UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Islamism

Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Hayri Abaza argues the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics.

Question: who is the inability to know the differences of islam and islamism bad for?

Question: Who, in name, doesn't believe Islam is a just political ideology?

Question: What Muslim is grouped with Halliday and Esposito?

Question: Why does the West back illiberal Islamic regimes?

Question: what is the purpose of those that will bear the brunt of the inability to know the differences of islam and islamism?

Question: Who does the West hurt when supporting illiberal Islamic regimes?
Islamism

The U.S. government has engaged in efforts to counter Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency in the U.S. with a specific mission of undermining Islamism and jihadism. Christian Whiton, an official in the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of "political warfare" aimed at undermining the ideology. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct U.S. Information Agency, which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the Cold War.

Question: What cruelly natured core belief system have those who run the 50 states in the New World fought against?

Question: Which organization lasted longer, the US Information Agency or the State Department?

Question: Who has higher status, Christian Whiton or George W. Bush?

Question: Which came first, the Cold War or efforts to counter Islamism?

Question: What was the exemplar for the less trunculent method of fighting against the cruel faction of a set of beliefs that began in the Middle East?
Islamism

The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading "an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden.

Question: What religion do Taliban members follow?

Question: Where did the Taliban get their resources from?

Question: What did Wahhabism do for the Taliban?
Islamism

The quick and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries, was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes. A steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics ensued. Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb gained ground.

Question: What contributed to the adoption of Islamist movements in addition to the 6-Day War?

Question: What religion lost popularity after the 6 Day War?
French_and_Indian_War

Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort. Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754. When these forces arrived at the fort on April 16, Contrecœur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne.

Question: what is the second to last period in time mentioned?

Question: what is the last period in time mentioned?

Question: Upper Louisiana was a territory in the past belonging to whom?

Question: what is the first group mentioned?

Question: A county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia is?

Question: who is mentioned second to last?

Question: Taking out money from an ATM is classified as what kind of transaction?

Question: what is the last group mentioned?
French_and_Indian_War

Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. It went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie. At the Chautauqua Portage (near present-day Barcelona, New York), the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of present-day Pittsburgh. There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country. Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.

Question: Before goingto the southern shore of Lake Erie, which other lake was part of the itinerary of the expedition?

Question: If you were in Celoron's expedition and you were not part of the Indians, what where you?

Question: Where did Celoron bury lead plates?

Question: Which month did the expedition end?

Question: what is the last type of worker mentioned?

Question: What was the earliest month in 1749 that the expedition was active?

Question: What country did Celoron represent?

Question: Who did Celoron tell to leave?

Question: At what modern day city did the expedition begin to move inland?

Question: what is the last water feature mentioned?

Question: what traveler is mentioned last?

Question: Were there more marines or Indians?

Question: What was buried in Pittsburgh?

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned last?

Question: about how many more accompanied the Indians?
French_and_Indian_War

In his extensively detailed report, Céloron wrote, "All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English. I don't know in what way they could be brought back." Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. William Shirley, the expansionist governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present. Conflicts between the colonies, accomplished through raiding parties that included Indian allies, had taken place for decades, leading to a brisk trade in European colonial captives from either side.

Question: Who else did not want the French, besides the Natives?

Question: How was Shirley dealing with the French?
French_and_Indian_War

Further south the Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes. When war broke out, the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region (an area not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British), including the Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi. The British were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee – until differences sparked the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758. In 1758 the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton, in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creek and Cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict. It was not uncommon for small bands to participate on the "other side" of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements, as most tribes were decentralized and bands made their own decisions about warfare.

Question: what tribe is mentioned third?

Question: What action did not happen in the area where the Mississauga lived?

Question: What specific war is mentioned in the passage?

Question: What language was found in the Southeast interior besides Siouan and Iroquoian?

Question: which region is mentioned first?

Question: Who supported the British at first and then ceased doing so?

Question: What language is known to be spoken by the Catawba?

Question: which tribe is mentioned second?

Question: What were the Creek known to speak?

Question: Who was found in the Southeast interior besides Cherokee, Siouan, Catawba and Creek?

Question: what group of europeans are first mentioned?

Question: How did the French convince fighters to join their ranks?

Question: what is the last european ethnicity to be mentioned?
French_and_Indian_War

In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. "Seven Years" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.

Question: Although the fighting lasted for roughly 7 years, which event is agreed by many historians to be the official end of the Seven Year's War?

Question: What happened in the 64th year of the 18th century?

Question: For North America, the Seven Years War was waged by a total of how many opposing participants?

Question: What happened in the 61st year of the 18th century?

Question: The duration of the Seven Year War in North America concluded earlier than on the continent of Europe, specifically for a total of how many years?
French_and_Indian_War

Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot, the intendant of the territory. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates. A massive outbreak of smallpox among western tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. While many parties to the conflict blamed others (the Indians blamed the French for bringing "bad medicine" as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry), the disease was probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle. Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years.

Question: how well were things restocked in 1758?

Question: What natural problems happened in New France?

Question: what had minimal results in 1757?

Question: what nationality is mentioned first?

Question: What did natives blame the french for doing?

Question: what is the first industry mentioned?

Question: What held back France from exporting and importing?
French_and_Indian_War

The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia, including Île Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island)). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions.

Question: what did trappers do to have tribal unions

Question: Who were the customers of the fur traders?

Question: what people settled in biloxi

Question: what river is named after a state

Question: Where is Cape Breton Island?

Question: what kind of traders created tribal unions

Question: indian ladies married who
French_and_Indian_War

On March 17, 1752, the Governor-General of New France, Marquis de la Jonquière, died and was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil. His permanent replacement, the Marquis Duquesne, did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post. The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade was given 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa. His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British. On June 21, the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany, capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton. He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some aboriginal members of the expedition.

Question: In what month did Old Briton not die?

Question: Ottawa is a what state?

Question: Why did Longueuil become Governor-General?

Question: What di Marquis Duquesne want people to stop?

Question: which USA state that start with M was mentioned in the passage?

Question: Who was second replacement governor general of New France after the death of Marquis e la Jonquiere?

Question: Which native tribe did not serve under Langlade?

Question: In what month did Marquis de la Jonquiere not die?

Question: WHat happened to Old Briton besides death?

Question: What is the name of one person who perished at Pickawillany?

Question: What was the occupation of some who perished at Pickawillany?

Question: who is the present governor general?
French_and_Indian_War

Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action.

Question: Which of the following is not a body of water: Fort Bull or Lake Ontario?

Question: what group is mentioned last?

Question: what ethnic group is mentioned second to last?

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned second?

Question: Which of the following is not a group of people: Indians, British, or gunpowder?

Question: Which of the following is not a nationality: British, French or Ohio?

Question: what was the third to last ethnicity mentioned?

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned first?
French_and_Indian_War

In 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York all failed, due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians. Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled. Native Americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from New England.

Question: How are the scouts that led to the defeat of English forces described?

Question: What rank was held by William Shirley?

Question: Who failed in attacks between 1755 and 1757?

Question: Who was the big kahuna in America at the time?

Question: How well managed were the British forces?

Question: What position did the half dozen humanoids hold when they visited another humanoid from Britain?
French_and_Indian_War

The new British command was not in place until July. When he arrived in Albany, Abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them. Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. Building on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians.

Question: What statement alludes to Abercrombie being loyal to Loudoun?

Question: Of the pair mentioned in Albany, who had the upper hand?

Question: Which party was misled and dissapointed at the end of all of the conflict?

Question: Abercrombie's major rival was?

Question: Who was Montcalm collaborating with?

Question: Where did Montcalm take inspiration from?
French_and_Indian_War

When Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as "Old Briton". Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. "Old Briton" ignored the warning. Disappointed, Céloron returned to Montreal in November 1749.

Question: The British were trading with who?

Question: A past 18th century settlement near the modern city of Piqua, Ohio, home to the Miami Indians was called?

Question: Which of the  following is not a body of water: Ohio river, Celoron, or Miami river?

Question: The Miami Chiefs in 1749 would continue to exchange goods and services with which group of people?
French_and_Indian_War

Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec. Bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, Shirley's plan had little support.

Question: what place is mentioned last?

Question: Which of the following was not a location Shirley wanted to capture: Niagara, Hardy or Duquesne?

Question: what group is mentioned first?

Question: what event is mentioned first?

Question: Which of the following is not a body of water: Lake Ontario, Maine, or the Chaudiere River?

Question: what time period is mentioned first?

Question: what area is mentioned first?

Question: Which of the following was not under British control: Albany, New York, or Crown Point?
French_and_Indian_War

The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions. In conjunction, Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present-day Rome, New York). Supplies for use in the projected attack on Niagara were cached at Fort Bull.

Question: What was Shirley going to be doing while the French attacked Oswego?

Question: What was not strengthened?

Question: What was an advantage?

Question: What is also the name of a european city?

Question: What were the French going to do while Shirley was gone?

Question: Why did Shirley leave troops at three forts?

Question: What preparations were undertaken in response to a possible attack on Oswego?

Question: What would you now call one of the locations where Shirley left garrisons?

Question: What was in danger due to the projected attack on Niagara?
French_and_Indian_War

Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. During that time in Europe, on May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe, which was later to be known as the Seven Years' War.

Question: Which happened in the fifth month of 1756, Newcastle replaced someone with Lord Loudoun or England formally declared war on France?

Question: Which happened in the fifth month of 1756, Newcastle replaced someone with Lord Loudoun or French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France?

Question: Which happened second, Newcastle replaced someone with Lord Loudoun or England formally declared war on France?

Question: Which happened second, Newcastle replaced someone with Lord Loudoun or French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France?

Question: In what month did fewer of the mentioned events take place, January or May?