UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
European_Union_law

Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, if they are (1) clear and unambiguous (2) unconditional, and (3) did not require EU or national authorities to take further action to implement them. Van Gend en Loos, a postal company, claimed that what is now TFEU article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs, when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from Germany to the Netherlands. After a Dutch court made a reference, the Court of Justice held that even though the Treaties did not "expressly" confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims, they could do so. Historically, international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement, but the Court of Justice proclaimed "the Community constitutes a new legal order of international law". Because article 30 clearly, unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade, without a good justification, Van Gend en Loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff. EU Regulations are the same as Treaty provisions in this sense, because as TFEU article 288 states, they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’. Moreover, member states comes under a duty not to replicate Regulations in their own law, in order to prevent confusion. For instance, in Commission v Italy the Court of Justice held that Italy had breached a duty under the Treaties, both by failing to operate a scheme to pay farmers a premium to slaughter cows (to reduce dairy overproduction), and by reproducing the rules in a decree with various additions. "Regulations," held the Court of Justice, "come into force solely by virtue of their publication" and implementation could have the effect of "jeopardizing their simultaneous and uniform application in the whole of the Union." On the other hand, some Regulations may themselves expressly require implementing measures, in which case those specific rules should be followed.

Question: What activity was carried out by Van Gend en Loos in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen?

Question: What is the EU made up of?

Question: What was the act of Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen being disputed?

Question: What group won in Commission v Italy?

Question: What do EU Regulations not have if they are conditional?

Question: What would happen if farmers decided to own less cattle?

Question: What did Van Gend en Loos do?

Question: The Court of Justice ruled against the Dutch in which case?

Question: What party in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Balstingen lost?

Question: Who won in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen?

Question: Who lost in Commission v Italy?
European_Union_law

The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice (commonly abbreviated as ECJ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance, and a General Court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance. There is also a Civil Service Tribunal to deal with EU staff issues, and then a separate Court of Auditors. Under the Treaty on European Union article 19(2) there is one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices" (or for the General Court, the "ability required for appointment to high judicial office"). A president is elected by the judges for three years. Under TEU article 19(3) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of EU law. In fact, most EU law is applied by member state courts (the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof, the Belgian Cour du travail, etc.) but they can refer questions to the EU court for a preliminary ruling. The CJEU's duty is to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate. Arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments, including Van Gend en Loos, Mangold v Helm, and Kadi v Commission.

Question: Which nationality does NOT call its court a Bundesgerichtstof, German or English?

Question: Which nationality does NOT call its court a Cour, Belgian or German?

Question: Which of the following is an individual, not an organization: Kadi, Bundesgerichtshof, or Commission?

Question: Which of the following people was not a party in a seminal legal case: Mangold, the Civil Service Tribunal, or Kadi?

Question: Which of the following is not part of the CJEU: the European Court of Justice, the Court of Auditors, or the General Court?
European_Union_law

While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects. Like in other regional organisations such as the North American Free Trade Association, or the World Trade Organisation, breaking down barriers to trade, and enhancing free movement of goods, services, labour and capital, is meant to reduce consumer prices. It was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union, which led to a common market, then monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state. In Europe, however, those stages were considerably mixed, and it remains unclear whether the "endgame" should be the same as a state, traditionally understood. In practice free trade, without standards to ensure fair trade, can benefit some people and groups within countries (particularly big business) much more than others, but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market, particularly workers, consumers, small business, developing industries, and communities. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons, services and capital. These so-called "four freedoms" were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers (e.g. customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer or environmental standards) and fiscal barriers (e.g. different Value Added Tax rates). The tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit. The Treaties limit free trade, to prioritise other values such as public health, consumer protection, labour rights, fair competition, and environmental improvement. Increasingly the Court of Justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being.

Question: What is the final article of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to establish the principle of free movement of goods?

Question: Which of the following concepts was codified first, the social market economy or free movement?

Question: Which comes later, a common market or the union of monetary and fiscal policy?

Question: What is the first article of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to establish the principle of free movement of goods?

Question: What comes first, customs union or monetary union?
European_Union_law

The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the law must be certain, in that it is clear and precise, and its legal implications foreseeable, specially when applied to financial obligations. The adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis. Legislation in member states which implements European Union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law. In European Union law the general principle of legal certainty prohibits Ex post facto laws, i.e. laws should not take effect before they are published. The doctrine of legitimate expectation, which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith, is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in European Union law. The legitimate expectation doctrine holds that and that "those who act in good faith on the basis of law as it is or seems to be should not be frustrated in their expectations".

Question: What is the concept of legal certainty?

Question: What are not allowed by the European Union law?

Question: What are the requirements of European law as far as how it is read?
European_Union_law

Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training, should be more access, albeit with qualifying periods. In Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem.

Question: Why did the Court rule that Austria was not entitled to restrict access to foreign students?

Question: Who ruled against Austria in favor of foreign students?

Question: EU citizens can get the same services in other?
European_Union_law

The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties." Therefore, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law, codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of European Union law. In effect, after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law, though the former is enforced by the European Court of Justice in relation to European Union measures, and the latter by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to measures by member states.

Question: Who do the rights apply to?

Question: What explains rights?
European_Union_law

Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agreement on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive. In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the Social Chapter the European Union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas, including labour and industry relations, equal opportunity, health and safety, public health, protection of children, the disabled and elderly, poverty, migrant workers, education, training and youth.

Question: What relates to employment of a temporary nature?
American_Broadcasting_Company

A second period of international expansion is linked to that of the ESPN network in the 1990s, and policies enacted in the 2000s by Disney Media Networks (which included the expansion of several of the company's U.S.-based cable networks including Disney Channel and its spinoffs Toon Disney, Playhouse Disney and Jetix; although Disney also sold its 33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport for $155 million in June 2000). In contrast to Disney's other channels, ABC is broadcast in the United States, although the network's programming is syndicated in many countries. The policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 when on September 27 of that year, ABC announced the launch of ABC1, a free-to-air channel in the United Kingdom owned by the ABC Group. However, on September 8, 2007, Disney announced that it would discontinue ABC1 citing to the channel's inability to attain sustainable viewership. With ABC1's shutdown that October, the company's attempt to develop ABC International were discontinued.

Question: What might a football fan watch?

Question: What happened to ABC globally after 2008?

Question: What was lacking?

Question: How much of Eurosport did Disney own in 1999?

Question: Which happened earlier in September: the launch of ABC1 or its cancellation?

Question: What sports channel did Disney own after 2000?
American_Broadcasting_Company

In 1983, for the 40th anniversary of the network's founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a gold CGI design on a blue background, accompanied by the slogan "That Special Feeling" in a script font. Ten years later, in 1993, the "ABC Circle" logo reverted to its classic white-on-black color scheme, but with gloss effects on both the circle and the letters, and a bronze border surrounding the circle. The ABC logo first appeared as a on-screen bug in the 1993–94 season, appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment, before appearing throughout programs (except during commercial breaks) beginning in the 1995–96 season; the respective iterations of the translucent logo bug were also incorporated within program promotions until the 2011–12 season.

Question: what is the second color mentioned?

Question: When did the ABC Logo not appear?

Question: which color is mentioned third?

Question: Whose logo was translucent until 2011-12?

Question: which color is mentioned 4th?

Question: what time span is mentioned second to last?

Question: How many years before 1983 was NBC founded?

Question: When was the logo bronze?

Question: which season is mentioned last?

Question: What was founded in 1943?
American_Broadcasting_Company

In 1983, ABC sold KXYZ to the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation. On January 4, 1984, The New York Times reported that ABC, through its subsidiary ABC Video Enterprises, had exercised its option to purchase up to 15% (or between $25 million and $30 million) of Getty Oil's shares in ESPN, which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date. In June 1984, ABC's executive committee approved the company's interest acquisition in ESPN, and ABC arranged with Getty Oil to obtain an 80% stake in the channel, while selling the remaining 20% to Nabisco. That year, ABC and Hearst reached an agreement with RCA to merge ARTS and competing arts service, The Entertainment Channel, into a single cable channel called Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E); the new channel subsequently leased a separate satellite transponder, ending its sharing agreement with Nickelodeon to become a 24-hour service. Meanwhile, ABC withdrew from the theme park business for good when it sold the Silver Springs Nature Theme Park.

Question: Which of the following never owned shares in ESPN: ABC, the New York Times, or Getty Oil?

Question: Who has more stake in ESPN, ABC or Nabisco?

Question: Who was the initial share of satellite with?

Question: Who bought a fifth of ESPN?

Question: How did A&E acquire a separate satellite transponder?

Question: What channel was in the same category as ARTS?

Question: Which of the following is not primarily a media company: ABC, the New York Times, or Getty Oil?

Question: How much of ESPN did ABC start with?

Question: Who bought ESPN?

Question: After Nabisco bought a stake in ESPN, how much did ABC have?

Question: How big was ABC's stake in ESPN after they sold to Nabisco?

Question: What company shares ownership of ESPN with ABC?

Question: What was a result of the ABC and RCA agreement?

Question: What times did A&E want its shows to air?

Question: Who did ABC make a deal with to create A&E?
American_Broadcasting_Company

In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded by Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who was approached by ABC Radio president Harold L. Neal to develop a format to compete with the new progressive rock and DJ-helmed stations. The new concept called "LOVE Radio", which featured a limited selection of music genres, was launched on ABC's seven owned-and-operated FM stations in late November 1968; the concept replaced nearly all of the programming provided by these stations; however, several affiliates (such as KXYZ) retained the majority of their content. In August 1970, Shaw announced that ABC FM's music choice policy should be reviewed to allow listeners access to many styles of music.

