UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Quran

The astrophysicist Nidhal Guessoum while being highly critical of pseudo-scientific claims made about the Quran, has highlighted the encouragement for sciences that the Quran provides by developing "the concept of knowledge.". He writes: "The Qur'an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence (And follow not that of which you have not the (certain) knowledge of... 17:36) and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs (Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful 2:111), both in matters of theological belief and in natural science." Guessoum cites Ghaleb Hasan on the definition of "proof" according the Quran being "clear and strong... convincing evidence or argument." Also, such a proof cannot rely on an argument from authority, citing verse 5:104. Lastly, both assertions and rejections require a proof, according to verse 4:174. Ismail al-Faruqi and Taha Jabir Alalwani are of the view that any reawakening of the Muslim civilization must start with the Quran; however, the biggest obstacle on this route is the "centuries old heritage of tafseer (exegesis) and other classical disciplines" which inhibit a "universal, epidemiological and systematic conception" of the Quran's message. The philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, considered the Quran's methodology and epistemology to be empirical and rational.

Question: What needed evidence to support it?
Answer: empirical

Question: What religion is the Quran built around?
Answer: Muslims

Question: What are believers in the Quran required to do before bringing knowledge of the reading to the public?
Answer: require proofs

Question: What is considered proof in the Quran?
Answer: convincing evidence or argument

Question: What wasn't thought of as a safe plan?
Answer: danger of conjecturing without evidence

Question: What is the layman's meaning of the dangers of reading the Quran without sufficient knowledge?
Answer: danger of conjecturing without evidence

Question: What was a global idea?
Answer: centuries old heritage of tafseer (exegesis) and other classical disciplines

Question: WHat are muslims instructed to do with evidence?
Answer: Bring your proof if you are truthful 2:111

Question: Who thought the Quran wasn't something verifiable and reasonable?
Answer: Nidhal Guessoum

Question: What is an example of where the Quran asks for proof?
Answer: "The Qur'an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence (And follow not that of which you have not the (certain) knowledge of... 17:36) and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs (Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful 2:111), both in matters of theological belief and in natural science."
Quran

The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development. The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.[page needed] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that "...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established." Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.

Question: What is the profession of the person who said that the Quran had many variations but now only one?
Answer: professor

Question: What was in the Quran?
Answer: revelations

Question: Who wrote the text the professor is discussing?
Answer: Muhammad

Question: Who searched for variant differences?
Answer: academic scholars

Question: What was the status of the quran durihg the lifetime of mohammed?
Answer: scattered

Question: Which of the following is not a source of support for the claim that a large number of Muhammad's companions memorized the revelations: early commentaries, critical text, or Islamic historical sources?
Answer: critical text

Question: What is a common topic of debate on the quran
Answer: controversy over the Quran's content

Question: Who was born earlier, Muhammad or Fred Donner?
Answer: Muhammad

Question: How confident are we that the written Quran was around when Muhammad was?
Answer: most likely

Question: What was the quran consolidated from?
Answer: a wider and more varied group of related texts

Question: Who speaks modern English more fluently, Muhammad or Fred Donner?
Answer: Fred Donner

Question: Why were some texts omitted from the quran?
Answer: a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān
Oklahoma

Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling located in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas–Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings. Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA Development League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.

Question: The Talons are no more because of the?
Answer: Oklahoma Defenders

Question: Continental Basketball Association cames are played in
Answer: Lawton

Question: What was the first name of the NBA Development League, Oklahoma City Blue or the Tulsa 66ers?
Answer: Tulsa 66ers

Question: Other than hockey, Oklahoma has minor league teams in which sports?
Answer: football, baseball

Question: Which of Oklahoman sports has major league status?
Answer: basketball

Question: If you were to attend an Oklahoman women's basketball game in 2013, who would be playing?
Answer: the Tulsa Shock

Question: What was the name of the Women's Basketball team second, the Shock or Wings?
Answer: Wings

Question: The Drillers are in what league?
Answer: Minor League Baseball

Question: Indoor football teams in Oklahoma in 2018 included __
Answer: Oklahoma Defenders

Question: What was the previous name of the professional arena football team located in Oklahoma?
Answer: Talons

Question: Did the Tulsa Talons move to San Antonio first or did the Tulsa Shock move to Dallas-Fort Worth first?
Answer: Tulsa Talons

Question: Texas is now home to two Oklahoma teams, the WNBA and
Answer: Arena Football League

Question: Where did the Talons play first, Oklahoma or San Antonio?
Answer: Oklahoma
Oklahoma

Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation.

Question: Why is Oklahoma majorly dependent on nonrenewable resources?
Answer: 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources

Question: Did Oklahoma produce less of its electricity from coal or natural gas?
Answer: coal

Question: What is the highest ranking listed?
Answer: second-greatest number of active drilling rigs

Question: Why is it ironic that Oklahoma is reliant on non-renewable energy?
Answer: the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011

Question: Does Oklahoma rank higher as a producer of natural gas or crude oil?
Answer: natural gas

Question: Which energy source accounted for more than 40% of Oklahoma's generated electricity, coal or natural gas?
Answer: natural gas

Question: Does Oklahoma generate less electricity from coal or nuclear power?
Answer: nuclear power

Question: What is the lowest ranking listed?
Answer: 13th

Question: While Oklahoma is ranked high for much of it's energy production, when do it's rankings begin to collapse?
Answer: in usage of renewable energy

Question: Aside from natural gas, what else is greatly utilized in Oklahoma?
Answer: coal

Question: Which energy source accounted for less than 30% of Oklahoma's generated electricity, coal or natural gas?
Answer: coal

Question: Why is Oklahoma regarded as a low user of renewable energy?
Answer: is

Question: Where does Oklahoma get the least amount of it's energy from
Answer: renewable energy
Oklahoma

The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it a model for early childhood schooling. High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate. In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among southern states.

Question: How did Oklahoma's high chool graduate rate rank copanred ot its region
Answer: had the highest rate among southern states

Question: In what year was the high school dropout rate lower than 3.1%?
Answer: 2008

Question: What state was #36 in the nation for the number of adults with a diploma from high school?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: Which year had a higher dropout rate among high school students, 2007 or 2008?
Answer: 2007

Question: What was the rate of dropouts among high school students in 2008?
Answer: 2.5

Question: Where is Oklahoma reanked for graduate rate?
Answer: 36th in the nation

Question: Which state had the highest rate in the southern portion of the US for the number of adults with a high school diploma?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: What was called a model for early childhood schooling?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: What was the dropout rate for high school students in 2007?
Answer: 3.1

Question: Where does Oklahoma ranked strignly in education?
Answer: among the best in pre-kindergarten education

Question: Was the high school dropout rate higher in 2007 or 2008?
Answer: 2007

Question: In what year was the high school dropout rate higher than 2.5%?
Answer: 2007
Oklahoma

Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the "Bible Belt". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party. Tulsa, the state's second largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the "buckle of the Bible Belt". According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents – 85 percent – are Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. The percentage of Oklahomans affiliated with Catholicism is half of the national average, while the percentage affiliated with Evangelical Protestantism is more than twice the national average – tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state.

Question: Which state is the buckle of the bible belt in?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: What are Arkansas and Oklahoma?
Answer: States

Question: What is the name of the private evangelical liberal arts university that is popular in Tulsa?
Answer: Oral Roberts University

Question: What percentage of Oklahomans are religious?
Answer: 80

Question: What political ideology is associated with religion?
Answer: conservative

Question: Which state besides Oklahoma is referenced?
Answer: Arkansas
Oklahoma

During the 1930s, parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices, extended drought and high winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures, sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States. Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.

Question: What is another word for poor?
Answer: impoverished

Question: What happened as a result of abnormally high temperatures?
Answer: impoverished families migrated out of the state

Question: What is it called to work the land and plant crops?
Answer: farming

Question: What is land that is good for growing?
Answer: fertile

Question: Who were forced to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?
Answer: farmers

Question: Why did farmers relocate?
Answer: long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures

Question: Where is California?
Answer: western United States

Question: Where did farmers relocate from?
Answer: the Dust Bowl

Question: Why did farmers have to leave?
Answer: the consequences of poor farming practices, extended drought and high winds

Question: How did the farmers respond to the Dust Bowl?
Answer: relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States

Question: What is movement from one area to another?
Answer: migrated
Oklahoma

Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).

Question: Which city was fourth in population growth?
Answer: Piedmont

Question: Which city was second in population growth?
Answer: Elgin

Question: In what parts of Oklahoma do a majority of people live?
Answer: Oklahoma City and Tulsa

Question: Which city was sixth in population growth?
Answer: Owasso

Question: Which city was fifth in population growth?
Answer: Bixby

Question: Which region in Oklahoma has the second most populated metro area?
Answer: Tulsa

Question: Which city in Oklahoma had a 21.5% lower rate of population growth than Elgin between 2000 and 2010?
Answer: Piedmont

Question: Over a million residents live in what part of Oklahoma?
Answer: Oklahoma City

Question: What was Oklahoma's most populated city during the mentioned decade?
Answer: Blanchard

Question: Which city in Oklahoma had the second greatest rate of population growth between 2000 and 2010?
Answer: Elgin

Question: In the span of a decade, Oklahoma had three cities with a very similar population percentage, those cities are?
Answer: Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%)

Question: Which city was third in population growth?
Answer: Jenks

Question: How can you describe the geographical areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa?
Answer: metropolitan
Oklahoma

Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.

Question: Tribes have their own authorities in their own?
Answer: governments

Question: Tribal governments can have privileges taken away as they are under the what of another government?
Answer: authority

Question: Where do thirty-nine tribes hold powers of government?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: What suggests that the Indian's couldn't build on their land that is supposedly under their own purview?
Answer: tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties

Question: What are tribal governments required to get from Congress despite their quasi-sovereignty?
Answer: approval

Question: What is Ironic about the laws regarding the Native Americans?
Answer: are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers

Question: Tribes cannot impact?
Answer: state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties

Question: What suggests that the Indians have no representation in the US government?
Answer: limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties
United_Nations_Population_Fund

The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.

Question: What deals with intellect?
Answer: Goal 4

Question: what is been talked about in the passage?
Answer: Sustainable Development Goals

Question: what is the second word in the first paragraph?
Answer: Sustainable

Question: Who set the goals?
Answer: UNFPA

Question: what is the first word in the second paragraph?
Answer: UNFPA

Question: if goal 5 is not on health what then is?
Answer: Goal 3

Question: These goals aren't impossible, being instead?
Answer: achievable
United_Nations_Population_Fund

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it "is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled."  Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.

Question: What does the N in "UNFPA" stand for?
Answer: Nations

Question: What does the P in "UNFPA" stand for?
Answer: Population

Question: what kind of campaign was the UNFPA running recently?
Answer: against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation

Question: What is the abbreviation of the United Nations Population Fund?
Answer: UNFPA

Question: What word was taken out of the United Nations Population Fund's former name?
Answer: Activities

Question: What does the P in "UNFPA" stand for?
Answer: Population

Question: What does the U in "UNFPA" stand for?
Answer: United

Question: What does the N in "UNFPA" stand for?
Answer: Nations

Question: What does the U in "UNFPA" stand for?
Answer: United

Question: What did the UNFPA say they wanted youth potential to be?
Answer: fulfilled
United_Nations_Population_Fund

UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices.

Question: What type of projects were the UNFPA involved once the issue came to light?
Answer: end the abuses and reform laws and practices

Question: What are 2 people planning a wedding?
Answer: engaged

Question: What formed in 1969 to improve sexual health/hygiene?
Answer: UNFPA

Question: What did the people need who trusted the organization to have their best interests at heart?
Answer: assistance

Question: What is another word to describe giving aid?
Answer: help

Question: An event that is described as morally wrong and often causes a public outrage is generally called?
Answer: scandal

Question: Testes are what kind of organs?
Answer: reproductive

Question: Who was the method being targeted towards in Peru?
Answer: women

Question: What political movement began in the US during the 19th century that included advocating for the right to vote?
Answer: women

Question: Anything related to the use of force or threats is called?
Answer: coercive

Question: What organization did not have the women's best interests front and center?
Answer: Peru's reproductive health program

Question: What is opposite of begin?
Answer: end

Question: Who was being taken advantage of in the unfortunate scandal?
Answer: women