UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Brain

Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage. In humans, the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function. Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage, however, this information is often difficult to interpret. In animal studies, most commonly involving rats, it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior.

Question: What sare the benifts of the blood brain barrir?
Answer: isolated from the bloodstream

Question: What is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid?
Answer: brain

Question: What does the skull protect?
Answer: brain

Question: What has been injected into rats to produce precise patterns of damage?
Answer: chemicals

Question: What can cause issues with how the brain works?
Answer: brain damage

Question: What is isolated from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier?
Answer: the brain

Question: What is vulnerable to numerous diseases?
Answer: the brain

Question: If you can't stop damage to the brain, you can help what?
Answer: the nature of the damage

Question: What acts as a protective barrier for the brain?
Answer: skull and meninges

Question: What is an advantage of testing brain function in animals?
Answer: it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage

Question: What  is used for testing brain functions after it has been harmed?
Answer: animal

Question: What is easy to effect the brain?
Answer: diseases and several types of damage
Brain

Motor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Spinal motor neurons are controlled both by neural circuits intrinsic to the spinal cord, and by inputs that descend from the brain. The intrinsic spinal circuits implement many reflex responses, and contain pattern generators for rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming. The descending connections from the brain allow for more sophisticated control.

Question: What do you think with?
Answer: brain

Question: If you're looking at a body part and conclude that it isn't under the control of motor systems in the brain, what part are you looking at?
Answer: the eye

Question: How are the movements for swimming created?
Answer: pattern generators

Question: What is another term for the production of movements?
Answer: activating muscles

Question: Nuclei in the midbrain are to the eye muscles as motor systems are to what?
Answer: voluntary muscles in the body

Question: What is built while working out at the gym?
Answer: muscles

Question: What exactly do motor systems do to create body movements, such as lifting a cup or walking?
Answer: activating muscles

Question: What muscles are the exception to the rule when it comes to motor neurons?
Answer: the muscles that control the eye

Question: What do intrinsic spinal circuits contain that might help with actions beyond simple rhythmic movements?
Answer: descending connections from the brain

Question: One factor controlling spinal motor neurons is related to the spine while the other factor is related to what area?
Answer: the brain

Question: What type of voluntary function is controlled by the circuits?
Answer: rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming

Question: What are in the spinal cord that help direct voluntary movements?
Answer: neural circuits
Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.

Question: How are neurons connected?
Answer: synapses

Question: the main part of the brain is
Answer: the cerebral cortex

Question: the brain is what
Answer: an organ

Question: Which of the following doesn't have a brain, starfish or human?
Answer: starfish

Question: Which of the following is always present in invetebrates, a nerve or a brain?
Answer: nerve

Question: what sense  do the eyes have
Answer: vision

Question: What kind of pulses target recipient cells?
Answer: action potentials

Question: Through what organic material do neurons signal each other?
Answer: axons

Question: what sense does the tongue have
Answer: taste

Question: neurons talk each other through
Answer: axons

Question: Which of the following never lacks a brain: invetebrates or vetebrates?
Answer: vertebrate

Question: What are the sensing types listed in the article?
Answer: vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell

Question: What do the signal pulses target?
Answer: recipient cells
Brain

The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus, which in turn sends activity-level-controlling signals to every part of the cortex. Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma.

Question: The body's central biological clock is contained where in the brain?
Answer: SCN

Question: What repeated phrase suggests that it is critical?
Answer: reticular formation

Question: what is the first part of the brain mentioned in the text
Answer: SCN

Question: Which part of the brain operates as a clock mechanism and rythm provider
Answer: SCN

Question: What part communicates what energy amount to use?
Answer: thalamus

Question: What is the small structure located above the brainstem?
Answer: thalamus

Question: How do the reticular neurons communicate with the thalamus?
Answer: send signals

Question: What part of the brain receives messages from the reticular neurons?
Answer: thalamus

Question: What part of the brain has the important group of neuron-clusters involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles?
Answer: the core of the lower brain

Question: What is the reticular formation composed of?
Answer: neuron-clusters

Question: What part of the brain handles sleep
Answer: thalamus

Question: What ultimately controls how long you sleep?
Answer: The SCN

Question: What is another name for the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Answer: SCN

Question: Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus lococated in the brain?
Answer: hypothalamus

Question: What do the signals sent by the thalamus control?
Answer: activity-level

Question: What part of the system receives messages from the reticular formation and then passes them on?
Answer: thalamus
Brain

The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs. At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex, a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas, but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord, through the pyramidal tract. This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements. Other motor-related brain areas exert secondary effects by projecting to the primary motor areas. Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

Question: What is at the highest level?
Answer: the primary motor cortex

Question: How does the primary motor cortex allow us to fine tune our movements?
Answer: sends projections to the subcortical motor areas, but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord

Question: What pathway does the motor cortex transfer projections to the spinal chord?
Answer: pyramidal tract

Question: What area of the brain tells us how to move our limbs?
Answer: midbrain

Question: What area of the brain controls functions of the body required for life?
Answer: the lowest level

Question: What areas of the brain communicate to the primary motor cortex?
Answer: premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

