UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Yuan_dynasty

One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.

Question: Who did not like the paper money in Iran?

Question: What used to make the paper money the Yuan?

Question: How did the test run of paper money in 1294 turn out?

Question: What type of plant was used to produce the paper money of the Yuan?

Question: Who was skeptical when the government tried to introduce paper money in 1294?

Question: Which was used later to print paper money, bronze plates or woodblocks?

Question: What was the result of Bolad's visit to Iran?
Yuan_dynasty

Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (劉黑馬, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒) and Xiaozhacizhizizhongxi (蕭札刺之子重喜) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ogödei Khan.

Question: What is the Chinese name of Liu Heima?

Question: How did the name of Shimobeidier appear in Chinese history?

Question: Who was the leader of Liu Heima?

Question: Which general fought against Western Xia, Tabuyir or Liu Heima?

Question: What was an army unit of 10,000 soldiers?

Question: Which general fought with Xia, ZHangrou or Liu Heima?

Question: Who was lower in rank, Ogodei Khan or Liu Heima?

Question: Which of the following people was Chinese: Shi Tianze or Ogodei Khan?

Question: What kind of people was Yan Shi?
Scottish_Parliament

For the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP. McLetchie was elected on the Lothian regional list and the Conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats, with leader Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.

Question: Meshed fabric used to capture fish or sometimes other animals is called?

Question: The state of being independent is called?

Question: A social event that involves dancing, eating, and other merriment is called?

Question: An organized course of action to acomplish a goal, most often observed in politics is called?

Question: The act of defeating an opponent in a competition or game is called?

Question: A document displaying names written and displated consecutively, one below another is called?

Question: Displeasure caused by the failure to meet one's expectations or hopes is called?

Question: The furniture people sit on in a car or other kind of vehicle are called?
Scottish_Parliament

The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers – the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such the Law Officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote. Members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party groupings. The First Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and Law officers sit in the front row, in the middle section of the chamber. The largest party in the Parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side. The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber.

Question: Who is seated with the Scottish Law Officers?

Question: What is the main action that happens in the chamber?

Question: The first minister is in the same row as?

Question: Where are the Scottish Law Officers seated?

Question: How do Parliament's elected MSPs normally seat themselves within the debating chamber?

Question: Who occupies the non-elected seats?
Scottish_Parliament

The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line. MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties. Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright. Thus, as with many Parliaments, the independence of Members of the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's policies are rare. In some circumstances, however, parties announce "free votes", which allows Members to vote as they please. This is typically done on moral issues.

Question: What type of content would a whip not be responsible for ensuring parties stay within the party lines of?

Question: When are members not influenced by whips?

Question: What do members do to keep from being shunned?

Question: Which is less common for political parties, to hold free votes or to instruct members which way to vote?

Question: What is not left to chance?

Question: What would be the second most severe consequence of defying party lines?

Question: Why do members vote according to party lines?

Question: Which consequence is more severe, being deselected or being expelled?

Question: What would a whip not interfere with?

Question: Why does independence in Parliament tend to be low?

Question: Who is excluded?

Question: Are there more MSPs or whips?

Question: Why is independence in Parliament low?

Question: How are moral issues handled regarding voting?
Scottish_Parliament

Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remits and proceedings. The current Mandatory Committees in the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated Powers and Law Reform.

Question: Who is in charge?

Question: What keeps the committees from being the same?

Question: What nationality are the MSPs?

Question: The nationality given to individuals from the continent where Germany, France, and Italy are located in is?

Question: What varies?

Question: Arrangements set by people to meet, which includes the date, time and location are called?

Question: What are the current Mandatory Committees in the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament besides Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations?

Question: Written requests that are usually signed by many individuals in hopes to draw attention to a cause by proper authorities are called?

Question: Where are the MSPs?

Question: Where are the Mandatory Committees?
Scottish_Parliament

Parliament typically sits Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week recesses in April and October. Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm. Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public. Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space. Meetings are broadcast on the Parliament's own channel Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament. Proceedings are also recorded in text form, in print and online, in the Official Report, which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates.

Question: What time does the session start on the 3rd day?

Question: What is the cost to sit in parliament and watch?

Question: On which day of the week do the plenary meetings begin before noon?

Question: Do plenary meetings start later on Wednesday or Thursday?

Question: Are plenary meetings shorter on Wednesday or Thursday?

Question: What month does parliament end during the calendar year?

Question: What is the room called where Parliament is held?

Question: What station broadcasts the meetings?

Question: What is the last day of the week Parliment typically is in session

Question: What is the first day of the week Parliment is normally in session

Question: What should you do to attend hearings?

Question: Where can you see parliament's meetings online?

Question: When does discussion within chambers happen in the mornings?
Scottish_Parliament

The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith. This contrasts with the formal style of "Prayers", which is the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers.

Question: How is the variance of speakers determined?

Question: Aside from relying on the census data, how else can speakers be chosen?

Question: What do both "prayers" and Time for Reflection have in common when held?

Question: What is the equivalent of Time for Reflection in meetings of the House of Commons?

Question: Who can bypass the parliamentary bureau when recommending a speaker?

