UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Friedrich_Hayek

In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster.

Question: Hayek learned psychology and?
Answer: economics

Question: What did the creator of this method focus on before economics?
Answer: Theoretical Psychology

Question: What document inspired Gerald Edelman and Joaquin Fuster?
Answer: The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology

Question: Hayek worked in what field?
Answer: Psychology

Question: Edelman and Fuster learned from?
Answer: Hayek
Friedrich_Hayek

Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.”

Question: What is Hayek trying to defend, according to Diamond?
Answer: the free market

Question: The act of resisting an attack and the opposite of offense is called?
Answer: defense

Question: What kind of information does the human mind have limitations with?
Answer: vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics

Question: What limitations does the mind have accord to Hayek?
Answer: ethics

Question: An economist that was born in Vienna that contributed heavily to the field of economics was?
Answer: Hayek

Question: What is Diamond's first name?
Answer: Arthur

Question: An ordered arrangement of solar panels may also be referred to as an?
Answer: array

Question: How is Hayek described as a person?
Answer: He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation

Question: How does Diamond characterize Hayek?
Answer: an intellectual skeptic

Question: The process of creating something, usually via a chemical process or reaction is ?
Answer: synthesize

Question: What is Diamond's middle initial?
Answer: M

Question: The human ears are the organs of a human body that pick up air vibrations also called?
Answer: sound

Question: Who is Diamond arguing against?
Answer: Hayek
Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude." It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book," also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

Question: __ is published ten times a year.
Answer: Reader's Digest

Question: In 2001, 32 states’ attorneys general reached agreements with __.
Answer: Reader's Digest

Question: What country did The Road to Serfdom become more popular in?
Answer: United States

Question: What gave Hayek the idea to write his book?
Answer: view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism

Question: What inspired Hayek?
Answer: Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude."

Question: What was Hayek inspired by?
Answer: "road to servitude."

Question: __ maintains a conservative and anti-Communist perspective on political and social issues.
Answer: Reader's Digest

Question: Who published "The Road to Serfdom" the second year it was out?
Answer: Reader's Digest

Question: What did Hayek call 'that unobtainable book'?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom

Question: What kind of people liked The Road to Serfdom?
Answer: those advocating individualism and classical liberalism
Friedrich_Hayek

During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.

Question: What portion of the treaty did Hayek help out on?
Answer: the legal and economic details

Question: Which speciality was Hayek appointed to by Miles?
Answer: legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain

Question: Where did he find inspiration?
Answer: Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom

Question: What was the role he took after graduation?
Answer: a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain

Question: What did reading Carl Menger's work do for Hayek?
Answer: left a lasting influence

Question: When did Hayek start work on the Treaty of Saint Germain?
Answer: Upon the completion of his examinations

Question: Who was Hayek's most influential teacher?
Answer: Friedrich von Wieser

Question: Who got Hayek a job in his field of study?
Answer: Friedrich von Wieser

Question: When did he begin his employment?
Answer: Upon the completion of his examinations

Question: What work was preformed by Hayek while a research assistant?
Answer: American economy

Question: What is the objective of studying the Treaty of Saint Germain?
Answer: legal and economic details

Question: What did Hayek do as an assistant?
Answer: compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve

Question: Where did he get his break?
Answer: the Austrian government

Question: What was his second role after graduation?
Answer: a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University
Friedrich_Hayek

In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite. In 2011, his article The Use of Knowledge in Society was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review during its first 100 years.

Question: what is the last time span mentioned?
Answer: 100 years

Question: Who was honored by Bish in 1991
Answer: Hayek

Question: what is the third time period mentioned?
Answer: 4 April

Question: How did president Bush give Hayek recognition?
Answer: Presidential Medal of Freedom

Question: How was the passing of Hayek honored?
Answer: according to the Catholic rite

Question: Who was NOT awarded a Medal of Freedom: Hayek or Bush?
Answer: Bush

Question: How did Hayek written work recieve recognotion?
Answer: one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review

Question: What happened in the 2nd year of the 1990s?
Answer: US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom

Question: what is the second period in time mentioned?
Answer: 23 March 1992

Question: Who, between Hayek and Bush, did NOT award the other a Medal of Freedom?
Answer: Hayek

Question: what is the first time period mentioned?
Answer: 1991

Question: What city was Hayek laid to rest?
Answer: Vienna

Question: what is the first nation mentioned?
Answer: United States
Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, Hayek was not part of the economics department and did not influence the rebirth of neoclassical theory which took place there (see Chicago school of economics). When, in 1974, he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, the latter complained about being paired with an "ideologue". Milton Friedman declared himself "an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics. I think Prices and Production is a very flawed book. I think his [Pure Theory of Capital] is unreadable. On the other hand, The Road to Serfdom is one of the great books of our time."

Question: Which one of Hayek's books was Friedman's least favorite?
Answer: Pure Theory of Capital

Question: To which school of economic thought did Hayek not belong?
Answer: Chicago school of economics

Question: The person who never produced the book-length treatment of the dynamics of capital that he had promised was called a what?
Answer: ideologue

Question: The person who never produced the book-length treatment of the dynamics of capital that he had promised also did not?
Answer: influence the rebirth of neoclassical theory

Question: What did Hayek hope to help others learn about?
Answer: economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology

Question: What did Hayek want to teach others about?
Answer: the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology

Question: What was Hayek interested in teaching others about?
Answer: the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology

Question: The person who never produced the book-length treatment of the dynamics of capital that he had promised had his character insulted by?
Answer: Gunnar Myrdal

Question: For what book of Hayek's did Friedman reserve his harshest criticism?
Answer: Pure Theory of Capital
Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) in his graduate seminars.

Question: This work was not characterized as portraying formal economics by Friedman?
Answer: Free to Choose

Question: What was released in the 46th year of the 1900's?
Answer: "The Use of Knowledge in Society"

Question: His inspiration for his work was actually published thirty-five years prior by this great influence of his?
Answer: Hayek

Question: Which, between "Free to Choose" and "The Use of Knowledge in Society," was released in the first half of the century?
Answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society

Question: When did Hayek met Friedman?
Answer: in his graduate seminars

Question: What subject is Free to Choose about?
Answer: "informal" economics

Question: Friedman casts a nod in his direction as reference in his version of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge?
Answer: Hayek

Question: Friedman taught from his body of work in his advanced classes?
Answer: Hayek

Question: What was Hayek specialized in?
Answer: economics

Question: What did Free to Choose describe?
Answer: price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge

Question: Which, between "Free to Choose" and "The Use of Knowledge in Society," was released first?
Answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision."

Question: Where is insurance supposed to come from?
Answer: the state

Question: Why should the governemnt provide this?
Answer: There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom

Question: How did government take care of its people according to this author?
Answer: in creating a "safety net"

Question: According to Hayek, what should government provide?
Answer: food, shelter and clothing

Question: What else should the government provide?
Answer: Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance

Question: Where does the insurance lie within?
Answer: the economy

Question: What should the government factor into?
Answer: the economy

Question: What is the best thing the government can do according to the speaker?
Answer: creating a "safety net"

Question: What is it called when government provides food, shelter and clothing?
Answer: safety net

Question: What part of the safety net keeps you warm?
Answer: shelter

Question: What was the government due to provide?
Answer: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health
Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.

Question: Who helped Friedman form his views on society?
Answer: Hayek

Question: What did Hayek create?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom

Question: Who helped Hayek?
Answer: Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler

Question: How did Hayek gain influence at the university?
Answer: seminars

Question: What was the purpose of Hayek's creation?
Answer: international forum for libertarian economists

Question: What jobs were Hayek, Knight, Friedman, and Stigler studying for while they were in college?
Answer: economists

Question: What scale did the Mont Pelerin Society operate at?
Answer: international

Question: What was the society's purpose?
Answer: an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas

Question: Who went to school in Chicago?
Answer: Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler
Gene

Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.

Question: How does DNA and RNA contact?
Answer: polymerase binding site

Question: How does DNA become constricted from RNA?
Answer: silencers

Question: What is the difference between an enhancer and a silencer?
Answer: enhancers increase transcription

Question: How does DNA work?
Answer: regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame

Question: What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
Answer: the regulatory sequence

Question: What is something to display a photo in?
Answer: frame

Question: How does DNA connect to RNA?
Answer: the regulatory sequence

Question: What is meat a source of?
Answer: protein

Question: How does RNA work with DNA?
Answer: These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site

Question: How does a silencer differ to an enhancer?
Answer: silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase

Question: What is opposite of the word meaning to go down in quantity?
Answer: increase

Question: How do genes work?
Answer: by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site

Question: How does RNA and DNA bind more?
Answer: enhancers
Gene

The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Question: What were described as 2n combinations?
Answer: inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants

Question: What organism did Mendel study?
Answer: peas

Question: What did Mendel study the phenotype of?
Answer: pea plants

Question: What kind of living thing did he use to study inheritance?
Answer: peas

Question: What were all the distinctions that Mendel was the first to discover?
Answer: distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote

Question: How were the inheritance patterns of the pea plants described by Mendel?
Answer: mathematically

Question: What are discrete inheritable units now known as?
Answer: gene

Question: Who pass traits to their offspring?
Answer: parent

Question: What did Mendel observe in the patterns of the pea plants?
Answer: distinct traits from parent to offspring

Question: What was Mendel the first to show?
Answer: independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance

Question: What does the genotype cause?
Answer: phenotype

Question: What is the scientific term for the way an individual looks that is determined by genes?
Answer: phenotype

Question: What part of the discrete inheritable units can be observed?
Answer: phenotype
Gene

Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.

Question: What is the recipe for protein?
Answer: alleles

Question: Why do some alleles survive and others not?
Answer: natural selection or survival of the fittest

Question: What causes alleles in genes?
Answer: mutations in their sequence

Question: Various nitrogenous organic compounds result in what?
Answer: different phenotype traits

Question: What are alleles the recipe for?
Answer: protein

Question: What is responsible for new versions of traits?
Answer: mutations

Question: The phrase having a gene is said to be what?
Answer: Colloquial

Question: Alleles are different variants of what objects?
Answer: Genes

Question: How do alleles appear?
Answer: mutations

Question: The difference between a redhead and a blonde is due to what?
Answer: having a different allele of the gene

Question: What is an example of a phenotype?
Answer: hair colour

Question: What assembly sees alterations in genes?
Answer: the population

Question: Differing versions of attributes are what?
Answer: alleles
Gene

The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes. The total number of protein-coding genes (the Earth's proteome) is estimated to be 5 million sequences.

Question: What is the total number of genes called?
Answer: proteome

Question: Which has a smaller genome, a virus or a viroid?
Answer: viroids

Question: What has the smallest number of genes?
Answer: viroids

Question: What is different about a human and a lily?
Answer: The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes

Question: What is an example of a large number of genes?
Answer: rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes

Question: Which has a larger genome, a virus or a viroid?
Answer: viruses

Question: What size genome do flu viruses have?
Answer: smallest

Question: What do viroids act as?
Answer: RNA

Question: What is the lowest number of genes possible?
Answer: a single non-coding RNA gene

Question: What is the difference between genome size and number of genes?
Answer: The smallest genomes occur in viruses

Question: What is different about a tree and a bug?
Answer: The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes

Question: What is different between a bacteria and a human?
Answer: The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes

Question: What is different between viruses and plants?
Answer: plants can have extremely large genomes

Question: What can vary when comparing a monkey to a bell pepper?
Answer: genome size