UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Somalis

Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.

Question: Who fought in the Ogaden War?
Answer: Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other

Question: How did the imperial powers divide up the Somali people?
Answer: artificially and some might say arbitrarily

Question: what nation is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Cuba

Question: One country stands out as the last one listed, which is it?
Answer: Kenya

Question: How were the countries divided up?
Answer: artificially and some might say arbitrarily

Question: How did Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and parts of Kenya get divided?
Answer: artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers

Question: The Somali empires are listed in the paragraph and one rhymes with 'rate', which one is that?
Answer: Dervish State

Question: How are the Russians involved?
Answer: Ogaden War

Question: Who divided up the countries in the Horn of Africa?
Answer: the former imperial powers

Question: what area is mentioned second?
Answer: Somalia

Question: There is something called a Horn of Plenty, is there another kind in this paragraph?
Answer: Horn of Africa

Question: what nation is mentioned fourth to last?
Answer: Somalia

Question: what nation is mentioned third to last?
Answer: Ethiopia

Question: Of the four different countries, which one shows up 2nd in our list?
Answer: Djibouti

Question: what group is first mentioned?
Answer: Somali people

Question: What might have happened to purposely impose separation?
Answer: Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers

Question: There are four countries that the Somali people are divided amongst, which one is the third in the list?
Answer: Ethiopia

Question: Who was effected by Pan-Somalism?
Answer: Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State
Somalis

According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

Question: What is the M1 haplogroup?
Answer: mitochondrial clade

Question: What  does mtDNA stand for?
Answer: mitochondrial

Question: Besides Africa, which continent has people share same mitochondrial with Somalis, Australis or Asia?
Answer: Asia

Question: egyptians are also what
Answer: North Africans

Question: the maternal dna of somalis comes from where
Answer: Asia

Question: Besides Africa, which continent has people share same mitochondrial with Egyptians, Australis or Asia?
Answer: Asia

Question: Besides Africa, which continent has people share same mitochondrial with Somalis, Europe or Asia?
Answer: Asia

Question: algerians are also what
Answer: North Africans

Question: Besides Africa, which continent has people share same mitochondrial withAlgerians, Australis or Asia?
Answer: Asia

Question: What is the child type of the M clade?
Answer: M1

Question: Are most Somalis members of the M1 haplogroup because of their mothers or their fathers?
Answer: maternal

Question: what people did holden study
Answer: Somalis

Question: Is the M clade group or the M1 clade group larger?
Answer: M clade

Question: maternal dna is also called
Answer: mitochondrial
Somalis

Additionally, henna is an important part of Somali culture. It is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during weddings, Eid, Ramadan, and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place. Somali women have likewise traditionally applied kohl (kuul) to their eyes. Usage of the eye cosmetic in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt.

Question: What might not be on the palm of the hands?
Answer: flower motifs and triangular shapes

Question: Henna can be applied at?
Answer: parties

Question: What henna parties might occur after the wedding?
Answer: Eid, Ramadan, and other festive occasions

Question: Kohl is a type of?
Answer: eye cosmetic

Question: Henna applies a colored what to the hand?
Answer: dye

Question: Henna is for?
Answer: weddings, Eid, Ramadan, and other festive occasions

Question: Where might have Arabian tradition of henna come from?
Answer: ancient Land of Punt

Question: What decoration might be also important to Somali women besides henna?
Answer: eye cosmetic

Question: What might not be done with the arms during henna parties?
Answer: dipped in the dye

Question: Henna goes on what which are walked with?
Answer: feet
Somalis

Football is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup. The multi-ethnic Ocean Stars, Somalia's national team, first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The equally diverse Somali beach soccer team also represents the country in international beach soccer competitions. In addition, several international footballers such as Mohammed Ahamed Jama, Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim have played in European top divisions.

Question: In addition to the Olympics, what other competition do Somalian athletes participate in?
Answer: beach soccer

Question: What is the distinction of top European division footballers?
Answer: multi-ethnic

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: Somalis

Question: The European top division include native as well as this type of player on teams?
Answer: international

Question: Who is Ibrahim?
Answer: international footballers

Question: who is the last player mentioned?
Answer: Abdisalam Ibrahim

Question: How can the Ocean Stars and beach team be described?
Answer: diverse

Question: what is the last ethnicity mentioned?
Answer: European

Question: what is the first event mentioned?
Answer: Somalia League

Question: what is the second group mentioned?
Answer: Ocean Stars

Question: The Ocean Stars are known for doing what?
Answer: participated at the Olympic Games in 1972

Question: Jama, Abdi, and Daud are known for doing what?
Answer: played in European top divisions

Question: What competition is important that Somalis footballers participate in?
Answer: Olympic Games
Somalis

An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called "Berbera" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's "Berber" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to the 15th century. During the wars between the Sultanate of Ifat based at Zeila and the Solomonic Dynasty, the Abyssinian Emperor had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultan of Ifat's eponymous troops.

