UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Group_(mathematics)

Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups.q[›] An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r[›] A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s[›] The Jordan–Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group—the "monster group"—and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena.

Question: Who did Jordan work with?
Answer: Hölder

Question: What is Jordan occupation?
Answer: Mathematicians

Question: What is not p2?
Answer: a prime number

Question: What did Borcherds study?
Answer: contemporary group theory

Question: What is the main point of the passage?
Answer: Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion

Question: What is an important concept that is mentioned that is important to understand the passage?
Answer: Jordan–Hölder theorem

Question: What prevents simplification?
Answer: complete classification

Question: What did Lagrange study?
Answer: finite groups

Question: What is the main conclusion drawn by the passage?
Answer: the "monster group"—and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena
Group_(mathematics)

Likewise, group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition, for example, from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form. An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state, accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode, a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition.

Question: What is a part of the new state?
Answer: a so-called soft phonon mode

Question: What type of change happens at the Curie temperature when  the proper name for the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs
Answer: changes in physical properties

Question: What is the proper name for the phase transition point at which 1060 degrees F is reached
Answer: Curie temperature

Question: What is the proper name for the phase transition point at which  570 degrees C is reached
Answer: Curie temperature

Question: Which of the following is not a potential state of ferroelectric materials: paraelectric, cubic or ferroelectric?
Answer: cubic

Question: What happen to the shape in the phase transition besides the change in crystalline form.
Answer: lower symmetry

Question: What happens to the material in the theory?
Answer: changes in physical properties that occur

Question: When does the change occur?
Answer: at the Curie temperature

Question: Which of the following is not a potential crystalline form: cubic, paraelectric or tetrahedral?
Answer: paraelectric

Question: Which physical property has a transition point named after a famous female scientist?
Answer: Curie
Group_(mathematics)

Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the right rotation and f = fv the vertical (or any other) reflection), which means that every symmetry of the square is a finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses. Together with the relations

Question: Whats needed to understand a group by it's presentation
Answer: Quotient groups and subgroups

Question: What can describe a presentation of every group
Answer: Quotient groups and subgroups

Question: What are quotient and subgroups
Answer: a way of describing every group by its presentation

Question: what three words begin the passage?
Answer: Quotient groups and

Question: what sentence end the passage?
Answer: Together with the relations

Question: The example uses a right and vertical what
Answer: reflection

Question: What is the free group
Answer: subgroups

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: Quotient

Question: what was given as a sample?
Answer: dihedral group D4

Question: If the square is symmetrical what does it mean
Answer: finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses
Queen_Victoria

Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel." With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".

Question: To whom was the right to vote extended in 1867?
Answer: many urban working men

Question: Between the last time that Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament prior to 1866 and her attendance at the State Opening of Pariliament in 1866, who passed away?
Answer: Albert

Question: Who was treated like a public meeting, but not like a woman?
Answer: Victoria

Question: Russell followed?
Answer: Palmerston

Question: Who supported extending the franchise to many urban working men, but not to women?
Answer: Victoria

Question: Derby followed?
Answer: Russell

Question: What happened in 1868?
Answer: Derby resigned

Question: What happened after Albert's death?
Answer: a brief ministry led by Russell

Question: What year did the person who supported electorates doubling for working men go to Parliment?
Answer: 1866

Question: Who did not favour votes for women?
Answer: Victoria

Question: Victoria's gender was?
Answer: woman

Question: Whose rival became prime minister at the end of 1868?
Answer: Benjamin Disraeli
Queen_Victoria

Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."

Question: At what specific point did she do something no one in her position had done before?
Answer: 1889

Question: Where did she end up during special occasions?
Answer: mainland Europe

Question: While where did she do something no one in her position had done before?
Answer: Biarritz

Question: When she had to second guess her usual holiday visits, what was the response?
Answer: went to Ireland

Question: What was the thoughts about a certain event made her visits less palatable?
Answer: unpopular
Queen_Victoria

In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.

