UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Near_East

Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term Middle East.

Question: Which contenient is near east in?
Answer: Asia

Question: Where is Egypt, Western Asia or Middle East?
Answer: Middle East

Question: What has varying definitions withing french academic circles?
Answer: Proche-Orient

Question: What was the term Near East first used to describe?
Answer: the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire

Question: What is Near East referred to as in America?
Answer: Middle East

Question: The English term Middle East is used instead of what?
Answer: Near East

Question: Where is Iraq?
Answer: Middle East

Question: Who stopped using the name Near East?
Answer: English

Question: Where is Egypt?
Answer: Middle East

Question: What would a person living in Nice call the geographic area known as Western Asia?
Answer: Proche-Orient

Question: Where is Iran?
Answer: Middle East

Question: Why is the term Near East no longer the term used?
Answer: has been replaced by the term Middle East

Question: What did French academic circles refer to the Ottoman Empire as?
Answer: Proche-Orient
Near_East

In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although very much of intellectual interest to the major universities, fell into the shadow of international relations. Their domain became the Ancient Near East, which could no longer be relied upon to be the Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced with independent republics. Someone had to reconcile the present with the past. This duty was inherited by various specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of international relations, now so complex as to be beyond the scope and abilities of a diplomatic corps in the former sense. The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies say it is. In most cases this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range of their operations. The result is multiple definitions.

Question: What did political science studies create?
Answer: diplomats

Question: Who used words like Middle East?
Answer: experts

Question: What were the 1950s and 1960s?
Answer: decades

Question: What is opposite of near?
Answer: Far

Question: The term Far East grew out of what?
Answer: intense warfare and political turmoil

Question: What did the diplomatic corps have trouble with?
Answer: international relations

Question: WHat is opposite of far?
Answer: Near

Question: What type of political leadership was disappearing?
Answer: empires
Annelid

However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.

Question: Eggs can produce larvae or?
Answer: miniature adults

Question: Where are fertilized eggs sometimes kept?
Answer: attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies

Question: How much do we know about the kind of creatures which we know the least about the course of their lives?
Answer: 25%

Question: What is the most developed stage that a polychaete may emerge as?
Answer: miniature adults

Question: What benefits from having a more yolk?
Answer: larva

Question: What do polychaetes resemble in lifecycle?
Answer: almost all marine animals

Question: Some eggs stay?
Answer: within their bodies until they hatch

Question: What is an alternative to injecting sperm into the female?
Answer: females collect sperm

Question: What kind of animals are the ones with mostly unknown lifecycles?
Answer: marine
Annelid

Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.

Question: What do Annelids with blood vessels and those without have in common?
Answer: Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process

Question: What is the differemce between  the two types of annelids?
Answer: with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia

Question: What is the difference in filtration between the two?
Answer: protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration

Question: What is a characteristic of the last part of waste filtration for a protonephridia?
Answer: the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes

Question: What is unique about the first hindmost segment?
Answer: does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine

Question: Where do the two waste filter segments occur for an annelid without blood vessels?
Answer: in the same organ

Question: What occurs in the Annelid section that is in front of that contains the nephridiopore?
Answer: fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia

Question: How does an annelid having blood vessels differ from an annelid without blood vessels?
Answer: Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia

Question: Annelids in which metanephridia perform only the second filtration contain what?
Answer: blood vessels

Question: What things do Annelids wish to rid themselves of?
Answer: toxic and spent materials

Question: Where does fluid enter during filtration?
Answer: forward side of a septum

Question: Annelids in which both filtration stages are combined in the same organ are missing what?
Answer: blood vessels

Question: How does an annelid lacking blood vessels differ from an annelid with blood vessels?
Answer: those without use protonephridia
Annelid

The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight. The bacteria convert inorganic matter – such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps – to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria.

Question: Hydrogen sulfide from hydrothermal vents is not ideal because it is not?
Answer: organic

Question: Bacteria feed on?
Answer: gases

Question: The gut in question belongs to?
Answer: worms

Question: The lining is doing what that houses bacteria to the gut?
Answer: blocked

Question: The organic matter feeds themselves and their hosts, while worms what?
Answer: extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria

Question: The gut has what probability of being a straight tube?
Answer: generally

Question: Of the inorganic matter listed, which is alone in where it comes from?
Answer: methane from seeps

Question: The gut includes what organisms which aren't microorganisms?
Answer: worms
Annelid

Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.

Question: How are earthworms classified?
Answer: Oligochaetes

Question: Which of the following is not something earthworms do: provide humans with bait, enable water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor, or enrich the soil?
Answer: enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor

Question: What do earthworms do as decomposers?
Answer: aeration and enriching of soil

Question: Earthworms function as decomposers and what?
Answer: prey

Question: What type of annelid has been used in medicine?
Answer: leech

Question: To what phylum do earthworms belong?
Answer: annelids

Question: What type of annelid lives in a land environment?
Answer: Oligochaetes

Question: What quaint medical practice involved leeches?
Answer: blood-letting

Question: What type of annelid supports saltwater food chains?
Answer: marine polychaetes
The_Bronx

In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.

Question: What buildings were usually chosen to be burned to the ground?
Answer: low property-value buildings

Question: What is the crime being mentioned?
Answer: arson

Question: What was happening in the the latter part of the 20th century?
Answer: the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson

Question: Where was the best place for committing arson?
Answer: poorest communities

Question: How was the Bronx rated statistically?
Answer: high rate of poverty and unemployment

Question: Why was the South Bronx hit the hardest?
Answer: low property-value buildings

Question: What paid more than fixing up or selling a building in a bad section of South Bronx?
Answer: poverty and unemployment

Question: Who didn't the owners care about when they torched their buildings?
Answer: poorest
The_Bronx

In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.

Question: Which Republican candidate did more voters choose in the Presidential primary elections of February 2008, Rudy Giuliani or Ron Paul?
Answer: Ron Paul

Question: Which democratic candidate won a higher percent of the votes in the Presidential primary election, Sen. Clinton or Barack Obama?
Answer: Sen. Clinton

Question: Did more voters prefer Mitt Romney or Mike Huckabee in the 2008 Presidential primary election?
Answer: Mitt Romney

Question: Which candidate won more of the Republican votes in the 2008 Presidential primary election, Mike Huckbee or Mitt Romney?
Answer: Mitt Romney

Question: What were the names of the least favorite Democratic candidates in the 2008 Presidential primary receiving less than 5% of the votes?
Answer: (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden

Question: Which party  was Joe Biden a candidate for in the 2008 Presidential primary elections?
Answer: Democratic

Question: Which candidate won the least Republican votes during the Presidential primary election of 2008 in the Bronx, John McCain or Rudy Guiliani?
Answer: Rudy Giuliani

Question: Which candidates won 1% of the Democratic votes in the Presidential primary in 2008 in the Bronx?
Answer: John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden

Question: Did more people vote for Barack Obama in the 2008 Presidential primary election or Joe Biden?
Answer: Barack Obama

Question: Which candidate won the least amount of the Democratic votes from the Bronx in the Presidential primary election on February 5, 2008, Clinton or Obama?
Answer: Obama
The_Bronx

The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Question: What happened in the area from New York to New England?
Answer: development of the Bronx

Question: What did the people do to deal with their resentment?
Answer: built a "free bridge"

Question: Who was responsible for the control over bridges?
Answer: Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor

Question: When did the trouble start for the people of the Bronx?
Answer: in 1693

Question: How did water bodies cause an issue for people in these areas?
Answer: Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule

Question: Of the individuals listed in the text, who was born in Bolsward, Netherlands in 1626?
Answer: Frederick Philipse

Question: What happened on the Harlem River that helped people's anger?
Answer: a "free bridge"

Question: Who was responsible for a grassroots movement that was in favor of "the people" ?
Answer: Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer

Question: Who was it that finally undid what was a source of such disdain from the people of the Bronx?
Answer: Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer

Question: What is the name of the region that is composed of six states in the northeastern part of the US?
Answer: New England

Question: What is a borough in New York city, that is also currently the third-most populated county in the US?
Answer: Bronx

Question: What was a solution to an issue near Broadway?
Answer: free bridge

Question: What city in New York was the focus of an African-American cultural movement in the 1920s?
Answer: Harlem

Question: How were tolls finally eliminated?
Answer: Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether

Question: The solution across the Harlem River was in response to what?
Answer: The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek

Question: What was important about control of the bridges?
Answer: plagued the period of British colonial rule

Question: What led to free tolls?
Answer: farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge"

Question: What is the name for the street known as the New York commercial theater world?
Answer: Broadway
The_Bronx

Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx.

Question: What won the Grand Jury prize at the 1989 Sundance?
Answer: True Love

Question: What roles did Sciorra and Eldard play?
Answer: the betrothed couple

Question: Who starred in True Love?
Answer: Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard

Question: Which of the following people did not play part of a betrothed couple: Annabella Sciorra, Ted Danson or Ron Eldard?
Answer: Ted Danson

Question: Which of the following is not a real person: Annabella Sciorra, John Becker or Ted Danson?
Answer: John Becker

Question: What was True Love about?
Answer: betrothed couple

Question: When did True Love take place?
Answer: in the days before their wedding

Question: Which of the following is not something that annoys John Becker: his patients, his friends, or CBS?
Answer: CBS
The_Bronx

The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston. It includes New York City's fourth largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.

Question: what area is mentioned last?
Answer: The Grand Concourse

Question: What landscape does this area have?
Answer: hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges

Question: Where would a lawyer likely live in the West Bronx?
Answer: Riverdale and Fieldston

Question: What types of housing are there for the non-poor?
Answer: larger single family homes

Question: what area is mentioned first?
Answer: western parts of the Bronx

Question: Where do the non-poor reside?
Answer: Riverdale and Fieldston

Question: Who lives in single family homes?
Answer: affluent

Question: What word means side-by-side?
Answer: parallel

Question: What's the opposite of young?
Answer: older

Question: what are second types of structures mentioned?
Answer: low income public housing complexes

Question: what area is mentioned second to last?
Answer: the Westchester-Bronx border

Question: Where do the lower class generally live?
Answer: older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas

Question: what area is mentioned third to last?
Answer: Van Cortlandt Park

Question: What type of land is the west side comprised of?
Answer: hillier

Question: Where is the Bronx?
Answer: New York City
The_Bronx

Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as "The Boogie Down Bronx", or just "The Boogie Down". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz.

Question: Who shared the same last name with Scott?
Answer: Coke La Rock

Question: Who is the secondary rapper in the Herculoids group that is listed
Answer: Coke La Rock

Question: What is rapping?
Answer: speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats

Question: Of the Bronx DJ's mentioned, which one actually uses "DJ" in their name?
Answer: DJ Kool Herc

Question: Which rapper sounds like he has a weight issue
Answer: Fat Joe

Question: What was short for "The Boogie Down Bronx"?
Answer: The Boogie Down

Question: What other names would you use to address a rapper?
Answer: MCs or emcees

Question: What group was named for the Bronx slang?
Answer: BDP

Question: Rapping can be described as?
Answer: speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats

Question: What performer has the same last name as  shooting weapons besides Corey Gunz
Answer: Peter Gunz
The_Bronx

The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).

Question: What type of terrain were the low areas of the Bronx before they were developed?
Answer: salt marsh

Question: What word is commonly used to name "necks" of low-lying land when they aren't just called necks?
Answer: Point

Question: How long is the coast of the Bronx in metric?
Answer: 194

Question: Using the metric system, how far does the shoreline of the Bronx extend?
Answer: 194 km2

Question: What area used to have salt in the Bronx?
Answer: necks

Question: Which park is not adjacent to the highest point in the Bronx?
Answer: Pelham Bay Park

Question: What are the four pieces of the Bronx touching the river?
Answer: necks

Question: If you are as far above sea level as you get in the Bronx, how high are you?
Answer: 280 feet (85 m)

Question: What do the necks touch?
Answer: waters

Question: What else are the four necks or low-lying land that jut into the waters called?
Answer: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck

Question: How big is the coast of the city?
Answer: 194 km2