UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Database

Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When this state is needed, i.e., when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are utilized to restore that state.

Question: What would prompt me to do a backup operation?
Answer: to bring a database back to a previous state

Question: Why might I need to do a backup operation?
Answer: to bring a database back to a previous state

Question: Backup files are tied to?
Answer: time

Question: A database includes structures and?
Answer: data

Question: Why would I do a backup operation?
Answer: to bring a database back to a previous state

Question: What isn't always infallible?
Answer: software
Database

Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters.

Question: How might developers less often protect a software from change being made by most people
Answer: wire protocol directly

Question: Who works with the DBMS interface?
Answer: end-users

Question: What would a programmer use with greater probability, in order to access a database?
Answer: application programming interface

Question: How is a specific interface accessed in this passage?
Answer: dedicated interfaces

Question: Who sets up the DBMS interface?
Answer: designers

Question: How do end-users avoid interacting directly with a DBMS interface?
Answer: application software

Question: When might a wire protocol be used?
Answer: application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users

Question: By using software to get into a database, what remains hidden?
Answer: DBMS interface

Question: What should someone ideally have to alter the DMBS
Answer: knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs

Question: What security element is discussed?
Answer: without exposing the DBMS interface directly

Question: What works with the DBMS but maybe not others?
Answer: interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces

Question: Where is further study needed?
Answer: DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters

Question: What two possible roles might you hold if are knowledgeable about DBMSs' external interfaces?
Answer: Database designers and database administrators

Question: What do many databases keep protected
Answer: DBMS interface

Question: Who takes care of the on DBMS behalf of end-users?
Answer: administrators
Database

Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the internal (physical) level in the database architecture. It also contains all the information needed (e.g., metadata, "data about the data", and internal data structures) to reconstruct the conceptual level and external level from the internal level when needed. Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. "storage engine". Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system (and often utilizing the operating systems' file systems as intermediates for storage layout), storage properties and configuration setting are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS, and thus are closely maintained by database administrators. A DBMS, while in operation, always has its database residing in several types of storage (e.g., memory and external storage). The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits. Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database).

Question: What is learned from metadata?
Answer: data about the data

Question: What can the database differentiate?
Answer: the conceptual level and external level from the internal level

Question: What is the difference between stored data and not stored data?
Answer: look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels

Question: Which of the following is not needed to reconstruct the conceptual level of the database: metadata, internal data structures or configuration settings?
Answer: configuration setting

Question: What is the need of storage?
Answer: It comprises the internal (physical) level in the database architecture

Question: What does one need to have done before to read the data?
Answer: coded

Question: How much information is needed in addition to the data?
Answer: possibly in very large amounts

Question: How does a database work?
Answer: The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits

Question: What is contained in a database?
Answer: metadata, "data about the data", and internal data structures

Question: Which of the following is not used to store information: databases, file systems or users?
Answer: users

Question: How is data stored?
Answer: the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. "storage engine"

Question: Which of the following is not a group of humans: database administrators, file systems or users?
Answer: file systems
Great_power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

Question: Italy and Japan both do not belong to which group?
Answer: the United Nations Security Council

Question: What is the single Asian country that belongs to the informal body of world leaders?
Answer: Japan

Question: What type of power involves using weapons to influence events?
Answer: military

Question: What is believed to be the characteristics of a great power by people who analyze relationships between countries?
Answer: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions

Question: What island country is a member of both the UN and G7?
Answer: United Kingdom

Question: What types of states can be classified as great powers?
Answer: sovereign

Question: Which North American country is part of the G7, but not a permanent UN Security Council member?
Answer: Canada

Question: Besides France, what two countries are on both the UN Security Council and in the G7?
Answer: the United Kingdom and the United States

Question: How do great powers influence global events?
Answer: cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions

Question: Russia and China both do not belong to which group?
Answer: the G7

Question: Besides Russia, what country is not part of the G7?
Answer: China

Question: Besides the United States and the United Kingdom, what country is on both the UN Security Council and in the G7?
Answer: France

Question: Which island country is not part of the UN Security Council as a permanent member?
Answer: Japan
Glass

Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. These high-index glasses (inaccurately known as "crystal" when used in glass vessels) cause more chromatic dispersion of light, and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.

Question: How can the refraction index of a piece of glass be reduced?
Answer: by adding low-density materials

Question: __ has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale.
Answer: zirconium

Question: Refraction can be changed by adding materials of various what?
Answer: density

Question: Glass with high density materials are sometimes called?
Answer: crystal

Question: __ is a lustrous, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and brittle at lesser purities.
Answer: zirconium

Question: What goes through glass through refraction?
Answer: light

Question: The melting point of __is 1855 °C .
Answer: zirconium
Glass

Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime.

Question: What is similar?
Answer: properties

Question: What cannot be done with cold?
Answer: crystallized

Question: What can I find in both glass ceramics and crystalline ceramics?
Answer: many properties

Question: What can't pass through the whiteware ceramics?
Answer: liquids

Question: What is commonly used to test?
Answer: water

Question: What might I find in both glass ceramics and non-crystalline glass?
Answer: many properties
Exhibition_game

In the UK and Ireland, "exhibition match" and "friendly match" refer to two different types of matches. The types described above as friendlies are not termed exhibition matches, while annual all-star matches such as those held in the US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League are called exhibition matches rather than friendly matches. A one-off match for charitable fundraising, usually involving one or two all-star teams, or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club, may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively.

Question: Which of the following countries does NOT have something called a friendly match: the UK, the US, or Ireland?
Answer: the US

Question: What do matches have to be a part of in order to be considered an exhibition match?
Answer: US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League

Question: What is a nickname for a casual, low key match?
Answer: friendlies

Question: What type of match is the one between the top players of the Japanese league?
Answer: exhibition matches

Question: What type of UK match is least similar to a US all-star match?
Answer: friendly

Question: What is the name of the soccer matches that have charitable purposes in UK and Ireland?
Answer: exhibition match

Question: What type of match is the one between the top players of the USA league?
Answer: exhibition matches

Question: Which type of soccer match is more low key and casual?
Answer: friendly match

Question: What type of match is inspired by one person?
Answer: testimonial

Question: What type of match raises money for another organization?
Answer: charity matches

Question: What type of match honors a player for raising money for their own organization?
Answer: testimonial matches
Exhibition_game

The Flying Fathers, a Canadian group of Catholic priests, regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity. One of the organization's founders, Les Costello, was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey. Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team, which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players, the majority of whom (as the name suggests) played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres.

Question: Where did the money go that was raised by The Flying Fathers?
Answer: charity

Question: What type of hockey did Costello play first?
Answer: professional

Question: What type of players are in the NHL?
Answer: professional

Question: What was Les Costellos occupation prior to organizing The Flying Fathers?
Answer: professional hockey

Question: Which is not a hockey team: Les Costello, Flying Fathers, or Buffalo Sabres?
Answer: Les Costello

Question: What was Costello's position in the NHL?
Answer: player

Question: If you've retired from the NHL, what are you considered in the NHL?
Answer: Alumni

Question: If one used to play professional hockey for the Buffalo Sables, and still wanted to play after retirement, who could they skate with?
Answer: the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team

Question: What did Les Costello do in terms of hockey, before he became a priest?
Answer: retiring

Question: Of the Buffalo Sabers Alumni Team, and the Flying Fathers, which one doesn't have mostly former NHL players?
Answer: Flying Fathers

Question: What distinction do the members of the BSAHT share?
Answer: played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres
Exhibition_game

Under the 1995–2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.

Question: what other league is similar to the same type collective bargaining agreement as the NHL when it comes to games
Answer: NFL

Question: What change was instituted?
Answer: teams were limited to nine preseason games

Question: What was the main focus of the article in for the NHL teams agreement
Answer: preseason games

Question: What resulted from the change?
Answer: the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate

Question: What is a recent addition?
Answer: In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner

Question: What country is in the NHL besides the US
Answer: Canada

Question: Where did the inspiration come from?
Answer: From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training

Question: Where did the change originate?
Answer: From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training
Exhibition_game

Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.

Question: What change was brought about?
Answer: this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season

Question: One of the Canadian MLB teams is the Toronto Blue Jays - what is the other Canadian MLB team?
Answer: Montreal Expos

Question: Why did the teams not play each other regularly?
Answer: other major league

Question: What was a tradition in the country?
Answer: the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983

Question: What was the name of the longer exhibition cup?
Answer: Mayor's Trophy Game

Question: The team that moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season used to have a tradition of playing against what other team?
Answer: Toronto Blue Jays

Question: What game did the team that used to play regular exhibition games against other local rivals from 1946 to 1983 formerly participate in?
Answer: Mayor's Trophy Game

Question: How did the MLB contest interleague play?
Answer: regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league

Question: What nationality is represented by the Yankees?
Answer: American

Question: The team that moved to Washington DC in 2005 are in what league?
Answer: National League

Question: What population competed and made things more simple?
Answer: interleague

Question: Why don't MLB teams typically play regular exhibition games anymore?
Answer: regular-season interleague play

Question: What are the Blue Jay and Expos a part of?
Answer: MLB

Question: What kind of league played the Pearson Cup?
Answer: major
Group_(mathematics)

In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270° for 90°, 180° for 180°, and 90° for 270° (note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined). The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g−1h ∈ H for all elements g, h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[›]

Question: What is the complement of two hundred seventy degrees?
Answer: 90°

Question: In the equation, what was the lowercase g supposed to indicate?
Answer: elements

Question: What do you need information about to understand the entirety of a group?
Answer: subgroups

Question: In the equation, what was the notation used to indicate a subset?
Answer: H

Question: For what measurement is its complement the same number?
Answer: 180°

Question: What is the inverse for 90?
Answer: 270

Question: What information does the subgroup give?
Answer: the identity and the rotations

Question: What makes a subgroup necessary?
Answer: Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole
Group_(mathematics)

for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions. An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the étale fundamental group.

Question: Under what theory is the relationship between the structure of groups and the structure of fields being studied?
Answer: Galois

Question: What do these values form?
Answer: number theory

Question: How does the idea change?
Answer: An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the étale fundamental group

Question: What's part of the link?
Answer: the so-called Krull topology

Question: What are these groups part of?
Answer: algebraic geometry

Question: What is the theory's more improved form?
Answer: the étale fundamental group

Question: What do these values make up?
Answer: c. Matrix groups

Question: What is the theory applied to?
Answer: the needs of algebraic geometry

Question: What do the Galois groups of certain types of field extensions associated with?
Answer: field extensions

Question: What are matrix groups for any constant c?
Answer: number theory

Question: What are these groups?
Answer: Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions

Question: Where do these groups land?
Answer: under this regime

Question: What is the Krull topology?
Answer: Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology