UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Raleigh,_North_Carolina

The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m²) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.

Question: What can people see for free if they visit the The J. C. Raulston Arboretum?
Answer: a year-round collection

Question: Are there more community centers or public lakes?
Answer: community centers

Question: Are there more tennis courts or public aquatic facilities?
Answer: tennis courts

Question: Are there fewer community centers or tennis courts?
Answer: community centers

Question: What covers 8,100 acres in Raleigh?
Answer: park land

Question: What is The J. C. Raulston Arboretum?
Answer: an 8-acre (32,000 m²) arboretum and botanical garden

Question: What covers 126 km in Raleigh?
Answer: greenway

Question: Which park area could you visit to take a swim?
Answer: 8 public aquatic facilities

Question: Are there more tennis courts or public lakes?
Answer: tennis courts

Question: Where would you do to smash some fluorescent green orbs around?
Answer: 112 tennis courts

Question: Are there fewer public aquatic facilities or public lakes?
Answer: public lakes

Question: Where would an adventurous biker be found inside the parks?
Answer: BMX championship-caliber race track

Question: How do you know you should never be bored here?
Answer: offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city

Question: Who runs the botanical garden?
Answer: North Carolina State University

Question: Under whose authority are the plants cared for?
Answer: The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department
The_Blitz

Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters:189–190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed. By the end of 1940 significant improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms and canteen trains provided food. Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters to reduce the amount of time spent queuing. Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments, and organisations such as the British Red Cross and the Salvation Army worked to improve conditions. Entertainment included concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries.

Question: Who provided food for the underground shelters?
Answer: canteen trains

Question: How did people pass the time in shelters?
Answer: concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries

Question: What might suggest that people still wanted to abide by the laws during the bombings?
Answer: Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments

Question: How did people in shelters cook and eliminate waste?
Answer: Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms

Question: What were the things they did to pass the time?
Answer: concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries

Question: What suggests it only took 3 months to build the shelters?
Answer: By the end of 1940

Question: What did people line up for?
Answer: bunks

Question: Why did the government build new shelters?
Answer: Public demand

Question: What innovation in the Underground shelters made it possible for people to dine there?
Answer: canteen trains

Question: What suggests the bombings were not constant?
Answer: heaviest bombing had passed

Question: What was over before the shelters were finished?
Answer: heaviest bombing

Question: What might suggests people were bored in the shelters?
Answer: Entertainment included concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries

Question: What quickly formed in shelters?
Answer: informal governments

Question: Where in the Underground were shelters built?
Answer: deep

Question: How did people in the shelters pass the time?
Answer: concerts, films, plays and books

Question: What was unfortunate about the deep shelters?
Answer: were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed
The_Blitz

Whitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength. The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941, from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941, to 204 and 74 in May (643 sorties). But even in May, 67% of the sorties were visual cat's-eye missions. Curiously, while 43% of the contacts in May 1941 were by visual sightings, they accounted for 61% of the combats. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%. If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it.

Question: Who initiated the replacement of Dowding?
Answer: Whitehall

Question: How can visual sightings help during combat?
Answer: spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it

Question: What was the problem at the end?
Answer: If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it

Question: What was special about the night fighters?
Answer: radar-equipped

Question: What happened with the RAF?
Answer: failures

Question: How many pilots were part of the carpet effect?
Answer: 87

Question: Two of which sort of event happened in January 1941?
Answer: combats

Question: What changed after Dowding's ouster?
Answer: more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties

Question: How many combats were made in January 1941?
Answer: two

Question: What equipment did the night fighters have on board?
Answer: radar

Question: Why was Dowding replaced?
Answer: failures of the RAF

Question: What came after the ouster of Dowding in terms of strength?
Answer: Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength

Question: What happened to Germans?
Answer: there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%

Question: What was wrong with the carpet effect by '41?
Answer: half the required strength
The_Blitz

In the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electric installations were damaged. In Sunderland on 25 April, Luftflotte 2 sent 60 bombers which dropped 80 tons of high explosive and 9,000 incendiaries. Much damage was done. A further attack on the Clyde, this time at Greenock, took place on 6 and 7 May. However, as with the attacks in the south, the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions.

Question: Which location was attacked in the 4th month of 1941, Sunderland or Greenock?
Answer: Sunderland

Question: Were more incendiaries dropped on the 9th or the 25th?
Answer: 9 April

Question: Which location was attacked earlier, Sunderland or Greenock?
Answer: Sunderland

Question: Which location was attacked in the 5th month of 1941, Sunderland or Greenock?
Answer: Greenock

Question: Were there more tons of high explosives dropped on the 9th or the 25th?
Answer: 9 April

Question: Where were the attacks focused?
Answer: the English east coast

Question: Which were there more of, incendiaries or tons of high explosives?
Answer: incendiaries

Question: What was included in the battle?
Answer: 60 bombers

Question: What part of the country was this in?
Answer: east coast

Question: Which were there more of, tons of high explosives or bombers?
Answer: high explosives

Question: What was included in the first attack?
Answer: 120 bombers

Question: When did the Luftflotte send more bombers, 9 April or 25 April?
Answer: 9 April

Question: What city suffered?
Answer: Sunderland
The_Blitz

Nevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pilot), Pilot Officer Geoffrey Morris (Observer) and Flight Sergeant Reginald Leyland (Air Intercept radar operator) of the Fighter Interception Unit became the first pilot and crew to intercept and destroy an enemy aircraft using onboard radar to guide them to a visual interception, when their AI night fighter brought down a Do 17 off Sussex. On 19 November 1940 the famous RAF night fighter ace John Cunningham shot down a Ju 88 bomber using airborne radar, just as Dowding had predicted.

Question: What did the ace do?
Answer: shot down a Ju 88 bomber using airborne radar

Question: When the group that first intercepted and destroyed an enemy aircraft using onboard radar had their victory, what time of the day did they achieve this?
Answer: night

Question: Besides Ashfield, Morris, and Leyland, who is one more person who is mentioned in the article as someone who destroyed another aircraft thanks to the use of radar?
Answer: Cunningham

Question: Besides the Do 17, what other kind of aircraft does the article mention getting destroyed thanks to the usage of radar?
Answer: Ju 88 bomber

Question: Where did radar play a large role?
Answer: Britain

Question: What aircraft did the crew bring down
Answer: a Do 17

Question: The event that happened approximately four months after the first pilot and crew used onboard radar to guide them to a visual interception was accurately foreseen by which person?
Answer: Dowding

Question: Who were the first ones to use radar in the sky the crew of?
Answer: Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pilot), Pilot Officer Geoffrey Morris (Observer) and Flight Sergeant Reginald Leyland (Air Intercept radar operator)

Question: Who did the Fighter Interception Unit and also Cunningham have to thank for being able to use the airborne radar?
Answer: Dowding

Question: How were the battles over the country won?
Answer: radar

Question: What did the crew do?
Answer: became the first pilot and crew to intercept and destroy an enemy aircraft using onboard radar to guide them to a visual interception

Question: What did they use the radar against?
Answer: enemy aircraft
The_Blitz

Airborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of greater potential was the GL (Gunlaying) radar and searchlights with fighter direction from RAF fighter control rooms to begin a GCI system (Ground Control-led Interception) under Group-level control (No. 10 Group RAF, No. 11 Group RAF and No. 12 Group RAF).

Question: What was done but didn't work?
Answer: Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out

Question: Despite victory, what wa sa concern?
Answer: The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources

Question: How well did AI work?
Answer: unreliable

Question: What group was there other than twelve and ten?
Answer: 11

Question: What was an issue with not having AI?
Answer: Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation

Question: What group was there other than twelve and eleven?
Answer: 10

Question: What was a solution?
Answer: Of greater potential was the GL (Gunlaying) radar

Question: Why didn't they do much night flight?
Answer: resources

Question: What made the lights effective?
Answer: direction from RAF fighter control rooms

Question: What was the system to replace AI?
Answer: GCI system

Question: Who provides directions?
Answer: RAF

Question: What method of tracking failed the least?
Answer: GL (Gunlaying) radar and searchlights with fighter direction from RAF fighter control

Question: What needed to be rectified?
Answer: there was little investment in night fighting

Question: What was very costly?
Answer: heavy fighting

Question: Why were the original tactics not implemented?
Answer: heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources
The_Blitz

In the inter-war years and after 1940, Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority. However, Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences, there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night. When the Luftwaffe struck at British cities for the first time on 7 September 1940, a number of civic and political leaders were worried by Dowding's apparent lack of reaction to the new crisis.

Question: What did Dowding spend not much time on?
Answer: bombing at night

Question: What was Dowding responsible for taking care of?
Answer: British air space

Question: What was a failure of the British leader?
Answer: there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night

Question: What did Dowding not succeed at?
Answer: the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority

Question: Who did the failing party represent?
Answer: Germans

Question: What could have been done to prevent Germany from attacking when they did?
Answer: little

Question: What was Dowding's biggest mistake?
Answer: spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences

Question: Who was the Air Officer Dowing with?
Answer: British

Question: How did Dowding react to the attack?
Answer: lack of reaction

Question: What dominated Dowding's time?
Answer: preparing day fighter defences

Question: How did Luftwaffe get around Dowdings defenses?
Answer: bombing at night

Question: How did Dowding feel about the night attacks?
Answer: lack of reaction
The_Blitz

Five nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 t) of bombs. In November 1940, 6,000 sorties and 23 major attacks (more than 100 tons of bombs dropped) were flown. Two heavy (50 short tons (45 t) of bombs) attacks were also flown. In December, only 11 major and five heavy attacks were made.

Question: Which were there fewer of: major attacks in November or bombers hitting Birmingham?
Answer: major attacks

Question: What was included in the attacks?
Answer: 1,100 bombers

Question: Were there fewer heavy attacks in November or December?
Answer: November

Question: Where there more heavy attack or major attacks in November?
Answer: major attacks

Question: Which KG unit has two identical digits, 55, 26, or 54?
Answer: 55

Question: Were there fewer major or heavy attacks in December?
Answer: heavy

Question: How did the attacks occur?
Answer: night raids

Question: Which KG unit does not contain the number 5?
Answer: 26

Question: Were there higher numbers of major attacks in November or December?
Answer: November

Question: What was the peak of the attacks?
Answer: In November 1940, 6,000 sorties and 23 major attacks (more than 100 tons of bombs dropped) were flown

Question: What was used in the attacks?
Answer: 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55

Question: How were the attacks conducted?
Answer: An average of 200 were able to strike per night

Question: Were there fewer heavy attacks in November or December?
Answer: November
The_Blitz

The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.

Question: Which happened later, the Blitz or the bombing of Hamburg?
Answer: bombing of Hamburg

Question: The British people didnt succumb to the effects of what?
Answer: The bombing

Question: Who took more overall casualties from bombings?
Answer: Germany

Question: What did Hitler hope the Blitz would accomplish?
Answer: Barbarossa

Question: Why did Operation Sea Lion never see the light of day?
Answer: the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions

Question: what was the death toll of the Hamburg bombings of 1943?
Answer: 42,000 civilian deaths

Question: Who launched the Blitz on Britain?
Answer: Germany

Question: Which plan had resulted in more deaths?
Answer: Allied bombing campaign

Question: what alternate form of attack was Germany considering instead of the blitz?
Answer: Operation Sea Lion

Question: Are the people in Hamburg German or British?
Answer: German

Question: While the bombings went on, how did the British respond?
Answer: The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand

Question: Who lost the shift of focus in 1941?
Answer: Britain

Question: What was the eight month period of bombings called?
Answer: The Blitz
The_Blitz

Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties— with about one third killed— would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war.

Question: What is responsible for the rapid increase in the dead from the direct bombing of a city?
Answer: aircraft technology advanced

Question: What was the greatest estimate of tonnes of bombs that could be dropped in a day?
Answer: 700

Question: Who was dropping bombs?
Answer: Germany

Question: What is the cause for the increase in casualties during the beginning weeks of warfare?
Answer: tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day

Question: During the Spanish Civil War, what was the agreed upon estimate of dead from a bomb drop?
Answer: 50-casualties-per-tonne

Question: Who was the enemy?
Answer: Germany

Question: If a one tonne bomb were dropped on London during World War 1, how many are estimated to die?
Answer: hours

Question: Was the estimated tonnes of bombs that could be dropped per day higher in 1922 or 1937?
Answer: 1937

Question: Was the estimated tonnes of bombs that could be dropped per day higher in 1934 or 1937?
Answer: 1937

Question: Was the estimated tonnes of bombs that could be dropped per day higher in 1922 or 1934?
Answer: 1934

Question: Did the Committee on Imperial Defence estimate that an attack of 60 days would result in more people being killed or wounded?
Answer: wounded
The_Blitz

AOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris did see German morale as a major objective. However, he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy. The primary goal of Bomber Command's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale. In late 1943, just before the Battle of Berlin, he declared the power of Bomber Command would enable it to achieve "a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable." A summary of Harris' strategic intentions was clear:

Question: What was Harris' ultimate goal with regard to the Germans?
Answer: surrender

Question: What did Harris want to do to Germany's monetary structure?
Answer: destruction

Question: What did Harris think would enable him to make the Germans surrender?
Answer: the power of Bomber Command

Question: What did Harris think might cause the German's to become disheartened?
Answer: destruction of the German economy

Question: What was a conditional issue, in the eyes of Bomber Command?
Answer: German morale

Question: What was more imperative to Harris than German morale?
Answer: to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare)

Question: How does Harris' plan for economic warfare go against his orginal view of German morale?
Answer: in doing so reduce morale

Question: What did Harris think he could cause the German's to do?
Answer: surrender
IPod

The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

Question: What is the issue with the capacitors?
Answer: undersized

Question: What is the best way to overcome the weak bass response?
Answer: external headphone amplifier

Question: What does not have the problem?
Answer: first-generation iPod Shuffle

Question: How can the issue be solved?
Answer: driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier

Question: What can improve a weak bass response?
Answer: high-impedance headphones

Question: What do the capacitors and headphones cause on an iPod?
Answer: high-pass filter

Question: What can eliminate this problem?
Answer: external headphone amplifier

Question: What makes the weak bass response worse?
Answer: undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones

Question: What type of capacitor prevents this problem?
Answer: dual-transistor output stage