UCLNLP/adversarial_qa huggingface dataset:
Imperialism

Imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other, if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance, either formally or informally. Colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war. The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region. Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.

Question: Who is an original inhabitant?

Question: What does colonialism involve?

Question: In colonialism, who takes control of the lands?

Question: Who suffers?

Question: Both imperialism and colonialism are focused on taking advantage over a land; which is perceived to come first?

Question: What usually happen to a conquered nation in a war?

Question: What usually comes after colonialism?

Question: What usually affects the people in a colonial region?
Imperialism

Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization" [korenizatsiia] was intended to support non-Russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework. Never formally revoked, it stopped being implemented after 1932. After World War II, the Soviet Union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old Tsarist Empire in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China supported post–World War II communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests, but were not always successful.

Question: A person that advocates or practices socialism is called?

Question: When was the policy of indigenization revoked?

Question: Who was open to assisting non-Russians in the beginning?

Question: How are Russia and China similar?
Imperialism

During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919–1980) and Ronald Robinson (1920–1999) constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism. They claim that European imperialism was influential, and Europeans rejected the notion that "imperialism" required formal, legal control by one government over another country. "In their view, historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to areas outside the formal British Empire. Key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'"[attribution needed] Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.

Question: Who lived longer, Gallagher or Robinson?

Question: Who died closer to 1977, Gallagher or Robinson?

Question: Who was born closer to 1933, Gallagher or Robinson?

Question: Who was born later, Gallagher or Robinson?

Question: Which of the following is not an example of interactions between nations: trade, war or thinking?

Question: Who died first, Gallagher or Robinson?
Imperialism

Some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism. This internal form is distinct from informal U.S. imperialism in the form of political and financial hegemony. This internal form of imperialism is also distinct from the United States' formation of "colonies" abroad. Through the treatment of its indigenous peoples during westward expansion, the United States took on the form of an imperial power prior to any attempts at external imperialism. This internal form of empire has been referred to as "internal colonialism". Participation in the African slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of America's "internal colonialism". However, this internal colonialism faced resistance, as external colonialism did, but the anti-colonial presence was far less prominent due to the nearly complete dominance that the United States was able to assert over both indigenous peoples and African-Americans. In his lecture on April 16, 2003, Edward Said made a bold statement on modern imperialism in the United States, whom he described as using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary Orient, "due to their backward living, lack of democracy and the violation of women’s rights. The western world forgets during this process of converting the other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon".

Question: Which of the following is not a characteristic Edward Said attributes to the Orient: backward living, slave trade, or violation of women's right?

Question: Which of the following is not a modern western value: democracy, strife, or enlightenment?

Question: Which of the following things is generally considered positive: democracy, strife, or the slave trade?
Black_Death

Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England, it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death.

Question: What context was the name used?

Question: Where did the term "atra mors" become popular first?

Question: Why was the name given?
Black_Death

Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent. Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free flowing and bright red. Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation). In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes.

Question: What is the lower bound of the modern bubonic plague's mortality rate in percentage?

Question: What does the modern bubonic plague do to the appetite of those who have contracted it?

Question: What is the upper bound of the modern bubonic plague's mortality rate in percentage?

Question: What is the lower bound of the pneumonic plague's mortality rate in percentage?

Question: In those who have contracted plague, bright red sputum is indicative of the presence of what?

Question: What is the upper bound of the pneumonic plague's mortality rate in percentage?

Question: Of the three forms of plague, which is the most lethal?

Question: Which plague has a higher mortality rate, the modern bubonic plague or the pneumonic plague?
Black_Death

Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.

Question: what was the second cause of the plague listed

Question: Where did the plague go after Sicily?

Question: What is Black Death?

Question: What did the traders do that was catastrophic?

Question: what is the first cause of plaque listed in a group of conditions

Question: How did the traders move around Italy?

Question: what was the third cause of the spread of the plague listed

Question: What was the second location to get infected with Black Death?
Black_Death

The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42. Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.

Question: What city besides Algiers and Baghdad was hit hard by plague?

Question: In which years did Algiers lose thousands of people to the plague?

Question: What happened between 1500 and 1850 in the Islamic world?

Question: What happened in the second quarter of the 19th century?

Question: When did the final round of plague end in Algiers?

Question: When did the second bout of plague begin in Algiers?

Question: Did Constantinople have more epidemics between 1701 and 1750 or 1751 and 1800?

Question: What is another term used for Plague?
Black_Death

In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.

Question: What country in Europe lost the greatest percentage of its population due to plague?

Question: What was the last year The Black Death hit London in the 16th century?

Question: What was the greatest percentage of population lost due to plague for all countries in Europe?

Question: What year was the plague seen again after the first epidemic in Amsterdam?

Question: What plague was prevalent in 1679?

Question: What was the first year of the 17th century that London was hit by Plague?

Question: What is the first year Amsterdam saw the plague again after the second epidemic?
Black_Death

The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.

Question: What was the cause of the great pestilence?

Question: When books are printed again they have what new?

Question: What caused the Black Death?

Question: To what time period does 541 to 700 CE refer to?

Question: What did Gasquet do for the second edition?

Question: What does the word 'He' refer to in the second sentence?

Question: What caused the Justinian plague?

Question: What mammal contributed to the plague?

Question: What kind of event is the plague?