UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Ashkenazi_Jews

New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, there has been increased interest in Kabbalah, which many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework. Another trend is the new popularity of ecstatic worship in the Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan, both of which are nominally of Ashkenazi origin.

Question: What might you find adolescent Jewish people enjoying?
Answer: post-denominational Judaism

Question: What is being consumed in an unorthodox manner?
Answer: Kabbalah

Question: what occured to judaism?
Answer: New developments

Question: What might bring together  white, black, and Indian teens?
Answer: post-denominational Judaism

Question: what is the last word in the passage?
Answer: origin

Question: what people are been talked about?
Answer: Jews

Question: What has become more popular among Asjkenazi jews?
Answer: increased interest in Kabbalah

Question: Which have a small connection to Ashkenazi?
Answer: Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan

Question: what religion is been mentioned?
Answer: Judaism

Question: Where would you see many young adolescents studying Judiasm?
Answer: North American cities
Ashkenazi_Jews

It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.

Question: What Jews are not Sephardic or Mizrahi?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews

Question: Which of the following is not a group of Jews: Sephardic, Ashkenazi or Holocaust?
Answer: Holocaust

Question: What is the highest percentage that the population held historically?
Answer: 92 percent

Question: What was the highest total number of Jews in the world at any time?
Answer: 16.7 million

Question: What are today's statistical figures used to determine vis-a-vis population numbers?
Answer: contemporary demography

Question: What is the lowest count estimate of the current Ashkenazi Jew population?
Answer: 10 million

Question: Where there more or less Ashkenazi Jews as a percentage of world Jewry after the Holocaust?
Answer: less

Question: Were there more or less Jews in the world after the Holocaust?
Answer: less

Question: What is the lowest estimated percentage of the current Ashkenazi population?
Answer: less than 74%

Question: In what time period is there an intermediate percentage of Ashkenazi between 3 and 92 percent?
Answer: contemporary

Question: What Jewish populations are believed to make up approximately 26% of Jews worldwide?
Answer: Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews

Question: When is it believed that the Ashkenazi Jews held the lowest percentage of Jews worldwide?
Answer: 11th century
Ashkenazi_Jews

A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." "Past research found that 50–80 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East," Richards said.

Question: What is the citation of the study discussed?
Answer: Hammer et al

Question: Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews have some of the same things also common among Middle Easterners but not?
Answer: European

Question: The researchers studied haplotypes found where?
Answer: Y-chromosome

Question: The people described in the study are?
Answer: Jews

Question: What demographic groups did the researchers study?
Answer: Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews

Question: Male Ashkenazis are mostly not?
Answer: European

Question: These findings came from a what?
Answer: study

Question: What is the primary finding of the study summarized in the paragraph?
Answer: This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East
Ashkenazi_Jews

Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means "Jewishness" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women. From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now encompasses not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness. Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association. Broadly speaking, a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular.

Question: Someone who is Jewish does what?
Answer: associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues

Question: the Yiddish concept of Jewishness includes
Answer: not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness

Question: Which churches do Jews go?
Answer: synagogues

Question: What is Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular?
Answer: associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues

Question: How can Jewishness be distinguished?
Answer: in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association

Question: Where did Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit originate from?
Answer: Europe

Question: Jews were expected to follow?
Answer: Jewish Law

Question: jewishness means to
Answer: the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women

Question: what is a jew
Answer: a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular

Question: Ashkenazi Yiddishkei is part of?
Answer: Jewish culture in general

Question: What is the popular place for Jews?
Answer: Israel
Ashkenazi_Jews

In this respect, the counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic, since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they are ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise. A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her. With the integration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside Orthodox Judaism.

