UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Southern_California

Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California (and two of the eight largest cities in the United States). In southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population. Many of southern California's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino and Riverside.

Question: LA is being characterized as being largest and what else kind of city?

Question: Which city is not close to the coast, Los Angeles or San Bernardino?

Question: Which, between Los Angeles and San Diego, is NOT the second-largest city in California?

Question: Which city is larger, Los Angeles or San Diego?

Question: What direction is mentioned in the text?

Question: Which, between Los Angeles and San Diego, is NOT the largest city in California?

Question: What kind of geographic formation is mentioned in the text?

Question: Which, between Los Angeles and San Diego, does NOT have a population of 1.3 million?

Question: Which does California have more of: cities with more than 200,000 residents, or cities with more than 100,000 residents?

Question: Where is California located?

Question: Who lives in the cities?
Southern_California

Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.

Question: What are the other busy airports in Southern California?

Question: LAX, Van Nuys, Orange County, Bakersfirled, Ontario, Burbank, and Long Beach are all airports located in which state?

Question: In what California areas are found a number of large places where publically available planes take off and land?

Question: As stated in the passage, LAX is the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume, this is according to what source?

Question: South California is home to what city that start with the alphabet S?

Question: South California is home to what city that ends with the alphabet K?

Question: According to the passage, what does San diego have?

Question: In what city is the place where planes take off and land that has only one similar place in America that is more frequented?
Southern_California

Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost 10 counties. The region is traditionally described as "eight counties", based on demographics and economic ties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county definition, including Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is also used based on historical political divisions. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the United States.

Question: How many counties are actually in SoCal?

Question: What is the name of the counties not typically included in the counties based on demographics and economic ties?

Question: How are the ten counties divided?

Question: What is SoCal a major economic center for besides its own state?

Question: Where is exactly SoCal located?
Southern_California

The San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino and Downtown Riverside.

Question: What is the Italian word equivalent for the English word for saint?

Question: The city listed in the passage that is named for its position near a body of water is called?

Question: An urban area that is between in size of a village and a city is called a?

Question: UCI and UCLA are examples of which kind of institution?
Southern_California

Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside.

Question: Which business district is listed second?

Question: Which area is mentioned last in the passage?

Question: Which business district is listed last?

Question: Which business district is listed third?

Question: What does the mentioned abbreviation stand for?

Question: What type of district is Central business districts?

Question: Which business district is listed first?

Question: What is an acronym for a place?

Question: What word is associated with a business district?

Question: What single word is found in the names of 5 of the listed business districts?
Southern_California

The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on the Los Angeles in southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, is also a name associated with the motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies as well.

Question: Where is MGM headquartered?

Question: What motion picture company takes its name from the 1900 to 1999 time period?

Question: Where is the headquarters for Warner Brothers?

Question: What is a favorite of children?

Question: What is Hollywood?

Question: What do you think of when you think of Hollywood?

Question: Where is 20th Century Fox headquartered?

Question: What is an important part of the film business?
Southern_California

Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature and signed by the State governor John B. Weller. It was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75% of voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado. This territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger Tulare County (that included what is now Kings, most of Kern, and part of Inyo counties) and San Luis Obispo County. The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.

Question: When did Southern California try to separate statehood from Northern California?

Question: How were the cow countries populated?

Question: Which of the following is not a politician: Latham, Weller or Kern?

Question: What is the present day name of the counties that were included in the Pico Act?

Question: What were the Californios attempting?

Question: Which of the following was not a reason southern California tried to achieve statehood: inequitable taxes, pro-slavery southerners, or the election of Abraham Lincoln?

Question: Which of the following is not a county: Tulare, Weller, or Kern?
Southern_California

Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink, run out of Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly.

Question: Metrolink runs how many lines?

Question: Orange is one of a group of?

Question: Founded in 1991 although it went into operation in 1992, the Southern California Regional Rail Authority is commonly known as?
Southern_California

The 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, one of the 11 megaregions of the United States. The megaregion's area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.

Question: Tijuana is not in the?

Question: Something separates the U.S. and?
Southern_California

Each year, the southern California area has about 10,000 earthquakes. Nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt. Only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0, and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0. The magnitude 6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive, causing a substantial number of deaths, injuries, and structural collapses. It caused the most property damage of any earthquake in U.S. history, estimated at over $20 billion.

Question: How high on the Richter Scale was the $20 billion earthquake?

Question: How much damage is caused by most earthquakes in Southern California?

Question: What was the main factor that drove up the cost of the Northridge earthquake?

Question: How many quakes are estimated to be above the 3.0 range?

Question: What made the Northridge earthquake so destructive?

Question: What was the fiscal magnitude of the Northridge earthquake?

Question: According to how the quake intensities are divided, what proportion of the 10,000 annual quakes was the 1994 quake included in?
Southern_California

Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport.

Question: What form of athletic endeavor is Rugby?

Question: What is the trend of amongst numbers of schools that now consider rugby an official sport?

Question: What place that includes cities like San Diego is playing more rugby?

Question: WHat part of the state is seeing this sort of growth?

Question: What is happening in high schools with the number that recognize rugby as an official sport?

Question: What trend is the popularity of rugby experiencing in southern California?

Question: What type of activity is Rugby becoming?

Question: In what segment of the population is Rugby getting more popular?

Question: How is rugby doing, popularity wise, amongst high schools in Southern California?

Question: What direction is the number of athletes going in for Rugby in the Golden State?
Southern_California

Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States.

Question: What is common between Orange county and San Diego county?

Question: What is larger than a county?
Southern_California

Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts; as well as the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and Jamboree Business Parks.

Question: What state would the Newport Center district be located in?

Question: What has their main offices at the University of CA?

Question: What city starting with an I is mentioned?

Question: What is Orange?

Question: Irvine Spectrum is located in Orange County, so where is West Irvine located?

Question: What direction is listed in Irvines's name?

Question: The specific parts of a city, town or area are referred to as?

Question: What college is mentioned?

Question: An institution of learning that accepts students that graduated from high school is called a?

Question: The Irvine Spectrum is considered what type of center?
Geology

James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2).

Question: What did James Hutton write after 1785?

Question: What was the last thing Hutton did in the 18th century?
Geology

The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.

Question: What formation contain xenoliths?

Question: What happens with xenoliths are picked up by lava?

Question: What part of a rock with inclusions is newer?

Question: What types of rocks are made from lava?

Question: Which is younger, xenoliths or the rocks they are in?

Question: What is the fragment type of sedimentary rocks?

Question: What types of rocks contain ripped up gravel?
Geology

The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks.

Question: It took Maclure two years from what date to complete the first geological map of the U.S.?

Question: Which of the following is not a country: the United States, the American Philosophical Society, or England?

Question: Which of the following people did NOT write Observations on the Geology of the United States: William Smith or William Maclure?

Question: Maclure began work on the map two years prior to what date?

Question: Which specific area was tread by Maclure himself?

Question: Which of the following do geologists not study: rocks, England, or mountains?
Geology

Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests, the Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981–1037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

Question: what is the name of the 4th scholar mentioned in the passage?

Question: what year was attached with the 3rd scholar?

Question: what year was attached with the 4th scholar?

Question: what is the scholars middle name initials?
Geology

At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.

Question: What science falls into the category of dating rocks and fossils

Question: What is easier to figure out?

Question: What was the issue before the 20th century of dating fossils and rocks accurately.
Geology

For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies. Common methods include uranium-lead dating, potassium-argon dating, argon-argon dating and uranium-thorium dating. These methods are used for a variety of applications. Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques. These methods can also be used to determine ages of pluton emplacement. Thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust, the uplift of mountain ranges, and paleotopography.

Question: Where are different radiometric isotopes diffused?

Question: What fluctuates with time?
Geology

The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale. Since the Quaternary is a very short period with short epochs, it is further expanded in the fourth scale. The second, third, and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks. The Holocene (the latest epoch) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right, another reason for expanding the fourth scale. The Pleistocene (P) epoch. Q stands for the Quaternary period.

Question: The first, second, third and fourth timelines shown are all representations of what?

Question: the Quaternary is the latest what on the geologic time scale?

Question: The Quaternary is an example of what on the geologic time scale?
Geology

In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens. In the electron microprobe, individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals. Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units.

Question: How much of a rock sample do you use in an optical mineralogy analysis?

Question: What kinds of lights are used in a petrographic microscope?

Question: What are rocks compared with in through electron microprobe?

Question: Where are microscopes used?
Geology

There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric. The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism. All three types of rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.

Question: What formation causes igneous rock to crystallize?

Question: Which of the three rock formations is formed by heat?

Question: Which type of rock formation can also be turned into the other two types of rock?

Question: How can a sedimentary rock become a different type of rock?

Question: WHat can the rock cycle illustrate
Computational_complexity_theory

Before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the definition of Turing machines by Alan Turing in 1936, which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer.

Question: The opposite of implicity is the term?

Question: How was the adaptability of the Turing Machine perceived?

Question: A device that can utilize a keyboard and a mouse is called?

Question: What was a phenomenon that was for the most part less influential than the invention of the Turing Machine?

Question: The process of making something simpler is called?

Question: What would one say was far beyond uninfluential as an antecedent of complexity research?

Question: Objects that can bend without breaking, such as rubber is described as?

Question: Flipping a switch downwards from an ON position turns sets it to what position?
Computational_complexity_theory

This motivates the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class. A problem X is hard for a class of problems C if every problem in C can be reduced to X. Thus no problem in C is harder than X, since an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C. Of course, the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used. For complexity classes larger than P, polynomial-time reductions are commonly used. In particular, the set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems.

Question: What does x represent?

Question: What does C represent?

Question: What defines a hard problem?

Question: What represents a class of problems?

Question: What is the most difficult question?

Question: What does P represnt?