UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Ctenophora

Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of the crown group, from the early Devonian (Emsian) period. Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million years ago in the mid-Cambrian period. All three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows, far more than the 8 typical of living species. They also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores. One of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth, apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular. Evidence from China a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the Cambrian, but perhaps very different from modern species – for example one fossil's comb-rows were mounted on prominent vanes. The Ediacaran Eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly.

Question: What group of ctenophores were represented by fossils in the 1990s?

Question: What was the interesting mouth feature found on a fossil specimen?

Question: What feature did some of the Burgess Shale and Canadian fossils not have that extant ctenophores do have?

Question: What was different about the Chinese ctenophores fossils that were found, when compared to modern ctenophores?

Question: What feature did some fossil ctenophores have many more of than extant species of ctenophores?
Ctenophora

Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to provide a clue. Detailed investigation of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, showed that these fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps, and that ctenophores can provide a good diet if there are enough of them around. Beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores. Some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of ctenophores, and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations. Since ctenophores and jellyfish often have large seasonal variations in population, most fish that prey on them are generalists, and may have a greater effect on populations than the specialist jelly-eaters. This is underlined by an observation of herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the Red Sea. The larvae of some sea anemones are parasites on ctenophores, as are the larvae of some flatworms that parasitize fish when they reach adulthood.

Question: What might be more dangerous to the ctenophores than the specialist jelly-eaters?

Question: What are the majority of the fish that eat ctenophores?

Question: Why is it hard to know if other animals have been feasting on ctenophores?

Question: Whose larvae prey on ctenophores when they are no longer young?

Question: In chum salmon, are shrimp or ctenophores digested more quickly?

Question: Are jellyfish considered to be generalists or specialists with regards to their diet of ctenophores?

Question: Who eats more ctenophores than turtles?
Ctenophora

Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores.

Question: In what way were Beroe placed in the Black Sea?

Question: How were Beroe placed in the Black Sea?

Question: Who are predators of ctenopheres?

Question: What did the Beroe do about the Mnemiopsis problem?

Question: How were Beroe put into the Black Sea?
Ctenophora

Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids are usually cryptically colored, live on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates, and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many sidebranches, seen streaming off the back of the ctenophore into the current.

Question: Which of the following is not a potential home for Platyctenids: rocks, other invertebrates, or tentacles?

Question: What do Platyctenids hide on?

Question: What is a notable feature of the platyctenid's tentacles?

Question: Which of the following is typically a feature of Platyctenida: a muscular foot or comb-rows?

Question: What force causes the Platyctenids' tentacles to move?

Question: What is a typical giveaway for a hiding platyctenid?
Ctenophora

The relationship of ctenophores to the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity. It has been the focus of debate for many years. Ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria, and sister to all other animal phyla. A series of studies that looked at the presence and absence of members of gene families and signalling pathways (e.g., homeoboxes, nuclear receptors, the Wnt signaling pathway, and sodium channels) showed evidence congruent with the latter two scenarios, that ctenophores are either sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria or sister to all other animal phyla. Several more recent studies comparing complete sequenced genomes of ctenophores with other sequenced animal genomes have also supported ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals. This position would suggest that neural and muscle cell types were either lost in major animal lineages (e.g., Porifera) or that they evolved independently in the ctenophore lineage. However, other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as sister to all other animals is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes, and that Porifera (sponges) is the earliest-diverging animal phylum instead. Ctenophores and sponges are also the only known animal phyla that lack any true hox genes.

Question: Lineage can also be studied in the study of?

Question: What is missing from sponges?

Question: What is absent from sponges?

Question: A sponge is a type of?
Ctenophora

The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface. Cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. There are two known species, with worldwide distribution in warm, and warm-temperate waters: Cestum veneris ("Venus' girdle") is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long, and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly. Velamen parallelum, which is typically less than 20 centimeters (0.66 ft) long, can move much faster in what has been described as a "darting motion".

Question: What is near the mouth?

Question: What is compared to something you might wear?

Question: What is flat and long?
Islamism

After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of sharia law, torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition, and an intensification of the long-running war in southern Sudan, once in power. The NIF regime also harbored Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War.

Question: what happened to the first figure mentioned?

Question: what was the last country mentioned?

Question: what was the last belief system mentioned?

Question: What shame did al-Nimeiry meet?

Question: what was the last ethnicity mentioned?

Question: Who else was overthrown, other than al-Nimeiry?

Question: What did Turabi's actual rule consist of?

Question: Who aided the party in the overthrow?

Question: What happened before September 11?

Question: what was the last conflict mentioned?

Question: What did Turabi do in Sudan?
Islamism

Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), renounced violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.

Question: Contemplate specifically about the Egyptian-born, non-tourist victims, and answer which group in the 1990's happened to just be in the wrong place at a wrong time?

Question: Other than Egyptians, what population of people is mentioned here?

Question: What method of destruction did the lesser known groups use to try to stop various members of the political spectrum?

Question: What is the name of the politician mentioned in the paragraph?

Question: There were three lesser known groups, which one was named using a word from folklore that is under the earth's surface?

Question: Who were the tourists that died?

Question: Who were the bystanders that died?
Islamism

"The Islamic State", formerly known as the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" and before that as the "Islamic State of Iraq", (and called the acronym Daesh by its many detractors), is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March 2015[update], it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in Iraq and Syria, and has nominal control over small areas of Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan. (While a self-described state, it lacks international recognition.) The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, including North Africa and South Asia.

Question: Which name for the Islamic State is less derogatory, Daesh or the Islamic State of Iraq?

Question: Which country was once part of "The Islamic State"'s name?

Question: what do enemies call the Islamic state?

Question: what west African country has Islamic State actors?

Question: Who does the Islamic State think it has control over?

Question: Which happened first: the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, or the group had control over territory occupied by ten million people?

Question: In what African countries might you find The Islamic State?

Question: who does the Islamic state claim control of?

Question: In which country does the Islamic State control more territory, Iraq or Libya?
Islamism

Islamism, also known as Political Islam (Arabic: إسلام سياسي‎ islām siyāsī), is an Islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life." Islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a. The different Islamist movements have been described as "oscillating between two poles": at one end is a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion; at the other "reformist" pole Islamists work to Islamize society gradually "from the bottom up". The movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders" according to one journalist (Robin Wright).

Question: In what time period is Islamism most significant?

Question: What redefined politics and borders?

Question: Which of the following is not typical of Islamism: moral conservatism, independence or literalism?

Question: Which of the following has not been redefined by Islamists: politics, Shari'a or borders?

Question: What is the purpose of Islamism/

Question: What is Political Islam in Arabic?

Question: What movements have altered the Middle East more than anything?

Question: How quickly do reformist Islamists want to change society?
Islamism

Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks, seeking to abolish the state of Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and groups such as the Taliban, entirely reject democracy, often declaring as kuffar those Muslims who support it (see takfirism), as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis.

Question: What is the muslim word for violent attacks based on religious beliefs.

Question: what type of decision making is mentioned first?

Question: what ethnicity is mentioned last?
Islamism

While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.

Question: Iqbal joined something where?

Question: Iqbal could create what with educational content with words?

Question: Iqbal wrote in?
Islamism

While Qutb's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood, led by Hasan al-Hudaybi, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism. Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto Milestones, a.k.a. Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq) did, however, develop and they pursued a more radical direction. By the 1970s, the Brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals.

Question: where did the fringe groups get radical ideas from

Question: what did the brotherhood do in the seventies

Question: What declarations ran contrary to the Brotherhood's moderate methods?

Question: when did Qutb become radical

Question: who was put to death

Question: What method did the Brotherhood ultimately renounce?

Question: when did Qutb die

Question: What methods were used by the Brotherhood's management in the mid-1960's?

Question: Which important faction of the Brotherhood disagreed with Qutb's texts?

Question: What was the ultimate outcome of Qutb's incarceration?
Islamism

For some decades prior to the First Palestine Intifada in 1987, the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine took a "quiescent" stance towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from Israel's "indulgence" to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations. As the First Intifada gathered momentum and Palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising, the Brotherhood announced the formation of HAMAS ("zeal"), devoted to Jihad against Israel. Rather than being more moderate than the PLO, the 1988 Hamas charter took a more uncompromising stand, calling for the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine. It was soon competing with and then overtaking the PLO for control of the intifada. The Brotherhood's base of devout middle class found common cause with the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab.

Question: Abstinence is the restraint from indulging in something, the most common example of abstinence in history would be refraining from doing what?

Question: When did the Muslim Brotherhood use Israel's friendliness?

Question: What took place in the 8th year of the 1980s?

Question: A intense dislike or aversion can also be referred to as having what kind of feeling?

Question: Being inactive or acting passive could also be called acting in what manner?

Question: Who was more modertate, the PLO or HAMAS?

Question: Culturally, where does Intifada lie on the politically spectrum?

Question: What allowed the first antifada to create a system of religious buildings and philanthropic institutions?
Islamism

Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement was the Gulf War, which brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to Saudi Arabian soil to put an end to Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait. Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia played an important role in restraining the many Islamist groups that received its aid. But when Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist dictator of neighboring Iraq, attacked Saudi Arabia (his enemy in the war), western troops came to protect the Saudi monarchy. Islamists accused the Saudi regime of being a puppet of the west.

Question: What became unleashed after 1990?

Question: Who was the goal to remove?

Question: Who was the goal to oust?

Question: Saudi Arabia's allies included what powers?

Question: What country had an acrimonious relationship with the Ba'athist country?

Question: What remained unchecked after 1990?
Islamism

Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood, "are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups." All this compares very favourably against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric.

Question: What does the Muslim Brotherhood so couples can stay away from dowry demands?

Question: Whose work is not limited to rhetoric?

Question: What type of medical assistance is given by the Muslim Brotherhood?

Question: Which group is not incompetent or inefficient?

Question: How did the Muslim Brotherhood help females?

Question: How did the Muslim Brotherhood help students, in particular?

Question: What does the Muslim Brotherhood do for people who need lawyers?

Question: Which young adults benefit from the Islamist movements?
Islamism

Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his Allahabad Address on 29 December 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India. This address later inspired the Pakistan movement.

Question: Individuals that practice Islam are classified under what category?

Question: The greater number of a vote, opposite to minority, is what term?

Question: Who was Iqbal?

Question: The war that began in 2001 with the name Operation Enduring Freedom is currently ongoing in what country?
Islamism

Originating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the March 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces, joined the fight in the Syrian Civil War beginning in March 2011, and was expelled from al-Qaeda in early 2014, (which complained of its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence"). The group gained prominence after it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in western Iraq in a 2014 offensive. The group is adept at social media, posting Internet videos of beheadings of soldiers, civilians, journalists and aid workers, and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites. The United Nations has held ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, and Amnesty International has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a "historic scale". The group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria and other countries.

Question: What did Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad become?

Question: Which happened first, the group pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda or the group was expelled from al-Qaeda?

Question: Which happened later, the group was expelled from al-Qaeda or the group originated as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad?

Question: Which happened later, the group pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda or the group originated as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad?

Question: Which happened later, the group joined the fight in the Syrian Cvil War or the group originated as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad?

Question: Which happened first, the group pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda or the group joined the fight in the Syrian Civil War?

Question: What does Saudi Arabia think about the group that started as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad?