UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Tajikistan

Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

Question: How did Russia change Tajikistan?
Answer: Tajiks felt little Russian influence

Question: Who ruled over Russian Turkestan after the invasion and control?
Answer: Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara

Question: What was happening to Emirate of Bukhara around 1869?
Answer: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan

Question: Is there anything that the Soviets took from the Russians and did on their own, if so what?
Answer: switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton

Question: What was Russia wanting to get out of when they took over Turkestan?
Answer: switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton

Question: The emirate of Bukhara can also be called what?
Answer: vassal state

Question: Who was Russia taking over in 1879?
Answer: Russian Turkestan

Question: What region was Tajikistan a part of?
Answer: Central Asia

Question: What is the idea that the Russian way of life should be adopted by everyone?
Answer: Russian Imperialism

Question: Who defeated Asia?
Answer: Russian Empire

Question: What preceded the taking of the Tajikistan portion?
Answer: Russian Imperialism

Question: Who wanted access to a white fluffy plant?
Answer: Russia

Question: Who was in charge of Bukhara?
Answer: Russia
Tajikistan

Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992).

Question: Who was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan in 1962?
Answer: Jabbor Rasulov

Question: What was the quantity of humans sent forth from Russia?
Answer: nearly 10,000

Question: How held the position of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan after Bobojon Ghafurov?
Answer: Tursun Uljabayev

Question: When did the second purge of the Communist Party of Tajikistan end?
Answer: Tajikistan

Question: How many times were people sent forth from Russia?
Answer: Two

Question: Who was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan in 1983?
Answer: Rahmon Nabiyev

Question: For the people sent forth from Russia, what was their faction?
Answer: Communist
Tajikistan

Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.

Question: What is the UNODC working to decrease?
Answer: Drug trafficking

Question: What easily comprehended statistic might be of great concern for travelers and their safety to Tajikistan?
Answer: Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006)

Question: Why do countries like the US, Russian, and countries of the EU feel the need to intervene and help?
Answer: Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations

Question: Why is drug trafficking bad for Tajikistan?
Answer: Drug money corrupts the country's government

Question: What is grown for Russia, Western Europe, and local use?
Answer: opium poppy

Question: After the treaty was signed, what was discovered?
Answer: well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade

Question: What is the preferred drug of the folks in Tajikistan?
Answer: opium poppy

Question: When was Tajikistan in third place?
Answer: first half of 2006

Question: What is being done to help combat this issue?
Answer: UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency

Question: What agency is helping Tajikistan?
Answer: UNODC

Question: Who is waiting for drug traffickers to drive through Tajikistan?
Answer: Russian

Question: Who has begun to help Tajikistan in the war on drug trafficking?
Answer: US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities

Question: Where are Tajikistan authorities also fighting drug trafficking at home?
Answer: country's government
Tajikistan

It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.

Question: Who pulled power away from Persian controlled rule?
Answer: Kara-Khanid Khanate

Question: Whose rule was shortest lived?
Answer: Tibetan empire and Chinese

Question: Who controlled the region first, the Samanid Empire or the Chinese?
Answer: Chinese

Question: Persian control was restored under the?
Answer: The Samanid Empire

Question: Which of the following is a historic city: Samarkand, Uzbekistan or Khanate?
Answer: Samarkand

Question: Who was the first empire to rule Transozania?
Answer: Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680

Question: The cultural centers expanded by the Samanid Empire are in what modern country?
Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: Where is the Khorsan located?
Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: Where is the Perso- Arab Muslim culture located?
Answer: Central Asia

Question: Who became known as the Perso-Arab Muslim culture?
Answer: Kara-Khanid Khanate

Question: Where is Uzbekistan located?
Answer: Central Asia

Question: What caused the Kara-khanids to become part of Perso-Arab culture?
Answer: shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance

Question: Which of the following is not a modern-day country: Uzbekistan, Samarkand or Tajikstan?
Answer: Samarkand

Question: What did Samanid Empire do in the Khorasan region?
Answer: enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara
Tajikistan

The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.

Question: What religion was eventually added to the place: Nestorian, Islam or Buddhism?
Answer: Islam

Question: what is the second group mentioned?
Answer: Yuezhi tribes

Question: what is the first group mentioned?
Answer: Kushan Empire

Question: What religion wasn't in the earlier place: Buddhism, Islam or Christianity?
Answer: Islam

Question: what is the second faith mentioned?
Answer: Nestorian Christianity

Question: Which of the following is not a religion: Christianity, Manichaeism, or Hephthalite?
Answer: Hephthalite

Question: what is the first faith  mentioned?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Which is further south, the steppes or the Islamic heartland?
Answer: Islamic heartland

Question: what is the third faith mentioned?
Answer: Zoroastrianism

Question: At what later point was a new way of worship absent from the region?
Answer: 4th century CE

Question: What bigger place is made up of smaller units earlier in time?
Answer: Kushan

Question: Which came earlier, Islam or the Kushan Empire?
Answer: Kushan Empire

Question: What smaller units make up a bigger place earlier in time?
Answer: Yuezhi
Daylight_saving_time

In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Question: Who made the original term for what is now called legal time?
Answer: Willett

Question: At what point was the warm season termed as we know it today?
Answer: by 1911

Question: A way to measure daylight is also called what?
Answer: legally enforced time

Question: In what season do the clocks go back to normal?
Answer: winter

Question: Legal time is time which is?
Answer: legally enforced

Question: Zomertijd is a word in?
Answer: Dutch

Question: What is daylight savings called in the country that labels it differently than others in Europe?
Answer: ora legale, that is, legal time

Question: What was once considered a season rather than a time change?
Answer: daylight saving

Question: What other places uses their own terms for legal time but are still similar?
Answer: Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale

Question: Although it is an island, what larger land mass is Britain considered to be a part of?
Answer: Europe

Question: What measure is used in Italy's time references?
Answer: legally enforced

Question: What is the only country mentioned that does not refer to daylight saving time as summer time?
Answer: Italy

Question: Summer time also means?
Answer: daylight saving

Question: What is not used as means to regulate time in the colder months in Italy?
Answer: legally enforced time
Daylight_saving_time

Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.

Question: what discern chile?
Answer: The time difference

Question: When does the time change occur?
Answer: second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time

Question: When does the mismatch times occur?
Answer: summer

Question: What causes time differences to be different between the United Kingdom and Chile at different times of the year?
Answer: DST

Question: When is the longest time difference between UK and Chile?
Answer: during the Northern summer

Question: Alpha and Omega dates are different in United kingdom and mainland Chile due to?
Answer: reverse in the southern hemisphere

Question: Are the beginning and ending dates for DST the same or changing every year?
Answer: changing

Question: what brings about changing dates?
Answer: time difference

Question: What is the difference in DST between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile?
Answer: Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse

Question: What causes changes when they do not line up accurately?
Answer: mismatch of changing dates

Question: What day and month does daylight savings time begin in Chile?
Answer: second Saturday in October

Question: chile experience a distinct discern for the sake of?
Answer: mismatch of changing dates

Question: When is the smallest time difference between the UK and Chile during the year?
Answer: Southern summer

Question: What day and month does daylight savings time end in Chile?
Answer: second Saturday in March

Question: How are the seasons between the Northern and Southern hemisphere different?
Answer: reverse

Question: Compared to the northern hemisphere, when is DST in the southern hemisphere?
Answer: reverse
Daylight_saving_time

These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

Question: How is Israel's daylight savings time unusual?
Answer: DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years

Question: What mistake was made in 98?
Answer: Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST

Question: Which version of windows would only work for  a year?
Answer: 95

Question: Prior to 2013, what year did DST work correctly in Windows for Israeli users?
Answer: 1995

Question: Who struggled to get the operating system they wrote to work correctly with Israels DST policies?
Answer: Microsoft

Question: When did these issues seem to finally come to a halt?
Answer: 2013

Question: When did Israel finally start using the DST calendar that the rest of the world uses?
Answer: 2013

Question: What does Israel follow now regarding DST?
Answer: the Gregorian calendar

Question: Which calendar seems to have solved these issues?
Answer: Gregorian

Question: Why was Windows 95 problematic?
Answer: used rules correct for 1995 only
Daylight_saving_time

Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Question: What do programs do with regards to UTC?
Answer: standardize

Question: What kind of OSes change to local time for display purposes?
Answer: modern

Question: Modern operating systems internally don't have to do what twice a year?
Answer: clock shifts

Question: Which OS would go by coordinated universal time?
Answer: most modern operating systems

Question: What doesn't UTC have to do twice a year?
Answer: clock shifts

Question: What is my Windows 10 Laptop using in secret that I didn't know until I read this passage?
Answer: UTC

Question: What is the benefit to everything using same system of time?
Answer: avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences

Question: Why would a windows laptop change the time to one with problems with clock shifts and time zones?
Answer: for display

Question: How else is coordinated universal time referred?
Answer: UTC

Question: What specifically is done to local time?
Answer: convert

Question: Modern operating systems internally don't have to deal with what when flying across the country?
Answer: time zone differences

Question: How are times stored in an OS?
Answer: internally
Daylight_saving_time

DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Question: Daylight Saving Time may have a positive or negative effect on what mood disorder?
Answer: depression

Question: What is a benefit of getting sun during outdoor exercise?
Answer: vitamin D

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: DST

Question: If DST causes your exposure to sunlight to increase, it could increase your risk of what?
Answer: skin cancer

Question: DST may affect vitamin D synthesis and skin cancer rates because it affects what?
Answer: sunlight exposure

Question: What can sunlight do to the mind?
Answer: may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse

Question: what does DST do?
Answer: has mixed effects on health

Question: what is the first word in the second paragraph?
Answer: It

Question: Daylight Saving Time is believed to have an effect on the production of what in the body?
Answer: vitamin D

Question: If DST causes your exposure to sunlight to decrease, it could lower your risk of what?
Answer: skin cancer

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: extensions

Question: How can harmful effects arise from outdoor exercises in the sun?
Answer: overexposure
Daylight_saving_time

However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Question: Between zoneinfo and UTC, which is the IANA database?
Answer: zoneinfo

Question: Of the UTC and IANA, which one isn't a database?
Answer: UTC

Question: What's its use?
Answer: correctly calculate local time

Question: What information is needed?
Answer: date/time calculations

Question: Who uses the IANA database?
Answer: Many systems

Question: What's used?
Answer: date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo

Question: What is used?
Answer: the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo

Question: Of dates and time zones, what can be found in the IANA?
Answer: time zone

Question: To calculate local time what do systems use to get their data?
Answer: IANA time zone database
Daylight_saving_time

During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.

Question: George Hudson is the individual that proposed the concept of a specific modern practice, what is the full name of the individual miscredited for this practice?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin

Question: To whom does Franklin refer?
Answer: Parisians

Question: Parisians are from which continent?
Answer: Europe

Question: What produced standardization of time?
Answer: rail and communication networks

Question: Why did people believe that Franklin came up with Daylight Savings Time?
Answer: 1784 satire

Question: What tongue in cheek writing made jokes of rising early and what should be done to force the issue?
Answer: 1784 satire

Question: Benjamin Franklin lived in a time where a standard form of which measurment concept did not exist?
Answer: time

Question: What would waking up early do, according to Franklin?
Answer: Parisians economize on candles

Question: Benjamin Franklin was not of which  group nationality?
Answer: Parisians

Question: What was Franklin in France?
Answer: envoy

Question: What was a primitive form of alarm using a repurposed weapon?
Answer: firing cannons

Question: How were people supposed to wake up according to Franklin's letter?
Answer: by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise

Question: How was Franklin's letter published?
Answer: anonymously
Daylight_saving_time

In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

Question: What kind of crimes were being studied?
Answer: in one and only in some crime categories

Question: When was violent crime reduced in Washington, D.C.?
Answer: DST

Question: What type of crime did LEAA study?
Answer: violent

Question: What was the limitation of LEAA's study?
Answer: crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories

Question: What was the outcome after examining the test cities?
Answer: crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories

Question: What should be aware of in LEAA's study?
Answer: LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities

Question: How many cities did not show a reduction in crime in LEAA's study?
Answer: one