Question: When a Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephari man, how will her children not be raised?
Answer: Ashkenazi

Question: With the melting of Jewish culture into many places in the world, what is happening to the boundaries of Ashkenazi culture?
Answer: blurring

Question: If you're Jewish, and not following Sephardic practices, what are you?
Answer: Ashkenazi

Question: When a Sephardic woman marries an Orthodox Jewish man, how will her children not be raised?
Answer: Orthodox

Question: What is it called if you change your religious beliefs and practices?
Answer: convert

Question: If children are raised Sephardic, what group is the woman from?
Answer: Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man

Question: Who inherits their identity?
Answer: children

Question: If children are raised Ashkenazi, what group is the woman from?
Answer: By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi

Question: The raising of children based on marriage is based on what?
Answer: tradition

Question: What general religion is Ashkenazi?
Answer: Jewish

Question: Though many follow Sephardic, what is the version followed?
Answer: Sephardic rabbinical authorities
Ashkenazi_Jews

Before 2006, geneticists had largely attributed the ethnogenesis of most of the world's Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews, to Israelite Jewish male migrants from the Middle East and "the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism." Thus, in 2002, in line with this model of origin, David Goldstein, now of Duke University, reported that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities "did not seem to be Middle Eastern", and that each community had its own genetic pattern and even that "in some cases the mitochondrial DNA was closely related to that of the host community." In his view this suggested "that Jewish men had arrived from the Middle East, taken wives from the host population and converted them to Judaism, after which there was no further intermarriage with non-Jews."

Question: What was notable about the female Ashkenazi population's DNA?
Answer: did not seem to be Middle Eastern

Question: What scientific evidence best suggested non middle eastern ancestry?
Answer: mitochondrial DNA

Question: What females have most jews descended from?
Answer: the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism

Question: What was the unique link between Ashkenazi communities and native communities?
Answer: mitochondrial DNA

Question: What surprising development was found on the lineage of jews?
Answer: did not seem to be Middle Eastern

Question: When did evidence reinforcing the claim that the ethnogenesis of most of the world's Jews could be traced back to Jewish male migrants from the Middle east and converted women from local populations come out?
Answer: 2002

Question: When did male jews stop marrying outside the religion?
Answer: converted them to Judaism, after which
Ashkenazi_Jews

With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

Question: Which of the following is not a location where expulsions of Jewish people occurred: England, France, or financial services?
Answer: financial services

Question: Where did the expulsions of Jewish people take place later, England or parts of Germany?
Answer: parts of Germany

Question: Where did the expulsions happen earlier, England or parts of Germany?
Answer: England

Question: Who could be relied on to read detailed documentation?
Answer: Jews

Question: Where did the expulsions happen earlier, England or France?
Answer: England

Question: What dictated the ethics of Jews?
Answer: Christians

Question: How was Lithuania effected by the Crusades?
Answer: Jewish migration

Question: Which of the following was not something Jewish economic activity was focused on: trade, business management, or Poland?
Answer: Poland

Question: Which took place earlier, the onset of the Crusades or the expulsion of the Jews from France?
Answer: onset of the Crusades

Question: Which of the following was not something Jewish economic activity was focused on: trade, business management, or high rates of literacy?
Answer: high rates of literacy

Question: Which took place earlier, the onset of the Crusades or the expulsion of the Jews from England?
Answer: onset of the Crusades

Question: Where did the expulsions happen earlier, France or parts of Germany?
Answer: France

Question: Which happened earlier, the onset of the Crusades or the Jewish migration into Russia?
Answer: the onset of the Crusades

Question: Where did the residents of England go after the expulsion?
Answer: Russia

Question: How was Poland effected by the Crusades?
Answer: Jewish migration
Ashkenazi_Jews

In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning, often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic. Jews of any non-Ashkenazi background, including Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish and others who have no connection with the Iberian Peninsula, have similarly come to be lumped together as Sephardic. Jews of mixed background are increasingly common, partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi, and partly because many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews.

Question: Which land mass contains both Spain and Portugal?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula

Question: Why is something more normal since the early days of Israel?
Answer: partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi, and partly because many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews

Question: Where were jews found that were not traditionally Ashkenazi?
Answer: Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish

Question: Why do marriage of mixed jewish backgrounds occur more often?
Answer: many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews

Question: How is the term Ashkenazi defined in Israel?
Answer: unrelated to its original meaning

Question: If one's descent is being Jewish from Spain or Portugal, they would  also be reffered to as?
Answer: Sephardic

Question: Which term is used to refer to any Jewish group of individuals that don't hail from the Rhine valley in Germany?
Answer: non-Ashkenazi

Question: Where aren't a lot of people from who are being discussed here?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula

Question: The group that are native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan are referred to as what?
Answer: Kurdish

Question: What doesn't mean what is used to?
Answer: Ashkenazi

Question: Union of two individuals of differing races or cultures is referred to as?
Answer: intermarriage
Ashkenazi_Jews

A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. "Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region", the authors concluded.

Question: What region do the aforementioned Jews not have genetic contribution from?
Answer: Caucasus

Question: What area of science does the study fall under?
Answer: genetic

Question: What ancestry are the aforementioned jews derived from?
Answer: other Jewish populations

Question: What comes from the middle east?
Answer: ancestry

Question: The data was gotten from?
Answer: trans-genome study

Question: What is not the place where Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry from?
Answer: Khazar

Question: Ashkenazi Jews aren't?
Answer: Khazar

Question: Khazars are from?
Answer: the region of the Khazar Khaganate

Question: In what scientifically designated period of human history was the chronology of academic genetic experiments conducted?
Answer: 2013

Question: There was a study performed in 2013 to what?
Answer: for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins
Ashkenazi_Jews

The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls, maintained a strong system of education for males, heeded rabbinic leadership, and scorned the life-style of their neighbors; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism.

Question: How often did the Hebrews fully take in another culture?
Answer: little

Question: What expanse of land was the location for recruitment?
Answer: Europe

Question: The population antisemitism was experienced by lived in communities called?
Answer: shtetls

Question: What didn't occur much with Hebrews?
Answer: assimilation

Question: What type of people did the Hebrews follow?
Answer: rabbinic

Question: What group did the Hebrews see over them?
Answer: rabbinic leadership

Question: What institution of learning did Jewish men get?
Answer: education

Question: How did the Hebrew people react to the culture of the people near them?
Answer: scorned

Question: With more antisemitism came less?
Answer: assimilation

Question: What quantity of recruitment occurred with Hebrews?
Answer: some

Question: Men of this population were exposed to lots of?
Answer: education

Question: What activity strengthened the Jews' resolve?
Answer: antisemitism

Question: The Hebrews found contempt in which culture?
Answer: neighbors
Ashkenazi_Jews

A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort – that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families.

Question: What does the research demonstrate?
Answer: the endogamy

Question: What type of spouses do Haredi normally have?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews

Question: What helps researchers study the genes of Ashkenazi's easily?
Answer: intermarriage among Jews

Question: What is the last on the list country listed where jewish ancestors came from
Answer: Lithuania

Question: What is the term for marriage only within your local ethnic group?
Answer: endogamy

Question: What was common among Jews that lived in part of the Eurasian landmass?
Answer: endogamy

Question: Where are many Ashkenazi Jews from?
Answer: Europe

Question: Ashkenazi's ancestors come from?
Answer: any other place with a historical Jewish population

Question: How do you prepare for a test?
Answer: study

Question: What do engaged couples prepare to do?
Answer: marry

Question: what type of testing provides evidence of Ashkenazi Jews as a ethnic group
Answer: genetic

Question: Where do you get certain traits?
Answer: genes

Question: Who has little trouble studying Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: researchers

Question: What country is listed third of where Jewish ancestors originally resided
Answer: Hungary

Question: What can Ashkenazi Jews be considered?
Answer: as an ethnic group
Law_of_the_United_States

Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994.

Question: Tort law relates to what legal concept?
Answer: liability

Question: When was the original case that eventually led to Product Liability Directive by the European Economic Community?
Answer: 1963

Question: Liability is involved when something is?
Answer: defective

Question: Who was the plaintiff in the case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products?
Answer: Greenman

Question: Where, globally, was the Greenman rule first approved after the United States?
Answer: European Economic Community

Question: Which country adopted the Greenman rule in Section 402 of the Restatement of Torts thirty years after it was published?
Answer: Japan

Question: Which country adopted the Greenman rule in Section 402 of the Restatement of Torts two years before 1994?
Answer: Australia

Question: Which country adopted the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement of Torts nine years after the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive?
Answer: Japan

Question: Which country adopted the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement of Torts first, Japan  or Australia?
Answer: Australia

Question: Who was the second individual country to make a version of the Greenman rule?
Answer: Australia

Question: Who adopted the Greenman rule in Section 402 of the Restatement of Torts 21 years after it was published?
Answer: European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive