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44740090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col.%20Isaac%20Beeson%20House | Col. Isaac Beeson House | Col. Isaac Beeson House is a historic home located near Colfax, Guilford County, North Carolina. It was built about 1790, and is a two-story, three-bay, Federal style brick dwelling with a Quaker plan. It has single shoulder exterior end chimneys and a one-story gable roofed wing.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Federal architecture in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1790
Houses in Guilford County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Guilford County, North Carolina |
45410930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9franco | Cinéfranco | Cinéfranco is an annual film festival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which presents a weeklong program of both Canadian and international French language films.
History
The festival was established in 1997 by Marcelle Lean, a former chair of the Ontario Film Development Corporation, and was staged for the first time in February 1998. Lean remained the event's executive director as of 2015.
Unlike larger events such as the Toronto International Film Festival, all films throughout the week were screened in a single theatre venue. To establish broader audience appeal beyond the city's francophone community alone, all films were screened with English language subtitles.
Separately from the main festival, an annual youth program of films for children and teenagers is also staged each year. The separate youth program was launched for the first time in 2007.
The festival presented an annual award, the Radio-Canada Audience Award, to the film voted by festival attendees as the best film in that year's program. TFO also formerly sponsored an award for the most popular film in the youth program.
In 2015, Lean told L'Express de Toronto that the festival was in financial trouble and may be forced to cease operations if it could not renegotiate its operational support and sponsorship agreements. The main festival was initially cancelled in 2016, although the youth program was still staged; instead, Tournée Québec Cinéma, a program of Québec Cinéma which presents a touring minifestival of Quebec films in various locations across Canada, added an event in Toronto to its schedule. The event was later revived, however, with a smaller-scale Cinéfranco presented in October 2016 at the Alliance Française de Toronto.
Audience Award
2009: Paris, Cédric Klapisch
2010: Female Agents (Les Femmes de l'ombre), Jean-Paul Salomé
2011: Bacon on the Side (Il reste du jambon?), Anne Depétrini
2012: Free Men (Les Hommes libres), Ismaël Ferroukhi
2013: What's in a Name? (Le Prénom), Matthieu Delaporte and Alexandre de La Patellière
2014: The Gilded Cage (La Cage dorée), Ruben Alves
2015: Once in a Lifetime (Les Héritiers), Marie-Castille Mention-Schaar
2016-2017: no award presented
2018: 1991, Ricardo Trogi
TFO Prize for Best Youth Film
2009: The Necessities of Life (Ce qu'il faut pour vivre), Benoît Pilon
2010: Little Nicholas (Le Petit Nicolas), Laurent Tirard
2011: Trouble at Timpetill (Les Enfants de Timpelbach), Nicolas Bary
2012: War of the Buttons, Yann Samuel
References
External links
Cinéfranco
Film festivals in Toronto
1997 establishments in Ontario
Film festivals established in 1997
Franco-Ontarian organizations
Children's film festivals in Canada |
62902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Kauffman | Stuart Kauffman | Stuart Alan Kauffman (born September 28, 1939) is an American medical doctor, theoretical biologist, and complex systems researcher who studies the origin of life on Earth. He was a professor at the University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Calgary. He is currently emeritus professor of biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and affiliate faculty at the Institute for Systems Biology. He has a number of awards including a MacArthur Fellowship and a Wiener Medal.
He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection, as discussed in his book Origins of Order (1993). In 1967 and 1969 he used random Boolean networks to investigate generic self-organizing properties of gene regulatory networks, proposing that cell types are dynamical attractors in gene regulatory networks and that cell differentiation can be understood as transitions between attractors. Recent evidence suggests that cell types in humans and other organisms are attractors. In 1971 he suggested that a zygote may not be able to access all the cell type attractors in its gene regulatory network during development and that some of the developmentally inaccessible cell types might be cancer cell types. This suggested the possibility of "cancer differentiation therapy". He also proposed the self-organized emergence of collectively autocatalytic sets of polymers, specifically peptides, for the origin of molecular reproduction, which have found experimental support.
Education and early career
Kauffman graduated from Dartmouth in 1960, was awarded the BA (Hons) by Oxford University (where he was a Marshall Scholar) in 1963, and completed a medical degree (M.D.) at the University of California, San Francisco in 1968. After completing his internship, he moved into developmental genetics of the fruitfly, holding appointments first at the University of Chicago from 1969 to 1973, the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1975, and then at the University of Pennsylvania from 1975 to 1994, where he rose to professor of biochemistry and biophysics.
Career
Kauffman became known through his association with the Santa Fe Institute (a non-profit research institute dedicated to the study of complex systems), where he was faculty in residence from 1986 to 1997, and through his work on models in various areas of biology. These included autocatalytic sets in origin of life research, gene regulatory networks in developmental biology, and fitness landscapes in evolutionary biology. With Marc Ballivet, Kauffman holds the founding broad biotechnology patents in combinatorial chemistry and applied molecular evolution, first issued in France in 1987, in England in 1989, and later in North America.
In 1996, with Ernst and Young, Kauffman started BiosGroup, a Santa Fe, New Mexico-based for-profit company that applied complex systems methodology to business problems. BiosGroup was acquired by NuTech Solutions in early 2003. NuTech was bought by Netezza in 2008, and later by IBM.
From 2005 to 2009 Kauffman held a joint appointment at the University of Calgary in biological sciences, physics, and astronomy. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary. He was an iCORE (Informatics Research Circle of Excellence) chair and the director of the Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics. Kauffman was also invited to help launch the Science and Religion initiative at Harvard Divinity School; serving as visiting professor in 2009.
In January 2009 Kauffman became a Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) at Tampere University of Technology, Department of Signal Processing. The appointment ended in December, 2012. The subject of the FiDiPro research project is the development of delayed stochastic models of genetic regulatory networks based on gene expression data at the single molecule level.
In January 2010 Kauffman joined the University of Vermont faculty where he continued his work for two years with UVM's Complex Systems Center. From early 2011 to April 2013, Kauffman was a regular contributor to the NPR Blog 13.7, Cosmos and Culture, with topics ranging from the life sciences, systems biology, and medicine, to spirituality, economics, and the law. He was also a regular contributor to Edge.org.
In May 2013 he joined the Institute for Systems Biology, in Seattle, Washington. Following the death of his wife, Kauffman cofounded Transforming Medicine: The Elizabeth Kauffman Institute.
In 2014, Kauffman with Samuli Niiranen and Gabor Vattay was issued a founding patent on the poised realm (see below), an apparently new "state of matter" hovering reversibly between quantum and classical realms.
In 2015, he was invited to help initiate a general a discussion on rethinking economic growth for the United Nations. Around the same time, he did research with University of Oxford professor Teppo Felin.
Fitness landscapes
Kauffman's NK model defines a combinatorial phase space, consisting of every string (chosen from a given alphabet) of length . For each string in this search space, a scalar value (called the fitness) is defined. If a distance metric is defined between strings, the resulting structure is a landscape.
Fitness values are defined according to the specific incarnation of the model, but the key feature of the NK model is that the fitness of a given string is the sum of contributions from each locus in the string:
and the contribution from each locus in general depends on the value of other loci:
where are the other loci upon which the fitness of depends.
Hence, the fitness function is a mapping between strings of length K + 1 and scalars, which Weinberger's later work calls "fitness contributions". Such fitness contributions are often chosen randomly from some specified probability distribution.
In 1991, Weinberger published a detailed analysis of the case in which and the fitness contributions are chosen randomly. His analytical estimate of the number of local optima was later shown to be flawed. However, numerical experiments included in Weinberger's analysis support his analytical result that the expected fitness of a string is normally distributed with a mean of approximately
and a variance of approximately
.
Recognition and awards
Kauffman held a MacArthur Fellowship between 1987–1992. He also holds an Honorary Degree in Science from the University of Louvain (1997); He was awarded the Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal for Cybernetics in 1973, the Gold Medal of the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome in 1990, the Trotter Prize for Information and Complexity in 2001, and the Herbert Simon award for Complex Systems in 2013. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2009.
Works
Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection in three areas of evolutionary biology, namely population dynamics, molecular evolution, and morphogenesis. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's structuralist approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of energy in driving biochemical reactions in cells, which can fairly be called self-catalyzing but which do not simply self-organize. Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Roger Sansom's 2011 book Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks.
Borrowing from spin glass models in physics, Kauffman invented "N-K" fitness landscapes, which have found applications in biology and economics. In related work, Kauffman and colleagues have examined subcritical, critical, and supracritical behavior in economic systems.
Kauffman's work translates his biological findings to the mind-body problem and issues in neuroscience, proposing attributes of a new "poised realm" that hovers indefinitely between quantum coherence and classicality. He published on this topic in his paper "Answering Descartes: beyond Turing". With Giuseppe Longo and Maël Montévil, he wrote (January 2012) "No Entailing Laws, But Enablement in the Evolution of the Biosphere", which argued that evolution is not "law entailed" like physics.
Kauffman's work is posted on Physics ArXiv, including "Beyond the Stalemate: Mind/Body, Quantum Mechanics, Free Will, Possible Panpsychism, Possible Solution to the Quantum Enigma" (October 2014) and "Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life" (February 2015).
Kauffman has contributed to the emerging field of cumulative technological evolution by introducing a mathematics of the adjacent possible.
He has published over 350 articles and 6 books: The Origins of Order (1993), At Home in the Universe (1995), Investigations (2000), Reinventing the Sacred (2008), Humanity in a Creative Universe (2016), and A World Beyond Physics (2019).
In 2016, Kauffman wrote a children's story, "Patrick, Rupert, Sly & Gus Protocells", a narrative about unprestatable niche creation in the biosphere, which was later produced as a short animated video.
In 2017, exploring the concept that reality consists of both ontologically real "possibles" (res potentia) and ontologically real "actuals" (res extensa), Kauffman co-authored, with Ruth Kastner and Michael Epperson, "Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously".
Publications
Selected articles
Books
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: A talk at the New England Complex Systems Institute, January 28, 2019.
1939 births
Living people
American atheists
American biophysicists
American systems scientists
Complex systems scientists
Dartmouth College alumni
Extended evolutionary synthesis
MacArthur Fellows
Theoretical biologists
Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Santa Fe Institute people
University of California, San Francisco alumni
Marshall Scholars |
8083385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvad%20Katana | Suvad Katana | Suvad Katana (; 6 April 1969 – 8 January 2005) was a Bosnian professional footballer who played as a sweeper.
Club career
Katana started playing football in Željezničar as a youngster. He made his league debut for the club in the 1987–88 season against Red Star Belgrade (0–0). Although still a teenager, he was a regular starter in the squad in the following seasons.
In 1992, War in Bosnia started and Katana fled to Switzerland with Gordan Vidović and Mario Stanić and subsequently moved to Belgium. He played there for Genk (1992–1994), Gent (1994–1996) and Anderlecht (1996–1998). After a season with Turkish side Adanaspor, he returned to Belgium and played for Lokeren (1999–2004). He ended his career in 2004 after suffering from persistent knee injuries.
He was one of the best defenders in the Belgian championship during the 1990s. He won many awards for his performances at various clubs.
International career
Katana also played for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team. His first game was against Albania on 24 April 1996, and last on 15 October 1998 against Lithuania. In total, he collected ten caps for the national team.
Personal life
After retiring as a player, the bold-headed Katana worked in former teammate Vidović's real estate company.
In January 2005, Katana died in Sarajevo after suffering a cardiac arrest, aged 35. He was survived by his wife and two children.
References
External links
Profile at TFF.org
1969 births
2005 deaths
People from Sarajevo Canton
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslav Wars refugees
Association football sweepers
Yugoslav footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina international footballers
FK Željezničar Sarajevo players
K.R.C. Genk players
K.A.A. Gent players
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
Adanaspor footballers
K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen players
Yugoslav First League players
Belgian First Division A players
Süper Lig players
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Turkey |
14656317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20Mumford | Shane Mumford | Shane Mumford (born 5 July 1986) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who most recently played for the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the Australian Football League (AFL). He has also previously played for the Geelong Football Club and the Sydney Swans. He was a part of Sydney's 2012 premiership team.
Early career
In 2006, Mumford was the recipient of the Bunyip Football Club best and fairest award, as well as being the runner-up for the Ellinbank & District Football League medal. After being made aware of his abilities by Geelong VFL player Jason Davenport, who was also in the AFL side as a rookie, Geelong's VFL side welcomed Mumford into their ranks for the 2007 season. It became quite a disappointing season for Mumford, only playing in six games for the premiership winning side, (being replaced by Steven King for the VFL Grand Final, and then the next week, Steven King replaced Mark Blake in the 2007 AFL Grand Final), but his pure rucking ability won over the Geelong recruiters, who then drafted him with their last pick (57) in the 2007 Rookie Draft.
AFL career
Geelong (2008–2009)
After being drafted, Mumford showed up to pre-season training having re-invented himself, losing 20 kg and improving his fitness levels. Mumford was elevated from Geelong's rookie list on 23 April 2008, due to long-term injury of Matthew Egan, and was then immediately named to play in his first match in round 6 - the following weekend. He replaced fellow ruckman Trent West to take part in Geelong's one-point win over Fremantle at Subiaco.
After a good season in 2009, where he was replaced in the side by ruckman Mark Blake towards the end of the year, Mumford accepted a deal from the Sydney Swans which saw him move to the Harbour City on a three-year million dollar deal (which was extended to four years).
Overall, Mumford played in 18 of 22 regular season matches and was overlooked for the 2009 AFL Grand Final, which was won by the Cats.
Sydney (2010–2013)
The Swans had high expectations of Mumford following Mark Seaby's injury. During 2010 the Swans were impressed with Mumford's improvement considering in 2009 he was only a Geelong Rookie. Mumford was named in the 44-man squad from which All-Australian selection would be made but narrowly missed out when the actual team of 22 was chosen. Mumford finished second in the 2010 Sydney Swans Bob Skilton Medal, 9 votes behind Kieren Jack.
Mumford was suspended for two weeks in his return to Geelong in round 7 following a spear tackle on Gary Ablett Jr., in a match Sydney lost by 67 points. Mumford again got into trouble for a similar tackle against Carlton in round 16, but no tribunal action was taken.
Mumford returned against Hawthorn in round 10, being one of the Swans' best players as they lost by just two points, despite outscoring the Hawks by 11 goals to 10. His best game for the Swans came against Essendon the week after, with a season-high 46 hitouts against the Bombers whose ruckman David Hille was injured in the same match.
Mumford injured his knee in the Swans' round 21 win over the Western Bulldogs and as a result missed the round 22 win over the Brisbane Lions.
At the end of the 2010 season Shane Mumford was third in the AFL for hitouts despite missing three matches due to suspension and a knee injury.
Another strong start to the year set Mumford up for a successful 2nd season at the Swans in 2011. Unfortunately injury and suspension didn't allow him to have as good a year as in 2010 when he finished runner up in the Bob Skilton Medal. He still managed to finish 8th in the 2011 count however, underlining his importance to the side and the quality and consistency of his play when he is fit.
Mumford played his 100th AFL game in the Sydney Swans' preliminary final loss to on 21 September 2013. Coincidentally, his first AFL game was against the same club and he opposed the same ruckman, Aaron Sandilands.
Greater Western Sydney (2014–2017, 2019–2021)
Mumford moved across to (GWS) prior to the commencement of the 2014 AFL season, after he was forced out of the Swans due to their acquisition of Lance Franklin during the 2013/14 off-season. He debuted for the club against his old side in round 1, 2014, and despite missing five matches early in the season due to a knee injury, he won the club's best and fairest award at the end of an improved season for the club.
After both Mumford and the Giants had a strong start to the season in 2015, the ruckman suffered a serious ankle injury against at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in round 11. The injury ended his season.
Mumford returned from his ankle injury in the Giants' season-opening loss to at the MCG on 26 March. In round two against , Mumford pulled off what could possibly be "the greatest AFL hit of all time" when he took out Mitch Duncan with a solid shirtfront in the third quarter. Despite the nature of the hit, it later went unpunished by the Match Review Panel. At the conclusion of the 2017 season, he retired from AFL football.
In 2018, Mumford took the position of ruck coach with GWS before coming out of retirement as a supplemental selection. In 2019, he played a total of 20 games for GWS during the home and away season and all finals matches, including the Grand Final loss to Richmond.
Personal life
Mumford is married to Eva Konta, the sister of British tennis player Johanna Konta. The pair have two children.
Post AFL
After retiring, Shane became a ruck coach and an ambassador at the GWS Giants.
On 21 October 2018, video emerged of Mumford snorting a white substance, believed to be Cocaine. GWS released a statement saying they would support Shane and treat the issue as a health problem. GWS stated the events occurred when Mumford succumbed to a season ending injury in 2015.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to round 8, 2020
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 11 || 16 || 3 || 1 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 1.7 || 3.7 || 5.3 || 1.0 || 0.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 18 || 3 || 1 || 35 || 127 || 162 || 37 || 71 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 1.9 || 7.1 || 9.0 || 2.1 || 3.9
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 21 || 4 || 3 || 75 || 186 || 261 || 45 || 101 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 3.6 || 8.9 || 12.4 || 2.1 || 4.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 19 || 11 || 2 || 90 || 147 || 237 || 64 || 94 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 4.7 || 7.7 || 12.5 || 3.4 || 4.9
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 17 || 12 || 4 || 60 || 115 || 175 || 52 || 75 || 0.7 || 0.2 || 3.5 || 6.8 || 10.3 || 3.1 || 4.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 22 || 9 || 8 || 67 || 178 || 245 || 58 || 95 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 3.0 || 8.1 || 11.1 || 2.6 || 4.3
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 16 || 4 || 2 || 55 || 150 || 205 || 33 || 93 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 3.4 || 9.4 || 12.8 || 2.1 || 5.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 11 || 1 || 3 || 31 || 102 || 133 || 25 || 71 || 0.1 || 0.3 || 2.8 || 9.3 || 12.1 || 2.3 || 6.5
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 23 || 3 || 2 || 47 || 208 || 255 || 54 || 133 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 2.0 || 9.0 || 11.1 || 2.4 || 5.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 21 || 5 || 1 || 48 || 171 || 219 || 33 || 117 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 2.3 || 8.1 || 10.4 || 1.6 || 5.6
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 20 || 0 || 3 || 58 || 132 || 190 || 26 || 84 || 0.0|| 0.2 || 2.9 || 6.6 || 9.5 || 1.3 || 4.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2020
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 24 || 29 || 6 || 11 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 1.3 || 6.0 || 7.3 || 1.5 || 2.8
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 196
! 53
! 29
! 579
! 1559
! 2138
! 441
! 952
! 0.3
! 0.2
! 3.0
! 8.0
! 10.9
! 2.3
! 4.9
|}
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Geelong Football Club players
Sydney Swans players
Sydney Swans Premiership players
Greater Western Sydney Giants players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Kevin Sheedy Medal winners
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players |
63712831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Wechlin | Paul Wechlin | Paul Wechlin (10 February 1920 - 4 July 2013) was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel. He played as goalkeeper.
Wechlin played his youth football by FC Basel and joined the first team during their 1939–40 season under first team co-managers Walter Dietrich and Max Galler. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 10 September 1939 as Basel won 4–2 against Aarau.
During his time with Basel he shared the goalkeeping in the beginning with Kurt Imhof and Silvio Cinguetti later with Walter Müller. Between the years 1939 and 1949 Wechlin played a total of 80 games for Basel. 52 of these games were in the Nationalliga and 1. Liga, seven in the Swiss Cup and 21 were friendly games.
As was customary at that time, the players were amateurs and pursued a civil profession. Wechlin worked as a sign painter and later as a painter and decorator. After his active football career he served as referee until 1970. Welchlin lived all his life in the district Wettstein in Kleinbasel, close to Basels home stadium Landhof.
References
Sources
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
FC Basel players
Swiss footballers
Association football goalkeepers
1920 births
2013 deaths
Footballers from Basel |
41427383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0a%C5%A1i%C4%87 | Šašić | Šašić is a Serbian and Croatian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Milan Šašić (born 1958), Croatian football manager
Željko Šašić (born 1969), Serbian pop-folk singer.
Célia Šašić (née Okoyino da Mbabi; born 1988), German female footballer
Croatian surnames
Serbian surnames |
41125816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%20Faris | Pam Faris | Pam Faris (born February 15, 1957) is a former American politician from Michigan. Faris is a former Democratic member of Michigan House of Representatives for District 48 and a former Second Lady of Michigan.
Early life
On February 15, 1957, Faris was born in Flint, Michigan. In 1975, Faris graduated from Powers Catholic High School in Flint, Michigan.
Education
Faris earned an honorary Associate degree from Mott Community College in Flint, Michigan. Faris earned a Bachelor degree in Business Administration-Human Resources from Baker College in Flint, Michigan.
Career
Faris started her career at General Motors at Fisher Body. Faris was a case coordinator and a jury coordinator with the Genesee Circuit Court system. In 2003, Faris retired as a jury coordinator.
In 2008, Faris became the CEO of the MDP-MI Blue Tiger until 2009.
In 2010, Faris was appointed to become a member of the board of trustees for Mott Community College.
On November 6, 2012, Faris won the election and became a Democratic member of the Michigan House of Representatives for District 48. Faris defeated Jeffrey Woolman with 63.77% of the votes. On November 4, 2014, as an incumbent, Faris won the election and continued serving District 48. Faris defeated Stephanie K. Stikovich with 62.33% of the votes. On November 8, 2016, as an incumber, Far is won the election and continued serving District 48. Far is defeated Joseph Reno with 53.82% of the vote.
Awards
2019 Outstanding Alum Award. Presented by Mott Community College.
Personal life
Faris' husband is John D. Cherry Jr., a former Lieutenant Governor. They have two children, Meghan and John Cherry III. Faris and her family live in Clio, Michigan.
Faris' sister-in-law is Deborah Cherry, a politician in Michigan.
See also
2012 Michigan House of Representatives election
2014 Michigan House of Representatives election
2016 Michigan House of Representatives election
References
External links
Pam Faris at ballotpedia.org
Michigan House Democrats Profile
Pam Faris at ourcampaigns.com
Legislative website
2012 Genesee County Polls at mlive.com
Living people
1957 births
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Michigan Democrats
Women state legislators in Michigan
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
People from Flint, Michigan
People from Clio, Michigan |
18969804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka%2C%20Gmina%20Wola%20Krzysztoporska | Dąbrówka, Gmina Wola Krzysztoporska | Dąbrówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wola Krzysztoporska, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
References
Villages in Piotrków County |
6502840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l%20%C3%93%20S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in%20%28writer%29 | Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin (writer) | Mícheal Ó Súilleabháin (; 21 February 1917 – 4 November 2004) was an Irish writer.
He wrote Where Mountainy Men Have Sown, an account of the Irish War of Independence in County Cork. This appears to be one of the sources for the film The Wind That Shakes the Barley.
References
External links
on the book
Irish male non-fiction writers
1917 births
2004 deaths
20th-century Irish non-fiction writers
21st-century Irish non-fiction writers
People from County Kerry |
67398819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbe%2C%20Cameroon | Mbe, Cameroon | Mbe is a town and commune in Cameroon.
See also
Communes of Cameroon
References
Populated places in Adamawa Region
Communes of Cameroon |
58039314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20at%20the%202018%20European%20Athletics%20Championships | Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 2018 European Athletics Championships | Bosnia and Herzegovina competed at the 2018 European Athletics Championships in Berlin, Germany, from 6–12 August 2018. Bosnia and Herzegovina were represented by 6 athletes.
Results
Men
Track and road
Field events
See also
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 2018 European Championships
References
Nations at the 2018 European Athletics Championships
2018
European Athletics Championships |
51175572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%20Simons | Kai Simons | Kai Simons (born 24 May 1938) is a Finnish professor of biochemistry and cell biology and physician living and working in Germany. He introduced the concept of lipid rafts, as well as coined the term trans-Golgi network and proposed its role in protein and lipid sorting. The co-founder and co-organizer of EMBO, ELSO, Simons initiated the foundation of MPI-CBG, where he acted as a director (1998–2006) and a group-leader (until 2012). He is the co-founder and co-owner of Lipotype GmbH.
Biography
Kai Simons is the son of a physics professor. His father convinced him to study medicine, though he originally wanted to study physics. While studying at the University of Helsinki, Simons spent a summer internship in the Stockholm laboratory of Bengt Samuelsson There, he studied mechanisms of vitamin B12 absorption. He worked with other students to organize a campaign to fight taeniasis, a disease common in eastern Finland where eating raw fish is popular.
After completing his MD in 1964, he began a postdoctoral fellowship at Rockefeller University in New York City where he worked between 1966 and 1967 on blood serum protein polymorphism. He returned to Helsinki in 1967, where he began working as a Junior Investigator for the Finnish Medical Research Council at the University of Helsinki. He became a group leader in 1972 and was a biochemistry professor in 1971–79 at the medical faculty of this university At first, he continued his work on serum proteins. Next, together with Leevi Kääriäinen and Ossi Renkonen, he started a research team – later joined by Ari Helenius, his first PhD student and later a post doctoral researcher who became Simons' brother-in-law. After a one-month stay in MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology in Cambridge, the group started investigating a Semliki Forest virus, introduced to Simons by Kääriäinenem.
In 1975 Simons came to Heidelberg (Germany), as one of the EMBL group leaders. Together with Ari Helenius he helped to develop EMBL, headed at this time by John Kendrew. In years 1982–1998 Simons was a coordinator of the Cell Biology Program there. During this time he for the first time presented the concept of lipid rafts.
In 1999 he took part in setting up ELSO (later incorporated into EMBO), which later he presided over.
He was one of the initiators of establishing and building Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden (Germany), where he moved. Formally from 1998 (beginning of MPI-CBG construction) and practically from 2000 he was one of five institute's directors and also a group leader there Since 2006 he is a director emeritus.
In 2012 he started-up a biotech company Lipotype GmbH, where he is a CEO.
He is married to Carola Simons and a father of three: twins – Mikael (neurobiologist) and Katja (sociologist), and the youngest of three, Matias (physician).
Work
Early in his career, Kai Simons pursued research in the field of medical biochemistry. Both his master's thesis and postgraduate research focused on vitamin B12 absorption. After returning from his post-doc scholarship he continued research on vitamin B12 as well as on blood plasma proteins, but soon started investigating Semliki Forest virus, focusing on its membrane and its lipid composition and their role in the virus budding and its transport, as the model for lipid and protein secretion. During this period, Simons also investigated the application of detergents in biochemistry with a special attention to their role in biological membrane research.
The virus lifecycle and how it uses components of vesicular pathways while shuttling to the cell surface, turned Simons' attention toward vesicular transport pathways and cell polarization. Applying epithelial model cells – MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney), he investigated lipid transport, protein sorting and their role in polarizing cells.
In these studies, he described the role of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in protein and lipid sorting according to their destination. In his works from 1988, together with Gerit van Meer, Simons proposed the existence of lipid microdomains in cell membranes for the first time. Such microdomains differ in their composition from the surrounding membrane and have special functions. Simons coined the term 'lipid rafts' to describe these microdomains. This concept was developed over the years to be presented more fully in 1997 in Nature journal by Simons and Ikonen. This paper became one of the most frequently cited works in the field of membrane research. Other Simons' paper, on role of lipid rafts in the signal transduction is second highest cited work and Simons is fourth highest cited scientist in the field of signal transduction. Kai Simons was also recognized by ISI Web of Knowledge, as one of the most cited scientist ever.
In subsequent years, Simons continued to work on the role of lipid rafts, and more generally lipids, in cell polarization and protein sorting. He was interested also in the role of lipids and protein sorting in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in Alzheimer's disease.
His scientific record includes more than 350 scientific articles, mostly in the field of biochemistry, molecular organization of the cell, and biochemistry and physiology of a cell membrane.
Considering his work from years 1996–2007 tracked until May 2009, Simons was 12. in the list of the most frequently cited scientists in the field cell biology with 90 articles and 16,299 citations.
Honours and awards
Kai Simons honours and awards include:
1975 Federation of European Biochemical Society Anniversary Prize
1984 Honorary Professor, University of Heidelberg, Germany
1989 Lamport Visiting Professor (Columbia, New York)
1990 Histochemical Society Lecture
1990 Keith R. Porter Lecture, American Society of Cell Biology
1991 Anders Jahre Prize for Medical Research
1991 NICHD Lectureship in Cell Biology
1993 Carl Zeiss Lecture, German Society for Cell Biology
1994 Harvey Society Lecture
1996 Dunham Lecturer, Harvard University
1996 Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1997 Academia Europaea
1997 Adam Neville Lecture, University of Dundee, UK
1997 Foreign Member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
1997 Runeberg Prize, Finland
1998 Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
1998 Choh Hao Li Memorial Lecture in Biochemical Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley
1999 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oulu, Finland
2000 President of the European Life Scientist Organisation
2001 Honorary member of the German Society for Cell Biology
2001 ISI Highly cited researcher
2001 Schleiden Medal of Academy Leopoldina
2002 Hoppe-Seyler Lecture, Society of Biology and Molecular Biology Germany
2003 Albert Wander Prize, University of Bern, Switzerland
2003 Matti Äyräpää Prize, Finland
2003 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Leuven, Belgium
2003 Honorary Professor at TU Dresden
2003 Prix Mondial Nessim Habif, University of Geneva, Switzerland
2004 Virchow Lecture and Medal, University of Würzburg, Germany
2005 Foundation Day Lecture, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
2005 van Deenen Medal, Utrecht, The Netherlands
2006 A.I. Virtanen Medal, Finland
2006 Honorary member of the Societas Biochemica, Biophysica et Microbiologica Fenniae
2007 Order of Merit of the Free State of Saxony
2010 Doctor honoris causa, University of Kuopio, Finland
2011 Doctor honoris causa, University of Geneva, Switzerland
2016 Robert Koch Medal
Kai Simons was and is also a member of numerous societies, committees and organisations, as well as an editor for several scientific journals.
References
External links
iBiology videos by Kai Simons about lipids, lipid rafts and cellular trafficking
Part 1: The role of lipids in organizing the cellular traffic.
Part 2: Lipid rafts as a membrane organizing principle
Part 3: Biogenesis of glycolipid-rich apical membranes
Academic personnel of the University of Helsinki
Biochemistry educators
Finnish businesspeople
Living people
1938 births
Finnish biochemists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Finnish expatriates in Germany
Finnish expatriates in the United States
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Free State of Saxony
Schleiden Medal recipients |
61542390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida%20de%20las%20Camelias | Avenida de las Camelias | Avenida de las Camelias is a military march of Argentine infantry composed in 1915 by the Captain of the Symphonic Band of the 6th Division of the Argentine Army Pedro Maranesi. It is totally instrumental and is usually played with bass drums and trumpets. Due to its vigorous rhythm, it has become one of the main marches of the Argentine Armed Forces and is currently performed in parades and ceremonies by them. The Band of the Artillery Group 1 Brigadier General Iriarte, interpreting the march.
History
In 1915, in the place called "Campo del Durazno" located in Rosario de la Frontera (Salta Province), the 5th Army Division was performing military maneuvers when they had the need to open a street, to which they called "Avenida de las Camelias", probably because of the flower called "Camellia". This fact inspired the leader of the symphonic band of that division, Pedro Maranesi, to compose a march on the patch of a bass drum. As a tribute, he named the newly created street.
The march quickly became popular, since then being sung in numerous parades and internal activities of the force. Its popularity led it to be intoned by the musical bands of the armies of various countries including Germany and Poland, next to the March of San Lorenzo is one of the most popular military marches in the country. It was used profusely between 1976 and 1983 by the self-styled National Reorganization Process military dictatorship that was then running the country.
See also
San Lorenzo march
References
1915 songs
Argentine military marches |
7373084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden%20at%20the%201968%20Winter%20Olympics | Sweden at the 1968 Winter Olympics | Sweden competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Men's slalom
Women
Biathlon
Men
1 One minute added per close miss (a hit in the outer ring), two minutes added per complete miss.
Men's 4 x 7.5 km relay
2 A penalty loop of 200 metres had to be skied per missed target.
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Men
Men's 4 × 10 km relay
Women
Women's 3 x 5 km relay
Figure skating
Men
Ice hockey
Summary
Medal Round
Sweden – USA 4:3 (0:0, 4:2, 0:1)
Goalscorers: Nilsson, Wickberg, Hedlund, Bengsston – Falkman, Lilyholm, Nanne.
Referees: McEvoy, Kubinec (CAN)
Sweden – West Germany 5:4 (4:3, 0:0, 1:1)
Goalscorers: Svedberg, Lundström, Nordlander, Olsson, Öberg – Kuhn, Hanig, Reif, Kopf.
Referees: Kořínek, Bucala (TCH)
Sweden – East Germany 5:2 (1:0, 2:1, 2:1)
Goalscorers: Hedlund 2, Wickberg, Lundström, Henriksson – Plotka, Fuchs.
Referees: Seglin (URS), Wycisk (POL)
Sweden – Finland 5:1 (1:0, 2:1, 2:0)
Goalscorers: Wickberg 2, Granholm, Nillsson, Bengsston – Oksanen.
Referees: Kubinec (CAN), Kořínek (TCH)
USSR – Sweden 3:2 (1:1, 0:0, 2:1)
Goalscorers: Firsov 2, Blinov – Öberg, Svedberg.
Referees: Kubinec (CAN), Kořínek (TCH)
Sweden – Canada 0:3 (0:2, 0.0, 0:1)
Goalscorers: Johnston, G. Pinder, O‘Shea.
Referees: Sillankorva (FIN), Kořínek (TCH)
Czechoslovakia – Sweden 2:2 (1:1, 1:0, 0:1)
Goalscorers: Golonka, Hrbatý – Bengtsson, Henriksson.
Referees: Trumble (USA), Sillankorva (FIN)
Contestants
4. SWEDEN
Goaltenders: Leif Holmqvist, Hans Dahllöf.
Defence: Arne Carlsson, Nils Johansson, Bert-Olov Nordlander, Lars-Erik Sjöberg, Roland Stoltz, Lennart Svedberg.
Forwards: Folke Bengtsson, Svante Granholm, Henric Hedlund, Leif Henriksson, Tord Lundström, Lars-Göran Nilsson, Roger Olsson, Björn Palmqvist, Håkan Wickberg, Carl-Göran Öberg.
Coach: Arne Strömberg.
Luge
Men
(Men's) Doubles
Women
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
Women
References
Olympic Winter Games 1968, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1968 Winter Olympics
1968 |
12962782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit%20art | Inuit art | Inuit art, also known as Eskimo art, refers to artwork produced by Inuit, that is, the people of the Arctic previously known as Eskimos, a term that is now often considered offensive. Historically, their preferred medium was walrus ivory, but since the establishment of southern markets for Inuit art in 1945, prints and figurative works carved in relatively soft stone such as soapstone, serpentinite, or argillite have also become popular.
The Winnipeg Art Gallery has the largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art in the world. In 2007, the Museum of Inuit Art opened in Toronto, but closed due to lack of resources in 2016.
History
Pre-Dorset and Dorset cultures
Around 4000 BCE nomads known as the Pre-Dorset or the Arctic small tool tradition (ASTT) crossed over the Bering Strait from Siberia into Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, and Labrador. Very little remains of them, and only a few preserved artifacts carved in ivory could be considered works of art. The Dorset culture, which became culturally distinct around 600 BCE, produced a significant amount of figurative art in the mediums of walrus ivory, bone, caribou antler, and on rare occasion stone. Subjects included birds, bears, walruses, seals, and human figures, as well as remarkably small masks. The Dorsets depicted bears and other animals in ivory with lines indicating their skeletal system incised on the surface of the ivory; bears in such a style are known as "flying bears". These items had a magical or religious significance, and were either worn as amulets to ward off evil spirits, or used in the Inuit religion.
Ipiutak culture
The Ipiutak culture seems to represent a classical period of Inuit development. The artwork is extremely elaborate, incorporating geometric, animal, and anthropomorphic designs.
Thule culture
Around 1000 CE, the people of the Thule culture, ancestors of today's Inuit, migrated from northern Alaska and either displaced or slaughtered the earlier Dorset inhabitants. Thule art had a definite Alaskan influence, and included utilitarian objects such as combs, buttons, needle cases, cooking pots, ornate spears and harpoons. The graphic decorations incised on them were purely ornamental, bearing no religious significance, but to make the objects used in everyday life appealing.
All Inuit utensils, tools and weapons were made by hand from natural materials: stone, bone, ivory, antler, and animal hides. Nomadic people could take very little else with them besides the tools of their daily living; non-utilitarian objects were also carved in miniature so that they could be carried around or worn, such as delicate earrings, dance masks, amulets, fetish figures, and intricate combs and figures which were used to tell legends and objectify their religion and oral history.
16th century
In the 16th century Inuit began to barter with European whalers, missionaries and other visitors to the North for tea, weapons or alcohol. Items previously produced as decorative tools or amulets for the angakkuq (shaman), such as carvings of animals and hunting or camping scenes, became trade commodities. Inuit artists also began producing ivory miniatures specifically as trade goods, to decorate European rifles, tools, boats, and musical instruments. Cribbage boards and carved walrus and narwhal tusks were intended for the whalers. Missionaries encouraged the use of Christian imagery, which was accepted to a limited extent.
Since 1945
Traditionally, Inuit carved objects for decoration, use in games, religious purposes, or self-amusement. However the nature and functions of Inuit carvings changed rapidly after contact with European and European-Canadian society. This change accelerated after around 1949, when Inuit began settling into communities, and the Canadian government began to encourage a carving industry as a source of income for the Inuit. The art changed markedly from the form which prevailed in the past, in size, media, motif, and style.
The Government of Canada's encouragement of commercial carving was initially heavy-handed, as is most clearly shown by the pamphlet "Eskimo Handicrafts", circulated among Inuit communities in the early 1950s. Intended to provide inspiration to Inuit sculptors, this pamphlet depicted artifacts in the collection of the Canadian Museum of Civilization; many of the objects pictured, such as totem poles, were not germane to Inuit culture.
The first generation of Inuit artists in Kinngait (formerly Cape Dorset) in the 1940s and 1950s sold their carvings to the Baffin Trading Company (1939–1946) and the Hudson's Bay Company. The West Baffin Eskimo Cooperative was founded in Kinngait in 1959 and became the primary purchaser of arts and craft items.
Types
Block printing
James Archibald Houston, who had helped attract the attention of the Canadian Handicrafts Guild to Inuit carving in the late 1940s, travelled to Kinngait, then called Cape Dorset on Baffin Island in 1951 and introduced printmaking to the artists' repertoire there. Figures of animals and hunters, family scenes, and mythological imagery became popular. By the 1960s, co-operatives were set up in most Inuit communities, and the Inuit art market began to flourish.
From 2018 to 2019, the University of Michigan Museum of Art exhibited Inuit block prints, in an exhibitions called The Power Family Program for Inuit Art: Tillirnanngittuq (curated by Marion "Mame" Jackson, in collaboration with Pat Feheley). Tillirnannqittuq means "unexpected" in Inuktitut, and the show featured Kenojuak Ashevak, Lucy Qinnuayuak, Niviaksiak, Osuitok Ipeelee, Kananginak Pootoogook, and Johnny Inukpuk.
Since the early 1950s, when Inuit graphic styles such as stenciling and block printing were being developed, some Inuit artists have adopted a polished style rooted in naturalism. Other artists, such as John Pangnark, have developed a style that is highly abstract. Both styles are generally used to depict traditional beliefs or animals.
Stone is a common choice for block printing, but its availability and the fact that the printmakers were often carvers familiar with the stone made it a good choice. During the mid-1980s one of the printmakers, Iyola, who owned a pool hall, experimented with slate made for pool tables and since that time this type of slate has been used for printmaking. Prior to that, stone from the region including steatite and talc stone were used.
The final print is a collaboration between the printer/stone carver and the artist. The printer makes some artistic decisions regarding the final product. For example, if the original drawing has a lot of thin lines or intricacies, the printer/carver must alter the drawing in order to make it possible to carve it into stone. Specific aspects of the drawing may be altered in order to fit onto the stone. In one instance the neck of a duck had to be shortened, in another only a portion of the artist's original drawing was selected for reproduction.
Drawing
Before the arrival of James Houston to the Arctic in the late 1940s, the Inuit did not have a tradition of drawing images on paper. Artists produced drawings and sold them to the local co-operative or print studio, which would determine the selection of images that would be made into prints. Houston encouraged artists to depict the traditional Inuit way of life in their drawings. Kinngait-based Pitseolak Ashoona was one of the first Inuit artists to explicitly include autobiographical content in her works. She had an important artistic influence on her granddaughter, Annie Pootoogook, who, through her vivid drawings of everyday life in the North, played a pivotal role in establishing Inuit art as a contemporary art form.
Fashion
Inuit clothing has long been a means of artistic expression for Inuit seamstresses, who historically employed decorative techniques like ornamental trim and inlay, dye and other colouring methods, decorative attachments like pendants and beadwork, and design motifs, integrating and adapting new techniques and materials as they were introduced by cultural contact.
Modern Inuit fashion is a subset of the wider Indigenous American fashion movement. Contemporary Inuit and northern designers use a mix of contemporary and traditional materials to create garments in both traditional and modern silhouettes. Many designers also make jewellery from local or sustainable materials such as bone. The work of fashion designer Victoria Kakuktinniq, who focuses on parkas with traditional styling, has been cited as a major influence in the modernization of Inuit fashion. Some designers center aspects of Inuit culture through the visual design of their products, including prints with traditional tools, contemporary northern food products, and geometric designs that originated with traditional Inuit tattooing.
Sculpture
Inuit sculptures had been produced prior to contact with the Western world. They were small-scale and made of ivory. In 1951, James Houston encouraged Inuit in Kinngait to produce stone carvings. It was mostly men who took up carving. Oviloo Tunnillie was one of the few women to work in sculpture and to garner a national reputation. Today, Inuit continue to carve pieces entirely by hand. Power tools are occasionally used, but most artists prefer to use an axe and file, as this gives them more control over the stone. The final stage of carving is the polishing, which is done with several grades of waterproof sandpaper, and hours and hours of rubbing. The most common material is now soapstone, serpentine, either deposits from the Arctic, which range from black to light green in colour, or orange-red imports from Brazil. Other material used in Inuit sculptures include, caribou antlers, ivory from marine mammals, and the bone of various animals.
Inuit Art Society
The Inuit Art Society, of which most members are in the Midwestern United States, was established in 2003. Their mission is "To provide education about and support for the culture, art forms, and artists of the Arctic." There are approximately 100 dues-paying members. Their two-day annual meetings "include native Inuit artists from Canada, knowledgeable speakers about Inuit art and culture, a Marketplace where Inuit art can be purchased, and ample time to meet or reconnect with attendees. Most meetings also include a tour of a private collection near the meeting site and/or an opportunity for a private tour of a public collection."
Notable Inuit artists
Manasie Akpaliapik
Germaine Arnaktauyok
Aron of Kangeq
Karoo Ashevak
Kenojuak Ashevak
Pitseolak Ashoona
Shuvinai Ashoona
Siasi Atitu
Alootook Ipellie
Osuitok Ipeelee
Josephina Kalleo
Helen Kalvak
Simeonie Keenainak
Siassie Kenneally
Ruben Komangapik
Floyd Kuptana
Andy Miki
Annie Niviaxie
Jessie Oonark
John Pangnark
Parr
David Ruben Piqtoukun
Peter Pitseolak
Timootee (Tim) Pitsiulak
Annie Pootoogook
Kananginak Pootoogook
Pudlo Pudlat
Andrew Qappik
Lissie Saggiak
Pauta Saila
Nick Sikkuark
Joe Talirunili
Tanya Tagaq
Ningiukulu Teevee
Irene Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq
John Tiktak
Simon Tookoome
Ovilu Tunnillie
Marion Tuu'luq
Natar Ungalaaq
See also
Alaska Native art
Arctic Experience McNaught Gallery
Art Gallery of Ontario
North America Native Museum
Inukshuk
List of Inuit
List of indigenous artists of the Americas
List of Greenlandic artists
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
Sources
References
Blodgett, Jean (1991). In Cape Dorset We Do It This Way: Three Decades of Inuit Printmaking. Ontario: McMichael.
External links
The Canadian Museum of Civilization – Historic Inuit Art
Gallery of Dorset culture art from the Canadian Museum of Civilization
Inuit Artists Print Database, National Gallery of Canada
Ulluriat, online showcase of Inuit art, National Gallery of Canada
Ron Gould fonds at the National Gallery of Canada
Inuit Art Society, an organization of collectors and enthusiasts
Watch The Living Stone and Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak online
Central Arctic collections, National Museum of the American Indian
Eastern Arctic collections, National Museum of the American Indian
Greenlandic collections, National Museum of the American Indian
Native paths: American Indian art from the collection of Charles and Valerie Diker, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on and examples of Inuit art
Symbols of Authenticity: Challenging the Static Imposition of Minority Identities through the Case Study of Contemporary Inuit Art
Canadian culture
Canadian art
Indigenous art in Canada
Indigenous art of the Americas |
2555804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question%20in%20the%20Form%20of%20an%20Answer | Question in the Form of an Answer | Question In The Form Of An Answer is the second studio album by the People Under the Stairs. Recorded following their first world tour, the album was their first release on Om Records (the label would later re-release the duo's first album the following year). The release spawned three singles, each selling their entire first pressing run of 15,000 copies, and a second world tour.
Background
In 1999, People Under The Stairs signed a four-album deal with Om Records, and the title of their second album, Question in the Form of an Answer, came to them while driving up to San Francisco to meet with the Om staff. Om offered them a cash advance on the record deal, and the group immediately went to a local record store, Groove Merchant, and used the money to buy a large number of records, several of which would contain samples that wound up being used on the record.
Recording
Planned as a logical extension of their first record, Question in the Form of an Answer opened with the same music sample that the previous album closed on. Also similar to the first album, Question... was self-recorded at Thes One's Los Angeles home, and utilized the same instrumentation - namely, Thes One's Akai MPC3000 and Double K's E-mu SP-1200.
Despite the similarities, the music departed from the sound of the debut album. Thes One and Double K's knowledge of sampling techniques had grown during the intervening years between the first two albums, and the music on their second release contained more complex filtering techniques, sound manipulation, and analogue recording techniques. "Earth Travelers", the first music track made for the album, incorporates a large number of layers, including high- and low-pass filters, resonance, horn loops, and drum loops. The creation of a portion of the track can be seen on the bonus DVD which accompanies PUTS' 2006 release Stepfather.
The lyrics also toned down the more aggressive themes and battle rap sensibilities of their first album, and instead, the rhymes covered topics including record collecting, recreational drinking and marijuana use (which was at its peak for the group during the recording of this album), and making music. This album also contained fewer guest MCs than The Next Step, and every record since Question... has continued this practice.
In the same manner as "San Francisco Knights" from the group's first album, People Under The Stairs decided to include a true personal story, "July 3rd", on their second release as well. On July 3, 1999, Thes One was hit by a minivan while crossing the street at the corner of W 3rd St and S Hobart Blvd in Los Angeles, and the driver of the minivan attempted to kidnap him and drive away. Several bystanders, including a video store security guard stopped the man, and a bloodied Thes One was taken to the hospital.
This album is the only People Under The Stairs release to contain a hidden track. The hidden track on this album consists of two minutes of "shout outs" to friends and fellow hip hop artists.
Reception
The album received positive, but subdued, reviews upon its release. Entertainment Weekly called the album "intelligent and funky", and AllMusic dubbed Question... "a very solid hip-hop album from top to bottom". PopMatters was much more enthusiastic in its review, calling PUTS' second album "a thoroughly fresh celebration of hip-hop" and "a funky blast of fresh air".
Track listing
All songs written by Christopher "Thes One" Portugal and Michael "Double K" Turner, except where noted.
