Comics

European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

Question: Superman is a popular pop fiction character that first appeared under which medium?
Answer: comics

Question: What was the first change?
Answer: Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure"

Question: What is it called to group comics based on how they are formatted?
Answer: grammars

Question: What was the view of the study?
Answer: emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination

Question: What is the difference between how france and american view comic theory?
Answer: panel-to-panel transitions

Question: The region of France would classify mangas under which term?
Answer: les littératures dessinées

Question: Which individual studied the aspects of comics  during the seventies that is referred to as now as "closure"?
Answer: Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle

Question: What was the third change?
Answer: By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices

Question: When was the study of the mind introduced?
Answer: the mid-2000s

Question: The creator of Gipsy and a writer from Belgium that held a relativistic view when describing comics was?
Answer: Thierry Smolderen

Question: What was the second change?
Answer: In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit

Question: Which comic theorist began studying comics after the start of the 21st century?
Answer: Neil Cohn

Question: What early comic creator analyzed the comics he made?
Answer: Töpffer