Question: Who was less highly ranked, Frederick Ponsonby or Lord Elgin?
Answer: Frederick Ponsonby

Question: who participated in a procession?
Answer: Victoria

Question: who acted as a clerk?
Answer: Abdul Karim

Question: What holiday did Victoria celebrate the day after her fiftieth anniversary banquet?
Answer: thanksgiving

Question: What title did Victoria hold?
Answer: Queen

Question: Who was less highly ranked, Lord Elgin or Queen Victoria?
Answer: Lord Elgin

Question: What did Abdul Karim deceive Victoria regarding?
Answer: his parentage

Question: who taught Victoria Hindustani?
Answer: Abdul Karim

Question: who engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters?
Answer: Victoria

Question: What was the name of the event held to honor Victoria's fiftieth anniversary of her accession?
Answer: Golden Jubilee

Question: Which came first, the Golden Jubilee or Karim's return to India?
Answer: Golden Jubilee

Question: who attended a thanksgiving service?
Answer: Victoria

Question: How was Victoria received by the people of the British Empire during the time of her Golden Jubilee?
Answer: Victoria was once again extremely popular
Diarrhea

Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however, may be normal.

Question: How can you tell someone has lost too much fluid?
Answer: loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour

Question: What is the main concern of diarrhea?
Answer: dehydration due to fluid loss

Question: What happens to your mood with mild dehydration
Answer: irritable behaviour

Question: Hypo-elastic epidermis
Answer: loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin

Question: What is seen in a diarrhea patient's toilet?
Answer: loose or liquid bowel movements

Question: What happens when dehydration gets worse?
Answer: decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness

Question: What can be dangerous to a human if diarrhea is left untreated?
Answer: decrease in responsiveness

Question: If untreated, what will diarrhea further result in?
Answer: decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe

Question: Why do some babies have loose stool?
Answer: breastfed

Question: What can happen as a result of diarrhea?
Answer: dehydration

Question: Why is diarrhea dangerous
Answer: decrease in responsiveness

Question: How does a dehydrated person act?
Answer: irritable

Question: What are the bad effects of diarrhea first seen?
Answer: loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour
Diarrhea

Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from diarrheal disease as a result of improved water sanitation and hygiene. Similarly, a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22–27% reduction in disease incidence, and a 21–30% reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease.

Question: How do you lower the amount of the runs
Answer: clean water supply and improved sanitation

Question: What can be achieved by address water contamination for non adults?
Answer: 88% reduction in child mortality

Question: How can you get diarrhea
Answer: water contamination

Question: What is the worst case caused by diarrheal disease?
Answer: mortality

Question: How do you get safe water
Answer: improved sanitation

Question: How dangerous is the issue of water contamination?
Answer: efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease

Question: Why is it necessary to improve water supply and sanitation?
Answer: cut the rate of disease incidence

Question: what is the decrease in the death of kids with good water
Answer: 88% reduction

Question: What should people be aware to avoid diarrheal disease?
Answer: water sanitation and hygiene

Question: What can be substantially reduced by improving water supply and sanitation?
Answer: child mortality

Question: How much can fixing water contamination improve child mortality rates overall?
Answer: 88%

Question: What is one way to get the runs
Answer: water contamination
Geological_history_of_Earth

To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. Mid-ocean ridge activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges—enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe and China. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.

Question: How did the ocean ridges become denser?
Answer: calcium

Question: How common are sedimentary deposits?
Answer: widespread

Question: More chalk what in the Cretaceous than in any other period?
Answer: formed

Question: What hot items were created in the very late Cretaceous period?
Answer: massive lava beds

Question: Where can someone find high quality marine fossils?
Answer: Europe and China

Question: What state was Smoky Hill Chalk Member found in?
Answer: sedimentary

Question: Very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene had what kind of lava beds?
Answer: massive

Question: What is unique about the Cretaceous?
Answer: more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic

Question: What is an interesting fact about the Cretaceious, or than chalk?
Answer: one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged

Question: How common are carbonates and deposits in North America?
Answer: widespread

Question: What mineral is associated with the cretaceous era?
Answer: chalk

Question: What caused an increase in Calcium to the oceans in the cretaceous period?
Answer: Mid-ocean ridge activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater

Question: Europe and China had exposures do what?
Answer: occur

Question: What was in India during the Cretaceous?
Answer: Deccan Traps were laid down

Question: What state can landmarks created in the cretaceous era be found?
Answer: Kansas

Question: What caused the massive amounts of chalk in the Cretaceous period?
Answer: Mid-ocean ridge activity

Question: What kind of activity adds calcium to the ocean?
Answer: circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges
Geological_history_of_Earth

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

Question: Egypt and Ethiopia are considered to be what kind of countries according to the continent they are located in?
Answer: African

Question: Which contnent was isolated as a result of these events?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: The Faroe Islands are closest to which continent?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was Antarctica once connected to?
Answer: South America

Question: What caused the isolated continent to reach the low temperatures it is known for?
Answer: South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly

Question: Who/what was involved in a short attack?
Answer: marine

Question: In what continent is it illegal to conduct millitary activity?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: Canada and the United States are part of which continent?
Answer: North America

Question: Why are Europe and North American comparable?
Answer: faunas

Question: What used to be connected to North America?
Answer: Europe

Question: The Eurasian plate was an ancient continent that contained what is now modern Asia and what other continent?
Answer: Europe
Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

Question: Prior to __, India had not fully collided with Asia.
Answer: the Miocene

Question: What significant event happened in the Mediterrean?
Answer: The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia

Question: What caused the salinity crisis besides uplift of mountains?
Answer: global fall in sea levels

Question: How long did the changes take?
Answer: between 19 and 12 Ma

Question: When did the tethys seaway shrink?
Answer: between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004)

Question: What happened towards the end ofthe Miocene?
Answer: salinity crisis

Question: What happened in the Mediterrean?
Answer: a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene

Question: The mountains of Peru were formed __
Answer: During the Miocene

Question: What area no longer had a land bridge during the Miocene?
Answer: South America and North America

Question: Italy's mountains formed __
Answer: near the end of the Miocene

Question: What world shaping occurred during this era?
Answer: Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific

Question: What can be found in this era and others?
Answer: land bridge between South America and North America

Question: What part of the Pacific Ocean did the subduction zone exist in?
Answer: Pacific Ocean margin of South America

Question: What caused the salnity crisis?
Answer: temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea

Question: Many geological changes, including the formation of mountains in the Mediterranean, presented themselves __
Answer: During the Miocene

Question: Where in Eurasia caused the tethys seaway to shrink?
Answer: Turkish-Arabian

Question: Both the Tethys Sea and __ shrank.
Answer: Mediterranean Sea

Question: What no longer existed since Africa and Eurasia collided?
Answer: Tethys Seaway
Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

Question: What did Antarctica and Australia do during the Eocene period?
Answer: drift toward their present positions

Question: What did Australia splitting from Antarctica do for the global temperatures?
Answer: cooled down

Question: Water that originates today from Australia are?
Answer: warm

Question: What caused it to be warmer then than it is now?
Answer: warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world

Question: What caused the global temperature to go down?
Answer: Australia split from the southern continent

Question: What pole is not present in Antartica?
Answer: north

Question: Ecuador is what kind of country in terms of its distance to the equator?
Answer: equatorial

Question: Which southern continents were once joined as one?
Answer: Australia and Antarctica

Question: The cooling of Antarctica is a time period that can be called?
Answer: ice ages

Question: Antarctica lost its warmth after parting from what land mass?
Answer: Australia

Question: What continent does have major settlements of people?
Answer: Australia

Question: A user that wishes to watch different programs on a television set may use a remote to change what aspect?
Answer: channel

Question: What is the root cause of the ocean freezing?
Answer: Australia split from the southern continent