UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Time

In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.

Question: What led to the result that observers in relative motion measure different elapsed times?
Answer: a method of synchronizing clocks

Question: What could Newton's concept be useful for?
Answer: non-relativistic classical mechanics

Question: How did this affect thought?
Answer: physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time

Question: What was the resolution to further the theory?
Answer: by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant

Question: What could I use Newton's concept for?
Answer: non-relativistic classical mechanics

Question: How does this concept work in theory?
Answer: relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks

Question: What did it take for physicists' problems to be resolved?
Answer: a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity

Question: Who can help you synchronize a clock?
Answer: Newton

Question: What is a function of the concept?
Answer: can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks

Question: How were clocks viewed in the 1800s?
Answer: using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity

Question: What are the two fields that are separate from classic mechanics?
Answer: electricity and magnetism
Himachal_Pradesh

In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.

Question: Which of the following is not a person: Himachal Pradesh, Virbhadra SIngh or Urmila Singh?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: How is the congresses lead described?
Answer: absolute majority

Question: What is the total times Virbhadra Singh was the Chief Minister?
Answer: sixth

Question: Where does Virbhadr Singh work?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh's

Question: Does the BJP or Congress have more seats?
Answer: Congress

Question: Which were there more of: assembly seats or times Virbhadra Singh held the top office in Himachal?
Answer: seats

Question: What was notable about how many seats Congress won?
Answer: absolute majority

Question: What importance did Urmila Singh have in terms of  Virbhadra Singh?
Answer: administered the oath of office

Question: How many members could the congress have won?
Answer: 68

Question: Who set a record this election cycle?
Answer: Virbhadra Singh

Question: Who won more seats, the Congress or the BJP?
Answer: Congress

Question: Who has 68 seats?
Answer: assembly
Himachal_Pradesh

The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.

Question: Where is Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: the Indus valley

Question: Which is not a specific person: Timur, Sikander Lodi, or Vedic?
Answer: Vedic

Question: What position did Harshavardhana hold?
Answer: King

Question: When did the Indus valley civilization begin to thrive?
Answer: 2250

Question: Which is not a tribe: Dagis, Dasa, or Mahmud?
Answer: Mahmud

Question: What era followed the time of the Indus valley civilisation?
Answer: the Vedic period

Question: What people lived in the Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats

Question: What group ruled over the Janapada?
Answer: Gupta Empire
Himachal_Pradesh

The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Question: What was necessary for isolated people?
Answer: proper transport facilities

Question: when was the allocation given?
Answer: first five-year

Question: What country rose from this?
Answer: India

Question: why road construction?
Answer: it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people

Question: Who benefitted?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What areas planned in addition to Himachal?
Answer: the rest of India

Question: what was used for road building?
Answer: 50% of this expenditure

Question: Where is Himachal?
Answer: India

Question: What was needed?
Answer: road construction

Question: the place in question is situated where?
Answer: India

Question: What was the damage to the budget?
Answer: ₹ 52.7 million

Question: What was the focus?
Answer: More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas
Heian_period

The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the "pursuit of arts". The major Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō and Nara also made use of the shōen. The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater "organizational dynamism".

Question: What made travel scary to do at night time by main characters in novels?
Answer: robbers free to prey on travelers

Question: What kind of Buddhist temples made use of shoen?
Answer: major

Question: Where did the robbers prey on their victims?
Answer: Fujiwara

Question: Buddhism appropriated what?
Answer: Shinto

Question: What is the effect. other than its use of major temples, of the shoen, according to this paragraph?
Answer: accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite

Question: Who inspired the terror illustrated in novels?
Answer: night travel

Question: Criminals weren't deterred by?
Answer: police forces

Question: What cultural development caused the pursuit of arts?
Answer: The shōen system

Question: What aspect is implicitly illustrated in novels?
Answer: The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers

Question: Travel was dangerous because of?
Answer: robbers

Question: How is the fact that robbers were allowed to prey on travelers illustrated?
Answer: by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters
Heian_period

As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial "house governments," as in the old clan system. (In fact, the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government.) New institutions were now needed in the face of social, economic, and political changes. The Taihō Code lapsed, its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions. Family administrations now became public institutions. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation.

Question: What were house governments similar to?
Answer: old clan system

Question: What did the opening of new lands and granting the use of lands do?
Answer: decentralization

Question: What needed new institutions?
Answer: house governments

Question: What had declined in the aristocracy?
Answer: central government

Question: How were family administrations and public institutions related?
Answer: Family administrations now became public institutions

Question: What happened as culture flourished?
Answer: opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands

Question: Why did transfer of authority come about?
Answer: culture flourished

Question: Why did Fujiwara make decisions for Japan?
Answer: most powerful family

Question: What increased alongside the process of moving away from centralization?
Answer: culture

Question: What happened with public instiutions?
Answer: Family administrations now became public institutions

Question: What happened to the old clan system?
Answer: remained largely intact within the great old centralized government
Heian_period

The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigyō and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (いろは), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period.

Question: What is one of the first things mentioned in the passage?
Answer: lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period

Question: What type of literature was Shikibu's tale?
Answer: novels

Question: When did the documents come to exist?
Answer: the Heian period

Question: What popular literature did the Heian period produce, other than the national anthem?
Answer: The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu

Question: What was something that is almost unheard of and historically invaluable?
Answer: one of the first novels ever written

Question: What is something that is unknown during this period?
Answer: The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (いろは), of uncertain authorship

Question: What is included in The Pillow Book?
Answer: Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court

Question: What came from the period?
Answer: The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written

Question: What is a known work of literature in Japan, of which we do not know who wrote it?
Answer: the Iroha (いろは)

Question: If you are interested in Sei Shonagon's work, what might you read?
Answer: The Pillow Book

Question: What well known work was written in the 990s?
Answer: The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha

Question: What famous song was written then?
Answer: the modern Japanese national anthem

Question: What did Shikibu and Shonagon do?
Answer: recorded collectively as The Pillow Book
Heian_period

A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

Question: Who defected the Fujiwara?
Answer: Taira and Minamoto

Question: Who fought in the first rebellion?
Answer: Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent

Question: What was Heiji Rebellion preceded by?
Answer: Hōgen Rebellion

Question: What was the cause of Hogen Rebellion?
Answer: struggle for succession

Question: Which side won the second rebellion?
Answer: the Taira

Question: What opportunity arose for the Fujiwara?
Answer: A struggle for succession

Question: The Fujiwaras were culturally?
Answer: Japanese

Question: How and when did Fujiwara side the the retired emperor?
Answer: in a violent battle in 1156

Question: When was the Hogen Rebellion?
Answer: 1156

Question: The bushi took over the?
Answer: government

Question: What was an important event in the Japanese history?
Answer: the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs

Question: Who was defected in the Heiji Rebellion?
Answer: Minamoto
Heian_period

As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.

Question: What is one of the main issues that eventually led to the Fujiwara's rise?
Answer: Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara

Question: How did a grandson get appointed Kampaku?
Answer: Fujiwara became regent

Question: What individual is known for a turning point in the Fujiwara's history?
Answer: Emperor Daigo

Question: Daigo did what couldn't be done by?
Answer: several emperors

Question: There was more than one?
Answer: emperor

Question: Who finally accomplished what other emperors had tried to do?
Answer: Emperor Daigo

Question: Who reigned in two different centuries?
Answer: Emperor Daigo

Question: Which event acted as the first domino to change the Fujiwara's path in history?
Answer: by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family
Marvel_Comics

Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined, nearly 900,000 copies. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). It, too, proved a hit, with sales of nearly one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941.

Question: What kind of superhero was Namor?
Answer: anti-hero

Question: Who helped production?
Answer: Funnies, Inc

Question: What industry did Jack Kirby work in?
Answer: Comics

Question: What did Timely create?
Answer: comics

Question: What constitutes a hit comic?
Answer: sales of nearly one million

Question: Who edited the comics in 1941?
Answer: Joe Simon

Question: Who created a dark character?
Answer: Bill Everett

Question: Who was the Sub-Mariner?
Answer: Namor

Question: What had the date of April 1941?
Answer: comics

Question: What did Carl Burgos and Bill Everett both help to make?
Answer: Marvel Comics #1

Question: Who has a contradictory name?
Answer: Human Torch
Old_English

The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. The change to Old English from Old Norse was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most “important to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.” This blending of peoples and languages happily resulted in “simplifying English grammar.”

Question: What made it difficult to understand one another?
Answer: only the endings would put obstacles in the way

Question: What proves Viking influence on language?
Answer: the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence

Question: What adverbs are examples a marked Scandinavian influence?
Answer: "hence" and "together"

Question: What is missing to validate the transition?
Answer: texts

Question: What is used to refer to the lack of tension during the time of the language transition?
Answer: democratic

Question: What did the two languages have in common?
Answer: some words

Question: Where did the words exist?
Answer: Danelaw

Question: What part of the language was not alike?
Answer: inflectional elements

Question: What was different about the languages?
Answer: their inflectional elements

Question: What original forms blended to create a more modern English grammar?
Answer: Old Norse and Old English

Question: Why can we not be sure of language influence?
Answer: no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time

Question: What language existed prior to Norse?
Answer: Old English

Question: What happened as the language evolved?
Answer: the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged

Question: Overall, what was the biggest hurdle with the blending of the languages?
Answer: inflectional elements
Old_English

Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is relatively little written record of the non-Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification. Some Mercian texts continued to be written, however, and the influence of Mercian is apparent in some of the translations produced under Alfred's programme, many of which were produced by Mercian scholars. Other dialects certainly continued to be spoken, as is evidenced by the continued variation between their successors in Middle and Modern English. In fact, what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon, while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect. It was once claimed that, owing to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the dialect of Somerset.

Question: Who was responsible for the language shift?
Answer: Viking

Question: Which Languages developed in tandem with the non-Wessex dialects?
Answer: Middle and Modern English

Question: Which dialect has an accent less similar to the Anglo-Saxons, Somerset or Mercian?
Answer: Mercian

Question: Which of the following is NOT a precursort to Scots, Mercian or Northumbrian?
Answer: Mercian

Question: These dialects later became what version of a language used now?
Answer: Modern

Question: Which language is NOT a precursor to modern English, Mercian or Northumbrian?
Answer: Northumbrian

Question: Who was the primary cause of keeping the written language alive?
Answer: Mercian scholars
States_of_Germany

Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.

Question: What German word appears second to last?
Answer: Kommunalverband

Question: What second to last german word means municipal association in English?
Answer: Kommunalverband

Question: Which word means an area lying beyond what is visible or known?
Answer: hinterland

Question: With Landkreise and Kreisfreie Stadte being grouped, what was formed?
Answer: Kommunalverband besonderer Art

Question: Local associations are formed with the intention to simply what?
Answer: administration

Question: Local associations differ from other areas because these are created for them?
Answer: special laws

Question: Landkreise means rural district, what about urban?
Answer: Kreisfreie Städte

Question: In addition to Landkriese, local associations are composed of what?
Answer: Kreisfreie Städte

Question: The district level normally handles administrative entities except in these areas?
Answer: Kommunalverband besonderer Art

Question: What was the name for rural districts forced together?
Answer: Landkreise

Question: What German word appears first?
Answer: Landkreise

Question: What word means the action, process, or result of combining or uniting?
Answer: amalgamation

Question: Local associations are composed of towns or cities without districts and what?
Answer: its urban hinterland