UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS, simplified Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗衛星導航系統; pinyin: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations – a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction.

Question: Which people made the system?
Answer: Chinese

Question: What is the simplified Chinese translation for the BDS?
Answer: 北斗卫星导航系统

Question: What, can we assume, does the BD in "BDS" stand for?
Answer: BeiDou

Question: What started being utilized at the most recent turn of the millennium?
Answer: Chinese satellite navigation system

Question: How would someone translate the company's Chinese name to an English alphabet?
Answer: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng

Question: Who made the system?
Answer: BeiDou

Question: What is the company's Chinese name without any sort of simplification?
Answer: 北斗衛星導航系統

Question: What is the name of the BDS in it's origin way?
Answer: Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗衛星導航系統; pinyin: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng

Question: What similar item to a GPS is mentioned here?
Answer: Chinese satellite navigation system
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

Question: If latitude is 50 degrees south, which area is it?
Answer: Asia-Pacific

Question: In what continent did the Bei-Dou2 system begin offering coverage in December 2012?
Answer: Asia

Question: What suggests this might be a coastal area?
Answer: Pacific

Question: Which grouping covers the Phillipines?
Answer: BeiDou-2

Question: In 2012, what was BeiDou-2's longitudinal range?
Answer: between longitude 55°E to 180°E

Question: What are the North to South measurements called
Answer: latitude

Question: Where can we see absolute location?
Answer: longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N

Question: What is the maximum longitudinal range of the data the system can provide?
Answer: 55°E to 180°E

Question: What are the East to East measurements called
Answer: longitude

Question: What was the earliest that the system could provide data for the Asia-Pacific region?
Answer: December 2012

Question: What covers the South China Sea
Answer: BeiDou-2

Question: What general location is mentioned here?
Answer: Asia-Pacific region

Question: What was the longitudinal range of the system in December 2012?
Answer: between longitude 55°E to 180°E

Question: If longitude is 55 degreessouth, which  area?
Answer: Asia-Pacific
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

Question: What was of interest?
Answer: general characteristics

Question: Who did others look to to hear about the new system?
Answer: authorities

Question: How forth coming were authorities?
Answer: little was officially announced
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Question: What performs the same functions as Compass-M1 in the global navigation satellite system?
Answer: GIOVE satellites

Question: What can be compared to Compass?
Answer: Galileo system

Question: What is Compass like
Answer: Galileo

Question: Where is Compass-M1
Answer: altitude of 21,150 km

Question: What is Compass-M1 like
Answer: GIOVE

Question: How does Compass-M1 travel?
Answer: nearly circular

Question: What do the GIOVE satellites do
Answer: signal testing and validation

Question: Where is Compass-M1
Answer: altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees

Question: Whats the role of Compass-M1 like
Answer: GIOVE satellites

Question: Whats Compass compared to
Answer: Galileo

Question: What is the role of Compass-M1 for the Compass navigation system?
Answer: signal testing and validation

Question: What is the position of Compass-M1 compared to the Earth?
Answer: altitude of 21,150 km
Thuringia

The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass, followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam.

Question: Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy: wind power, hydroelectricity or clean gas?
Answer: clean gas

Question: What kind of green energy is preferred in Thuringia?
Answer: Wind power and Biomass

Question: what power source is mentioned fourth to last?
Answer: Wind

Question: what place is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station

Question: what power source is mentioned third to last?
Answer: Biomass

Question: How is lignite used for energy?
Answer: combustion

Question: Was more lignite used in 2000 or 2013?
Answer: 2000

Question: what place is mentioned last?
Answer: Hohenwarte Dam

Question: From where is hydroelectricity obtained?
Answer: Hohenwarte Dam

Question: what time period is mentioned first?
Answer: 2000

Question: Which of the following is not a storage station: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station, Biomass or the Hohenwarte Dam?
Answer: Biomass

Question: What makes lignite less popular?
Answer: environmentally unfriendly
Thuringia

Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Question: From 2008 to 2012 did fewer people migrate from Thuringia to Gera or Jena?
Answer: Jena

Question: Which was the least popular place of migration within Thuringia from 2008 to 2012?
Answer: Weimar

Question: From 2008 to 2012 did more people migrate from Thuringia to Erfurt or Weimar?
Answer: Erfurt

Question: From 2008 to 2012, where did most Thuringia people migrate to internationally?
Answer: Switzerland

Question: In which year did Thuringia have the least migration influx from the other countries?
Answer: 2009

Question: Where, from 2008 to 2012, was the second-most common destination for migrants coming from Thuringia?
Answer: Gera

Question: Which was the most popular place of migration within Thuringia from 2008 to 2012?
Answer: Erfurt

Question: Where, from 2008 to 2012, were the third- and fourth-most common destinations for migrants coming from Thuringia?
Answer: +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000)

Question: What phenomenon was Thuringia experiencing from 2008 to 2012?
Answer: internal migration

Question: Was the positive balance of international migration higher in 2012 or 2009?
Answer: 2012

Question: From 2008 to 2012 did more people migrate from Thuringia to Erfurt or Gera?
Answer: Erfurt

Question: Where, from 2008 to 2012, was the fifth-most common destination for migrants coming from Thuringia?
Answer: Weimar

Question: Was the positive balance of international migration higher in 2010 or 2009?
Answer: 2010
Thuringia

Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of "Hesse", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "Saxon duchies", consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.

Question: saxon duchies are what
Answer: smaller states

Question: because of being divided into smaller states resulted in what
Answer: Thuringia became merely a geographical concept

Question: What happened about 134 years before the conclusion of the War of the Thuringian Succession?
Answer: Thuringia became a landgraviate

Question: What happened about 117 years before the start of the War of the Thuringian Succession?
Answer: Thuringia became a landgraviate

Question: what was divided into smaller states
Answer: Thuringia

Question: hesse was once part of
Answer: Thuringia

Question: Hesse became?
Answer: independent

Question: What happened about 355 years after Thuringia became a landgraviate?
Answer: the division of the house of Wettin

Question: this article iis about the history of
Answer: Thuringia

Question: Hesse was in what of the place that became a landgraviate i 1130 AD?
Answer: western
Thuringia

The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945.

Question: What gave life back to the previously dismissed area?
Answer: Treaty of Leipzig

Question: What did the Landgraviate of Thuringia turn into?
Answer: Prussian territories

Question: What was the name of Thuringia in the late 12th century?
Answer: Landgraviate of Thuringia

Question: In the third decade of the 20th century what was Thuringia called?
Answer: the Free State of Thuringia

Question: What suggests that the size later grew?
Answer: Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities

Question: What became non-existent?
Answer: Thuringia

Question: How did Thuringia grow beyond 1920?
Answer: The Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945

Question: What formation bordered the land on the sides?
Answer: river

Question: What was the name in the first half of the 6th century of Thuringia?
Answer: The Thuringian Realm

Question: What people ruled over the Thuringian Realm for many generations?
Answer: the Ernestine Wettins
Quran

Belief is a fundamental aspect of morality in the Quran, and scholars have tried to determine the semantic contents of "belief" and "believer" in the Quran. The ethico-legal concepts and exhortations dealing with righteous conduct are linked to a profound awareness of God, thereby emphasizing the importance of faith, accountability, and the belief in each human's ultimate encounter with God. People are invited to perform acts of charity, especially for the needy. Believers who "spend of their wealth by night and by day, in secret and in public" are promised that they "shall have their reward with their Lord; on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve". It also affirms family life by legislating on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance. A number of practices, such as usury and gambling, are prohibited. The Quran is one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law (sharia). Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the formal prayers (salat) and fasting in the month of Ramadan. As for the manner in which the prayer is to be conducted, the Quran refers to prostration. The term for charity, zakat, literally means purification. Charity, according to the Quran, is a means of self-purification.

Question: What kind of prayer is spoken about in the Quran?
Answer: prostration

Question: The Quran doesn't allow people to do?
Answer: usury and gambling

Question: Two words central to morality are?
Answer: "belief" and "believer"

Question: The Quran lists who should receive the benefits of __
Answer: zakat

Question: The Quran's domestic influence is in?
Answer: marriage, divorce, and inheritance

Question: What kinds of everyday matters does the Quran outline?
Answer: family life by legislating on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance

Question: How is charity defined in the Quran?
Answer: "spend of their wealth by night and by day, in secret and in public"

Question: __ is based on income and the value of all of one's possessions
Answer: zakat

Question: __ is a religious obligation for all Muslims who meet the necessary criteria of wealth
Answer: zakat
Quran

The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qurʼān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb (book); āyah (sign); and sūrah (scripture). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article (al-), the word is referred to as the "revelation" (waḥy), that which has been "sent down" (tanzīl) at intervals. Other related words are: dhikr (remembrance), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning, and ḥikmah (wisdom), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.

Question: Of ayah and surah, which one means scripture?
Answer: sūrah

Question: of kitab and surah, which one means book?
Answer: kitāb

Question: Of surah and kitab, which denotes units of revelation?
Answer: sūrah

Question: How are the synonyms related?
Answer: its use may converge with that of qurʼān in certain contexts

Question: Which of the following words is in English: dhikr, tanzil, or revelation?
Answer: revelation

Question: Which of the following is not a potential meaning of dhikr: reminder, wisdom, or warning?
Answer: wisdom

Question: Of Kitab and ayah, which one means sign?
Answer: āyah

Question: Quran is a kind of what?
Answer: revelation

Question: What can be found in contexts?
Answer: revelation

Question: Which of the following is not a possible synonym for Quran: kitab, surah, or tanzil?
Answer: tanzīl

Question: Between kitab and wahy, which is revelation?
Answer: kitāb
Quran

Moses, in 7:143, comes the way of those who are in love, he asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God. The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God's manifestation upon the mountain. In Qushayri's words, Moses came like thousands of men who traveled great distances, and there was nothing left to Moses of Moses. In that state of annihilation from himself, Moses was granted the unveiling of the realities. From the Sufi point of view, God is the always the beloved and the wayfarer's longing and suffering lead to realization of the truths.

Question: The action given to when a person loses consciousness because of a temporarily insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain is?
Answer: faints

Question: What had to happen for Moses to see God's manifestation upon the mountain?
Answer: The mountain crumbles

Question: What might Qushayri consider to be an example of unveiling realities?
Answer: sight of God's manifestation

Question: Who did not say there was nothing left to Moses of Moses: Qushayri or Sufi?
Answer: Sufi

Question: What might Qushayri consider to be the state of annihilation?
Answer: Moses faints

Question: To break apart into small fragments is given what verb?
Answer: crumbles

Question: What movie released in 2018 starred Natalie Portman and Jennifer Jason Leigh?
Answer: annihilation

Question: The United States is composed of fifty what?
Answer: state

Question: Who granted Moses the unveiling of the realities?
Answer: God

Question: Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs to be pumped to the body?
Answer: left

Question: According to Qushayri, what was required of Moses before he could see God?
Answer: longing and suffering

Question: Who does not say God is always the beloved: Sufi or Moses?
Answer: Moses
Quran

Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power", the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer." The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.

Question: Who had the vision where someone bore witness to?
Answer: Muhammad

Question: What does Welch point out about the first revelation?
Answer: graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine

Question: The two bows' length was described in what other way?
Answer: even nearer

Question: Muhammad was a?
Answer: Prophet

Question: Who was the person was witnessed sweating?
Answer: Muhammad

Question: Muhammad's critics accused him of many things, a possessed man a magician and what else and why?
Answer: a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia

Question: What does Welch say about Muhammad's experiences?
Answer: uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood

Question: The first revelation had a vision given by who?
Answer: The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power"

Question: Muhammad describing revelations was like what that the ringing of a bell caused?
Answer: Sometimes it is (revealed

Question: Revelations are what in nature?
Answer: Divinely

Question: Who recalled something that Muhammad did through text?
Answer: Sahih al-Bukhari
Quran

The language of the Quran has been described as "rhymed prose" as it partakes of both poetry and prose; however, this description runs the risk of failing to convey the rhythmic quality of Quranic language, which is more poetic in some parts and more prose-like in others. Rhyme, while found throughout the Quran, is conspicuous in many of the earlier Meccan suras, in which relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence. The effectiveness of such a form is evident for instance in Sura 81, and there can be no doubt that these passages impressed the conscience of the hearers. Frequently a change of rhyme from one set of verses to another signals a change in the subject of discussion. Later sections also preserve this form but the style is more expository.

Question: What kind of text makes up the Quran?
Answer: poetry and prose

Question: What is considered to be more of something that combined both poetry and prose?
Answer: The language of the Quran

Question: what makes Sura 81  so effective?
Answer: relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence

Question: What makes the rhymes so obvious in the Meccan suras?
Answer: relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence

Question: How does the language of the Quran vary throughout?
Answer: is more poetic in some parts and more prose-like in others

Question: Where is a lot of the rhyme in the book found?
Answer: earlier Meccan suras

Question: What aspect of the book contains elements of rhyme and elements of prose?
Answer: The language

Question: What city are the early suras named for?
Answer: Meccan

Question: Where can you find a good example of rhyme in the Quran?
Answer: Sura 81

Question: Where is the type of rhymed prose found in the Quranic book?
Answer: throughout

Question: Where is rhyme found in the Quran?
Answer: throughout the Quran