UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
States_of_Germany

The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bavaria had a bicameral parliament, with a popularly elected Landtag, and a Senate made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a referendum in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The equivalent of the Minister-President is the Senatspräsident (President of the Senate) in Bremen, the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) in Hamburg, and the Regierender Bürgermeister (Governing Mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a Bürgerschaft. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as Landtag (State Parliament).

Question: How do the regular states refer to their government?
Answer: Landesregierung

Question: Of Bremen, Hamburg, and Berlin, which state uses Erster in the title of its office equal to Minister-President ?
Answer: Hamburg

Question: What was the Senate's fate in 1998?
Answer: The Senate was abolished

Question: In which cities do senators do the same thing as ministers?
Answer: Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg

Question: Senate refers to?
Answer: governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg

Question: How is Bremen governed?
Answer: slightly differently from the other states

Question: Landesregierung is used where?
Answer: the other ten states

Question: Staatsregierung is used where?
Answer: Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia

Question: What does the state parliament of Bremen select?
Answer: a Senate of approximately eight

Question: Which state does not have a Burgerschaft for parliament?
Answer: Berlin

Question: How do the free states refer to their government?
Answer: Staatsregierung
Dutch_Republic

In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.

Question: Some formed alliances against an entity, who?
Answer: northern provinces of the Low Countries

Question: Who was the true enemy here?
Answer: Philip II

Question: Who were they supporting in the Union of Ultrecht?
Answer: each other

Question: What made the Low Countries feel that the document was the only way out?
Answer: Spanish army

Question: Of the Union of Utrecht and the Act of Abjuration, which came second?
Answer: Act of Abjuration

Question: What specific part gave the Low Countries the confidence to stand up to Phillip II?
Answer: they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army

Question: What document was produced in the year that comes exactly 100 years after 1481?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration

Question: What controlling entity might the low countries been afraid of?
Answer: provinces from Philip II

Question: How would you guess the people who the Union of Utrecht had a more long term hope?
Answer: Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II

Question: Which came first, the Union of Utrecht or the Act of Abjuration?
Answer: the Union of Utrecht

Question: What did the provinces do to make the Union of Ultrecht official?
Answer: signed

Question: Which came before 1580, the Union of Utrecht or the Act of Abjuration?
Answer: the Union of Utrecht
Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Question: If the stadtholder has the most power what must be happening?
Answer: war

Question: What was the consequence of paying taxes?
Answer: representation

Question: Who would have the most power if there was no current war?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: What happened to provinces that didn't pay taxes
Answer: denied representation in the States General

Question: What would the eighth province have to do in order to have representation?
Answer: paying

Question: When not at war, who had more power?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: Generally speaking, who had a higher rank?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: Why was Drenthe exempt from federal taxes
Answer: this area was so poor

Question: Which was the more senior government body?
Answer: States General

Question: For provinces that couldn't pay taxes what did they not get in return?
Answer: representation

Question: The Provincial States formed what?
Answer: States General

Question: In peacetime who had more power than the stadtholder
Answer: a raadspensionaris

Question: When at peace, who was the main executive leader?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: What  governance did the Provincial States exercise
Answer: Each province
Dutch_Republic

During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: the Reformed Church

Question: What type of services might have been banned in Leiden?
Answer: Roman Catholics

Question: What was the difference in time periods?
Answer: In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy

Question: What did this result in?
Answer: The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders

Question: How did the effects change over time?
Answer: different religions or denominations were persecuted

Question: what group is mentioned last?
Answer: religious refugees

Question: Whom might the religious refugees fleeing from?
Answer: Roman Catholics

Question: what type of occupation is mentioned first?
Answer: public office

Question: What suggests the republic mentioned might be in Netherlands?
Answer: Leiden

Question: What was a consequence?
Answer: people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city

Question: what group is mentioned second to last?
Answer: people opening their homes

Question: what place is mentioned last?
Answer: Europe

Question: What might have promoted immigration to the Republic?
Answer: personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons

Question: What was demandned?
Answer: 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman)
Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

Question: Who took only some control?
Answer: Holland and/or Zeeland

Question: What did the two companies who were under control have in common?
Answer: Dutch

Question: What VOC and WIC in the business of?
Answer: shipping

Question: What are the provinces in control of?
Answer: shipping expeditions

Question: What are the provinces not in control of?
Answer: the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)

Question: Who initiates shipping?
Answer: some of the provinces

Question: Who controls the provinces?
Answer: The States General of the United Provinces

Question: Who answers to the States General?
Answer: Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC

Question: What entities were not countries but still had governing bodies and are plainly listed on a political map?
Answer: Holland and/or Zeeland
Human_Development_Index

The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: what is the second period in time mentioned?
Answer: July 24, 2014

Question: what is the first time period mentioned?
Answer: 2014

Question: When was the list of the "very high human development" countries made available?
Answer: July 24, 2014

Question: Data is from?
Answer: 2013

Question: what is the report studying?
Answer: HDI values

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: United Nations

Question: The UN released this report out of a commitment to?
Answer: Development

Question: What is below this passage?
Answer: list

Question: The program was mainly done by who?
Answer: Nations

Question: what is the last type of mammal mentioned?
Answer: human

Question: What year's data did the Human Development Report refer to?
Answer: 2013

Question: How was the list of the "very high human development" countries produced?
Answer: by the United Nations Development Program

Question: What was the basis for list?
Answer: HDI values

Question: The estimates were not calculated in what year?
Answer: 2014

Question: What were the crucial data for the list?
Answer: estimates for 2013

Question: The report has data on what entities?
Answer: countries
Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

Question: What is mentioned second that  HDI predicts?
Answer: education

Question: A high HDI score might mean that the average person's number of years between birth and death who lives in a certain country is what?
Answer: longer

Question: What did the HDI do?
Answer: rank countries into four tiers of human development

Question: What is one of the tiers besides education and life expectancy?
Answer: income per capita

Question: What is the title of he who is to be credited for the HDI?
Answer: Pakistani economist

Question: If a country has a higher HDI than another country, but the life expectancy of their inhabitants and time spent in education is similar, what is it likely due to?
Answer: income per capita

Question: What is one of the tiers besides education and income per capita?
Answer: life expectancy

Question: What is one of the tiers besides per capita income and life expectancy?
Answer: education

Question: What do Germany, France, US, Canada and North Korea have in common?
Answer: country

Question: What does the HDI hope to tell us?
Answer: whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life

Question: Who promoted Mahbub ul Haq's ideas?
Answer: United Nations Development Programme
Human_Development_Index

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

Question: __ is rled by the House of Thani.
Answer: Qatar

Question: __ was first docmented by Pliny the Elder.
Answer: Qatar

Question: what country that has its name start with the alphabet H is part of the group?
Answer: Hong Kong

Question: What other countries are in the group asides  New Zeeland, Singapore, Hong kong, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait?
Answer: Liechtenstein, Brunei

Question: HDI group consist of what?
Answer: Countries

Question: What country is closest to the US.
Answer: Cuba

Question: What is the 2nd to last country listed
Answer: Cuba

Question: What is the 3nd to last country listed
Answer: Bahrain

Question: __ became indeendent in the 1970s
Answer: Qatar
Human_Development_Index

On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

Question: What color represents no increase  in ranking besides blue
Answer: red

Question: What is the last color to be listed in the following table
Answer: Blue

Question: What is the next to last color to be listed in the table
Answer: red
Dialect

In addition to having evolved, for the most part, separately from one another and with distinct individual histories, the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy are also better classified as separate languages rather than true "dialects" due to the often high degree in which they lack mutual intelligibility. Though mostly mutually unintelligible, the exact degree to which the regional Italian languages are mutual unintelligible varies, often correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers between the languages, with some regional Italian languages that are closer in geographical proximity to each other or closer to each other on the dialect continuum being more or less mutually intelligible. For instance, a speaker of purely Eastern Lombard, a language in Northern Italy's Lombardy region that includes the Bergamasque dialect, would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely standard Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a speaker of a pure Sicilian language variant. Due to Eastern Lombard's status as a Gallo-Italic language, an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with a Occitan, Catalan, or French speaker than a standard Italian or Sicilian language speaker. Meanwhile, a Sicilian language speaker would have an greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language, but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic, a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language.

Question: Why do the Romance languages lack mutual intelligibility?
Answer: evolved, for the most part, separately from one another and with distinct individual histories

Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
Answer: Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy are also better classified as separate languages rather than true "dialects"

Question: Why are the latin romance languages not dialects?
Answer: intelligibility

Question: What language would someone from Catalan use in order to be understood by someone speaking Gallo-Italic?
Answer: Eastern Lombard speaker

Question: Which language would a Sicilian speaker have more difficulty understanding?
Answer: Sicilian Gallo-Italic

Question: What creates mutual unintelligible languages in a region?
Answer: geographical distance or geographical barriers

Question: What kind of things play a part in intelligibility?
Answer: geographical

Question: What part of the passage cites an example to make its point?
Answer: an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with a Occitan, Catalan, or French speaker than a standard Italian or Sicilian language speaker

Question: What is a trend for the differences between these languages?
Answer: correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers

Question: What is the island mentioned?
Answer: Sicilian
Dialect

The most common, and most purely linguistic, criterion is that of mutual intelligibility: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other; otherwise, they are said to be different languages. However, this definition becomes problematic in the case of dialect continua, in which it may be the case that dialect B is mutually intelligible with both dialect A and dialect C but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible with each other. In this case the criterion of mutual intelligibility makes it impossible to decide whether A and C are dialects of the same language or not. Cases may also arise in which a speaker of dialect X can understand a speaker of dialect Y, but not vice versa; the mutual intelligibility criterion flounders here as well.

Question: When can deciding whether a dialect of language is difficult?
Answer: in which it may be the case that dialect B is mutually intelligible with both dialect A and dialect C but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible with each other

Question: Why does dialect continua cause issues with mutual intelligibility?
Answer: makes it impossible to decide whether A and C are dialects of the same language or not

Question: What would happen if two people do not speak the same language but can understand each other?
Answer: mutual intelligibility

Question: The definition of if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand a speak of the other doesn't always work because of?
Answer: dialect continua

Question: What happens when two people speak different dialects instead of languages?
Answer: mutual intelligibility

Question: When does the concept of mutual intelligibility not hold true?
Answer: a speaker of dialect X can understand a speaker of dialect Y, but not vice versa

Question: Dialects are versions of a?
Answer: language

Question: What directly conflicts with the meaning of mutual intelligibility?
Answer: dialect continua

Question: What happens when 3 different dialects are not completely mutually intelligible with each other?
Answer: the mutual intelligibility criterion flounders

Question: Intelligibility means?
Answer: being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other

Question: What happens when one speaker can understand another speaker but that understanding is not reciprocated?
Answer: the mutual intelligibility criterion flounders
Dialect

There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user's frame of reference. For example, there is discussion about if the Limón Creole English must be considered as "a kind" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendant of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends on the University they belong.

Question: Limon Creol English is discussed in this article as an example of what?
Answer: The distinction is therefore subjective and

Question: What is one factor that determines whether linguists see Creole as a separate language or a dialect of English?
Answer: the University they belong

Question: How do you distinguish a dialect from a different language?
Answer: subjective

Question: What are some problems arising from the contradictory results of rough measures of determining language from dialect
Answer: The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user's frame of reference

Question: How do the determinations about the Limon  Creole English support the argument about contradictory results
Answer: The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends on the University they belong

Question: What is an example of determination about language vs. dialect being dependent on a user's frame of reference
Answer: The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends on the University they belong

Question: Which country is responsible for the origins of Limon Creole?
Answer: Jamaican

Question: How does one tell whether one hears different dialects of the same language
Answer: There is no universally accepted criterion

Question: What is used as a an example to support the passage?
Answer: creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendant of Jamaican people

Question: What does the lack of universally accepted criterion for distinguishing between a language or a dialect cause?
Answer: contradictory results

Question: What is one of the main assertions made by the passage?
Answer: no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language

Question: Who still speaks Lemon Creole ENglish
Answer: descendant of Jamaican people

Question: What is the main insight one can draw from the passage?
Answer: The distinction is therefore subjective
Database

While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

Question: Which way of surfacing database information is less useful, business-related or technical?
Answer: technical

Question: What type of view only has one view besides logical?
Answer: physical (or internal)

Question: What is a view other than logical and external?
Answer: internal

Question: What is a view other than external and internal?
Answer: logical

Question: Why is is necessary to differentiate what areas see what data?
Answer: allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather

Question: Which of the following is the HR department responsible for: maintaining the database, calculating expenses, or tracking employee details?
Answer: details about employees

Question: What type of view only has one view besides internal?
Answer: conceptual (or logical)

Question: What views only have one view?
Answer: conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal)

Question: What is the antithesis of what would one say is normal regarding data?
Answer: there can be any number of different external views

Question: Which department does NOT handle employee details?
Answer: financial

Question: What logic suggests that different areas of a business need different views?
Answer: For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department