UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Georgian_architecture

Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

Question: How did people feel about ashlar?
Answer: strongly approved

Question: What kind of addition was deeply felt as a flaw?
Answer: Georgian

Question: What ended the period Georgian architecture's popularity?
Answer: the start of the Gothic Revival

Question: What determined the plans and elevations of Georgian style buildings?
Answer: simple mathematical ratios

Question: How did Georgian additions that were added to earlier structures remain?
Answer: visible

Question: What was a classic rule of architecture?
Answer: the lack of symmetry

Question: In general, what is the article about?
Answer: Georgian architecture

Question: What did Nash begin to introduce?
Answer: Georgian additions

Question: Georgian architecture was based on what earlier styles?
Answer: ancient Rome or Greece

Question: What was a major influence on Georgian architecture?
Answer: adherence to classical rules
Georgian_architecture

Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.

Question: What was still used by the churches in smaller towns
Answer: Gothic church

Question: What might Gothic churches include that would face the sunset?
Answer: classical temple portico with columns and a pediment

Question: Besides galleries what else was common in the churches
Answer: no side-aisles

Question: How were the new churches different
Answer: main nave was generally wider and shorter

Question: What caused Britain to see a rise in churches?
Answer: the Church Building Act of 1818

Question: Why did Anglican churches focus on audibility and visibility?
Answer: for preaching

Question: How did Anglican churches differ in design?
Answer: the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles

Question: At what point in the Church Building Act did believers start seeing the need for more Roman Catholic Churches?
Answer: later years

Question: Church builders from what subsect placed an emphasis on helping the preacher's voice to carry to the churchgoers?
Answer: Anglican

Question: Were design elements more focused on the interiors or exteriors of churches?
Answer: external

Question: How did they try to make up for a bare design internally?
Answer: churches filled up with monuments

Question: What stood inside many Gothic churches in place of expensive decor?
Answer: monuments to the prosperous

Question: During the period of the Church Building Act, what feature would you be unlikely to find in an Anglican place of worship?
Answer: side-aisles
Georgian_architecture

Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").

Question: In imperial holdings, where is an example of this?
Answer: the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland

Question: What is a good reference for international Georgian architecture design?
Answer: Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura

Question: Where did the creator get the idea for this example of the style?
Answer: Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy

Question: What was the main inspiration of Buckland when he was designing the pristine Hammond-Harwood House?
Answer: modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana

Question: Why was the Baroque style later replaced and switched by one widely used by upper and middle classes?
Answer: had little representation in the British colonies

Question: Compared to one of its competing styles, what was the difference?
Answer: the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies

Question: How do you say 4 in Italian?
Answer: quattro

Question: Who was the designer of the best remaining pristine house?
Answer: architect William Buckland

Question: Where did the creator find his inspiration?
Answer: in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture")

Question: Which architecture style was more fancy?
Answer: the Baroque style

Question: Where was the style typically seen?
Answer: by the upper and middle classes

Question: How often was the Baroque style of architecture used by the British?
Answer: little representation

Question: Where did William Buckland live?
Answer: the British colonies
Georgian_architecture

Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

Question: Which of the following was not common in English country house architecture: corner pavilions, entrance halls or mezzanine floors?
Answer: corner pavilions

Question: What was a key feature of the style?
Answer: the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided

Question: Which of the following was common in English country house architecture: stone gatehouses, entrance halls or side wings around the court?
Answer: entrance hall

Question: Which of the following was not found in the basement area: kitchens, service areas, or a piano nobile?
Answer: piano nobile

Question: How did the grand houses differ?
Answer: were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance

Question: What could be found in front the houses?
Answer: railings and a gate

Question: What tipified this style?
Answer: large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance

Question: What coudl one find that suited men?
Answer: Typically the basement area or "rustic"
Antenna_(radio)

The net quality of a ground reflection depends on the topography of the surface. When the irregularities of the surface are much smaller than the wavelength, we are in the regime of specular reflection, and the receiver sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground due to reflection. But if the ground has irregularities not small compared to the wavelength, reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases. With shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies), this is generally the case.

