UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Paris

During the Middle Ages, Paris was a center of Jewish learning with famous Talmudic scholars, such as Yechiel of Paris who took part in the Disputation of Paris between Christian and Jewish intellectuals. The Parisian Jewish community was victim of persecution, alternating expulsions and returns, until France became the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the French Revolution. Although 75% of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust during World War II, half the city's Jewish population perished in Nazi concentration camps, while some others fled abroad. A large migration of North Africa Sephardic Jews settled Paris in the 1960s, and represent most of the Paris Jewish community today. There are currently 83 synagogues in the city; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue, built in 1913 by architect Hector Guimard, is a Paris landmark.

Question: what location contained france?
Answer: Europe

Question: Yechiel defended what religion?
Answer: Jewish

Question: Most modern Parisian Jews are from?
Answer: North Africa

Question: what type of area contains the 83 synagogues?
Answer: city

Question: Jewish people often faced?
Answer: persecution

Question: in what time period are there 83 synagogues?
Answer: currently

Question: what happened to the synagogue in 1913?
Answer: built

Question: Jews worship in?
Answer: synagogues

Question: what is the final location mentioned?
Answer: Paris

Question: Intellectuals could also be called?
Answer: scholars
Protestantism

During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.

Question: The English word evangelical differs to the German usage which means?
Answer: Protestant

Question: How does the word evangelical differ from english in german?
Answer: The German word evangelisch means Protestant

Question: John Calvin worked in?
Answer: the Reformation

Question: What english word means evangelical in german?
Answer: Protestant

Question: If someone in America uses the word "evangelical", of what are they speaking?
Answer: Evangelical Protestant churches

Question: What word would an American use to describe a Calvinist church?
Answer: reformed

Question: Where was the word evangelical founded?
Answer: churches

Question: German and the language what are discussed?
Answer: English

Question: What is an example of a place where the word evangelical is still widely used?
Answer: the EKD
Protestantism

Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

Question: The Christian faith shares what in common with most denominations?
Answer: major aspects of the Christian faith

Question: What is the most likely thing that different Protestant denominations will not agree on?
Answer: secondary doctrines

Question: Which occurs less frequently, divisions or unions?
Answer: unions

Question: Protestants believe in?
Answer: Christian faith

Question: What major religion are Protestants believers in?
Answer: Christian

Question: What are divisions of the Protestant faith referred to as?
Answer: denominations

Question: The doctrines were secondary and?
Answer: differing

Question: Instead of unity, there were?
Answer: divisions

Question: The authority that does not exist is in the churches is referred to as what else?
Answer: overarching authority

Question: Which of the following is not a type of doctrine: secondary, common or major?
Answer: common

Question: Which of the following has more adherents: the Christian faith or divided Protestant denominations?
Answer: the Christian faith
Protestantism

Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

Question: Where was Hugo Gotius able to teach?
Answer: Netherlands

Question: How was Hugo Grotius able to teach his natural-law theory?
Answer: Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe

Question: What is another way to refer to the UK?
Answer: England

Question: Which government has less control?
Answer: democracy

Question: Calvins view of democracy?
Answer: It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords

Question: Separation of powers would enhance rights in what type of process?
Answer: a system of checks and balances

Question: What was the view held by Calvin to protect ordinary people?
Answer: separating political powers

Question: What do religious people look to for guidance?
Answer: the Bible

Question: What does Calvin consider it if people can choose their own representatives?
Answer: gift

Question: How did Calvin mix aristocracy with democracy?
Answer: Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God

Question: What did Calvinist leadership bring about?
Answer: the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Question: What was the goal of separation of powers vis-a-vis ordinary people?
Answer: protect the rights

Question: What leaders must be removed if they are unGodly?
Answer: earthly

Question: How did Calvin and his followers view politics?
Answer: resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy

Question: How did Calvin view democracy?
Answer: invaluable gift
Protestantism

It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

Question: What did the Methodist movement start
Answer: Evangelicalism

Question: What did Wesley lead
Answer: Evangelical Protestant movement

Question: What did Billy Graham lead
Answer: Evangelical Protestant movement

Question: Who helped drive the religion?
Answer: John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones

Question: Who helped advance the religion?
Answer: John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones

Question: What did Harold lead
Answer: Evangelical Protestant movement

Question: What did George lead
Answer: Evangelical Protestant movement

Question: Who helped make the religion more popular?
Answer: John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones

Question: Evangelicalism comes from?
Answer: Methodism
Protestantism

In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Question: __ shares rock layers with Africa.
Answer: South America

Question: Which of the following has the lowest religious observance: Europe, the United States, or South America?
Answer: Europe

Question: Which of the following is a group of Protestants: Evangelical, Catholic or religious?
Answer: Evangelical

Question: Which of the following is not a continent: Europe, South America or Evangelical?
Answer: Evangelical

Question: Who is moving toward secularism?
Answer: Europe

Question: What places have higher freedom?
Answer: Protestant countries

Question: __ contains a part of France.
Answer: South America

Question: Why are people moving away from christian teachings?
Answer: The Enlightenment

Question: People began cultivating food in ___ in 9000 BCE
Answer: South America

Question: What is Europe moving away from?
Answer: Christian teachings

Question: Where is Christian religious observance lowest?
Answer: Europe
Protestantism

Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Question: What kind of baptisms do Baptists choose not to perform?
Answer: affusion or sprinkling

Question: What is different in the beliefs?
Answer: baptism should be performed only for professing believers

Question: What is a cause of consternation?
Answer: Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity

Question: What is significant about Baptist churches?
Answer: Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons

Question: Which of the following is not a type of baptism: affusion, liberty or sprinkling?
Answer: liberty

Question: Which of the following is not a ministerial office, pastor, Baptist or deacon?
Answer: Baptist

Question: How does Baptist belief differ?
Answer: soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone

Question: What is a simplification of the belief?
Answer: believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism

Question: Where do Baptists worship God?
Answer: churches

Question: Which of the following is not a rule Scripture establishes: faith, competency or practice?
Answer: competency

Question: How are Baptists saved?
Answer: faith alone

Question: Who do Baptists think should be Baptized?
Answer: professing believers

Question: What do Baptists hope for?
Answer: salvation
Protestantism

Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them. In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument, saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.

Question: what type of faith is mentioned last?
Answer: Protestant

Question: How did reformers justify what they were doing?
Answer: saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority

Question: Who left the Church?
Answer: Protestants

Question: what type of faith is mentioned first?
Answer: Protestant

Question: how did the three men mentioned see the status of the catholic church?
Answer: corrupted

Question: The Catholic church's unity would be what to Zwingli?
Answer: an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation

Question: what was the hidden church lacking from above?
Answer: divine authority

Question: Early in the Protestant Reformation, Protestants argued that divine authority was present where?
Answer: hidden church

Question: The Catholic church's unity would be what to Luther?
Answer: an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation

Question: what could not be seen properly?
Answer: Church

Question: What did reformers say about accusations against them?
Answer: it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them

Question: Who took seriously the charges of schism and innovation?
Answer: Magisterial reformers

Question: The Catholic church's unity would be what to Calvin?
Answer: an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation

Question: Early in the Protestant Reformation, what concept began?
Answer: there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church
Protestantism

Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract.

Question: What was established on the 21st year of the 1600s?
Answer: Plymouth Colony

Question: What group was Calvin a part of?
Answer: English

Question: What was founded in the 20th year of the 17th century?
Answer: Plymouth Colony

Question: What was founded in the 28th year of the 17th century?
Answer: Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question: What were the protestant group responsible for making?
Answer: democracies

Question: What people and happenings were important to Calvinists?
Answer: English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement

Question: Which, between Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony, was established first?
Answer: Plymouth Colony

Question: What was established on the 29th year of the 1600s?
Answer: Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question: Who established Plymouth County?
Answer: Pilgrim Fathers
Videoconferencing

While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Question: What is the full name of the initiative that expanded videoconferencing platforms in schools?
Answer: Diversified Information and Assistance Network

Question: What is the five-letter acronym of the initiative that forged the technological network for schools mentioned in the article?
Answer: DIANE

Question: What is the five-letter acronym of the initiative that forged the technological network for schools mentioned in the article?
Answer: DIANE

Question: Which of the following is not a corporation: PictureTel, Project DIANE or IBM?
Answer: Project DIANE

Question: Which of the following is not a user of videoconferencing platforms: schools, science museums or desktops?
Answer: desktop

Question: Who used videoconferencing later, internal corporate communication networks or schools?
Answer: schools

Question: What is the number in the name of the product forged by PictureTel and IBM?
Answer: 1

Question: In the article, what initiative with a five-letter acronym utilized PCS/1 technology?
Answer: Project DIANE

Question: What new technology did zoos and parks utilize?
Answer: PCS/1

Question: In the article, what platform is now utilized by zoos?
Answer: videoconferencing

Question: In what unit of temporal measurement did Project DIANE reach fifteen of?
Answer: years
Videoconferencing

Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.

Question: The 2000 Olympics was preceded by what similar athletic event?
Answer: the Winter Olympics

Question: Which happened first, Tim Dorcey made CU-SeeMe, or a rave in Cape Town was linked to a fair in San Francisco?
Answer: CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey

Question: What occurred in the 95th year of the 20th century?
Answer: the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place

Question: What occurred in the 92nd year of the 20th century?
Answer: CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al

Question: Which happened later, the possibility of videoconferencing, or Tim Dorcey's development of CU-SeeMe in 1992?
Answer: CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey

Question: Which happened later, the possibility of videoconferencing, or the linking of a fair in San Francisco with an event in Cape Town?
Answer: linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town

Question: What is the continent from which there was a videoconference with Cape Town?
Answer: North America

Question: Which happened first, Tim Dorcey made CU-SeeMe, or the first public videoconference?
Answer: CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey

Question: Who did NOT conduct Ode to Joy at the Winter Olympics, Beethoven or Ozawa?
Answer: Beethoven

Question: At what time of the athletic event was exhibited the music composed by Beethoven?
Answer: opening ceremony

Question: What is an internet videoconference client mentioned in this paragraph?
Answer: CU-SeeMe

Question: The techno-rave was linked to a technofair from which continent?
Answer: North America

Question: Which happened later, the possibility of videoconferencing, or the first public videoconference in 1995?
Answer: the first public videoconference
Videoconferencing

Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Question: How can pictures related to a medical case be helped via videoconferencing?
Answer: transmission

Question: Which of the following is not a potential use for videoconferencing: diagnosis, infants, or transmission of medical images?
Answer: infants

Question: What kind of medical workers would videoconferencing be useful for?
Answer: physicians and other paramedical professionals

Question: Which of the following is bigger, Ohio or the United States?
Answer: United States

Question: What use of videoconferencing allowed a medical institution to save money?
Answer: cut the number of transfers of sick infants

Question: Which of the following is not an advantage of remote diagnosing: saving lives, videoconferencing, or efficient use of health care money?
Answer: videoconferencing

Question: How are the rural medical centers using the highly useful technology of videoconferencing?
Answer: cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital

Question: What are the main examples of uses of the video meeting tech?
Answer: diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images

Question: In what way can videoconferencing assist medical staff?
Answer: discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money