UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.

Question: What event gave the population of Beringia the chance to  travel?
Answer: the glaciers began melting

Question: Which of the following is not a continent: the Americas of the Laurentide?
Answer: Laurentide

Question: Which of the following is not a herd: Pleistocene or Beringia?
Answer: Beringia

Question: Where did the indigenous people go after Canada?
Answer: beyond

Question: What are the Cordilleran Ice Sheets made of?
Answer: Ice

Question: What was the fate of the megafauna?
Answer: now-extinct

Question: What current country was either a stopping point or passage for the ancient ancestral population?
Answer: Canada

Question: What specific aspect of the corridors allowed travel?
Answer: ice-free

Question: What continents are mentioned in the text?
Answer: the Americas

Question: Which of the following is an Ice Sheet: Laurentide, Pleistocene, or Beringia?
Answer: Laurentide

Question: What resource led the peoples to change location?
Answer: herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna

Question: To their best calculations, how long was the population static?
Answer: 10–20,000 years

Question: Tracing the people's steps back north and west leads researchers to believe that they may have began where?
Answer: Beringia
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

Question: Art from where is a large part of the world's art?
Answer: Americas

Question: What non-profit was established to foster legitimate Native art?
Answer: Native Arts and Cultures Foundation

Question: What craft did Native Americans partake in that usually involves using pigmented material?
Answer: paintings

Question: What was the goal when artists posed as Native Americans?
Answer: profit

Question: What prevents a European American from producing decorative products under the guise of Native American art?
Answer: Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990

Question: What happenings led to the enactment of a protection act?
Answer: artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives

Question: What did artists need to show they were from?
Answer: tribe

Question: What peoples are supported by the Ford Foundation that are not located on the continental US?
Answer: Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian

Question: What is the general term for someone that is native to a region?
Answer: Indigenous

Question: Of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and the Native Arts and Cultures Foundation, which was created second?
Answer: Native Arts and Cultures Foundation

Question: What must I be a member of in order to sell my paintings as authentic Native American art?
Answer: state or federally recognized tribe

Question: what did the United States do with the Indian Arts and Crafts Act, that required artists to prove they were from a tribe?
Answer: passed

Question: What do you have to be a part of to benefit from the Native Arts and Cultures Foundation?
Answer: state or federally recognized tribe

Question: In what kind of Native American art would things often be whittled?
Answer: carvings

Question: If you are indigenous to the westernmost part of the United States, what are you considered?
Answer: Native Hawaiian
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.

Question: What less modern city was mentioned?
Answer: Tenochtitlan

Question: What were the American civilizations good at?
Answer: accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding

Question: What were the records of the civilization in Modern day Mexico city?
Answer: accounts

Question: What is evidence of the American civilizations' scientific skills?
Answer: The domestication of maize or corn

Question: In addition to astronomy and mathematics, what is one other accomplishment achieved by American civilizations?
Answer: domestication of maize or corn

Question: What was a key scientific accomplishment by American civilizations?
Answer: The domestication of maize or corn

Question: How do we know the American civilizations were scientifically very advanced?
Answer: The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska). Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.

Question: West North America was blocked by?
Answer: The Laurentide Ice Sheet

Question: What was low in numbers in Alaska?
Answer: population

Question: How was access gained to Alaska
Answer: the land bridge

Question: On what was the Beringia located?
Answer: land

Question: What are the Americas?
Answer: North and South

Question: West North America had a group of?
Answer: nomadic inhabitants

Question: What was on the West side of the land bridge
Answer: Siberia

Question: What was on the east side of the land bridge
Answer: Alaska

Question: The movement of people is called?
Answer: migration

Question: What was the Laurentide Ice Sheet made out of?
Answer: Ice

Question: How many years were people stuck in Alaska?
Answer: thousands
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

Question: Which group represents a larger percentage of the population, those with indigenous or African descent or those with full-blooded indigenous descent?
Answer: indigenous or African descent

Question: Which descent does the group that represents over 50% of the population have?
Answer: mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture

Question: Which is more common, being mestizo or being of indigenous or African descent?
Answer: mestizo

Question: Which group represents a larger percentage of the population, those with full-blooded indigenous descent or those that are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture?
Answer: mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture

Question: Where do the Miskitos live?
Answer: to the east

Question: The whole number of inhabitants of a city, town, or country are is given the name?
Answer: population

Question: The country between Mexico and Salvador is?
Answer: Guatemala

Question: What are mestizo?
Answer: Hondurans

Question: Individuals that are descended from countries in the continent of Africa are?
Answer: African

Question: The country that borders Nicaragua and Salvador is?
Answer: Honduras

Question: What country does Honduras border?
Answer: Guatemala

Question: Which of the following is not an indigenous tribe: Lencas, Sumos, or Guatemala?
Answer: Guatemala

Question: Which group represents a larger percentage of the population, those with indigenous or African descent or those that are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture?
Answer: mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture

Question: What country do Tolupans call home?
Answer: Honduras

Question: Is it more common to be mestizo or full-blooded indigenous?
Answer: mestizo

Question: Managua is the capital city of what group of people?
Answer: Nicaraguan
Department_store

The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.

Question: A department store mogul in Indonesia is?
Answer: PT. Mitra Adiperkasa

Question: Which of the following is not a store: Debenhams, Singapore, or Marks & Spencer?
Answer: Singapore

Question: Besides Singapore, what country did not originate Sogo?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: Stores from Japan and Singapore have sought to penetrate into what economy?
Answer: Indonesian

Question: Besides Japan, what country did not originate Metro Department Store?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: What department store targets the middle up market?
Answer: Galeries Lafayette

Question: Which of the following is not a city: Jakarta, Singapore, or Debenhams?
Answer: Debenhams

Question: Besides Indonesia, which country did not originate Sogo?
Answer: Singapore

Question: Where are the various department stores mentioned in the paragraph located?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: What Japanese store chain might be found in Indonesia?
Answer: Sogo

Question: Which happened first, Seibu opened up again, or Galeries Lafayette opened in a mall?
Answer: the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu

Question: Which happened first, Seibu opened up again, or Harvey Nichols closed?
Answer: the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu

Question: Which happened later: Seibu reopened or Galeries Lafayette joined the Indonesian market?
Answer: Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market
Department_store

After World War II Hudson's realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers. The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield, just beyond the city limits. It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world, and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit, and for much of the suburbs. By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson's sales; it closed in 1986. The Northland Center Hudson's, rebranded Macy's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores, was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall's high storefront vacancy, decaying infrastructure, and financial mismanagement.

Question: Where did the majority of people in Detroit go to buy things?
Answer: Northland Center

Question: Which happened first: the Northland Center Hudson's was rebranded as Macy's, or the store closed due to high vacancy in the mall?
Answer: rebranded Macy's

Question: Southfield is a place in?
Answer: western Detroit

Question: The Northland Center is not actually in?
Answer: the city

Question: When did the skyscraper issue get fixed?
Answer: 1954

Question: How close to the city was the Northland Center Hudson's?
Answer: just beyond the city limits

Question: At the Northland Center, one could go?
Answer: shopping

Question: Before 1962, how much business did Hudson's skyscraper do?
Answer: half of Hudson's sales

Question: What did the popular shopping center eventually become in 2006?
Answer: Macy's

Question: Which happened first: World War II or the Northland Center Hudson's rebranding?
Answer: World War II

Question: Which happened first: the downtown skyscraper closed, or the Northland Center opened?
Answer: open the Northland Center

Question: What was the ultimate fate of the Northland Center?
Answer: closed

Question: Who shops at Hudson's?
Answer: customers
Middle_Ages

The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000. Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted.

Question: What were coins minted of before silver?
Answer: Gold

Question: Whose money did the Germanic states base their currency on?
Answer: Roman and Byzantine

Question: What were Germanic coins made of after 800?
Answer: silver

Question: What was the only place that used gold for coins?
Answer: Southern Europe

Question: If I lived in the 8th century, what change would I have seen?
Answer: Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins

Question: What product had a massive effect for a long period?
Answer: the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000

Question: What type of money did the Germanic states base their money on?
Answer: Roman and Byzantine

Question: What type of currency did the Germanic states base their own on?
Answer: Roman and Byzantine

Question: What were Germanic coins made of before 800?
Answer: Gold

Question: What is the main point of the passage?
Answer: various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms

Question: What was the denier made of?
Answer: silver

Question: What type of money did the Germanic states base their own on?
Answer: Roman and Byzantine

Question: What type of money did the Germanic states base theirs on?
Answer: Roman and Byzantine
Middle_Ages

From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost.

Question: In what country was the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses and large stained glass windows first developed?
Answer: France

Question: When did builders go away from the Gothic style?
Answer: the 16th century

Question: what is the second to last nation mentioned?
Answer: France

Question: what is the first style element mentioned?
Answer: rib vaults

Question: Why might stained glass be more valuable than paintings?
Answer: wall-paintings, now almost all lost

Question: what is the second style element mentioned?
Answer: pointed arches

Question: What might have supported the arches?
Answer: flying buttresses

Question: What might have strengthened the structural integrity of the cathedrals in Gothic styles?
Answer: the use of rib vaults

Question: What suggests the Gothic style stopped being used?
Answer: continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe

Question: What has been the fate of most church wall paintings?
Answer: almost all lost

Question: What English building has rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows?
Answer: Salisbury Cathedral

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: French builders

Question: what are the last types of decorations mentioned?
Answer: wall-paintings
Middle_Ages

The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898–922) to settle in what became Normandy.[Q] The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms.

Question: Where did the southern parts of the empire come under attack?
Answer: Italy

Question: What happened after the breakup along with invasions and raids?
Answer: migrations

Question: What areas did the Islamic world expand into?
Answer: Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms

Question: Who were the main foes of the empire?
Answer: Viking

Question: Besides Iceland, where else did Vikings settle on?
Answer: British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland

Question: Where did the Islamic world mainly go into?
Answer: Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms

Question: What group attacked the southern part of the empire?
Answer: Abbasid dynasty

Question: What kind of enemies were the Carolingian Empire faced with?
Answer: and raids by external foes

Question: What Italian city did the islamic expand into?
Answer: Sicily

Question: Who took over south Frankish kingdoms?
Answer: the Islamic

Question: What parts of the Kingdoms under assault until 955?
Answer: The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955

Question: Where did the Hungarians attack?
Answer: the Battle of Lechfeld

Question: What part of the Kingdoms did the islamic world go into?
Answer: southern

Question: Where did Charles the Simple give permission for the Vikings to live?
Answer: Normandy

Question: Where did the Vikings settle or raid other than the Atlantic and northern shores?
Answer: British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland

Question: What did King Charles grant Rollo?
Answer: Normandy

Question: What group settled in the north?
Answer: the Viking chieftain Rollo

Question: What happened 45 years before the year 1000?
Answer: Battle of Lechfeld

Question: Who assaulted Magyar?
Answer: the Vikings
Middle_Ages

During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV (r. 1084–1105) over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy. His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility. A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V (r. 1111–25), who died without heirs, until Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155–90) took the imperial throne. Although he ruled effectively, the basic problems remained, and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century. Barbarossa's grandson Frederick II (r. 1220–1250), who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother, clashed repeatedly with the papacy. His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy. He and his successors faced many difficulties, including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century. Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287.

Question: Why did the Ottonian dynasty get replaced by the Salian dynasty?
Answer: struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies

Question: When did a dynasty that was replaced in 1024 rule Germany?
Answer: early High Middle Ages

Question: What party was Frederick II a part of?
Answer: Salian dynasty

Question: Which dynasty, which was replaced by another dynasty that included Henry IV, struggled to control the powerful dukes?
Answer: Ottonian

Question: What problems were left behind by Henry IV?
Answer: successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility

Question: Who was the Emperor of Germany the first time that the Mongols invaded Eastern Europe after shattering the Kievan Rus' principalities?
Answer: Frederick II

Question: How was the Emperor in 1240 related to the Emperor in 1175?
Answer: grandson

Question: What relative of Frederick I Barbossa eventually took over as emperor?
Answer: Frederick II

Question: What was replaced by the Salian dynasty?
Answer: Ottonian dynasty

Question: When was the second time Mongols invaded Europe?
Answer: 1259

Question: The dynasty that ruled Germany in the High Middle Ages was replaced by which dynasty?
Answer: Salian

Question: What family had two members take the throne?
Answer: Barbarossa

Question: Which grandfather of an heir to the throne of Sicily was an Emperor of Germany whose reign ended the period of instability that began with the death of a previous emperor in 1125?
Answer: Frederick I Barbarossa