UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Pain

Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of opioids, including fentanyl.

Question: What characteristic most distinguishes breakthrough from background pain?
Answer: transitory

Question: what drug is used for breakthrough pain
Answer: fentanyl

Question: how is breakthrough pain handled
Answer: intensive use of opioids, including fentanyl

Question: this is usually controlled with medicine
Answer: background pain

Question: Which type of pain is harder to control with medications, breakthrough or background?
Answer: Breakthrough

Question: Which type of pain is more severe, breakthrough or background?
Answer: Breakthrough

Question: How can breakthrough pain be managed?
Answer: intensive use of opioids, including fentanyl

Question: What is breakthrough pain?
Answer: bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication

Question: intensive use of opiods is used for what
Answer: Management of breakthrough pain

Question: What is common in cancer patients?
Answer: Breakthrough pain
Pain

Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.

Question: What is not always accompanied by pain?
Answer: unpleasantness

Question: What can interfere how pain is perceived?
Answer: morphine injection or psychosurgery

Question: What is not always present when a person is in pain?
Answer: unpleasantness

Question: What drug is often used to help relieve pain?
Answer: morphine

Question: How does one gain an indifference to pain?
Answer: birth

Question: How are certain people born with respect to their feelings of pain?
Answer: find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus

Question: How is pain usually measured?
Answer: unpleasantness

Question: How can pain be relieved?
Answer: morphine

Question: What kind of pain can be caused that doesn't bother people?
Answer: morphine injection or psychosurgery

Question: What is unique about people born with pain indifference?
Answer: have normal nerves on medical investigations

Question: How do some psychosurgery patients describe their pain?
Answer: they have pain but are not bothered by it

Question: What can help with unpleasantness?
Answer: morphine

Question: If someone is experiencing pain, what type of drug is often given to them?
Answer: morphine

Question: What effect does morphine have on pain sufferers?
Answer: they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people's support in exchange for expansion of liberties. The tactic proved successful: Within two years political reform could no longer be sidetracked by Party "conservatives." An unintended consequence was that having saved reform, Gorbachev's move ultimately killed the very system it was designed to save.

Question: what leader is mentioned first?
Answer: Gorbachev

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: the media

Question: Who did not immediately act?
Answer: Soviet intelligentsia

Question: Gorbachev was in charge of the?
Answer: Communist Party

Question: What was Gorbachev's end goal in expanding the scope of Glasnost?
Answer: political reform

Question: what policy is mentioned first?
Answer: Glasnost

Question: Who was given freedom of speech?
Answer: the media

Question: what is the third group mentioned?
Answer: the Communist Party

Question: what group is mentioned second?
Answer: Soviet intelligentsia

Question: By allowing for open discussion in the media, what was Gorbachev achieving?
Answer: radically expanded the scope of Glasnost

Question: Who went over the heads of Central committee members in order to gain the support of the people?
Answer: Gorbachev
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" to "Russian Federation," showing that it was now a sovereign state.

Question: What was special about Gorbachev's speech?
Answer: nationally televised

Question: What offical change did the Russian government make when Gorbachev resigned?
Answer: change Russia's legal name

Question: When did Gorbachev realize that the USSR was going under?
Answer: A week earlier

Question: What time of day did Gorbachev make his announcement?
Answer: early in the morning

Question: How was the country led after Gorbachev resigned?
Answer: all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin

Question: How did Gorbachev declare his resignation?
Answer: resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Question: What position had Gorbachev held until Christmas 1991?
Answer: President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Question: When did Gorbachev understand that the USSR was going under?
Answer: A week earlier
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.

Question: What did Ivanshko do a week before Paraliament accepted his resignation letter?
Answer: resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament

Question: Two days after Juy 16 becoming a Ukrainian national holiday, how did parliment respond to Ivanshko's resignation?
Answer: accepted the resignation

Question: when did Ivashko's resignation become official
Answer: July 18

Question: The month prior to July 16 becoming a Ukrainian nationall holiday what did Ivanshko do?
Answer: withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine

Question: Ukraine and the Soviet Union both had a?
Answer: Communist Party

Question: What was voted on by parliment on the date that became a Ukarinian national holiday?
Answer: the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine

Question: Ivashko's politics were?
Answer: Communist

Question: How many people did not vote to establish a Ukrainian national holiday on July 16?
Answer: 5

Question: July 16 is celebrated where?
Answer: Ukraine
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On July 16, 1989, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan held its first congress and elected Abulfaz Elchibey, who would become President, as its Chairman. On August 19, 600,000 protesters jammed Baku’s Lenin Square (now Azadliq Square) to demand the release of political prisoners. In the second half of 1989, weapons were handed out in Nagorno-Karabakh. When Karabakhis got hold of small arms to replace hunting rifles and crossbows, casualties began to mount; bridges were blown up, roads were blockaded, and hostages were taken.

Question: Guns with long spirally grooved barrels are called?
Answer: rifles

Question: People were used as what during the fighting
Answer: hostages

Question: What was made impassable during Elchibey's presidency besides bridges
Answer: roads

Question: A 2D shape with four equal straight sides and four right angles is called?
Answer: Square

Question: The humerus is a bone found in what kind of appendages?
Answer: arms

Question: An arbalist is a soldier that utilzes what kind of weapon?
Answer: crossbows

Question: what weapon did not require gun powder
Answer: crossbows

Question: The head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 was?
Answer: Lenin
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.

Question: Which happened first, individual republics took over for the central government, or Russian deputies were recalled?
Answer: the recall of the Russian deputies

Question: Which happened later, Yeltsin occupied the office of Gorbachev, or the formal end of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office

Question: Which happened later, Yeltsin occupied the office of Gorbachev, or the symbolic end of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office

Question: Which happened first, individual republics took over for the central government, or the symbolic end of the Soviet Union?
Answer: symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union

Question: Which happened first, individual republics took over for the central government, or the formal end of the Soviet Union?
Answer: formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23, 1985, Gorbachev brought two protégés, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the "power" ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate.

Question: Where did Gorbachev rank in age in terms of his position?
Answer: youngest

Question: Which of the following is not a political title: general secretary, minister of defense, or Brezhnev-era?
Answer: Brezhnev-era

Question: How many 365 day periods did Chernenko reach?
Answer: 73

Question: What position did Gorbachev give Chebrikov?
Answer: full member

Question: What position did Chebrikov leave behind?
Answer: candidate

Question: Who was younger in 1985, Chernenko or Gorbachev?
Answer: Gorbachev

Question: Which of the following was not one of Gorbachev's proteges: Ligachev, Chernenko, or Ryzhkov?
Answer: Chernenko

Question: Whose employees did Gorbachev make changes to?
Answer: Brezhnev
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones.

Question: Which happened later, the Chernobyl disaster or the march through Minsk?
Answer: marched through Minsk

Question: What is the location of the event against which the protesters manifested?
Answer: Chernobyl

Question: With what was the Chernobyl disaster associated?
Answer: radioactivity

Question: Which were there fewer of, protesters or people from the contaminated zones?
Answer: protesters

Question: Which of the following is smaller, Chernobyl or Ukraine?
Answer: Chernobyl

Question: What Soviet republic was part of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: What was the final destination of the protesters?
Answer: the city center near the government's headquarters

Question: When did the event at Chernobyl against which there were manifestations take place?
Answer: 1986
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force – in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies – jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song "My Way".

Question: What prevented the Warsaw Pact countries from becoming more independent?
Answer: Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force

Question: What eastern bloc action was definted by a SInatra song?
Answer: non-intervention

Question: Why weren't the Warsaw Pact countries more independent?
Answer: Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force

Question: Which act granted occupied countries sovereignty?
Answer: Hungarian Revolution

Question: What kept the Warsaw Pact countries from greater independence?
Answer: Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of rationing intended to conserve scarce goods, this was done to restrict sales with the overt goal of curtailing drunkenness. Gorbachev's plan also included billboards promoting sobriety, increased penalties for public drunkenness, and to censor drinking scenes from old movies. Although this program was not a direct copycat of Tsar Nicholas II's outright prohibition during World War I, Gorbachev faced the same adverse economic reaction as did the last Tsar. The disincentivization of alcohol consumption was a serious blow to the state budget according to Alexander Yakovlev, who noted annual collections of alcohol taxes decreased by 100 billion rubles. Alcohol production migrated to the black market, or through moonshining as some made "bathtub vodka" with homegrown potatoes. Poorer, less educated Russians resorted to drinking unhealthy substitutes such as nail polish, rubbing alcohol or men's cologne, which only served to be an additional burden on Russia's healthcare sector due to the subsequent poisoning cases. The purpose of these reforms, however, was to prop up the existing centrally planned economy, unlike later reforms, which tended toward market socialism.

Question: what has alcohol that you normally use on the tips of your finger for color removal
Answer: rubbing alcohol

Question: What where people drinking that normally makes them smell good
Answer: cologne

Question: What was the third alcoholic beverage listed
Answer: beer
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

The Partyja BPF (Belarusian Popular Front) was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence, à la the Baltic republics’ popular fronts. The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak, the Belarusian Popular Front’s first leader, gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus. It claimed that the NKVD performed secret killings in Kurapaty. Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB.

Question: What location is central to the progression of this movement?
Answer: Kurapaty outside Minsk

Question: Whose model was the BPF based on?
Answer: the Baltic republics’ popular fronts

Question: What group in Belarus was alleged to murder people and bury them en masse?
Answer: the NKVD

Question: Who was the enemy in the Front's eyes?
Answer: the NKVD

Question: What would I need to know first to understand the BPF?
Answer: pro-democracy and pro-independence movement
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On October 25, 1989, the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in national and local elections, responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic. After vigorous debate, the 542-member Supreme Soviet passed the measure 254-85 (with 36 abstentions). The decision required a constitutional amendment, ratified by the full congress, which met December 12–25. It also passed measures that would allow direct elections for presidents of each of the 15 constituent republics. Gorbachev strongly opposed such a move during debate but was defeated.

Question: How many in the Supreme Soviet agreed with Gorbachev?
Answer: 85

Question: Who might have had the most power prior to 1989?
Answer: the Communist Party

Question: What pressured the 542 member group to make consitutional changes?
Answer: sharp popular criticism

Question: What allows a calculation of ratio of yes to no votes?
Answer: 254-85

Question: What suggests that the decision to eliminate the reserved slots was such a big deal?
Answer: The decision required a constitutional amendment, ratified by the full congress

Question: What indicates it took 3 months for the process to resolve itself?
Answer: December 12–25

Question: Who else was affected by the constitutional amendment besides the Soviets?
Answer: 15 constituent republics
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda, and Taldykorgan. Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people. Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties. Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests. According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died due to blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps. Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000. The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed, but that figure remains unconfirmed.

Question: Which source provides the smallest number of deaths?
Answer: Kazakh SSR government

Question: In which country do these events take place?
Answer: Kazakh SSR

Question: What is the Almaty?
Answer: clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation

Question: How many were incarcerated in the Almaty?
Answer: 5,000 arrested and jailed

Question: Which source provided the largest number of protesters?
Answer: Jeltoqsan leaders

Question: How long did it take to curb the protests and civil unrest?
Answer: clashes could only be controlled on the third day

Question: Although an unknown number of protesters died,which were acknowledged by the SSR?
Answer: a volunteer police worker and a student

Question: What has conflicting facts?
Answer: casualties

Question: Who cited the one who testified that 168 people were killed worked?
Answer: Mukhtar Shakhanov

Question: Who was an unlikely combatant?
Answer: Kazakh students

Question: Which source provided the smallest number of protesters?
Answer: Kazakh SSR authorities

Question: What was the manner of the initially reported casualties?
Answer: blows to the head