UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Orthodox_Judaism

Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

Question: Besides New York and New Jersey where else are there Orthodox Jewish communities?
Answer: throughout the United States

Question: Where, specifically, are the big Orthodox New York City neighborhoods located?
Answer: Brooklyn

Question: What is the main area of influence for these people?
Answer: New York City Metropolitan Area

Question: Which Orthodox Jewish communities are growing the fastest?
Answer: Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York

Question: Where can you find significant enclaves of these people?
Answer: Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities

Question: What New York City neighborhoods are there big Orthodox communities besides Crown Heights, Midwood, and Borough Park?
Answer: Williamsburg

Question: Lakewood is in a state which isn't?
Answer: New York State

Question: Borough Park is in a what kind of part of New York City?
Answer: borough

Question: What area named after a president is significant?
Answer: Monroe

Question: The principle area for the communities is?
Answer: Rockland County

Question: Where can you find a large Orthodox community in New Jersey besides teaneck, Lakewood, Passaic and Fair Lawn?
Answer: Englewood

Question: Which enclaves are quickly gaining mass?
Answer: in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York
Orthodox_Judaism

Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Question: Other than Israel, which other state is mentioned in this paragraph?
Answer: U.S

Question: A stance that places high national and religious significance on the State of Israel is called what?
Answer: pro-Zionist

Question: What text provides more insight into relations with non-Orthodox Jews?
Answer: Torah Umadda

Question: What is the duty of an individual for the people in his life?
Answer: financially support oneself and one's family

Question: Which type of Orthodox Judaism is primarily discussed in this passage?
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: What are the members of Modern Orthodoxy?
Answer: Jews

Question: A core belief of Modern Orthodoxy is providing what support to oneself and one's family?
Answer: financially

Question: An example of an American, pro-Zionist institution would be what?
Answer: U.S. National Council for Young Israel

Question: "Kiruv" is the practice of what?
Answer: outreach

Question: Orthodox Jews are often?
Answer: pro-Zionist

Question: How do Orthodox Jews relate to non-Orthodox Jews?
Answer: continued institutional relations and cooperation

Question: Interaction with non-Orthodox Jews is a form of?
Answer: outreach
Orthodox_Judaism

However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Question: What gave rise to today's Orthodox beliefs?
Answer: a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement

Question: The Talmud has a lenient position, also considered?
Answer: liberalism

Question: Why do some argue that Orthodox Judaism is actually not based on tradition?
Answer: the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox

Question: Orthodox people practice what religion?
Answer: Judaism

Question: What has been of contention?
Answer: the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox

Question: What was being argued against by the scholars?
Answer: the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox

Question: What was an example?
Answer: began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices

Question: The Talmud belongs to?
Answer: Judaism

Question: How does not having links to Judaism in the past cause a challenge?
Answer: the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged

Question: What is the strictest sect of Judaism?
Answer: Orthodox

Question: What interpretation becomes a religious requirement?
Answer: Kashrut and Passover dietary laws
Light-emitting_diode

Alphanumeric LEDs are available in seven-segment, starburst and dot-matrix format. Seven-segment displays handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can display all letters. Dot-matrix displays typically use 5x7 pixels per character. Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s, but rising use of liquid crystal displays, with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays.

Question: What full set is a seven-segment display able to use?
Answer: numbers

Question: What display is more energy efficient?
Answer: liquid crystal displays

Question: If you were only working with words, what would you choose?
Answer: Starburst displays

Question: What are visual displays used in electronic devices in which a layer of a liquid crystal is sandwiched between two transparent electrodes?
Answer: liquid crystal displays

Question: What is being replaced here?
Answer: Alphanumeric LEDs

Question: What is the descriptor for a light emitting diode that can show both letters and numbers?
Answer: Alphanumeric

Question: What does the first letter in LCD stand for?
Answer: liquid

Question: What does LCD stand for?
Answer: liquid crystal displays

Question: What is now a popular display system?
Answer: liquid crystal displays

Question: What is the second LED format mentioned called?
Answer: starburst

Question: What is the first LED format mentioned?
Answer: seven-segment

Question: Which light emitting diodes display the greatest number of characters?
Answer: Starburst

Question: What do seven-segment, starburst, and dot-matrix displays all have in common?
Answer: LEDs

Question: What can a seven-segment display not use all of?
Answer: letters

Question: What light emitting diodes are there?
Answer: seven-segment, starburst and dot-matrix

Question: What does the second letter in LCD stand for?
Answer: crystal

Question: What type of light emitting diode uses a minute area of illumination on a display screen?
Answer: Dot-matrix

Question: What utilizes tiny pieces that converge to display numbers and letters?
Answer: Dot-matrix displays
Light-emitting_diode

The structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine forming an exciton that excites a QD. This scheme is commonly studied for quantum dot display. The tunability of emission wavelengths and narrow bandwidth is also beneficial as excitation sources for fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) utilizing an integrated QD-LED has been demonstrated.

