UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Association_football

There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football.

Question: All levels of football follow what?
Answer: official Laws of the Game

Question: Who allows that modifications be made?
Answer: International Football Association Board

Question: What context do the 17 laws have?
Answer: containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines

Question: Why are the laws not specific?
Answer: allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game
History_of_India

The Chalukya Empire (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು [tʃaːɭukjə]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750, and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190.

Question: What empire preceded the Badami Chalukyas?
Answer: Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi

Question: The Badamis were the first of how many dynasties making up the Chalukya Empire
Answer: ruled

Question: What did Badami Chalukyas do during its prominence?
Answer: South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires

Question: What is the equivalent name of empire?
Answer: dynasty

Question: When did the Chalukya dynasty last rule India?
Answer: 1190

Question: __ occupies 19% of India's area
Answer: South India

Question: When did Kannada start?
Answer: middle of the 6th century

Question: __ is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east
Answer: South India

Question: __ has  two mountain ranges
Answer: South India
History_of_India

The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

Question: What family was the first of the Marathan kingdom?
Answer: Bhonsle

Question: Who came before the Maratha kingdom?
Answer: Mughal dynasty

Question: What dominated the time after the Mughal dynasty?
Answer: rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers

Question: What dominated the period of time after the Mughal dynasty?
Answer: rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers

Question: What population is responsible for the emergence of the Maratha confederacy?
Answer: Hindu

Question: What power was in place before those who wanted to establish Hindavi?
Answer: the Mughal dynasty

Question: What is the last great constructive nation that Shivaji created?
Answer: Maratha kingdom

Question: Who does not receive the credit due for the Marathas power?
Answer: Chatrapati Shivaji

Question: What was the dominate force in the post Mughal era?
Answer: European powers

Question: What did the Marantha kingdom come after?
Answer: Mughal dynasty
History_of_India

The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.

Question: Who ruled Pakistan before the 3rd century?
Answer: Kushan Empire

Question: What was the capital of Ratbelshahan?
Answer: Kabul

Question: what year was attached with the last paragraph?
Answer: 565-670

Question: During what century did Hindu Shahis take command of the dynasties?
Answer: 9th century

Question: what phrase in the passage is in bracket?
Answer: modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan

Question: Where was the capital of the Kabul Shahi dynasties in 870?
Answer: Hund

Question: Who ruled Afghanistan in the 2nd century?
Answer: Kushan Empire

Question: We know based on the dates, that the Ratbelshahan was not part of what era in the Shahi dynasties?
Answer: Hindu

Question: asides Gandhara, where did Kabul shashi preside over?
Answer: Kabul Valley

Question: The period of dynasties that lasted over 6 centuries and included the Ratbelshahan began when?
Answer: 3rd century

Question: what religious practice was been mentioned?
Answer: Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis

Question: What was the second period of the Kabul Shahi dynasties?
Answer: Hindu Shahis

Question: The kingdom of Kabul Shahan during what ruling era?
Answer: Buddhist
History_of_India

Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. A state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC. Magadha Empire had great rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.

Question: What is the current name of the original capital of the kingdom once ruled by Bimbisara?
Answer: Rajgir

Question: Which did Magadha conquer first, eastern Uttar Pradesh or Anga?
Answer: Anga

Question: What did Magadha do with Bengal?
Answer: expanded to include

Question: What did Rajagriha serve as?
Answer: capital

Question: How old is Magadha?
Answer: ancient

Question: What kind of kingdom was Magadha?
Answer: Empire

Question: The conquest of Anga allowed Magadha to expand where?
Answer: Bengal

Question: Which area became part of Magadha first, Bihar or eastern Uttar Pradesh?
Answer: Bihar

Question: Pataliputra was capital after what?
Answer: Rajagriha

Question: Which did Magadha conquer first, Orissa or Anga?
Answer: Anga

Question: Which area became part of Magadha first, Bengal or Orissa?
Answer: Orissa

Question: Which did Magadha conquer first, Orissa or Licchavi?
Answer: Licchavi

Question: How much does Jain talk about Magadha?
Answer: heavily mentioned

Question: What is the current name of  the second capital city of the kingdom that Bihar was the center of?
Answer: Patna
History_of_India

The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.

Question: What marked the beginning of the kingdom?
Answer: the composition of the Atharvaveda

Question: What era was this kingdom in?
Answer: the Iron Age

Question: Which is further west, Kuru or Panchala?
Answer: Kuru

Question: Which of the following is not a kingdom: Kuru, Atharvaveda, or Panchala?
Answer: Atharvaveda

Question: What part of the subcontinent contained these people?
Answer: northwestern India

Question: What did the Kuru leave behind?
Answer: The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order

Question: Which of the following is not a region of northern India: Haryana, Vedic or Uttar Pradesh?
Answer: Vedic

Question: The Vedic heritage was profoundly shaped by __
Answer: The Kuru kingdom

Question: Which country were the two kingdoms in?
Answer: India

Question: What are these kindoms part of?
Answer: The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture

Question: The Mahabharata stars the __
Answer: Kuru

Question: Parikshit is praised in the __
Answer: Atharvaveda

Question: What is the Indian translation of the phrase black metal?
Answer: śyāma ayas
History_of_India

At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.

