UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Wood

Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and, these days, in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms. Of much less importance are plants such as Pandanus, Dracaena and Cordyline. With all this material, the structure and composition of the structural material is quite different from ordinary wood.

Question: What purpose would bamboo serve if you walked on it in your home?
Answer: flooring

Question: What fast growing panda snack is financially meaningful?
Answer: bamboo

Question: What plant is commonly mistaken for wood?
Answer: bamboo

Question: Conifer wood also goes by dicot and what other name?
Answer: ordinary

Question: What types of trees are dicots?
Answer: conifer

Question: Which is closest to ordinary wood - bamboo, cordyline, or monocot?
Answer: monocot

Question: What type of plants produce true wood?
Answer: dicot

Question: What features does bamboo have that people mistakenly call it wood?
Answer: material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood

Question: What is bamboo considered to be?
Answer: grass

Question: What type of plants are conifers?
Answer: dicot

Question: What is a non-dicot and non-bamboo plant that is also an important producer of wood-like material?
Answer: palms

Question: What are the stalks of bamboo called?
Answer: culms

Question: Which is least important - Dracaena, monocot, or bamboo?
Answer: Dracaena

Question: Choose the most important: Pandanus, Cordyline, Bamboo.
Answer: bamboo
Wood

Aside from the lignocellulose, wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, called extractives. The wood extractives are fatty acids, resin acids, waxes and terpenes. For example, rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects. The extraction of these organic materials from wood provides tall oil, turpentine, and rosin.

Question: What kind of acid sounds like it is overweight?
Answer: fatty acids

Question: Which compounds is used by cypress to be against insects, terpenes or rosin?
Answer: rosin

Question: Which of the following are not wood extractives: fatty acids, resin acids, or insects?
Answer: insects

Question: What kind of organism does not want to be attacked by things that buzz?
Answer: conifers

Question: Which conpounds is used by spruce tree to be against ants, fatty acids or rosin?
Answer: rosin

Question: Is rosin an example of wood extractives or insects?
Answer: wood extractives

Question: Which part of the wood is not one of the things you can use to provide tall oil, turpentine or rosin?
Answer: lignocellulose

Question: What kinds of wood extractives sound like stuff that comes from your ear?
Answer: waxes

Question: Which of the following is a wood extractive: fatty acids, conifers, or insects?
Answer: fatty acids

Question: What are conifers made of that you can derive all sorts of useful material from?
Answer: wood

Question: Which compound is used by larch tree to be against ants, fatty acids, terpenes or rosin?
Answer: rosin

Question: Which compound is used by juniper tree to be against insects, fatty acids, terpenes or rosin?
Answer: rosin

Question: Which compounds was used by pine tree to be against insects?
Answer: rosin
Wood

Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in common use today in boat construction. Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing).

Question: Some modern boats are made out of metal, but what is a material that modern and original boats have in common?
Answer: Elm

Question: What is the general purpose of wood?
Answer: construction

Question: What is more often made out of wood these days, boats or shelters?
Answer: shelters

Question: Dry elm is no good for building boats, so what do people need to make sure it is to make it usable?
Answer: wet

Question: What does elm fight against when wet?
Answer: decay

Question: What is an example of something people used elm wood for?
Answer: plumbing

Question: Based on the article, what would be an excellent material to use in building a house outdoors in a rainy location?
Answer: Elm

Question: Wood is often used for building houses, boats and?
Answer: shelters

Question: What's an example of something people have made out of wood?
Answer: houses
Wood

It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once started, may penetrate to all parts of the trunk. The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness. Whatever advantages, however, that sapwood may have in this connection are due solely to its relative age and position.

Question: What could seep into a tree?
Answer: decay

Question: What is one advantage sapwoods have over younger trees?
Answer: age

Question: If decay would start, what are the inherent dangers?
Answer: may penetrate to all parts of the trunk

Question: What ways do trees utilize luck?
Answer: relative age and position

Question: How do you know the core of a tree's trunk is likely still intact?
Answer: the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does

Question: What can fire do to a sapwood?
Answer: afford an entrance for decay

Question: How does the break down of trees begin?
Answer: deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber

Question: What can damage trees?
Answer: decay

Question: What is the upper limit of age of inner heartwood?
Answer: thousands, of years old

Question: What creature damages trees?
Answer: larvae

Question: How long can insects stay in these trees?
Answer: indefinitely
Wood

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).

Question: Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are in?
Answer: Wood

Question: How much of a cell wall is lingnin?
Answer: 15% – 30%

Question: The heterogenous and hygroscopic material is made of?
Answer: cells

Question: Which celleluar compenents in wood ceels are not in animal cells?
Answer: micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin

Question: Anisotropic material is made up of what?
Answer: It consists of cells

Question: What is consisted of celluose?
Answer: lignin

Question: Which are micro-fibrils, cellulose or hemicellulose?
Answer: cellulose

Question: What is the difference between wood cells and human cells?
Answer: cell walls

Question: If wood is made up of cells, then what materials do those cells make up?
Answer: heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material

Question: Lignin makes up 15-30% of what structure?
Answer: cell walls
Wood

Heartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists as to whether heartwood is truly dead, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once.

