UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Gramophone_record

In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a maximum playing time of 4½ minutes (at 160 rpm), which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records, which had a playing surface made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile. Despite these improvements, during the 1910s discs decisively won this early format war, although Edison continued to produce new Blue Amberol cylinders for an ever-dwindling customer base until late in 1929. By 1919 the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them. Analog disc records would dominate the home entertainment market until they were outsold by the digital compact disc in the late 1980s (which was in turn supplanted by digital audio recordings distributed via online music stores and Internet file sharing).

Question: What change did Edison make to his Amberol cylinders?
Answer: made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile

Question: 10-inch disc records and 12-inch records were where physical sound storage media, also called?
Answer: Analog disc records

Question: What occurred in the 9th year of the 20th century?
Answer: advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder

Question: What occurred in the 19th year of the 20th century?
Answer: the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them

Question: What term is used to refer to the side part of something, or a position farther from the median plane?
Answer: lateral

Question: What took the place of disc records?
Answer: digital compact disc

Question: How long could Thomas Edison's late cylinders play in order to compete with disc records?
Answer: 4½ minutes

Question: What caused Edison's Amberol cylinder to fail?
Answer: disc records

Question: What occured in the 1st year of the 20th century?
Answer: 10-inch disc records were introduced

Question: When did the CDs take over?
Answer: late 1980s

Question: 10 inch disc records, unlike cylinders of contemporary use could play for how long?
Answer: three and four minutes

Question: Parkesine and Xylonite are the first examples of what kind of compounds?
Answer: celluloid
Gramophone_record

Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrapped with tape to help mute these resonances. Even an acoustic recording played back electrically on modern equipment sounds like it was recorded through a horn, notwithstanding a reduction in distortion because of the modern playback. Toward the end of the acoustic era, there were many fine examples of recordings made with horns.

Question: What issues did delicate sounds have due to the recording of horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism?
Answer: were mostly lost

Question: What type of document had captured the disdain for the horn sounds?
Answer: pictures

Question: What sort of tools have acoustic muscians tried, attempting to to fix the issue of resonances?
Answer: electrically on modern equipment

Question: what common product was utilized to mute resonances?
Answer: tape

Question: What issue led to the horns getting wraped with tape?
Answer: mechanical resonances

Question: how could an acoustic recording be utilized on modern equipment?
Answer: electrically

Question: What was the irony of the resonance issue, as mentioned in the excerpt?
Answer: Toward the end of the acoustic era, there were many fine examples of recordings made with horns

Question: What was the difficulty with delicate sounds and fine overtones?
Answer: it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism

Question: Besides the playback system how were acoustic limitations negatively affected?
Answer: recording

Question: What issues did the horns have due to mechanical resonances?
Answer: Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost
Gramophone_record

Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.

Question: What is the result of storing a record correctly?
Answer: reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface

Question: What is the result of storing a record properly?
Answer: reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface

Question: What is the result of properly storing a record?
Answer: reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface

Question: How were warped records purposely used in music?
Answer: turntable and tonearm design

Question: How was it viewed?
Answer: it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design

Question: How are LP's protected
Answer: placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover

Question: What sound can result from warped records?
Answer: wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation)

Question: What was the result of correctly sheathing a record?
Answer: reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface

Question: What can happen from the maker of the record?
Answer: defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover

Question: What shouldn't be much of a worry?
Answer: A small degree of warp

Question: How does the warp occur?
Answer: "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered

Question: What is the result of sheathing a record correctly?
Answer: reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface

Question: How does the variation occur?
Answer: result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered
Gramophone_record

Some of Elvis Presley's early singles on Sun Records might have sold more copies on 78 than on 45. This is because the majority of those sales in 1954–55 were to the "hillbilly" market in the South and Southwestern United States, where replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time. By the end of 1957, RCA Victor announced that 78s accounted for less than 10% of Presley's singles sales, essentially announcing the death throes of the 78 rpm format. The last Presley single released on 78 in the United States was RCA Victor 20-7410, I Got Stung/One Night (1958), while the last 78 in the UK was RCA 1194, A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend (1960).

