UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Seven_Years%27_War

The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Question: A citizen of France is considered what nationality?
Answer: French

Question: What caused the defeat that occurred in Kunowice, Poland?
Answer: misjudgment of the Russians

Question: When was the Battle of Kunersdorf?
Answer: 1759

Question: Who were the Hanoverians successful in battling?
Answer: French

Question: Give an example of a date that occurred in the 18th Century?
Answer: 1759

Question: What made Frederick contemplate killing himself?
Answer: the worst defeat in his military career

Question: When was the Battle of Maxen?
Answer: 1759

Question: When was Paltzig?
Answer: 1759

Question: Where was the battle that caused General Frederick to almost kill himself?
Answer: Kunowice Poland

Question: What battle was commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel?
Answer: and

Question: Where was the Hanoverian's successful battle located?
Answer: Minden

Question: Who was victorious at Paltzig?
Answer: Russians
Seven_Years%27_War

The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.

Question: What other name was given to the first world war?
Answer: Second Hundred Years' War

Question: The 18th century was defined by international conflicts that were?
Answer: almost continuous

Question: Compared to the wars of the 18th century, the ones that happened 400 years before were?
Answer: compact

Question: When did the more well-known world-wide conflict occur?
Answer: 14th century

Question: What nature was the Thirty Years' War?
Answer: world-wide conflict

Question: When did the first world war occur?
Answer: 18th century

Question: The conflicts of the 18th century reminded some of?
Answer: the 14th century
Humanism

In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German "race" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists. Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial; Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century "it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them". For "it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason". Yet, he continues, "it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organise and campaign in defence of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms."

Question: What does Davies believe about persecution?
Answer: humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative

Question: What made phrases like the 'triumph of human reason' ironic and haunting?
Answer: horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century

Question: Who failed to offer an alternative emancipatory project?
Answer: antihumanists

Question: Who definitively considered himself NOT a humanist, Jurgen Habermas or Heidegger?
Answer: Jürgen Habermas

Question: Who wrote Letter On Humanism?
Answer: Heidegger

Question: Who did NOT support the Nazis, Heidegger or Davies?
Answer: Davies

Question: Habermas can be described as one of what group?
Answer: critics

Question: Who advocated for humanism, but only for a select few?
Answer: Heidegger

Question: What drags folly and brutality with them?
Answer: phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason'

Question: Who published a book in 1997?
Answer: Tony Davies

Question: Besides Hiedegger, whom else did the ancient Greeks inspire?
Answer: Others

Question: Who had an ancient model of humanism?
Answer: Greeks

Question: Who were the humanist anti-humanists?
Answer: critics
Humanism

Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. Potter's book and the Manifesto became the cornerstones of modern humanism, the latter declaring a new religion by saying, "any religion that can hope to be a synthesising and dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To establish such a religion is a major necessity of the present." It then presented 15 theses of humanism as foundational principles for this new religion.

Question: Who was responsible for the manifesto?
Answer: Raymond B. Bragg

Question: What did Potter's book shape?
Answer: new religion

Question: Who had a job reviewing news stories for a newspaper?
Answer: Raymond B. Bragg

Question: What was the Humanist Manifesto based on?
Answer: document

Question: Who wrote the Humanist Manifesto?
Answer: Roy Wood Sellars

Question: What contributed to the Humanist Manifesto?
Answer: the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference

Question: What enabled the manifesto?
Answer: Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information

Question: Who did Bragg asked to consolidate information: Leon Milton Birkhead or Roy Wood Sellars?
Answer: Roy Wood Sellars

Question: Which item that is not a book is important to modern humanism?
Answer: Manifesto

Question: Who worked for a newspaper?
Answer: Raymond B. Bragg
Humanism

Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est ("The human being is a god to humanity" or "god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself"), Feuerbach had written.

Question: Which of the two conjoined narratives came second?
Answer: 19th-century Biblical criticism

Question: What happened to the philosophies of the 1700's and the biblical analysis of the 1800's?
Answer: The two themes converged and competed

Question: What narrative was characterized as political and largely French in inspiration?
Answer: the 18th-century Philosophes

Question: In what form did the narratives go against the each other?
Answer: complex ways

Question: Who authored the publication that connects two narratives?
Answer: Paine

Question: What do the philosophies of the 1700's glorify?
Answer: humanity

Question: What does German philosophy glorify?
Answer: knowledge

Question: Who mentions a connection with the narrative mentiond?
Answer: Davies
Humanism

Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy.

Question: Altruism came from what?
Answer: live for others

Question: Who, between Auguste Comte and Harriet Montineau, was an abolitionist?
Answer: Harriet Martineau

Question: What was George Henry Lewes's occupation?
Answer: the biographer of Goethe

Question: What was the reason that the cult made up of atheists revered what they did?
Answer: most humans who have ever lived are dead

Question: What kind of religion did Auguste Comte propose?
Answer: a secular Religion of Humanity

Question: What was based on Catholicism?
Answer: an atheistic culte

Question: Who, between Goethe and George Henry Lewes, was a biographer?
Answer: George Henry Lewes

Question: Eliot included George Henry Lewes and who else in her circle?
Answer: Harriet Martineau

Question: Who, between George Henry Lewes and Auguste Comte, was Goethe's biographer?
Answer: George Henry Lewes

Question: What was worshipped in Comte's proposed religion?
Answer: the dead

Question: Who was in the close group of George Eliot?
Answer: George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau
Unicode

Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only, 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.

Question: How many characters are in the Unicode subset supported by Windows?
Answer: 652

Question: Windows can handle what languages?
Answer: contemporary European

Question: What are WGL-4, MES-1, and MES-3B all examples of?
Answer: Unicode

Question: Characters make up writing systems called?
Answer: scripts

Question: How many characters would you find in the Multilingual European Subset that includes everything from MES-1 and WGL-4?
Answer: 1062

Question: what sets named have the most characters
Answer: MES-3A & MES-3B

Question: Unicode is made up of?
Answer: characters

Question: The second Multilingual European subset includes everything from which other Unicode subsets?
Answer: MES-1 and WGL-4

Question: the mes subsets are part of
Answer: Unicode
Unicode

In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "wide character" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.

Question: What kind of representation does UTF-32 provide?
Answer: fairly direct

Question: What can now be used as representation in pythin
Answer: UTF-32

Question: What is an exception to one 32 bit code representing the code point?
Answer: the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence

Question: What type of text is UTF-32 most commonly used for, text in programs, stored text or transmitted text?
Answer: text in programs

Question: What is Seed7?
Answer: programming languages

Question: Which of the following is not a programming language: Seed7, Unix, or Python?
Answer: Unix

Question: What has each code point represented by something other than a variable number of code values?
Answer: UTF-32 and UCS-4

Question: Why is UTX 32 used to often in programs?
Answer: every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "wide character" encoding

Question: What is usually used to represent words?
Answer: UTF-32

Question: What are you able to do using UTF-32 in Python following the 2.2 update?
Answer: use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings

Question: Which of the following is not an encoding: UTF-32, Seed7, or UCS-4?
Answer: Seed7

Question: How is software created?
Answer: coded

Question: What is the purpose of UTF-32 in Unix OS's that generate software using gcc compilers?
Answer: an internal representation of text in programs

Question: What might be different about the Unix operating system when compared to the Windows operating system?
Answer: endianness
Biodiversity

Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat crop is destroyed by a pest we may plant a hardier variety of wheat the next year, relying on intraspecific diversity. We may forgo wheat production in that area and plant a different species altogether, relying on interspecific diversity. Even an agricultural society which primarily grows monocultures, relies on biodiversity at some point.

Question: Plant ___ can be classed as monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous according to how many hosts they have
Answer: pest

Question: What is the solution to an unsuccessful field of food?
Answer: agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new

Question: A _is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products.
Answer: pest

Question: How does inter- and intra- specific crop diversity differe?
Answer: Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat

Question: What is used if a pest destroys a wheat crop?
Answer: agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new

Question: How do the types differe?
Answer: responsible for offering variety in what we eat

Question: How does diversity work in practice?
Answer: If a wheat crop is destroyed by a pest we may plant a hardier variety of wheat the next year, relying on intraspecific diversity

Question: What makes one species provide us with a bunch of different meal options?
Answer: the variety of alleles

Question: Why do we have a lot of meal options within a species?
Answer: Intraspecific diversity

Question: What counter-intuitively needs to use crop diversity?
Answer: monocultures

Question: What is a specific example of why food might not successfully grow?
Answer: a pest

Question: What is needed to sustain people?
Answer: crop diversity

Question: A __  is a competitor of humanity
Answer: pest
Biodiversity

In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses.

Question: What was the largest portion of wildlife lost?
Answer: the freshwater wildlife

Question: Which has suffered a less significant loss according to the Living Planet Report 2014: freshwater wildlife or marine wildlife?
Answer: marine

Question: Do wealthy nations suffer a more significant ecosystem loss or do poorer nations suffer more?
Answer: poorer

Question: What is the likely economic status of Latin American countries?
Answer: low-income

Question: Who was hurt the most in terms of wild life?
Answer: 76% for the freshwater wildlife

Question: What is higher where biodiversity increased?
Answer: income

Question: Why would America be harder hit than perhaps a region in Africa?
Answer: high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries

Question: Which year did the planet have a higher biodiversity percentage, 1970 or 2014?
Answer: 1970

Question: What biome matches the marine ecosystem in terms of biodiversity lost?
Answer: terrestrial

Question: What's happened since the 70th year of the 20th century?
Answer: the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity

Question: In what direction was the smallest percentage change in biodiversity cited?
Answer: increase

Question: Which aquatic environment is saltier?
Answer: marine

Question: What are the losses we have caused?
Answer: 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone

Question: What is the correlation between socioeconomic status and the health of biodiversity?
Answer: High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries

Question: What group has suffered the same amount of loss as the  marine wildlife according to The Living Planet Report 2014?
Answer: terrestrial

Question: Which type of nation consume less ecological resources, high-income or low-income?
Answer: low
Biodiversity

Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide and it has the largest number of endemics (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined, Colombia has 10% of the world’s mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species, and 18% of the bird species of the world. Madagascar dry deciduous forests and lowland rainforests possess a high ratio of endemism.[citation needed] Since the island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago, many species and ecosystems have evolved independently.[citation needed] Indonesia's 17,000 islands cover 735,355 square miles (1,904,560 km2) and contain 10% of the world's flowering plants, 12% of mammals, and 17% of reptiles, amphibians and birds—along with nearly 240 million people. Many regions of high biodiversity and/or endemism arise from specialized habitats which require unusual adaptations, for example, alpine environments in high mountains, or Northern European peat bogs.[citation needed]

Question: Does Colombia have more of the world's mammals species or bird species?
Answer: bird species

Question: Do the 17,000 islands of Indonesia contain more of the world's flowering plants or reptiles, amphibians and birds?
Answer: reptiles, amphibians and birds

Question: What was the third thing listed that the Atlantic Forest contains?
Answer: millions of insects

Question: What can be found in Colombia?
Answer: 1,900 species of bird

Question: How many unique insects in Atlantic Forest?
Answer: about half

Question: Why is Madagascar so diverse?
Answer: the island separated from mainland Africa

Question: How much diversity is found in Columbia?
Answer: 10%

Question: Does Colombia have less of the world's mammals species or amphibian species?
Answer: mammals species

Question: Which country has the most diverse mammals?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: Which country has the highest amphibian species?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: What was the second thing listed that the Atlantic Forest contains?
Answer: 1,350 vertebrates

Question: Do the 17,000 islands of Indonesia contain more of the world's flowering plants or mammals?
Answer: mammals

Question: Do the 17,000 islands of Indonesia contain more of the world's reptiles, amphibians and birds or mammals?
Answer: reptiles, amphibians and birds