UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Mandolin

Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer.

Question: Where did Seth Weeks do concerts?
Answer: United States, but also in Europe

Question: What was the first name shared by at least two mandolin players?
Answer: Samuel

Question: Who was another black musician along with Seth Weeks?
Answer: traveled

Question: What did many mandolin players do to make money?
Answer: teacher-dealers

Question: Where is Vaudeville?
Answer: in the United States

Question: Europe and Weeks were?
Answer: African American

Question: The Music Man sold?
Answer: Instruments

Question: In addition to playing the mandolin, what else did Seth Weeks and James Reese Europe have in common?
Answer: African American

Question: Samuel Siegel was a?
Answer: mandolinists

Question: Who was the main character in the film The Music Man?
Answer: The Music Man

Question: What subject showed a little of what mandolin players do?
Answer: The Music Man

Question: What are the names of two members of the mandolin family of instruments?
Answer: mandolin and mandola

Question: What were to two groups of mandolin players?
Answer: alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians
Mandolin

Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who, like Johnny Moynihan, almost always tunes the top E down to D, to achieve an open tuning of GDAD), Paul Brady, Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly and Claudine Langille. John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna, respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubliners, are also accomplished Irish mandolin players. The instruments used are either flat-backed, oval hole examples as described above (made by UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars), or carved-top, oval hole instruments with arched back (made by Stefan Sobell in Northumberland). The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage, and he most famously used it in the song "Going To My Hometown."

Question: How are mandolins sometimes tuned?
Answer: GDAD

Question: What did Rory Gallagher do for a living?
Answer: guitarist

Question: Langille's job is?
Answer: mandolinists

Question: I addition to having oval holes, what other feature did instruments from Fylde Guitars have?
Answer: flat-backed

Question: Who makes mandolins?
Answer: Stefan Sobell

Question: What job does Andy Irvine do?
Answer: mandolinists

Question: Moloney's job is?
Answer: mandolinists

Question: What was the shape of the instruments created in Northumberland?
Answer: arched

Question: Kelly's job is?
Answer: mandolinists

Question: I addition to the tenor banjo, what did Barney McKenna play?
Answer: mandolin

Question: What does Andy Irvine do for a living?
Answer: mandolinists
Mandolin

Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes. When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."

Question: In Adelstein's opinion, which mandolin was inferior in sound?
Answer: the Lombardi mandolin

Question: what type of string is mentioned third to last?
Answer: gut

Question: what instrument is mentioned last?
Answer: Neapolitan

Question: what type of string is mentioned fourth to last?
Answer: nylon

Question: Other than differing mandolins, the Lombardi mandolin is compared to what instrument?
Answer: a guitar

Question: Which of the following is not a type of mandolin: Lombardi, Adelstein or Neapolitan?
Answer: Adelstein

Question: Which instrument is the subject of the passage?
Answer: mandolin

Question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Lombardi mandolin: wider, double steel strings, or shallower back?
Answer: double steel string

Question: which instrument was also mentioned besides the mandolins?
Answer: guitar

Question: which type of string was said to be superior?
Answer: double steel string

Question: Were there fewer frets or octaves?
Answer: octaves
Mandolin

Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748. Others include Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), and Addiego Guerra (Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo).

Question: Vivaldi and Barbella wrote for the?
Answer: mandolin

Question: A duo of what appears?
Answer: two mandolins

Question: How many concertos for a single mandolin did Vivaldi compose?
Answer: a mandolin concerto

Question: Who composed the only mandolin piece that was not in a major key?
Answer: Domenico Scarlatti

Question: What other instrument was most often paired with the mandolin?
Answer: Basso Continuo

Question: Who created a variation of Vivaldi's mandolin concerto?
Answer: Don Giovanni and Beethoven

Question: How was Guerra's sonata for mandolin different than the others'?
Answer: G

Question: What was Scarlatti's Sonata in?
Answer: D minor

Question: Bononcini and Vivaldi both knew how to do what?
Answer: composed
Han_dynasty

Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

Question: What features of court politics was in later Eastern Han?
Answer: violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans

Question: What happened three years after the Qiang rebellion ended?
Answer: Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD)

Question: What year did Emperor He come to power?
Answer: 88

Question: Who was the parent of Emperor He?
Answer: Consort Liang

Question: Who was Deng Sui's husband?
Answer: Emperor He

Question: Who died first between Zheng Zhong and Emperor He?
Answer: Emperor He

Question: Who was He's mother-in-law?
Answer: Liang

Question: Who was He's mother?
Answer: Consort Liang

Question: Whose reign began in 88 AD?
Answer: He

Question: Who was Consort Liang's child?
Answer: Emperor He

Question: Who was He's first wife?
Answer: Dou

Question: Who was He's father?
Answer: Zhang

Question: Who reigned in 107 AD?
Answer: Empress Deng Sui

Question: Who was the ruler before Emperor He?
Answer: Emperor Zhang

Question: What year did Emperor Zhang come to power?
Answer: 75

Question: What happened in 105 AD?
Answer: Emperor He's death
Han_dynasty

Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations.

Question: What was the basis of algebra?
Answer: Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations

Question: To a non-mathematician, what would be a simile for a cube?
Answer: square

Question: According to Han, what is math?
Answer: Art

Question: What type of geometrical shape did Pythagorean theorem address?
Answer: right-angle triangles

Question: If the number of remaining Han treatises is one-third of the number of Han Chapters on the Mathematical Art, how many treatises remain?
Answer: Three

Question: What is geometry based on?
Answer: Han mathematical treatises

Question: What specific treaty contains Geometry?
Answer: Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art

Question: What is approximately equal to 3.14159?
Answer: pi

Question: What allowed us to break numbers down into more than just whole numbers?
Answer: decimal fraction

Question: When did math really start to blossom?
Answer: Han-era
Han_dynasty

The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism, Huang-Lao Daoism, and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (bóshì 博士) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies. Much to the interest of the ruler, Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments.

Question: Who did Emperor Wu persuade to begin studying Confucianism?
Answer: nominees for office

Question: Who first adopted the theory of Confucianism?
Answer: Confucius

Question: Dong Zhongshu's Confucianism was different from the one of?
Answer: Confucius

Question: Legalism and Huang-Lao Daoism lost ground to?
Answer: Confucianism

Question: Dong Zhongshu wanted his ideology of Han Confucianism to unite the government's system with what?
Answer: the natural order of the universe

Question: Which occurred first, the birth of Dong Zhongshu or Emperor Wu establishing the Imperial University?
Answer: Dong Zhongshu

Question: What educational place that wasn't a commandery-level school or private school in small towns existed?
Answer: Imperial University

Question: Who established the Imperial University?
Answer: Emperor Wu
Han_dynasty

China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xiang Yu (d. 202 BC) of Chu and Liu Bang (d. 195 BC) of Han, engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China, which had fissured into 18 kingdoms, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang. Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander, Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia (202 BC), in modern-day Anhui. Liu Bang assumed the title "emperor" (huangdi) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu (r. 202–195 BC). Chang'an was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han.

Question: what nation is been talked about?
Answer: China

Question: the rebellion happened when?
Answer: Within four years

Question: Who beat Xiang Yu, Qin Shi Huangdi or Liu Bang?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: Who was the first emperor in Han dynasty?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: What is the name of dynasty after Qin?
Answer: Han

Question: Which happened first, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia or Liu Bang died?
Answer: Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia

Question: Who died after 200 BC, Xiang Yu or Liu Bang?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: In what year BC did the Qin dynasty end?
Answer: 206

Question: Who died before 196 BC, Xiang Yu or Liu Bang?
Answer: Xiang Yu

Question: Who died later, Xiang Yu or Liu Bang?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: who is Liu Bang?
Answer: former rebel leaders

Question: what name in the passage starts with a L?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: Who was the first emperor in Han, Xiang Yu or Liu Bang?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: How to call the first emperor in Han Dynasty?
Answer: Gaozu
Han_dynasty

General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao.

Question: Which of the following was a city: Shao, Luoyang or Dong?
Answer: Luoyang

Question: Who replaced Shao as emperor?
Answer: his brother Liu Xie

Question: who was mentioned last?
Answer: Emperor Shao

Question: who was mentioned second to last?
Answer: Dong Zhuo

Question: Which of the following was never emperor: Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao or Liu Xie?
Answer: Dong Zhuo

Question: What event led to the general becoming Minister of Works?
Answer: General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital

Question: What did the former emperor do to get back at the Minister of Works?
Answer: led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD

Question: What did Zhuo's distaste of the emperor make him do?
Answer: demoted Emperor Shao

Question: How did Shao ultimately leave this earth?
Answer: Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao

Question: what place was mentioned last?
Answer: Chang'an

Question: what type of monarch was mentioned first?
Answer: emperor

Question: Which of the following had more military experience, Dong Zhuo or Liu Xie?
Answer: Dong Zhuo

Question: what time period was mentioned last?
Answer: May 191 AD
Han_dynasty

From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam. Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC, followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC. In China's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD, the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households.

