UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Gene

The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1

Question: How would you characterize the shape of DNA?
Answer: long strands

Question: What is one of the important components of nucleotides?
Answer: five-carbon sugar

Question: What sort of carbon is the 2'-deoxyribose nucleotide subunit?
Answer: sugar

Question: What are the components of DNA grouped together into?
Answer: chain

Question: What shape are the genes?
Answer: long strands

Question: DNA is found mainly in what?
Answer: majority of living organisms

Question: What is the accronym which refers to the genetic material of living organisms?
Answer: DNA

Question: What is one of the elements inside DNA?
Answer: cytosine

Question: What can be found in living organisms' genes?
Answer: DNA

Question: Of things that are alive, how would we categorize the amount which encode their genes in DNA?
Answer: vast majority

Question: What strong basic compound can be found in DNA?
Answer: phosphate
Gene

Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary, with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand, and so on.:4.1

Question: What connects the cytosine-guanine pairs?
Answer: three hydrogen bonds

Question: What does the outer part of the DNA form?
Answer: backbone

Question: What makes more than a duo of hydrogen bonds?
Answer: cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds

Question: What holds base pairs together?
Answer: hydrogen bonds

Question: What connects the adenine-thymine pairs?
Answer: two hydrogen bonds

Question: What does the inner part of DNA consist of?
Answer: bases pointing inwards

Question: What is commonly recognized because of its spiral structure?
Answer: DNA

Question: How would you know if the specific DNA pairs would work?
Answer: their sequence of bases matching

Question: What shape is DNA?
Answer: double helix

Question: Where would one find bases?
Answer: pointing inwards
Gene

Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as "junk DNA". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer.

Question: What could be said about unicellular organisms with a nucleus?
Answer: relatively small amounts of such DNA

Question: What can seem to be pointless?
Answer: eukaryotes

Question: Which is more common: protein-coding DNA or DNA without an identified function?
Answer: without an identified function

Question: Specifically, what might just be filler for a spiraled sequence?
Answer: regions of DNA that serve no obvious function

Question: Why is the nickname possibly not very valid?
Answer: about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer

Question: Which group of organisms has more DNA that codes for proteins, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: The majority of the DNA from genomes come from what?
Answer: complex multicellular organisms

Question: Eukaryotes that are single can be also defined how?
Answer: Simple

Question: What might be said about the content of bacteria?
Answer: chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense

Question: Whose genes are less dense, prokaryotes or human?
Answer: humans

Question: Whos genome has junk DNA, prokaryote or human?
Answer: humans

Question: What is the opinion of the author regarding regions of DNA that serve no obvious function?
Answer: the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer

Question: What is the major difference between prokaryote and eukaryote genome?
Answer: junk DNA

Question: Which of the following is a type of DNA: junk, multicellular or dense?
Answer: junk
Gene

Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing.

Question: What is used directly to translated into protein?
Answer: mRNAs

Question: What unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring makes protein?
Answer: gene

Question: What has happened to the model suggesting that one gene makes one protein?
Answer: refined

Question: What academic subject has a model of genes and proteins?
Answer: molecular genetics

Question: Which one is part of genome, mRNAs or genes?
Answer: genes

Question: Trans-splicing and alternate splicing, which one is used for one gene to form new genes?
Answer: alternative splicing

Question: Molecular genetics has a model about creating what?
Answer: protein

Question: When was it suggested that one gene makes one protein?
Answer: Early

Question: What happened to the early model of molecular genetics?
Answer: refined
Multiracial_American

European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

Question: What did Americans hope would come of procreating with Africans?
Answer: stronger, healthier children

Question: How did Africans and Indigenous Americans get to know each other?
Answer: slavery

Question: Some of America's runaway slaves were of what origin?
Answer: European

Question: Which group was a promise exacted from the latest, the Iroquois, the Huron Nation, or the Delaware Nation?
Answer: the Delaware Nation

Question: Which tribe name is mentioned?
Answer: Iroquois

Question: How did Africans and Indigenous Americans get so close?
Answer: slavery

Question: Which group was a promise exacted from earlier, the Iroquois or the Delaware Nation?
Answer: the Iroquois

Question: Which group was a promise exacted from earlier, the Iroquois or the Huron Nation?
Answer: the Iroquois

Question: How many slaves were returned by Indigenous American tribes?
Answer: no record of slaves ever being returned

Question: How did Africans and Indigenous Americans get learn about each other?
Answer: slavery

Question: Which group was a promise exacted from earlier, the Huron Nation or the Delaware Nation?
Answer: the Huron Nation

Question: Which group was a promise exacted from the closest to 1760, the Iroquois, the Huron Nation, or the Delaware Nation?
Answer: the Huron Nation

Question: What did Indigenous Americans find in Africans that made them want to encourage marriage between each other?
Answer: Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases
Multiracial_American

The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.

Question: How many americans consider themselves to have more than one race?
Answer: less than 5%

Question: What movements helped all races?
Answer: social movements

Question: Individuals born in the state of New York are legally what nationality?
Answer: American

Question: Why do so few Americans view themselves as having descended from more than one ethnic group?
Answer: mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification

Question: About how many Americans consider themselves as descendents of more than one ethnic group?
Answer: less than 5%

Question: What kind of people came to America?
Answer: immigrant

Question: The Bill of Rights are connected to what?
Answer: the constitution

Question: The integration of ideas, or smaller cultures into a larger culture is called?
Answer: assimilation

Question: The mid-twentieth century social movement that addressed social justice for African-Americans began when?
Answer: 1955

Question: An individual born in America, but descended from a sole country in Africa might consider themselves as?
Answer: African-American

Question: The opposite of an emmigrant is an?
Answer: immigrant
Multiracial_American

Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

Question: What businesses did Asian immigrants open?
Answer: groceries

Question: What caused Chinese laborers in America to marry people of other races?
Answer: Chinese Exclusion Act

Question: What segment of the population needed menial workers?
Answer: white planters

Question: What did Chinese people do once they set up shops in the South?
Answer: worked to get their children educated and socially mobile

Question: What racial group was getting its start as self-employed people?
Answer: blacks

Question: It was uncommon for Chinese laborers to marry what demographic of people?
Answer: white

Question: Some Chinese laborers took what kind of spouses after the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed?
Answer: black and mulatto

Question: What part of America did the Chinese gravitate to?
Answer: the South

Question: Why couldn't Chinese men bring their wives to the US?
Answer: the Chinese Exclusion Act

Question: Where the Chinese held against their will?
Answer: workers who chose to stay in the U.S

Question: Who could not reunite with their spouses?
Answer: Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S

Question: It can be inferred that there were more Chinese people in what region of the country prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act?
Answer: West Coast and in western territories

Question: What role did Asians fulfill at first?
Answer: laborers

Question: What effect did the Reconstruction era have?
Answer: blacks set up independent farms

Question: What demographic of people replaced black slaves on farms and plantations?
Answer: Chinese laborers

Question: How did Reconstruction affect Chinese men?
Answer: white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor

Question: What part of the US did Chinese men settle in?
Answer: West Coast

Question: What did Chinese men do as a result of not being able to bring their wives over?
Answer: some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities
Multiracial_American

The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

Question: A tribe is called?
Answer: Omaha

Question: Children were members of?
Answer: clans and tribes

Question: Where did the children live?
Answer: the Southeast

Question: If one parent is white and one is native, the child is?
Answer: mixed-race

Question: Omaha tribes use what to determine social identity of mixed-race kids?
Answer: patrilineal

Question: What is the advantage for Omaha women who had child with white man?
Answer: would be protected

Question: Children that are mixed-race are given social status by which tribe?
Answer: matrilineal tribes of the Southeast

Question: Why might a mixed race native American need to be officially adopted?
Answer: the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"

Question: Where were mixed descendanats in Omaha tribles accepted?
Answer: matrilineal tribes of the Southeast

Question: How did descendants with partially different ancestry get accepted int the tribe?
Answer: accepted as and identified as Indian

Question: What were the children part of?
Answer: tribe

Question: Tribes of the Southeast use what to determine social identity?
Answer: matrilineal

Question: How were patrilineal Omaha generally treated?
Answer: would be protected

Question: What is the race of the mothers in the Southeast?
Answer: Indian

Question: What is Omaha?
Answer: tribes

Question: How could an Omaha with a Caucasian father be accepted?
Answer: only if adopted by a man
Multiracial_American

Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.

Question: What happened to the US Census in 2000?
Answer: a change

Question: what is the last type of paperwork mentioned?
Answer: government forms

Question: Who might be affected by the OMB's decision?
Answer: Multiracial people

Question: Why might multiracial people feel happiness in 1997?
Answer: won a victory

Question: What did allowing multiple responses do?
Answer: resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census

Question: Who benefited from OMB's decision?
Answer: Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage

Question: How did the Census classify people of Hawaiian heritage?
Answer: Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

Question: What category isn't an actual race?
Answer: Other

Question: What is the Office of Management and Budget called to be brief?
Answer: OMB

Question: Why did this change happen?
Answer: Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage

Question: How did the Census classify people of native heritage?
Answer: American Indian or Alaskan Native

Question: what is the last group mentioned?
Answer: OMB

Question: Who was effected positively by the change in fedreal regulation of racial categories?
Answer: Multiracial people

Question: what is the first period in time mentioned?
Answer: 1997

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: Multiracial people

Question: How did the Census classify people who did not fit into one of its pre-named categories?
Answer: Other

Question: What change was made to how the federal government approached selection of racial categories on forms?
Answer: permit multiple responses

Question: what is the second group mentioned?
Answer: Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Multiracial_American

After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.

Question: How did the country begin to see people of different races?
Answer: Diverse immigration

Question: what made Barack different than the ones who held that position before him?
Answer: first multiracial President

Question: How many racial origins did the president who got elected in 2008 identified with?
Answer: both sides of his family and identifies as African American

Question: What led to the form of interracial unions?
Answer: the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white

Question: what is the last nation mentioned?
Answer: United States

Question: what is the first region mentioned?
Answer: Confederacy

Question: When was multi-racialism finally acknowledged on paper?
Answer: the 2000 census

Question: What was a dated action/mindset that non-white's were beginning to trump?
Answer: to try to "pass" as white

Question: What were people fighting against?
Answer: racial segregation

Question: what is the last occupation mentioned?
Answer: President

Question: what is the last period in time mentioned?
Answer: 2008

Question: What was different about the census done after the year 1999 in the United states?
Answer: allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity

Question: When did the country see a multiracial leader?
Answer: In 2008
Multiracial_American

By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: How are African Americans described in the text?
Answer: historically underserved

Question: Where is Census Bureau located according to the text?
Answer: in the United States

Question: How many different ethnic categories can you select if you are multiracial?
Answer: more than one

Question: What does multiracial ancestry mean?
Answer: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: The influx of immigrants was explained by?
Answer: changing historical forces and new immigration laws

Question: What could census takers do starting in the 90's
Answer: by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: While individuals concerned with multiracial ancestry may be pleased with the ability to self-report more than one ethnicity, what concerns arise?
Answer: the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data

Question: Prior to the ability to self-identify, how did individuals report their  race/ethnicity?
Answer: dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census

Question: In response to the demand for greater acknowledgment of multi-racial ancestry, what has been done?
Answer: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: What did immigrants want to explore in the 1960's
Answer: multiracial ancestry

Question: What changes did the census make in the 1990's?
Answer: racial categories

Question: What synonym for immigrants is used in the text?
Answer: citizens

Question: Along with social ideas regarding ethnicity, what else encouraged the Census Bureau's expansion of ethnic/racial categories by 1990?
Answer: wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States