†The track "Fredly Advice" is only 1:46, with a hidden bonus track occurring at the 6-minute mark.
References
External links
Official People Under The Stairs Website
Official Question in the Form of an Answer lyrics page on The Point of the Rhyme
2000 albums
People Under the Stairs albums
Om Records albums |
47900700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie | Voie | Voie is a neighbourhood in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. The neighborhood is located in the borough of Vågsbygd and in the district of Voiebyen. Voie lies along Norwegian County Road 456 and County Road 457. The only road to the island of Andøya goes past the neighborhood of Voie. It lies northwest of Møvik and northeast of Steindalen.
References
Geography of Kristiansand
Neighbourhoods of Kristiansand |
29807958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Max%20Hartwell | Ronald Max Hartwell | Ronald Max Hartwell (1921–2009) was an Australian-born liberal economic historian of the British Industrial Revolution.
Hartwell's first academic appointment was at University of New outh Wales (1950–56), where he held the chair of economic history. This was followed by a readership in recent economic and social history at the University of Oxford, and then as a professorial fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford, 1956–77 (emeritus 1977). He served as the editor of the Economic History Review from 1960 through 1968. From his retirement in 1977, Hartwell served as visiting professor of economics at the University of Virginia every fall semester into the early 1990s, and often spent the spring semester at the University of Chicago in a similar capacity.
His article "The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800–1850" in the Economic History Review generated a great deal of controversy. Hartwell's view that industrialisation had immeasurably improved the lot of the poor was in contrast to the prevailing opinion, notably that of Eric Hobsbawn, that stressed the damaging economic effects industrialization on the poor.
He was a member and – from 1992 to 1994, president – of the Mont Pelerin Society.
Publications
The Economic Development of Van Diemen's Land, 1820–1850 (1954)
"The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800–1850" (1961)
The causes of the Industrial Revolution in England (Introduction) (1967)
The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth (1971)
References
Festschrifts
O'Brien, Patrick and Quinault, Roland. eds, (1993) The Industrial Revolution and British Society: Festschrift for R.M. Hartwell, Cambridge University Press
James, John A. and Thomas, Mark eds (1994) Capitalism in context: essays on economic development and cultural change in honor of R.M. Hartwell, University of Chicago Press
1921 births
2009 deaths
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
20th-century Australian historians
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom |
19051761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Scrivener | Glen Scrivener | Glen Scrivener (born July 14, 1967) is a former professional Canadian football defensive tackle, playing in the Canadian Football League for 12 seasons. He played for five different teams from 1990-2001 while notably winning the Grey Cup with the BC Lions in 1994. He played college football at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri for the Cardinals.
Professional career
Glen Scrivener was drafted in the first round by the Saskatchewan Roughriders with the third overall pick in the 1990 CFL Draft. He was traded to the BC Lions in 1992, and played for the 1994 Lions club that won the 82nd Grey Cup. He had a chance for a second Grey Cup in 1996, during his first stint with the Edmonton Eskimos, but the team fell to Toronto in the 84th Grey Cup game.
In 1998, Scrivener was the recipient of the Tom Pate Memorial Award, awarded to the athlete who best represents Pate's legacy of commitment both to team and community. Scrivener, then playing for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, became the first member of the club to receive the award. Among Scrivener's off-field contributions through the years has been participation in Allstars Baseball, a group of professional athletes and occasionally other celebrities who play benefit softball games for charities such as the Special Olympics and Variety Club.
Scrivener was one of the sources The Winnipeg Free Press quoted for a November 23, 2008, article on the rigours of professional football. The piece by Randy Turner, dubbed "The Killing Field: Pro football offers fame and glory, but the price is terrible," was prompted by the death at age 46 of former Blue Bombers offensive lineman Nick Benjamin. Scrivener noted he had undergone 18 orthopedic surgeries. Said Scrivener: "There are mornings when I get out of bed (and feel pain) and I'll say, 'Yeah, I remember that. That was B.C. Place. I remember getting hit by (former Lions offensive lineman) Jamie Taras when he shortened my neck. Or you've got turf toe on one foot so you can only wear certain types of shoes now. No more cowboy boots. There's constant reminders of when you used to play. Some of them are really positive, when people come up and say, 'Hey, I used to be a season-ticket holder and sat behind the bench. I thought I recognized you.' That's a good thing. But I can't remember the last time I ran because I wanted to."
Retirement
Since retirement, Scrivener works in the propane business in Manitoba. He currently sits on the board of directors of both the Winnipeg Blue Bomber Alumni and Winnipeg Rifles Junior Football Club.
Personal life
Scrivener's late father, Harvey Scrivener, was a Winnipeg Blue Bombers executive. Scrivener's brother, Colin, also played in the CFL and the pair were both members of the 1997 Winnipeg Blue Bombers.
References
1967 births
Living people
BC Lions players
Canadian football defensive linemen
Edmonton Elks players
Players of Canadian football from Manitoba
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Toronto Argonauts players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players |
5098532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Diego%20California%20Temple | San Diego California Temple |
The San Diego California Temple is the 47th constructed and 45th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located near the La Jolla community of San Diego, it was built with two main spires, but unique to this temple are four smaller spires at the base of each main spire. The East spire is topped with the familiar Angel Moroni statue which adorns most LDS temples.
History
The San Diego Temple was announced on April 7, 1984, and dedicated on April 25, 1993 by Gordon B. Hinckley. The temple was built on a plot, has 4 ordinance rooms and 8 sealing rooms, and has a total floor area of .
Although there is no visitors' center, the church maintains the Mormon Battalion Historic Site in Old Town, San Diego.
In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the San Diego California Temple was temporarily closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Presidents
Notable temple presidents include J. Clifford Wallace (1998-1999); Joe J. Christensen (1999–2002); and David E. Sorensen (2005–08).
Gallery
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in California
References
External links
San Diego California Temple Official site
San Diego California Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
A website with several photos of the interior of the temple.
Website dedicated to the San Diego Temple
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in San Diego
Religious buildings and structures in San Diego County, California
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1993
Temples (LDS Church) in California
1993 establishments in California |
55330885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Table%20Tennis%20Board | South African Table Tennis Board | The South African Table Tennis Board (SATTB) is the national governing body responsible for table tennis in South Africa. The organisation has been affiliated to both the ITTF (International Table Tennis Federation) since 1950, and the African Table Tennis Federation. SATTB is based in Pretoria.
History
The unification between the then South African Table Tennis Union (SATTU) founded in 1939 and the South African Table Tennis Board (SATTB) established in 1948 occurred in 1991. SATTU got affiliated to South African National Olympic Committee (SANOC) and the Confederation of South African Sports (COSAS), while SATTB got affiliated to the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), African Table Tennis Federation (ATTF), and National Olympic Sports Congress (NOSC). SATTB was a member of both the ITTF and ATTF during the apartheid-era period of isolation.
Subsequent to unification, South Africa received two wild cards to the 1992 Summer Olympics with Louis Boha (SATTU) and Cheryl Roberts (SATTB) as representatives. SATTB is registered with SASCOC as the officially recognised governing body.
See also
Sport in South Africa
References
External links
SATTB official website
Table tennis in South Africa
National members of the International Table Tennis Federation
Table tennis
1948 establishments in South Africa |
43473254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaala%20Samrajya | Kaala Samrajya | Kaala Samrajya is a 1999 Hindi language Indian film directed by Deepak Bahry, and starring Sunil Shetty, Monica Bedi and Amrish Puri.
Plot
Mob boss Kaalkeshwar Singh (Amrish Puri) has an issue with a fellow mobster who wants to expand his own sphere of influence. During a confrontation, Albert (Deepak Shirke) attempts to shoot Kaalkeshwar, but due to the intervention of Arjun (Sunil Shetty), Albert is himself killed. Appreciative, Kaalkeshwar asks Arjun to spend some time on his estate out of town. He learns that Arjun's girlfriend, Maria (Mahru Sheikh), had had then killed herself out of shame after having been molested by Albert. Her death has been now avenged. Kaalkeshwar introduces Ajun to his subdued and submissive wife, Monica (Monica Bedi). Unknown to Ajun, Kaalkeshwar is extremely jealous, and had even killed a man for simply shaking her hand and complimenting her. His anger is unimaginable when he learned that his house guest Ajun and his wife Monica have begun an affair.
Cast
Sunil Shetty as Arjun
Monica Bedi as Monica Singh
Amrish Puri as Kaalkeshwar Singh
Deepak Shirke as Albert
Jaspal Bhatti as Johnny Guide
Tej Sapru as Kaalkeshwar's Employee
Shiva Rindani as Kaalkeshwar's Employee
Jack Gaud as Kaalkeshwar's Employee
Mushtaq Khan as Seth Mayawala
Brijesh Tiwari as Nagpal
Raja Duggal as Mathur
Sheeba as Chandni
Mahru Sheikh as Maria
Arun Bakshi
Harish Patel
Gavin Packard
Ritu Shivpuri as Hot item number in “Aao Na”
Music
"Aaj Peene De Sharabi" - Bela Sulakhe, Bali Brahmbhatt
"Koi Hai Diwana Dil Me Kisi Ke Dil Me Hai Masti" - Arun Bakshi, Suneeta Rao
"Aao Na Aag Se Bhuja Lo" (The Sexiest Song) - Jaspinder Narula
"O My Love" - Parvez, Hema Sardesai
"Parda Hata De" - Kavita Krishnamurthy
"Tum Kaali Ho" - Abhijeet
References
External links
1999 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Anand–Milind
Films directed by Deepak Bahry |
46655002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamayani%20Express | Kamayani Express | Kamayani Express (train nos 11071/11072) is a daily Express train run by Indian Railways between Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus and . It is the only train of Central Railways that runs from Mumbai to Varanasi via Bhopal. Kamayani Express coaches are converted from ICF coach to new LHB coach.
On 4 August 2015, this train was involved in this Harda twin train derailment in Madhya Pradesh.
Service and schedule
The train starts daily from Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak terminus station and from Varanasi Junction, covering the total distance of in approximately 30 hours 45 minutes.
Route and stations
This train passes through 43 intermediate stations including , Nashik Road, ,Raver , and Prayagraj Junction.
Coach and rake
Kamayani Express has no rake-sharing arrangement with any other trains. The train is pulled by WAP-7 from Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Varanasi and vice versa. The train has 11 sleeper, 4 Third AC,1 Second AC,1 First AC conditioned and 2 general class coaches.
Accident
4 August 2015: The Kamayani Express and the Rajendra Nagar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Janta Express overturn at the same spot in Madhya Pradesh on 4 August 2015. Because of same around 25 people have killed.
In this critical incident where the Kamayani Express from Mumbai to Varanasi and the Patna to Mumbai Janata Express overturned close to the Kudawa railway station, about 30 kilometers from the basic Harda district of the southwestern Madhya Pradesh, around 25 people have died and more than 50 were injured.
The accident takes place around midnight at the bridge number 648/1 that is on the Machan River, where the level of water was really high because of heavy rainfall. After cutting off the derailed coaches, the Kamayani Express was taken to the closest station that is Bhirangi railway station.
More than 300 Kamayani Express passengers were rescued after this major accident. As per the officer, six coached of this Kamayani Express and three coaches along with the engine of Janata Express were derailed on 4 August, Tuesday night.
The Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Railway PRO have announced that the deceased families will get around ₹2 lakh as exgratia and those who are injured badly will get around ₹50000 from the Central Government. Those who have minor injuries will also get ₹25000.
References
External links
12681 Time Table & Live Train Status
12682 Time Table & Live Train Status
Named passenger trains of India
Rail transport in Maharashtra
Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh
Passenger trains originating from Varanasi
Transport in Mumbai
Express trains in India |
57430648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rfx%20family%20member%208%2C%20lacking%20rfx%20dna%20binding%20domain | Rfx family member 8, lacking rfx dna binding domain | RFX family member 8, lacking RFX DNA binding domain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFX8 gene.
References
Further reading |
36147275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Chun-young | An Chun-young | An Chun-Young (born 1 July 1944) is a Korean former wrestler who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers of South Korea
Wrestlers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
South Korean male sport wrestlers
20th-century South Korean people |
50237020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Bybys | Los Bybys | Los Bybys are a Mexican musical group playing in the genres of Cumbia and Tropical. Originating in the town of Tequixquiac they began playing in 1991, and became locally successful, eventually touring also outside of Mexico. Among their hits are “Llorar llorar”, “Corazón barato” and “Esa mujer”. Among the band members are Sergio Ramírez Prado, the lead singer. In 2015 the band's percussionist Édgar Octavio Ramírez Prado disappeared in December 2015 and was found dead in a sewage pool several months later.
References
Mexican musical groups
Tequixquiac |
44270787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20Slovak%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Singles | 2014 Slovak Open – Singles | Peter Gojowczyk won the title, beating Farrukh Dustov 7–6(7–2), 6–3.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
Slovak Open - Singles
2014 Singles |
17064024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Siemaszko | Władysław Siemaszko | Władysław Siemaszko (born 8 June 1919) is a Polish publicist and lawyer, former member of the Polish resistance Armia Krajowa (AK), author of numerous publications focusing on the massacres of Poles in Volhynia. He is the father of writer Ewa Siemaszko, co-author of Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–45 (The Genocide Committed by the Ukrainian Nationalists on Polish Citizens of Volhynia in 1939–45) consisting of two volumes of 1500 pages of research.
Life
Siemaszko was born in Curitiba, Brazil, to a Polish diplomat who was sent there by the Second Polish Republic to a diplomatic post. Władysław moved with his family back to Poland in 1924, and settled in Wołyń Voivodeship. The Siemaszko family had lived in Volhynia since January Uprising of 1863, after which Wladyslaw's grandfather bought some land from the Ukrainians in the area of Volodymyr-Volynskyi.
Władysław Siemaszko joined the 27th Volhynian Division of the Home Army (AK) during World War II and remained in Volhynia until 1944. In 1940, the Soviet authorities captured and sentenced him to death, but reduced the sentence to 10–year imprisonment. Initially Siemaszko was imprisoned by NKVD in Lutsk, until the Nazi German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941. Siemaszko managed to survive the massacres of Polish political prisoners carried out by the retreating Soviet military units and the NKVD. In 1945, Siemaszko was arrested again by the Soviets and transferred over to Polish communist authorities. He was imprisoned for two years in Poland until 1947 and released in 1949. Siemaszko graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University of Kraków and became a legal advisor and defence lawyer.
Work
Siemiaszko's first research project based on witness accounts related to the Volhynian massacres of Poles began in mid 80s. It was inspired by the initiatives of the surviving community of combatants of the 27th Volhynian Division of AK, and the apparent lack of historical documentation resulting in numerous misconceptions. Initially, Władysław Siemiaszko was asked to assist military historian Józef Turowski of the Polish Society of War Veterans, gathering materials for a memorial project. Turowski died on July 24, 1989, before their collaborative work, kept unpublished for four years by the authorities, became first available in Poland in 1990 as limited edition print.
Subsequently, Władysław with his daughter Ewa Siemaszko, in their own ten-year-long research project went on to document murders committed on Polish citizens by Ukrainian Insurgents in some 1,865 villages and towns of Volhynia during the Nazi and Soviet occupations. Their books were based on witness accounts, court documents including transcripts from trials of Ukrainian war criminals, as well as the Polish national archives and statistical censuses. They were published and distributed by a Polish non-governmental organization KARTA Center. The Siemiaszkos' collaborative work continues. In 2010 the Institute of National Remembrance (Bulletin No. 7–8, 116–117) published an overview of their joint research with the following up-to-date table of collected data.
Discourse
According to the Ukrainian historian, Yaroslav Tsaruk, who studied the materials collected by the Siemaszkos, the number of ethnic Poles given by them, in some of the villages he is familiar with, does not correspond with the Ukrainian statistical data. According to Tsaruk, the Siemaszkos included in the number of Polish casualties those who emigrated before the commencement of hostilities, and included population points which were never separate administrative units, thus enlarging the number of Polish inhabitants while minimizing the Ukrainian casualties. Tsaruk claims that in the Volodymyr region initially there were attacks on Ukrainian villages by Polish-German police which were retaliated in self-defence. He writes that according to the Siemaszkos 1,915 Poles died in the hands of Ukrainian Nationalists in that area, but according to him – only 430. The Siemaszkos replied in their monograph by saying, that this type of criticism is based on statements made by Ukrainian villagers today, decades after the war ended. Therefore, the discrepancies in what has been said by the locals can be "explained by psychological defense mechanisms".
Another Ukrainian historian, Ihor Ilyushin, echoed Tsaruk's observations and questioned whether the Siemaszkos' approach, based on testimony from one side, can be truly objective – wrote Canadian historian David R. Marples (Heroes and villains). Marples quoted Ilyushin who said that because Władysław Siemaszko was a participant in the conflict he is not a credible witness. However, Marples also noted, that Ilyushin failed to reach a reasonable conclusion in his article and made no distinction between Ukrainian atrocities committed against officials and innocent civilians.
Awards
Władysław and Ewa Siemaszko were the 2002 recipients of the Józef Mackiewicz Award.
See also
Historiography of the Volyn tragedy
References
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia. Tom 1-2 Publisher: Borowiecky, Warsaw,
Tomasz Potkaj, "Krzyże z Przebraża" with Ewa and Władysław Siemiaszko biographical notes
Ewa i Władysław Siemaszkowie – short biography
External links
Władysław Siemaszko. Polish fates
1919 births
Living people
Men centenarians
Polish centenarians
20th-century Polish lawyers
Jagiellonian University alumni
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
People detained by the Polish Ministry of Public Security
Polish people detained by the NKVD
Recipients of the Pro Memoria Medal
Home Army members
Polish expatriates in Brazil |
37185255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Stapleton%20%28MP%29 | George Stapleton (MP) | George Stapleton (by 1519 – 1561/68) was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Barnstaple in 1555.
References
1560s deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Barnstaple
English MPs 1555
Year of birth uncertain |
38359281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Outer%20Space%20Connection | The Outer Space Connection | The Outer Space Connection is a 1975 documentary film produced by Alan Landsburg, directed by Fred Warshofsky and narrated by Rod Serling. This documentary was the last in a trilogy of ancient astronaut documentaries produced by Landsburg. This film was one of the last projects that Rod Serling worked on prior to his death in 1975.
Plot
This documentary explores the controversial ancient astronauts theory that extraterrestrials explored the Earth in the distant past. These extraterrestrials had a profound effect on the creation of human life and the founding of civilization after which they left mankind to evolve on its own with a promise they would return at a future date for an unknown purpose.
Production
Landsburg created two other television documentaries dealing with the ancient astronaut subject. In Search of Ancient Astronauts and In Search of Ancient Mysteries both produced in 1973. All three projects were narrated by Rod Serling. The Outer Space Connection was based on a book by the same name, also written by Landsburg and published by Bantam Books. The documentary was both directed and written by Fred Warshofsky, who also wrote and directed the previous film In Search of Ancient Mysteries. Parts of the film were shot in Park City, Utah. The film was released by Sunn Classic Pictures who also released the documentary film, Chariots of the Gods, in 1970. This film was released on VHS during the 1980s and is also found on many video sharing sites on the internet.
See also
In Search of... (TV series)
Out-of-place artifact
Xenoarchaeology
References
External links
Watch The Outer Space Connection on the Internet Archive
1975 films
Ancient astronaut speculation
Films shot in Utah
Pseudoscience documentary films
1970s English-language films |
18880713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali%20Dzerbianiou | Vitali Dzerbianiou | Vitali Dzerbianiou or Derbenev (; 5 August 1976 – 2 May 2022) was a Belarusian weightlifter. His personal best combined lift was 280 kg.
He competed in Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 56 kg division but failed to pass the heats.
He was prolific at the World Championships with participations in 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006 and 2007.
He was 5 ft 3 inches tall and weighed 132 lb. Dzerbianiou's death was announced on 2 May 2022.
References
External links
NBC profile
Vitali Dzerbianiou at Olympedia
1976 births
2022 deaths
People from Mogilev
Belarusian male weightlifters
Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic weightlifters of Belarus
European Weightlifting Championships medalists
Place of death missing
Sportspeople from Mogilev Region |
1302363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrell%20Biggs | Tyrell Biggs | Tyrell Biggs (born December 22, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 1998, and challenged once for the undisputed heavyweight title in 1987. As an amateur he won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics, having previously won bronze at the 1983 Pan American Games and gold at the 1982 World Championships, all in the super heavyweight division.
Early life
Biggs was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, making his sporting debut playing basketball at West Philadelphia High. He was a starting forward for the Speedboys' Public League and City champions in 1978, a team that extended a state-record winning streak to 68 before a regular season loss to Overbrook. In '77, one of Biggs' teammates was Gene Banks, who went on to excel at Duke and play in the NBA. After his initial boxing successes, he changed his name to "Tyrell."
Amateur career
Biggs' first major success as an amateur boxer was winning the gold medal at the 1981 United States National Boxing Championships in the super-heavyweight division. He repeated this feat the next year, and also in 1982 he won the World Championships in Munich, West Germany, where in the final he defeated Francesco Damiani from Italy on points, who beat the legendary Teofilo Stevenson earlier in the competition. In 1983 Biggs won a bronze medal on the Pan American Games, losing to future professional challenger Jorge Luis Gonzalez in the semi-final. In addition, Biggs won a 3–2 split decision over Cuban Angel Milian, who had beaten Greg Page five years earlier.
In 1984 Biggs won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, defeating future Olympic gold medallist and professional world champion Lennox Lewis in the quarter-finals. In the Olympics final Biggs beat Damiani on points again.
Biggs finished his amateur career with an outstanding record of 108-6-4.
Professional career
He turned professional soon after his Olympic victory, scoring a 6-round unanimous decision over Mike Evans on November 15, 1984 at Madison Square Garden in New York City in his first bout. Besides Mike Tyson, Lewis and Damiani he went on to face such other boxing luminaries as James "Quick" Tillis, Ossie Ocasio, Riddick Bowe, Tony Tubbs, Buster Mathis, Jr., and Larry Donald before ending his career with a second-round knockout of Carlton Davis in 1998. He did not win a title, but stalked the rankings of contendership for much of the mid- to late 1980s.
Biggs vs. Tyson
Biggs' biggest professional fight was against Tyson, for the latter's undisputed heavyweight title. Biggs and Tyson disliked each other, and Biggs derided Tyson before the fight. Biggs attempted to outbox Tyson, using his jab and movement. But Tyson kept coming in and landing big punches, wearing him down until the fight was stopped in the seventh. Tyson admitted after the fight to "carrying" Biggs so as to inflict more damage, in retaliation for Biggs' pre-match comments.
Unfortunately the talented Biggs' life has been a constant fight against drug and alcohol addiction. He had to enter rehabilitation only a few months after turning professional, and some declare that his career at the time of the Tyson fight was already effectively over. Biggs' robe was sometimes emblazoned with, "Realize your potential", a drug rehabilitation mantra. An article published when he was 40 years old characterized him as "still fighting between stints in rehabilitation."
Outside the ring
Biggs competed in the American Gladiators season 5 Gold Medal Challenge of Champions in 1993, losing to 1984 Gold Downhill Skiing medalist Bill Johnson. A feature documentary about Tyrell Biggs' life is currently in production.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
African-American boxers
Boxers from Philadelphia
Super-heavyweight boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in boxing
National Golden Gloves champions
Boxers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
American male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
American Gladiators contestants
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
50809305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20C.%20Ryer | E. C. Ryer | E. C. Ryer was an American architect from Vermont, where he was one of the earliest local architects.
Ryer opened his office as in Burlington in 1866. In the late 1870s, he left architectural practice to join the Vermont Mutual Life Insurance Company in Montpelier.
Several of Ryer's works contribute to the National Register of Historic Places.
Architectural works
1868 - Grounds, Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Cemetery, Richmond, Vermont
1869 - Kilburn & Gates Mill, Kilburn St, Burlington, Vermont
1869 - Weston's Market, 193-195 College St, Burlington, Vermont
1870 - Burlington High School, 348 College St, Burlington, Vermont
Demolished.
