UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Normans

Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce, as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland, whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy, was instrumental in introducing Normans and Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars call the "Davidian Revolution". Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England (married to David's sister Maud of Scotland), and needing them to wrestle the kingdom from his half-brother Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, David had to reward many with lands. The process was continued under David's successors, most intensely of all under William the Lion. The Norman-derived feudal system was applied in varying degrees to most of Scotland. Scottish families of the names Bruce, Gray, Ramsay, Fraser, Ogilvie, Montgomery, Sinclair, Pollock, Burnard, Douglas and Gordon to name but a few, and including the later royal House of Stewart, can all be traced back to Norman ancestry.

Question: What led to the founding of Scottish clans?

Question: What was the King David ultimate desire?
Normans

Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government. Under this state, there was great religious freedom, and alongside the Norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of Jews, Muslims and Christians, both Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. The Kingdom of Sicily thus became characterized by Norman, Byzantine Greek, Arab, Lombard and "native" Sicilian populations living in harmony, and its Norman rulers fostered plans of establishing an Empire that would have encompassed Fatimid Egypt as well as the Crusader states in the Levant. One of the great geographical treatises of the Middle Ages, the "Tabula Rogeriana", was written by the Andalusian al-Idrisi for king Roger II of Sicily, and entitled "Kitab Rudjdjar" ("The Book of Roger").

Question: Where did the concepts come from that contributed to the government created by the Normans?

Question: When did this take place?

Question: What effect did the Normans have on diversity in religious practices?

Question: What proper name was part of the English translation of a famous book about landscape features and country boundaries?

Question: Who documented the actions of the Normans and their effect?
Normans

The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture in the north of France. The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today.

Question: The culture in the north of France had language formed by which old language?

Question: What was the tongue of the ruling class?

Question: The upper class appropriated a language with what origin?
Normans

Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy de Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by Richard. But Isaac changed his mind and tried to escape. Richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island, his troops being led by Guy de Lusignan. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains, because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons. By 1 June, Richard had conquered the whole island. His exploit was well publicized and contributed to his reputation; he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island. Richard left for Acre on 5 June, with his allies. Before his departure, he named two of his Norman generals, Richard de Camville and Robert de Thornham, as governors of Cyprus.

Question: Who conceded?

Question: Who showed up together?

Question: Who was the less powerful of the two Richards mentioned in the passage?

Question: What did Isaac ultimately decide not to do?

Question: Whose rival was Conrad, Richard's or Guy's?

Question: What is the first ill turn for Isaac mentioned in the article?

Question: Who saw defeat?
Normans

A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllavenica (Ballsh), Kanina and Jericho. This time, the Albanians sided with the Normans, dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the Byzantines had imposed upon them. With their help, the Normans secured the Arbanon passes and opened their way to Dibra. The lack of supplies, disease and Byzantine resistance forced Bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines in the city of Deabolis.

Question: What was an important advantage had by the Normans?

Question: Who, between the Normans and Albanians, did NOT occupy Petrela?

Question: Between the Normans and Bohemond, who was under the command of whom?

Question: Who did the Albanians betray?

Question: Who, between the Norman's and Robert, did NOT occupy Petrela?

Question: What was rampant and undermined Bohemond?

Question: What did Bohemond need more of?
Normans

The rapid Anglo-Norman conquest proved more important than it seemed. The island occupied a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support from the sea. Shortly after the conquest, Cyprus was sold to the Knights Templar and it was subsequently acquired, in 1192, by Guy de Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom. It was only in 1489 that the Venetians acquired full control of the island, which remained a Christian stronghold until the fall of Famagusta in 1571.

Question: Which happened earlier, the rapid Anglo-Norman conquest or the Venetians acquiring full control of Cyprus?

Question: Under which owner did Cyprus thrive?

Question: What is the island in question?

Question: Which happened earlier, the rapid Anglo-Norman conquest or the fall of Famagusta?

Question: Which happened closer to 1500, Cyprus being acquired by Guy de Lusignan or the fall of Famagusta?

Question: How important was Cyprus' location?

Question: At what point did Cyprus stop being mainly Christian?

Question: Which happened earlier, the rapid Anglo-Norman conquest or Cyprus being acquired by Guy de Lusignan?

Question: What followers of God were in Cyprus after the Venetians got the area?

Question: Which happened earlier, the rapid Anglo-Norman conquest or Cyprus becoming a stable feudal kingdom?

Question: How did the Knights Templar benefit from the Anglo-Norman conquest?

Question: What type of land mass is Cyprus?
Normans

The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia. Through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Roman-Gaulish populations, their descendants would gradually merge with the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries.

Question: What kind of culture was in the area led by King Charles III?

Question: Who did the Normans come from?

Question: What did Rollo promise?

Question: What did the Norsemen promise to do for their leader?

Question: Who were the followers of Rollo?

Question: who combined with Carolingian?

Question: Julius Caesar conquered Gaul which is now part of what country?

Question: What professions did the Norsemen have

Question: What marked societal oneness helped the Normans evolve?

Question: Who gradually came together with West Francia?

Question: What country is now West Francia?
Normans

The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity. The former, with their violence, caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices; the latter, with its assault on religion, caused the purposeful destruction of religious objects of any type, and its destabilisation of society resulted in rampant pillaging.

Question: The later event happened?

Question: Regarding architecture and art, they were?
Normans

One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England.

Question: Whose uncle became a brother-in-law to the king?