Question: What was a positive aspect of what they did with the people who already lived there?
Answer: syncretising

Question: What culture was expanded?
Answer: Aryan

Question: What what their alternative way of referencing social classes?
Answer: varnas

Question: How did the Aryan's feel about the jobs that some people in the new area had held?
Answer: impure

Question: What was a negative aspect of what they did with the people who already lived there?
Answer: excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure

Question: Aryan society was influenced by?
Answer: India

Question: What is named after the Rigvedas?
Answer: Rigvedic period

Question: What happened to the pre-existing hierarchy ?
Answer: many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities

Question: This society had four divisions called what in English?
Answer: classes

Question: Why were the indigenous people left out?
Answer: impure

Question: What about the Aryan's grew?
Answer: society

Question: What were the effects of Aryan expansion?
Answer: It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes

Question: The four varnas social classes are organized into what?
Answer: hierarchy

Question: The natives from which place were not excluded?
Answer: northern India

Question: What part of the culture of the natives was not considered pure?
Answer: occupations

Question: What did the Aryan's start doing more of?
Answer: agricultural
History_of_India

The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Question: What preceeded the Neolithic period?
Answer: The Mesolithic period

Question: Where were 10000 thousand year old artifacts unearthed?
Answer: Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: India

Question: What wasn't around forever?
Answer: semipermanent settlements

Question: what is the sixth word in the first paragraph ?
Answer: Indian

Question: What incredibly hard substance helped protect people from the elements thousands of years ago?
Answer: rock shelters

Question: What happened before the Neolithic Period?
Answer: The Mesolithic period

Question: What concluded that allowed for more widespread settlements in India?
Answer: the last Ice Age

Question: what is the first word in the second paragraph?
Answer: The

Question: Where would one find representations of early Neolithic culture in India?
Answer: Haryana

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: Pakistan

Question: What succeeded the Mesolithic period?
Answer: the Neolithic period
History_of_India

The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondichéry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.

Question: The Nawab of Bengal and the de factor ruler of the Bengal province fought alongside?
Answer: French

Question: Which battle occurred after Clive was selected as the first Governor of Bengal?
Answer: Buxar

Question: Who was the British leader of Bengal?
Answer: Robert Clive

Question: What was Daulah's title?
Answer: Nawab of Bengal

Question: Was Clive selected by  the company as the first Governor of Bengal first or did the Battle of Plassey take place first?
Answer: Battle of Plassey

Question: Who was the Battle of Plassey against?
Answer: British

Question: The Nawab of Bengal and the de factor ruler of the Bengal province went against?
Answer: British

Question: Robert Clive became a what?
Answer: Governor

Question: Which forces fought with the Bengal Army in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer: Nawab

Question: What type of king was Daulah?
Answer: de facto

Question: Who controlled Bengal under Clive's leadership?
Answer: British East India Company
History_of_India

Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

Question: What is the historian's issue?
Answer: the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity

Question: What is left out in the periodisation?
Answer: the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered

Question: What did not change too much in India, as opposed to the ruling powers?
Answer: social-economic history

Question: What, according to Thapar, is given too little weight in considerations of Indian history?
Answer: social-economic history

Question: What does Thapar suggest as an alternate way to divide Indian history into more accurate and informative periods?
Answer: periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes"

Question: What is missing from the history?
Answer: The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered

Question: The history of what people can be divided into Ancient-Medieval-Modern time periods?
Answer: Indian

Question: What can the most recent Indian period be referred to as, without referring to the British?
Answer: Modern

Question: How would they alter the history?
Answer: According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers

Question: What does Thapar decry as helping to put too much focus on certain aspects of Indian history?
Answer: division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods

Question: What people were the most recent invaders of India?
Answer: British

Question: What was the first period of Indian history, when looking at it from the perspective of "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions?"
Answer: Hindu

Question: What is a key piece of history that is missed?
Answer: the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity
History_of_India

The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers – Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:

Question: What is evidence of the Gupta period's strong economy?
Answer: Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina

Question: What did Sri Lanka have?
Answer: Strong trade ties

Question: What legacy did the Gupta period leave?
Answer: magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting

Question: Structural art of this period includes?
Answer: architecture

Question: People that lived in the age where know as what?
Answer: Guptas

Question: Where is Burma?
Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: Sri Lanka and Indochina are?
Answer: nearby kingdoms and regions

Question: What is the Gupta period known for?
Answer: magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting

Question: Chandragupta I lived in?
Answer: India

Question: What group did Sharma belong to?
Answer: scholars

Question: What are some of the academic high points of the age?
Answer: Science and political administration
History_of_India

The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka, they had conquered most of northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal.

Question: The language was European and what else to speaking Central Asian tribe?
Answer: Indo

Question: What area is the grandfather responsible for conquering?
Answer: northwest of the subcontinent

Question: The Kushan empire did what to the northwest of the subcontinent?
Answer: expanded

Question: How much of India was reached by the Kushans?
Answer: at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal

Question: The empire expanded into what modern country?
Answer: India

Question: What confirmed location did the invaders reach?
Answer: the middle Ganges Valley

Question: Who is the grandfather of the Kushan who conquered most of northern India?
Answer: Kujula Kadphises

Question: Most of what India had been conquered by the time of the leader's grandson?
Answer: northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra

Question: Who did the kushans originate from?
Answer: Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi