UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
San_Diego

The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called "New San Diego", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called "New Town" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878.

Question: Who did not call the bayside New Town?
Answer: William Heath Davis

Question: Which happened first, San Diego became connected to a railroad, or business started relocating to New Town?
Answer: businesses began to relocate to New Town

Question: What branch of the armed forces had a presence in William Heath Davis's favored location?
Answer: Army

Question: What geological feature loomed over the original San Diego?
Answer: Presidio Hill

Question: Which happened first, San Diego became connected to a railroad, or Horton promoted moving to the bayside?
Answer: Horton promoted a move to the bayside

Question: Which is NOT in Old Town, Presidio Hill or Downtown San Diego?
Answer: Downtown San Diego

Question: Which happened first, San Diego became connected to a railroad, or Davis promoted a new development?
Answer: Davis promoted a new development

Question: Which came first, Davis' new development or the railroad connection?
Answer: Davis promoted a new development

Question: What sort of structure jutted out into the water in the new and tiny location for San Diego?
Answer: pier

Question: Why was New Town a preferable location to the area that later became Old Town San Diego State Historic Park?
Answer: location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping

Question: Which of the following was not found in New San Diego in the 1850s: a pier, a railroad, or an Army depot?
Answer: railroad

Question: Which happened first, Horton promoted moving to the bayside, or Davis promoted development by the Bay?
Answer: Davis promoted a new development by the Bay
San_Diego

In July 2013, three former supporters of Mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated sexual harassment. Over the ensuing six weeks, 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them, and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign. On August 19 Filner and city representatives entered a mediation process, as a result of which Filner agreed to resign, effective August 30, 2013, while the city agreed to limit his legal and financial exposure. Filner subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to house arrest and probation.

Question: When did the officials from the city and Bob Filner begin trying to resolve the situation?
Answer: August 19

Question: Why was the mayor given house arrest?
Answer: pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges

Question: Who was relatively lenient in negotiations with the mayor?
Answer: the city

Question: How many females accused the mayor of sexual impropriety?
Answer: 18 women

Question: What compensations did the mayor get for his resignation?
Answer: limit his legal and financial exposure

Question: When did Bob Filner resign?
Answer: August 30, 2013

Question: Describe the felony Filner committed.
Answer: one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges

Question: Why did Mayor Bob Filner resign?
Answer: pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to house arrest and probation

Question: What crime was the mayor charged with that would imply he held at least one of his accusers against their will?
Answer: false imprisonment

Question: How did the mayor pay his debt to society?
Answer: house arrest and probation

Question: What was Bob Filner's punishment?
Answer: house arrest and probation

Question: What resulted from mediation?
Answer: Filner agreed to resign, effective August 30, 2013, while the city agreed to limit his legal and financial exposure
San_Diego

As of January 1, 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $66,715, up from $45,733, and that the city population rose to 1,336,865, up 9.3% from 2000. The population was 45.3% non-Hispanic whites, down from 78.9% in 1970, 27.7% Hispanics, 15.6% Asians/Pacific Islanders, 7.1% blacks, 0.4% American Indians, and 3.9% from other races. Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years, compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18, and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1% of population 55 and older.

Question: Which year were there more non-Hispanic whites living in San Diego, 1970 or 2008?
Answer: 2008

Question: Which age group made up over half of the population of non-Hispanic whites?
Answer: 55 and older

Question: Was the population in San Diego higher in 2008 or 2000?
Answer: 2008

Question: Who takes the lead in population percentage in 2008?
Answer: non-Hispanic whites

Question: What is the fourth largest population in the city?
Answer: blacks

Question: What demographic comprised the second highest percentage of the San Diego population?
Answer: other races

Question: What is the second largest population in the city?
Answer: Hispanics

Question: Which race were there more of living in San Diego in 2008 according to the San Diego Association of Governments, Hispanics or blacks?
Answer: non

Question: What is the median age of San Diego?
Answer: 35.1

Question: Was the population of San Diego less in 2000 or 2008?
Answer: 2000

Question: In what age range whites have the majority?
Answer: 55 and older
San_Diego

As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican.

Question: What was the number of people in San Diego as of the 2000 Census?
Answer: 1,223,400

Question: What percentage of Native Hawaiians lived in San Diego?
Answer: 0.1%

Question: Cambodian people belong to what race?
Answer: Asian

Question: Were more people in San Diego Korean or Japanese?
Answer: Korean

Question: Which race was the least represented in the population?
Answer: 0.5% Pacific Islander

Question: How many people lived in San Diego a decade after the 2000 census?
Answer: 1,307,402

Question: Are there more Guamania or Samoan people in San Diego in 2010?
Answer: Guamanian

Question: Were more people in San Diego White or African American?
Answer: White

Question: Were more people in San Diego Chinese or Korean?
Answer: Chinese

Question: Were more people Korean or Cambodian?
Answer: Korean

Question: Which race makes up the smallest percentage of people in San Diego?
Answer: Pacific Islander

Question: Were more people in San Diego Native American or African American?
Answer: African American
San_Diego

Rainfall along the coast averages about 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation annually. The average (mean) rainfall is 10.65 inches (271 mm) and the median is 9.6 inches (240 mm). Most of the rainfall occurs during the cooler months. The months of December through March supply most of the rain, with February the only month averaging 2 inches (51 mm) or more of rain. The months of May through September tend to be almost completely dry. Though there are few wet days per month during the rainy period, rainfall can be heavy when it does fall. Rainfall is usually greater in the higher elevations of San Diego; some of the higher elevation areas of San Diego can receive 11–15 inches (280–380 mm) of rain a year. Variability of rainfall can be extreme: in the wettest years of 1883/1884 and 1940/1941 more than 24 inches (610 mm) fell in the city, whilst in the driest years as little as 3.2 inches (80 mm) has fallen for a full year. The wettest month on record has been December 1921 with 9.21 inches (234 mm).

Question: Which month tends to have more rain, December or September?
Answer: December

Question: Which month tends to have more rain, March or September?
Answer: March

Question: Which month tends to have more rain, March or May?
Answer: March

Question: Where is the largest rainfall occurring?
Answer: higher elevations of San Diego

Question: What month is usually the wettest of the year?
Answer: February

Question: Which month tends to have more rain, December or May?
Answer: December

Question: Which month tends to have less rain, May or February?
Answer: May

Question: What is the rainfall in the higher elevations?
Answer: usually greater
Dutch_language

This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.

Question: What is the Great Vowel Shift of English?
Answer: the diphthongisation of long high vowels

Question: What other languages had this shift?
Answer: German and English

Question: How is the alerting perceived?
Answer: inevitable development

Question: What letters are being discussed here?
Answer: vowels

Question: What range is considered fairly normal?
Answer: open-mid to open diphthongs

Question: What happens in this shift?
Answer: lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs

Question: What broadly describes the main idea of this passage?
Answer: diphthongs

Question: Which diphthongs changed first?
Answer: long high vowels

Question: What are similar?
Answer: diphthongisation

Question: Why is this viewed as inevitable?
Answer: Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well

Question: What dialect did this earlier?
Answer: Polder

Question: How does this play out in history?
Answer: is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift

Question: What close language also had something similar happen?
Answer: Polder Dutch

Question: How is it viewed?
Answer: a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development
Dutch_language

Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.

Question: What does a diphthong begin with?
Answer: vowel

Question: Why do native listeners easily understand how native English speakers pronounce Dutch names written as ei ?
Answer: in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard

Question: How is the way Dutch evolved over time described?
Answer: Unique

Question: What is salt in German?
Answer: Salz

Question: What does bout mean
Answer: bold

Question: What does goud mean
Answer: gold

Question: How is the diphthong pronounced
Answer: /ɑu/

Question: What is Dutch goud?
Answer: diphthong

Question: What does the low german gold word bolt correspond to in dutch?
Answer: bout

Question: What does the vowel y sound like?
Answer: /aɪ/

Question: What does zout mean
Answer: salt

Question: What are the unique phonemes in Dutch?
Answer: Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold
Dutch_language

Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be.

Question: How does Dutch express compound nouns?
Answer: uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen

Question: What language does the article discuss?
Answer: Dutch

Question: What is the difference in spacing between dutch and english?
Answer: separating spaces

Question: What type of compound is not used in Dutch?
Answer: open form with separating spaces

Question: Are Dutch compound forms less similar to English or German forms?
Answer: English

Question: In Dutch compound nouns, which noun gives the category?
Answer: second

Question: How does English express compound nounds?
Answer: newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces

Question: What is Dutch similar to in the use of nouns?
Answer: German

Question: How is Dutch similar to other Germanic languages?
Answer: Dutch forms noun compounds

Question: What is the Dutch language comparable to in terms of spaces?
Answer: German

Question: What is an example of a Dutch closed form compound noun?
Answer: boomhuis = tree house
Dutch_language

Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:

Question: What kind of language was Saxon?
Answer: east

Question: Before Middle and Modern Dutch, what was spoken?
Answer: Old

Question: Can you name the dialects spoken in the low countries?
Answer: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south

Question: What phases did the language in the centre and south have?
Answer: Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch

Question: How did Dutch evolve?
Answer: Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch

Question: What did the language spoken in the centre of of the Low German area become?
Answer: Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch

Question: Which of the following is NOT one the three orginal Germanic dislects spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian, Franconian, or Modern Dutch?
Answer: Modern Dutch

Question: Which of the following is NOT the precursor of Dutch, Franconion or Frisian?
Answer: Frisian

Question: Which of the following is less similar to Modern Dutch, Old or Middle Dutch?
Answer: Old

Question: How are the developments scored?
Answer: conventional

Question: Who can illustrate the development of the language?
Answer: linguists
Dutch_language

In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.

Question: Which of the following is not in Guyana: Berbice, Essequibo, or Negerhollands?
Answer: Negerhollands

Question: What is Negerhollands?
Answer: Dutch-based creole languages

Question: When was Jersey Dutch spoken?
Answer: as late as 1921

Question: Pennsylvania Dutch is not a?
Answer: Dutch-based creole languages

Question: What is Skepi?
Answer: Dutch-based creole languages

Question: Berbice is a type of?
Answer: Dutch-based creole languages

Question: An almost extinct dialect of Dutch died out in?
Answer: 1921

Question: What is Berbice?
Answer: Dutch-based creole languages

Question: Which of the following is not a dialect of Dutch: Pennsylvania, Jersey or Passaic?
Answer: Passaic

Question: Which name is more accurate: Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German?
Answer: German
Dutch_language

Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.

Question: Old Dutch was not influenced by what?
Answer: Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law

Question: When did Old Dutch experience final-obstruent devoicing?
Answer: Old Frankish period

Question: What language was influenced by the German consonant shift?
Answer: Central and high Franconian

Question: What was not influenced by the German consonant shift?
Answer: Low

Question: Where is Bergakker?
Answer: Dutch

Question: What elements denotes Old High German?
Answer: High German consonant shift

Question: What language did Old Dutch resemble?
Answer: Frankish

Question: Why isn't Old Dutch the Original language of the Franks?
Answer: experienced developments on its own

Question: What evolved in Old High German?
Answer: high Franconian

Question: Which language is affected by the High German consonant shift?
Answer: Central and high Franconian in Germany

Question: The Old English was developed at the same time as what other language?
Answer: Old High German
Dutch_language

Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).

Question: What is the Low German word for soft?
Answer: sacht

Question: What is the Dutchen word for oxen?
Answer: vossen

Question: What is the German word for foxes?
Answer: Füchse

Question: What is exclusively shared?
Answer: /xs/ > /ss/

Question: What word is the same in both Dutch and Low German?
Answer: ossen

Question: Which English word is the same in both German and Low German?
Answer: kraft

Question: What is shared?
Answer: Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives

Question: What is the German word for soft?
Answer: sanft

Question: Who has a common development?
Answer: Dutch