Question: What is similar about QD-LED and OLED structures?
Answer: layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials

Question: What is the goal of electrons and holes moving into the quantum dot layer?
Answer: excites a QD

Question: What causes a QD to  be excited?
Answer: applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine

Question: What environment is required to form an exciton?
Answer: applied electric field

Question: What characteristic of emission wavelengths affects the formation of an exciton in fluorescence imaging?
Answer: tunability

Question: Flourescence comes out of?
Answer: QD-LED

Question: What theory does the design of OLED base on?
Answer: electrical-excitation scheme

Question: What is known about OLED designs?
Answer: structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs

Question: OLEDs are similar to?
Answer: QD-LEDs

Question: The visuals are created through?
Answer: imaging

Question: What theory is crucial for quantum dot display?
Answer: electrical-excitation scheme

Question: What happens when electrons and holes combine?
Answer: forming an exciton
Light-emitting_diode

Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buildup than incandescent lamps, so some LED lighting systems have been designed with an added heating circuit. Additionally, research has developed heat sink technologies that will transfer heat produced within the junction to appropriate areas of the light fixture.

Question: What quality do incandescent lamps have less of that make them better than LEDs?
Answer: susceptible to frost and snow buildup

Question: Which kind of bulbs produce less heat?
Answer: LED

Question: In what way is incandescent better?
Answer: frost and snow buildup

Question: What did incandescent lamps in a freezer have less problem with?
Answer: frost and snow buildup

Question: What is a common use of LEDs?
Answer: supermarket freezer lighting

Question: What can be a problem for LED bulbs?
Answer: frost and snow buildup

Question: What is worse for their use in freezers?
Answer: incandescent

Question: What is better than incandescent lamps for a freezer?
Answer: LED lighting

Question: What costs more to have in a freezer?
Answer: incandescent lamps

Question: What has heat sink technologies?
Answer: LED lighting systems

Question: What were LED lights victim to?
Answer: frost and snow buildup
Light-emitting_diode

Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption in the LED chip and in the LED packaging itself account typically for another 10% to 30% of efficiency loss. Currently, in the area of phosphor LED development, much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures. For instance, the efficiency can be raised by adapting better package design or by using a more suitable type of phosphor. Conformal coating process is frequently used to address the issue of varying phosphor thickness.

Question: Which causes a smaller loss, Stoke shift loss or internal optical losses?
Answer: Stoke shift loss

Question: What are manufacturers striving for to combat efficiency loss?
Answer: adapting better package design or by using a more suitable type of phosphor

Question: Why are LED lights hard to make?
Answer: development of more efficient phosphors

Question: Which of the following does NOT raise efficiency: Stoke Shift loss, better package design, or a more suitable type of phosphor?
Answer: Stoke shift loss

Question: Conformal coating helps phospher thickness, but which phosphor is best?
Answer: YAG

Question: What is a major problem in LEDs, that leads to efficiency loss?
Answer: internal optical losses

Question: Which of the following is NOT a goal of phorphor LED development: higher light output, optical losses, or higher operation temperatures?
Answer: optical losses

Question: What level of efficiency are current LED phosphors at?
Answer: 10% Stoke shift loss
Light-emitting_diode

LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available.

Question: What symbol is used to designate voltage for electrical circuits or systems?
Answer: V

Question: What might be like finding a needle in a haystack?
Answer: Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V

Question: If you need a low slope, what do you use?
Answer: Red LEDs

Question: In the visible light spectrum, what color has the lowest frequency?
Answer: red

Question: Dividing the voltage of an electrical circuit with the value for its resistance produces what value for the circuit?
Answer: current

Question: A diode that allows current to flow with light
Answer: LEDs

Question: What's the drop of a Zener diode
Answer: 1.7 V

Question: What is more independent than something else?
Answer: Zener diode

Question: What are some diodes made from
Answer: Nitride

Question: The American physicist that not only won medals for his work in rheology, but also has an electrical component named after him was?
Answer: Zener

Question: How do you know that the main topic of discussion is not overall considered high power?
Answer: LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage

Question: What compound containing nitrogen is mentioned in the passage, where the nitrogen has an oxidation state of 03?
Answer: Nitride

Question: Where is the lowest slope?
Answer: Red LEDs
Light-emitting_diode

In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated again by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process similar to Dr. Moustakas's. Both Dr. Moustakas and Mr. Nakamura were issued separate patents, which confused the issue of who was the original inventor (partly because although Dr. Moustakas invented his first, Dr. Nakamura filed first).[citation needed] This new development revolutionized LED lighting, making high-power blue light sources practical, leading to the development of technologies like BlueRay, as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones.[citation needed]

Question: What foundation did Dr. Moustakas focus on?
Answer: GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices

Question: Who first studied high-brightness blue LEDs ?
Answer: Dr. Moustakas

Question: How did Dr. Moustakas protect the intellectual right of the method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs?
Answer: patented

Question: What were the later developments of LEDs invention?
Answer: technologies like BlueRay, as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones

Question: Where did the new method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs come from?
Answer: Boston University

Question: LEDs can emit what?
Answer: brightness

Question: An inventor gets rights based on?
Answer: patents

Question: Why was it unclear that who was the original inventor?
Answer: Both Dr. Moustakas and Mr. Nakamura were issued separate patents

Question: BlueRay is named for the colored what worked with by Nakamura and Moustaka?
Answer: light
CBC_Television

CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions, primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC's coverage, which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime, even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East (where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime).

Question: Who delayed their sports games from being aired?
Answer: NBC

Question: What's one of the types of sports that CBS airs?
Answer: NHL

Question: What worldwide sports event did CBS air?
Answer: Olympic Games

Question: Which coverage did not attain higher viewership?
Answer: NBC's coverage

Question: What kind of events were covered?
Answer: sports

Question: What is the sponsor for the Stanley Cup?
Answer: NHL

Question: Which coverage was not criticized in recent years?
Answer: CBC's sports coverage

Question: What did NBC delay for the west coast primetime?
Answer: Olympic Games

Question: Which network covered more consistently the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs?
Answer: CBC

Question: What would be the primetime hours on the East for the Pacific Time Zone?
Answer: market

Question: Who is one of CBS's main competitors?
Answer: NBC
CBC_Television

Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.

Question: What did CBS change?
Answer: schedule

Question: Ford is generally considered to be what kind of car company?
Answer: American

Question: A mixture of invisible and tasteless gases that surrounds the Earth is called?
Answer: air

Question: The term used for a simultaneous transmission of a program on two or more television channels is?
Answer: simulcast

Question: What show was displaced?
Answer: The National

Question: What happened after the cancellation?
Answer: the newscast resumed its regular schedule

Question: What television news program began broadcasting in 1952?
Answer: The National

Question: Why didn't it matter that the timing of The One was changed?
Answer: The One was taken off the air

Question: Oppositely charged magnets when placed close to each other do what?
Answer: attract

Question: What show did Americans dislike?
Answer: The One
CBC_Television

Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood. More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me.

Question: __ was a spin off of Crownies.
Answer: Janet King

Question: Janet Kind and Love Child are from what culture?
Answer: Australian

Question: Doctor Who was produced with the aid of?
Answer: CBC

Question: Which series is Australian, Please Like Me or Doctor Who?
Answer: Please Like Me

Question: Which series was not made by the BBC, Doctor Who or Love Child?
Answer: Love Child

Question: __ starred Marta Dusseldorp.
Answer: Janet King

Question: __ was shot mostly in Bankstown.
Answer: Janet King

Question: Which series is not a spin-off, Torchwood or Please Like Me?
Answer: Please Like Me

Question: Torchwood originated from?
Answer: Doctor Who
CBC_Television

On October 9, 2006 at 6:00 a.m., the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations, or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel, the CBC uses the time to air repeats, including local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library. Its French counterpart, Ici Radio-Canada Télé, still signs off every night.

Question: When would you have been likely to see no programming on networks before transitioning to 24-hour schedules?
Answer: typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m

Question: What does the CBC air in the early morning hours?
Answer: repeats

Question: What programming aired once CBC switched to a 24-hour schedule?
Answer: repeats

Question: What is shown overnight on the network since switching to a 24-hour schedule?
Answer: repeats, including local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library

Question: What network has not switched to a 24-hour schedule?
Answer: Ici Radio-Canada Télé

Question: Which language doesn't have any major networks that still sign off?
Answer: English

Question: Which English-language network does NOT show its news channel during the early morning hours?
Answer: CBC

Question: What time would most private stations air infomercials?
Answer: during the early morning hours

Question: Before switching to a 24-hour schedule what would the network show during early morning hours?
Answer: signed off the air

Question: Has this network been one of the first networks to switch to this type of schedule or are they following what others have done?
Answer: one of the last

Question: What was one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to a 24-hour schedule?
Answer: CBC

Question: What was the last English-language network to stop signing off?
Answer: CBC

Question: What is the name of CBC's network that is not on a 24-hour schedule?
Answer: Ici Radio-Canada Télé