UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Geological_history_of_Earth

In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate. The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in the American west, which ended in the succeeding epoch. South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas (they joined during the Neogene); the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwana continued to split apart, with Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia pulling away from each other. Africa was heading north toward Europe, slowly closing the Tethys Ocean, and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and the formation of the Himalayas.

Question: What was set in motion during this time?
Answer: formation of the Himalayas

Question: On what continent are the Rocky Mountains?
Answer: North America

Question: During the Paleocene, which land masses had not yet divided into two pieces?
Answer: Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined

Question: What geographic landmasses changed during this time?
Answer: Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate

Question: When was there only one American continent?
Answer: the Neogene

Question: Which happened more recently the Paleocene or the Cretaceous Period?
Answer: the Paleocene

Question: What was created during this time?
Answer: Rocky Mountains

Question: When, if ever, were both of the Americas connected?
Answer: during the Neogene

Question: What land is no longer visible?
Answer: a land bridge

Question: When did the Laramide orogeny finish?
Answer: the Paleocene

Question: What disappeared during this time?
Answer: Tethys Ocean

Question: Which country was one of those  affected by the Paleocene?
Answer: Greenland

Question: What formed the Himalayan mountains?
Answer: a tectonic collision
Geological_history_of_Earth

South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

Question: What did the land bridge between the Americas cause to change?
Answer: global temperatures

Question: In terms of living things, what affect did the isthmus have?
Answer: a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas

Question: The link between South and North America had what effect on the Atlantic Ocean?
Answer: cooling cycle

Question: What feature did Africa's collision with Europe obliterate?
Answer: the Tethys Ocean

Question: What started over two million years ago, at the beginning of the Quaternary Period?
Answer: the current ice age

Question: What name do both land masses share?
Answer: America

Question: What happened due to the continents being connected?
Answer: major consequences on global temperatures

Question: What used to be disconnected from South America that no longer is?
Answer: North America

Question: What got less warm when the landmasses were connected?
Answer: Atlantic

Question: What happened to the Atlantic during the Pliocene?
Answer: dropping temperatures
Virgil

In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius. Two explanations are commonly given for this alteration. One deduces a false etymology associated with the word virgo ("maiden" in Latin) due to Virgil's excessive, "maiden"-like modesty. Alternatively, some argue that Vergilius was altered to Virgilius by analogy with the Latin virga ("wand") due to the magical or prophetic powers attributed to Virgil in the Middle Ages (this explanation is found in only a handful of manuscripts, however, and was probably not widespread). In Norman schools (following the French practice), the habit was to anglicize Latin names by dropping their Latin endings, hence Virgil. In the 19th century, some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil, as it is closer to his original name, and is also the traditional German spelling.[citation needed] Modern usage permits both, though the Oxford guide to style recommends Vergilius to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Some post-Renaissance writers liked to affect the sobriquet "The Swan of Mantua".[citation needed]

Question: what is the second era mentioned?
Answer: Middle Ages

Question: The poet Virgil's actual name was what?
Answer: Vergilius

Question: Why would you want to spell the name Vergilius?
Answer: to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus

Question: How do they spell the name in France?
Answer: Virgil

Question: The traditional German spelling of "Virgil" is what?
Answer: Vergil

Question: what is the last profession mentioned?
Answer: writers

Question: what is the last era mentioned?
Answer: post-Renaissance

Question: What is not actually the background of the name Vergilius?
Answer: the word virgo

Question: what is the first era mentioned?
Answer: Late Empire

Question: A noted nickname for the poet Virgil is what?
Answer: The Swan of Mantua

Question: What is the current recommendation on spelling?
Answer: Vergilius

Question: The French convention of dropping the Latin endings of names was also practiced by who?
Answer: Norman schools

Question: "The Swan of Mantua" is a nickname for the poet Virgil often used by who?
Answer: post-Renaissance writers

Question: What kind of person was Virgil?
Answer: maiden"-like modesty

Question: what is the second to last era mentioned?
Answer: 8th-century
Virgil

According to the tradition, Virgil traveled to Greece in about 19 BC to revise the Aeneid. After meeting Augustus in Athens and deciding to return home, Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town near Megara. After crossing to Italy by ship, weakened with disease, Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21, 19 BC. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible. As a result, the text of the Aeneid that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e. not a complete line of dactylic hexameter). Some scholars have argued that Virgil deliberately left these metrically incomplete lines for dramatic effect. Other alleged imperfections are subject to scholarly debate.

Question: What  happened to Virgil's Poem?
Answer: published

Question: Where was Virgil when he got sick?
Answer: visiting a town near Megara

Question: Who didn't want the poem published?
Answer: Virgil

Question: Why was Virgil unable to complete his works?
Answer: Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21, 19 BC

Question: Why did Virgil not want the poem published?
Answer: the text of the Aeneid that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication

Question: In what way did Augustus disrespect Virgil?
Answer: disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published

Question: What is the main reason for the majority of the mistakes?
Answer: instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible

Question: What is the main reason for metrically unfinished verses?
Answer: Virgil deliberately left these metrically incomplete lines for dramatic effect

Question: Where did Virgil get sick?
Answer: near Megara

Question: Why might Virigl not have fixed wriitng mistakes in his work?
Answer: Virgil was planning to correct before publication

Question: Who published the poem?
Answer: Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca

Question: When did Virgil get sick?
Answer: while visiting a town near Megara
Virgil

Even as the Western Roman empire collapsed, literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet. Gregory of Tours read Virgil, whom he quotes in several places, along with some other Latin poets, though he cautions that "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death."

Question: What is waned against recounting?
Answer: fables

Question: What were the Western Romans?
Answer: empire

Question: If Gregory of Tours read Virgil, what did he have to be?
Answer: literate

Question: What is the name of the discipline of the person Gregory of Tours reads?
Answer: poet

Question: Virgin wrote in?
Answer: Latin

Question: What happened to the realm that literate men lived under?
Answer: collapsed

Question: Gregory of Tours could read?
Answer: Latin

Question: What type of poet was master poet Virgil?
Answer: Latin

Question: What was warned against communicating in the Western Roman empire?
Answer: fables

Question: Besides just reading, what does Gregory of Tours do in relation to Virgil's work?
Answer: quotes

Question: Gregory of Tours took what from Virgil?
Answer: quotes
Virgil

The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized Latin poetry. The Eclogues, Georgics, and above all the Aeneid became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet Ovid parodies the opening lines of the Aeneid in Amores 1.1.1–2, and his summary of the Aeneas story in Book 14 of the Metamorphoses, the so-called "mini-Aeneid", has been viewed as a particularly important example of post-Virgilian response to the epic genre. Lucan's epic, the Bellum Civile has been considered an anti-Virgilian epic, disposing with the divine mechanism, treating historical events, and diverging drastically from Virgilian epic practice. The Flavian poet Statius in his 12-book epic Thebaid engages closely with the poetry of Virgil; in his epilogue he advises his poem not to "rival the divine Aeneid, but follow afar and ever venerate its footsteps." In Silius Italicus, Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers. With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil. Indeed, Silius is known to have bought Virgil's tomb and worshipped the poet. Partially as a result of his so-called "Messianic" Fourth Eclogue—widely interpreted later to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ—Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer; the Sortes Vergilianae, the process of using Virgil's poetry as a tool of divination, is found in the time of Hadrian, and continued into the Middle Ages. In a similar vein Macrobius in the Saturnalia credits the work of Virgil as the embodiment of human knowledge and experience, mirroring the Greek conception of Homer. Virgil also found commentators in antiquity. Servius, a commentator of the 4th century AD, based his work on the commentary of Donatus. Servius' commentary provides us with a great deal of information about Virgil's life, sources, and references; however, many modern scholars find the variable quality of his work and the often simplistic interpretations frustrating.

Question: What role did Servius serve?
Answer: a commentator of the 4th century AD

Question: What didn't Statius want to have happen with his work compared to Aeneid?
Answer: rival

Question: Whose work resembled Virgil's more closely, Lucan's or Ovid?
Answer: Ovid

Question: Which had more books, the Metamorphoses or Thebaid?
Answer: Metamorphoses

Question: Which of the following was NOT worshipped, Silius or Virgil?
Answer: Silius

Question: What is Virgil's most well known work?
Answer: Aeneid

Question: What piece of literature is like a small retelling of the Aeneid?
Answer: Metamorphoses

Question: Who is Virgil sometimes compared with?
Answer: Homer

Question: Which of these three -- the Eclogues, Georgics and Aeneid -- became most standard?
Answer: the Aeneid
Carnival

Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

Question: What chunk of the year caused people to have less chow?
Answer: end of the winter

Question: When do the consumed animals expire from life?
Answer: November

Question: Why would stored food enventually no longer be viable?
Answer: meat would be no longer preservable

Question: What food habits happened to people after the carnival?
Answer: one was limited to the minimum necessary

Question: What is consumed before being wasted?
Answer: lard, butter and meat

Question: When will people be able to eat well once more?
Answer: spring

Question: When is the final good meal time frame?
Answer: carnival feast

Question: What did people do to stop their good from going to waste?
Answer: all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten

Question: What time of year was the issue with remaining food going bad addressed?
Answer: vastenavond

Question: How did people most often get their food for the winter?
Answer: livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November
Carnival

The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

Question: What is the exception to where the festival is held?
Answer: the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival

Question: Which of the following do not have pre-Lenten celebrations on Shrove Tuesday: Anglicans, Eastern Orthodox or Methodists?
Answer: Eastern Orthodox

Question: What is another name for the celebration?
Answer: Maslenitsa

Question: If you have to give up something, what might you not enjoy as much ?
Answer: Carnival

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a holy day: St. Martin's Day, Shrove Tuesday, or Anglicans?
Answer: Anglicans

Question: What is the impetus for how German-speakers celebrate?
Answer: celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day

Question: What does the clock show at the onset of Carnival?
Answer: 11:11 a.m

Question: What happens before the season of sacrifice?
Answer: Fastelavn

Question: Where is the festival held?
Answer: in areas with a large Catholic presence

Question: What does the calendar declare at the onset of Carnival?
Answer: 11/11

Question: What is the terminology for those that follow the Pope?
Answer: Carnival

Question: What do Anglicans do?
Answer: in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday

Question: Which of the following is not the name of a celebration: Carnival, Fastelavn, or Methodists?
Answer: Methodists

Question: What would you call it in Greece?
Answer: Maslenitsa

Question: What has a long history in reference to the timing of the event?
Answer: Carnival season
History_of_science

The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.

Question: Who contributed first to the field of psychology?
Answer: Wilhelm Wundt

Question: What happened to spark this change?
Answer: Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research

Question: What person whose last name starts with an J contributed to the field of psychology?
Answer: William James

Question: What happened in 1879?
Answer: Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research

Question: What were Hermann Ebbinghaus, Ivan Pavlov, William James and Sigmund Freud?
Answer: important early contributors to the field

Question: What important early contributor to psychology is known as a cultural icon?
Answer: Sigmund Freud

Question: What could be considered the birthplace of psychology?
Answer: Leipzig

Question: Memory studies are a pioneering aspect of what field?
Answer: psychology

Question: Psychology blossomed beginning when?
Answer: 1879

Question: What important early contributor to psychology had an large influence in multiple ways?
Answer: Sigmund Freud

Question: How did science change in the 19th century?
Answer: The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study

Question: What field did the most influential of these men contribute to?
Answer: scientific psychology
History_of_science

From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.

Question: Which disciplines are mentioned
Answer: physical and biological sciences

Question: The branch of science that involve the study of inanimate objects that includes Chemistry is called?
Answer: physical

Question: Anything that relates to a economy is given the adjective?
Answer: economic

Question: How early in the 20th century
Answer: late

Question: How does this effect history?
Answer: tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix

Question: How does Kuhn explain science progression
Answer: competing paradigms or conceptual systems

Question: How does Thomas Kuhn use this?
Answer: More recent historical interpretations

Question: Thomas Kuhn potrayed the history of science as to also include conceptual systems from other fields and themes, which one relates to the cultures?
Answer: cultural

Question: The branch of science that involves the study of living organisms, that includes Anatomy is called?
Answer: biological

Question: What did this thought pattern influence?
Answer: the history of science

Question: What is included in this interpretation/
Answer: intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science

Question: How did this change science?
Answer: true theories replaced false beliefs

Question: The adjective given to objects or concepts related to politics is?
Answer: political
History_of_science

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.

Question: How was religion part of this?
Answer: brought to light a new space for politics and political action

Question: How did religion change?
Answer: redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political

Question: What was the largest spreading belief after the fall of Rome?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What was church and state contested?
Answer: the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Question: What came fromt he new era?
Answer: there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies

Question: What denotes that discourse was previously more strict?
Answer: With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies

Question: What incited the political questions of state and religious separation?
Answer: Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized

Question: What brought a new light to politics and political actions?
Answer: monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity

Question: What was the major event that happened during the middle ages?
Answer: the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period

Question: How did politics shape religion?
Answer: Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period

Question: What brought upon monotheism?
Answer: fall of the Western Roman Empire
History_of_science

In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes and the Maragha astronomers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir are similar to Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories may have also been discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu Said al-Sijzi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī.

Question: __ is also known as Ibn Rushd
Answer: Averroes

Question: The one who improved the measurements of Hipparchus studied?
Answer: astronomy

Question: __ was a strong proponent of Aristotelianism
Answer: Averroes

Question: __ served multiple terms as a judge in Seville and Córdoba
Answer: Averroes

Question: Al-Battani's beliefs made him a?
Answer: Muslim