constituted more than 19%, but less than 23% of the population?
Answer: European

Question: Which group constituted more than 15%, but less than 22% of the population?
Answer: Indigenous

Question: When did the area of Mexico City become very populated?
Answer: pre-Hispanic times

Question: What places became part of Mexico City?
Answer: Mixcoac and San Ángel

Question: Who tops the population of Mexico City?
Answer: Mestizo

Question: Were more people considered Mestizo or European?
Answer: Mestizo

Question: What unmixed  races were included in the census?
Answer: 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous
Mexico_City

Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, a 225.9 km (140 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million). It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.[citation needed] However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were proposed for people who could not read. The specific icons were developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or location references and has being emulated in further transportations alternatives in the City and in other Mexican cities. Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city.

Question: How does it compare in the region?
Answer: is the largest in Latin America

Question: What is the system?
Answer: Sistema de Transporte Colectivo

Question: What is the system known for?
Answer: is the largest in Latin America

Question: Why is the system significant?
Answer: The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day

Question: Which city, according to the article, has the second-busiest subway lines in the world?
Answer: Tokyo

Question: Which city, according to the article, has the fourth-busiest subway lines in the world?
Answer: Mexico City

Question: How is the system distinctive?
Answer: Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city

Question: What are busier systems?
Answer: Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million)

Question: What is the system?
Answer: Sistema de Transporte Colectivo

Question: Which city, according to the article, has the third-busiest subway lines in the world?
Answer: New York City

Question: What makes Mexico City's different?
Answer: Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city

Question: How do people find the metro?
Answer: by the use of icons and glyphs

Question: What are more used systems?
Answer: Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million