UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Mammal

The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:

Question: what is the first group of creatures mentioned?
Answer: Eutheria

Question: Which came after, the placentals, or the last common ancestor?
Answer: placentals

Question: what is the first time period mentioned to describe a creature?
Answer: Jurassic

Question: What developed later, marsupials or Juramaia sinensis?
Answer: marsupials

Question: Which came later, 125 million years ago, or Juramaia sinensis?
Answer: 125 million years ago

Question: Eomaia is more like another group compared with this one?
Answer: placentals

Question: Which came later, the last common ancestor, or the marsupials?
Answer: the marsupials

Question: what is the last time period mentioned?
Answer: Early Cretaceous

Question: Which came first, 125 million years ago, or Juramaia sinensis?
Answer: Juramaia sinensis

Question: People can learn about these specimens through their current physical state, called?
Answer: fossil

Question: how could the first individual creature be described?
Answer: small shrewlike

Question: what is the first type of archaeological find mentioned?
Answer: fossil
Mammal

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

Question: When did a key evolutionary step appear?
Answer: around 55 million years ago

Question: When are the oldest fossils of placental animals from?
Answer: early Paleocene

Question: What does the hypotesis show about evolution?
Answer: Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago

Question: What well-known extinction event predates the evolution of placental mammals?
Answer: extinction of the dinosaurs

Question: What is shown by the hypothesis?
Answer: most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago

Question: What is proof of the rival hypothesis?
Answer: The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs

Question: What type of placental animal was Archicebus achilles?
Answer: primates

Question: What is the latin name for the current earliest known placental animal?
Answer: Protungulatum donnae

Question: What shows that this may not be the case?
Answer: In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals

Question: When do these things first appear, according to the rival hypothesis?
Answer: the early Paleocene

Question: What is the first example to prove the hypothesis?
Answer: dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals

Question: What era contained the tiny ancestor of the primate?
Answer: early Paleocene

Question: What is a counterpoint to this?
Answer: paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous

Question: What species significant to humans appeared during these eras?
Answer: The earliest known ancestor of primates
Mammal

The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.

Question: What part keeps cells cool?
Answer: The hypodermis

Question: the thickness varies in what layer
Answer: hypodermis

Question: In what does the hypodermis vary?
Answer: species

Question: what cells are replaced by the bottommost cells
Answer: outermost cells

Question: How thick are in between cells?
Answer: 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis

Question: what is the fucntion of the epidermis
Answer: provide a waterproof layer

Question: What part does the outer cells play?
Answer: provide a waterproof layer

Question: What is the job of the top cells?
Answer: provide a waterproof layer

Question: what part of the dermis stores lipids
Answer: The hypodermis

Question: What is bigger that the outer cells?
Answer: The middle layer
Mammal

When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.

Question: What body feature of an ancient being would help it stay fit and need more food?
Answer: high metabolic rates

Question: What is the process of growing to a higher level and adapting?
Answer: evolution

Question: Which specieshas a low and various metabolic rates?
Answer: monotremes

Question: What is the change associated with endothermy in mammals?
Answer: evolution

Question: What is needed to stay warm in nature?
Answer: fur

Question: Being were determined to be of erratic pulse and colder temperatures as compared to what?
Answer: marsupials and placentals

Question: What is not known about endothermy?
Answer: first appeared
Madrasa

In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.

Question: What two occupations did Ibn Sīnā have?
Answer: philosopher and teacher

Question: What school was not meant for students out of elementary school?
Answer: maktab

Question: What was the english name of the 11th century famed teacher?
Answer: Avicenna

Question: Why do children learn more in a class setting, other than emulation, competition, and debates?
Answer: group discussions

Question: What kind of school in Islam dates back to 10th century?
Answer: elementary

Question: In what situation do children learn the best?
Answer: in classes

Question: Which school did not refer to higher learning?
Answer: maktab

Question: What school was not meant for elementary school students?
Answer: madaris

Question: What school comes after the elementary school in medieval Islam?
Answer: madaris

Question: Why do children learn more in a class setting, other than group discussions, emulation, and competition?
Answer: debates

Question: What medieval Islamic world word means more advanced schooling than maktab?
Answer: madaris

Question: In what academic atmosphere did Ibn Sīnā think children learn the best?
Answer: in classes

Question: What ethnic group did Ibn Sīnā belong to?
Answer: Persian
Madrasa

However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels", but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Norman Daniel points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the taliqa, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. In fact, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek Organon which set the scholastic sic et non in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.

Question: Although there are many similarities in their doctrines, which two practices likely did not influence each other?
Answer: Muslim and Christian

Question: What culture inspired the medievals?
Answer: Greek

Question: What did Norman try to make people realize?
Answer: the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound

Question: What did not influence Islamic teachings?
Answer: Christian scholasticism

Question: What is the biggest reason people believe that Islam had no medieval roots in Europe?
Answer: no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation

Question: What similar experience did Daniel and Kennedy believe Muslims and Christians share that led them to share similar concepts?
Answer: common problems

Question: What in the Christian world is something seen as similar to the Islamic fiqh although many argue they are not very similar at all?
Answer: medieval European civil law

Question: There isn't any what of concepts?
Answer: transmission
England_national_football_team

Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay.

Question: Ireland isn't domestic, being instead?
Answer: foreign

Question: How many points did England score in their loss to the Republic of Ireland?
Answer: 0

Question: Where did England lose first?
Answer: Goodison Park

Question: Where was the second loss
Answer: Hungary

Question: How many points did Uruguay score in their win over England?
Answer: 4

Question: Did Hungary score more points in the initial match or in the return match?
Answer: the return match

Question: The Hungarian team is?
Answer: foreign

Question: Where was the 6-3 loss ?
Answer: Wembley

Question: What was like playing men from outer space?
Answer: the return match in Budapest, Hungary

Question: Who lost 9-21-1949?
Answer: England

Question: How many points did the Republic of Ireland score in their win over England?
Answer: 2

Question: How many points did England score in their loss to Uruguay?
Answer: 2

Question: Syd Owen is from?
Answer: England
England_national_football_team

England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat (4–1 to Germany) in the Round of 16, after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1–0 in the group stage.

Question: When in the tournament was the team's earliest exit?
Answer: the first round

Question: How many points did Slovenia score against England?
Answer: 0

Question: What was the middle year that England failed to qualify?
Answer: 1978

Question: England lost to which South American team?
Answer: Uruguay

Question: How far did England get in 1994?
Answer: failed to qualify

Question: How many points did England score against Germany?
Answer: 1

Question: What was the last year that England failed to qualify?
Answer: 1994

Question: How far did the team get in the 50th year of the 20th century?
Answer: the first round

Question: How far did England get in 1974?
Answer: failed to qualify

Question: How far did England get in 1978?
Answer: failed to qualify

Question: What year did the most teams remain after first round?
Answer: 2014

Question: How many points did Germany score against England?
Answer: 4

Question: What is the most recent year England did not play in the FIFA World Cup
Answer: 1994

Question: What was the middle year that had teams remaining after the first round?
Answer: 1958

Question: How far did the team get in the tournament in the 15th year of the century known as the 2000's?
Answer: the first round

Question: How far did the team get in the tournament in the 58th year of the 20th century?
Answer: the first round
England_national_football_team

All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008–09 season until the 2017–18 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between £4.99 and £11.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000.

Question: How many people subscribed to watch the England qualifiers?
Answer: between 250,000 and 300,000

Question: How wer England's matches shown?
Answer: with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live

Question: What is shown on ITV?
Answer: England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies

Question: Matches are an example of the practice of?
Answer: Sports

Question: Which TV company doesn't exist anymore?
Answer: Setanta Sports

Question: What was the most money you would give to see the match in the former  Soviet Republic?
Answer: £11.99

Question: What is shown on BBC Radio 5 Live?
Answer: All England matches

Question: What happened to England's qualifier after Setanta Sports disbanded?
Answer: qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis

Question: In what 31 day period was the match in a former Soviet republic?
Answer: October

Question: BBC provides commentary of matches, also known as?
Answer: game

Question: Where can you see England's qualifiers?
Answer: ITV

Question: Broadcasting can happen on TV or on the?
Answer: Radio

Question: What was the least amount of money you could give to see the match in a former Soviet republic?
Answer: £4.99
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).

Question: On which country's territory did the Russian Civil War take place?
Answer: Russian

Question: What political belief system did Russia have at the time of WW1?
Answer: Socialist

Question: Who benefited from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Answer: the German

Question: What was another name for the Russians in the First World War?
Answer: Bolsheviks

Question: In addition to being Russians, what were Lenin and Trotsky?
Answer: Bolsheviks

Question: How was Russia divided?
Answer: territories

Question: What event was the First World War?
Answer: War

Question: What event resulted in a multinational army?
Answer: First World War

Question: What was concluded at Brest-Litovsk?
Answer: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them "[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation." That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.

Question: What obstacle occurred in the prior war for Germany that they felt would not be occurring this time?
Answer: a two front war

Question: Which military is mentioned first?
Answer: French

Question: What happened prior to Voroshilov being summoned by France and Britain?
Answer: the Pact was signed

Question: Who was leader of the country that the Soviets made an agreement with?
Answer: Hitler

Question: Which is not a last name, Vorosholov or Poland?
Answer: Poland

Question: Who was unhappy with the pact?
Answer: the French and British

Question: Which military is mentioned second?
Answer: British

Question: What was the occupation of the man who thwarted the French and British attempts at conversation with the Soviets?
Answer: Soviet military negotiator
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan." Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

Question: Who put forth the argument that Litvinov's dismissal would shorten discussions with Germany?
Answer: Albert Resis

Question: Who were the Soviets interested in creating a more harmonious relationship with hence leading to the dismissal?
Answer: Germany

Question: What did Soviet Union's change of Foreign Minister signal?
Answer: hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man

Question: Litvinov was replaced because he had?
Answer: Jewish ethnicity

Question: Molotov became a?
Answer: Foreign Minister

Question: What figure was playing both sides with the strategic replacement?
Answer: Stalin

Question: Why would the Soviets feel that purging the Jews would be a benefit to them with Germany?
Answer: Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany

Question: Why was Molotov more favorable than Litvinov in the eyes of USSR?
Answer: Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany

Question: Stalin was like the Nazis in that he was prejudiced against?
Answer: Jews

Question: What doctrine was Litvinov in favor of?
Answer: anti-fascist

Question: What was the post of Litvinov ?
Answer: ministry