Question: What grounds does the Presiding Officer use to elect a speaker?

Question: Instead of formal "prayers," Time for Reflection is initiated when?

Question: What does the census help determine?

Question: While informal, Time for Reflection is a short period of time used to discuss?
Scottish_Parliament

Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all other participants.

Question: What is three quarters of an hour long?

Question: Who is in charge of the department the debate and motion relate to?

Question: The individual that instigates the Members Debate is referred to as what position?

Question: What must preceed the members business that is proposed by an MSP regarding issues of interest?

Question: Who is allowed to discuss the debate issue?

Question: The group of voters in a given area that are responsible for the bringing in a representative to a legislative body is also called what?

Question: What type of issues may be brought up in Member's Business?

Question: Which demographic cannot instigate the discord and discussion mentioned in the text?

Question: What are these debates named?

Question: The system of governance in place in countries such as the United Kingdom or Japan is called?
Scottish_Parliament

In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity. The words There shall be a Scottish Parliament, which are the first words of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the head of the mace, which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999, the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each sitting in the chamber, the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a full meeting of the Parliament is taking place.

Question: What is the third value listed on the Scottish Parliamentary mace?

Question: Which of the following is not inscribed on the mace: Wisdom, Queen or Justice?

Question: Over what do the presiding officers preside?

Question: Where would one find the object that is rotated before every meeting of Scottish Parliament?

Question: Which of the following was not used to construct the mace: silver, glass or gold?
Scottish_Parliament

Subject Committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.

Question: Which Subject Committee is responsible for maintaining laws and orders?

Question: Which Subject Committee is responsible for assisting recipients of government assistance to become self-sufficient?

Question: Which Subject Committee is responsible for maintaining the knowledge, beliefs, arts and customs of the society?

Question: Which Subject Committee is responsible for reducing pollution?
European_Union_law

While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties. From the EU's foundation, the Court of Justice also held that the Treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against EU and member state institutions for violation of the Treaties and Regulations, if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations. However, under Directives, citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties. This meant courts of member states were not bound to apply an EU law where a national rule conflicted, even though the member state government could be sued, if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation. These rules on "direct effect" limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged. The remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages, but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction, in order to ensure the law is effective as possible.

Question: What is the English term for the phrase used to also mean general legal right?

Question: Who can bring claims again EU institutions and other member states, besides the Commission?

Question: If someone brings a complaint to judicial review when are they likely to receive money?

Question: Who can't citizens or corporations sue?

Question: What changed that gave courts the freedom when there was a conflict with the national rule?

Question: Why would a court allow an injuction?

Question: What does the EU reference for issues concerning the overall organization of the government?

Question: What does breach of the law usually end up paying?
European_Union_law

To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment. Where the different institutions cannot agree at any stage, a "Conciliation Committee" is convened, representing MEPs, ministers and the Commission to try and get agreement on a joint text: if this works, it will be sent back to the Parliament and Council to approve by absolute and qualified majority. This means, legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission: it is harder to change EU law than stay the same. A different procedure exists for budgets. For "enhanced cooperation" among a sub-set of at least member states, authorisation must be given by the Council. Member state governments should be informed by the Commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure. The EU as a whole can only act within its power set out in the Treaties. TEU articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred, although there is a debate about the Kompetenz-Kompetenz question: who ultimately has the "competence" to define the EU's "competence". Many member state courts believe they decide, other member state Parliaments believe they decide, while within the EU, the Court of Justice believes it has the final say.

Question: What is brought up if an agreement cannot be made?

Question: What is harder than keeping law in the EU the same?

Question: The highest legal authority in the is debated because?

Question: There is disagreement about who judges the EU's what?

Question: The EU's authority is limited by?

Question: What is the first reading?
European_Union_law

Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted towards developing a more "social" Europe. Free movement was increasingly based on "citizenship", so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active, rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights. This means the basic "worker" rights in TFEU article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in TFEU articles 18 to 21. According to the Court of Justice, a "worker" is anybody who is economically active, which includes everyone in an employment relationship, "under the direction of another person" for "remuneration". A job, however, need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker. For example, in Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, a German man claimed the right to residence in the Netherlands, while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the Bhagwan community, which provided for everyone's material needs irrespective of their contributions. The Court of Justice held that Mr Steymann was entitled to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did. Having "worker" status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments, and employers, in access to employment, tax, and social security rights. By contrast a citizen, who is "any person having the nationality of a Member State" (TFEU article 20(1)), has rights to seek work, vote in local and European elections, but more restricted rights to claim social security. In practice, free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people's jobs and benefits (paradoxically at the same time). Nevertheless, practically "all available research finds little impact" of "labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers".

Question: What did Mr Steynmann fight for?

Question: Who have made the free movement of workers controversial?

Question: Who is someone in an employment relationship considered?

Question: What are citizens allowed to do?

Question: What is the most typical form of payment for a job?

Question: Which article has broader scope, 21 or 45?

Question: Which of the following rights is not granted by worker status: tax, vote or social security?

Question: What are workers protected from?

Question: Steymann could stay in the Netherlands even though he was not a?