UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Prime_number

The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus Magicicada make use of prime numbers. These insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground. They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years, at which point they fly about, breed, and then die after a few weeks at most. The logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas. If Magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals, say every 12 years, then predators appearing every 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years would be sure to meet them. Over a 200-year period, average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2% higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas. Though small, this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects.

Question: What would predators of cicadas have to do in order to be more successful?

Question: What is the advantage that cicadas have?

Question: Predator populations would be higher during which emergence of cicadas?

Question: Cicadas use what to stop predators from evolving?

Question: What do cicadas spend their time doing above ground?

Question: 13 and 17 year cicadas decrease predator population by what?

Question: How long is the life cycle of a cicada?

Question: What is the intermediate number of years cicadas may spend underground?

Question: Cicadas emergence cycle is what?

Question: What is the longest period of time cicadas may spend underground?

Question: What is the shortest period of time cicadas may spend underground?
Prime_number

A particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number. If we have a number b that we want to test for primality, then we work out nb (mod b) for a random value of n as our test. A flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity even though they are not prime, so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and Carmichael numbers. Carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers, though, so this test can be useful for practical purposes. More powerful extensions of the Fermat primality test, such as the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests, are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number.

Question: What does p represent in Fermat's little theorem?

Question: How does the test know what is a Carmichael number?

Question: What is the stronger extension of the Fermat test, besides the Solovay-Strassen and the Miller-Rabin?

Question: What is used for n to test primality?

Question: What does np=n represent?

Question: The last name of the American mathematician that worked on Fermat's little theorem was?

Question: What aren't Carmichael numbers?

Question: Which test is considerably much more effective in differentiating prime or composite numbers, unlike the Fermat primality test and whose name is an alliteration?

Question: What do you need a Fermat for?

Question: What does b represent?

Question: What tests are guaranteed to fail when applied to a composite number, sometimes.

Question: What is a stronger extension of the Fermat test, besides the Baillie-PSW and the Miller-Rabin?
Prime_number

The most basic method of checking the primality of a given integer n is called trial division. This routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n. If the result of any of these divisions is an integer, then n is not a prime, otherwise it is a prime. Indeed, if  is composite (with a and b ≠ 1) then one of the factors a or b is necessarily at most . For example, for , the trial divisions are by m = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. None of these numbers divides 37, so 37 is prime. This routine can be implemented more efficiently if a complete list of primes up to  is known—then trial divisions need to be checked only for those m that are prime. For example, to check the primality of 37, only three divisions are necessary (m = 2, 3, and 5), given that 4 and 6 are composite.

Question: Which number is prime, 4, 6 or 2?

Question: Is 37 prime?

Question: How many divisions do we need to find out if 37 is prime?

Question: What validates the identity of a prime number?

Question: What shows a number can be divided by a number other than 1 and itself?

Question: What does it suggest if the divisor trial division is a composite number?

Question: Which number is composite, 2, 3 or 6?
Prime_number

In ring theory, the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal. Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal, are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. The prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals (0), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11), … The fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the Lasker–Noether theorem, which expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals, which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers.

Question: The study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating said symbols is called?

Question: Regarding ring theory, it would be somewhat wrong to call an ideal what?

Question: The branch of math that deals with shapes and figures, to determine their properties is called?

Question: Besides zero, the only other even-numbered ideal is?

Question: What is the smallest ideal figure?
Packet_switching

Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.

Question: A large number of cars that are on a given road, either moving or stopped is called?

Question: The number that appears the most frequently in a set of numbers is referred to as the?

Question: Which of the following is not a type of forwarding node: packet switches, packets, or routers?

Question: Which of the following is not a basis for scheduling: fair queuing, packet mode, or traffic shaping?

Question: An item that holds water and has a handle for transport is called a?

Question: Which of the following is not a type of physical medium: radio, packets, or 10BASE5?

Question: A value or description for an item in between two extremes, specifically high or low is called?
Packet_switching

Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project. In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.

Question: Who was a major investor in NLR?

Question: Which partnership happened closer to 2000, Qwest or Level 3 Communications?

Question: Which happened later, Abilene was built or Internet2 officially retired Abilene?

Question: What was the first network named?

Question: Who took responsibility in the association?

Question: Who helped Internet2 go from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s?

Question: Which partnership happened earlier, Qwest or Level 3 Communications?

Question: Which happened later, Internet2 officially retired Abilene or Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications?

Question: What type of revenue does Internet2 generate?
Packet_switching

There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address.[citation needed]

Question: Which of the following is not a type of network: TYMNET, Telecom, or TRANSPAC?

Question: What was created by a place that was made of two other places?

Question: DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research and was initially what?

Question: What companies created DATAPAC?

Question: Of the pair working together, which had a more specific type of goods?

Question: How was TELENET able to provide a X.25 host interface?

Question: What made the interconnection of national X.25 networks possible?

Question: What had to be done for TELENT and TYMNET to provide a X.25 host interface?

Question: What kind of networks are TELENT and TYMNET?

Question: What part of a system needed to be used in order to reach an outside source?

Question: What type of business is Bell Northern Research since it is comprised of two parts?

Question: Which of the following is not a type of network: DATAPAC, TELENET or PTT?

Question: How did Deutsche Bundespost get X.25 networks?

Question: Which of the following is not a type of interface: X.25, X.121, or PTTs?

Question: Who created Bell Northern Research?
Packet_switching

AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system.

Question: A version of Windows OS is typically installed on what kind of device?

Question: The last decade before the 21st century began was?

Question: Another name for a set of rooms for a person to use for a particular purpose is?

Question: A shorthand term for an advertisement is?

Question: Red, blue, and yellow are examples of what kind of colors?

Question: The term that means when needed or necessary, that is the Latin word "to this" is?

Question: An IPhone is a smartphone under what brand?

Question: Some mouses or keyboards are examples of what types of computer devices?

Question: In what decade was AppleTalk developed?
Packet_switching

Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit. In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.

Question: What was the focus of the organization?

Question: What was Merit Network classified as?

Question: What prepared Merit for the 1980's?

Question: Who does not make money?

Question: Who helped the Merit Network?

Question: Which of these organizations would be least concerned with SAT scores: IBM or Michigan State University?

Question: Which of the following is not a town in Michigan: East Lansing, Ann Arbor or IBM?

Question: Which of the following organizations did not help develop the first packet-switched network: State of Michigan, East Lansing, or the National Science Foundation?
Packet_switching

Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways. (Interesting note: Tymnet was not named after Mr. Tyme. Another employee suggested the name.)

Question: How did Tymnet get their name?

Question: What kind of businesses were allowed to build their own dedicated networks?

Question: Tymnet used what type of interfaces?

Question: what type of connections technology was needed to create the network

Question: Who was Tymnet named for?

Question: what did the government want connected

Question: What is another name for host computers?

Question: How were the public and private networks connected?

Question: What were common entities that used the private network?

Question: how did tymnet hookup to other countries computers

Question: what did the company computers use to  talk to the public network

Question: How was Tymnet named?
Packet_switching

Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well. Although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion.

Question: Which of the following does not refer to the same service: Videotex, Datanet 1, or X.121?

Question: The group of people that originated from the Netherlands are called?

Question: Which of the following is not an acronym: KPN, DNIC or Videotex?

Question: Another term used for having rented a property or item is called?

Question: Which of the following does not refer to the same entity: Dutch PTT Telecom, DNIC 2041, or KPN?

Question: Statistics or even facts collected to be used for reference or analysis are called?
Packet_switching

DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux.

Question: Which of the following is a potential number of layers for a networking protocol: three, 75, or eleven?

Question: Which organization cares more about profit, OSI or DEC?

Question: Which number of layers is not compatible with OSI networking protocol?
Packet_switching

Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.

Question: Which man was not a member of Davies' team, Roger Scantlebury or Lawrence Roberts?

Question: Who developed message routing methodology first?

Question: What did packet switching eventually become part of?

Question: Who was not involved in the 1967 talk about ARPANET, Scantlebury or Baran?

Question: Who came up with the less accessible name of message routing methodology?

Question: What happened later, the ACM Symposium or Davies' talk on his packet-switching proposal?

Question: What did Donald Davies suggest to be done with packet switching in his talk in 1966?

Question: What did Donald Davies call packet switching?
Packet_switching

In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's first commercial online service. (In addition to selling GE computers, the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services. They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable. Warner was right.)

Question: Who set forth the computer time-sharing service?

Question: What call center is listed twice in the examples of service centers.

Question: what is the first machine mentioned?

Question: What was the third city cited that was a service center

Question: What educational institution provided the place where the correct information was gathered to make this project ultimately profitable

Question: What city had a call center in Arizona

Question: what location was mentioned second?

Question: what was the second machine mentioned?

Question: what machine was mentioned last?

Question: What city had 2 of GE's sales and service centers?
Southern_California

Many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake, such as the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event. Other faults include the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone. The USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California.

Question: What word do two of the faults mentioned have in common, besides the word fault?

Question: where is the Elsinore fault zone located

Question: What is a critical defining feature of the San Andreas fault?

Question: Which fault mentioned has a second letter of u?

Question: It is implied that most faults cannot produce earthquakes of which magnitude?

Question: Which fault mentioned starts with the word San, besides the San Jacinto Fault?

Question: Where is San Jacinto fault?

Question: how large a quake can faults make happen

Question: What predicts earthquakes in the US?

Question: Where can you find Puente Hills Fault?

Question: The San Jacinto fault and the Elsinore fault are examples of faults that are capable of what intensity of seismic activity?

Question: what do faults bring about
Southern_California

Within southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the country's largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation.

Question: What is the northernmost city mentioned in the passage?

Question: Which city has a population that is closer to 5 million, San Diego or Los Angeles?

Question: Which city has a population whose second digit is a 7, San Diego or Los Angeles?

Question: Which city has a population whose final digit is a 1, San Diego or Los Angeles?

Question: Which city is has less people in the USA?

Question: Where is San Diego located from Los Angeles?

Question: Which city is more populous in the nation?

Question: Which city has a population whose second digit is a 3, San Diego or Los Angeles?

Question: What city with a population smaller than 10,000,000 is the northernmost mentioned in the passage?

Question: Which city has a population higher than 3 million, Los Angeles or San Diego?

Question: Which city is less populous, San Diego or L.A.?

Question: The eight most populous city in the nation can be found where?

Question: Where is California located?
Southern_California

Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions.

Question: Downtown where in the city?

Question: What is Mission Valley?

Question: what district starts with the letter S?

Question: Where are University City and Del Mar Heights?

Question: Where is Mission Valley?

Question: Where are Carmel Valley and Sorrento Mesa considered to be?

Question: downtown of?

Question: what district starts with the letter D?

Question: What is the main business district called?