Question: Which person is not related to the others by blood, Duncan, Malcolm or Edgar?

Question: Whose nephew was taken hostage?

Question: Who was Duncan's uncle?

Question: Which of the following people is not related by blood to the others: Margaret, Edgar or Malcolm III?
Normans

The conquest of Cyprus by the Anglo-Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island, which would be under Western European domination for the following 380 years. Although not part of a planned operation, the conquest had much more permanent results than initially expected.

Question: What event began an era of domination for the island?

Question: What was not originally planned to be part of the Third Crusade?

Question: Cyprus is an?

Question: The Third Crusade happened on the what region?
Construction

There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs) aka private finance initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as "pure" or "project" alliances and "impure" or "strategic" alliances. The focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry.

Question: What do all of these alliances demonstrate?

Question: What industry manifests nowadays a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting?

Question: What is another way of referring to pure alliances?

Question: What are the stakeholders mentioned in the text?

Question: How are forms of procurement trending relating to cooperative relationships between principal, contractor, and stakeholder?

Question: What can be reduced by cooperative relationships?

Question: If a contractor wanted to lessen issues that arise from competition in the construction industry, what might they join?
Construction

The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).

Question: What kind of legal argument would arise from building a business in a residential neighborhood?

Question: What is an important consideration for property owners to ensure adequate project construction?

Question: What is a possible argument a lawyer can use against malum prohibitum considerations?

Question: Which of the following is not a reason to seek an exemption: the rule is inapplicable, the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad, or the custom is no longer needed?

Question: In what zoning district are you likely to find places of business?

Question: Which of the following is not considered malum in se: isolating businesses to a business district, explosions, or bridge collapses?

Question: Which of the following is not a type of building: residences, land or businesses?

Question: What kind of change might allow a lawyer to argue that a business could be built in a residential neighborhood?

Question: What is a possible argument a lawyer can use against malum in se considerations?

Question: In what zoning district would you find residential housing?

Question: Restricting properties to a certain municipality is known as what type of legal requirement?
Construction

Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies. They publish a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.

Question: In what way were different businesses judged as to be considered as larger?

Question: What is ENR?

Question: Where is the ENR list compiled?

Question: What type of businesses is the published information about?

Question: What does the third letter in the ENR acronym stand for?

Question: How many US companies are in the Top-40 list?

Question: How often is the mentioned information published?

Question: What does the second letter in the ENR acronym stand for?

Question: What type of material is the ENR?

Question: What does the construction magazine publish about different businesses?

Question: What is used to determine ranks of companies worldwide?

Question: What does ENR do with their reports?

Question: How many companies were in the Top 400?
Construction

The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an "architecture" or "construction management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a "design build" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.

Question: What would an architecture firm would most likely include in the past?

Question: What other colleagues would architects, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors would have in a modern firm?

Question: What would be architects, interior designers, and engineers for an architecture firm?

Question: What is the name of the project provided by a one-stop shopping firm?
Construction

Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning,[citation needed] design, and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use.

Question: Which of the two industries would be used if a new building was needed?

Question: Raising happens at which being's locale?

Question: What leads to a lot of finished product?

Question: Which of the two industries has a known client before it begins production?

Question: What is the beginning stage of construction?

Question: What is a result of manufacturing?

Question: Irregardless of erecting structures, what does construction raise?

Question: Fabrication continues on without what?

Question: Which industry does not have a purchaser designated to the production?

Question: Which of the two industries would be best fit for a mass production project?
Construction

Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc. The largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects.

Question: Who might supervise the job besides the construction manager, construction engineer or design engineer?

Question: Who might supervise the job besides the construction manager, project manager or design engineer?

Question: Which of the following is not a responsibility of the project planners: zoning requirements, multiple disciplines, or budgeting?

Question: Who might supervise the job besides the design engineer, construction engineer or project manager?

Question: Why might the efficiency be considered necessary?

Question: Which of the following is not a profession: construction manager, logistics, or architect?

Question: Which of the following is not a type of engineer: zoning, design or construction?
Construction

In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional). Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants. There are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets.

Question: What type of construction involves public works, industrial or infrastructure?

Question: What is a common theme in infrastructure construction?
Harvard_University

In the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.[citation needed] (A 1643 publication said the school's purpose was "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust".) It offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—​​many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—​​but conformed Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches.

Question: What was the primary denomination affiliation of the school?

Question: What school did the leaders attend?

Question: What was the outlook on future leaders?

Question: What denomination was the university?

Question: to advance learning is part of what

Question: where can you find the schools purpose

Question: to perpetuate learning is part of what

Question: where were the puritan ministers educated

Question: what is not part of any denomination
Harvard_University

Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall and library. The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.

Question: What religious buildings are in Harvard Yard?

Question: What does each residential house have other than undergraduate rooms, tutors, library, and House masters?

Question: what was made possible by edward harkness

Question: Where will you find a small percentage of Harvard's upperclassmen?

Question: What does each residential house have other than undergraduate rooms, tutors, dining hall, and House masters?

Question: What does each residential house have other than undergraduate rooms, library, dining hall, and House masters?

Question: Where do  most of Harvard's upperclassmen reside?

Question: Where can students have a meal on campus?

Question: What academic buildings are in Harvard Yard besides Sever Hall?

Question: What contains 3 dormitories?

Question: the residential neighbourhood half a mile northwest of the yard has what buildings?

Question: Where do Freshman live?