Question: Where could you see about what what once referred to as Berbera?
Answer: document

Question: Who wrote a song?
Answer: court officials

Question: Why was a song created?
Answer: military victory

Question: Who helped the Abyssinian Emperor win military victories?
Answer: troops

Question: What people was wrongly referred to as Berbers?
Answer: Cushitic

Question: What did the Ancient Chinese document call the northern Somali coast?
Answer: Po-pa-li

Question: Why was the old name of the Somali coast named what it was?
Answer: in reference to the region's "Berber" (Cushitic) inhabitants

Question: What was special about the writings in the 1400s?
Answer: clear

Question: What group gave the coast it's sobriquet?
Answer: Arab geographers

Question: Why was Somalia called Berbera?
Answer: reference to the region's "Berber" (Cushitic) inhabitants

Question: What written item referenced the coast of Africa?
Answer: An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century

Question: What rank was the information written about the Somali in the 1400s?
Answer: first

Question: Who used the term Po-pa-li?
Answer: Ancient Chinese

Question: What is the name Berbera in reference to?
Answer: the northern Somali coast

Question: In what century was the first casual mention of the name Berbera?
Answer: 9th

Question: If someone said Barbera, who would you have been communicating with?
Answer: Arab geographers

Question: Who was responsible for a coming up with a musical song of praise?
Answer: court officials

Question: What job did the people who called Somalia "Berbera" hold?
Answer: geographers

Question: Which region was defeated resulting in a hymn being composed celebrating it?
Answer: the Sultanate of Ifat
Somalis

The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: diaspora

Question: what is the third word in the first paragraph ?
Answer: number

Question: What is a hypothesis regarding speakers in general?
Answer: One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally

Question: How many places give an estimate of the amount of speakers?
Answer: One

Question: what nation is been discussed?
Answer: Somali

Question: Who is talking this way?
Answer: ethnic Somalis

Question: What information is necessary to determine the difference in the people who speak Somali in different areas?
Answer: 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally

Question: If you were to do a report on the amount of people who speak the language, what information would you have to admit to be completely honest?
Answer: The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown

Question: the language speakers can be categorized into?
Answer: speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally

Question: You have the best chance to come across this chatter in?
Answer: Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora

Question: How could you know that the Somali language exists outside of Somali?
Answer: 12.65 million speakers globally

Question: Who likely only speaks Somali?
Answer: ethnic Somalis
Somalis

In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League.

Question: Arabic is culturally?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic

Question: How old is the Somali language?
Answer: centuries-old

Question: Djibouti has ties to what culture?
Answer: Arabic

Question: Somalia has what theological ties with Arabia?
Answer: religious education

Question: Where did Somali originate?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic

Question: One does what with a language?
Answer: speak it

Question: Why do many Somalis speak Arabic?
Answer: the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media

Question: Somalia uses Somali and which other language as it's official tongues?
Answer: Arabic

Question: Somalians also speak?
Answer: Arabic

Question: What is the official language of Dijbouti?
Answer: Somali
Somalis

Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.

Question: Which of the following is not a film-maker: Salah Ahmed, Ali Said Hassan or Somali Darwish?
Answer: Somali Darwish

Question: What was one of the primary factors or driving forces for the quick expansion of the 70's film creation and popularity in Somalia cinema?
Answer: SFA

Question: __ wrote the children's book The Lion's Share.
Answer: Said Salah Ahmed

Question: __ was a biology teacher before he began filmmaking.
Answer: Said Salah Ahmed

Question: __ was produced by Amar Sneh
Answer: Somali Darwish

Question: What was the crowd-pleasing melodic art in the 70's and 80's called?
Answer: riwaayado

Question: When considering a longer, and more traditional film length like we currently have, when did Somalia begin to have them?
Answer: 1960s

Question: Who started making films later, Salah Ahmed or Abdisalam Aato?
Answer: Abdisalam Aato

Question: Which of the following is not a type of film: epic, musical, or regulatory?
Answer: regulatory
Somalis

Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.

Question: Which Canadian city harbors a Somali population and begins with the letter W?
Answer: Winnipeg

Question: How did something that increase the spread of Somali culture indirectly cause a problem at home?
Answer: many of the best educated Somalis left

Question: What is an interesting fact that you would not expect to see?
Answer: Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada

Question: Which Canadian city harbors a Somali population and begins with the letter O?
Answer: Ottawa

Question: What happened in the 90s
Answer: Civil strife

Question: Which Canadian city harbors a Somali population and begins with the letter T?
Answer: Toronto

Question: If a Somalian wanted to be safe, where might they go?
Answer: Canada

Question: Which Canadian city harbors a Somali population and begins with the letter H?
Answer: Hamilton

Question: Where did the refuges end up outside of North America
Answer: Middle East, Europe

Question: Which Canadian city harbors a Somali population and begins with the letter V?
Answer: Vancouver
Somalis

All of these traditions, including festivals, martial arts, dress, literature, sport and games such as Shax, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage.

Question: How does dressing affect the culture?
Answer: contributed to the enrichment

Question: Athleticism can be demonstrated by Somalians in what way?
Answer: sport and games

Question: How does a Somalian ensure personal safety?
Answer: martial arts

Question: What do sports do for the culture?
Answer: contributed to the enrichment

Question: How can a Somalian be identified in a crowd?
Answer: dress

Question: What do Somalians embrace as part of their heritage?
Answer: traditions

Question: What is one way to identify someone as Somalian without speaking with them?
Answer: dress

Question: How do Somalians remain active?
Answer: sport and games

Question: What is a festival considered?
Answer: traditions

Question: How do Somalians celebrate as a community?
Answer: festivals

Question: What is a likely means of defense for the Somali?
Answer: martial arts

Question: Which of the traditions contributed to enriching the culture?
Answer: All
Somalis

The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.

Question: The shape that stands for the five territories in Greater Somalia is in what location on its flag?
Answer: center

Question: In what year was the flag created by Mohammed Awale Liban first used as a country's symbol?
Answer: 1960

Question: What does the symbol on the flag stand for?
Answer: Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories

Question: What group chose the individual who designed the flag?
Answer: labour trade union

Question: The flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic, but what region was originally represented by the symbol on the flag?
Answer: Greater Somalia

Question: Before it was adopted as a symbol by the nascent Somali Republic, what was the purpose of the flag?
Answer: represent ethnic Somalis

Question: The number of vertices on the shape that is in the middle of Somalia's flag stands for what?
Answer: the five territories in Greater Somalia

Question: The flag that Liban designed was adopted as the national flag in 1960 and was made when?
Answer: 1954

Question: What was the aim of the design?
Answer: The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia

Question: What is the meaning of the design?
Answer: The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia

Question: What was the inspiration behind the design?
Answer: ethnic Somalis

Question: What happened in the fifth decade of the century?
Answer: It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design

Question: What happened int he sixth decade of the century?
Answer: the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic
Red

Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.

Question: What picked up more support over time?
Answer: Communist Manifesto

Question: What got more traction as time went on?
Answer: Communist Manifesto

Question: Which happened first, Paris workers built barricades and raised red flags or the French Revolution of 1848 broke out?
Answer: the French Revolution of 1848 broke out

Question: Which happened second, Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto or the French Revolution of 1848 broke out?
Answer: the French Revolution of 1848 broke out

Question: What gained influence over time in society?
Answer: Communist Manifesto

Question: What did the Second French Republic do to stop the protests?
Answer: called in the French Army

Question: How did the Paris workers feel about the Second French Republic?
Answer: disenchanted

Question: Which happened first, Paris workers built barricades and raised red flags or Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto?
Answer: Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto
Red

The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

Question: JMW Turner painted sunsets using materials made from __
Answer: cochineal

Question: How was the third paint made?
Answer: carmine

Question: Who painted with cochineal after the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries?
Answer: Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner

Question: What type of item is rubia tinctorum?
Answer: plant

Question: What painters used these techniques?
Answer: Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto

Question: In the 19th century, painters still used paint made from __
Answer: cochineal

Question: Why do people mix kermes lake with chalk or alum?
Answer: pigments

Question: What was rubia tinctorum sometimes mixed with?
Answer: either chalk or alum

Question: What made the first two colors?
Answer: the rubia tinctorum plant

Question: Which was not a great painter before the 17th century, Rubens, van Dyck, Seurat, or Tintoretto?
Answer: Seurat

Question: What was an issue with the new paint?
Answer: it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully

Question: Which pigment was developed last, carmine, kermes lake, or madder lake?
Answer: carmine

Question: Which artist was born first, J.M.W Turner, Vermeer, or Gainsborough?
Answer: Vermeer

Question: Which pigment was not made from an animal, madder lake or kermes lake?
Answer: madder lake

Question: How must one use carmine?
Answer: carefully

Question: Which painters used cochineal in the 16th century?
Answer: almost all the great painters

Question: What was used to create a pigment that could change color?
Answer: cochineal

Question: Prior to the advent of cochineal, __ were crushed and killed for the color red.
Answer: kermes insects

Question: The voluptuous models of Rubens were painted using a tincture made from __
Answer: cochineal

Question: How did the early paints work?
Answer: made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant

Question: Who painted with carmine?
Answer: almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries

Question: What did Rembrandt van Rijn use to give his paintings flashes of red?
Answer: cochineal