Question: Which of the following is a radio station: KXYZ, ABC, or Chicago?

Question: Which of the following is not a month: August, November or Neal?

Question: What is Allen's last name?

Question: __ aired in place of other programming

Question: What is Love Radio?

Question: People who listened to ABC in 1969 heard __

Question: Which of the following is not a person's first name: Harold, Allen, or music?

Question: Neal realized the programming failed in __

Question: What is Mr. Shaws first name?
American_Broadcasting_Company

In the spring of 1975, Fred Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television production subsidiary ABC Entertainment, created from the network's namesake programming division. In 1974, ABC premiered the detective series S.W.A.T. That same year, the network made the decision to compete with NBC's morning news-talk program Today. Its first attempt at such competition was AM America; however, that show's success was not straightforward. One of its affiliates, WCVB-TV premiered morning show Good Day!. First premiering in 1973 as Good Morning!, it was groundbreaking for being entirely produced on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the Boston area. Also, in the summer of 1975, ABC discovered that its Cleveland affiliate WEWS-TV was producing its own morning program The Morning Exchange, which debuted in 1972 and was now locally pre-empting AM America; it was the first morning show to utilize a set modeled after a living room, and established a concept now commonplace among network morning shows in which news and weather updates were featured at the top and bottom of each hour. Discovering that their formats seemed to appeal to their viewers, the network became the first to adopt them for a new national morning show, Good Morning America, which debuted on November 3, 1975.

Question: Which of the following has a lower total revenue: WCVB-TV or ABC?

Question: Which of the following is not a city: Boston, Cleveland, or America?

Question: Which Fred came second?

Question: Which ABC production branch existed before 1975?

Question: Which debuted earlier, The Morning Exchange or S.W.A.T?

Question: Which show rivaled NBC's morning program?

Question: Which of the following is not owned by or affiliated with ABC: Today, S.W.A.T, or The Morning Exchanged.

Question: Which affiliate was not based in Cleveland, WEWS-TV or WCVB-TV?

Question: Which show came first, AM America or Good Morning!?

Question: Which ABC branch came first?
American_Broadcasting_Company

In June 1978, Arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20; after its first episode received harshly negative reviews, the program – which debuted as a summer series, before becoming a year-round program in 1979 – was immediately revamped to feature a mix of in-depth stories and interviews, with Hugh Downs appointed as its anchor (later paired alongside his former Today colleague Barbara Walters). In February 1979, ABC sold its recording division to MCA Inc. for $20 million; the label was discontinued by March 5 of that year, and all of its 300 employees were laid off (the rights to the works of ABC Records and all of MCA's other labels have since been acquired by Universal Music Group).

Question: Who started the program anchored by former Today colleagues?

Question: Which happened earlier, Arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20 or the label was discontinued?

Question: What event occurred a month before the ABC label was discontinued?

Question: What did ABC do before they sold their recording division to MCA?

Question: Where had Hugh Downs worked with Barbara Walters prior to 1979?

Question: What happened to the people who worked for ABC Records?

Question: Who was the first host of the 20/20?

Question: Which happened earlier, Arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20 or ABC sold its recording division to MCA Inc.?

Question: Who owned ABC's recording division last?

Question: Which happened earlier, Arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20 or the program became a year-round program?

Question: What type of program was hosted by former Today show colleagues?

Question: What date was ABC records no longer produced?
American_Broadcasting_Company

Once Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods. RCA converted the NBC Blue Network into an independent subsidiary, formally divorcing the operations of NBC Red and NBC Blue on January 8, 1942, with the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either "Blue" or "Blue Network". The newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Between 1942 and 1943, Woods offered to sell the entire NBC Blue Network, a package that included leases on landlines, three pending television licenses (WJZ-TV in New York City, KGO-TV in San Francisco and WENR-TV in Chicago), 60 affiliates, four operations facilities (in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Washington D.C.), contracts with actors, and the brand associated with the Blue Network. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. (which was later acquired by the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1997) offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, but the offer was rejected by Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff.

Question: What year did Woods first try and sell a facility in New York as part of a package?

Question: Where west of the mississippi was NBC Blue in 1942

Question: Who did Woods not hand NBC over to?

Question: What was the last full year that NBC Red and Blue still together?

Question: What telecommunications were part of a potential NCB package?

Question: These networks show on?

Question: In what year was the entire NBC Blue Network not yet for sale?

Question: How did RCA react to the FC decision

Question: Red and Blue experienced a?

Question: What did Sarnoff do with the investment firm's buy offer?

Question: What did the Swiss Bank Corporation get in 1997?