Emotion

A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.

Question: How do the emotions effect people?
Answer: Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant

Question: Which of the following is not a physiological change: anger, increased perspiration, or changes in pulse rate?
Answer: anger

Question: How does the theory work in practice?
Answer: Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant

Question: What are some examples of basic emotions?
Answer: anger, pride, fear, happiness

Question: Which of the following is not an example of a field of research: sociology, psychology, or changes in pulse rate?
Answer: changes in pulse rate

Question: What is the name for the intricate emotions that Turner came up with?
Answer: primary emotions

Question: Which intricate emotions did Turner come up with?
Answer: assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness

Question: What was discovered?
Answer: These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences

Question: How were the emotions determined?
Answer: Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience

Question: Which of the following is not an expressive facial or body movement: smiling, increased perspiration, or frowning?
Answer: increased perspiration

Question: Which of the following is not a cultural or emotional label: anger, pride, or changes in pulse rate?
Answer: changes in pulse rate

Question: Which of the following is not an example of a first-order elaboration: pride, increased perspiration, or awe?
Answer: increased perspiration

Question: What is different between the charateristics?
Answer: cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues