UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Swaziland

Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala. Mswati III, the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland.

Question: What position did the ruler of Swaziland have?
Answer: King

Question: What was the title of the person who gave birth to the man who became Swaziland's King in 1986?
Answer: Queen Mother

Question: Who replaced the person who took over after the death of King Sobhuza II with the Queen Mother?
Answer: Liqoqo

Question: What was the wife of the monarch of Swaziland called?
Answer: Queen

Question: When did the predecessor of Mswati III's mother become the ruler of Swaziland?
Answer: 1982

Question: What kind of government ruled Swaziland?
Answer: monarch
Energy

Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.

Question: what type of energy is mentioned second?
Answer: heat

Question: what goes down as energy is  let out?
Answer: mass

Question: When something is lifted, that's a type of?
Answer: energy transformation

Question: what type of energy is mentioned first?
Answer: electric

Question: What type of energy is input into a steam turbine?
Answer: heat

Question: what powers the first machine mentioned?
Answer: steam

Question: Which of the following is NOT a type of energy produced or used by the Sun: radiant, kinetic or nuclear?
Answer: kinetic

Question: What causes gravitational potential energy to be stored?
Answer: crane motor

Question: When you get electricity from steam, that is?
Answer: energy transformation

Question: what type of machine is mentioned first?
Answer: turbine

Question: What type of energy is the result of lifting an object with a crane?
Answer: potential
Energy

In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.

Question: What occurred in the 8th year of the decade known as the 1800s?
Answer: Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense

Question: If something is not a physical substance, what is it?
Answer: physical quantity

Question: What occurred in the 4th year of the 1850s?
Answer: William Rankine coined the term "potential energy"

Question: Before it was described as kinetic energy, who coined a term for vis visa?
Answer: Thomas Young

Question: If something is not a physical quantity, what is it known as?
Answer: caloric

Question: What occurred in the 10th year of the 1820s?
Answer: Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy"
Energy

Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.

Question: What had to happen for energy to be available?
Answer: the Big Bang

Question: The Big Bang released what?
Answer: Energy

Question: Friction causes a reduction in how much of what is available?
Answer: energy

Question: What is one assumes that there is no friction or other losses?
Answer: the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect

Question: Nuclear purposes use?
Answer: energy

Question: Familiar examples of such processes include what?
Answer: Familiar examples of such processes include

Question: And how was it stored?
Answer: nucleosynthesis

Question: How did it store energy?
Answer: in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth
Kievan_Rus%27

The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians."

Question: Outnumbered by Varangians when they were overtaken?
Answer: Polyanians

Question: Where did Rurik establish himself?
Answer: Novgorod

Question: Who died first, Dir or Sineus?
Answer: Sineus

Question: Who estalished Rurik Dynasty, Sineus, Askold or Rurik?
Answer: Rurik

Question: Who died first, Askold or Truvor?
Answer: Truvor

Question: Who died first, Dir or Truvor?
Answer: Truvor

Question: Where did Sineus establish himself?
Answer: Beloozero

Question: The only survivor of the three brothers?
Answer: Rurik

Question: Who died first, Askold or Sineus?
Answer: Sineus

Question: Which of the following people was a brother of Rurik: Truvor, Askold, or Dir?
Answer: Truvor

Question: The two brothers that did not survive after establishing themselves in Novogorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?
Answer: Sineus, and Truvor

Question: He was responsible for  Askold and Dir being allowed to capture Kiev?
Answer: Rurik

Question: Which brothers died before Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory?
Answer: Sineus, and Truvor

Question: Which of the following people was a brother of Rurik: Sineus, Askold, or Dir?
Answer: Sineus
Kievan_Rus%27

Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and military concerns. The wealth and income of the Rus' depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium. Constantine Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev, collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube delta, and on to Constantinople. On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit. The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose. The Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus' attacked Constantinople again in 907, probably to secure trade access. The Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg, an account imbued with legendary detail. Byzantine sources do not mention the attack, but a pair of treaties in 907 and 911 set forth a trade agreement with the Rus', the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines, who granted the Rus' quarters and supplies for their merchants and tax-free trading privileges in Constantinople.

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a city: Kiev, Byzantium, or Dnieper?
Answer: Dnieper

Question: What began at the Dnieper?
Answer: annual course of the princes of Kiev

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a group of people: Rus, Oleg, or Byzantines?
Answer: Oleg

Question: What purpose did the treaties serve?
Answer: set forth a trade agreement with the Rus', the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines

Question: What led the princes out of the Black Sea?
Answer: estuary of the Dniester

Question: Between Oleg and Kiev, who took control over whom?
Answer: Oleg took control over Kiev

Question: Who attacked Constantinople, Rus or the Primary Chronicle?
Answer: Rus

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a body of water: Dnieper, spices, or Black Sea?
Answer: spices
Kievan_Rus%27

The last ruler to maintain united state was Mstislav the Great. After his death in 1132 the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev instead of focussing on the external threat of the Cumans was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic. In 1169, as the Kievan Rus' state was full of internal conflict, Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev. The sack of the city fundamentally changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'. By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities.

Question: Why was money worth less in 1132?
Answer: recession

Question: What did capturing Kiev do to the city in the eyes of the people?
Answer: changed the perception

Question: Who succeeded the man referred to as "the Great"?
Answer: Yaropolk II of Kiev

Question: What country was Mstislav the Great from?
Answer: Kiev

Question: What happened in the 32nd year of the 12th century?
Answer: the Kievan Rus' fell into recession

Question: What happened in the 69th year of the 12th century?
Answer: Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev

Question: Who successfully took the Kievan state?
Answer: Andrei Bogolyubsky

Question: What job did Mstislav the Great have?
Answer: ruler

Question: Why did people become poor after Mstislav died?
Answer: recession

Question: Why did Kiev fall?
Answer: internal conflict
Kievan_Rus%27

The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

Question: Which trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Capsian Sea?
Answer: Volga trade route

Question: Which goods had been produced all along?
Answer: furs, beeswax, honey

Question: Which Kievan exports were NOT luxury goods?
Answer: furs, beeswax, honey

Question: Of the things that the Kievan state exported, which was NOT a good?
Answer: slaves
Supreme_court

However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law states do not tend to have singular highest courts. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court", for example, the High Court of Australia; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council. On the other hand, in some places the court named the "Supreme Court" is not in fact the highest court; examples include the New York Supreme Court, the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, which are all superseded by higher Courts of Appeal.

Question: What term misleads?
Answer: Supreme Court

Question: A Court of Appeal is the what in New York?
Answer: highest

Question: A court of appeal is the what in some Canadian provinces?
Answer: highest

Question: Whose holding would be controlling over the New York Supreme Court?
Answer: Courts of Appeal

Question: Whose decisions are controlling over the New York Supreme Court?
Answer: Courts of Appeal

Question: Somewhere may not have one highest court if it operates under?
Answer: Civil law

Question: In America and Canada, sometimes a supreme court is lower than?
Answer: Courts of Appeal

Question: Whose legal opinions are controlling over the New York Supreme Court?
Answer: Courts of Appeal

Question: A court of appeal was what in England and Wales previously?
Answer: highest
Software_testing

Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. The process is repeated until the components at the top of the hierarchy are tested. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.[citation needed] This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.[citation needed]

Question: How can software prgress be reported after Bottum up testing??
Answer: percentage

Question: What is a necessary component in testing the upper level?
Answer: lower level integrated modules

Question: What type of testing is done many times?
Answer: integration testing

Question: After what step is testing complete?
Answer: components at the top of the hierarchy are tested

Question: How is this beneficial?
Answer: This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.[citation needed]

Question: Where does the term "bottom" come from in the name Bottom Up Testing?
Answer: the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first

Question: What is done after each stage of integration testing?
Answer: The process is repeated

Question: What happens after low level components are trsted>
Answer: used to facilitate the testing of higher level components

Question: What must be done after testing the lowest level modules?
Answer: integration testing

Question: How can testing progress be express when using Bottom Up Testing?
Answer: percentage
Software_testing

The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as "message packets" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.

Question: There are approximately 52 something in a year, what is being referred?
Answer: weeks

Question: What is another word for a part?
Answer: component

Question: What do you do with interface testing?
Answer: data types can be checked

Question: What color is a black bear?
Answer: black

Question: A part of the trunk of a tree that has fallen or has been cut off, used in the past to make cabins is called?
Answer: log

Question: The plural form of the Latin word datum is?
Answer: data

Question: The MCAT or the SAT in the US are examples of what administered to students?
Answer: Tests

Question: How can you keep track of interface testing?
Answer: timestamp

Question: What kind of data can be tested?
Answer: some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values

Question: A month is composed of an average of 30.42 what?
Answer: days

Question: What makes perfect?
Answer: practice
Software_testing

Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.[not in citation given] Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box, because the input and output are clearly outside of the "black box" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers, where only the interfaces are exposed for test.

Question: What does darkest color box reveal side-by-side?
Answer: integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers

Question: What is the UK spelling of a popular color?
Answer: Grey

Question: What is US spelling of a popular color?
Answer: gray

Question: What does every plane have?
Answer: black box

Question: What goes inside the box?
Answer: software's source code
Software_testing

Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

Question: Which of the following do black-box testers not know: internal implementation or what the software is supposed to do?
Answer: internal implementation

Question: Where did the name "black box testing" come from?
Answer: Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box"

Question: Which of the following is not a type of internal implementation: source code or use case testing?
Answer: use case testing

Question: What are the origins of the name "black-box testing"?
Answer: Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box"

Question: What is tested?
Answer: software

Question: How did black box testing get its name?
Answer: Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box

Question: Which of the following is not a black-box testing method: fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, or internal implementation?
Answer: internal implementation
Software_testing

Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

Question: What is the goal of unit testing?
Answer: increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process

Question: Why should I use unit testing?
Answer: to reduce software development risks, time, and costs

Question: Unit testing is part of what part of the process of making software?
Answer: construction phase

Question: When in the process is unit testing done when sending it to QA?
Answer: before

Question: What makes unit testing strategic?
Answer: increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process

Question: What increases the quality of the resulting software?
Answer: Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted

Question: Unit testing looks for mistakes in what written product?
Answer: code

Question: Unit testing can lower?
Answer: software development risks, time, and costs