UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Antarctica

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.

Question: What is the exact number of estimated inches of water falls near shore in Antarctica?
Answer: 8 in

Question: Does anyone live in Antarctica all the time?
Answer: There are no permanent human residents

Question: What does Antarctica have the tallest of?
Answer: highest average elevation

Question: What is the population of Antarctica?
Answer: There are no permanent human residents

Question: Describe Antarctica as a continent?
Answer: the coldest, driest, and windiest continent

Question: What types of plants live in Antarctica?
Answer: tundra

Question: What is the most amount of people in Antarctica at one time?
Answer: 5,000 people

Question: What is likely a big surprise to hear is in Antarctica?
Answer: Antarctica is considered a desert

Question: How many people live in Antarctica year round?
Answer: no permanent human residents

Question: Where would you find smaller amounts of falling water from the sky?
Answer: inland

Question: What is the record cold temperature in American values?
Answer: −128.6 °F

Question: What do people do in Antarctica?
Answer: research
Antarctica

Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites. Most of these meteorites have fallen onto the ice sheet in the last million years. Motion of the ice sheet tends to concentrate the meteorites at blocking locations such as mountain ranges, with wind erosion bringing them to the surface after centuries beneath accumulated snowfall. Compared with meteorites collected in more temperate regions on Earth, the Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved.

Question: What is Antarctica?
Answer: regions on Earth

Question: What makes Antarctic meteorites more desirable than meteorites from other continents?
Answer: Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved

Question: How long have meteorites been accumulating in Antarctica?
Answer: some may have originated on larger planets

Question: What was the cause of the discovery of meteorites in this area?
Answer: fallen onto the ice sheet

Question: Where is Antarctica located?
Answer: Earth

Question: What nature process tends to reveal meteortites in Antarctica?
Answer: wind erosion

Question: What Antarctica is not?
Answer: temperate regions on Earth

Question: Where is Earth located?
Answer: in the solar system

Question: Why are meteorites of particular scientific interest to astronomers and cosmologists?
Answer: are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system

Question: Where are meteorites most likely to be recovered in Antarctica?
Answer: blocking locations such as mountain ranges

Question: What can you find on Antarctica's mountains?
Answer: snowfall
Roman_Republic

In 77 BC, the senate sent one of Sulla's former lieutenants, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"), to put down an uprising in Spain. By 71 BC, Pompey returned to Rome after having completed his mission. Around the same time, another of Sulla's former lieutenants, Marcus Licinius Crassus, had just put down the Spartacus-led gladiator/slave revolt in Italy. Upon their return, Pompey and Crassus found the populares party fiercely attacking Sulla's constitution. They attempted to forge an agreement with the populares party. If both Pompey and Crassus were elected consul in 70 BC, they would dismantle the more obnoxious components of Sulla's constitution. The two were soon elected, and quickly dismantled most of Sulla's constitution.

Question: How could Pompey and Crassus dismantle Sulla's constitution?
Answer: elected consul

Question: Which of the following was not a former lieutenant: Sulla, Crassus or Pompey?
Answer: Sulla

Question: Other than Spain, where else did the senate have someone sent?
Answer: Italy

Question: Who was acting against Sulla?
Answer: populares party

Question: Who were working together?
Answer: Pompey and Crassus

Question: Which group of people brought up the social movement in Italy?
Answer: slave

Question: Upon there return, what happened to Pompey and Crassus?
Answer: attempted to forge an agreement with the populares party

Question: Which occured first, Pompey's return to Rome or Pompey and Crassus being elected consul?
Answer: Pompey returned to Rome

Question: Who was the leader of Pompey and Crassus?
Answer: Sulla

Question: Which occured earlier, the uprising in Spain or Pompey's return to Rome?
Answer: uprising in Spain

Question: Who was defeated by defeated by Crassus?
Answer: Spartacus

Question: What happened after the uprisings were defeated?
Answer: found the populares party fiercely attacking Sulla's constitution
Roman_Republic

By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness. The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators refused to address their situation. The result was the final plebeian secession. The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill. To end the secession, a dictator was appointed. The dictator passed a law (the Lex Hortensia), which ended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council. This was not the first law to require that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law. The Plebeian Council acquired this power during a modification to the original Valerian law in 449 BC. The significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the patricians of their final weapon over the plebeians. The result was that control over the state fell, not onto the shoulders of voters, but to the new plebeian nobility.