Question: What level of the brain controls walking?
Answer: the lowest

Question: What non-primary areas also sends projections to the primary motor areas?
Answer: the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

Question: What areas does the primary motor cortex communicate to?
Answer: The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas, but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord

Question: What type of movements are the lowest motor areas responsible for?
Answer: walking, breathing, or swallowing

Question: What is the job of the primary motor cortex?
Answer: sends projections to the subcortical motor areas, but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord

Question: What is located at the rear of the frontal lobe?
Answer: primary motor cortex

Question: What pathway allows direct corticospinal projections?
Answer: the pyramidal tract
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:

Question: How might a strategy for a minority party member vary?
Answer: visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party

Question: What is one thing the minority leader can do to advance minority causes and issues.
Answer: Devise Minority Party Strategies

Question: The minority party may have a better chance of advancing its objectives if the majority party lacks this
Answer: high degrees of party cohesion

Question: Which party does the minority leader belong to?
Answer: minority party

Question: What actions by the minority leader depends on the visibility of an objective?
Answer: strategic options

Question: What is one  common practice the minority party leader and his or her colleagues can use
Answer: Devise Minority Party Strategies

Question: Is the minority leader limited as to the strategies  he or she can do to advance the party's agenda?
Answer: variable strategies available

Question: When does the minority leader have more power?
Answer: a majority party riven by internal dissension

Question: Who names minority party strategies?
Answer: minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues

Question: What is the party that is not the minority party?
Answer: the majority party

Question: Which party was in the majority in the early 1900s?
Answer: Republicans
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."

Question: What does the D in "DCCC" stand for?
Answer: Democratic

Question: What does the second C in "DCCC" stand for?
Answer: Campaign

Question: Minority leaders worked to keep party holders from not doing what?
Answer: to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend

Question: What does the second C in "DCCC" stand for?
Answer: Campaign

Question: Who is a strong worker for party represented by the donkey?
Answer: Gephardt

Question: What does the D in "DCCC stand for?
Answer: Democratic

Question: Who do the leaders talk about and for?
Answer: party candidates

Question: What does the first C in "DCCC" stand for?
Answer: Congressional

Question: What does the first C in "DCCC" stand for?
Answer: Congressional

Question: What does it mean to be forceful?
Answer: aggressive

Question: Who do they try to get to contribute to campaigns of their candidates?
Answer: outside groups
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

Question: Where do party's whip organization work?
Answer: the House

Question: Members of parties work on?
Answer: legislation

Question: what is the job of a floor leader?
Answer: devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation

Question: What kind of knowledge is the floor leader well informed?
Answer: status of legislative business

Question: What is the floor leader's power?
Answer: promoting or opposing legislation

Question: Subgroups of people in the House are?
Answer: House committees

Question: Where does a party's floor leader work?
Answer: the House

Question: Who does the party's floor leader work with when he forms party policy and programs?
Answer: his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization

Question: What does the House do?
Answer: legislation

Question: How does the floor leader determine which policy and programs to promote?
Answer: sentiment of his party

Question: Where do members of House committees work?
Answer: the House

Question: A group of united politicians is a?
Answer: party
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Question: How might stalling backfire against a minority party?
Answer: carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives

Question: How can a majority party be seen as inefficient?
Answer: obstruction

Question: Which of the following is not a stall tactic: motions to adjourn, requests for roll call, or attracting press and media attention?
Answer: attracting press and media attention

Question: Which of the following is not one of the purposes of obstruction: to limit the majority party's ability to govern, to offer policy alternatives or to attract press attention?
Answer: offer policy alternatives

Question: Which of the following does not hold an official position in Congress: minority leader, presiding officer, or partisan opposition?
Answer: partisan opposition

Question: How would slowing down a bill help a minoirty party?
Answer: the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress"

Question: WHo might a small party offset majority power?
Answer: delay
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855." With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."

Question: When was the most crowded election held according to the text?
Answer: 1855

Question: Between 1839, 1849, 1859, and 1855, which year had the second most candidates?
Answer: 1849

Question: In what year did more candidates run for speaker, 1849 or 1859?
Answer: 1849

Question: Were there fewer candidates in 1859 or 1855?
Answer: 1859

Question: What is one characteristic of the democratic party?
Answer: Internal party disunity

Question: In what year did more candidates run for speaker, 1855 or 1859?
Answer: 1855

Question: Were there fewer candidates in 1849 or 1839?
Answer: 1839

Question: When was the second crowded election held?
Answer: 1849

Question: Where does the Speaker work?
Answer: Congresses

Question: Were there fewer candidates in 1849 or 1855?
Answer: 1849

Question: What is the Speaker's occupation?
Answer: lawmakers

Question: Were there more candidates in 1849 or 1859?
Answer: 1849

Question: In what year did more candidates run for speaker, 1839 or 1849?
Answer: 1849
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

Question: What is a gathering to celebrate an event?
Answer: party

Question: What is opposite of something that gets the most votes?
Answer: minority

Question: What do you do at a gym to lose weight?
Answer: exercises