1871 - Chittenden County Courthouse (former), 180 Church St, Burlington, Vermont
Burned in 1982.
1871 - Grounds, Lakeview Cemetery, 455 North Ave, Burlington, Vermont
1872 - Sexton's Residence, Lakeview Cemetery, 455 North Ave, Burlington, Vermont
1873 - Franklin County Courthouse, 17 Church St, St. Albans, Vermont
1874 - Bacon Block, 20-26 Church St, Burlington, Vermont
1876 - St. James Episcopal Church, 14126 Main St, Au Sable Forks, New York
References
American architects
Architects from Vermont |
24028993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor%20Gy%C3%B6mb%C3%A9r | Gábor Gyömbér | Gábor Gyömbér (born 27 February 1988 in Makó) is a Hungarian footballer who currently plays for Soroksár SC.
Club statistics
Updated to games played as of 2 December 2014.
Honours
Ferencváros
Hungarian League Cup: 2012–13
External links
Gábor Gyömbér profile at magyarfutball.hu
HLSZ
UEFA Official Website
1988 births
Living people
People from Makó
Hungarian footballers
Hungary international footballers
Association football midfielders
Clube Náutico Capibaribe players
FC Sopron players
Lombard-Pápa TFC footballers
Ferencvárosi TC footballers
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Hungarian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Brazil
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Sportspeople from Csongrád-Csanád County |
13399331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20House%20Program | Safety House Program | The Safety House Program was a national Australian community based and funded program designed for the safety of children while in transit to and from school. Houses and businesses were selected as safe places for children to seek shelter and safety if required. Applicants had to undergo criminal history checks and other checks by the organisation.
History
The program was established in North Dandenong, Victoria, Australia in 1979. New South Wales took up the program in April, 1984. Safety Houses were denoted by a square yellow plastic sign featuring the Safety House logo.
The Safety House Program was discontinued in Victoria from 31 July 2013. The organisation cited changing community trends in their decision to wind up the program, such as the greater number of children being driven to school, and the lower number of stay-at-home parents.
In New South Wales the Safety House Program has been discontinued in favour of a new program designed to provide children with simple strategies to help ensure their own personal safety.
As of 2019, the Safety House program still runs independently in Western Australia.
See also
National Safe Place (US)
Block Parent Program (Canada)
References
External links
Safety House Western Australia
Safety House Victoria
1979 establishments in Australia
Child safety |
44147764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megachile%20riojanensis | Megachile riojanensis | Megachile riojanensis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Mitchell in 1930.
References
Riojanensis
Insects described in 1930 |
45259623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move%20in%20Spectrums | Move in Spectrums | Move in Spectrums is the fourth studio album by American indie pop band Au Revoir Simone. It was released on September 24, 2013 by Moshi Moshi Records and Instant Records.
The remix album, titled Spectrums, was released in 2014.
Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 76% based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
National Post named it one of the best albums of 2013.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
2013 albums
Au Revoir Simone albums
Moshi Moshi Records albums |
59473787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%2017th%20century | Timeline of the 17th century | This is a timeline of the 17th century.
1600s
1600: On February 17 Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake by the Inquisition.
1600: Michael the Brave unifies the three Romanian countries: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599.
1601: Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.
1601: Michael the Brave (first unifier of Romania), voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at Câmpia Turzii.
1601–1603: The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia.
1601: Panembahan Senopati, first king of Mataram, dies and passes rule to his son Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak.
1601: Matteo Ricci is given permission to live in Beijing.
1602: Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World (Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries.
1602: The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control.
1602: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies. Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.
1602: June, British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrives in Aceh and sails on to Bantam where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.
1602: Two emissaries from the Aceh Sultanate visit the Dutch Republic.
1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of shōgun, establishing the Tokugawa shogunate. This begins the Edo period, which will last until 1868.
1603–1623: After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands the Persian Empire by capturing territory from the Ottomans and the Portuguese.
1603: First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java. First successful VOC privateering raid on a Portuguese ship.
1604: A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices.
1605: Tokugawa Ieyasu passes the title of shōgun to his son, Tokugawa Hidetada, and "retires" to Sunpu Domain.
1605: Gunpowder Plot failed in England.
1605: The fortresses of Veszprém and Visegrad are retaken by the Ottomans.
1605: February, The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.
1605: Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram establishes control over Demak, former center of the Demak Sultanate.
1605: The King of Gowa, a Makassarese kingdom in South Sulawesi, converts to Islam.
1606: The Long War between the Ottoman Empire and Austria is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok—Austria abandons Transylvania.
1606: Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary.
1606: Assassination of Stephen Bocskay of Transylvania.
1606: Time of Troubles: Vasili IV becomes Tzar of Russia.
1606: The Dutch East India Company enters into an alliance with the Johor Sultanate to attack Portuguese Malacca, but they are repelled.
1606: Captain Willem Janszoon and his crew aboard the Dutch East India Company ship Duyfken becomes the first recorded Europeans to sight and make landfall in Australia.
1606: A Spanish fleet occupies Ternate and Tidore in Maluku.
1607: Jamestown, Virginia, is settled as what would become the first permanent English colony in North America.
1607: Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland.
1607: Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of Aceh (r. 1607–1637). He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western Maritime Southeast Asia.
1608: Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain in New France (present-day Canada).
1608: The Dutch East India Company establishes a settlement in Siamese Ayutthaya.
1609: The Netherlands and Spain agree to a Twelve Years' Truce in the Eighty Years' War.
1609: Maximilian of Bavaria establishes the Catholic League.
1609: The Dutch East India Company establishes a factory in Hirado, Japan. VOC traders also make forays into South Sulawesi and Banjarmasin, Borneo.
1610s
1610: Pedro de Peralta, governor of New Mexico, establishes the settlement of Santa Fe.
1610: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian- Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow.
1610: The VOC appoints Pieter Both as its first Governor-General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia. Previously all business had (in theory) required the approval of the Heeren XVII, a group of seventeen shareholders in Amsterdam.
1610: Ottoman Grand Vizier Kuyucu Murad Pasha is able to crush the major remnants of the Jelali Revolts, bringing an end to general anarchy in Anatolia.
1610: Matteo Ricci dies in Beijing.
1610: Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram in Central Java attacks Surabaya, a major power on the north coast.
1610: King Henry IV of France is assassinated by François Ravaillac.
1611: The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in Asia, established by the Dominican Order in Manila.
1611: The English establish trading posts at Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakarta and Jepara in Java, and Aceh, Pariaman and Jambi in (Sumatra) threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.
1611: The Kingdom of Gowa ends its major push to convert the Makassarese and Bugis in South Sulawesi to Islam.
1611: The Dutch establish a post at Jayakarta (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
1611: A Dutch trader is killed in Banjarmasin and the Dutch East India Trading Company sacks the city.
1611: The first publication of the King James Bible.
1612: Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh captures the North Sumatran port of Deli.
1612: Cotswold Olimpick Games first organized by Robert Dover.
1613: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov, which rules until 1917.
1613–1617: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Tatars dozens of times.
1613: The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their Solor fort, but won't stay for long.
1613: The Dutch East India Company makes its first forays into Timor.
1613: Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh captures the North Sumatran port of Aru, subjugating the Sultanate of Deli. This allows Aceh to focus its expansionary efforts on the Straits of Malacca. Iskandar Muda continues on to sack Johor and kidnap its Sultan's family, but is later forced to retreat back to Aceh.
1613: The Dutch East India Company is forced to evacuate Gresik because of the Mataram siege of neighboring Surabaya. The VOC enters into negotiations with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in Jepara.
1613: Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram dies and is succeeded by his son.
1614: John Napier publishes Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, the first table of logarithms.
1614: Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh sinks a Portuguese fleet off of Bintan Island.
1615: The Battle of Osaka (last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate) ends.
1615: A Dutch East India Company attack on Portuguese Malacca is repelled.
1615: The Portuguese stop hiring Japanese mercenaries after a brawl in Malacca.
1615: Panembahan ing Alaga of Mataram conquers the Eastern Salient of Java (the heartland of the old Majapahit Empire).
1615: The Dutch East India Company is in open hostilities with the Kingdom of Gowa, South Sulawesi.
1616: The last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled.
1616: Death of retired shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
1616: English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies.
1617: Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh conquers Pahang on the South China Sea.
1617: Panembahan ing Alaga of Mataram puts down a major revolt in Pajang.
1618: The Defenestration of Prague.
1618: The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48.
1618: Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania joins Protestant Rebels.
1618: The Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples the Ming dynasty.
1618: Dispute leads to the execution of Dutchmen in Mataram-controlled Jepara.
1619: Bethlen Gabor is defeated outside Vienna.
1619: Jan Pieterszoon Coen appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing. While Ambon and Pattani had been the major VOC trading centers to this point, Coen is convinced that Dutch need a more central location near the Sunda Strait.
1619: Dutch East India Company, English East India Company, and Sultanate of Banten all fighting over port city of Jayakarta. VOC forces storm the city and withstand a months-long siege by the combined English, Bantenese, and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by Jan Pieterszoon Coen and a fleet of nineteen ships out of Ambon. Coen had burned Jepara and its EIC post along the way. The VOC levels the old city of Jayakarta and builds its new headquarters, Batavia, on top of it.
1620s
1620: Emperor Ferdinand II defeats the Bohemian rebels in the Battle of White Mountain.
1620: The Brownist Pilgrims arrive in the Mayflower at Cape Cod.
1620–1621: Polish-Ottoman War over Moldavia.
1620: Bethlen Gabor allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of Moldavia takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on the River Prut.
1620: Almost the entire native population of Banda Islands was deported, driven away, starved to death or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch colonial slave labour.
1620: Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.
1621: The Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the Ottomans.
1622: Capture of Ormuz; The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force from Portuguese.
1622: Deposition and regicide of Ottoman sultan Osman II.
1622: Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (one-third of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement.
1623: Maffeo Barberini is elected Pope Urban VIII at the Papal conclave of 1623.
1623: In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the 'Amboyna massacre', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government. The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests.
1624–1642: As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France.
1624: The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Bahia in Brazil.
1625: New Amsterdam founded by the Dutch West India Company in North America.
1625: Sultan Agung of Mataram Sultanate conquered Surabaya, a merchant city and Mataram's strongest rival in east Java.
1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.
1627: Cardinal Richelieu lays siege to Protestant La Rochelle, which eventually capitulates.
1627: Aurochs go extinct.
1628—1629: Sultan Agung of Mataram launched a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia.
1629: Abbas I, the Safavids king, died.
1629: Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II's expansion.
1629: Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate launched a failed attempt to take Portuguese Malacca.
1630s
1630 : Birth of Chatrapati Shivaji at Shivneri fort.
1630: The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Pernambuco and founds Dutch Brazil.
1631: Mount Vesuvius erupts.
1632: Battle of Lützen, death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf.
1632: Taj Mahal building work started in Agra, India.
1633: Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
1633–1639: Japan transforms into "locked country".
1633: Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul is formed.
1634: Battle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory.
1634: Emperor Fasilides expels the Catholic Patriarch Afonso Mendes and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.
1636: Emperor Fasilides founds the city of Gondar, which becomes the capital of Ethiopia for the next two centuries.
1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1636: The Portuguese are expelled again from their Solor fort by the Dutch following a reoccupation.
1637: Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians, rōnin and peasants against Edo.
1637: René Descartes publishes "Discours de la Méthode" ("The Discourse on the Method") in French.
1637: The first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice.
1637: Qing dynasty attacked Joseon dynasty.
1637: End of Tulip mania.
1639: Naval Battle of the Downs – Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
1639: Disagreements between the Farnese and Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into the Wars of Castro and last until 1649.
1639–1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and England.
1640s
1640: King Charles was compelled to summon Parliament due to the revolt of the Scots.
1640–1668: The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union.
1640: Torture is outlawed in England.
1641: The Irish Rebellion.
1641: René Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy.
1642: 5th Dalai Lama swept power in Tibet, he established the theocratic state in Tibet after series battles against regional Kingdoms.
1642: Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman achieves the first recorded European sighting of New Zealand.
1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I, abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
1643: Louis XIV is crowned King of France. He reigned over the Kingdom of France until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any monarch in history at 72 years and 110 days.
1643: L'incoronazione di Poppea, by Monteverdi, first performed.
1644: Giovanni Battista Pamphili is elected Pope Innocent X at the Papal conclave of 1644.
1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912.
1644–1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.
1644: An alliance with Scotland enables Parliamentarian forces to win the Battle of Marston Moor.
1645-1647: East Anglian Witch Hunt; catalysed by Matthew Hopkins.
1645: The death of Miyamoto Musashi, legendary Japanese Samurai warrior, of natural causes.
1645–1669: Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea.
1646: Sultan Agung of Mataram dies – and is buried at his graveyard at Imogiri.
1646: Defeated, King Charles I flees and surrenders to the Scottish. The First Civil War has ended in a victory for Parliament.
1647: Seven-year-old Mehmed IV becomes sultan.
1647–1652: The Great Plague of Seville.
1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.
1648–1653: Fronde civil war in France.
1648–1657: The Khmelnytsky Uprising – a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland.
1648–1667: The Deluge wars leave Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.
1648–1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia.
1649: King Charles I is executed for High treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death.
1649–1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
1650s
1650: Francesco Redi challenges the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.
1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester.
1652: Cape Town founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.
1653: Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament and replaces it with the Nominated Assembly (also called the Assembly of Saints or Barebones Parliament.) After three months, the Nominated Assembly passes a motion to dissolve itself and Cromwell establishes the Protectorate.
1656–1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier.
1655: The English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, took over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica.
1655–1661: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power.
1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.
1658: Cromwell dies and his son Richard becomes Lord Protector.
1659: Richard Cromwell is pressured into dissolving the Protectorate; the Rump Parliament is restored.
1660s
1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration.
1660: Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge founded.
1660: Royale General Post Office established.
1661: Mehmed Köprülü dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed.
1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins.
1661: Cardinal Mazarin, de facto ruler of France, dies.
1662: Blaise Pascal invents a horse-drawn public bus which has a regular route, schedule, and fare system.
1662: Koxinga captures Taiwan from the Dutch and founds the Kingdom of Tungning, which rules until 1683.
1662: Jacques Aymar-Vernay, who later reintroduced Dowsing into popular use in Europe, is born.
1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.
1663: France takes full political and military control over its colonial possessions in New France.
1663: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope.
1664: The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
1664: British troops capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York.
1664: John Evelyn's forestry book, Sylva, is published in England.
1665: The Great Plague of London.
1665: Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila.
1665–1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces.
1666: The 10th Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh is born in Patna Sahib.
1666- The Great Shivaji-Agra Visit.
1666: The Great Fire of London.
1667: The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
1667–1668: The War of Devolution; France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.
1667–1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.
1667: As a result of the Treaty of Breda between Dutch and England, the Dutch secured a worldwide monopoly on nutmeg by forcing England to give up their claim on Run, the most remote of the Banda Islands.
1668: Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.
1669: The Ottomans capture Crete.
1670s
1670: The Hudson's Bay Company was founded in New France (Modern-day Canada).
1670: The city of Charleston is founded in present-day South Carolina.
1672–1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673).
1672–1676: Polish-Ottoman War.
1672: Rampjaar in the Netherlands – Combined attack by France, England and two German states on the Republic of the United Provinces.
1672: Lynching of Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis de Witt in the Hague – William III of Orange takes power.
1672–1678: Franco-Dutch War.
1673: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe microbes with a homemade microscope, using samples he collected from his teeth scrapings, raindrops, and his own feces. He calls them "animalcules."
1674: The Treaty of Westminster ends the war between England and the Republic of the United Provinces.
1674: Maratha Empire founded in India by Shivaji.
1676: The Treaty of Zurawno brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt.
1675: Greenwich Observatory commissioned.
1676: Kara Mustafa becomes Grand Vizier.
1676–1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars.
1678: The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.
1680s
1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692.
1680: Johnathan's Coffee-House opened by John Miles.
1681: The Pasha of Buda supports Imre Thököly's rebellion in Hungary.
1682: Sultan Mehmed IV, advised by Kara Mustafa, decides to disregard the existing peace treaty with Leopold I, due to expire in 1684.
1682: Peter the Great becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole tsar in 1696).
1682: La Salle explores the length of the Mississippi River and claims Louisiana for France.
1682: Chateau de Versailles becomes the primary royal residence of Louis XIV; Saint-Gobain produced glass for the Hall of Mirrors.
1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.
1683: The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Siege of Vienna.
1683-1699: The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by the Habsburgs.
1685: Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies.
1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
1688: The Siege of Derry.
1688: Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century.
1688–1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.
1688–1691: The War of the Two Kings in Ireland.
1688–1697: The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years War.
1689: William and Mary ascend to the throne over England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1689: John Locke publishes his first 'Letter Concerning Toleration'.
1689: The Treaty of Nerchinsk established a border between Russia and China.
1689: The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite and Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire.
1689: The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.
1689: Two Treatises of Government published anonymously by John Locke.
1689: Bill of Rights takes effect.
1690s
1690: The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
1692: Salem witch trials in Massachusetts.
1692: Port Royal in Jamaica is destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami, estimated 2000 die, 2300 are injured.
1692–1694: Famine in France kills 2 million.
1693: The College of William and Mary is founded in Williamsburg, Virginia, by a royal charter.
1694: The Bank of England is established.
1694: Mary II of England dies.
1695: The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry Every's capture of the Ganj-i-Sawai.
1696–1697: Famine in Finland wipes out almost one-third of the population.
1697: The earliest known first-class cricket match takes place in Sussex.
1697-1699: Grand Embassy of Peter the Great.
1699: The 10th Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, establishes the Khalsa.
1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War.
1699: Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society.
1700: With the decline of the spice trade, textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.
References
Further reading
Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free |
59486014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Campbell | Jennifer Campbell | Jennifer Campbell (born c. 1945) is an American politician and retired physician serving as a member of the San Diego City Council from the 2nd district. On December 10, 2020, she was elected the city council president. Less than one year later, on December 7, 2021 Campbell was ousted when the City Council voted to elect Sean Elo-Rivera as its new President.
Campbell represents the neighborhoods of Bay Park, Morena, Midway, Mission Beach, Clairemont, Ocean Beach, Pacific Beach, and Point Loma.
Early life and education
Campbell was raised in Colorado. According to the San Diego Union Tribune, Campbell dropped out of George Washington University and later returned to college at the University of Pittsburgh, eventually earning the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Career
Campbell practiced family medicine in Pittsburgh for a few decades, where she also learned holistic medicine and acupuncture. After moving to San Diego she became a part-time teacher of integrative medicine at the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine.
San Diego City Council
Election
In August 2017 Campbell registered as one of five challengers to incumbent District 2 councilmember Lorie Zapf. In the June 2018 primary Zapf got 44.6% of the vote, more than twice anyone else's total but not enough to win election outright, so that she and Campbell faced a November 2018 runoff election. Their general election contest became "San Diego's most hotly contested City Council race", with heavy spending by local labor unions in favor of Campbell and by local business groups supporting Zapf. In the November election Campbell defeated Zapf, 56% to 44%. Her election gave Democrats a 6-3 majority on the city council.
Recall Campaign
A recall campaign was officially initiated against Campbell February 3, 2021. Proponents of the recall claim that Campbell has made decisions contradictory to promises she has made to constituents. The only candidate that announced a campaign to replace Campbell, in the recall election, was San Diego public servant and child abuse victim advocate, Loxie Gant.
"Many of the complaints against Campbell are as a result of what critics describe as a too-lenient attitude toward vacation rentals and her support for a ballot measure allowing developers to exceed a long-standing 30-foot height limit in the dilapidated Midway neighborhood that is home to many strip clubs."
"Leaders of the campaign include five prominent civic leaders from each neighborhood in Campbell’s district: Kevin Hastings, vice chair of the Ocean Beach Planning Board; Cathie Umemoto, a director on the Pacific Beach Town Council Board of Directors; Mandy Havlik, board member and secretary of the Peninsula Community Planning Board; Erin Cullen, board member of the Clairemont Community Planning Group; and Gary Wonacott, former president of Mission Beach Town Council."
According to The San Diego Union Tribune, as of April 6, 2021, "The recall campaign against San Diego Councilwoman Dr. Jennifer Campbell has gathered more than 5,000 signatures, putting the effort on pace to meet the 14,421 signatures required by early June."
30-Foot Building Height Controversy
After pledging to protect the long-standing 30-foot height limit, overwhelmingly approved by voters in 1972, Campbell reversed course on her campaign promise by co-sponsoring a memo that would ultimately lead to that law being overturned.
According to the San Diego Union Tribune on December 14, 2021, "Judge Katherine Bacal sided with petitioner Save Our Access, determining that the city should have studied the environmental impacts of taller buildings before putting Measure E in front of voters. The judge granted the nonprofit’s request for a writ of mandate, an act that invalidates the measure and bars the city from striking the Midway District from the coastal zone."
Redistricting Controversy
On December 3, 2021 the watchdog group Community Advocates for Just and Moral Governance filed a letter with Office of the City Attorney alleging that "...Campbell's senior policy advisor, Seamus Kennedy, had a hand in crafting the boundaries of Campbell's own District 2, as it appears in the map currently under consideration by commissioners," regarding the mandatory redistricting effort. The group further alleges, in the letter, that "On October 20, 2021, Seamus Kennedy, who is Council President Jennifer Campbell’s current Senior Policy Advisor and former campaign manager, submitted a map via the 7 8 online portal wherein Council President Jennifer Campbell’s residence was placed back into District 2..." in order to advantage her in the upcoming 2022 general election.
Council President Vote - 2021
On December 7, 2021, Campbell was not re-elected as the San Diego City Council President. When nominated for re-election by Councilmember Whitburn, Campbell lost the vote 5-4. Following this vote, District 9 Councilmember Sean Elo-Rivera was nominated for Council President by District 8 Councilmember Vivian Moreno. Elo-Rivera was confirmed in a 8-1 vote, with Campbell casting the lone dissent.
Personal life
Dr. Jen and her partner, Suzanne, have 9 grandchildren and 2 great grandsons and live in the Bay Ho neighborhood of San Diego.
References
External links
City of San Diego: Jennifer Campbell website
Living people
1945 births
George Washington University alumni
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine alumni
San Diego City Council members
California Democrats
Women city councillors in California
LGBT city councillors from the United States
LGBT people from California
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
People from Colorado |
124389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight%2C%20Nevada | Searchlight, Nevada | Searchlight is an unincorporated town and census-designated place (CDP) in Clark County, Nevada, United States, at the topographic saddle between two mountain ranges. At the 2020 census it had a population of 445.
History
According to U.S. Senator Harry Reid (1939-2021), who wrote extensively about his hometown, the most likely story as to how the town received its name was that when George Frederick Colton was looking for gold in the area on May 6, 1897, he supposedly said that it would take a searchlight to find gold ore there. Shortly thereafter, he found gold, leading to a boom era when Searchlight had a larger population than Las Vegas. At the time, it was in Lincoln County, Nevada. As talk surfaced for carving Clark County, Nevada out of Lincoln County, Searchlight was initially considered to be the county seat. Between 1907 and 1910, the gold mines produced $7 million in gold and other precious minerals, and the town had a population of about 1,500. The ore was shipped to Barnwell via the Barnwell and Searchlight Railway.
Other stories on the origin of the name include a story that Colton was lighting a Searchlight brand match when he discovered the gold ore. Reid dismissed this story, saying that the Searchlight matches were not available in 1898. Yet another story says that Colton thought the area would be a good place because it was on a hill. His mine was called the Duplex, because the gold ore was found on two levels.
Searchlight declined after 1917 but remained as a stop on the Arrowhead Highway. In 1927, U.S. Route 91 bypassed the town and its population dropped to 50.
The town had a resurgence in the 1930s and 1940s with the construction of the nearby Hoover Dam and was the site the El Rey Bordello in the 1940s and early 1950s until it burned down. The last gold mine ceased operating around 1953.
Geography
Climate
The city experiences a desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with hot summers and cool winters, but it is not uncommon to see temperatures below freezing. Searchlight's elevation makes temperatures somewhat cooler than lower-elevation areas in the Mojave Desert, such as Baker, California; Needles, California; and Fort Mohave, Arizona. However, summers can still be extremely hot. Due to Searchlight's altitude and aridity, temperatures drop quickly after sunset, especially in the summer. Daytime highs in the winter are usually well above freezing, and nighttime lows drop below freezing only a few nights a year.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 576 people, 315 households and 136 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 444 housing units at an average density of . The racial make-up of the CDP was 95.0% White, 0.7% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population.
There are 315 households, of which 8.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.9% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present and 56.8% were non-families. 48.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.76 and the average family size was 2.46.
10.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 3.1% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 35.8% from 45 to 64 and 31.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55 years. For every 100 females, there were 125.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.3 males.
The median household income was $24,407 and the medianfamily income was $29,323. Males had a median income of $26,563 and females $27,868. The per capita income was $19,606. None of the household families were living below the poverty line, with just 14.6% of the population comprising that, including no one under age 18 and none of those over 64.
Education
Public education in Searchlight is administered by Clark County School District. The district operates Reid Elementary School (K–5) in Searchlight.
Searchlight has a public library, a branch of the Las Vegas-Clark County Library District.
Transportation
The Silver Rider Transit operates express buses between Laughlin, Searchlight and Las Vegas. Private shuttle companies connect Searchlight with Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas.
Notable people
Rex Bell, westerns actor and politician. Owned the Walking Box Ranch with his wife Clara Bow. The ranch was a popular destination for Hollywood actors.
Edith Head, costume designer who won more Oscars than any other woman.
William Harrell Nellis, aviator for whom Nellis Air Force Base is named
Harry Reid, United States senator, 1987–2017, senate majority leader, 2007-2015
In popular culture
In 1907, the "Searchlight Rag" by Scott Joplin was published. In the early 1890s, Joplin's friends, the brothers Tom and Charles Turpin, had been prospecting in the Searchlight area. Their frequent stories of this experience, recounted to the patrons of their bar, inspired the title of the rag.
See also
Barnwell and Searchlight Railway
LORAN-C transmitter Searchlight
Searchlight Airport
References
External links
Searchlight Town Advisory Board
1897 establishments in Nevada
Census-designated places in Clark County, Nevada
Piute Valley
Populated places established in 1897
Populated places in the Mojave Desert
Unincorporated towns in Nevada |
21887177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budzistowo | Budzistowo | Budzistowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołobrzeg, within Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Kołobrzeg and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
From the 9th century to 1255, modern Budzistowo was the site of Salsa Cholbergensis, a Slavic Pomeranian burgh with a suburbium, located within medieval Poland. This settlement was built as the new center of the local subtribe after the southward emporium at Bardy-Świelubie was abandoned. St. John's church dates from this era, founded in the course of the conversion of Pomerania. The settlement was turned into a village when Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) was founded upstream the Parsęta river and now in turn served as the center of the area. Henceforth, the former Salsa Cholbergensis was known as Altstadt or Alt-Kolberg, meaning "Old Town" or "Old Kolberg". In 1945, it was officially renamed Budzistowo. It became part of Prussia in the 18th century, and from 1871 to 1945 was part of Germany.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 779 (as of 2009).
References
Budzistowo |
72100400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20David%27s%20Park | St David's Park | St David's Park is a park in Hobart, Tasmania. It is bounded by Davey Street, Salamanca Place and Sandy Bay Road. St David's Park contains Hobart's original burial ground, and the first Lieutenant Governor, David Collins, is buried there.
References
Landmarks in Hobart
Tourist attractions in Hobart
Geography of Hobart
Parks in Tasmania |
62374964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigusa | Chigusa | Chigusa (written: , or in hiragana) is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
, Japanese voice actress
, Japanese painter
, Japanese professional wrestler
, Japanese actress
Chigusa Busujima, character in Yandere Simulator
Chigusa (written: ) is also a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese basketball player
, Japanese concubine of Emperor Meiji
Japanese feminine given names
Japanese-language surnames |
52710897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydros%20leucurus | Cydros leucurus | Cydros leucurus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1866. It is known from Colombia, French Guiana and Panama.
References
Onciderini
Beetles described in 1866 |
12513947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%202002%20Central%20American%20and%20Caribbean%20Games | Boxing at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games | The Boxing Tournament at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games was held in San Salvador, El Salvador from November 29 to December 6.
Medal winners
See also
Boxing at the 2003 Pan American Games
References
Results on Amateur Boxing
C
C
C |
30317999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal%20%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk | Michal Šafařík | Michal Šafařík (24 January 1977 – 19 November 2020) was a Czech professional ice hockey player.
He played with HC Slovan Bratislava in the Slovak Extraliga, where won a national championship.
Šafařík died on 19 November 2020, aged 43.
Honours
Source:
VHK Vsetín
Czech national ice hockey championship (Czech Extraliga)
– 1996/1997, 1997/1998, 1998/1999, 2000/2001
HC Slovan Bratislava
Slovak national ice hockey championship (Slovak Extraliga)
– 2002/2003
HC Hamé Zlín
Czech national ice hockey championship (Czech Extraliga)
– 2003/2004
References
Sources
EuroHockey.net
1977 births
2020 deaths
HC Slovan Bratislava players
Place of death missing
Czech ice hockey players
People from Vsetín
Sportspeople from the Zlín Region |
330873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%20Jedi%20Knight%3A%20Jedi%20Academy | Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy | Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy is a first- and third-person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by LucasArts for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Xbox in 2003. Vicarious Visions was responsible for the development of the Xbox version. The game is a sequel to 2002's Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast and the fourth and final installment in the Star Wars: Jedi Knight series. The single-player story, set in the fictional Star Wars expanded universe two years after Jedi Outcast, follows Jaden Korr, a new student at Luke Skywalker's Jedi Academy under the tutelage of the previous games' protagonist, Kyle Katarn. As Jaden, players are tasked with investigating a Dark Jedi cult called the Disciples of Ragnos, while slowly learning the ways of the Force and committing themselves to either the light side or the dark side.
Jedi Academy uses the same game engine as Jedi Outcast, the id Tech 3, but features several technical improvements. Like Jedi Outcast, the game combines shooter elements with hack and slash combat, allowing players to wield blasters, lightsabers and a variety of Force powers. The lightsaber combat has been slightly improved and both the player and enemies can now wield standard, double-bladed or dual lightsabers. In addition to customizing their lightsaber and Force powers, players can also modify Jaden's appearance, choosing their species, gender and clothing. Jedi Academy also features a multiplayer mode that allows players to compete in several different game modes online or over a local area network.
The game received largely positive reviews upon release. It was praised for the freedom it offered to players in terms of customization and gameplay, allowing them to wield a lightsaber from the very beginning and to select the order in which they wish to complete missions, unlike its predecessors. One of the most praised elements was the lightsaber combat, which is still regarded by many as the best in any Star Wars game to date. However, the story and some technical issues received criticism. In September 2009, Jedi Academy was re-released onto Steam and Direct2Drive alongside the rest of the Jedi Knight series. A Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 port was announced in September 2019 and published by Aspyr in March 2020.
Gameplay
As a first and third-person shooter set in the Star Wars expanded universe, Jedi Academy puts the player into combat wielding a variety of firearms from that universe, as well as lightsabers and Force powers. The player can choose perspective for every weapon except for the lightsaber, which must be wielded in a third person view. The shooter aspects of the game are standard, including a variety of projectile and energy weapons and explosives. Players have a health meter and a shield meter, which are replenished separately.
In both single-player and multiplayer, the player character is a Force-user, who has access to a variety of Force powers in addition to their lightsaber(s). Powers include Push, Pull, Jump, Heal, Lightning and other abilities from the Star Wars universe. Force powers are categorized into core, Light Side and Dark Side, and each Force power has three ranks, with the power increasing in effectiveness with each rank. In both single-player and multiplayer, players choose how to rank up their powers, adding a layer of customization. During gameplay, the player has a "force meter" which is depleted when powers are used and recharges when no powers are in use.
Jedi Academy places a heavy emphasis on lightsaber combat. The player can create a custom lightsaber by selecting a hilt and one of five blade colors. After the first few missions, the player is allowed to choose a new lightsaber fighting style ("fast" or "strong") and can switch between that style and the original "medium" style at any time. Later in the game, the player can choose to learn the third fighting style, or wield one saber in each hand, or wield a "saber staff" similar to the double ended lightsaber Darth Maul used in The Phantom Menace which also adds a kicking ability unavailable with any other lightsaber. The different sabers and fighting styles each have unique strengths, weaknesses and special moves. If using dual sabers, the player can switch off the second saber and use the "Fast"-style single-saber stance, or if using a saber staff, the player can switch one of the blades off and use it as a single-bladed saber in the "Medium"-style stance.
Single-player
The player initially chooses the character's species and gender, and begins the game with a single lightsaber. Most of the game is divided into three batches of five missions each. Out of each batch, the player may skip one mission and do the other four in any order, or may do all five in any order. These batches of missions are preceded by a mandatory training course and connected by mandatory missions: Acts 1 and 2 are connected by missions set on Hoth while Acts 2 and 3 are connected by missions set in Bast castle on the planet V'jun. At the end of the Hoth missions, the player may chose a new single-bladed lightsaber fighting style, and at the end of the V'jun/Bast missions, the player is allowed access to dual-wielding or to a saber staff. At the beginning of each optional mission, the player can choose one of their Force skills to upgrade. This will increase the impact of that Force power, thus making the character more powerful as the game progresses. This also encourages players to skip as few missions as possible. The game also introduces player-controllable vehicles and a single vehicle-based level. After the last batch of optional missions, there is a final string of missions which are mandatory, but which give the player a choice to turn to the Dark Side or not, and which feature important differences depending on which choice the player makes.
Multiplayer
In multiplayer mode, one can play online or via a local area network (LAN) with other players, as well as computer-controlled bots. The player can create their avatar using a series of options, similar to the character creation in single-player. Alternatively the player can choose to play as one of almost all of the characters from Jedi Outcast and Jedi Academy. Before a match begins, the server specifies the Force ranking to be used; this controls how many points the players have to invest in different Force powers. Players can then customize their powers for the match. The server can also disable normal weapons to create a lightsaber-only game. There are different multiplayer modes such as "Capture the flag", "Power Duel" and "Siege". Depending on the mode, players can play on their own or as part of a team. In comparison with the single-player gameplay, multiplayer requires a high level of skill and can have a steep learning curve, as stated by many. There are six multiplayer modes in total, but the most popular and most willingly modified is the "Free For All".
Since 2011 the online community has started to slowly decline. As of May 2019, there were around 250 active players, with less than a third online at one time. A number of multiplayer modifications have been released, some of the most popular being Movie Battles II, JA+ and Lugormod.
Plot
Jedi Academy is set in 14 ABY, a decade after Return of the Jedi and two years after Jedi Outcast. Players take on the role of Jaden Korr (voiced by Philip Tanzini if male and Jennifer Hale if female), a talented Jedi Padawan who, after building their own lightsaber, travels to the Jedi Academy on Yavin IV to learn the ways of the Force. En route to the Academy, Jaden befriends fellow student Rosh Penin (Jason Marsden), but the students' shuttle is suddenly shot down by an unknown enemy. Jaden and Rosh make their way to the Academy, where the former witnesses a woman using a staff to drain energy from the Temple; Jaden subsequently gets knocked out. Jaden is woken by Luke Skywalker (Bob Bergen) and Kyle Katarn (Jeff Bennett), who welcome them to the Academy. Jaden and Rosh are assigned to study under Kyle, but during their first training session, Rosh's over-competitiveness endangers Jaden. After the Jedi students complete their initial training, they are assigned various peace-keeping missions across the galaxy. During this time, Rosh becomes jealous of Jaden and begins to believe Kyle is trying to hold him back.
After several successful missions, Luke calls the students back to the Academy to tell them he has identified the Dark Jedi who attacked the Temple as members of a Sith cult called the Disciples of Ragnos. A member of the cult, the Twi'lek Alora (Grey DeLisle), infiltrated the Academy during the attack and stole Luke's journal, containing the locations of numerous places strong with the Force. Believing the cult is looking to drain their Force energy, Luke sends the students to investigate each location. Jaden travels to Hoth, where they find Imperial presence at the Rebel Alliance's abandoned Echo Base and encounter Alora, who flees after a brief duel. Returning to the Academy, Jaden reports their findings, but is saddened to learn Rosh never returned from his mission to Byss.
After Jaden completes more missions and has several run-ins with the Disciples, they and Kyle travel to Darth Vader's abandoned fortress on Vjun—one of the few places strong with the Force supposedly unvisited by the Disciples—and find it crawling with stormtroopers and Dark Jedi. The pair fight them, but are eventually separated. Jaden encounters Rosh, who has fallen to the dark side and joined the Disciples to avoid being killed after they had captured him. Jaden defeats Rosh as Kyle arrives, but both are incapacitated by Tavion Axmis (Kath Soucie), the Disciples' leader and Rosh's new master. Tavion uses the Scepter of Ragnos, which can absorb and release Force energy, to trap Jaden and Kyle under debris, but the pair manage to escape, though the former's lightsaber is destroyed in the process. At the Academy, Jaden and Kyle inform Luke of their findings, and the former is honored for their actions by being promoted to the rank of Jedi Knight.
After building a new lightsaber, Jaden begins dismantling the Disciples' operations as they complete more missions, while Luke discovers that Tavion plans to use the stolen Force energy to resurrect the ancient Sith Lord Marka Ragnos (Peter Lurie), who is buried on Korriban. While the Jedi prepare to go there, Kyle convinces Jaden to accompany him to a mining facility on Taspir III, from where Rosh has sent a distress signal. The pair split up and Jaden eventually finds Rosh, who claims he wants to redeem himself, but Jaden's feelings of betrayal quickly manifest into anger. Alora tries to goad them into killing Rosh and joining the Disciples, while Kyle senses Jaden's anger and tries to telepathically dissuade them. If the player chooses the light side, Jaden forgives Rosh, but an enraged Alora attacks them and cuts off the latter's arm. If the player chooses the dark side, Jaden kills Rosh, but refuses to join the Disciples, instead seeking the Scepter's power for themselves. Either way, Jaden kills Alora and leaves for Korriban.
Jaden fights their way to Ragnos' tomb, where they confront Tavion and defeat her. If Jaden is light-sided, they spare Tavion, who completes the resurrection process, causing Ragnos' spirit to possess her. Jaden destroys the Scepter and defeats Ragnos, who leaves Tavion's lifeless body and returns to his tomb. At the Academy, Jaden reunites with Rosh, who has been outfitted with a prosthetic arm, and is honored by Luke, Kyle and the other Jedi. If Jaden is dark-sided, they kill Tavion and claim the Scepter as Kyle arrives to confront them, but Jaden defeats him and buries him under debris. They later take command of Tavion's Star Destroyer, while Kyle is rescued by Luke and vows to hunt Jaden down, though Luke assures him that there is still good in their fallen apprentice.
History
Development
After Jedi Outcast was completed, LucasArts immediately approached Raven Software to develop a sequel. Production began and Raven was given a one-year development cycle. Like Jedi Outcast, Jedi Academy uses a heavily modified Quake III: Team Arena game engine, and the development team was made up of people who worked on Jedi Outcast, as well as Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Force.
An early decision made during development was whether or not to have Kyle Katarn as the playable character. This was due to the character already being a powerful Jedi Knight, and, as such, starting off with the Force skills would affect the gameplay. To resolve this issue, Raven chose to make the playable character a student in the Jedi Academy. By using a completely new character, the developers were able to insert features that allowed the player to customize the character, including race and gender, as well as the lightsaber color, hilt and type. The Kyle Katarn character was then made an instructor in the academy so as to remain integral to the plot, to ensure Jedi Academy built upon the existing Jedi Knight series storyline. Raven extended the customization further as the game progresses by allowing the player to choose specific Force powers to train upon completion of missions. This was done with the intention of giving freedom to choose the way and style the game is played.
Another decision made early on was to include locations and aspects from the Star Wars movies. The designers wanted to use locations such as Tatooine and Hoth, as well as the Rancor creature. To develop the map for Hoth, the designers obtained as much source material from The Empire Strikes Back as possible so to create an authentic reproduction. Level Designer Justin Negrete says that Hoth was one of the most challenging areas to design. The general level design process started by planning out the level on paper. These ideas were then "fleshed out" to get the size and flow of the level. Once this had been done, features of the Quake III engine were used to add more detail such as lighting effects. The final stage of level design was adding aspects that improved the gameplay and fun of the level.
The mission based format of Jedi Academy was used by Raven to reduce the linearity of the game, allowing the players to progress through levels mostly in the order they desire. The reduction in linearity was also achieved by requiring 80% of levels to be completed before the plot can move on. Raven provided modding tools with Jedi Academy, but the company specified that such tools are unsupported by customer support, so to avoid receiving calls on the subject. Brett Tosti, a producer for LucasArts, stated that the customization of the player that is provided by the game out of the box will mean that people are less likely to need to create their own "skins". Additional textures and skins nevertheless became popular leading Mike Gummelt, who designed the lightsaber combat system in Outcast and Academy, to declare "the community really owns the game now". The community's continued interest has led some more recent reviews to conclude that Jedi Academy has a lightsaber engine superior to those developed before or since.
Release
The game was published and distributed within North America by LucasArts. Activision took control of publishing and distributing the game in all other territories worldwide. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X (published by Aspyr) on September 17, 2003, and for Xbox (developed by Vicarious Visions) in November 2003, and received positive reviews.
In September 2009, the game was re-released with the other Star Wars: Jedi Knight games (Star Wars: Dark Forces, Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II, Star Wars Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith and Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast) through the digital distributor Steam and Direct2Drive.
The original Xbox version of Jedi Academy was one of the six Star Wars titles made available on Xbox One via backward compatibility in April 2018. On January 29, 2019, Major Nelson announced that Jedi Academy will be available as part of Xbox's Games with Gold program from February 16 to February 28.
On September 19, 2019, it was announced that Jedi Academy would be rereleased on PlayStation 4 and the Nintendo Switch in "early" 2020, to follow the rerelease of Jedi Outcast for the same platforms in December 2019. On March 26, 2020, Jedi Academy was released on PlayStation 4 and the Nintendo Switch with updated controls for modern hardware and a fully functional multiplayer component directly mirroring the original's.
Source-code release
Following Disney's decision to close LucasArts on April 3, 2013, the developers at Raven Software released the source code for the game on SourceForge under GNU GPL-2.0-only. A few days after release, the source code disappeared from SourceForge without explanation. SourceForge later explained to media outlet Kotaku that Raven Software had requested its removal. Kotaku speculated this was due to the presence of licensed code, such as for the Bink Video format from Rad Game Tools, that was not intended to be made public. Based on the source release from Raven, Jedi Academy is maintained by the JACoders group as OpenJK.
Critical reception
Both the PC and Xbox versions of the game were well received. The PC version holds an aggregate score of 81 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews, and 80% on GameRankings based on 51 reviews. The Xbox version holds aggregate scores of 76 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews, and 75% on GameRankings based on 45 reviews.
PC
Positive reviews praised the fact that, unlike in Dark Forces II and Jedi Outcast, players could use a lightsaber from the beginning. Game Over Online scored the game 92% and commented that "You start instantly with your lightsaber, rather than wading through six painfully bland FPS levels to get your lightsaber as you did in Jedi Outcast". Critics lauded the lightsaber interface and player customization options. Ernie Halal of Gaming Age gave the game an A−, writing, "You choose not only the gender and race of your character, but also which powers and fighting styles to develop [...] Third person adventure games rarely offer that much customization."
Critics noted that, despite its age, the Quake III engine was used well. PC Gamer UK, who scored the game 70 out of 100, wrote "the engine, which although hardly groundbreaking any more, perfectly evokes the glow of the lightsaber and the grimy, metallic backgrounds of the films." Some critics did, however, note that the engine was starting to look dated.
The multiplayer, in particular the objective-based Siege mode, was well received. The music, sound effects and voice acting also received acclaim, although some critics found it odd that all aliens spoke English.
The story and level design received mixed reactions. Some critics commended the levels as varied (both in terms of length and content). GameZone scored the game 9 out of 10, writing "Some are a fast blast that can be beat in ten or so minutes. Others [...] can take as long as hours [...] The change of pace is very refreshing." The story was described as "great" by GameZone and as "strong" by Gaming Age. IGN's Steve Butts, however, disliked the plot, feeling that "Jedi Outcast was more satisfying in terms of involvement with the story. Jedi Academy dishes out more action sooner but fails to put it in as solid a context as the previous game."
Game Over Online was critical of the mission structure, writing "This kind of free-form mission assignment [...] only serves to weaken the plotline. It also leads to a disjointedness to the missions [...] it seems more like roaming than any actual story advancement." GameSpot's Craig Beers, however, praised the mission structure; "Jedi Academy does an excellent job of balancing its missions." IGN also defended the system; "It's nice that the game offers a series of fairly short, relatively unconnected missions at the start. It's a great way to get your feet wet and ease you in to the environments and the saber fighting before the challenge level ramps up."
The AI was criticized by PC Gamer UK as "laughable"; "Every encounter you have is filled with people too stupid to realise that running away or taking some sort of cover would be the best option. [Jedi Academy] requires little to no skill to play through." This opinion was echoed by GameSpot: "Stormtroopers usually just stand there shooting away at you [...] Dark Jedi rush at you, even after watching four of their brethren plummet to a horrible death. Occasionally, you'll see an enemy accidentally commit suicide by falling off a cliff or falling into lava, enemies will not even dive for cover or try and throw it back if you throw an uncooked thermal detonator at them."
Despite his criticism of the AI, GameSpot's Craig Beers scored the game 8.4 out of 10, writing "It manages to take all the fun parts from its predecessor and greatly expands them to create an engaging, new action game in its own right." IGN's Steve Butts scored the game 8.8 out of 10, giving it an "Editor's Choice Award" and writing "If you like Star Wars and think flipping around chopping up Stormtroopers and flinging Dark Jedi off of conveniently placed precipices is fun, then this game is definitely for you." Eurogamer's Kristan Reed was less impressed, scoring the game 7 out of 10, writing "The harsh reality is, for all the plentiful additions, there's much work to be done before LucasArts can boast it has created the ultimate Star Wars FPS. Sure, it's the best one yet, but with some often laughable AI and creaking tech underpinning it, the flaws are there for all to see."
Xbox
Kevin Gifford of 1Up.com scored the Xbox version a B−. He lauded the addition of Xbox Live support and the ability to use a lightsaber from the opening, two of biggest criticisms of Jedi Outcast. However, he called the graphics "worryingly out of date by current Xbox standards", saying that when playing in first-person mode "the game looks more like a two-year-old PC shooter than a modern Star Wars game." He concluded that "The Xbox Live games make Jedi Academy worth at least a rental to online players, but otherwise, this game's worth it to Star Wars fans only." Eurogamer's Kristan Reed was also somewhat unimpressed, scoring the game 6 out of 10 and criticizing the controls; "In common with the PC version, you still find yourself going into battle and fumbling furiously through cyclical menus while numerous baddies are busy blasting seven shades out of you." She was also critical of the AI and the graphics, concluding that "It's good to see Live make the package this time around, but we're disappointed that after all these years LucasArts is still scratching around abusing the Star Wars brand in this way. There are some good ideas here that haven't been realised, and we're once again left waiting for the definitive Star Wars FPS to appear."
IGN were more impressed, scoring the game 8 out of 10. Although they were critical of the graphics and frame rate and found the game to be inferior to Jedi Outcast, reviewer Steve Butts concluded, "For the 15 or so hours that it lasted, I enjoyed Jedi Academy." GameSpot's Craig Beers scored the game 8.1 out of 10. He praised the mapping of the PC version's controls to the Xbox Controller and the implementation of Xbox Live, but like IGN, he was critical of the frame rates. He concluded that "The game may not look great, but it translates well to the Xbox--for those who would prefer to play it on a console. It even caters to those who aren't familiar with the Star Wars universe and just want pure action. In general, Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy is highly recommendable." GameZone's Nick Valentino scored the game 8.2 out of 10 and was especially impressed with the use of Xbox live; "the biggest draw--and the one that has me playing this one very often--is the fact that the multiplayer modes can also be played online using the Xbox Live service. That's right, you read it correctly. You can duel against other Xbox gamers out there using any of the seven multiplayer modes and even talk trash using your Xbox Communicator. Here's your chance to see if you're truly good with the lightsaber."