Question: How did the group go about seeking assistance?
Answer: demanded relief

Question: What was the solution?
Answer: a dictator was appointed

Question: What was the effect of the law?
Answer: The result was that control over the state fell, not onto the shoulders of voters, but to the new plebeian nobility

Question: What happened to the Plebeians prior to the secession?
Answer: widespread indebtedness

Question: What did the dictator do?
Answer: passed a law (the Lex Hortensia), which ended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council

Question: What concerned the populice?
Answer: the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor

Question: What was the first thing done after seceding?
Answer: a dictator was appointed

Question: Why was the group forced to  their eventual destination?
Answer: the senators refused to address their situation

Question: Who owed a large sum?
Answer: the average plebeian

Question: What was the result of the issue?
Answer: The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators refused to address their situation

Question: What was the final act by politicians that angered the plebeians before seceding?
Answer: the senators refused to address their situation

Question: Around what date did the plebians secede?
Answer: 287 BC
Roman_Republic

The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights was called "optimo jure." The optimo jure elected their assemblies, whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates, enacted legislation, presided over trials in capital cases, declared war and peace, and forged or dissolved treaties. There were two types of legislative assemblies. The first was the comitia ("committees"), which were assemblies of all optimo jure. The second was the concilia ("councils"), which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure.

Question: What kind of citizen could be a part of the committees?
Answer: adult male

Question: Unlike today, being born in or simply living in Rome did not give you what?
Answer: citizenship

Question: What was the comitia?
Answer: comitia

Question: What happened to a Roman if he committed a crime?
Answer: trial and appeal

Question: Who decided to go to war?
Answer: assemblies

Question: Which legislative bodies elected magistrates?
Answer: comitia

Question: How were Romans protected from each other in business deals?
Answer: binding contracts

Question: Who had the right to vote in the Roman society?
Answer: male citizen

Question: Who had a right to conduct business with binding contracts in Roman society?
Answer: citizen

Question: Who created the laws in Roman times?
Answer: optimo jure

Question: Who had tax exemptions?
Answer: optimo jure

Question: Who had the right to marry?
Answer: Roman citizenship

Question: Who voted on laws in Roman times?
Answer: optimo jure

Question: What rights did an adult male citizen in rome have?
Answer: the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions

Question: What is the optimp jure?
Answer: An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights

Question: What did optimo jure hold?
Answer: the full complement of legal and political rights

Question: Who had the right to hold office in Roman Society?
Answer: male citizen

Question: What type of official could a Roman citizen elect?
Answer: assemblies
Roman_Republic

Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War, of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry. Rome's Italian allies would be organized in alae, or wings, roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions, though with 900 cavalry instead of 300.

Question: What did the Etruscans provide to Rome?
Answer: army

Question: At the beginning of the Second Punic War who were some of Rome's allies who contributed to the Roman armies?
Answer: the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities

Question: Whose culture was more similar to the Romans, the Italians or the Greeks?
Answer: Italian

Question: The Campanians had to donate soldiers to __
Answer: Rome's army

Question: If you did not belong in the cavalry, where were you in the Roman army?
Answer: infantry

Question: Bruttii provided men to fight alongside __
Answer: Rome's army

Question: What is the differentiating feature between alae and legions?
Answer: 900 cavalry instead of 300

Question: What, in part, did the Greeks help give Rome during the Second Punic War?
Answer: half of Rome's army

Question: How many soldiers in the Second Punic War were able to ride on horses?
Answer: 70,000

Question: If half of the army was provided by the Socii and Greek cities, where did the other half come from?
Answer: Rome's

Question: If they were not Italian, what were Rome's allies?
Answer: Greek

Question: Who listed the amount of manpower available to Rome via their own forces as well as those of their allies?
Answer: Polybius

Question: How many soldiers in the Roman army couldn't ride horses?
Answer: 700,000

Question: The ___ had three times as many horses as the Roman army.
Answer: alae

Question: Which of the following is not one of the Socii: the Campanians, the Lucani, or Polybius?
Answer: Polybius

Question: If you were fighting on horse for Rome at the beginning of the Second Punic War, you were one soldier out of how many people?
Answer: 70,000

Question: Of the total forces available to Rome at the beginning of the Second Punic War, about how many were contributed from their military allies?
Answer: roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions

Question: If you were fighting for Rome at the beginning of the Second Punic War and you did not have a horse, you were one soldier out of how many people?
Answer: 700,000

Question: Which had more cavalry, the wings or the legions?
Answer: wings
Roman_Republic

After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities.

Question: When did the Roman upgrade their fleet?
Answer: following the subjugation of the Mediterranean

Question: What kind of country were the romans from?
Answer: Republic

Question: Where did the ships meet under caesar?
Answer: English Channel

Question: The English Channel is the gateway to?
Answer: Britannia

Question: What happened to the Roman fleet before they invaded Britannia?
Answer: declined in size

Question: When did the Romans adjust to new needs in the navy?
Answer: following the subjugation of the Mediterranean

Question: The fleet was for use in an?
Answer: invasion
Roman_Republic

This growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While there were exceptions to this (such as military rule of Sicily after the First Punic War), it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire, at least in certain locations. This shift mainly took place in parts of the west, such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal.

