UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Huguenot

Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 "villes de sûreté" that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots. The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622. Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications. A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. Even before the Edict of Alès (1629), Protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more.[citation needed]

Question: What was the ordinance that included Montpellier?

Question: In Montpellier, what had to be taken down in 1622?

Question: What was granted to the Huguenots?
Yuan_dynasty

In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the sentence "大哉乾元" (dà zai Qián Yuán / "Great is Qián, the Primal") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qián (乾). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (lit. "Great Mongol State"), resulting in Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning "Great Yuan Great Mongol State". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the "Mongol dynasty" or "Mongol Dynasty of China", similar to the names "Manchu dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.

Question: WHat was Dai On Ulus also known as

Question: Dai On Ulus is from?

Question: Why did Kublai Khan impose something in 1271?

Question: What term appeares on some Yuan maps?

Question: The Yuan dynasty was named by?
Yuan_dynasty

The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.

Question: What distinguished the Non-Mongol physicians from their Mongolian counterpart?

Question: What was considered traditional medicine?

Question: What did shamans use that otachis didn't?

Question: In the area of medicine during the Yuan dynasty, what place of learning was created?

Question: What were Mongol physicians called?

Question: What was considered non-traditional medicine?

Question: Why did Confucians want to be physicians other than the pay?
Yuan_dynasty

The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage.

Question: Where did he establish a capital

Question: What two perspectives did Kublai balance during his rule

Question: Who practiced debt slavery within mongol society

Question: What were two sinicizing practices Kublai approved

Question: What did Kublai stop Mongols from doing?

Question: What practice did Kublai see as damaging to the Mongol nation

Question: How did many Mongol garrison families raise money to prepare men for tours of duty
Yuan_dynasty

Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yesün Temür (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide.

Question: who were the steppe elite?

Question: Who was Gegeen Khan's predecessor?

Question: what is the da yuan tong zhi?

Question: Who started the Da Yuan Tong Zhi?

Question: who was Gegeen Khan's successor?

Question: who succumbed to regicide?

Question: Who was responsible for Yesun Temur's ascension to the throne?
Yuan_dynasty

The historian Frederick W. Mote wrote that the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed "degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated.

Question: What was the position of people in this system?

Question: what was the last well off group mentioned?

Question: What did Frederick do for a living?

Question: They were given because of legalities and institutions?

Question: what was the last group  mentioned?
Yuan_dynasty

Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266. In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the Mandate of Heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty. The name of the dynasty originated from the I Ching and describes the "origin of the universe" or a "primal force". Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the "Great Capital" or Daidu (Dadu, Chinese: 大都 in Chinese) of the dynasty. The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history. The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession. Khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration, while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes.

Question: Which name is older, Khanbaliq or Zhiyuan?

Question: Which of the following was never the Mongol capital: Karakorum, Kublai, or Khanbaliq?

Question: Which happened first, Kublai claimed the Mandate of Heaven or Kublai moved the Mongol capital?

Question: Why was Khublai revered?

Question: Why did Kublai follow confucian rituals?

Question: What was Karakorum not known as in 1264?

Question: What did claiming the Mandate of Heaven mean?

Question: What was Zhongdu once referred as?
Yuan_dynasty

In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers being famous today. Due to the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals, though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others. Often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting, poetry, and calligraphy, the Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty are linked together. In the area of Chinese painting during the Yuan dynasty there were many famous painters. In the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the Yuan dynasty era. In Yuan poetry, the main development was the qu, which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous Yuan poets. Many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time, and the other way around, with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form. One of the important cultural developments during the Yuan era was the consolidation of poetry, painting, and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical Chinese art. Another important aspect of Yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current, vernacular Chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show. Another important consideration regarding Yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in China, relatively to works from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, which have often been better preserved in places such as the Shōsōin, in Japan.

Question: Which of the following dynasties is not artistically linked: Song, Tang or Yuan?

Question: In the Yuan era, where could you go to see famous poets and a mix of the different forms?

Question: Where was entertainment viewed?

Question: Although many artists of the Yuan era practiced many different art forms, it was often true that they were what?

Question: If you were interested in classic Chinese poems, and theater, what form would you most likely be interested in?

Question: Which of the following pursuits is least related to the others: poetry, calligraphy or mathematics?

Question: When you see classical Chinese art, it is likely from the China of the Yuan, as opposed to what?

Question: Where has culture been preserved the most?

Question: Which of the following is not a dynasty: Yuan, Song, or Mongol?
Yuan_dynasty

Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedei's son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu.

Question: what time period is mentioned first?

Question: what country is mentioned last?

Question: what time period is mentioned last?

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned last?
Yuan_dynasty

After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274. Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276, the wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.

Question: What was the last block for Kublai?

Question: Which region was not invaded by Kublai?

Question: What type of government seat did Kublai get?
Yuan_dynasty

The Yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native Chinese people ruled all of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be "the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious." In traditional historiography of China, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (Chinese: 太祖). Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people[who?] who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as second-class citizens,[citation needed] and that China stagnated economically and scientifically.

Question: Whose grandfather is the official founder of the Yuan dynasty?

Question: What was some Chinese view of the effect of the Yuan dynasty?

Question: What is great besides Yuan in Mongolian ideology?

Question: What was the meaning of Yuan?

Question: What is the Yuan dynasty a part of?

Question: What did Yuan mean to the Mongols?

Question: Why did some Chinese people not view the Yuan dynasty as legitimate?

Question: Who treated Han Chinese people as second-class citizens?

Question: How did Yuan dynasty come to be according to the historiography of China?

Question: What is considered to be a continuation of the Mongol Empire?
Yuan_dynasty

While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.

Question: Who was in charge of military forces in the Chinese dynasty?

Question: Why didn't the Ministry of Justice preside over the Mongols?

Question: When did the Ministry of War have more power?

Question: The Six Ministries worked with who to give a Sinicized image?

Question: Mongolians changed what?

Question: The Privy Council was the authority of what?

Question: What was an indication that the Ministry of War did not hold true power under the Yuan administration?

Question: Who ran the Yuan courts?

Question: Native Chinese dynasties had military authority in which ministry?
Yuan_dynasty

Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi (史秉直, Shih Ping-chih). Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na-ho) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Chang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. The surnames of his Jurchen wives were Mo-nien and Na-ho; the surname of his Korean wife was Li; and the surname of his Han Chinese wife was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son Shi Gang married a Kerait woman; the Kerait were Mongolified Turkic people and were considered part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze (Shih T'ien-tse), Zhang Rou (Chang Jou, 張柔), and Yan Shi (Yen Shih, 嚴實) and other high ranking Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state. Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on the Song dynasty ordered by Töregene Khatun.

Question: Who had more Jurchen wives, Shi Bingzhi or Shi Tianze?

Question: Which ethnicity were the Mongols not fighting?

Question: Which wife of Shi Bingzhi was Shi Tianze's mother, the Jurchen woman or the Chinese woman?

Question: Which ethnicity were the Chinese fighting?

Question: What was the last name of Shi Tianze's Han Chinese wife?

Question: Which was given the command to strike the Song dynasty?

Question: Which of the following is an ethnic group, Shi, Jin or Han?

Question: What was the common last name of both Shi Tianze and Shi Bingzhi's Jurchen wives?
Yuan_dynasty

During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman.

Question: Which branch of the Yansheng family had weaker political ties to Kublai Khan?

Question: Who was the ancestor of the Duke Yanshengs in the south, Kong Duanyou or Kong Duancao?

Question: Who was the ancestor of the Duke Yanshengs in the north, Kong Duanyou or Kong Duancao?

Question: When was the beginning of the Jin dynasty?

Question: Who stopped using their title?

Question: What did Kong Zhu not want to do?

Question: What did Kong Zhu decide against?

Question: Who had the more powerful title, Kublai Khan or Yansheng Kong Zhu?

Question: What did Kong Zhu refuse?

Question: Which of the following is not a Chinese dynasty: Jin, Goryeo, or Song?

Question: Who married someone from South Asia?

Question: Why did Kong Zhu give up the Duke Yansheng title?

Question: Whose descendant did Kublai Khan invite to return to Qufu, Kong Duanyou or Kong Duancao?

Question: The two Duke Yanshengs were where?

Question: When did the Jin dynasty end?
Yuan_dynasty

When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as Golden Horde and Ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.

Question: Who was behind Tugh Temur's rival and brother?

Question: What is the name of Ragibagh's father?

Question: What is Ragibagh nationality?

Question: What happened after the banquet?

Question: Who was killed to allow the dynasty to continue?

Question: What marked the end of the dynasty?

Question: Who is Tugh Temur?

Question: When did Tugh Temurs enemy pass away?

Question: What is Tugh Temur's occupation?

Question: How did Kusala die?
Yuan_dynasty

Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa script, a unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with Mongol clans, the Onggirat, and the Ikeres, kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Nevertheless, a few other Yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities; an example is Tugh Temur (Emperor Wenzong), who wrote poetry, painted, read Chinese classical texts, and ordered the compilation of books.

Question: What kind of blood entered the imperial blood line?

Question: What were the type of things Emperor Wenzong engaged in?
Yuan_dynasty

When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting.

Question: Who was ranked higher, the Korean King or the Uighur King?

Question: Who did the Mongols favor, the Uighurs or the Koreans?

Question: Who surrendered first, the Karluks or the Koreans?