UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Immaculate_Conception

It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are, it is pointed out, so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her; she is compared to Eve before the fall, as ancestress of a redeemed people; she is "the earth before it was accursed". The well-known words of St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin." It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin. But his argument is that all men are sinners; that they are so through original depravity; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin "of every sort" (omni ex parte).

Question: What do men have that Mary may not?
Answer: sufficient grace to overcome sin "of every sort"

Question: Who was brought up in the conversation of Mary's holiness?
Answer: Eve

Question: What word was not used to describe Mary: unstained, grace, or innocent?
Answer: grace

Question: What description was not used to describe Mary: accursed or holy?
Answer: holy
Incandescent_light_bulb

While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps.

Question: What is a prerequisite for weight to play a factor in conductivity?
Answer: constant pressure and temperature

Question: What is a specific gas metioned?
Answer: Xenon

Question: What should be avoided if one wants the most efficient filament possible?
Answer: cooling

Question: Why does Xenon gas reduce electricity bills when used in fixtures?
Answer: improves efficiency

Question: What type of appliance is mentioned?
Answer: lamps

Question: What needs to have its temperature reduced to improve electricity use in lamps?
Answer: filament

Question: Noble gases narrow the chances of what?
Answer: filament evaporation

Question: What is the state of gas when trying to encourage conductivity?
Answer: inert

Question: What property can vary when considering inert gas?
Answer: molecular weight

Question: Why does efficiency increase when using inert gas in a lamp?
Answer: cooling the filament

Question: Gas selection is important in lamps because of its major influence in what property?
Answer: efficiency

Question: What is indicative of the non-permanence of filament?
Answer: filament evaporation

Question: Which properties of gas can affect the efficiency of a filament?
Answer: molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules

Question: Heat influences what working property of a filament?
Answer: efficiency

Question: What does Xenon gas do to electricity use when used in light bulbs?
Answer: improves efficiency

Question: In the operation of filaments, lower molecular weight gas does what better than higher molecular weight gas?
Answer: conducts heat from the filament
Incandescent_light_bulb

The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The "Centennial Light" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977.

Question: What is an example that emits more voltage?
Answer: a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908

Question: What was moved to an area museum in 1977?
Answer: a 40-watt bulb in Texas

Question: What is a drawback of the hypothesis?
Answer: greatly reduced light output

Question: How long has the oldest burning lightbulb burned?
Answer: since 1901

Question: What change is needed for longevity?
Answer: lower than rated voltage

Question: Other than the Centennial Light, where is a continuous bulb?
Answer: Texas

Question: What was significant about the second example?
Answer: It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow

Question: Where is the best known example?
Answer: a fire station in Livermore, California

Question: When do these connections matter?
Answer: only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions

Question: What is unique about the Livermore bulb?
Answer: accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously

Question: What happens to a lightbulb with a lowered output?
Answer: last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions

Question: How long has the Centennial Light been burning?
Answer: 1901

Question: What is the reason for the length of the Centennial LIght?
Answer: equivalent light of a four watt bulb

Question: Where is the light bulb that produces light for an opera house at one time?
Answer: Texas

Question: Where is the Centennial Light?
Answer: a fire station

Question: What effect does a small voltage change have?
Answer: greatly reduced light output
Incandescent_light_bulb

On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life.

Question: What was better than the carbon filament?
Answer: Tungsten filament

Question: What fails to prevent evaporation in the bulb?
Answer: operating it in a vacuum

Question: What is worse than using a noble gas to fill the bulb?
Answer: operating it in a vacuum

Question: what nation start with C?
Answer: Croatian

Question: What reduces a filaments life?
Answer: a vacuum

Question: What is a less preferable way to operate a tungsten bulb than inserting a noble gas?
Answer: operating it in a vacuum

Question: What did Sandor and Franjo invent?
Answer: filament lamp

Question: what name start with S?
Answer: Sándor

Question: what nation start with H?
Answer: Hungarian

Question: What is not inside a tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: a vacuum

Question: what name start with F?
Answer: Franjo

Question: What kind of bulbs where being used before the Tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: carbon filament
Incandescent_light_bulb

Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports.

Question: Which is not a last name, Edison or Light?
Answer: Light

Question: Of the parties that had involvement with light bulb filaments, which one had no part in creating it?
Answer: the United States Electric Light Company

Question: Which is not a last name, Latimer or Carbons?
Answer: Carbons

Question: What is Latimer's last mentioned patent ?
Answer: attaching filaments to their wire supports

Question: Maxim filaments were NOT an example of what broader category of filament?
Answer: light bulb

Question: Which filament type was the subject of Latimer's later work?
Answer: light bulb

Question: What is the McDonald's sign notorious for?
Answer: "M" shape

Question: Of those mentioned in the passage, who was the employer?
Answer: Edison

Question: Which letter is somewhat important to Latimer's work?
Answer: "M"
Incandescent_light_bulb

A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening. Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation.

Question: what was the last word in the passage?
Answer: operation

Question: Why is zirconium put into light bulbs?
Answer: to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation

Question: vapor is responsible for?
Answer: lamp darkening

Question: What is the third part of the process that leads to lamp darkening?
Answer: Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide

Question: water is gotten from?
Answer: hydrogen and oxygen

Question: Where does water transform inside a light bulb?
Answer: filament

Question: What process does gaseous water go through at the site of the heated filament of a bulb?
Answer: dissociates

Question: What is the  name of the process by which gaseous water turns into oxygen and hydrogen?
Answer: dissociates

Question: What is produced when oxygen undergoes a reaction with tungsten?
Answer: tungsten oxide

Question: What happens to water in a light bulb?
Answer: dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen

Question: How much water does it take to affect lamp darkening?
Answer: a drop

Question: what is been discussed?
Answer: water vapor
Incandescent_light_bulb

Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for "party bulbs", Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light.

Question: How does the kaolin cling to the glass?
Answer: electrostatically

Question: How do you add color to bulbs?
Answer: pigments

Question: What the coating on coated glass bulbs made of?
Answer: kaolin

Question: What is the alternate name of the substance that is used to mellow the harsh light emitted from a bulb?
Answer: kaolinite

Question: The texture of kaolin is described as what?
Answer: chalky

Question: What natural material is kaolin a form of?
Answer: clay

Question: In what environment are the coated bulbs most popular?
Answer: interior

Question: What are popular festive colored light bulbs used for?
Answer: Christmas
Incandescent_light_bulb

Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs, mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production. LED lamps are even more efficient, and are free of mercury. They are regarded as the best solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness.

Question: Which has the least initial expense, fluorescent lamps or incandescent light bulbs, or LED lamps?
Answer: incandescent light bulbs

Question: What does CFLs refer to?
Answer: fluorescent lamps

Question: Which has a better quality of light, incandescent light bulbs or fluorescent lamps?
Answer: incandescent light bulbs

Question: What are the negative health effects of CFLs?
Answer: they contain mercury

Question: Incandescent light bulbs are criticized over?
Answer: environmental impact

Question: LED lamps can't be criticized for having negative impacts on?
Answer: health

Question: Most modern cars are likely to use what kind of light bulb for the safety of its passengers?
Answer: LED

Question: A lamp with a wire filament that glows visably due being heated via electricity is said to be?
Answer: incandescent

Question: Which type of lighting saves the more energy, incandescent or fluorescent?
Answer: fluorescent

Question: CFLs produce illumination of a?
Answer: lower quality

Question: Which types of light bulbs contain an element that is also called quicksilver?
Answer: fluorescent

Question: A light emitting diode has the acronym?
Answer: LED

Question: A light bulb that does uses fluorescence to produce visible light is called?
Answer: fluorescent
Incandescent_light_bulb

Very small lamps may have the filament support wires extended through the base of the lamp, and can be directly soldered to a printed circuit board for connections. Some reflector-type lamps include screw terminals for connection of wires. Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires. In the late 19th century, manufacturers introduced a multitude of incompatible lamp bases. General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909. This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945. Today most incandescent lamps for general lighting service use an Edison screw in candelabra, intermediate, or standard or mogul sizes, or double contact bayonet base. Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes, to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer's products. Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration. A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps.

Question: How do we know that General Electric's model was a good idea?
Answer: This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945

Question: What should I not be surprised to find in a lamp?
Answer: metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires

Question: Why shouldn't I be thrown off to find a lamp with a metal base that fits in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires?
Answer: Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires

Question: What material is used to conduct currents?
Answer: metal

Question: What product benefits from bayonet base lamps?
Answer: automotive lamps

Question: What well-known company was responsible for trademarking bases?
Answer: General Electric

Question: What shouldn't throw me off to find in a lamp?
Answer: metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires
Incandescent_light_bulb

Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

Question: Mention one jurisdiction that has not prohibited incandescent light bulbs.
Answer: Canada

Question: What's disallowed in Australia?
Answer: incandescent light bulbs

Question: From all the countries mentioned, which one is also the name of a continent?
Answer: Australia

Question: From all the jurisdictions mentioned, which one is not a country?
Answer: European Union

Question: Mention one jurisdiction that is not in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs.
Answer: Colombia

Question: Incandescent bulbs have become obsolete in many countries, and indeed in a few others they have been banned altogether. With this stated, what is their successor?
Answer: other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED)

Question: Which lamps, from the ones mentioned, do not have an initialism?
Answer: high-intensity discharge lamps

Question: While some nations have prohibited the use of incandescent light bulbs, others have thus far not done so completely. What are three countries that have yet to do so?
Answer: China, Canada and United States
Association_football

There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.

Question: What's different between the men's and women's tournament?
Answer: age restrictions

Question: During which season is Olympic soccer played?
Answer: Summer

Question: What kinds of players were eligible for the earliest Olympic football tournaments?
Answer: amateurs

Question: In general, you need to be  younger than what as a man to compete in soccer at the Olympics?
Answer: 23

Question: Were professional players allowed to play initially and, if not, who was allowed?
Answer: Originally, the event was for amateurs only

Question: What stops countries from choosing all their best professional players?
Answer: certain restrictions

Question: When was the amateur status for football players changed
Answer: 1984

Question: For which gender do you generally have to be younger than a certain age to compete in soccer at the Olympics?
Answer: men

Question: When did the group of people allowed to play football in the Olympics no matter how old they are first get to start competing in the Olympics?
Answer: 1996

Question: In what year were professional women football players allowed to play in the Olympic games?
Answer: 1996

Question: Which Olympic football tournament has an age limit?
Answer: The Olympic men's tournament

Question: When was football added to the Summer Olympics schedule
Answer: 1900

Question: In what year was football not featured during the Summer Olympics?
Answer: 1932

Question: In what year was a football tournament added to the Olympics?
Answer: 1900

Question: What is now considered to be the highest status event for professional football players?
Answer: World Cup

Question: How does the olympic committee prevent countries from bringing in their strongest football players
Answer: certain restrictions

Question: What is one relaxation of the age rules for olympic men's football
Answer: restricted number of over-age players per team

Question: What age restrictions exist to limit women's football participation at the olympics
Answer: full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament
Association_football

After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.

Question: what is the second to last group of countries mentioned?
Answer: Europe

Question: what is the first contest mentioned?
Answer: World Cup

Question: How are countries invited to the World Cup?
Answer: continental competition

Question: what is the last athletic organization mentioned?
Answer: FIFA

Question: What is the shortened form of the African Cup?
Answer: CAF

Question: After the continential championships what happens?
Answer: FIFA Confederations Cup

Question: Who plays in the continental championships?
Answer: national teams

Question: what contest is mentioned second to last?
Answer: Copa Libertadores

Question: What national team competition is played in Europe?
Answer: European Championship (UEFA)

Question: Which competition is more esteemed, OFC or the World Cup?
Answer: World Cup

Question: Which championship is more significant, the OFC or the World Cup?
Answer: World Cup

Question: What competition follows the continental championships?
Answer: The FIFA Confederations Cup

Question: What is the most important international football championship?
Answer: World Cup

Question: where is the second to last contest held?
Answer: South America

Question: What are the continental cups championships?
Answer: FIFA Confederations Cup