Question: what is cast from water or mirrors?
Answer: reflections

Question: What do eyes assist people in doing?
Answer: sees

Question: What is seen during specular reflection?
Answer: receiver sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground due to reflection

Question: Why do we see real antenna and its reflection under the ground?
Answer: regime of specular reflection

Question: What does the characteristics of the ground affect?
Answer: The net quality of a ground reflection

Question: What happens when the wavelengths are short?
Answer: reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases

Question: When does the receiver see real antenna ad its image under the ground?
Answer: in the regime of specular reflection

Question: What is made from a mesh like material and can be used to catch fish?
Answer: net

Question: What does it mean to observe specular reflection?
Answer: sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground

Question: What is the irregularities of the surface smaller than for specular reflection?
Answer: wavelength

Question: What happens with shorter wavelengths?
Answer: reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases

Question: What happens when the irregularities of the surface are not much smaller than the wavelength?
Answer: reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases
Antenna_(radio)

A necessary condition for the aforementioned reciprocity property is that the materials in the antenna and transmission medium are linear and reciprocal. Reciprocal (or bilateral) means that the material has the same response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction, as it has to the field or current in the opposite direction. Most materials used in antennas meet these conditions, but some microwave antennas use high-tech components such as isolators and circulators, made of nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite. These can be used to give the antenna a different behavior on receiving than it has on transmitting, which can be useful in applications like radar.

Question: What are circulators?
Answer: high-tech components

Question: How are microwave antennas different than the regular antennas?
Answer: made of nonreciprocal materials

Question: What kind of thing can you make transmission medium out of?
Answer: ferrite

Question: What is required to be linear?
Answer: materials in the antenna and transmission medium

Question: What affects the response of the materials in the antenna and transmission medium?
Answer: electric current or magnetic field

Question: What are observed in the behavior of the material in determining reciprocity property?
Answer: response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction

Question: What parts are needed for the transmitting?
Answer: antenna and transmission medium

Question: What is required to be reciprocal?
Answer: materials in the antenna and transmission medium

Question: What forces are involved in reciprocity property?
Answer: electric current or magnetic field

Question: What is not another word for Reciprocal: magnetic or bilateral?
Answer: magnetic

Question: What are isolators found in microwave antennas made of?
Answer: nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite
Antenna_(radio)

Instead, it is often desired to have an antenna whose impedance does not vary so greatly over a certain bandwidth. It turns out that the amount of reactance seen at the terminals of a resonant antenna when the frequency is shifted, say, by 5%, depends very much on the diameter of the conductor used. A long thin wire used as a half-wave dipole (or quarter wave monopole) will have a reactance significantly greater than the resistive impedance it has at resonance, leading to a poor match and generally unacceptable performance. Making the element using a tube of a diameter perhaps 1/50 of its length, however, results in a reactance at this altered frequency which is not so great, and a much less serious mismatch which will only modestly damage the antenna's net performance. Thus rather thick tubes are typically used for the solid elements of such antennas, including Yagi-Uda arrays.

Question: If a straight line is run from one end of a circle to another while also touching the circle's center, the length of the line is referred to as a circle's what?
Answer: diameter

Question: A wooden stick with a head made up of phosphorus is called?
Answer: match

Question: What size tube do Yagi-Uda arrays often use?
Answer: tube of a diameter perhaps 1/50 of its length

Question: What are long wires used for?
Answer: dipole

Question: Two equally and oppositely charged poles at a set distance from one another is called a?
Answer: dipole

Question: Multiplying the radius of a circle by two produces what value?
Answer: diameter

Question: What is the name of the rod used by a radio to receive or transmit frequencies or signals?
Answer: antenna

Question: The resistance of an electric circuit in response to an alternating current is called?
Answer: impedance

Question: What changes the reactance of a terminal?
Answer: diameter of the conductor

Question: What happens if an antenna has a greater reactance versus impedance?
Answer: poor match

Question: A directional antenna used in communications that exceed a frequency of 10 mhz is called?
Answer: Yagi-Uda arrays

Question: Solid elements need thick tube for what reason?
Answer: performance

Question: What causes a reactance of 5%?
Answer: frequency is shifted

Question: A metal drawn out in long and thin threads or rods used to transmit electricity or signals is called?
Answer: wire

Question: Simplifying 2/100 to its simplest terms would result in?
Answer: 1/50

Question: Where can thin tubes do?
Answer: altered frequency

Question: What can lead to poor antenna performance?
Answer: significantly greater than the resistive impedance it has at resonance

Question: A storage device that uses flash memory and no moving parts is given what first identifier before state drive?
Answer: solid
Antenna_(radio)

Resonant antennas are expected to be used around a particular resonant frequency; an antenna must therefore be built or ordered to match the frequency range of the intended application. A particular antenna design will present a particular feedpoint impedance. While this may affect the choice of an antenna, an antenna's impedance can also be adapted to the desired impedance level of a system using a matching network while maintaining the other characteristics (except for a possible loss of efficiency).

Question: What does an antenna in regard to resonance?
Answer: frequency

Question: What does the design of antenna affect?
Answer: feedpoint impedance

Question: What does a feedpoint impedance need?
Answer: matching network

Question: What is a trade-off with resonant antennas?
Answer: While this may affect the choice of an antenna, an antenna's impedance can also be adapted to the desired impedance level of a system using a matching network while maintaining the other characteristics (except for a possible loss of efficiency)

Question: What negative is there to adapting an antenna's impedance?
Answer: loss of efficiency

Question: What may affect the choice of an antenna?
Answer: antenna design

Question: What is required in a wireless communication?
Answer: antenna

Question: An antenna recognizes a?
Answer: frequency

Question: Antennas can have different usages, also known as?
Answer: intended application

Question: What may affect the choice of an antenna?
Answer: feedpoint impedance

Question: What would most people who are familiar with antennas consider to be common knowledge?
Answer: Resonant antennas are expected to be used around a particular resonant frequency

Question: Feedpoint impedance is impacted by?
Answer: design

Question: How is the speed of vibration or occurrence relevant to antennas?
Answer: ordered to match the frequency range

Question: What the logic behind the assumption about antennas?
Answer: an antenna must therefore be built or ordered to match the frequency range of the intended application
Antenna_(radio)

As an electro-magnetic wave travels through the different parts of the antenna system (radio, feed line, antenna, free space) it may encounter differences in impedance (E/H, V/I, etc.). At each interface, depending on the impedance match, some fraction of the wave's energy will reflect back to the source, forming a standing wave in the feed line. The ratio of maximum power to minimum power in the wave can be measured and is called the standing wave ratio (SWR). A SWR of 1:1 is ideal. A SWR of 1.5:1 is considered to be marginally acceptable in low power applications where power loss is more critical, although an SWR as high as 6:1 may still be usable with the right equipment. Minimizing impedance differences at each interface (impedance matching) will reduce SWR and maximize power transfer through each part of the antenna system.

Question: Which of the following is not used to calculate the standing wave ratio: maximum power, impedance or minimum power?
Answer: impedance

Question: An antenna is a type of?
Answer: equipment

Question: What do electromagnetic waves encounter?
Answer: E/H, V/I, etc

Question: Which of the following is not part of the antenna system: radio, interface or free space?
Answer: interface

Question: What would require specialty machinery?
Answer: SWR as high as 6:1 may still be usable with the right equipment

Question: Which is better, a low SWR or a high SWR?
Answer: low

Question: What might happen give a certain situation?
Answer: some fraction of the wave's energy will reflect back to the source

Question: Waves contain?
Answer: power

Question: Antennas interact with what?
Answer: wave

Question: How can you obtain more energy?
Answer: Minimizing impedance

Question: What creates fractions in this instance?
Answer: The ratio of maximum power to minimum power

Question: What isn't ideal, but functional?
Answer: A SWR of 1.5:1

Question: How are power ratios measured?
Answer: SWR
Antenna_(radio)

Antennas are characterized by a number of performance measures which a user would be concerned with in selecting or designing an antenna for a particular application. Chief among these relate to the directional characteristics (as depicted in the antenna's radiation pattern) and the resulting gain. Even in omnidirectional (or weakly directional) antennas, the gain can often be increased by concentrating more of its power in the horizontal directions, sacrificing power radiated toward the sky and ground. The antenna's power gain (or simply "gain") also takes into account the antenna's efficiency, and is often the primary figure of merit.

Question: What would tell me the merit?
Answer: The antenna's power gain

Question: What does the power gain represent?
Answer: merit

Question: What else does gain measure
Answer: efficiency

Question: What does the gain represent?
Answer: merit

Question: How could I figure out the merit?
Answer: The antenna's power gain

Question: How does a single direction antenna help.
Answer: concentrating more of its power in the horizontal directions

Question: What is the most important statistical measurement?
Answer: gain

Question: What represents merit?
Answer: The antenna's power gain

Question: What do you look to to find merit?
Answer: gain
Antenna_(radio)

Another extreme case of impedance matching occurs when using a small loop antenna (usually, but not always, for receiving) at a relatively low frequency where it appears almost as a pure inductor. Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop.[citation needed] This is implemented in most AM broadcast receivers, with a small ferrite loop antenna resonated by a capacitor which is varied along with the receiver tuning in order to maintain resonance over the AM broadcast band

Question: What is first mentioned that is to blame?
Answer: using a small loop antenna

Question: What is the very first word here?
Answer: Another

Question: What is the second to last word mentioned?
Answer: broadcast
Antenna_(radio)

For example, at 30 MHz (10 m wavelength) a true resonant 1⁄4-wavelength monopole would be almost 2.5 meters long, and using an antenna only 1.5 meters tall would require the addition of a loading coil. Then it may be said that the coil has lengthened the antenna to achieve an electrical length of 2.5 meters. However, the resulting resistive impedance achieved will be quite a bit lower than the impedance of a resonant monopole, likely requiring further impedance matching. In addition to a lower radiation resistance, the reactance becomes higher as the antenna size is reduced, and the resonant circuit formed by the antenna and the tuning coil has a Q factor that rises and eventually causes the bandwidth of the antenna to be inadequate for the signal being transmitted. This is the major factor that sets the size of antennas at 1 MHz and lower frequencies.

Question: What happens to the radiation resistance when the antenna size is reduced?
Answer: lower

Question: What needs to be taken into account?
Answer: a lower radiation resistance

Question: What is caused by this?
Answer: the reactance becomes higher as the antenna size is reduced

Question: What can change the wavelength?
Answer: resulting resistive impedance

Question: What is the opposite of lower?
Answer: higher

Question: How can the wave be identified?
Answer: a true resonant 1⁄4-wavelength monopole would be almost 2.5 meters long

Question: Insufficient bandwidth causes an impedance to what?
Answer: the signal

Question: Why does the antenna load fail?
Answer: a Q factor that rises

Question: What would be needed to lengthen the antenna that is only 1.5 meters tall to 2.5 meters?
Answer: loading coil

Question: How is the wave measured?
Answer: using an antenna

Question: What does the example fail to do?
Answer: lengthened the antenna to achieve an electrical length of 2.5 meters

Question: Why doesn't a coil work?
Answer: the resulting resistive impedance achieved will be quite a bit lower than the impedance of a resonant monopole

Question: The antenna and coil creates a what?
Answer: resonant circuit