Question: Which event occurred first, the conquest of the Dian Kingdom or the establishments of Xauntu Commandery?
Answer: conquest of the Dian Kingdom

Question: What was Han's oldest conquest?
Answer: Nanyue

Question: Which were there more of in China's first census, individuals or households?
Answer: individuals

Question: What modern day country did the Han work to expand?
Answer: China

Question: What did Han call his kingdom?
Answer: the Protectorate of the Western Regions

Question: What BC year did Han forces begin fighting the Xiongnu in order to dominate the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin?
Answer: 115

Question: What was Han's most recent conquest?
Answer: the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin

Question: Which location was  brought into the Han realm to later, Yunnan or parts of the Korean Peninsula?
Answer: parts of the Korean Peninsula

Question: Who was the ruler of Yunnan after 109BC?
Answer: The Han
Han_dynasty

The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC.

Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
Answer: forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders

Question: Did Emperor Wu launch military expeditions later in the south or in the Korean Peninsula?
Answer: the Korean Peninsula

Question: Greece and Croatia are two countries that are considered to be from which region of the Earth?
Answer: Mediterranean

Question: What did Emperor Wu annex later, Nanyue or Dian?
Answer: Dian

Question: In what year BC did the time period in which Emperor Wu of Han was in power begin?
Answer: 141

Question: What other notable achievements happened as a domino effect of Wu's campaigns?
Answer: annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC

Question: The seventh ruler of the dynasty in China that started in 206 BC and ended in 220 AD was?
Answer: Emperor Wu

Question: An ancient kingdom that spanned parts of North Vietnam and China that was conquered by Emperor Wu was?
Answer: Nanyue

Question: A natural hole or depression on the Earth's surface that can contain water can also be referred to as a ?
Answer: Basin

Question: What figure was instrumental to the defeat of the Han?
Answer: Emperor Wu of Han

Question: A commandary established in the region of Korea that expanded the rule of Emperor Wu to the Han River was?
Answer: Lelang
Police

In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of weapons" (U.S. Supreme Court). Before Terry, every police encounter constituted an arrest, giving the police officer the full range of search authority. Search authority during a Terry stop (investigatory stop) is limited to weapons only.

Question: What can authorities look for during a Terry stop?
Answer: weapons only

Question: What changed in police procedure after the Terry v. Ohio case?
Answer: Before Terry, every police encounter constituted an arrest

Question: The case that changed how seizures are done initially helped who?
Answer: police officer

Question: What degree of necessity is Terry stop limited to?
Answer: minimally

Question: The French ceded control of __ to the British.
Answer: Ohio

Question: Mike DeWine is the current governor of __
Answer: Ohio

Question: How often were people arrested before 1968 during a seizure?
Answer: every police encounter constituted an arrest

Question: When was a court case seperated?
Answer: Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Question: Where are others that are protected during a Terry stop?
Answer: nearby

Question: According to the court seizure is divided how?
Answer: investigatory stop and arrest

Question: _ was claimed by the Iroquois after the Baever Wars.
Answer: Ohio

Question: What does an officer need to find out during a Terry stop?
Answer: whether [a suspect] is armed

Question: What changed after the 1968 court case?
Answer: The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary

Question: Who else should the officer protect besides himself during a Terry stop?
Answer: others nearby
Police

In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed]

Question: Who used help from other organizations for policing?
Answer: individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government

Question: What is a group of men formed to find criminals?
Answer: posses

Question: What kind of support did sheriffs receive?
Answer: poor quality

Question: Besides sheriffs and posses, who helped keep the peace?
Answer: Army

Question: Who organized posses
Answer: sheriffs

Question: Who had more resources
Answer: Pinkerton

Question: Who was better the Pinkertsons or the sheriffs
Answer: Pinkerton

Question: What was smaller the Pinkertons or the sheriffs
Answer: sheriffs

Question: Where is the American Old West located?
Answer: United States

Question: Which was bigger, Pinkerton or the Army?
Answer: Pinkerton

Question: Who is in charge of the Army?
Answer: federal government

Question: What was formed in 1850 to help with policing?
Answer: Pinkerton National Detective Agency

Question: What was bigger the Pinkertons or the police
Answer: Pinkerton

Question: How well were citizens protected in the Old West?
Answer: poorly

Question: Which is a private contractor, Pinkerton or the Army?
Answer: Pinkerton