Question: How does the chemical transformation go through?
Answer: genetically programmed process

Question: What unique action duramen can do after the chemical transformation?
Answer: chemically react to decay organisms

Question: How does duramen respond to rot?
Answer: chemically

Question: How does duramen die?
Answer: Once heartwood formation is complete

Question: How does the process that kills duramen start?
Answer: spontaneously

Question: What makes duramen special?
Answer: a naturally occurring chemical transformation

Question: How does heartwood begin to die?
Answer: spontaneously

Question: What is the status of the duramen when the chemical transformation is done?
Answer: dead

Question: What is the characteristic of heartwood formation?
Answer: spontaneously
Wood

The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change comes slowly. Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut, black locust, mulberry, osage-orange, and sassafras, while in maple, ash, hickory, hackberry, beech, and pine, thick sapwood is the rule. Others never form heartwood.

Question: What is it called when the heart is decomposed and becomes heartwood?
Answer: decayed

Question: What would a thick layer of sapwood indicate regarding the heartwood?
Answer: the change comes slowly

Question: What type of tree can survive decay?
Answer: heartwood

Question: Why does the name heartwood have heart in it if it doesn't need it?
Answer: heartwood derives solely from its position

Question: An earlier heartwood results in what?
Answer: thin layer of live sapwood

Question: If a tree is not listed in the text, what can be said of their heartwood?
Answer: never form heartwood

Question: Of osage-orange and beech, which species has the same type of sapwood as black locust?
Answer: osage-orange

Question: Of chestnut and ash, which one is the same type of sapwood as mulberry?
Answer: chestnut

Question: How does a mulberry tree form its heartwood?
Answer: form heartwood very early in life

Question: What does the fact that the heartwood tree can survive decay tell us?
Answer: its position

Question: What must a tree need in order to thrive?
Answer: a thin layer of live sapwood

Question: Of sassafras and maple, which is the same type of sapwood as hickory?
Answer: maple

Question: How does a chestnut tree form its heartwood?
Answer: the change comes slowly
Wood

Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.

Question: What is the third word in the first sentence?
Answer: a

Question: What can be put in a fireplace?
Answer: Wood

Question: Do people still use wood for heat?
Answer: continues to this day

Question: What gets burned?
Answer: Wood

Question: Burning wood results in?
Answer: ambiance and warmth

Question: Why do people still use wood burning stoves?
Answer: to add ambiance and warmth

Question: This is the opposite of unwanted when given the choice between Hardwood and Softwood?
Answer: Hardwood

Question: Wood is used in which residential surroundings denoted as the opposite of urban, as a fuel source?
Answer: rural

Question: What is the first word in the second sentence of this text?
Answer: Hardwood

Question: What can make a dwelling more comfortable?
Answer: a woodstove or fireplace

Question: Subtracting's opposite applied by way of a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth?
Answer: Adding
Wood

New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.

Question: What is timber made out of?
Answer: Engineered wood

Question: What kind of materials does the text refer to?
Answer: Engineered wood products

Question: Construction is necessary to make what and what?
Answer: residential and commercial buildings

Question: Construction creates?
Answer: residential and commercial buildings

Question: Timber is a form of?
Answer: wood products

Question: What is engineered wood?
Answer: timber

Question: Timber is made of?
Answer: wood

Question: Wood can make?
Answer: timber

Question: Where do you work if you build homes?
Answer: construction industry

Question: Wood is a type of?
Answer: materials

Question: What is another word for domestic housing used in the text?
Answer: residential
Wood

Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.

Question: What is a spoon?
Answer: utensils

Question: What is a bed?
Answer: furniture

Question: What is wood used for?
Answer: furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon

Question: What would someone use when eating soup?
Answer: spoon

Question: For what reason would it be easy to burn a chair?
Answer: Wood

Question: For what reason would it be easy to burn a bed?
Answer: Wood

Question: How often is wood used for toothpicks?
Answer: extensively

Question: What do people eat with that is made from wood?
Answer: cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon

Question: What typically Asian utensil uses wood?
Answer: chopsticks

Question: What do beds and chairs have in common?
Answer: furniture

Question: What would I likely need to build a bedroom set?
Answer: Wood

Question: How does wood contribute to dental hygiene?
Answer: toothpicks

Question: What has a wide range of usability?
Answer: Wood

Question: What role does wood play in food preparation?
Answer: cutlery
Wood

Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may not correspond to heartwood and sapwood. In a large log the sapwood, because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown, may be inferior in hardness, strength, and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log. In a smaller tree, the reverse may be true.

Question: In smaller trees, heartwood might be inferior to what kind of wood?
Answer: sapwood

Question: wood cuts may be different depending if comes what part of the tree
Answer: heartwood and sapwood

Question: In big trees, what may be inferior to heartwood from the same log?
Answer: sapwood

Question: What property can change depending upon the age of a tree when cutting it for wood?
Answer: hardness

Question: compared to sapwood in a smaller tree the heartwood may be
Answer: may be inferior in hardness, strength, and toughness

Question: what may be different especially if the tree is big
Answer: wood

Question: What does wood strength depend on?
Answer: time

Question: What might be reversed in smaller trees?
Answer: hardness, strength, and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log

Question: What types of wood can a tree produce?
Answer: heartwood and sapwood

Question: if a tree is large and old the wood can
Answer: differ decidedly

Question: Sometimes, a tree that is near death lays wood that has what properties?
Answer: softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier

Question: What two particular kinds of wood are discussed in the article?
Answer: heartwood and sapwood

Question: What can a tree produce after it is mature?
Answer: wood

Question: What are the types of wood?
Answer: heartwood and sapwood

Question: What can be lighter when cut from different trees?
Answer: wood

Question: Which type of wood has stronger wood if the tree is smaller?
Answer: sapwood
Wood

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

Question: What writing material do we get from the softening effect?
Answer: paper

Question: Which effect of water is unique to wood, at least in this context?
Answer: pliable

Question: What was Pinocchio?
Answer: wood

Question: Across the board, water can make things?
Answer: softer

Question: What is majority of a person made from?
Answer: water

Question: What can large amounts of water do to wood?
Answer: softening

Question: What item used for clothing is a result of thr softening effect?
Answer: cloth

Question: What material used with horses is a result of the softening effect?
Answer: rawhide

Question: WHy might a manfuacturer expose wood to large amounts of water?
Answer: render it softer and more pliable

Question: Which animal product can be softened with water?
Answer: rawhide

Question: What is opposite of process to make something hard?
Answer: softening
Wood

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

Question: What type of growth pattern might a lightweight pine lack?
Answer: more clearly demarcated growth rings

Question: What kind of contrast is seen in hard pines?
Answer: very decided

Question: What type of pine has more latewood?
Answer: heavier

Question: What might be causing the weight of the pine to be heavier?
Answer: larger proportion of latewood

Question: How is white pine's texture?
Answer: uniform

Question: What might be true of the weight of the pine that lacks a large amount of latewood?
Answer: lightweight

Question: What might cause white pine to be easier to work with?
Answer: wood is very uniform in texture

Question: If you didn't want a light color wood, what should you look for?
Answer: latewood

Question: What might cause the latewood to be heavier?
Answer: latewood is very dense

Question: What would imply that a tree was growing during cold seasons?
Answer: a larger proportion of latewood

Question: If a hard pine was growing during warmer seasons, what features would the wood have?
Answer: soft, straw-colored

Question: What is not features that earlywood has?
Answer: dense and is deep-colored
Alexander_Graham_Bell

Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that "inhuman silence which separates and estranges." In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".

Question: What was this person known for in his professional life?
Answer: Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students

Question: What is this person known?
Answer: While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller

Question: When did Bell open up his latest deaf facility
Answer: 1893

Question: Bell wanted to go where to learn from teachers
Answer: London

Question: Who also worked as a private tutor?
Answer: Alexander Bell

Question: How did he come to find work?
Answer: His father

Question: Who once thought of going back to London to complete his studies?
Answer: Alexander Bell

Question: How did his father influence his work?
Answer: His father helped him set up his private practice

Question: Who returned to Boston as a teacher?
Answer: Alexander Bell

Question: Who received a recommendation from Gardiner Greene Hubbard?
Answer: Alexander Bell

Question: What did he gain from his father?
Answer: His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation

Question: What was the latter teaching school or opening up a school
Answer: Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech

Question: Who's father help him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard?
Answer: Alexander Bell
Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.[N 4] Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.[N 5]

Question: Who, of Bell's family, did not have hearing loss: grandfather or wife?
Answer: grandfather

Question: What did Bell call the telephone?
Answer: an intrusion

Question: Why was Bell so inspired to do research on hearing and speech?
Answer: Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf

Question: What were the women of Bell's family dealing with?
Answer: were deaf

Question: Why might Bell have wanted to experiment with hearing devices?
Answer: both his mother and wife were deaf

Question: What did the male members of Bell's family have in common?
Answer: Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech

Question: Of Bell's mother and wife, who was deaf?
Answer: both

Question: How did deafness affect the choices of the men of Bell's family?
Answer: had all been associated with work on elocution and speech

Question: Who in Bell's family faced challenges?
Answer: mother and wife

Question: What disability did  female members of Bell's family suffer from?
Answer: both his mother and wife were deaf

Question: Why might have inspired Bell to research speech, specifically?
Answer: Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech