UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as Cicero, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances. Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported Vestals, who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.

Question: What status did Cicero hold in Roman times?
Answer: intellectual elite

Question: What did Cicero think of religion in general?
Answer: skeptical

Question: What did Romans do to demonstrate their faith in the household in addition to praying?
Answer: libations

Question: Which of the following was not an aspect of Roman religion: prayer, sacrifice or faith?
Answer: faith

Question: How did women participate in Roman society?
Answer: in a range of religious activities

Question: "I give that you might give" is a type of what?
Answer: principle

Question: How did people celebrate religion at home?
Answer: Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered

Question: Ordinary Romans practiced religion at home through using?
Answer: a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered

Question: Who were the Vestals?
Answer: Rome's most famous priesthood

Question: What role did faith play in religion?
Answer: Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma

Question: Who was Cicero?
Answer: the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite

Question: Which of the following was not offered to domestic deities: prayers, slaves or libations?
Answer: slaves

Question: How did Cicero feel about religion?
Answer: skeptical

Question: How did prayer factor into Roman households?
Answer: part of daily life

Question: Which religion relies on faith and dogma?
Answer: Christian
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century, after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians. When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, he took steps toward the dissolution of the order. His successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple.

Question: Who did Theodosius inherit from?
Answer: Christian emperor Gratian

Question: Who were given high-status seating at games and theatres?
Answer: Vestals

Question: How did the Vestals retain their status?
Answer: after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians

Question: What was the catalyst for the dissolution of the Vestals?
Answer: When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus

Question: Who is the 3rd different emperor listed in the text
Answer: Gratian

Question: What religious group increase political influence in the text
Answer: Christians

Question: What initially happened to make the Vestals dissolve?
Answer: When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus

Question: What was the first thing that eventually led to the dissolution of the Vestals?
Answer: When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus

Question: When the dissolution of the Vestals eventually came to pass, what happened to initiate it?
Answer: When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus

Question: When the Vestals eventually dissolved, what was the catalyst?
Answer: When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus

Question: Who were appointed as priestessess to the cult of the deified Livia?
Answer: Vestals

Question: Who is the last emperor listed
Answer: Theodosius I
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.

Question: Which of the following is not a type of Christian philosophy: orthodoxy, heresies or meeting?
Answer: meeting

Question: what group is mentioned last?
Answer: Christians

Question: How was Christian Doctrine unable to be enforced?
Answer: centralized

Question: What was the First Council of Nicaea considered?
Answer: meeting

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: Christian bishops

Question: Which of the following was not a person: Philostorgius, Nicene or Constantine?
Answer: Nicene

Question: Which of the following is not one of the groups Constantine appeased: traditionalist, Nicene, or Christian?
Answer: Nicene

Question: what area is mentioned first?
Answer: Roman Empire

Question: What wasn't happening with regard to Christian orthodoxy?
Answer: enforcing

Question: what faith is mentioned first?
Answer: Christian

Question: what belief system is mentioned second?
Answer: orthodoxy
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival, Epulum Jovis. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet.

Question: Where did the plebeians live?
Answer: Aventine

Question: Who were the Etruscans to Rome?
Answer: neighbours

Question: What was a precursor to Rome's development?
Answer: regal period

Question: Who were the commoners in Rome?
Answer: plebeian, artisan class

Question: Who were the lower classes in Rome?
Answer: large plebeian, artisan class

Question: How often was the celebration held?
Answer: inaugural

Question: What was Jupiter?
Answer: part of a new Capitoline triad

Question: When did the ceremony for the temple take place?
Answer: September

Question: Who was inaugurated at a banquet?
Answer: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva

Question: Who was added to the group?
Answer: Minerva
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury.

Question: What was one of the Greeks' religious practices the Romans picked up?
Answer: the cult of Apollo

Question: __ culture was influenced by Ancient Greek culture
Answer: Etruscan

Question: Why did Christians make fun of Romans?
Answer: great number of deities they honored

Question: __ were an indigenous population according to mitochondrial DNA studies.
Answer: Etruscan

Question: How did the Romans adopt the religion of the Greeks?
Answer: common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks

Question: __ kings were descended from Demeratus of Corinth.
Answer: Etruscan

Question: Who were the gods of the Greeks?
Answer: interpretatio graeca

Question: How did the Greeks first influence the Romans?
Answer: introducing some religious practices

Question: What did the Romans try to mesh together?
Answer: their major gods and those of the Greeks
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

Question: What is the main point of the passage?
Answer: St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching

Question: What conclusion is mentioned in the passage as a result of the other events?
Answer: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians"

Question: How powerful was St. Jerome?
Answer: authoritative

Question: What word was used by Early Christians to denote people that practice polytheism, from the Latin term for rural?
Answer: pagan

Question: What point is central to the passage's resolution?
Answer: The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem

Question: Who were the emperors compared to?
Answer: God

Question: Where was lack of peace most concerning?
Answer: internal

Question: Those a part of a schismatic Christian group in North African, that formed in the year 311 are?
Answer: Donatists

Question: A formal term used in law that means up to this or that time, from Middle English's word hiderto is?
Answer: hitherto

Question: In legal settings, the ending or lessening of something is called?
Answer: abatement

Question: A word for a type of barricade that is from the Middle High German term, bolwerc is?
Answer: bulwark
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator.