Question: What type of record player was more affordable?
Answer: 78 rpm player

Question: Why were 78s more popular than 45s in 1954-55?
Answer: replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford

Question: In what year did the 45 overtake the 78 in sales?
Answer: 1957

Question: When was the last 78 single released in the UK?
Answer: 1960

Question: What are the media platforms the music could be found on?
Answer: more copies on 78 than on 45

Question: What was the last 78 single in the US?
Answer: I Got Stung/One Night

Question: What version was more popular?
Answer: 78

Question: What version was less expensive?
Answer: 78

Question: What format was more popular with the "hillbilly" market?
Answer: 78

Question: On what type of player would Elvis' sales been more successful?
Answer: 78

Question: Was the last 78 released in the UK or the US?
Answer: UK

Question: Was was a luxury in the 1950's?
Answer: replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm
Gramophone_record

In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other critical applications. When it came to ordinary 78 rpm records, however, the much higher cost of the raw material, as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles still commonly used in home record players, made its general substitution for shellac impractical at that time. During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces produced thousands of 12-inch vinyl 78 rpm V-Discs for use by the troops overseas. After the war, the wider use of vinyl became more practical as new record players with relatively lightweight crystal pickups and precision-ground styli made of sapphire or an exotic osmium alloy proliferated. In late 1945, RCA Victor began offering special transparent red vinyl De Luxe pressings of some classical 78s, at a de luxe price. Later, Decca Records introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s, while other record companies came up with vinyl concoctions such as Metrolite, Merco Plastic and Sav-o-flex, but these were mainly used to produce "unbreakable" children's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations.

Question: How was vinyl better than shellac when it came to records?
Answer: light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise

Question: What was the predecessor to vinyl in the record industry?
Answer: shellac

Question: Why was vinyl eventually not preferred by radio programs?
Answer: higher cost of the raw material, as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles

Question: Why did vinyl become more popular after ww2?
Answer: new record players

Question: What did new records technologies in the 70's most often get used for?
Answer: unbreakable" children's records

Question: Styli made of sapphire and osmium alloy replaced those made from what?
Answer: steel

Question: what is the second to last product mentioned?
Answer: "unbreakable" children's records

Question: what is the second time period mentioned?
Answer: end of the 1930s

Question: what is the last product mentioned?
Answer: special thin vinyl DJ pressings

Question: what time period is mentioned first?
Answer: 1931

Question: what types of places are mentioned last?
Answer: radio stations
Gramophone_record

Towards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the record. On some recordings (for example Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles, Super Trouper by Abba and Atom Heart Mother by Pink Floyd), the sound continues on the lock groove, which gives a strange repeating effect. Automatic turntables rely on the position or angular velocity of the arm, as it reaches the wider spacing in the groove, to trigger a mechanism that lifts the arm off the record. Precisely because of this mechanism, most automatic turntables are incapable of playing any audio in the lock groove, since they will lift the arm before it reaches that groove.

Question: What singing group was mentioned right before Pink Floyd?
Answer: Abba

Question: Why were the three musical groups mentioned for their songs?
Answer: the sound continues on the lock groove, which gives a strange repeating effect

Question: What moves through grooves?
Answer: the arm

Question: What rock group was mentioned after Abba?
Answer: Pink Floyd

Question: What rock group was mentioned before Abba?
Answer: The Beatles

Question: What singing group was mentioned after The Beatles?
Answer: Abba

Question: Recordings give off what?
Answer: sound
Phonology

In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss.

Question: Which of the following people did not take a course at the LSA summer institute: Alan Prince, John McCarthy or Paul Smolensky?
Answer: John McCarthy

Question: Prince helped develop phonology with?
Answer: Paul Smolensky

Question: Which does not take precedence: a lower- or a higher- ranked constraint?
Answer: lower

Question: Prince helped extend phonology with?
Answer: John McCarthy

Question: Which of the following people is not a proponent of 'substance-free phonology:' Mark Hale, Alan Prince or Charles Reiss?
Answer: Alan Prince

Question: Which has a more importance  with constraints?
Answer: higher-ranked
Phonology

Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]

Question: What don't Americans perfer?
Answer: government phonology

Question: What is not popular in the US besides gov phonology
Answer: strict-CV phonology

Question: What don't the Brits prefer?
Answer: optimality theory

Question: What is predominant in the UK besides gov phonology
Answer: strict-CV phonology

Question: What is not seen as predominant in the US
Answer: government phonology

Question: what phrase is in bracket?
Answer: or its descendant, strict-CV phonology

Question: citation was said to be?
Answer: needed

Question: What is predominant in parts of Europe?
Answer: government phonology

Question: What do the Americans prefer?
Answer: optimality theory

Question: How much more does the UK like government phonology?
Answer: Broadly speaking

Question: what was the first state mentioned?
Answer: United Kingdom

Question: what is the third word in the paragraph ?
Answer: government
Phonology

In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle. The features describe aspects of articulation and perception, are from a universally fixed set, and have the binary values + or −. There are at least two levels of representation: underlying representation and surface phonetic representation. Ordered phonological rules govern how underlying representation is transformed into the actual pronunciation (the so-called surface form). An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments. Furthermore, the generativists folded morphophonology into phonology, which both solved and created problems.

Question: What was the downplaying of the syllable?
Answer: An important consequence of the influence SPE

Question: Who contributed to both the SPE and to its origins?
Answer: Halle

Question: What features were expansion of work by Roman Jakobson?
Answer: phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features

Question: Who worked on the SPE but was not involved in the earlier work that contributed to it?
Answer: Noam Chomsky

Question: What solved problems?
Answer: folded morphophonology into phonology

Question: Phonological representations are sequences of segments based on what?
Answer: generative phonology

Question: What two symbols can be assigned to the distinctive features that make up the sequences of segments in phonological representations?
Answer: + or −

Question: What does the P in SPE stand for?
Answer: Pattern

Question: What does S in SPE mean?
Answer: Sound

Question: What does the E stand for in SPE?
Answer: English

Question: What was from a universally fixed set?
Answer: phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features
Internet_service_provider

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Question: What is the first reason listed for data to follow the most efficient route.
Answer: Network hardware

Question: When considering the tradeoff in data flow, what is the most important to aspect to maintain?
Answer: efficiency

Question: What is the human element involved in data flow?
Answer: expertise of network management personnel

Question: What economical factor is balanced in the flow of data?
Answer: cost

Question: What is the 2rd reason for data following the best route
Answer: software

Question: What factor in data flow would ultimately be the decision maker for how to balance cost and efficiency?
Answer: network management personnel

Question: A trade off is what cost and efficiency?
Answer: between

Question: A tradeoff is considered with what possibility?
Answer: possible

Question: What is the 3rd reason listed for data to follow to most efficient route
Answer: specifications

Question: It's doing what to the data to make sure it follows the efficient route?
Answer: ensuring
Internet_service_provider

Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: What does the 'P' stand for in SMTP?
Answer: Protocol

Question: What does the 'T' stand for in SMTP?
Answer: Transfer

Question: What is AOL Mail?
Answer: mailbox providers

Question: What is the most common way to transmit email?
Answer: (SMTP)

Question: What service can also be given by mailbox providers?
Answer: access

Question: Where is the email hosting service hosted?
Answer: mail servers

Question: What does Outlook.com live?
Answer: servers

Question: What does the 'P' stand for in IMAP?
Answer: Protocol

Question: What prividers would only give you email service?
Answer: Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box

Question: What does the 'S' stand for in SMTP?
Answer: Simple

Question: What does the 'M' stand for in SMTP?
Answer: Mail

Question: What is Yahoo!Mail?
Answer: mailbox providers

Question: What is PO box?
Answer: mailbox providers
Internet_service_provider

Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

Question: What is internet transit?
Answer: services

Question: What is colocation?
Answer: services

Question: What is internet access?
Answer: services

Question: What is the provider for colocation?
Answer: ISPs

Question: What is Usenet service?
Answer: services

Question: Without an ISP, you won't be able to get on the?
Answer: web

Question: What do internet services help regarding a web?
Answer: web hosting

Question: What internet services do for domain?
Answer: domain name registration

Question: What is web hosting?
Answer: Internet services

Question: What do customers mainly want from internet services?
Answer: Internet access

Question: An ISP lets you access a network called the?
Answer: Usenet

Question: What is web hosting?
Answer: Internet services
Internet_service_provider

For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Question: What wiring has glass in it
Answer: fiber-optics

Question: what is the abbreviation for a digital subscriber line
Answer: DSL

Question: What does the S in "ISDN" stand for?
Answer: Services

Question: What type of commercial endeavors use copper wires?
Answer: small businesses

Question: What is the second method listed to provide an internet connection to customers
Answer: asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)

Question: What does the D in "ISDN" stand for?
Answer: Digital

Question: What does the I in "ISDN" stand for?
Answer: Integrated

Question: What element is utilized?
Answer: copper

Question: What object is made from element with atomic number 29?
Answer: wires
Wood

If there are differences within a growth ring, then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is usually composed of wider elements. It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, and is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are major differences, depending on the kind of wood (see below).

Question: If a botanist examined the rings of one oak tree, then the rings of an elm tree, what might stand out?
Answer: major differences

Question: The part of a given ring that is likely to be dark is called what?
Answer: latewood or summerwood

Question: What does springwood refer to?
Answer: If

Question: The earlywood may have wider areas than the latewood in a given ring, but only if what qualification is fulfilled?
Answer: If there are differences

Question: The differences of wood are considered what?
Answer: there are major

Question: What factor might influence why earlywood is lighter in color than latewood?
Answer: growth is rapid

Question: The ring near the center the most is called also what?
Answer: growth

Question: How would you describe the differences between earlywood and latewood?
Answer: major

Question: What does earlywood refer to?
Answer: the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid

Question: Starting from the core of the tree and working toward the bark, what is the second part of a given ring a person sees, by name?
Answer: latewood or summerwood

Question: The growth ring is usually made when?
Answer: when growth is rapid