UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
USB

USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitstream, USB uses bit stuffing; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive received 1 bits is always an error. USB 3.0 has introduced additional data transmission encodings.

Question: Which of the following is not a potential state for data lines: J, 3 or K?
Answer: 3

Question: The data lines being transmitted are going through what other process?
Answer: toggling

Question: A mistake happens when you get?
Answer: Seven consecutive received 1 bits

Question: The data is what from the USB to the NRZI line coding?
Answer: encodes

Question: A bit is being transmitted by leaving the data lines, but how much is it in that one instance and how much was it before from J to K?
Answer: a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is

Question: Which are there fewer of, potential states for the data lines or consecutive 1 bits in an error?
Answer: state

Question: USBs hold what?
Answer: data

Question: A bit is a unit of?
Answer: data

Question: Which of the following is not a potential value for a bit: 0, 3 or 1?
Answer: 3
USB

Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can use an external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some USB ports and external hubs can, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard-compliant device may not depend on this.

Question: What do optical disc drives generally require?
Answer: external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable

Question: In a duel-input USB cable, what are both cables used for?
Answer: power

Question: What general amount of USBs can't get enough power?
Answer: Some

Question: What kind of devices are examples of this?
Answer: external hard and optical disc drives

Question: Which of the following does not require large amounts of power: motors, USB cables or lamps?
Answer: USB cable

Question: Where can they a power boost?
Answer: an external power supply

Question: In a duel-input USB cable, what isn't both cables used for?
Answer: data transfer

Question: How can a USB be modified to have more power?
Answer: dual-input

Question: What might be able to exceed the power supply in some cases?
Answer: USB ports and external hubs

Question: Which of the following is not conveyed by a USB cable: power, optical disc drives or data?
Answer: optical disc drives

Question: How does a dual input cable give more power?
Answer: one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power

Question: Which of the following is not a type of drive: hard, lamps or optical disc?
Answer: lamps

Question: What causes a device to need more power?
Answer: motors or lamps
USB

A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a "bit stuff violation" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver.

Question: Which of the following is not an acronym: EOP, USB or bit?
Answer: bit

Question: Which takes up more space, a packet or a bit?
Answer: packet

Question: Which of the following is a possible value for a bit: 1, J or 2?
Answer: 1
USB

In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging standard and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions. In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.

Question: What component of the phones is effected by the MoU?
Answer: Battery

Question: What does the o in "MoU" stand for?
Answer: of

Question: How long did it take for the majority of manufactures to agree to the MoU?
Answer: June 2009

Question: What does the U in "MoU" stand for?
Answer: Understanding

Question: What does the M in "MoU" stand for?
Answer: Memorandum

Question: Who followed suit with the EU?
Answer: International Electrotechnical Commission

Question: Who does the EU share standards with?
Answer: Chinese

Question: Which of the following is NOT referenced by the EU's specification: the USB Battery Charging standard or IEC 62684:2011?
Answer: IEC 62684:2011

Question: How many manufactures signed the MoU?
Answer: many

Question: Which of the following is NOT another version of IEC 62684:2011, the USB Battery Charging standard or EN 62684:2010?
Answer: USB Battery Charging standard

Question: What specification covers external power supplies?
Answer: EN 62684:2010
USB

Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.

Question: Android chose a protocol that does not allow the computer to bogart access to the device plugged into it because it would do avoid what?
Answer: potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer

Question: What treat is an Android OS named for?
Answer: Jelly Bean

Question: UMS is an abbreviation for for the transfer protocol of what type of device?
Answer: USB mass storage

Question: What does Media Transfer Protocol outperform?
Answer: USB

Question: The transfer protocol used to deal with a USB drive plugged into a computer is called what?
Answer: UMS

Question: The original protocol used when you plug a thumb drive into a computer is what?
Answer: UMS

Question: Jelly Bean is what?
Answer: Android operating system

Question: What does MTP not use but USB does?
Answer: disk blocks

Question: What microsoft product is MTP used for?
Answer: Windows Phone 8

Question: What does mass storage use which USB does not?
Answer: access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files

Question: What treat is also the name of an OS?
Answer: Jelly Bean

Question: What does UMS stand for?
Answer: USB mass storage
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.

Question: What happens once the pope announces the appointment?
Answer: The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment

Question: What has to happen for the pope to announce the appointment?
Answer: conditions change

Question: What is the church terminology for the appointment the cardinal receives?
Answer: in pectore

Question: If all is well, when is something permissible?
Answer: at any time

Question: When would a rule effect the assignment?
Answer: appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires

Question: Who can reveal an in pectore appointment?
Answer: the pope

Question: When can an in pectore appointment be revealed?
Answer: at any time

Question: What is the problem of not announcing the name of the cardinal?
Answer: the cardinalate expires

Question: What would indicate that everything is okay?
Answer: make the appointment public

Question: Who is selected in an in pectore appointment?
Answer: The cardinal

Question: What is the time constraint that a pope can reveal the identity of an in pectore cardinal?
Answer: at any time

Question: What could happen to a pope to make the cardinalate run out?
Answer: dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal

Question: What should a pope do before death if he wants to keep the cardinalate?
Answer: make the appointment public

Question: What is not done to the name of the cardinal in pectore appointment?
Answer: make the appointment public

Question: Under what circumstances could the pope announce the appointment?
Answer: If conditions change
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]

Question: What involves smooching?
Answer: a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal

Question: What doesn't the Pope have control over materially?
Answer: pope's coat of arms on the inside

Question: The cardinal's gold ring, like the episcopal ring, is also?
Answer: traditionally kissed

Question: The thing given to each newly appointed cardinal represents?
Answer: their bond with the papacy

Question: How does ring facotr in when welcoming a cardinal?
Answer: traditionally kissed by Catholics

Question: The pope can be graphically represented by a?
Answer: coat of arms

Question: What is the newest thing mentioned in this article?
Answer: a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.

Question: What is a significant part of the Cardinals position?
Answer: influence in the election of the Pope

Question: What year were there less Italians in the group, 1994 or 1939?
Answer: 1994

Question: Roman Curia make up most of the?
Answer: diaconal order

Question: Under which Pope were there more cardinal deacons that were members of the curia, John XXIII or Paul VI?
Answer: John XXIII

Question: The number of cardinal deacons has?
Answer: increased

Question: Paul was a?
Answer: Pope

Question: What is the rold of Cardinals in the diaconal order?
Answer: various posts in the church administration

Question: Which Pope had more cardinals who were members of the curia, John Paul II or John XXIII?
Answer: John XXIII

Question: Under which Pope was there a higher percentage of cardinal deacons who were members of the curia, Pius XII or Paul VI
Answer: Paul VI
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

Question: A mitre was used for?
Answer: cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don

Question: What is a wide sleeved tunic worn at Mass?
Answer: dalmatics

Question: What item that can be worn is mentioned here?
Answer: the dalmatics

Question: What do the preists of Rome wear?
Answer: dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex)

Question: What happens twice in 365 days?
Answer: semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing

Question: Their first duty is Mass, but what is the clothing of a cardinal?
Answer: dalmatics

Question: What is an exceptions mentioned here?
Answer: the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing

Question: What is celebrated by the Pope?
Answer: Papal Masses

Question: What do Catholics call their worship service?
Answer: Mass

Question: What do you call the priest of Rome?
Answer: cardinal deacons

Question: Cardinals are usually part of?
Answer: serving a liturgical function

Question: What do the subjects do?
Answer: they would don with the simple white mitre

Question: What is the one event that is conditional for the deacons in the event described?
Answer: When not celebrating Mass

Question: Who are the main subjects of the passage?
Answer: cardinal deacons
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.

Question: what group is mentioned first?
Answer: cardinals

Question: What is significant about cardinals?
Answer: only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals

Question: what title is mentioned last?
Answer: bishop

Question: Pope John XXIII and this other man updated the rules on who could be a cardinal.
Answer: Pope Benedict XV

Question: What was done to the Code of Canon Law to make it impossible for there to be lay cardinals?
Answer: revision

Question: what group is mentioned third?
Answer: priests

Question: What was erronousesly believed?
Answer: inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry

Question: Teodolfo Mertel was a lay cardinal but he never held which office?
Answer: priest

Question: what group is mentioned second?
Answer: deacons

Question: How did the change impact the church?
Answer: a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation

Question: According to Pope John XXIII, one cannot ascend to a cardinal position without first holding what office?
Answer: bishop

Question: How did the Pope affect this practice?
Answer: a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation

Question: What is the difference between the cardinals and deacons?
Answer: had only received first tonsure and minor orders

Question: what group is mentioned fourth?
Answer: clerics

Question: In what year did it become impossible for lay cardinals such as Teodolfo Mertel to exist?
Answer: 1917
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.

Question: what is the sixth word in the first paragraph ?
Answer: lowest

Question: Who might have more status than cardinal deacons?
Answer: Bishops with diocesan responsibilities

Question: What is the age requirement for priests to be ranked to the diaconal order?
Answer: 80th

Question: What is the highest status in cardinals?
Answer: elevated to the diaconal order

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: Cardinals

Question: Who might enjoy greater status than cardinal deacons?
Answer: Bishops with diocesan responsibilities

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: priests

Question: what religious status was mentioned?
Answer: Bishops

Question: Who have a lower rank in cardinals?
Answer: Bishops with diocesan responsibilities

Question: Who is higher ranked than cardinal deacons?
Answer: Bishops with diocesan responsibilities
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that "cardinalis" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.

Question: Who can vote for pope now?
Answer: the whole body of cardinals

Question: Who can achieve popehood?
Answer: only a cardinal

Question: Where were the first cardinals selected?
Answer: Rome

Question: What changed after the sixth century?
Answer: By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy

Question: What changed after the eigth century?
Answer: In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini

Question: Under Papal Bull In nomine Domini, who originally elected the Pope?
Answer: cardinal bishops

Question: Before 1059 who could become pope?
Answer: only a cardinal

Question: Who in Rome got the name besides deacons of the seven regions?
Answer: senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches)

Question: What is the origin of the title cardinal?
Answer: the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior."

Question: What were the previous occupations of first generation cardinals?
Answer: bishop or priest
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China." Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head.

Question: What ethnic group did the family attacked at the protest belong to?
Answer: Japanese

Question: Who showed a flag at the demonstration?
Answer: 5-year-old child

Question: How were signs taken from Malaysian people?
Answer: forcefully

Question: Where do the first events take place?
Answer: in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital

Question: What spiritual exercise were the protesters concerned with?
Answer: Falun Gong

Question: What is the nationality of the police?
Answer: Malaysian

Question: What is Independence square?
Answer: Square

Question: Who did the family support?
Answer: Tibet

Question: What was central to the Japanese family protesting?
Answer: Malaysian citizenship

Question: What citizenship did the group who attacked the family hold?
Answer: Chinese

Question: What non lethal method of attack was used on the family at the protest?
Answer: plastic air-filled batons

Question: What is the nationality of the violent protesters?
Answer: Chinese
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to "express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.

Question: Where can you go to find websites?
Answer: internet

Question: Who declared that things needed to settle down?
Answer: State media and commentaries

Question: At what point were the demonstrations that were out of hand?
Answer: 2005

Question: What are you to your family?
Answer: related

Question: How did Chinese authorities attempt to stymie the public's arranged plans against Carrefour?
Answer: barring searches of words related to the French protests

Question: What was taking place that the Chinese politicians wanted to settle?
Answer: demonstrations

Question: How often do people wake up?
Answer: Daily

Question: What did Chinese authorities hope the media would bring about when they published stories about Carrefour?
Answer: calm

Question: Chinese authorities did not want the Carrefour boycott to be a repeat of what event in the past?
Answer: the anti-Japanese protests in 2005

Question: Sohu can be classified as what website category?
Answer: forums

Question: Prior to the Carrefour demonstrations, which nationality received the brunt of the Chinese public's ire?
Answer: Japanese

Question: What was the topic of the demonstrations that got out of hand?
Answer: anti-Japanese