Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it, mostly middle class minorities. Additionally, she argues that affirmative action carries with it a stigma that can create feelings of self-doubt and entitlement in minorities. Eastland believes that affirmative action is a great risk that only sometimes pays off, and that without it we would be able to compete more freely with one another. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell identified what he says are negative results of affirmative action in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class blacks), often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups (e.g., poor white or Asian); that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best – the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile – thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well.:115–147

Question: How have white people responded to affirmative action?
Answer: designate themselves as members of preferred groups

Question: How do affirmative action programs reduce the incentive of upper and middle class blacks to put in effort to succeed?
Answer: because doing so is unnecessary

Question: Which of the following is not a preferred group: blacks or poor whites?
Answer: poor white

Question: What is affirmative action trying to fix?
Answer: past discrimination

Question: What does the Case for Colorblind Justice recommend with respect to affirmative action?
Answer: Ending Affirmative Action

Question: Who gains the most from affirmative action, according to Eastland?
Answer: middle class minorities

Question: What social class do both authors claim benefits the least from affirmative action?
Answer: poor

Question: What would someone in an affirmative action program likely to experience?
Answer: feelings of self-doubt and entitlement

Question: Who does Sowell consider to be the main losers in affirmative action?
Answer: the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups

Question: Who loses out from affirmative action according to Sewell?
Answer: society as a whole

Question: How do affirmative action programs disincentivize poor white people to work harder?
Answer: it can prove futile

Question: According to Thomas Sowell, which races are most likely to feel animosity towards affirmative action?
Answer: poor white or Asian

Question: What has been the result between people who and do not qualify for affirmative action programs?
Answer: animosity toward preferred groups