UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets. As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012. The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas and Yingli.

Question: Were total investments in renewable energy higher in 2011 or 2012?
Answer: 2011

Question: In which year was total investment in renewable energy higher than $250 billion, 2012 or 2011?
Answer: 2011

Question: Was there more investing in power plants, wind and solar PV in 2012 or 2000?
Answer: 2012

Question: What are some of the most famous institutions that offer renewable energy services?
Answer: BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas and Yingli

Question: What happened to the contribution of renewable energies in a time span of 12 years?
Answer: As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012

Question: Was the share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV bigger in 2000 or 2012?
Answer: 2012

Question: What time period were solar prices not as high: 2011 or 2012?
Answer: 2012

Question: How much did the investment in renewable energies increase or decrease in the year before 2013?
Answer: down 12% from 2011

Question: Which year saw higher growth in the investment in renewable energy: 2012 or 2011?
Answer: 2011

Question: In which year was the share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV higher than 15%, 2000 or 2012?
Answer: 2012

Question: Which year saw less growth in the total share of investment in power plants, wind and solar PV: 2000 or 2012?
Answer: 2000
Renewable_energy_commercialization

According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 – and half of all energy needs – with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity".

Question: Solar power may produce most of the world's electricity at?
Answer: 2060

Question: What do hydropower plants satisfy?
Answer: energy needs

Question: What does wind plants not produce?
Answer: greenhouse gases

Question: What is needed to generate energy?
Answer: solar

Question: How much is the remaining energy produced by wind, biomass and hydropower?
Answer: half

Question: What is IEA?
Answer: International Energy Agency

Question: What is being generated?
Answer: electricity

Question: Where is the information coming from?
Answer: 2011 projection

Question: What kind of power plant is solar-thermal plant?
Answer: half

Question: Other non-greenhouse gas, non-solar forms of energy are?
Answer: wind, hydropower and biomass

Question: The International Energy Agency studies?
Answer: Energy
Renewable_energy_commercialization

The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

Question: What has incentivized people to use renewable energy?
Answer: global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns

Question: When will renewable energy provide over 1/5 of all energy?
Answer: 2050

Question: The group which said there are few fundamental technological limits involves what bodies?
Answer: Intergovernmental

Question: What was the lowest renewable energy use predicted for 2030?
Answer: more than 17%

Question: What was the lowest renewable energy use predicted for 2050?
Answer: 27%

Question: Why do people want to use renewable energy?
Answer: global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns

Question: What year is not expected to see 77% of renewable energy use?
Answer: 2030

Question: How much of the demand can renewable energy fill, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?
Answer: most

Question: What is Pacala studying?
Answer: a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change

Question: What isn't a favorable outcome?
Answer: catastrophic climate change
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.

Question: The earliest __ were in Greece.
Answer: laboratories

Question: Who pays for these things that aren't taxes but can be shifted?
Answer: government

Question: Darkrooms are film __
Answer: laboratories

Question: These things that aren't taxes but can be shifted are responsible for?
Answer: many technologies and industries

Question: Most of what are from public funding?
Answer: 20 key innovations from the past 30 years

Question: __ also include workshop spaces.
Answer: laboratories

Question: What modern entity was created by subsidy?
Answer: the Internet

Question: How many of the top 20 innovations were privately funded?
Answer: one
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.

Question: What might get more popular for governments to do in the future?
Answer: Setting national renewable energy targets

Question: What might we see more countries doing in the future?
Answer: Setting national renewable energy targets

Question: What is being protected?
Answer: energy

Question: What are some countries hoping to accomplish?
Answer: Setting national renewable energy targets

Question: How much % electricty did the EU want to be renewable?
Answer: 22

Question: What might be limited one day?
Answer: energy
Iran

In 2004, a large share of natural gas reserves in Iran were untapped. The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts. Of that amount, about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009. Iran is the third country in the world to have developed GTL technology.

Question: where is Iran in GTL tech?
Answer: third

Question: what is the first place mentioned?
Answer: Iran

Question: What kind of power had the largest share of power?
Answer: natural gas

Question: what is the last place mentioned?
Answer: Iran

Question: What contributed to the increase of power production of Iran in 2004?
Answer: The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations

Question: which nations resources was not used?
Answer: Iran

Question: what is the second to last structure mentioned?
Answer: geothermal plants

Question: What kind of power was made more efficient?
Answer: coal and oil-fired stations

Question: in 2004 solar thermal plant was the what of its kind?
Answer: first

Question: what is the second type of energy source mentioned?
Answer: hydroelectric

Question: what is the last time period mentioned?
Answer: 2009

Question: iran is famed for?
Answer: GTL technology
Iran

The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids, and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.

Question: What scene expresses complex movement and sequences?
Answer: a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground

Question: What artistic expression becomes highly sophisticated in ancient Iranian history?
Answer: bas-reliefs

Question: What makes bas reliefs from this period so interesting?
Answer: articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner

Question: Why are bas-reliefs from the Sassanid Era highly regarded by art historians?
Answer: works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner

Question: When was the ceiling of the Iranian visual representations?
Answer: 500 BC

Question: What was the pig doing after being hurt?
Answer: escaping

Question: What art form achieves a high degree of sophistication during the Achaemenid period?
Answer: bas-reliefs

Question: What elements do the visual representations in Iranian history have?
Answer: visual language

Question: The government of Persepolis was a?
Answer: kingdom

Question: What was Persepolis known for?
Answer: grammar and syntax of visual language

Question: What is represented in a piece of art from Taq Bostan?
Answer: a complex hunting scene

Question: What must adhere to the rules of visual language?
Answer: the figures at Persepolis

Question: Persepolis is of what culture in the modern day?
Answer: Iranian

Question: An art form at the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of the Achaemeids is?
Answer: figures
Iran

The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

Question: How do we know when to date the term Iran?
Answer: inscription at Rustam Relief

Question: What language does Aryan come from?
Answer: Proto-Iranian

Question: What does Arya mean exactly in relations to the term Iran?
Answer: Aryan

Question: There are several Iranian what?
Answer: languages

Question: What is the other language that derives from Proto Iranian, other than Parthian?
Answer: Middle Persian

Question: When can we tie the origination of the word Iran?
Answer: 3rd-century

Question: The terms that are used for Iram and Iranians come from which term?
Answer: arya

Question: What is the term found in an inscription at Rustam Relief that means Iranians?
Answer: Aryān

Question: The Persian and what culture contributed to Iran?
Answer: Parthian

Question: When was the term from which derives Iran first found?
Answer: 3rd-century

Question: Iron is an?
Answer: other Iranian ethnic names
Iran

In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great, son of Mandane and Cambyses I, took over the Median Empire, and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states. The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt. The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyages, and was quickly spread to other provinces, as they allied with the Persians. Later conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded the empire to include Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, parts of the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper, as well as the lands to the west of the Indus and Oxus rivers.

Question: Who benefited most from the Persian revolt?
Answer: Cyrus

Question: What event was triggered by the actions of Astyages?
Answer: Persian Revolt

Question: What was necessary for the Media conquest?
Answer: Persian Revolt

Question: Who was responsible for gaining Babylon?
Answer: Cyrus and his successors

Question: What made the Persian Revolt successful?
Answer: other provinces, as they allied with the Persians

Question: Who ruled Media after 550 BC?
Answer: Cyrus the Great

Question: Who was defeated when Cyrus took over the Median Empire?
Answer: Astyages

Question: Who was responsible for gaining Egypt?
Answer: Cyrus and his successors

Question: The Persian Revolt led to which person taking over Media?
Answer: Cyrus the Great

Question: Who beget the person who forged the Achaemenid Empire?
Answer: Mandane and Cambyses I

Question: Who joined forces with Cyrus?
Answer: Media

Question: Which empire wouldn't have existed without the Persian revolt?
Answer: Achaemenid

Question: Who was the mother of Cyrus?
Answer: Mandane
Late_Middle_Ages

The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

Question: Who were the Spanish monarchs that financed Christopher Columbus?
Answer: Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon

Question: The reconquista was accomplished by Whom
Answer: Spain

Question: What led to the discovery of the Americas?
Answer: the expedition of Christopher Columbus

Question: Where did Christopher Columbus end up while searching for a western sea route?
Answer: the Americas

Question: The union of the Spanish monarchs is credited with leading to what?
Answer: creation of modern-day Spain

Question: During the 15th century, what was area was discovered by the Spanish?
Answer: the Americas

Question: What rulers supported and financed the 1492 voyage of Columbus
Answer: Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon

Question: Christopher Columbus attempted to replicate the Portuguese discovery by who?
Answer: Vasco da Gama

Question: When did Portugal take credit for discovering the route to India
Answer: 1498

Question: What region was Isabella I interested in finding?
Answer: western sea route to India

Question: Who ruled Granada in 1491
Answer: the Moors

Question: Who explored the African coast in the 15th century?
Answer: Portugal
Late_Middle_Ages

Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.

Question: The person who started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses had what calling?
Answer: monk

Question: The person who started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses was accused of?
Answer: heresy

Question: __ was the co-monarch of Spain witrh his mother.
Answer: Charles V

Question: Wittenberg is?
Answer: German

Question: __  conceded the Peace of Augsburg.
Answer: Charles V

Question: The person who started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses had what descent?
Answer: German

Question: Luther vandalized a?
Answer: church

Question: Martin Luther wrote in?
Answer: German

Question: __ was born at the Prinsenhof in Ghent.
Answer: Charles V
Late_Middle_Ages

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

Question: Who could write in latin and Italian besides Boccaccio and Petrarch?
Answer: Dante

Question: What suggests Petrarch wrote songs?
Answer: whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems

Question: Whose books were written last?
Answer: Petrarch

Question: What was Petrarch's claim to fame?
Answer: Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems

Question: Who could write in latin and Italian besides Dante and Petrarch?
Answer: Boccaccio

Question: Who could write in latin and Italian besides Petrarch?
Answer: Dante and Boccaccio

Question: What suggest the use of vernacular was intentional?
Answer: both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin

Question: What did Dante write?
Answer: Divine Comedy

Question: Whose classical ideals might Dante have tried to merge?
Answer: Italian

Question: What suggests Dante, Boccacio and Petrach all preferred the vernacular form of the language?
Answer: the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language

Question: What language is not explicitly mentioned as having any dialects?
Answer: Latin

Question: Which language is described as the vernacular?
Answer: Italian

Question: What might be the main contribution of Dante, Boccacio and Petrach on the Italian language?
Answer: Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language
Late_Middle_Ages

Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

Question: What was the term for the era of great progress?
Answer: Renaissance

Question: During what 1000 year time frame did the Renaissance take root?
Answer: 14th century

Question: What began again?
Answer: a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts

Question: What was flourishing in the Italian Renaissance?
Answer: arts and sciences

Question: Learned men from the Byzantine area went to what generic region?
Answer: the West

Question: What was sucked up like a sponge?
Answer: The absorption of Latin texts

Question: Why did some smart people decide to stay in Italy?
Answer: High Middle Ages

Question: Why were Greek texts important?
Answer: many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West

Question: When were Latin texts learnt?
Answer: during the Crusades

Question: Who spoke Latin languages?
Answer: Crusades

Question: What type of enjoyment were people getting out of Greek and Roman writings?
Answer: renewed

Question: What was popular before the Italian Renaissance?
Answer: ancient Greek and Roman texts

Question: The Renaissance saw it's beginnings based on what objects that came partially from Italy?
Answer: texts

Question: Where might Islam have had some influence?
Answer: during the Crusades
Late_Middle_Ages

The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

Question: Who banned religious plays the year after the Papal States did?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who was the first to ban religious plays?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: Which plays were censored first, the great cycle or religious plays?
Answer: religious plays

Question: Which place banned religious plays after 1539 and before 1548?
Answer: the Papal States

Question: Which place banned religious plays before 1547?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: Which area was the second to last to censor religious plays?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who banned plays first, the Netherlands or the Papal States?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: Which place banned religious plays after 1547 and before 1558?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who banned plays first, Paris or the Netherlands?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: How did the Catholic Church affect theater?
Answer: The end of medieval drama

Question: What genre ended when plays were banned?
Answer: medieval drama

Question: Which religious tradition helped support the development of secular theater?
Answer: Protestant Reformation

Question: Who was ruler in 1558?
Answer: Elizabeth I