UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:

Question: What tone is the non western area?
Answer: greener

Question: What kind of water will you find in the coastal swamps?
Answer: saline

Question: Which plants survive?
Answer: cacti and succulent

Question: What 365 day period showed species of plants?
Answer: 1994

Question: What form of tree exists there?
Answer: palm

Question: Why can the terrain only hold cacti and succulent plants?
Answer: the terrain is generally arid

Question: Why do the hills have poor soil?
Answer: the terrain is generally arid

Question: What plant from the buckwheat family exists there?
Answer: Sea grapes

Question: Where was coconut palm brought?
Answer: to the island

Question: What remains undeterred in an arid climate?
Answer: cacti and succulent plants
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]

Question: Creole is found on the windward side, where is the other dialect of French found?
Answer: leeward

Question: What  languages do the St. Bartholemese speak?
Answer: French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants

Question: what is the second to last group mentioned?
Answer: Créole

Question: What  are the origins of the St. Bartholemese?
Answer: Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage

Question: What are the 2 forms of French spoken on the island?
Answer: Créole and Patois

Question: what is the last group mentioned?
Answer: Patois

Question: What form of French is spoken by those of the winward region?
Answer: Créole

Question: What is the correct name for someone from St. Barthelemy?
Answer: Saint-Barthélemoise

Question: what land formation is mentioned first?
Answer: island

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: Residents of Saint-Barthélemy

Question: Other than French, English is present on what part of the island?
Answer: Gustavia

Question: What form of French is spoken by a small minority of St. Bartholomese people of the leeward region?
Answer: patois

Question: Saint-Barthelemy is inhabited by mainly who?
Answer: descendants of the first settlers

Question: what is the last area mentioned?
Answer: Caribbean
Slavs

Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Question: What determined what alphabet people used?
Answer: religion

Question: If a Slavic person who speaks Serbian is not writing in Latin, what is the alphabet they are likely using?
Answer: Cyrillic

Question: Which alphabet does the Slavic community that follows Islam use?
Answer: Latin

Question: How are alphabets determined in Slavic countries?
Answer: religion

Question: Who uses the Latin alphabet?
Answer: the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets

Question: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?
Answer: The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets

Question: What is a lingual difference between catcholic and eastern orthodox religions?
Answer: The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet

Question: What alphabets do Roman Catholics use?
Answer: Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic

Question: What does religion determine?
Answer: alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups

Question: What's the defining factor for which alphabet a Slavic community uses?
Answer: religion

Question: Which alphabet are Catholic Slavic communities not very likely to use?
Answer: Cyrillic

Question: Speakers of which Slavic languages are unique in being bi-alphabet users?
Answer: Serbian language and Montenegrin language

Question: What unique alphabet is used in Belarus??
Answer: Lacinka
Slavs

The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

Question: Of the potential effects on Russia that resulted in large-scale population losses, which one would be considered out of the nation's control?
Answer: disasters

Question: How do we know that  wars, famines and other disasters were not simultaneous?
Answer: a succession

Question: Russia participated  in not only in World War 2 but also in the previous world war, what was the likely outcome of the first world war for that nation?
Answer: large-scale population losses

Question: How many were lost in wars, famines, and disasters?
Answer: 90 million

Question: Had some events of the early 20th century not occured, what would have been the notable difference in population for the nation of Russia?
Answer: 90 million

Question: The Soviet Union came about as a result of the Russian revolutionary war, but by what event was this instance already concluded?
Answer: World War II

Question: The thing which ended in 1945 is not what population-reducing event classification?
Answer: famines
Slavs

DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.

Question: what are the last groups mentioned?
Answer: European populations

Question: What is the smallest pool?
Answer: East and South Asian

Question: What sector of population do the 20 samples different from the others belong to?
Answer: haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations

Question: How many of the DNA samples from Russians fall into seven major haplogroups?
Answer: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%)

Question: What group includes these people the most?
Answer: West Eurasian

Question: what is the third to last group mentioned?
Answer: Poles

Question: What representation do the DNA samples from the Russians have in the total pool?
Answer: they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool

Question: What makes up the majority of the pool?
Answer: West Eurasian

Question: What conclusion can be drawn?
Answer: An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters

Question: what is the last ethnicity mentioned?
Answer: European

Question: what is the second group of people mentioned?
Answer: haplogroups

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: 1228 Russians

Question: How do Polish people and Russians have similarities?
Answer: the presence of all major European haplogroups
Avicenna

The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).

Question: How well did the learning the Quaran go?
Answer: thrived

Question: Aruzi met a Doctor, a methematician, philosopher, and what is missing?
Answer: a famous scientist and astronomer

Question: What does a doctor study?
Answer: medicine
Nutrition

In the early 20th century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth. In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them, Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that "unsuspected dietetic factors," other than calories, protein, and minerals, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases. In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.

Question: Which of the following people did not measure caloric count in animals: Carl von Voit, Frederick Hopkins, or Max Rubner?
Answer: Frederick Hopkins

Question: Who is positively affected by tryptophan?
Answer: mice

Question: What were Willcock and Hopkins trying to do?
Answer: isolate them

Question: What audience-attended event occurred in the 6th year of the 20th century?
Answer: lecture

Question: What were Hopkins and Willcock trying to do to dietetic factors?
Answer: isolate them

Question: What was proven in the 7th year of the 1900's?
Answer: Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth

Question: What was Willcock's middle initial?
Answer: G

Question: Where was Hopkins when he announced that dietetic factors are needed to prevent disease?
Answer: lecture

Question: Which scientist worked with a female partner, Frederick Hopkins or Carl von Voit?
Answer: Frederick Hopkins

Question: What happened in the 7th year of the 20th century?
Answer: Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment

Question: Which happened later, the single-grain experiment or the discovery that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice?
Answer: single-grain experiment
Nutrition

Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.

Question: How are pasteurization and autoclavation different from other food safety technologies?
Answer: heating

Question: How does the food processing industry keep bacteria from forming in the first place?
Answer: Cooling

Question: What else besides technology which cools is meant for food freshness?
Answer: pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components

Question: What has the technologies done?
Answer: no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection

Question: What other technologies exist?
Answer: These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food

Question: What does the industry of processing foods use methods in order to ensure?
Answer: keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature

Question: What is an advantage of the changes?
Answer: foods to last longer without becoming spoiled

Question: What has been the primary goal of the food industry?
Answer: maintain freshness

Question: What is an issue with the technologies?
Answer: some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well

Question: What changed in the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature

Question: What is the point of drying food?
Answer: maintain freshness

Question: What is one downfall of newer food technologies?
Answer: alter the original nutritional contents of food

Question: What is the problem with the technology created to make food last longer?
Answer: alter the original nutritional contents of food
Nutrition

Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices. Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body, Pollan argues, nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today.

Question: Who didn't give the view credibility?
Answer: Gyorgy Scrinis

Question: What does the study research?
Answer: nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health

Question: Who brought nutritionism into the mainstream?
Answer: Michael Pollan

Question: What is the goal of science?
Answer: policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices

Question: How well do scientists understand food?
Answer: incomplete

Question: What does the person who followed Gyorgy Scrinis think results in poor diets?
Answer: incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body

Question: Who was the progenitor of the science?
Answer: Michael Pollan

Question: What is an ironic statement?
Answer: the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition

Question: What can potentially cause problems in America?
Answer: Nutritionism

Question: What can lead to poor health?
Answer: Nutritionism

Question: What area is allegedly affected by nutrionism?
Answer: the Western World

Question: How can one change this?
Answer: excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health

Question: What, in theory could lead to the problems relating to diet in the Western world?
Answer: excessive reliance on food science

Question: In the end, who formulates public guidance relating to diet in the Western World?
Answer: policy makers

Question: What makes it hard to evaluate food values?
Answer: science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body

Question: Why does Michael Pollan think that nutrition experts may be giving poor advice?
Answer: Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body

Question: Where do officials get their ideas about what food one should eat?
Answer: nutrition experts

Question: How does one study this?
Answer: Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices
Nutrition

Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis.

Question: Why are proton pumps necessary for nutrient uptake?
Answer: root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps

Question: Carbon dioxide, which allows green plants to secure carbohydrates, is absorbed through?
Answer: the air

Question: What do leaves absorb?
Answer: nitrogen and oxygen

Question: What is moved when hydrogen ions are pumped into the soil?
Answer: cations

Question: Where do plants get important elements from?
Answer: the soil through their roots and from the air

Question: What are cations?
Answer: nutrients

Question: What do plants get from soil?
Answer: essential elements

Question: Why don't plants need to eat like humans?
Answer: Plants uptake essential elements from the soil

Question: What items on roots aids in this process?
Answer: hairs

Question: What part of the plant has hair?
Answer: root

Question: What are roots able to do following the pumping of hydrogen ions?
Answer: uptake

Question: How do plants get carbon dioxide?
Answer: photosynthesis

Question: Where do plants get the essential elements for photosynthesis?
Answer: the air
Nutrition

A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.

Question: Rice is a type of?
Answer: food

Question: why do we pasteurize food
Answer: to control bacterial disease

Question: Rice is consumed as a type of?
Answer: food

Question: how is polished rice made
Answer: Removing the outer layer of rice

Question: Heat-treating has what unexpected consequence for people?
Answer: scurvy

Question: scurvy is from a lack of
Answer: vitamin C

Question: where is the thiamine in rice
Answer: the outer layer

Question: Pasteurisation is named after
Answer: Pasteur

Question: Polished rice has undergone?
Answer: processing

Question: Polishing rice is a form of?
Answer: food processing
Nutrition

Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.

Question: If insulin/leptin function well, what result du they have?
Answer: an appropriately high metabolic rate

Question: Why is it difficult to stop obesity?
Answer: vicious cycle

Question: Obesity can be countered if there is an?
Answer: appropriately high metabolic rate

Question: Leptin resistance can cause you not to feel?
Answer: satiety

Question: Obesity is seen as?
Answer: body fat

Question: From where does the body take its insulin?
Answer: stimulating foods and energy

Question: Where does nourishment accumulate in cases of overeating?
Answer: fat storage

Question: What is the origin of the vicious cycle mentioned in this text?
Answer: Obesity