UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Anti-aircraft_warfare

After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.

Question: How did the dual role cannon made right after World War I perform on land?
Answer: it was worthless

Question: How much did the shell of the T9 AA cannon weigh?
Answer: well under 2 lbs

Question: What was the largest caliber in mm used by the US Army?
Answer: 40

Question: What did the Bofors canon take the place of?
Answer: Browning 37mm

Question: What did the army fail to produce?
Answer: a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck

Question: How did the model made in 1931 perform?
Answer: It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned

Question: When was the cannon developed?
Answer: After World War

Question: What was the problem with the T9 AA cannon?
Answer: the shell was a bit light

Question: What helped the guns keep from overheating?
Answer: water

Question: Which gun was less common in 1930, T9 AA cannon or the Bofors 40 mm?
Answer: Bofors 40 mm

Question: Which of the following was not mounted on a heavy truck: water-cooled machine guns, an optical director, or the Browning 37mm?
Answer: Browning 37mm
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.

Question: What happened during the 2nd decade of the 20th century?
Answer: there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed

Question: What happened during the 40th year of the 20th century?
Answer: The M1 version was approved

Question: What kind of guns are being discussed?
Answer: AA

Question: What was the largest gun mentioned?
Answer: 4.7-inch

Question: What died out?
Answer: work on a 4.7-inch

Question: How are the earlier guns classified?
Answer: mm

Question: What happened in the 24th year of the 20th century?
Answer: work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun

Question: What unit of measurement is applied to the guns?
Answer: inch

Question: Why would one gun have been like finding a needle in a haystack?
Answer: few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun

Question: What is the main topic in this passage?
Answer: guns
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.

Question: How did the weapons became safer?
Answer: deflect pressure away from the shooter

Question: What implement protected the user from backblast?
Answer: a steel plate

Question: In what position are helicopters sometimes in when they are shot at by RPGs?
Answer: hovering

Question: When better weapons are not available which role are RPGs used in?
Answer: against hovering helicopters

Question: What can backblast cause?
Answer: danger to the user

Question: Somalis engaged US helicopters with RPG's when?
Answer: 1993

Question: What position might helicopters be when they are fired at?
Answer: hovering

Question: What danger faces the user of an RPG?
Answer: backblast

Question: Where did the Battle of Maogadishu happen?
Answer: Somalia

Question: Who did US fight?
Answer: Somalia

Question: What is sometimes combined with an RPG tube to keep from harming the user?
Answer: a steel plate in the exhaust end

Question: Who is Somali's enemy?
Answer: US

Question: Where is Mogadishu located?
Answer: Somalia

Question: What's the basic shape of an RPG?
Answer: tube

Question: What helicopters were usually in danger from grenades?
Answer: US
Anti-aircraft_warfare

If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.

Question: What is being replaced by missiles in first line defense systems?
Answer: gun systems

Question: What kind of weapons are the first resort when defending a country?
Answer: front-line

Question: How many Gatling guns are part of the defense system produced by the Russians?
Answer: Two

Question: How many barrels do the guns used by the Russian defense system have?
Answer: six-barrelled

Question: What weapon system mentioned in the article could perform mid-flight course corrections, the GAU-8 Avenger, or the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile?
Answer: the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile

Question: Where are the 9M311 missiles launched from?
Answer: surface

Question: What superhero is the GAU-8 named for?
Answer: Avenger

Question: What might put gun systems into obsolescence?
Answer: missiles

Question: What can Gatling guns keep people safe from?
Answer: aircraft

Question: What sort of missiles are used by the defense system manufactured by Russia?
Answer: 9M311 surface-to-air missiles
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.

Question: What type of ammunition would not have been common in 1940?
Answer: guided missiles

Question: What kind of weapon became popular before the 50's?
Answer: guns firing ballistic munitions

Question: Heat seeking weapons are examples of what type of firearm?
Answer: guided missiles

Question: What weapons can attack targets in two venues?
Answer: ground-based air defence guns

Question: What kind of ballistic munitions do the weapons on ground have concerning the defense from enemy airships?
Answer: calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm

Question: What happens with airships that have a faulty part?
Answer: may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently

Question: In what circumstances are ballistic munitions still used?
Answer: at the very shortest ranges

Question: Which were developed first, ballistic munitions or guided missiles?
Answer: ballistic munitions

Question: Why were bigger and stronger weapons needed?
Answer: Targets are not always easy to destroy

Question: What was a benefit of the larger weapons even if the result wasn't 100% destruction?
Answer: damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.

Question: Bunkers were sometimes located in what like Berlin?
Answer: cities

Question: Bunkers could be as tall as?
Answer: six stories

Question: What buildings were used by the Germans to house anti-aircraft guns
Answer: "Flaktürme" flak towers

Question: How were some of the Maunsell Forts reincarnated
Answer: as platforms for pirate radio stations

Question: Where were Maunsell Forts located
Answer: in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas

Question: What are Hochbunker
Answer: massive reinforced concrete blockhouses

Question: Bunkers were made of?
Answer: reinforced concrete

Question: Bunkers were for attacking?
Answer: aircraft

Question: The British helped the?
Answer: Allied land forces

Question: What made some Maunsell Forts desirable for use as broadcasting platforms
Answer: Some were outside territorial waters
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.

Question: What is the first acronym mentioned?
Answer: SAMs

Question: What does the S in MANPADS stand for?
Answer: Systems

Question: what replaced autocannons?
Answer: SAMs

Question: What type of potential target is shot?
Answer: foe

Question: where are the manpads used?
Answer: many armed forces

Question: Which of the following is not a country, the United States, SAM, or the Soviet Union?
Answer: SAM

Question: What is the second acronym mentioned?
Answer: MANPADS

Question: Which of the following is not a machine: fixed launchers, the Soviet Union, or military aircraft?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What is another word for sending goods to other places?
Answer: exported

Question: What does the P in MANPADS stand for?
Answer: Portable

Question: How can Larger SAMs be towed or re-deployed?
Answer: fixed launchers

Question: Who launches SAMs known as MANPADS?
Answer: United States

Question: What  is used to to send off the manpads?
Answer: individuals
Anti-aircraft_warfare

After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.

Question: Why did they need a system to take down a plane with a single hti?
Answer: the Dambusters raid

Question: What was the job of people using the new guns?
Answer: fed the guns and selected the targets

Question: Why were the new guns being used?
Answer: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit

Question: How were the guns on the planes controlled?
Answer: electrical commands

Question: What was the result of the defeat?
Answer: an entirely new system was developed

Question: How advanced was the control system?
Answer: modern even by today's standards

Question: How did the raid cause the defenses to evolve?
Answer: The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it

Question: How did the guns function?
Answer: a centralised control system

Question: How did the system work?
Answer: was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit

Question: How were the guns aimed to score a hit on the first try?
Answer: a centralised control system

Question: What was the new system capable of doing to planes that was needed to be accomplished?
Answer: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit

Question: What was the control system used for?
Answer: calculated the aim point for the guns

Question: How did the guns move quickly?
Answer: hydraulics
Anti-aircraft_warfare

NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS ("Man Portable AD Systems": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW).

Question: What does the first A in "AAAD" stand for?
Answer: All

Question: What does the "P" in "MANPADS" stand for?
Answer: Portable

Question: What is a AAW?
Answer: measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites

Question: What does the P in "MANPADS" stand for?
Answer: Portable

Question: What does the third "S" in "MANPADS" refer to?
Answer: Systems

Question: Where are MANPADS launched from?
Answer: shoulder

Question: What does the "W" in SAGW" refer to?
Answer: Weapon

Question: What does the second A in "AAAD" stand for?
Answer: Arms

Question: What is the abbreviation for surface to air missile?
Answer: SAM
Umayyad_Caliphate

Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

Question: What group of people is not associated with Islam, Jews or Muslims?
Answer: Jews

Question: Which of the following is not a religious group: Christians, offices, or Zoroastrians?
Answer: offices

Question: Who were allowed to have their own courts and were given freedom of religion?
Answer: Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers

Question: Which of the following is not a right granted to non-Muslim groups: their own courts, the highest public offices, or freedom of religion?
Answer: the highest public offices

Question: Which of the following were not a Non-Muslim group in the Umayyad Caliphate: Jews, Zoroastrians, or Muslims?
Answer: Muslims

Question: Which group of non-Muslims was most prone to converting?
Answer: intellectuals

Question: What group are the Berbers a part of?
Answer: Non-Muslim

Question: Which group of people could hold the highest public offices in the empire?
Answer: Muslims

Question: What groups eventually started converting to Islam?
Answer: Christians and Jews

Question: What group of people is not associated with Islam, Christians or Muslims?
Answer: Christians
Umayyad_Caliphate

Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.

Question: Which event happened in the second half of the year in 750, Marwan was killed in Egypt or Damascus fell to the Abbasids?
Answer: Marwan was killed in Egypt

Question: Which event happened first, Abu Muslim took over authority of the Hashimiyya or he started an open revolt against Umayyad rule?
Answer: assumed leadership

Question: What event happened four years before the Battle of the Zab in 750?
Answer: Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya

Question: What was the last name of the person who started the uprising towards the Umayyad rule?
Answer: Muslim

Question: Which event took place before the other, Damascus was taken control of by the Abbasids or Marwan died in Egypt?
Answer: Damascus fell to the Abbasids

Question: Nasr ibn Sayyar lost to?
Answer: Abu Muslim

Question: What was the name of the person who overthrew the Umayyad governor?
Answer: Abu Muslim

Question: Which event happened two years after Abu Muslim started the open revolt against Umayyad rule?
Answer: Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya
Umayyad_Caliphate

Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).

Question: How did Muawiyah attack the Byzantine Roman Empire?
Answer: several assaults were launched against Constantinople

Question: What did Muawiyah want to achieve?
Answer: peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike

Question: How did Muawiyah oversee military expansion in Asia?
Answer: the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand

Question: What was the relationship of the father of John of Damascus to Muawiyah?
Answer: advisers

Question: Which two groups did Muawiyah want to coexist?
Answer: Christians and Arabs

Question: Which of the following places did Muawiyah NOT occupy: Crete, Syria, or Rhodes?
Answer: Syria

Question: Who, between Sarjun and John of Damascus, was Muawiyah's close adviser?
Answer: Sarjun

Question: What did Muawiyah get from the Byzantine Roman Empire?
Answer: Rhodes and Crete

Question: How did Muawiyah exert control over Central Asia?
Answer: military expansion

Question: Which of following is not in Central Asia: Crete, Kabul, or Samarkand?
Answer: Crete

Question: Who, between John of Damascus and Muawiyah, was Sarjun's son?
Answer: John of Damascus
Umayyad_Caliphate

The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.

Question: How did the Umayyads define themselves from a religious perspective?
Answer: "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars

Question: who are the historians for the umayyads
Answer: religious scholars

Question: the umayyads leaders consider themselves to be what
Answer: khalifat Allah

Question: How did the Umayyads think of themselves from a religious perspective?
Answer: khalifat Allah ("deputy of God")

Question: who is the community leaders
Answer: Umayyads

Question: What gives it away that the Umayyads thought they were God's representatives?
Answer: the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God")

Question: A kingship is looked upon badly by?
Answer: Islamic historians

Question: islamic leaders is what
Answer: caliphs