UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
British_Isles

Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British–Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly (Irish: Tionól Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na hÉireann) predates the British–Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man).

Question: Which country is governed by a national assembly?
Answer: Wales

Question: What type of governmental body is a parliament?
Answer: legislatures

Question: What is the Irish version of the UK Parliament called?
Answer: Oireachtas

Question: What is the Irish word for Parliamentary?
Answer: Pharlaiminteach

Question: Who has become part of the initial council over time?
Answer: the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man)

Question: What helped form the British-Irish Council?
Answer: the Good Friday Agreement

Question: Why did the council in the nineties come into existence?
Answer: building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures

Question: What does the K in UK stand for?
Answer: Kingdom

Question: How many states are included in the British Irish Council?
Answer: all of the states

Question: What was created from an agreement?
Answer: the British–Irish Council

Question: What existed prior to the council made up by the Good Friday Agreement?
Answer: The British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly

Question: What does the U in UK mean?
Answer: United

Question: What kind of person is most known for red hair?
Answer: Irish
British_Isles

Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century AD. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This dominance creating what is now England and leaving culturally British enclaves only in the north of what is now England, in Cornwall and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, having been Christianised, traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions (first to Great Britain and then to the continent), the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by Anglo-Saxon missions of a similar nature.

Question: What was Ireland an exception to?
Answer: turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation

Question: Which two regions of England had been unaffected by the Romans?
Answer: the north of what is now England, in Cornwall

Question: Who did Anglo-Saxon dominate?
Answer: British

Question: In which capacity did the Angola -Saxons first operate in Britain
Answer: as mercenaries

Question: Who dominated in Wales?
Answer: British

Question: How did the Anglo-Saxon culturally dominate?
Answer: demands

Question: Anglo-Saxon demands on the British resulted in what in Southern England?
Answer: came to culturally dominate

Question: The Anglo-Saxons arrival in Britain was due to what reason?
Answer: invitation

Question: Who was not in the golden ages?
Answer: Europe, including Britain

Question: Why didn't Ireland descend into the Dark Ages?
Answer: Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans

Question: How was Ireland affected while the rest of Europe descended into the Dark Ages?
Answer: Ireland entered a golden age

Question: Who was affected by the Dark Ages?
Answer: Europe, including Britain

Question: Who were rulers before the Anglo-Saxons came to Great Britain?
Answer: Roman
British_Isles

The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich, with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the Indo-European family. The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic) and the Brittonic sub-group (Cornish, Welsh and Breton, spoken in north-western France) are the only remaining Celtic languages—the last of their continental relations becoming extinct before the 7th century. The Norman languages of Guernésiais, Jèrriais and Sarkese spoken in the Channel Islands are similar to French. A cant, called Shelta, is spoken by Irish Travellers, often as a means to conceal meaning from those outside the group. However, English, sometimes in the form of Scots, is the dominant language, with few monoglots remaining in the other languages of the region. The Norn language of Orkney and Shetland became extinct around 1880.

Question: What are the only Celtic languages still being used?
Answer: Goidelic

Question: what way of speaking is mentioned last?
Answer: The Norn language

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: the Indo-European family

Question: what region is mentioned last?
Answer: Shetland

Question: What native tongue is similar to French?
Answer: Norman languages

Question: What was the last language mentioned?
Answer: Norn language

Question: What are the last of the languages still being used?
Answer: Celtic languages

Question: what region is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Orkney

Question: Which language was presiding over the multiple groups of the Indo-European family?
Answer: Norn

Question: what is the last period in time mentioned?
Answer: 1880
Hunting

The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding

Question: What large antelope escaped becoming extinct in the wild, unlike its oryx relatives?
Answer: addax

Question: Which species never became fully extinct in the wild?
Answer: addax

Question: What were faster than the Arabian oryx?
Answer: automobiles and high-powered rifles

Question: What was addax?
Answer: antelope

Question: What is one practice that has brought the Arabian oryx back from the brink of extinction?
Answer: captive breeding

Question: Which status indicates a species is worse-off, extinct in the wild or vulnerable?
Answer: extinct in the wild

Question: Which is slower: automobiles or Arabian oryx?
Answer: Arabian oryx

Question: What feature of the Arabian oryx was its biggest disadvantage in its relationship with humans?
Answer: striking appearance

Question: What species of the antelope was still alive?
Answer: addax

Question: Which large antelope-like animal became extinct in the wild due to hunting, besides the Arabian oryx?
Answer: scimitar-horned oryx

Question: While it didn't become extinct, what state did the addax reach due to over-hunting?
Answer: critically endangered

Question: How was the Arabian oryx preserved?
Answer: captive breeding

Question: What was the favorite place of living of the Arabian oryx?
Answer: desert areas
Hunting

When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."

Question: Remotely controlled guns separate a user from what environment?
Answer: the field

Question: Where are you when you engage in internet hunting?
Answer: Sitting at your desk in front of your computer

Question: Who spoke from the NRA?
Answer: a representative

Question: Other than hunters, who else criticized Internet hunting?
Answer: National Rifle Association (NRA

Question: What kind of huns are used in the old practice?
Answer: firearm or bow

Question: Besides guns, you can use what to traditionally hunt?
Answer: bow

Question: How does NRA describe internet hunting?
Answer: has nothing to do with hunting
Hunting

Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.

Question: Which of the following is not explicitly conservationist: Theodore Roosevelt, Pheasants Forever, or the Boone and Crockett Club?
Answer: Pheasants Forever

Question: modern hunters are?
Answer: Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club

Question: Which of the following does not focus on hunting a specific species: Pheasants Forever, the Boone and Crockett Club, or Ducks Unlimited?
Answer: Boone and Crockett Club

Question: conservationist hunters are?
Answer: sportsmen

Question: Which of the following is not a target of lobbying: the federal government, Ducks Unlimited, or the state government?
Answer: Ducks Unlimited

Question: modern hunting is a ?
Answer: sport

Question: Boone and Crockett club are?
Answer: modern hunters
Bacteria

Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

Question: What is an uncommon trait in the cells of bacteria that some may not contain?
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: __ have a ring-shaped coil of DNA
Answer: bacteria

Question: Mammals are __
Answer: eukaryotes

Question: There are how many main types of the class bacteria are in?
Answer: two

Question: Is Archaea a prokaryote or a eukaryote?
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: Bacteria are not
Answer: plants

Question: If a prokaryote isn't a bacteria, what would it be?
Answer: Archaea

Question: If a scientist looks at a cell and is unable to spot a nucleus under a microscope, what can they be certain the cell isn't?
Answer: animals and other eukaryotes

Question: Are archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: Luca was the parent of all __
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: Bacteria were erroneously thought of as?
Answer: plants

Question: What is one common cell characteristic that you would never find inside bacteria?
Answer: nucleus

Question: Is a nucleus found in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?
Answer: eukaryotes

Question: Horses are __
Answer: eukaryotes

Question: Bacteria are different from eukaryotes as they?
Answer: do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles

Question: What category would a scientist have placed any bacterial strain under in the times when trees and ferns were in the same category?
Answer: Schizomycetes

Question: How were bacteria initially classified?
Answer: Schizomycetes

Question: What is usually not found in eukaryotic cells?
Answer: membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria

In the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid media occurs as an even cell suspension, making the cultures easy to divide and transfer, although isolating single bacteria from liquid media is difficult. The use of selective media (media with specific nutrients added or deficient, or with antibiotics added) can help identify specific organisms.

Question: What method is ineffective if one wants many samples?
Answer: Solid growth

Question: What can we do with liquid growth media that we cannot do with solid growth media?
Answer: measurement of growth or large volumes of cells

Question: What do agar plates contain as solid growth media?
Answer: agar

Question: What kind of media is used to age bacteria?
Answer: solid or liquid

Question: What media is used to grow a single bacteria?
Answer: solid

Question: How is the media modified?
Answer: specific nutrients added or deficient, or with antibiotics added

Question: What stop the growth of bacteria?
Answer: antibiotics

Question: What process is least accurate if you want the purest sample possible?
Answer: liquid growth

Question: Why is the liquid media stirred?
Answer: making the cultures easy to divide and transfer

Question: What is the difference between solid and liquid media?
Answer: Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required

Question: Why is liquid a good option for one who wants many samples?
Answer: Growth in stirred liquid media occurs as an even cell suspension, making the cultures easy to divide and transfer

Question: Why would it be hard to tell what kind of bacteria it is if you use the liquid method?
Answer: isolating single bacteria from liquid media is difficult
Bacteria

Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria may be exceptions to the general absence of internal membranes in bacteria, because they appear to have a double membrane around their nucleoids and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. Like all living organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes, often grouped in chains called polyribosomes, for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Bacterial ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of 70S (measured in Svedberg units): their subunits have rates of 30S and 50S. Some antibiotics bind specifically to 70S ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Those antibiotics kill bacteria without affecting the larger 80S ribosomes of eukaryotic cells and without harming the host.

Question: Which one has nucleus, bacteria or Archaea?
Answer: Archaea

Question: What two bacteria have multiple membranes?
Answer: phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria

Question: If something were to stop the bacteria from processing it's protein by connecting to the ribosomes, what would it be?
Answer: Some antibiotics

Question: What are proteins made by?
Answer: ribosomes

Question: What is included in the chromosome?
Answer: its associated proteins and RNA

Question: Which one has nucleoid, Archaea or bacteria?
Answer: Bacteria

Question: If an antibiotic binds to the 70S ribosome, how does it help?
Answer: kill bacteria without affecting the larger 80S ribosomes of eukaryotic cells and without harming the host

Question: Which ribosomes did 30S and 50S subunits formed, 80S or 70S?
Answer: 70S

Question: Which one has 80S ribosomes, phylum Planctomycetes, Archaea or phylum Poribacteria?
Answer: Archaea

Question: Which one contains 80S ribosomes, bacteria or Archaea?
Answer: Archaea
Bacteria

Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.

Question: In rare instances, which shapes may you find some bacteria to be?
Answer: tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes

Question: What is one feature of bacteria that is commonly observed in the ability to swim?
Answer: Elongation

Question: The bacteria that were found in an environment with minimal nutrients had which type of shape when cut at a right angle to an axis?
Answer: star

Question: Which of the following indicates a larger number of organisms, bacilli or bacillus?
Answer: bacilli

Question: Which shape is least well-suited to a low-nutrient environment, star or spiral?
Answer: spiral

Question: Generally speaking, if a bacteria isn't shaped like a rod, what shape would it have?
Answer: spherical

Question: The ability to swim in liquids is possible through which aspect of bacteria?
Answer: shapes

Question: What shape is rarest in surface baceteria?
Answer: star

Question: Which rod-shaped bacteria has a name that is not derived from the word stick?
Answer: vibrio

Question: If an organism lives in an environment with minimal nutrients or resources, it can be inferred it possess which kind of advantage?
Answer: large surface area to volume ratio

Question: Of the rarest types of shapes for bacteria, which would likely be a much more rigid and stable shape in an environment?
Answer: tetrahedral
Bacteria

Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes around their nuclear material). It has recently been shown that Gemmata obscuriglobus is able to take in large molecules via a process that in some ways resembles endocytosis, the process used by eukaryotic cells to engulf external items.

Question: What might one find in brackish water?
Answer: Planctomycetes

Question: How do bacteria absorb items to feed so to speak?
Answer: by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes

Question: What is the difference in the ability to take in raw materials?
Answer: The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes around their nuclear material)

Question: Which bacteria absorbs materials in a different way from most?
Answer: Planctomycetes

Question: How could bacteria consume bigger particles?
Answer: via a process that in some ways resembles endocytosis
LaserDisc

LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would not wear the information-bearing part of the discs, and properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime. By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact). Also, the tape was thin and delicate, and it was easy for a player mechanism, especially on a low quality or malfunctioning model, to mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it.

Question: How was the tape in VHS tapes described?
Answer: thin and delicate

Question: What doesn;t a player need to touch a disc?
Answer: the discs were read optically instead of magnetically

Question: How were VHS tapes read?
Answer: magnetically

Question: Why don't LaserDiscs get progressive wear similar to VHS tapes?
Answer: no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc

Question: What would ill-made VHS players do to tapes?
Answer: mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it

Question: What time frame could be touted for the longevity of LaserDiscs?
Answer: last beyond one's lifetime

Question: Why  don't VHS tapes last as long as laserdiscs?
Answer: a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use

Question: What is the benefit of forgoing the magnet?
Answer: no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc

Question: How may a person damage a VHS tape?
Answer: creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it

Question: Rather than allowing them to last "beyond one's lifetime", the mechanics of videocassettes instead did what?
Answer: causing progressive wear with each use

Question: Ultimately, what is the major benefit of having discs that read optically?
Answer: properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime
LaserDisc

The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software.

Question: What decade is 1983 part of?
Answer: 1980s

Question: Who made Sega's Astron Belt?
Answer: Sega

Question: Of Halcyon and Space Ace, which was a game console?
Answer: Halcyon

Question: What were the consoles from American Laser Games and Cinematronics like?
Answer: elaborate

Question: Who made the first laserdisc game?
Answer: Sega

Question: Who made Pioneer's Laseractive?
Answer: Pioneer

Question: Of Dragon's Lair and Pioneer, which was an interactive movie?
Answer: Dragon's Lair

Question: What was significant about the movie Dragon's Lair?
Answer: interactive

Question: What media format was Dragon's Lair?
Answer: LaserDisc

Question: What is Dragon's Lair?
Answer: video game