UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Rhine

The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. The biggest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about 1,230 km (760 mi),[note 2][note 1] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s (100,000 cu ft/s).

Question: What is the third border formed by the Rhine River?

Question: What European River is longer than the Rhine?

Question: How many people live in Cologne?

Question: What amount of water is emptied into the north sea per second?

Question: In terms of longest rivers in Central and Western Europe, where does this river rank?

Question: Where is the furthest point of the European river Rhin?

Question: What is the first border that is formed by the Rhine River

Question: What is the second border formed by the Rhine River?

Question: Where does the Rhein have its starting point?
Rhine

By the 6th century, the Rhine was within the borders of Francia. In the 9th, it formed part of the border between Middle and Western Francia, but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine. The mouths of the Rhine, in the county of Holland, fell to the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th century; Holland remained contentious territory throughout the European wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, when the length of the Rhine fell to the First French Empire and its client states. The Alsace on the left banks of the Upper Rhine was sold to Burgundy by Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1469 and eventually fell to France in the Thirty Years' War. The numerous historic castles in Rhineland-Palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route.

Question: What did the Archduke sell?

Question: What country did the Rhine become part of after Francia?

Question: Who did the French Empire take the Rhine from?

Question: When did Francia lose control of the Rhine?

Question: Which of the following was not part of the Holy Roman Empire: Swabia, Franconia, or Holland?

Question: Where was the Rhine in the tenth century?

Question: Why was the mouth of the Rhine under threat?

Question: Which happened first, the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire or the sale of the Alsace?

Question: Who ended up buying Alsace?

Question: What happened to the Rhine after 1469?

Question: What is used as reference of importance of the Rhine?

Question: What was the root cause of the wars that racked Europe in the 15th century?

Question: Who purchased Alsace in 1469?

Question: Rhine borders were what before the 9th century?
Rhine

The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s). Northeastern France drains to the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers drain the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands. Most of Luxembourg and a very small part of Belgium also drain to the Rhine via the Moselle. As it approaches the Dutch border, the Rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) and an average width of 400 m (1,300 ft).

Question: What is the rhine to Germany

Question: Which of the following is not a mountain range: Vosges, Moselle, or Jura?

Question: What is over 900 m3/s

Question: Where does the Moselle terminate?

Question: Which of the following is not a country: Germany, the Rhine, or Belgium?

Question: Where do a lot of rivers meet along the Rhine?

Question: Which of the following is further downstream, the Rhine or the Moselle?
Rhine

From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70, Rome accepted as her Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum (Mainz), the southernmost slopes of the Black Forest and a few scattered bridge-heads. The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell. The southern part was different. The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily crossed. The frontier which they form is inconveniently long, enclosing an acute-angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern Baden and Württemberg. The Germanic populations of these lands seem in Roman times to have been scanty, and Roman subjects from the modern Alsace-Lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards.

Question: what is the first place mentioned?

Question: Which settlement was a Roman border fortress, Moguntiacum or Baden?

Question: Which half of the Rhine is hard to cross, the northen half or southern half?

Question: what is the first ethnicity mentioned?

Question: what is the last region mentioned?

Question: Which section of the Roman frontier ceased to be the official boundary earlier, northern or southern?

Question: what is the last direction mentioned?

Question: what is the first waterway mentioned?
Rhine

From here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet estuaries, into the North Sea. The Beneden Merwede branches off, near Hardinxveld-Giessendam and continues as the Noord, to join the Lek, near the village of Kinderdijk, to form the Nieuwe Maas; then flows past Rotterdam and continues via Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur.

Question: What happens once the Beneden Merwede branches off?

Question: What river merges with the Meuse?

Question: what is been talked about in the passage?

Question: what city name start with the word R?

Question: What rejoins the Nieuwe Maas after branching off?

Question: Where does Beneden Merwede end?

Question: What rivers does the Nieuwe Maas move along?

Question: What river does the Beneden Merwede combine with?

Question: what place of habitat in the pasage start with a letter K?

Question: Where does the Rhine go?
Rhine

Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period, by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine. This "Germanic Heroic Age" is reflected in medieval legend, such as the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) ("dragons rock"), near Bonn at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure, which was thrown into the Rhine by Hagen.

Question: what group is mentioned first?

Question: what is the grand story named?

Question: Whose priceless artifact was thrown into the river?

Question: What creature was slain according to legend?

Question: what time period is mentioned first?

Question: What is another name for Drachenfels, not in the English language?

Question: what character is mentioned last?

Question: Where is Drachenfels?

Question: what character was mentioned second to last?
Rhine

A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee.

Question: What was added to help control the water issues for this body of water?

Question: Where does the Rhine flow to?

Question: What was added to The Dornbirner Ach to control it?
Rhine

Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein ("Lake Rhine"). The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Specifically, its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau and St. Gallen. The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border. It is located at approximately 47°39′N 9°19′E﻿ / ﻿47.650°N 9.317°E﻿ / 47.650; 9.317.

Question: Which of Lake constances bodies of water seem to have a connection with one other?

Question: Which of the following is a German state: Voralberg, or Baden-Wurttemberg?

Question: What information would you use to most accurately find Lake Constance  on a map?

Question: Which of the following is a body of water: Thurgau, Switzerland, or the Obersee?

Question: Which of the following is not a Swiss canton: Thurgau, Bavaria or St. Gallen?
Rhine

At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer, formerly the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon; however, since 1932, a freshwater lake. The discharge of the Rhine is divided among three branches: the River Waal (6/9 of total discharge), the River Nederrijn – Lek (2/9 of total discharge) and the River IJssel (1/9 of total discharge). This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709, by river engineering works, including the digging of the Pannerdens canal and since the 20th century, with the help of weirs in the Nederrijn river.

Question: How does the Rhine divide itself in the end?

Question: Which came earlier, weirs or the canal?

Question: How is the Rhine kept divided?

Question: Which came first, river engineering works on the Rhine or the Zuider Zee turning to freshwater?
Rhine

The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea.

Question: What is the water that has 2/9 of the flow eventually called?

Question: what direction does the ijssel flow

Question: Which river has a smaller fraction of the water from the Pannerdens Kanaal, the Nederrijn or the IJssel?

Question: the ijsselmeer was once what

Question: where does the Nederrijn get it's water from

Question: Which river eventually flows into the North Sea, the Nederrijn or the IJssel?

Question: What is the river that flows west previously a certain point has a different name and connects again with another river to gt to the north sea?

Question: what river is the water in ijssel from

Question: the flow of the noord ends where
Rhine

Most of the Rhine's current course was not under the ice during the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. Such was the case during the Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP, when ice-sheets covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps, but left the space between as open tundra. The loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra, settled in and around the Rhine Valley, contributing to its current agricultural usefulness.

Question: what is the last country mentioned?

Question: what is the first waterway mentioned?

Question: What area in Eastern Europe was covered by glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum?

Question: What did the loess cover to create good farming land?

Question: What region in northern Europe was also highly glaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum?

Question: what is the last mountain range mentioned?

Question: When was the last time that most of Europe was glaciated?

Question: what area is mentioned last?

Question: what type of industry is mentioned last?

Question: What area in southern Europe was covered by glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum?
Rhine

In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes.

Question: Geologically speaking, where was the Tethys Ocean

Question: What happened to the Tethys Floor after the Eurasion and African tectonic plates eversed direction

Question: If it does not refer to an Ocean, what does Tethys refer to in this text?

Question: Which peninsula is mentioned in the passage, other than the Italian one?

Question: What is a rupture in the earth that still happens?

Question: How did the direction reversal of the Eurasian and African tectonic plates influence Mediteranean geography

Question: If it is not the Oligocene Period., when was the Tethys floor subducted under Eurasia?

Question: What brought about the Tethys Ocean

Question: Where is Italy?
Rhine

The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km). The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note 7] The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010.[note 1]

Question: A device used to determine and display an object's weight is called?

Question: What measures at 1,232 km?

Question: What is the length of a Rhine-kilometer?

Question: What runs from Constance to Holland?

Question: The year 1939 was not a part of which century?

Question: The unit used for long-distances in the imperial system, observed in the United States is?

Question: What is the SI symbol for kilometer?

Question: Who measured the Rhine?

Question: What is 766 miles long?

Question: Items or objects relating to high mountains are described as...?
Rhine

The Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands begins near Millingen aan de Rijn, close to the Dutch-German border with the division of the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn. Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the shorter term Rhine Delta is commonly used. However, this name is also used for the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta.

Question: For what reason is the term Rhine Delta used in place of Rhine-Meuse Delta?

Question: What is the best name for the larger delta?

Question: Which river is more important than the Meuse in this delta?

Question: What is the third river mentioned here?
Rhine

Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany. Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages, though the language border was – and is – far more to the west. French leaders, such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte, tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the Rhine. The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon, as a French client state, in 1806 and lasted until 1814, during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire. In 1840, the Rhine crisis, prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers's desire to reinstate the Rhine as a natural border, led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in Germany.

Question: Which of the following is a country: Germany, Rhine, or Napoleon?

Question: Which of the following is not a politician: Adolphe Thiers, Napoleon Bonaparte, or the Peace of Westphalia?

Question: Which of the following is not a French leader: Napoleon, Louis XIV, or Rhine?

Question: What could be eliminated to create peace?
Rhine

As northwest Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring. Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension. Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. With globally shrinking ice-cover, ocean water levels rose and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater, adding to the ocean and land subsidence, drowned the former coasts of Europe transgressionally.

Question: What event led to the inundation of the North Sea?

Question: Which part of Europe was affected by the globally shrinking ice-cover?

Question: Where did most of the water resulting from the thaw of alpine glaciers end up going?

Question: What type of forest was found in Europe around 11,000 BP?

Question: What went up as the glaciers and frozen subsoil thawed and melted?

Question: What grew but then began to melt 22,000 years ago?

Question: When were forests starting in Europe?

Question: What happened to the lower layers of soil starting about 22,000 years ago?
Rhine

Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation in the delta. The shifting of river channels to new locations, on the floodplain (termed avulsion), was the main process distributing sediment across the subrecent delta. Over the past 6000 years, approximately 80 avulsions have occurred. Direct human impact in the delta started with peat mining, for salt and fuel, from Roman times onward. This was followed by embankment, of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries, which took place in the 11–13th century AD. Thereafter, canals were dug, bends were short cut and groynes were built, to prevent the river's channels from migrating or silting up.

Question: What were three actions performed to halt river movement?

Question: What did avulsion result in?
Victoria_(Australia)

After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent.

Question: What was the highest ranking demographic when Victoria was established?

Question: What was the name of the colony that was set up about 15 years after the founding of New South Wales?

Question: Who was the leader of Victoria after the people arrived in the HMS Calcutta?

Question: Were there more officers of marines or drummers among the 402 people in the first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria?

Question: Which group of people was the largest among the 402 people that belonged to the first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria?

Question: Were there fewer convicts or children among the 402 people in the first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria?

Question: Were there more privates or Government officials among the 402 people in the first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria?

Question: Of the people living in Victoria, what demographic made up the largest proportion of the population?

Question: Who brought the people of Victoria to the place where they would form their settlement?

Question: Which group of people was the second largest among the 402 people that belonged to the first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria?
Victoria_(Australia)

Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular Port Fairy Folk Festival, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bells Beach SurfClassic and the Bright Autumn Festival.

Question: what kind of tourism is mentioned first?

Question: What requires horses?

Question: what type of event is mentioned last?

Question: what type of location is mentioned last?

Question: what industry is mentioned first?
Victoria_(Australia)

About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church. Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion, with 168,637 members as of the most recent census. Victoria is also home of 152,775 Muslims and 45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20% of Victorians claim no religion. Amongst those who declare a religious affiliation, church attendance is low.

Question: What is the largest Christian religious denomination in Victoria

Question: What is the smallest religion given by numbers.

Question: Between Buddhism, Islam and Judaism, which has the most members?

Question: What is the second largest Christian Denomination in Victoria

Question: Are there more Muslim or Christian Victorians?

Question: What do all that are religious share in common.

Question: Of the Victorian population, are there more Roman Catholics, or more members of the Uniting Church?

Question: How did less than 21% of those included in the census respond to questions about their religious affiliation

Question: What non Christian religion is right behind the Buddists in members.

Question: Anglicans and the Uniting Church fall under what classification in Victoria

Question: Though Hinduism is the fastest growing religion, what is the largest non-Christian group in Victoria