Question: Whose fate was committed to the gods as well as the Roman who performed the devotio?
Answer: the enemy

Question: What are the names of the underworld gods?
Answer: Manes and Tellus

Question: Who made the prayer committing himself to die?
Answer: Decius

Question: What gods did Decius Mus devote himself to
Answer: dii Manes and Tellus

Question: Who made sure the story of Decius was carried on?
Answer: Livy

Question: Why were other members of Decius Muls' family also committed to his offering
Answer: family tradition

Question: What did Decius Mus offer as a sacrifice?
Answer: liver

Question: Who relayed the message to Decius that the gods are pleased?
Answer: the haruspex

Question: What is the name of Decius Mus's son?
Answer: Decius Mus

Question: What gods are offered the devotio from Decius?
Answer: dii Manes and Tellus

Question: What is the name of Decius Mus' grandson?
Answer: Decius Mus

Question: What did the military seek to honor with the committal?
Answer: underworld gods
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.

Question: How was Jupiter getting all animals born in spring taken care of?
Answer: All due care would be taken of the animals

Question: What was counted as a sacrifice if it was stolen?
Answer: animals

Question: What was the reason behind extraordinary sacrifices?
Answer: Extraordinary circumstances

Question: What might be offered if it wasn't appropriate to offer a large offering?
Answer: minor offerings

Question: What if a sacrifice was made but the deal wasn't kept up by the gods?
Answer: the offered sacrifice would be withheld

Question: What had already been consecrated?
Answer: animals

Question: What was not given to the Gods if people were upset with them?
Answer: sacrifice

Question: What similar event went bad for the gods?
Answer: sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period

Question: What was an example of a major sacrifice?
Answer: animals

Question: What was the cause of the sacrifices withheld?
Answer: Trajan's death

Question: What was protected from Hannibal?
Answer: every animal born that spring

Question: In Pompeii, if the gods did not fulfill their side of the bargain, what were the consequences?
Answer: offered sacrifice would be withheld

Question: When was the contract promised?
Answer: Second Punic War

Question: Why was a contract with the gods made?
Answer: protection

Question: Why was Jupiter promised every animal born that spring?
Answer: Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans".

Question: Of the people who had voting rights, who did not have the ability to vote?
Answer: adult males

Question: What traits were required of a person in order to participate in Romanian government?
Answer: educated, male, landowning military aristocracy

Question: What group of people were below men in society?
Answer: Women

Question: Who is implicated to play an unimportant role in politics?
Answer: Women

Question: What were you allowed to participate in if you were a man who had had schooling, owned land, and associations with miltary?
Answer: politics and religion

Question: What was the other half of roman population alongside the non-citizens?
Answer: citizens

Question: Ultimately, how did the Romanian government operate in terms of decision making?
Answer: all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans"

Question: Of all people of Rome, how many of them were without free will or  not proper residents?
Answer: Approximately half Rome's population

Question: What did men have that women did not?
Answer: voting rights

Question: What were the realities of those who were seemingingly allowed to vote?
Answer: Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them

Question: In what way is it implied that Rome did not care about the citizens opinions?
Answer: Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them

Question: What did you need to be in able to participate in Roman government?
Answer: an educated, male, landowning military

Question: What many people could actually vote?
Answer: Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.

Question: When were pleas noted during the reign under Theodosius I
Answer: 402

Question: What God-fearing group was top dog in 380?
Answer: Nicene Christianity

Question: What religion failed to become the official religion of the Roman Empire?
Answer: Judaism

Question: What was the last religion listed before emperor Theodosius.
Answer: Judaism

Question: Who rejected pleas for tolerance?
Answer: the Roman Empire

Question: Which political figure wanted freedom of religion?
Answer: senator Symmachus

Question: What resulted from senator Symmachus' desires?
Answer: rejected

Question: What was the religion in Rome in 200 AD
Answer: Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism

Question: What is the second religion listed in the text.
Answer: Hellenistic

Question: Who wanted Christianity to be the official religion?
Answer: Theodosius I

Question: What group was looking for freedom of religion?
Answer: traditionalists

Question: What land area did Theodosius I lead?
Answer: Roman Empire

Question: What was looked down upon?
Answer: non-Christians

Question: Who was looked down upon?
Answer: Heretics as well as non-Christians
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors.

Question: What was significant for the future of the country?
Answer: Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation

Question: How did religion affect the ruler of the country?
Answer: personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers

Question: How did religion and politics shape the country?
Answer: the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative

Question: What areas did Augustus have influence over?
Answer: political, military and priestly

Question: What did the emperors continue?
Answer: pax deorum

Question: Who benefited from Augustus?
Answer: Compitalia

Question: What is the Republic mentioned?
Answer: Rome

Question: What type of power did Augustus have besides political and priestly?
Answer: military

Question: How long did Augustus have all of his powers after the beginning?
Answer: lifetime

Question: How did the political leader of the coutnry affect religion?
Answer: He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus

Question: How did Augustus ensure pax deorum would continue?
Answer: adopted a successor

Question: How long did Augustus have all of his powers in the beginning?
Answer: temporarily

Question: How did he change religion?
Answer: His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality