UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Adult_contemporary_music

Artists contributing to this format include mainly soft rock/pop singers such as, Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Frank Sinatra, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony.

Question: what name came third?
Answer: Nana Mouskouri

Question: what name came last?
Answer: Marc Anthony

Question: Engelbert Humperdinck has been a major contributor to the sound of what musical genre?
Answer: pop

Question: What is Barry Manilow's first name?
Answer: Barry

Question: Barry Manilow’s music often incorporates the conventions of what genre?
Answer: rock

Question: What are two examples of female soft rock/pop singers?
Answer: Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion

Question: Frank Sinatra is an example of what genre of singer?
Answer: pop

Question: Johnny Mathis is regarded as a master voice in what style of music?
Answer: pop

Question: What is Andy Williams first name?
Answer: Andy

Question: What is Engelbert Humperdinck's last name?
Answer: Humperdinck

Question: What profession would describe Marc Anthony and Johnny Mathis?
Answer: singers

Question: the above mentioned people are?
Answer: Artists

Question: what name came second?
Answer: Johnny Mathis

Question: Nana Mouskouri is an international exponent of what type of music?
Answer: pop
Adult_contemporary_music

Other popular names for the format include "Warm", "Sunny", "Bee" (or "B") and (particularly in Canada) "EZ Rock". The format can be seen as a more contemporary successor to and combination of the middle of the road (MOR), beautiful music, easy listening and soft rock formats. Many stations in the soft AC format capitalize on its appeal to office workers (many of them females aged 25–54, a key advertiser demographic), and brand themselves as stations "everyone at work can agree on" (KOST originated that phrase as a primary tagline, and other soft AC stations have followed suit).

Question: What type of format seen as a more contemporary successor of MOR music?
Answer: soft AC

Question: Where is this used?
Answer: Canada

Question: What is this form usually played at?
Answer: work

Question: What is a MOR known as?
Answer: soft AC format

Question: What is the term B?
Answer: the format

Question: What is another name in addition to the three previous?
Answer: EZ Rock

Question: What are the Warm, Sunny, and Bee referring to?
Answer: the format

Question: How is the format described?
Answer: The format can be seen as a more contemporary successor

Question: What is a popular name for this format in the US?
Answer: "Warm", "Sunny", "Bee" (or "B")

Question: What is claimed about the format?
Answer: stations "everyone at work can agree on"

Question: What are warm, sunny and bee forms of?
Answer: soft AC
Adult_contemporary_music

Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow, John Denver, and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on, and due to the influence of MTV, artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format, such as Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency. Collins has been described by AllMusic as "one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond". However, with the combination of MTV and AC radio, adult contemporary appeared harder to define as a genre, with established soft-rock artists of the past still charting pop hits and receiving airplay alongside mainstream radio fare from newer artists at the time.

Question: Why is adult contemporary music hard to define?
Answer: soft-rock artists of the past still charting pop hits

Question: __ was born Gaynor Hopkins
Answer: Bonnie Tyler

Question: Why has it been harder for AC artists to put out Top 40 hits?
Answer: artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format, such as Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts

Question: __ graduated from Erasmus Hall High School
Answer: Barbra Streisand

Question: What happened as a result of MTV?
Answer: artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format, such as Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts

Question: __ died of an aneurysm in 2004.
Answer: Laura Branigan

Question: How has mainstream AC music changed?
Answer: traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow, John Denver, and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on, and due to the influence of MTV, artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format, such as Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts

Question: Who crossed over to the AC charts?
Answer: artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format

Question: Who was the fourth traditional AC artist listed?
Answer: Barry Manilow

Question: Who was the third traditional AC artist listed?
Answer: Dionne Warwick

Question: Who was the second traditional AC artist listed?
Answer: the Carpenters
Adult_contemporary_music

In the 1980s, lush jazz-R&B fusion (George Benson, Patti Austin, Al Jarreau) and stylish crossover R&B (Anita Baker and Luther Vandross, New Edition and Keith Sweat) were equally successful within the mainstream. In the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), artists as sonically contrasting as R. Kelly, Leona Lewis (mainly ballads) and Jill Scott both fit the bill, provided the audience for the material was mature. By riding and contributing to nearly all of the trends, no one has exemplified the style more than Babyface, whose career thrived over 20 years as a member of the Deele (Two Occasions), a solo artist (Whip Appeal, When Can I See You), and a songwriter/producer (Toni Braxton's Breathe Again, Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You).

Question: What gender was more successful back in the 1980's, lush jazz or R&B fusion?
Answer: equally successful within the mainstream

Question: who is the first lady mentioned?
Answer: Patti Austin

Question: What artists of the lush jazz genre were relevant in the 90's to early 2000's?
Answer: R. Kelly, Leona Lewis (mainly ballads) and Jill Scott

Question: Which of the following was not a crossover R&B artist: Anita Baker, George Benson, or Luther Vandross?
Answer: George Benson

Question: Which of the following is not a solo work by Babyface: Whip Appeal, Two Occasions or When Can I See You?
Answer: Two Occasions

Question: who is the third lady mentioned?
Answer: Leona Lewis

Question: what is the second time period mentioned?
Answer: 1990s

Question: Which of the following was Babyface a producer for: Toni Braxton, R. Kelly or Luther Vandross?
Answer: Toni Braxton

Question: who is the last lady mentioned?
Answer: Toni Braxton

Question: what is the first time period mentioned?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What are some of the names of artists praise worthy in the lush jazz fusion genre excluding stylish crossover artists back in the 80s?
Answer: (George Benson, Patti Austin, Al Jarreau
Adult_contemporary_music

The "soft" AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s as a result of its declining relevance, adopting a more upmarket, middle-of-the-road approach, with a selection of "oldies" (usually from the 1960s/70s onwards), primarily rock, jazz, R&B and pop music. Newer songs are more often (but not limited to) "easy listening" fare, this amount varying depending on the age of the station's target demographic.

Question: When is the earlier range where the opposite of hard type was reinvented?
Answer: late 2000s

Question: What determines the category?
Answer: the age of the station's target demographic

Question: What made the need for an overhaul?
Answer: declining relevance

Question: Why did oldies get more popular?
Answer: The "soft" AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s

Question: What is the earlier range of the older songs?
Answer: 1960s

Question: What isn't part of the older songs between pop, easy listening and jazz?
Answer: easy listening

Question: What is the later range of the older songs?
Answer: 70s onwards

Question: Why did the selection shift to oldies?
Answer: The "soft" AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s

Question: When is the later range where the opposite of hard type was reinvented?
Answer: early 2010s

Question: What was not hard?
Answer: AC format

Question: What helped give the oldies more popularity?
Answer: The "soft" AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s
Adult_contemporary_music

Adult contemporary R&B may be played on both soft AC stations and urban AC. It is a form of neo soul R&B that places emphasis on songcraft and sophistication. As the use of drum machines, synthesizers, and sequencers dominates R&B-rooted music, adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul, such as smooth soul, Philly soul and quiet storm. Classic songwriting touches and organic-leaning instrumentation, often featuring string arrangements and horn charts, were constants.

Question: What are two highlights of Adult contemporary R&B
Answer: songcraft and sophistication

Question: 1970s soul music was the guide to what modern genre
Answer: Adult contemporary R&B

Question: What type of R&B uses more electronic instrumentation and arrangements  rather than natural instrumentation
Answer: R&B-rooted music
Pitch_(music)

The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.

Question: How can the sounds be played in order to make it easier for the listener to differentiate them?
Answer: simultaneously

Question: How many tones are required to determine if change is percieved
Answer: two

Question: The listener can discern changes in what part of a tone
Answer: pitches

Question: What are the steps called in an equal-tempered scale
Answer: notes

Question: How are tones normally played when determining jnd?
Answer: quick succession

Question: What happens if a listener listens to two tones at the same time?
Answer: then able to discern beat frequencies

Question: Who determines if a change in pitch exists?
Answer: the listener

Question: What exactly is jnd?
Answer: threshold at which a change is perceived

Question: How can you reduce the jnd?
Answer: two tones are played simultaneously

Question: What factor makes it easier for listeners to differentiate tones when they are played simultaneously?
Answer: beat frequencies
Pitch_(music)

It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

Question: What does pitch characterize?
Answer: sounds

Question: Whay is repetition pitch?
Answer: when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface

Question: What's the first component of repetition pitch?
Answer: directly from the source

Question: What is critical to have repetition pitch?
Answer: sound-reflecting surface

Question: What is a characteristic of pitch?
Answer: frequencies

Question: For what do you need the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself?
Answer: repetition pitch

Question: How can you recognize the relative pitch of two sounds of indefinite pitch?
Answer: easy

Question: Which contains higher frequencies, a snare drum or a bass drum?
Answer: a snare drum

Question: Why does a snare drum sound higher than a bass drum?
Answer: because its sound contains higher frequencies

Question: what's the obvious sound difference between the two drums?
Answer: clearly be higher or lower than one another

Question: How does bass drum does not sound?
Answer: higher pitched

Question: Can two sounds of indefinite pitch be clearly higher or lower than one another?
Answer: It is still possible
Pitch_(music)

A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

Question: 80 and 160 are harmonics of 40, which would be called what?
Answer: the fundamental frequency

Question: All the overtone frequencies of a particular lower frequency are known as what?
Answer: the partials

Question: Higher frequencies are called partials because of the?
Answer: different parts that make up the total spectrum

Question: A sound is made up of?
Answer: vibration

Question: Most frequencies are not?
Answer: fundamental frequency

Question: Vibrations can be heard as?
Answer: sound

Question: A frequency of 640 would be an example of what, in relation to the frequency of 80?
Answer: Harmonics

Question: One hears?
Answer: sound

Question: Harmonics are made of?
Answer: frequencies
Paper

All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.

Question: What is not a characteristic of wove paper?
Answer: hand-made

Question: How is the special characteristic of the wove paper created?
Answer: the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern

Question: The wire mesh does what?
Answer: transports the web leaves a pattern

Question: What creates these things?
Answer: the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine

Question: What must the rollers for the patterns be a part of?
Answer: the Fourdrinier Machine

Question: How are watermarks embedded into the papers?
Answer: use of appropriate rollers

Question: What makes the wove paper special?
Answer: the same density along the paper grain and across the grain

Question: What does a paper machine use to make papers?
Answer: wire mesh

Question: What does the machine make?
Answer: paper

Question: What can be found on wove paper?
Answer: paper grain

Question: What might be a goal of Fourdrinier Machine?
Answer: imitating hand-made laid paper

Question: What's created?
Answer: wove paper

Question: What is used to create wire patterns?
Answer: wire mesh

Question: What do the machines do?
Answer: Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper

Question: Why are wove papers called as such?
Answer: wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain
Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

Question: Who makes the 2nd most amount of paper?
Answer: United States

Question: When could have paper making began?
Answer: 105 A.D

Question: What is the current situation of the industry?
Answer: China leading its production and the United States right behind it

Question: How was the process developed?
Answer: The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD

Question: What is credited with paper creation?
Answer: pulp papermaking process

Question: What kingdom is credited with developing the industry?
Answer: Han

Question: When were the first inklings of the industry planted?
Answer: The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D

Question: How far does paper making span?
Answer: global

Question: What is one thing the United States makes?
Answer: paper

Question: What do nations around the world use to make paper today?
Answer: pulp

Question: How did the industry begin?
Answer: by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun

Question: When was paper first made?
Answer: 2nd century BC

Question: Chinese invented the?
Answer: pulp papermaking process

Question: The United States makes?
Answer: pulp and paper

Question: Who was not second in the papermaking?
Answer: China
Nanjing

According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million. The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent. The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people. The sex ratio of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females.

Question: What rate was higher in the Sixth China Census?
Answer: birth

Question: Which was smaller, the birth rate or the death rate?
Answer: the death rate

Question: Which value was above 6.89%, the birth rate or the death rate?
Answer: birth rate

Question: where was the ratio of 107.31 males to 100 females?
Answer: City of Nanjing

Question: how many males per female?
Answer: 107.31 males to 100 females

Question: Which value was smaller than 8%, the birth rate or the death rate?
Answer: the death rate

Question: in what urban area had a population of 6.47 million people?
Answer: City of Nanjing

Question: Were there more males or females in Nanjing?
Answer: males

Question: where was the death rate 6.88 percent?
Answer: City of Nanjing

Question: What was the last year that the Sixth China Census cover?
Answer: 2011

Question: Was the population estimated to be lower in 2011 or 2010?
Answer: 2010

Question: Were there more males or females in Nanjing?
Answer: males

Question: Out of what population was the urban area's 6.47 million population?
Answer: 8.11 million

Question: where was the birth rate 8.86 percent?
Answer: City of Nanjing
Nanjing

Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections.

Question: Where is Nanjing Library located?
Answer: China

Question: What is Nanjing University library?
Answer: second largest university libraries in China

Question: Beijing has one of the what?
Answer: largest library in China

Question: How big is the first library?
Answer: third largest library in China

Question: Where is Beijing?
Answer: China

Question: Where are the buildings located?
Answer: China

Question: What does Nanjing University library contain?
Answer: precious collections

Question: What is the Nanjing Library?
Answer: third largest library in China

Question: What can you find in a library?
Answer: printed materials
Nanjing

A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.

Question: What can be found near sculptural ensembles?
Answer: tombs of royals and other dignitaries

Question: When a situation caused segregation to cease, what then happened?
Answer: almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town

Question: What was Nanjing?
Answer: city

Question: In which year was Xiao Xiu born?
Answer: 475

Question: Which of Emperor Wu of Liang or Sui Dynasty came first?
Answer: Emperor Wu of Liang

Question: Where was Qixia?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: What has not decayed much specifically?
Answer: Tomb of Xiao Xiu

Question: In general, what would you be able to observe in certain areas of the city that are not in other areas?
Answer: A number of sculptural ensembles of that era

Question: What was Xiao Xiu's sibling's status?
Answer: Emperor

Question: What place was almost destroyed as a result of reunification?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: Where is Qixia District?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: Where was Jiangning?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: What has been done by the government towards the sculptural ensembles?
Answer: preservation

Question: What city was almost destroyed?
Answer: Nanjing