Question: What language was not the official language in the Roman Empire, but is now the official language of Rome?
Answer: Italian

Question: Another name for the Carthaginians, a group of people in the Western Mediterranean is?
Answer: Punic

Question: Rome is not located in which hemisphere that includes South American and Australia?
Answer: southern

Question: What was the coalition forcing for Rome?
Answer: confrontation

Question: What war fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic occured from 264 to 241 BC?
Answer: First Punic

Question: The front part of a person's head that includes their forehead, eyes, mouth and chin is called?
Answer: face

Question: People from Sicily are given what nationality?
Answer: Italian

Question: What were the alliances considered to be after the second punic war?
Answer: empire

Question: Who was at risk of confrontation?
Answer: Rome

Question: In the US Civil War, Union troops fought against whom?
Answer: confederacy

Question: What Punic War occured between 264 to 241 BC in the Western Mediterranean region?
Answer: First

Question: Mount Etna is located in what island in Italy?
Answer: Sicily

Question: What did the armed forces have control over?
Answer: Sicily

Question: At what timing of the Second Punic War did alliances harden?
Answer: after

Question: Ancient Carthage had what language, which stemed from Phoenician?
Answer: Punic
Roman_Republic

The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation. Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery.

Question: Who was wise to use cheat to win?
Answer: Jugurtha

Question: What relationship did Numidia have to Rome?
Answer: a loyal ally

Question: What would make one think if it wasn't for natural barriers that Rome would have continued expanding?
Answer: It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain

Question: To Rome, what was Numidia?
Answer: a loyal ally

Question: What in Africa kept Rome from expanding its empire further?
Answer: natural barriers of desert and mountain

Question: Who helped?
Answer: Numidia

Question: Who turned their backs on someone?
Answer: Romans

Question: Where was Numidia?
Answer: Northern Africa

Question: Why did Rome initiate the Jugurthine War?
Answer: Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia

Question: What was contested?
Answer: usurpation

Question: What no longer happened?
Answer: expansion
Roman_Republic

One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This change is sometimes attributed to Marcus Furius Camillus and placed shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC; it is more likely, however, that they were copied from Rome's Samnite enemies to the south, possibly as a result of Samnite victories during the Second Samnite War (326 to 304 BC).

Question: The opposite of losses is called?
Answer: victories

Question: Individuals from the country of Rome today is considered to be of what nationality?
Answer: Italian

Question: Why did the Romans choose to replace the phalanx formation?
Answer: it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces

Question: What year was the campaign into Gaul?
Answer: 390 BC

Question: Relating to the region of ancient France is called?
Answer: Gallic

Question: When was the manipular formation first used?
Answer: shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC

Question: Who were Romes southern enemies at the end of the 4th Century BC?
Answer: Samnite

Question: A landmass projecting out into a body of water is called a?
Answer: peninsula

Question: What didn't the Romans prefer: the phalanx or the manipular formation?
Answer: phalanx

Question: The antonym of advantage is called?
Answer: disadvantage

Question: Who did not come out victorious during 326 to 304 BC: Romans or Samnite?
Answer: Romans

Question: Where didn't the Romans get the idea of using the manipular formation: Marcus Furius Camillus or the Samnite enemies?
Answer: Marcus Furius Camillus

Question: Which campaign is the more likely to be responsible for the manipular formation?
Answer: Second Samnite War
Roman_Republic

After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War. Rome beat the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum, after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule.

Question: What did the Romans need to do before their expansion?
Answer: recovering surprisingly fast

Question: What were Vesuvius and Trifanum before the Romans arrived?
Answer: Latin cities

Question: Which battle was first, Trifanum or Vesuvius?
Answer: Vesuvius

Question: what conflict is mentioned third to last?
Answer: the Latin War

Question: What did the Latin allies make the Romans to do?
Answer: forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict

Question: What did the Romans do before beating the latins?
Answer: beat the Samnites

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned last?
Answer: Roman

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: Romans

Question: What happened to the people of Rome after the First Samnite War?
Answer: forced to withdraw

Question: What did Rome do before continuing the war?
Answer: withdraw

Question: what place is mentioned first?'
Answer: Rome

Question: what place is mentioned second?
Answer: Italy
Roman_Republic

Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ("ultimate decree of the senate"). Both devices would allow the Senate to bypass the ordinary due process rights that all citizens had. Gaius outlawed the judicial commissions, and declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional. Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support. He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC, but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome. Though the senate retained control, the Gracchi had strengthened the political influence of the plebeians.

Question: How did Giaus implement his ultimate goal?
Answer: declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional

Question: Who was against granting citizenship to their allies?
Answer: the plebeians

Question: Who opposed the citizenship law suggested by Tiberius' brother?
Answer: the plebeians

Question: Who is the brother of the man that was killed by senate representatives in 121 BC?
Answer: Tiberius

Question: Who caused the death of the man whose goal was to strengthen democratic forces and weaken the senate?
Answer: representatives of the senate

Question: Besides special judicial commissions, what allowed the senate to skip due process rights?
Answer: passing a senatus consultum ultimum

Question: Who was removed after a senatus consultum ultimum was passed?
Answer: political rivals

Question: What caused the demise and murder of Gaius?
Answer: Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support