See also
List of formerly proprietary software
List of open source games
Notes
References
External links
Official site via Internet Archive
Jedi Academy source code mirror at GitHub
Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy at MobyGames
2003 video games
Activision games
Aspyr games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
First-person shooters
Id Tech games
LucasArts games
Classic Mac OS games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
Open-source video games
Raven Software games
Jedi Academy
Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender
Video games with customizable avatars
Video game sequels
Video games with alternate endings
Windows games
Xbox games
Video games developed in the United States
Vicarious Visions games
Video games about cults |
23921381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cista%20Proza | Čista Proza | Čista Proza (; trans. Pure Prose) was a former Yugoslav new wave band from Novi Sad, founded by the Serbian producer and sound engineer Milan Ćirić.
History
The band was formed during the summer of 1979, when Đorđe Pilipović (bass guitar, vocals) and Milan Ćirić (guitar, vocals) met at Krk where they both performed with their own bands. Moving to Novi Sad, the two started looking for musicians, mainly via newspaper adverts, changing numerous lineups until the arrival of the Stevan Mijučić (vocals, guitar) and the Nandor Bakoš (drums, guitar). For a short period of time, the band's drummer was Ivan Fece "Firchie", who was at the time playing with the band La Strada. Together, they started writing their own material, mainly performing at youth work actions. In 1981, the band had their first notable performance at the Subotica Festival Omladina, which was followed by a series of successful appearances in Zagreb, Belgrade and Novi Sad. The popularity of the band was increased by the band's two-song recording which was broadcast by the major Yugoslav radio stations, and the opportunity to have television appearances.
On the 1982 New Year's Eve, the band performed at the Grok festival in Novi Sad, along with Bulevar, Paraf and Buldogi. After the performance, Bakoš temporarily left the band being firstly replaced by Gradski Magazin member Dragan Kašiković, and then Miroslav Papić (drums). In the meantime, the band started preparing their debut album for which the recording sessions started on Bakoš's return, during March 1983 at the Meta Sound studio. Čista proza, released by PGP-RTB, written and produced by the band themselves, featured eleven songs including the hit "Leto" ("Summer"). Song lyrics were written by Ćirić except for the song "Krug" ("Circle"), written by Pilipović. As guests on the album appeared Zoran Stojšin (keyboards), Fazekaš Tibor (keyboards) i Josip Kovač (saxophone).
After the album release, the band went on a promotional tour, mainly performing in Vojvodina, and started preparing new material for the second studio album. The album recording started in early 1985 at the Barbaro studio in Bukovac, but after the recording of only three songs, due to a quarrel between Pilipović and Ćirić, the band ceased to exist.
Post-breakup
After the disbandment of Čista Proza, Ćirić opened a studio in Novi Sad and having worked as a producer with acts such as KUD Idijoti, Partibrejkers and Instant Karma, he moved to Netherlands where he worked with numerous bands, also being the Motörhead sound technician for a while. Pilipović started working as a judge in Novi Sad, Bakoš moved to Vienna and became a businessman, and Mijučić founded a marketing company.
Starting in 2017, Milan was experiencing health issues but was still able to run his business. By the end of November 2021, the health issues started to become more severe. On the 29th of November 2021, Milan Ćirić passed away in the Netherlands in the company of his loving wife and children at the age of 70.
Discography
Čista proza (1983)
References
EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960-2006, Janjatović Petar;
NS rockopedija, novosadska rock scena 1963-2003, Mijatović Bogomir; Publisher: SWITCH, 2005
External links
Čista Proza at YouTube
Čista Proza at Discogs
Čista Proza at Last.fm
Serbian new wave musical groups
Musical groups from Novi Sad
Musical groups established in 1979
Musical groups disestablished in 1985 |
60951544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%20Soil%20Upturned%20%281959%20film%29 | Virgin Soil Upturned (1959 film) | Virgin Soil Upturned () is a 1959 Soviet drama film directed by Aleksandr Ivanov. Based on Mikhail Sholokhov's novel.
Plot
The film takes place in the 1930s. The film tells about the worker Davydov, who is sent to the Cossack farm to help the Don Cossacks transition to collective forms of farming and tries to organize a collective farm there by their own methods, coming into conflict with the leader of the local party.
Cast
Pyotr Chernov as Semyon Davydov
Yevgeny Matveyev as Makar Nagulnov
Fyodor Shmakov as Andrey Razmyotnov
Vladimir Dorofeyev as Grandpa Shchukar
Lyudmila Khityaeva as Lushka
Pyotr Glebov as Aleksandr Polovtsev
Viktor Chekmaryov as Yakov Ostrovnov
Iosif Kutyansky as Kondrat Maydannikov
Leonid Kmit as Grigoriy Bannik
Oleg Yaroshenko as Timofey Rvanyy
Andrei Abrikosov as the blacksmith Ippolit Sidorovich Shaly
Nikolay Kryuchkov as Ustin Mikhailovich Rykalin
Yevgeni Lebedev as Agafon Dubtsov
Oleg Basilashvili as Cossack
Gennadi Nilov as episode
Nikolai Kryukov as Tit Borodin
References
External links
1959 films
1950s Russian-language films
Soviet drama films
1959 drama films
Lenfilm films
Films set in the 1930s
Films based on Russian novels |
49173977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7%20%28Kevon%20Edmonds%20song%29 | 24/7 (Kevon Edmonds song) | "24/7" is a song performed by American contemporary R&B singer Kevon Edmonds, issued as the first single from his debut studio album of the same name. The song is his only hit to date on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #10 on the chart in 1999.
The song was certified gold by the RIAA on January 10, 2000.
Music video
The official music video for "24/7" was directed by David Nelson.
Chart positions
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
1999 songs
1999 debut singles
Kevon Edmonds songs
RCA Records singles
Contemporary R&B ballads
1990s ballads |
1277603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi%20Outlander | Mitsubishi Outlander | The is a mid-size
crossover SUV manufactured by Japanese
automaker Mitsubishi Motors. It was originally known as the when it was introduced in Japan in 2001.
The original Airtrek name was chosen to "describe the vehicle's ability to transport its passengers on adventure-packed journeys in a 'free-as-a-bird' manner", and was "coined from Air and Trek to express the idea of footloose, adventure-filled motoring pleasure." The Outlander nameplate which replaced it evoked a "feeling of journeying to distant, unexplored lands in search of adventure."
The second generation of the vehicle was introduced in 2006 and all markets including Japan adopted the Outlander name, although production of the older version continued in parallel. It was built on the company's GS platform, and used various engines developed by Mitsubishi, Volkswagen, and PSA Peugeot Citroën. PSA's Citroën C-Crosser and Peugeot 4007, which were manufactured by Mitsubishi in Japan, are badge engineered versions of the second generation Outlander. Global sales achieved the 1.5 million unit milestone in October 2016, 15 years after its market launch.
As part of the third generation line-up, Mitsubishi launched in January 2013 a plug-in hybrid model called Outlander PHEV. , global sales totaled about 300,000 units, and according to JATO Dynamics, the Outlander PHEV is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid since December 2018. , Europe is the leading market with over 126,000 units sold through January 2019, and the Outlander plug-in hybrid listed as Europe's best-selling plug-in hybrid car for five years running, 2015 to 2019.
The fourth-generation model was released 2021. Following Mitsubishi's entry to Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, the fourth-generation Outlander is based on the Rogue/X-Trail, which is built on the CMF-CD platform.
First generation (CU/ZE/ZF; 2001)
The first-generation Outlander/Airtrek and was based on the Mitsubishi ASX concept vehicle exhibited at the 2001 North American International Auto Show. The ASX (Active Sports Crossover) represented Mitsubishi's approach to the industry wide crossover SUV trend for retaining the all-season and off-road abilities offered by a high ground clearance and four-wheel drive, while still offering car-like levels of emissions, economy, and size.
The Airtrek was first introduced to the Japanese market on 20 June 2001, and was sold at Mitsubishi Japan dealership chain called Car Plaza. It offered a choice of either a 4G63 2.0 L or a 4G64 2.4 L GDI, mated to a standard INVECS-II 4-speed automatic transmission. Both front- and four-wheel drive were available. The four-wheel drive version uses open differentials for the front and rear axles, with a viscous coupling unit for the center differential. A performance-oriented model, called the Turbo-R, was introduced in 2002 and used a detuned version of the Lancer Evolution's 4G63T 2.0 L I4 turbo. The engine produced and , although in export markets the Outlander version's output was reduced to and . The availability of four-cylinder engines under 2.0 liters offered Japanese buyers a vehicle that was in compliance with Japanese regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement, however, the exterior dimensions exceed Japanese regulations for the "compact" designation.
The Outlander arrived in 2003 in North America, replacing the Mitsubishi Montero Sport, with a modified front grille and headlights which increased the overall length by approximately , and the two models were manufactured in parallel thereafter. It shared its platform with the Mitsubishi Grandis, also introduced in 2003. A version of the 4G64 powerplant was offered first, while a 4G69 2.4 L SOHC MIVEC I4 producing and , and the turbocharged 4G63T appeared in 2004. All had the option of front- or four-wheel drive.
In several South American markets it was known as the Montero Outlander, to benefit from an association with the strong-selling Mitsubishi Montero Sport.
Second generation (CW/ZG/ZH; 2006)
On 17 October 2005, Mitsubishi launched the second generation model, dropping the Airtrek in Japan in favour of adopting the global name. It features a new DOHC 2.4 L 16-valve MIVEC engine; INVECS-III continuously variable transmission (CVT), Mitsubishi's AWC system which features electronically controlled four-wheel-drive and stability control, on a stretched Mitsubishi GS platform. The North American version, powered by a newly designed 6B31 3.0 L V6 SOHC MIVEC was shown in April 2006 at the New York International Auto Show prior to its release in October the same year. Due to the availability of a V6 engine, Mitsubishi returned to offering a shorter version of this vehicle and reintroduced the Mitsubishi RVR on 17 February 2010. The usage of a four-cylinder engine under 2.0 liters offers Japanese buyers a vehicle that was in compliance with Japanese regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement, which has tax advantages, giving buyers the ability to purchase a vehicle capable of seating seven people without paying the tax penalty of a larger engine.
The second generation Outlander went on sale in Europe in February 2007, and this time included a diesel engine – essential in the European market at the time. Mitsubishi chose to purchase Volkswagen's 2.0-litre Pumpe-Düse unit with , as also installed in the European market Grandis. Before this even went on sale, Mitsubishi had decided that there was a need for a more powerful diesel option and by November 2007 higher end diesel models received PSA's 2.2-liter DW12 common rail diesel with . Both diesels were labelled "Di-D" by Mitsubishi. In September 2010 Mitsubishi's own 2.3-liter 4N14 diesel engine with was introduced while the Volkswagen engine was discontinued. The PSA unit continued to be available in certain countries.
The Outlander, which features Mitsubishi's RISE safety body, received a four-star rating from the Euro NCAP car safety performance assessment programme. One of its unique features is something Mitsubishi calls a "Flap-Fold Tailgate"; it is a two-piece tailgate integrated into the rear bumper that folds down for easy loading, while serving as a bench when the tailgate is open, able to accommodate up to .
In the Philippines, the second generation Outlander was released in 2007. It was offered in 2 grades; the entry-level GLS and the top-spec GLS Sport. The GLS grade is powered by a 2.4L MIVEC inline-four engine, while the GLS Sport is powered by a 3.0L V6 engine both paired to a INVECS-III CVT with 6-speed sportronic mode and multi-select 4WD system.
In 2009, the GLX grade was added to the lineup, powered by the same 2.4L inline-four engine as the GLS.
In its home market of Japan it was the best-selling SUV from October 2006 to March 2007, while in the U.S. market it achieved 1,694 and 2,108 sales in November and December 2006, the first two full months it was available; Mitsubishi hoped for at least 4,000 sales per month in the United States. In Chile, where both generations were on sale simultaneously, the new model was badged Outlander K2.
Increased demand for the Lancer, and the consequent effects on the capacity of the company's Mizushima production facility, have obliged Mitsubishi to reassess production of the Outlander. In September 2007, they announced that from 2008, production of European market Outlanders would be transferred from Nagoya to its NedCar plant in the Netherlands, while the Citroën C-Crosser and Peugeot 4007 would have their production transferred from Mizushima to Nagoya.
The model was facelifted for the 2008 model year, although the 2007 grille carried over in the United States and Canada for 2008-09 until another facelift in the 2010 model year.
At the 2007 SEMA Show in Las Vegas, the company displayed a Mitsubishi Evolander (now known as Mitsubishi Outlander Ralliart) concept, powered by a supercharged version of the vehicle's 6B31 V6 engine and equipped with suitably uprated suspension, brakes, wheels/tires, body kit and interior. A second show car, an Outlander GT Prototype with a front grille based on the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X, was exhibited at the 2009 New York International Auto Show, and formed the basis of the facelifted model introduced in late 2009.
Along with a major facelift for the 2010 model year, the top end Outlander XLS (GT in the US) introduced a new colour multi-function display and the Mitsubishi S-AWC AWD system. The lower trims retain the previous MFD and the less advanced AWC AWD system. Likewise, the interior was also slightly revised to incorporate leather into the dashboard trim and doors
Gallery
First facelift
Second facelift
Second facelift (Taiwan)
Third generation (GF/GG/ZJ/ZK/ZL; 2012)
Mitsubishi unveiled the third-generation Outlander at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. The production version of the Outlander was debuted in Russia in July 2012, and was introduced in other European markets in September 2012. While the new vehicle was introduced to North America at the November 2012 LA Auto Show it was not available for purchase until early 2014. North American Outlanders continued on the second-generation platform through model year 2013. However, the third generation Outlander are not sold in the Philippine market due to poor sales, in favor of the third-row Mitsubishi Montero Sport.
The redesigned model has a new lightweight body that weighs approximately less than the previous model due to extensive use of high tensile strength steel. With a lower drag coefficient of cd 0.33, fuel economy has been improved over the previous model. Inside, the dashboard and front doors are covered with soft touch material, the seats are redesigned, and there is good sound insulation.
The front suspension consists of MacPherson struts with a stabilizer bar, and the rear suspension is a multi-link design with a stabilizer bar. Electric Power Steering reduces load on the engine compared to a hydraulic system and helps to improve fuel economy. Disc brakes are installed on all four wheels, with vented rotors in front along with solid rotors in back.
Newly available safety features include a Forward Collision Mitigation system, a Lane departure warning system, a driver knee airbag to reduce leg injury in a crash, and adaptive cruise control. In addition, the Outlander has standard driver and passenger front airbags, front side torso airbags along with curtain airbags, ABS with EBD, Traction Control Logic, Active Stability Control, Hill Start Assist, and a brake pedal that recedes to prevent leg injury in a crash.
In crash tests conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Outlander received a top score of "Good" in every category. When equipped with the optional Forward Collision Mitigation system, the car received the Institute's Top Safety Pick+ award. The vehicle also received full five star overall ratings in the United States, Japanese, and European New Car Assessment Programs.
The third generation Mitsubishi Outlander was launched in Malaysia in April 2016 with a 2.4-litre engine and being fully imported. In September 2017, a 2.0-litre engine locally assembled variant debuted before being for sale in October 2018. In January 2018, the 2.4-litre engine variant became more affordable due to local assembly. In October 2018, a limited edition 'Sports Edition' limited to 120 units based on the 2.0-litre engine variant became available and featured dual-tone paint.
2015 facelift
At the 2015 New York International Auto Show, Mitsubishi debuted a heavily revised Outlander for the 2016 model year. The vehicle features new design language called "Dynamic Shield" that will be the basis for future vehicles in different segments. The revised headlights now include LED DRLs with the option of full LED headlights. Inside the cabin, Mitsubishi made refinements to the steering wheel, headliner, rear folding seats, and door controls.
Besides cosmetic changes, the updated Outlander has somewhat reduced cabin noise via increased use of sound insulation, thicker door glass, dynamic suspension and differential dampers, and thicker weatherstripping. The suspension and steering are re-tuned and a new generation Jatco CVT8 transmission introduced for four-cylinder models. The revised SUV first went on sale in Russia in April 2015, followed by the Australia in June and Canada and the Caribbean in July.
2018 facelift
The Outlander received another facelift for the 2019 model year. Changes included a new twin blade grille that contains black inserts, revised front and rear bumper design, and new 18-inch alloy wheels.
Outlander PHEV
The third generation includes a plug-in hybrid variant, called PHEV, and its production version was unveiled at the 2012 Paris Motor Show.
Pre-facelift
First facelift
Second facelift
Specifications
The plug-in hybrid has a 2.0-litre 4-cylinder MIVEC petrol engine, coupled with an electric powertrain, derived from the electric systems used on the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, it produces a combined . Two 60 kW electric motors independently power the front and rear wheels, while the petrol-powered engine can be used as a generator for the motors, and/or power the vehicle directly. The combustion engine can only send power to the front wheels as there is no driveshaft linking it to the rear wheels. Located on the left side of the engine (positioned transaxle-style), the front motor is a smaller, lighter, and higher output version of the permanent magnet synchronous electric motor used in the i-MiEV.
The Outlander PHEV has a 12 kWh lithium-ion battery pack capable of delivering an all-electric range of under the New European Driving Cycle. Under the Japanese JC08 test the all-electric range is , with a top speed of . The battery pack is located in a dust- and waterproof encasement positioned beneath the passenger compartment subfloor and between the front and rear axles, with no intrusion into the passenger compartment. It consists of 80 cells configured in series. Mitsubishi's target was to achieve a combined fuel economy for Japan in "EV Drive" mode of 67 km/L equivalent, or equivalent to about 157 miles per U.S. gallon (MPGe). Fuel economy in hybrid mode for Japan is .
The plug-in hybrid comes equipped with two charging sockets, regular and quick charging CHAdeMO. When charging at home the driver can choose between a standard 3-pin plug socket or via a dedicated EV charging point. From a standard plug, charging from empty to full charge takes about five hours. From a dedicated charging point at home or at a public charging point, it takes about 3.5 hours for a full charge. The DC rapid charging socket can be used at CHAdeMO charging stations. Rapid charging allows for an 80% charge in approximately 25 minutes.
The Outlander PHEV features three driver-activated modes, which are ECO Mode, Battery Save Mode and Battery Charge Mode, along with three driving modes: "EV Drive", "Series Hybrid", and "Parallel Hybrid". It also features regenerative braking during normal deceleration (braking or coasting), with the front and rear electric motors working as generators so that electricity can be generated and fed back into the main battery pack. In addition, the plug-in hybrid has a set-up that allows the driver to control the strength of the engine braking with paddles behind the steering wheel. The driver switches on regenerative braking either by sliding the central selector to the "B" position, or by operating the paddles.
The 2019 model Outlander has a 13.8 kWh battery, which increases the range to and the top speed to .
Sales
Sales began in Japan by late January 2013, becoming the first SUV plug-in hybrid in the market.
The European version was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The European version is similar to the Japanese model except for minor adjustments to comply with EU requirements, and Mitsubishi expected an emission rating of 44 g/km. Retail deliveries began in Europe in October 2013, beginning in the Netherlands and followed by the Nordic countries, Sales in Australia were originally scheduled for June 2013, but began only in 2014.
The introduction in the United States was initially scheduled for January 2014, but was delayed. Due to California's regulations that require a battery-monitoring unit (BMU), Mitsubishi delayed the market launch in the U.S. to mid-2017 as model year 2017. The BMU conducts onboard diagnosis of the Outlander's lithium ion battery capacity and output, and it alerts the driver to possible degradation, which might affect the vehicle's emissions.
The Outlander PHEV ranked as the world's top selling plug-in hybrid in 2014, and also as the third best-selling plug-in electric car after the all-electrics Tesla Model S and Nissan Leaf. Global sales totaled about 42,400 units in 2015, representing 24.6% of worldwide sales of the Outlander lineup, making the plug-in hybrid for a second year in a row the world's best-selling plug-in hybrid, and also the third top selling plug-in electric car.
The Outlander PHEV ranked in 2014 as the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Europe. During 2015, the Outlander plug-in hybrid surpassed the Leaf as the all-time top selling plug-in passenger car in Europe. In 2017, the Outlander PHEV topped plug-in hybrid sales in Europe, for the fifth year running.
European sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in January 2018, and global deliveries achieved the 150,000 unit mark in March 2018. The 200,000th unit milestone was attained in March 2019. Global sales reached 250,000 units in May 2020, and 300,000 units in January 2022. According to JATO Dynamics, the Outlander PHEV became the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid in December 2018. , the Outlander plug-in hybrid was available for retail sales in 50 countries.
The following table presents retail sales and registrations for the top selling national markets by year through December 2015.
Reception
The Outlander PHEV was selected as one of the top five finalists for the 2014 World Green Car of the Year.
Battery incident
In March 2013, the battery pack of an Outlander PHEV at a dealership in Yokohama overheated and melted some of the battery cells, after the vehicle had been fully charged and stood for one day. Nobody was injured in the incident. The battery packs are produced by GS Yuasa, the same company that supplies the batteries for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, whose entire fleet was grounded in January 2013 for battery problems. Mitsubishi did not issue a recall but halted production and sales until it determined the cause of the battery problems. The carmaker advised the 4,000 owners of the Outlander plug-in hybrid to drive only on gasoline mode for the time being. On 19 August 2013, after changing a production process to avoid damaging any batteries, Mitsubishi restarted production of the Outlander plug-in hybrid.
Fourth generation (GM/GN; 2021)
The fourth-generation Outlander debuted on February 16, 2021. It first takes inspiration from the GT-PHEV concept which debuted at the 2016 Paris Motor Show, then the Engelberg Tourer concept which debuted at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, and finally developed four years after Nissan purchased a 34 percent stake in Mitsubishi Motors. It is based on the Nissan Rogue/X-Trail (T33), riding on the CMF-CD platform, first ever for a Mitsubishi vehicle. Like its predecessor, it continues to offer the same seven-seat configuration.
Changes include the new PR25DD 2.5-litre petrol engine shared with the Nissan Rogue, producing and . A plug-in hybrid powertrain is expected with diesel powertrains discontinued. Due to its close ties with the Rogue, many interior elements are also shared with this model. New interior features include an available 9.0-inch infotainment system with wireless Apple CarPlay, a 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster and a head-up display.
In the US, it is sold in five trim levels: ES, SE, SE Launch Edition, SEL and SEL Launch Edition.
The model was introduced in Australia in November 2021 and went on sale in February 2022. Trim levels available are ES, LS, Aspire, Exceed and Exceed Tourer, with the ES trim receiving both 5-seat and 7-seat options.
The Outlander includes a 360-degree camera, forward collision mitigation, lane-departure warning, blind-spot monitoring. The North American market 2022 Outlander SE Launch Edition adds features such as adaptive cruise control and lane departure prevention.
Outlander PHEV
The plug-in hybrid version was released in Japan in October 2021. It uses the 4B12 engine used by the previous generation Outlander PHEV with a more powerful motor and a larger 20 kWh battery, delivering an increase of power output on the front and rear motors, combining for a total driving range of in electric-only mode. The engine was rated at at 6000 rpm and at 4100 rpm depending on region. North American release is scheduled in 2022 for the 2023 model year. Contrary to its predecessor, the PHEV model is available in a 7-seat configuration which made possible by unifying the rear motor with the control unit.
Awards
Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV won the Technology Car of the Year Award in 2021–2022 Japan Car of the Year Awards.
Sales and production
Global Outlander sales achieved the 1.5 million unit milestone in October 2016, 15 years after its market launch.
Sales
Production
(sources: Facts and Figures, Mitsubishi Motors website. Facts & Figures 2005, Facts & Figures 2009, Facts & Figures 2013, Facts & Figures 2019 )
References
External links
(Japan; PHEV)
Outlander
Cars introduced in 2001
2010s cars
2020s cars
Compact sport utility vehicles
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Euro NCAP small off-road
Vehicles with CVT transmission
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Partial zero-emissions vehicles
VDL Nedcar vehicles |
42333733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croce%20%28surname%29 | Croce (surname) | Croce is an Italian surname meaning literally "cross". Notable people with the surname include:
A. J. Croce (born 1971), American singer-songwriter
Alberto Croce (born 1944), Italian professional golfer
Alessandro Croce (1650–1704), Italian prelate
Andrea Giuseppe Croce (1914–1986), Italian businessman
Antonio Croce (born 1986) Italian footballer
Arlene Croce (born 1934), American dance critic
Baldassare Croce (1558–1628), Italian painter
Benedetto Croce (1866–1952), Italian philosopher and critic
Carlo M. Croce (born 1944), Italian-American oncologist
Carlo Croce (born 1945), Italian yacht racer
Daniele Croce (born 1982), Italian footballer
Fabiano Santacroce (born 1986), Italian Brazilian association football player
Francesco Croce (1696–1773), Italian baroque architect
Fulvio Croce (1901–1977), Italian lawyer
Giovanni Croce (1557–1609), Italian composer
Giovanni Andrea Croce (died 1595), Italian prelate
Giulio Cesare Croce (1550–1609), Italian playwright
Ingrid Croce (born 1947), American singer-songwriter and wife of Jim
Ireneo della Croce (1625–1713), Italian preacher
Jim Croce (1943–1973), American singer-songwriter
Luigi Croce (born 1940), Italian yacht racer
Marcos Croce (1894–1978), Argentine footballer
Maria Eufrasia della Croce (1597–1676), Italian nun and painter
Mary Keating Croce (1928–2016), American politician
Nicolás Emanuel Croce (born 1985), Argentine footballer
Onofrio de Santa Croce (died 1471), Italian cardinal
Paola Croce (born 1978), Italian volleyball player
Pat Croce (born 1954), Italian-American entrepreneur
Pellegrino Croce (born 1955), Italian rower
Stefania Croce (born 1970), Italian professional golfer
Italian-language surnames |
48727467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Altbach | Ron Altbach | Ronald S. Altbach is a pianist and songwriter who co-founded French-American rock band King Harvest and played the Wurlitzer electric piano intro on their single "Dancing in the Moonlight" (1973). He later became a session keyboardist for the Beach Boys and penned songs for the group. Altbach was also a member of Celebration, a group led by Beach Boys co-founder Mike Love, mainly composed of Beach Boys touring musicians.
Altbach's contributions to the Beach Boys include co-producing M.I.U. Album (1978) and co-writing songs such as "Belles of Paris", "She's Got Rhythm", and "Alone on Christmas Day".
References
External links
20th-century pianists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Cornell University alumni
21st-century pianists |
29747760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bradfield%20%28disambiguation%29 | James Bradfield (disambiguation) | James Bradfield (1933–1989) was an Australian politician.
James Bradfield may also refer to:
James Dean Bradfield (born 1969), Welsh musician, lead guitarist of the Manic Street Preachers
James Bradfield Primary School, Norfolk, England
James Bradfield Moody (born 1976), Australian business executive
See also
Bradfield (surname) |
19018887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysocice | Wysocice | Wysocice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gołcza, within Miechów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south of Gołcza, south-west of Miechów, and north of the regional capital Kraków.
The village has a population of 437.
References
Wysocice |
40398414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20kanji%20radicals%20by%20stroke%20count | List of kanji radicals by stroke count | Kanji radicals are graphemes, or graphical parts, that are used in organizing Japanese kanji in dictionaries. They are derived from the 214 Chinese Kangxi radicals.
Table key
The following table shows the 214 Kangxi radicals, which are derived from 47,035 characters.
The frequency list is derived from the 47,035 characters in the Chinese language.
The Jōyō frequency is from the set of 2,136 Jōyō kanji.
Top 25% means that this radical represents 25% of Jōyō kanji.
Top 50% means that this radical plus the Top 25% represent 50% of Jōyō kanji.
Top 75% means that this radical plus the Top 50% represent 75% of Jōyō kanji.
Many radicals are not commonly written by themselves so people wouldn't know the technical hiragana reading given here. The simplified table of Japanese kanji radicals page only lists common readings.
Table of radicals
Kanji radicals not recognized by Kangxi
These radicals are either listed as variants or not listed at all in the kangxi radical table.
The 214 Kangxi radicals are technically classifiers as they are not always etymologically correct, but since linguistics uses that word in the sense of "classifying" nouns (such as in counter words) dictionaries commonly call the kanji components radicals. As dictionaries have moved from textbooks to interactive screens the term "radicals" seems to now be used for any kanji component used in a visual search.
Other possible radical candidates
竹 and 西 (西 to a lesser extent) are only used in their original form when representing the original meanings. As components of jouyou kanji they always appear as ⺮ and 覀.
Position of radical within character
There are fourteen different radical positions, seven basic types and seven variant. The following table lists radical types with Japanese name and position in red and indicate how Kanji is formed by radical with example.
See also
List of kanji radicals by frequency
List of Unicode radicals
Kangxi radical
References
External links
http://nihonshock.com/2012/02/kanji-radicals-and-components/
http://www.hadamitzky.de/english/lp_radical_tables.htm
http://kanjialive.com/214-traditional-kanji-radicals/
http://www.joyokanji.com/radical-notes
All (CJK) Unicode Han characters
Kanji |
67128761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaheer%20Ahmad%20Babar | Zaheer Ahmad Babar | Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar Sidhu () is a four-star air force general and the current 16th Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force. He belongs to Sidh, Gujrat. On 19 March 2021, Babar took over command of the Pakistan Air Force from his predecessor ACM Mujahid Anwar Khan.
Personal life
Chauhdary Zaheer Babar Sidhu Born on 16 April 1965, into a Punjabi Muslim Jatt family from the Sidhu clan.
Career
Air Chief Marshal Chauhdary Zaheer Ahmed Babar Sidhu was commissioned in GD (P) Branch of Pakistan Air Force in April, 1986. During his illustrious career, he has commanded a Fighter Squadron, a Flying Wing, an Operational Air Base and Regional Air Command. In his staff appointments, he has served as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Operational Requirement & Development), Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Training-Officers) and Additional Secretary at Ministry of Defence. He has also served as Director General Projects, Director General Air Force Strategic Command, Deputy Chief of Air Staff (Air Defence) and Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (Administration) at Air Headquarters Islamabad.
He is a graduate of Combat Commanders' School (PAK), Command & Staff College (UK), National Defence University (PAK), and Royal College of Defence Studies (UK). He also holds a master's degree in Strategic Studies.
In recognition of his outstanding services, he has been awarded with Tamgha-i-lmtiaz (Military), Sitara-i-lmtiaz (Military), Hilal-i-lmtiaz (Military) and Nishan-i-lmtiaz (Military).
Chief of the Air Staff
On 17 March 2021, Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan appointed him as Chief of Air Staff and he assumed charge on 19 March 2021. He also met with Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif on assuming office.
Awards and decorations
Foreign Decorations
Effective dates of promotion
References
1965 births
Living people
Pakistani generals
Chiefs of Air Staff, Pakistan
Pakistan Air Force air marshals |
15301621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealous%20Bone | Jealous Bone | "Jealous Bone" is a song written by Steve Bogard and Rick Giles, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless. It was released in January 1992 as the second single from her album Up Against My Heart.
Music video
The music video released for this song gives the appearance of being filmed in concert. However, it was filmed as a video production in front of an audience of Loveless' fans.
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 13 during the week of March 26, 1992.
Chart positions
References
1992 singles
Patty Loveless songs
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
MCA Records singles
Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller
Songs written by Steve Bogard
Songs written by Rick Giles
1991 songs |
15908521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M125 | M125 | M125 may refer to:
M125 bomblet
M125 mortar carrier based on the M113 armored personnel carrier
M123 and M125 10-ton 6x6 trucks
M-125 (Michigan highway)
M125 (New York City bus)
Palm m125 personal digital assistant |
62678699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104 | 104 | 104 may refer to:
104 (number), a natural number
AD 104, a year in the 2nd century AD
104 BC, a year in the 2nd century BC
104 (MBTA bus), Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority bus route
Hundred and Four (or Council of 104), a Carthaginian tribunal of judges
104 (City of Edinburgh) Field Squadron, Royal Engineers, a Scottish military unit
104 (Tyne) Army Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, an English military unit
104 (barge), cargo ship in service in the 1890s
See also
10/4 (disambiguation)
Rutherfordium, chemical element with atomic number 104 |
265800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology%20controversies | Scientology controversies | Since its inception in 1954, the Church of Scientology has been involved in a number of controversies, including its stance on psychiatry, Scientology's legitimacy as a religion, the Church's aggressive attitude in dealing with its perceived enemies and critics, allegations of mistreatment of members, and predatory financial practices; for example, the high cost of religious training:191 and perceived exploitative practices. When mainstream media outlets have reported alleged abuses, representatives of the church have tended to deny such allegations.
Secrecy
The church maintains strict control over the use of its symbols, names and religious texts. Although U.S. intellectual property law allows for "fair use" of material for commentary, parody, educational purposes, etc., critics of the church such as Gerry Armstrong have argued the church unfairly and illegally uses the legal system to suppress "fair" uses, including suppressing any mention of the space opera aspects of the religion, including the story of Xenu.:371-383
One example critics cited is a 1995 lawsuit against the Washington Post newspaper et al. The Religious Technology Center (RTC), the corporation controlling L. Ron Hubbard's copyrighted materials, sued to prevent a Post reporter from describing church teachings at the center of another lawsuit, claiming copyright infringement, trade secret misappropriation, and the circulation of their "advanced technology" teachings would cause "devastating, cataclysmic spiritual harm" to those not prepared. In her judgment in favor of the Post, Judge Leonie Brinkema noted:
Public absence of Michele Miscavige
Actress Leah Remini, a former Scientologist and vocal critic of the organization, filed a missing person report regarding Michele Miscavige, wife of David Miscavige, with the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 2013. According to a story in The Los Angeles Times based on information from an anonymous LAPD source, the LAPD contacted Miscavige and subsequently closed the case.
Scientology and psychiatry
There have been a number of controversies between Scientology and psychiatry since the founding of the Church of Scientology in 1952. Scientology is publicly, and often vehemently, opposed to both psychiatry and psychology. Scientologists view psychiatry as a barbaric and corrupt profession and encourage alternative care based on spiritual healing. According to the Church of Scientology, psychiatry has a long history of improper and abusive care. The group's views have been disputed, criticized and condemned by experts in the medical and scientific community and been a source of public controversy.
The Church of Scientology's objection to secular ideas about mental health are religious in nature, based on the conviction that humans are essentially divine beings who have been marred by negative experiences acquired over several lifetimes. Scientology also purports that the secular perception of what is mentally normal is not based on science, a contradiction to the claims of psychiatry and psychology.
The Church founded an anti-psychiatry organization called Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), which operates a museum in Hollywood, California, called Psychiatry: An Industry of Death. The museum is dedicated to criticizing what it describes as "an industry driven entirely by profit". It has a variety of displays and exhibits that highlight physical psychiatric treatments, such as restraints, psychoactive drugs, electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery (including lobotomy, a procedure abandoned in the 1960s).
"Attack the Attacker" policy
Scientology has a reputation for hostile action toward anyone who criticizes it in a public forum; executives within the organization have proclaimed Scientology is "not a turn-the-other-cheek religion". Journalists, politicians, former Scientologists and various anti-cult groups have made accusations of wrongdoing against Scientology since the 1960s, and Scientology has targeted these critics—almost without exception—for retaliation, in the form of lawsuits and public counter-accusations of personal wrongdoing. Many of Scientology's critics have also reported they were subjected to threats and harassment in their private lives.
The organization's actions reflect a formal policy for dealing with criticism instituted by L. Ron Hubbard, called "attack the attacker". Hubbard codified this policy in the latter half of the 1960s in response to government investigations into the organization. In 1966, Hubbard wrote a criticism of the organization's behavior and noted the "correct procedure" for attacking enemies of Scientology:
Scientology and Me
In 2007 a BBC documentary on Scientology by reporter John Sweeney came under scrutiny by Scientologists. Sweeney alleged "While making our BBC Panorama film Scientology and Me I have been shouted at, spied on, had my hotel invaded at midnight, denounced as a 'bigot' by star Scientologists, brain-washed—that is how it felt to me—in a mock up of a Nazi-style torture chamber and chased round the streets of Los Angeles by sinister strangers". This resulted in a video being distributed by Scientologists of a shouting match between Sweeney and Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis. The church has reportedly released a DVD accusing the BBC of organising a demonstration outside a Scientology office in London, during which "terrorist death threats" were made against Scientologists. The BBC described the allegations as "clearly laughable and utter nonsense". Sandy Smith, the BBC programme's producer, commented the church of Scientology has "no way of dealing with any kind of criticism at all".
Fair Game
Hubbard detailed his rules for attacking critics in a number of policy letters, including one often quoted by critics as "the Fair Game policy". This allowed those who had been declared enemies of the Church, called "suppressive persons" (SPs), "May be deprived of property or injured by any means...May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed". (taken from HCOPL October 18, 1967 Issue IV, Penalties for Lower Conditions)
The aforementioned policy was canceled and replaced by HCOPL July 21, 1968, Penalties for Lower Conditions. The wordings "May be deprived of property or injured by any means... May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed", are not found in this reference. Scientology critics argue only the term but not the practice was removed. To support this contention, they refer to "HCO Policy Letter of October 21, 1968" which says, "The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations. This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of a SP."
According to a book by Omar Garrison, HCOPL March 7, 1969, was created under pressure from the government of New Zealand. Garrison quotes from the HCOPL, "We are going in the direction of mild ethics and involvement with the Society". Garrison then states, "It was partly on the basis of these policy reforms that the New Zealand Commission of Inquiry recommended that no legislative action be taken against Scientology". The source of Omar Garrison for this is most likely the Dumbleton-Powles Report, additional data and quotations are found in this report.
In 1977, top officials of Scientology's "Guardian's Office", an internal security force run by Hubbard's wife, Mary Sue Hubbard, admitted that fair game was policy in the GO. (U.S. v. Kember, Budlong Sentencing Memorandum – Undated, 1981).
In separate cases in 1979 and 1984, attorneys for Scientology argued the Fair Game policy was in fact a core belief of Scientology and as such deserved protection as religious expression.
"Dead agenting"
In the 1970s, Hubbard continued to codify the policy of "attacking the attacker" and assigned a term to be used frequently within Scientology: "dead agenting". Used as a verb, "dead agenting" is described by Hubbard as a technique for countering negative accusations against Scientology by diverting the critical statements and making counter-accusations against the accuser; in other words, to "attack the attacker". Hubbard defined the PR (public relations) policy on "dead agenting" in a 1974 bulletin:
The phrase comes from a misunderstanding of the chapter on espionage in The Art of War. The Scientology-sponsored website religiousfreedomwatch.org features depictions of so-called "anti-religious extremists", most of them critics of Scientology. Featuring photos of the critics and claimed evidence of their personal wrongdoing (sometimes very vague; for example: "Documentation received by Religious Freedom Watch shows that [Kristi] Wachter paid an individual to carry out a specific project for her, and also instructed this individual to lie about what he was doing in case he was caught"). The "Religious Freedom Watch" site is often cited by alt.religion.scientology users as a contemporary example of "dead agenting".
Dead agenting has also been carried out by flier campaigns against some critics—using so-called "DA fliers". Bonnie Woods, an ex-member who began counseling people involved with Scientology and their families, became a target along with her husband in 1993 when the Church of Scientology started a leaflet operation denouncing her as a "hate campaigner" with demonstrators outside their home and around East Grinstead. After a long battle of libel suits, in 1999, the church agreed to issue an apology and to pay £55,000 damages and £100,000 in legal costs to the Woods.
R2-45
"R2-45" is the name given by L. Ron Hubbard to what he described as "an enormously effective process for exteriorization but its use is frowned upon by this society at this time". In Scientology doctrine, exteriorization refers to the separation of the thetan (soul) from the body. According to the author Stewart Lamont, Hubbard defined R2-45 as a process by which exteriorization could be produced by shooting a person in the head with a .45 revolver.
While no "R2-45 letters" have been published, orders to use R2-45 on specific individuals were published in a prominent Scientology magazine. On March 6, 1968, Hubbard issued an internal memo titled "Racket Exposed", in which he denounced twelve people as "Enemies of mankind, the planet and all life", and ordered "Any Sea Org member contacting any of them is to use Auditing Process R2-45." The memo was subsequently reproduced, with another name added, in the Church of Scientology's internal journal, The Auditor. Another four people were named in a second R2-45 order published in The Auditor later in 1968.
Criminal convictions of members
Much of the controversy surrounding Scientology is reflected in the long list of legal incidents associated with the organization including the criminal convictions of core members of the Scientology organization.
In 1978, a number of Scientologists, including L. Ron Hubbard's wife Mary Sue Hubbard (who was second in command in the organization at the time), were convicted of perpetrating what was at the time the largest incident of domestic espionage in the history of the United States, called "Operation Snow White". This involved infiltrating, wiretapping, and stealing documents from the offices of Federal attorneys and the Internal Revenue Service. The judge who convicted Mary Sue Hubbard and ten accomplices described their attempt to plead freedom of religion in defense:
Eleven church staff members, including Mary Sue Hubbard and other highly placed officials, pleaded guilty or were convicted in federal court based on evidence seized in the raids and received sentences from two to six years (some suspended).
Other noteworthy incidents involving criminal accusations and prosecutions against the Church of Scientology include:
On January 4, 1963, more than one hundred E-meters were seized by U.S. marshals at the "Founding Church of Scientology" building, now known as the L. Ron Hubbard House, located in Washington, D.C. The church was accused of making false claims that the devices effectively treated some 70 percent of all physical and mental illness. The FDA also charged that the devices did not bear adequate directions for treating the conditions for which they were recommended. Upon appeal, the E-meters were returned, with the direction that they should be used only in "bona fide religious counseling", and that all meters and referring literature must include a label disclaiming any medical benefits. In the decision, the court gave recognition to Scientology's "constitutional right to protection from the government's excessive entanglement with religion" as written by James R. Lewis, in Scientology.
In 1978, L. Ron Hubbard was convicted in absentia by French authorities of engaging in fraud, fined 35,000 francs, and sentenced to four years in prison. The head of the French Church of Scientology was convicted at the same trial and given a suspended one-year prison sentence.
The FBI raid on the Church's headquarters revealed documentation that detailed Scientology actions against various critics of the organization. Among these documents was a plan to frame Gabe Cazares, the mayor of Clearwater, Florida, with a staged hit-and-run accident. Also, plans were made to discredit the skeptical organization CSICOP by spreading rumors that it was a front for the CIA, and a project called "Operation Freakout" which aimed at ruining the life of Paulette Cooper, author of The Scandal of Scientology, an early book that had been critical of the movement.
In 1988, the government of Spain arrested Scientology president Heber Jentzsch and ten other members of the organization on various charges including illicit association, coercion, fraud, and labor law violations. Jentzsch jumped bail, leaving Spain and returning to the United States after Scientology paid a bail bond of approximately $1 million, and he has not returned to the country since. Scientology fought the charges in court for fourteen years, until the case was finally dismissed in 2002.
The Church of Scientology is the only religious organization in Canada to be convicted on the charge of breaching the public trust: The Queen v. Church of Scientology of Toronto, et al. (1992)
In France, several officials of the Church of Scientology were convicted of embezzlement in 2001. The Church was listed as a "dangerous cult" in a parliamentary report. In May 2009, a trial commenced in France against Scientology, accusing it of organised fraud. The case focused on a complaint by a woman who says that after being offered a free personality test, she was pressured into paying large sums of money. The church is regarded as a sect in France. The result of the trial was that two branches of the organization and several of its leaders have been found guilty of fraud and fined. Alain Rosenberg, the group's head in France, received a two-year suspended jail sentence.
The Church of Scientology long considered the Cult Awareness Network (CAN) as one of its most important enemies, and many Scientology publications during the 1980s and 1990s cast CAN (and its spokesperson at the time, Cynthia Kisser) in an unfriendly light, accusing the cult-watchdog organization of various criminal activities. After CAN was forced into bankruptcy and taken over by Scientologists in the late 1990s, Scientology proudly proclaimed this as one of its greatest victories.
In Belgium, after a judicial investigation since 1997, a trial against the organization is due to begin in 2008. Charges include formation of a criminal organization, the unlawful exercise of medicine, and fraud.
In the United Kingdom the church has been accused of "grooming" City of London Police officers with gifts worth thousands of pounds.
In Australia, Scientology has been temporarily banned in the 1960s in three out of six states; the use of the E-meter was similarly banned in Victoria. In Victoria, Scientology was investigated by the state government. In the conclusion to his report written as part of this investigation, Kevin Victor Anderson, Q.C. stated "Scientology is a delusional belief system, based on fiction and fallacies and propagated by falsehood and deception". The report was later overturned by the High Court of Australia, which compelled the states to recognize Scientology as a religion for purposes of payroll taxes, stating "Regardless of whether the members of are gullible or misled or whether the practices of Scientology are harmful or objectionable, the evidence, in our view, establishes that Scientology must, for relevant purposes, be accepted as 'a religion' in Victoria."
In 2009, a Paris court found the French Church of Scientology guilty of organized fraud and imposed a fine of nearly . The prosecution had asked for the Church to be banned, but a recent change in legislation made this impossible. The case had been brought by two ex-members who said they had been pressured into spending large amounts of money on Scientology courses and other services. Commenting on the verdict, the plaintiffs' attorney said, "It's the first time in France that the entity of the Church of Scientology is condemned for fraud as an organized gang". A Scientology spokesperson likened the judgment to "an Inquisition for modern times" and said the Church would appeal.
Treatment of members
In 2007, a 25-year-old woman from Sydney was charged with murdering her father and sister and seriously injuring her mother. Her parents had prevented her from seeking the psychiatric treatment she needed because of their Scientology beliefs.
In 2012, Debbie Cook, who ran the "spiritual Mecca" for seventeen years, came forward and accused the church of repeated accounts of "screaming, slapping" and being "made to stand in a trash and water's poured over you" in efforts to confess her sins. This was all done in "The Hole", located at Scientology's International base in Hemet, California. She claims that she was taken there against her will and forced to stay for seven weeks. The church states that she "voluntarily" participated in their program of "religious discipline". Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath is a 2016–2017 A&E documentary series that investigates abuses of the Church of Scientology by interviewing of former members.
Death of Lisa McPherson
The most widely publicized death of one of the organization's members was that of 36-year-old Lisa McPherson while in the care of Scientologists at the Scientology-owned Fort Harrison Hotel, in Clearwater, Florida, in 1995. McPherson, at the time, was displaying symptoms suggesting she was struggling with mental illness; in one case, she removed all of her clothes after being involved in a minor traffic accident, later remarking she had done so in hopes of obtaining counseling. The Church, however, intervened to prevent McPherson from receiving psychiatric treatment and to keep her in Church custody. Records show that she was then placed in a Scientology program, the Introspection Rundown, which was forced isolation used to handle a psychotic episode. Weeks later, she was pronounced dead on arrival at a hospital. The autopsy identified multiple hematomas (bruises), an abrasion on the nose, and lesions that were consistent with "insect/animal bites". An autopsy showed that she had died of a pulmonary embolism.
Florida authorities filed criminal charges against the Church of Scientology, who denied any responsibility for McPherson's death and vigorously contested the charges. The prosecuting attorneys ultimately dropped the criminal case. After four years, a $100 million civil lawsuit filed by Lisa McPherson's family was settled in 2004. The suit resulted in an injunction against the distribution of a film critical of Scientology, The Profit, which the Church claimed was meant to influence the jury. The terms of the settlement were sealed by the court.
Death of Elli Perkins
Another crime that received substantial news coverage involved the death of Elli Perkins. This included an installment on the CBS investigative news program 48 Hours.
Perkins was a mother of two, a professional glass artist, and a Scientologist who lived in Western New York. She was a senior auditor at the Church of Scientology in Buffalo, New York. When her then 24-year-old son Jeremy began to show strange and disturbing behavior, Elli did not seek out psychiatric care but used treatment in accordance with Scientology. Scientologists believe that psychiatry "doesn't work."
First, the family sent Jeremy to Scientology's Sea Org in California. He returned home some months later because Sea Org had not helped. Found trespassing outside the University at Buffalo on August 14, 2001, Jeremy was arrested and remanded to a local hospital after a court-ordered psychiatric exam confirmed that he had a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Elli Perkins later convinced the court to release her son into her custody so she could seek alternatives to psychiatry. She also refused any treatment with anti-psychotic medications. Defense attorney John Nuchereno said that Jeremy's condition declined over the summer of 2002. He was no longer able to work in the family business. The Church of Scientology ceased efforts to cure Jeremy and classified him as a level III "Potential Trouble Source".
In the fall of 2002, the family consulted Dr. Conrad Maulfair, an osteopathic physician and Scientologist. Maulfair concluded that Jeremy needed to be purged of certain chemical toxins in his body. Maulfair said he needed to be "energized" through vitamin therapy.
Jeremy became suspicious of his mother; he thought the vitamins were poisoning him. In February 2003, Elli took Jeremy to see Albert Brown, a self-taught "natural healer". Elli planned to send Jeremy to live with Brown for treatment. He was to leave for Brown's on March 13, 2003, but days beforehand began to act more aggressively. On the 13th, after a shower he retrieved a steak knife and tried to slit his wrists. Unsuccessful, Jeremy found his mother in the kitchen and attacked her as she spoke to a friend on the phone. Autopsy reports showed that Elli Perkins was stabbed 77 times.
Jeremy was charged with second degree murder but found not responsible by reason of mental disease. On January 29, 2004, after NY State Office of Mental Health exams, he was assessed "Dangerously Mentally Ill" and committed to a secure facility. Jeremy is on psychotropic medications, which court psychiatrists state have not cured him, but have stabilized his condition.
In March 2006, an advertisement in LA Weekly blamed the Church of Scientology for Perkins' violent death. The 48 Hours segment on Perkins' death aired on October 28, 2006. Afterward, CBS reported they had received complaints from Scientologists.
Death of Noah Lottick
Noah Lottick was an American student of Russian studies who committed suicide on May 11, 1990, by jumping from a 10th-floor hotel window, clutching his only remaining money in his hands. After his death, a controversy arose revolving around his parents' concern over his membership in the Church of Scientology.
Noah Lottick had taken Scientology courses, for which he paid . Lottick's friends and family remarked that after taking these courses he began to act strangely. They stated to Time magazine that he told them that his Scientologist teachers were telepathic, and that his father's heart attack was purely psychosomatic. His parents said that he visited their home five days before his death, claiming they were spreading "false rumors" about him.
Lottick's suicide was profiled in a Time cover story that was highly critical of Scientology, "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", which received the Gerald Loeb Award, and later appeared in Reader's Digest.
Lottick's father, Dr. Edward Lottick, stated that his initial impression of Scientology was that it was similar to Dale Carnegie's techniques. However, after his son's death, his opinion was that the organization is a "school for psychopaths". He blamed Scientology for his son's death, although no direct connection was determined. After Dr. Lottick's remarks were published in the media, the Church of Scientology haggled with him over that Noah had allegedly paid to the Church and not utilized for services. The Church claimed Lottick had intended this to be a donation.
The Church of Scientology sued Richard Behar and Time magazine for $416 million. Dr. and Mrs. Lottick submitted affidavits affirming "the accuracy of each statement in the article", and stating that Dr. Lottick had "concluded that Scientology therapies were manipulations". They said that no Scientology staff members attended the funeral of their son. All counts against Behar and Time were later dismissed. Lottick's father cited his son's suicide as his motivation for researching cults, in his article describing a survey of physicians that he presented to the Pennsylvania State Medical Society.
The Church of Scientology issued a press release denying any responsibility for Lottick's suicide. Spokesperson Mike Rinder was quoted in the St. Petersburg Times as saying that Lottick had an argument with his parents four days before his death. Rinder stated, "I think Ed Lottick should look in the mirror ... I think Ed Lottick made his son's life intolerable."
Brainwashing
The Church of Scientology is frequently accused by critics of employing brainwashing.
The controversy about the existence of cultic brainwashing has become one of the most polarizing issues among cult followers, academic researchers of cults, and cult critics. Parties disagree about the existence of a social process attempting coercive influence, and also disagree about the existence of the social outcome—that people become influenced against their will.
One alleged example of the Church's possible brainwashing tactics is the Rehabilitation Project Force, to which church staff are assigned to work off alleged wrongdoings under conditions that many critics characterize as degrading. Some of these allegations are presented in Stephen Kent's Brainwashing in Scientology's Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF). Articles that claim to rebut those charges include Juha Pentikäinen's The Church of Scientology's Rehabilitation Project Force.
L. Ron Hubbard is believed to have authored The Brainwashing Manual.
The Anderson Report
The final results of the Anderson Report in 1965 declared:
The Board is not concerned to find that the scientology techniques are brainwashing techniques as practiced, so it is understood, in some communist-controlled countries. Scientology techniques are, nevertheless, a kind of brainwashing...The astonishing feature of Scientology is that its techniques and propagation resemble very closely those set out in a book entitled Brain-washing, advertised and sold by the HASI.
Disconnection
The Church of Scientology has been criticized for their practice of "disconnection" in which Scientologists are directed to sever all contact with family members or friends who criticize the faith. Critics including ex-members and relatives of existing members say that this practice has divided many families. The disconnection policy is considered by critics to be further evidence that the Church is a cult. By making its members entirely dependent upon a social network entirely within the organization, critics assert that Scientologists are kept from exposure to critical perspectives on the church and are put in a situation that makes it extremely difficult for members to leave the church, since apostates will be shunned by the Church and have already been cut off from family and friends.
The Church of Scientology acknowledges that its members are strongly discouraged from associating with "enemies of Scientology", and likens the disconnection policy to the practice of shunning in religions such as the Amish. However, there is a consensus of religious scholars who oppose Scientology's practice:
"I just think it would be better for all concerned if they just let them go ahead and get out and everyone goes their own way, and not make such a big deal of it, the policy hurts everybody." J. Gordon Melton, Institute for the Study of American Religion, Santa Barbara, California.
"It has to do with feeling threatened because you're not that big. You do everything you can to keep unity in the group." F.K. Flinn, Washington University in St. Louis.
"Some people I've talked to, they just wanted to go on with their lives and they wanted to be in touch with their daughter or son or parent. The shunning was just painful. And I don't know what it was accomplishing. And the very terms they use are scary, aren't they?" Newton Maloney, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Use of donations and preferential treatment of Scientologist celebrities
Andre Tabayoyon, a former Scientologist and Sea Org staffer, testified in a 1994 affidavit that money from not-for-profit Scientology organizations and labor from those organizations (including the Rehabilitation Project Force) had gone to provide special facilities for Scientology celebrities, which were not available to other Scientologists:A Sea Org staffer...was taken along to do personal cooking for Tom Cruise and Miscavige at the expense of Scientology not for profit religious organizations. This left only 3 cooks at Gold to cook for 800 people three times a day... apartment cottages were built for the use of John Travolta, Kirstie Alley, Edgar Winter, Priscilla Presley, and other Scientology celebrities who are carefully prevented from finding out the real truth about the Scientology organization ... Miscavige decided to redo the meadow in beautiful flowers; Tens of thousands of dollars were spent on the project so that Cruise and Kidman could romp there. However, Miscavige inspected the project and didn't like it. So the whole meadow was plowed up, destroyed, replowed and sown with plain grass.Tabayoyon's account of the planting of the meadow was supported by another former Scientologist, Maureen Bolstad, who said that a couple of dozen Scientologists including herself were put to work on a rainy night through dawn on the project. "We were told that we needed to plant a field and that it was to help Tom impress Nicole... but for some mysterious reason it wasn't considered acceptable by Mr. Miscavige. So the project was rejected and they redid it".
Legitimacy of Scientology as a religion
The nature of Scientology is hotly debated in many countries. The Church of Scientology pursues an extensive public relations campaign arguing Scientology is a bona fide religion. The organization cites a number of studies and experts who support their position. Critics point out most cited studies were commissioned by Scientology to produce the desired results.
Many countries (including Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Mexico, Russia, the United Kingdom), while not prohibiting or limiting the activities of the Church of Scientology, have rejected its applications for tax-exempt, charitable status or recognition as a religious organization; it has been variously judged to be a commercial enterprise or a dangerous cult.
Scientology is legally accepted as a religion in the United States and Australia, and enjoys the constitutional protections afforded to religious practice in each country. In October 1993, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service recognized the Church as an "organization operated exclusively for religious and charitable purposes". The Church offers the tax exemption as proof that it is a religion. (This subject is examined in the article on the Church of Scientology).
In 1982, the High Court of Australia ruled the State Government of Victoria lacked the right to declare the Church of Scientology was not a religion. The Court found the issue of belief to be the central feature of religion, regardless of the presence of charlatanism: "Charlatanism is a necessary price of religious freedom, and if a self-proclaimed teacher persuades others to believe in a religion which he propounds, lack of sincerity or integrity on his part is not incompatible with the religious character of the beliefs, practices and observances accepted by his followers."
Other countries to have recognized Scientology as a religion include Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sweden, and New Zealand. The debate continues until today, with a new generation of critics continuing to question Scientology's legitimacy as a religion.
L. Ron Hubbard and starting a religion for money
While the oft-cited rumor Hubbard made a bar bet with Robert A. Heinlein he could start a cult is unproven, many witnesses have reported Hubbard making statements in their presence starting a religion would be a good way to make money. These statements have led many to believe Hubbard hid his true intentions and was motivated solely by potential financial rewards.
Editor Sam Merwin, for example, recalled a meeting: "I always knew he was exceedingly anxious to hit big money—he used to say he thought the best way to do it would be to start a cult." (December 1946) Writer and publisher Lloyd Arthur Eshbach reported Hubbard saying "I'd like to start a religion. That's where the money is." Writer Theodore Sturgeon reported Hubbard made a similar statement at the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society. Likewise, writer Sam Moskowitz reported in an affidavit during an Eastern Science Fiction Association meeting on November 11, 1948, Hubbard had said "You don't get rich writing science fiction. If you want to get rich, you start a religion." Milton A. Rothman also reported to his son Tony Rothman he heard Hubbard make exactly that claim at a science fiction convention. In 1998, an A&E documentary titled Inside Scientology shows Lyle Stuart reporting Hubbard stated repeatedly to make money, "you start a religion."
According to The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, ed. Brian Ash, Harmony Books, 1977:...[Hubbard] began making statements to the effect that any writer who really wished to make money should stop writing and develop [a] religion, or devise a new psychiatric method. Harlan Ellison's version (Time Out, UK, No 332) is that Hubbard is reputed to have told [John W.] Campbell, "I'm going to invent a religion that's going to make me a fortune. I'm tired of writing for a penny a word". Sam Moskowitz, a chronicler of science fiction, has reported that he himself heard Hubbard make a similar statement, but there is no first-hand evidence.The following letter, written by L. Ron Hubbard, was discovered by the FBI during its raid on Scientology headquarters. The letter shows Hubbard turned Scientology into a "religion" for financial reasons:
(1953)
DEAR HELEN
The arrangements that have been made seem a good temporary measure. On a longer look, however, something more equitable will have to be organized. I am not quite sure what we would call the place – probably not a clinic – but I am sure that it ought to be a company, independent of the HAS but fed by the HAS. We don't want a clinic. We want one in operation but not in name. Perhaps we could call it a Spiritual Guidance Center. Think up its name, will you. And we could put in nice desks and our boys in neat blue with diplomas on the walls and 1. knock psychotherapy into history and 2. make enough money to shine up my operating scope and 3. keep the HAS solvent. It is a problem of practical business. I await your reaction on the religion angle. In my opinion, we couldn't get worse public opinion than we have had or have less customers with what we've got to sell. A religious charter would be necessary in Pennsylvania or NJ to make it stick. But I sure could make it stick. We're treating the present time beingness, psychotherapy treats the past and the brain. And brother, that's religion, not mental science.
An article by Professor Benjamin Beith-Hallahmi documents the secular aspects of Scientology from Scientology's own writings.
Free Zone suppression
The Church has taken steps to suppress the Free Zone, the term for a variety of groups and individuals who practice Scientology outside the strictures of the Church of Scientology proper, and shut down dissenters when possible. The CoS has used copyright and trademark laws to attack various Free Zone groups. Accordingly, the Free Zone avoids the use of officially trademarked Scientology words, including 'Scientology' itself. In 2000, the Religious Technology Center unsuccessfully attempted to gain the Web domain www.scientologie.org from the World Intellectual Property Organization, in a legal action against the Free Zone. Skeptic Magazine described the Free Zone as: "...a group founded by ex-Scientologists to promote L. Ron Hubbard's ideas independent of the COS [Church of Scientology]." A Miami Herald article wrote that ex-Scientologists joined the Free Zone because they felt that Church of Scientology leadership had: "...strayed from Hubbard's original teachings." One Free Zone Scientologist identified as "Safe" was quoted in Salon as saying: "The Church of Scientology does not want its control over its members to be found out by the public and it doesn't want its members to know that they can get scientology outside of the Church of Scientology."
Litigation as harassment of critics
In the past many critics of Scientology have claimed they were harassed by frivolous and vexatious lawsuits.
Paulette Cooper was falsely accused of felony charges as she had been framed by the Church of Scientology's Guardian's Office. Furthermore, her personal life had been intruded upon by Scientologists who had attempted to kill her and/or draw her to suicide in a covert plan known as Operation Freakout brought to light after FBI investigations into other matters (See Operation Snow White).
A prominent example of litigation of its critics is the Church of Scientology's $416 million libel lawsuit s:Church of Scientology v. Behar against Time Warner as a result of their publication of a highly critical magazine article "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" by Richard Behar. A public campaign by the Church of Scientology accordingly ensued in an attempt to defame this Time Magazine publication. (See Church of Scientology's response)
Gareth Alan Cales is being harassed by the Church of Scientology, including false charges against him and his friends.
Similarly, the Church of Scientology's legal battle with Gerry Armstrong in Church of Scientology v. Gerald Armstrong spanned two decades and involved a $10 million claim against Armstrong.
Personality tests
In 2008, the 20-year-old daughter of Olav Gunnar Ballo, a Norwegian member of parliament, had taken a personality test organized by Scientologists in Nice, and received very negative feedback from it. A few hours later she committed suicide. French police started an investigation of the Scientology church. In the wake of the Ballo suicide linked to the personality test, the spokesman for the church in Norway called the link at accusation deeply unfair, and pointing out that the daughter had previously suffered eating disorders and psychiatric troubles.
The personality test has been condemned by the psychologist Rudy Myrvang. He called the test a recruitment tool, aimed at breaking down a person so that the Scientologists can build the test-taker back up.
Treatment of Scientologists in Germany
Based on the 1993 IRS decision granting Scientology tax-exempt status, the U.S. Department of State formally criticized Germany for discriminating against Scientologists and began to note Scientologists' complaints of harassment and discrimination in its annual Human Rights Reports, starting from the 1993 report. Since then, the U.S. Department of State has repeatedly expressed its concerns over the violation of Scientologists' individual rights posed by "sect filters", whereby potential employees are required to divulge any association with Scientology before they are considered for a job. It has also warned that companies and artists associated with Scientology may be subject to "government-approved discrimination and boycotts" in Germany. Past targets of such boycotts have included Tom Cruise and jazz pianist Chick Corea.
In 1997, an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune, drew parallels between the "organized oppression" of Scientologists in Germany and Nazi policies espoused by Germany in the 1930s. The letter was signed by Dustin Hoffman, Goldie Hawn, and a number of other Hollywood celebrities and executives. Commenting on the matter, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of State criticized Germany's treatment of Scientologists and said that Scientologists were indeed discriminated against in Germany, but condemned any comparisons of this treatment to the Nazis' treatment of Jews as extremely inappropriate, an opinion echoed by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights.
German officials sharply rejected the accusations. They said that Germany guarantees the freedom of religion, but characterized Scientology as a profit-making enterprise, rather than a religion, and emphasized that precisely because of Germany's Nazi past, Germany took a determined stance against all "radical cults and sects, including right-wing Nazi groups", and not just against Scientology. According to a 1997 Time magazine article, most Germans consider Scientology a subversive organization, with pollsters reporting 70% popular support for banning Scientology in Germany.
In late 1997, the United States granted asylum to a German Scientologist, Antje Victore, who claimed she would be subject to religious persecution in her homeland. In 2000, the German Stern magazine published a report asserting that several rejection letters which the woman had submitted as part of her asylum application—ostensibly from potential employers who were rejecting her because she was a Scientologist—had in fact been written by fellow Scientologists at her request and that of the Office of Special Affairs and that she was in personal financial trouble and about to go on trial for tax evasion at the time she applied for asylum. On a 2000 visit to Clearwater, Florida, Ursula Caberta of the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority likewise alleged that the asylum case had been part of an "orchestrated effort" by Scientology undertaken "for political gain", and "a spectacular abuse of the U.S. system". German expatriate Scientologists resident in Clearwater, in turn, accused Caberta of stoking a "hate campaign" in Germany that had "ruined the lives and fortunes of scores of Scientologists" and maintained that Scientologists had not "exaggerated their plight for political gain in the United States". Mark Rathbun, a top Church of Scientology official, said that although Scientology had not orchestrated the case, "there would have been nothing improper if it had".
Scientology and Wikipedia
In an effort to adhere to Wikipedia policy, the Arbitration Committee of the English Wikipedia decided in late-May 2009 to restrict editing from Church of Scientology IP addresses, to prevent self-serving edits by editors within CoS-administered networks. A "host of anti-Scientologist editors" were topic-banned as well. The committee concluded that both sides had "gamed policy" and resorted to "battlefield tactics", with articles on living persons being the "worst casualties".
Church of Scientology's response to criticism
Scientology's response to accusations of criminal behavior has been twofold; the church is under attack by an organized conspiracy, and each of the church's critics is hiding a private criminal past. In the first instance, the Church of Scientology has repeatedly stated that it is engaged in an ongoing battle against a massive, worldwide conspiracy whose sole purpose is to "destroy the Scientology religion." Thus, aggressive measures and legal actions are the only way the church has been able to survive in a hostile environment; they sometimes liken themselves to the early Mormons who took up arms and organized militia to defend themselves from persecution.
The church asserts that the core of the organized anti-Scientology movement is the psychiatric profession, in league with deprogrammers and certain government bodies (including elements within the FBI and the government of Germany.) These conspirators have allegedly attacked Scientology since the earliest days of the church, with the shared goal of creating a docile, mind-controlled population. As an official Scientology website explains:
To understand the forces ranged against L. Ron Hubbard, in this war he never started, it is necessary to gain a cursory glimpse of the old and venerable science of psychiatry-which was actually none of the aforementioned. As an institution, it dates back to shortly before the turn of the century; it is certainly not worthy of respect by reason of age or dignity; and it does not meet any known definition of a science, what with its hodgepodge of unproven theories that have never produced any result-except an ability to make the unmanageable and mutinous more docile and quiet, and turn the troubled into apathetic souls beyond the point of caring. That it promotes itself as a healing profession is a misrepresentation. Its mission is to control.
On the other hand, L. Ron Hubbard has proclaimed that all critics of Scientology are criminals. Hubbard wrote on numerous occasions that all of Scientology's opponents are seeking to hide their own criminal histories, and the proper course of action to stop these attacks is to "expose" the hidden crimes of the attackers. The Church of Scientology does not deny that it vigorously seeks to "expose" its critics and enemies; it maintains that all of its critics have criminal histories, and they encourage hatred and "bigotry" against Scientology. Hubbard's belief that all critics of Scientology are criminals was summarized in a policy letter written in 1967:
Now get this as a technical fact, not a hopeful idea. Every time we have investigated the background of a critic of Scientology we have found crimes for which that person or group could be imprisoned under existing law. We do not find critics of Scientology who do not have criminal pasts. Over and over we prove this. -- Critics of Scientology, "Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter", 5 November 1967.
Scientology claims that it continues to expand and prosper despite all efforts to prevent it from growing; critics claim that the Church's own statistics contradict its story of continuing growth.
The Church of Scientology has published a number of responses to criticism available online.
Analyses of Scientology's counter-accusations and actions against its critics are available on a number of websites, including the critical archive Operation Clambake.
On January 22, 2013, attorneys for the organization, as well as some of its members, reacted toward the CNN News Group, threatening legal action for its airing of a story covering the release of a book published by Lawrence Wright, entitled Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief, published earlier the same year. CNN News Group then chose to publish the correspondence, with confidential information redacted, on its web site. The threats were not followed up by lawsuits.
See also
Bare-Faced Messiah (book)
Believe What You Like (book)
Brain-Washing (book)
Going Clear (film)
Inside Scientology (book)
L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman? (book)
My Scientology Movie (film)
Scientology and Me (TV documentary)
Scientology: The Now Religion (book)
The Mind Benders (book)
The Scandal of Scientology (book)
Auditing controversies
Bibliography of books critical of Scientology
Church of Scientology v. Gerald Armstrong
Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath (TV series)
Mike Rinder, former Scientology executive and outspoken critic
Project Chanology
Scientology and psychiatry
Scientology and the Internet
Scientology and the legal system
Scientology beliefs and practices
References
Notes
Hubbard, L. Ron. Attacks on Scientology, "Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter", February 25, 1966
EFF "Legal Cases - Church of Scientology" Archive
Owen Chris. 'The strange links between the CoS-IRS agreement and the Snow White Program', Scientology vs the IRS, (16 January 1998)
External links
"Operation Clambake" (a comprehensive archive of critical material on Scientology)
archive (Chronological list of publications on Scientology)
scientologists freezone" (A comparative study on the Church's and the Freezone's activity)
Dianetics Skeptic's Dictionary entry on dianetics
"Death of a Scientologist" Chicago Reader feature about the suicide of an OT7 Scientologist
Scientology
Abuse of the legal system
Criticism of Scientology |
1380545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarraville%2C%20Victoria | Yarraville, Victoria | Yarraville is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maribyrnong local government area. Yarraville recorded a population of 15,636 at the .
Yarraville is bordered on the east by the junction of the Maribyrnong and the Yarra Rivers, and its southern boundary is the West Gate Freeway.
In 2020, Yarraville was named Australia's best suburb and fifth in the world. The suburb lies immediately north of the West Gate Bridge, and immediately west of its namesake, the Yarra River. Features of Yarraville include C.J. Cruickshank Park, Yarraville Oval, Beaton Reserve, Yarraville Gardens, Stony Creek and the Yarraville Village Shopping Strip.
History
Yarraville was named due to its proximity to the Yarra River. It was subdivided in 1859, and the residential development of the area commenced. In 1859 a railway line from Footscray to Williamstown was opened, which prompted land sales in the area. A large party to announce the subdivision was thrown, however the railway line operators declined to build a station at Yarraville. During the decade of 1870, a railway stop and post office were opened, Methodists established the area's first church, and a new primary school commenced operating. By 1880, Yarraville was developing into a hub for factories due to the ease of movement of goods via the nearby rail and Yarra River. Yarraville is situated on basaltic land, and bluestone was extracted for ballast for boats on the Yarra River and Port Phillip Bay.
Throughout the 1880's, the area attracted engineers, iron founders, and rope-makers. Roads linking Yarraville with greater Melbourne were poor, however as railway and water connections improved, Yarraville became an attractive industrial location.
In the 1950s, a sustained period of migration to Yarraville assisted in rapid development of the area. Many people of Greek origin were part of this migration trend. Commencing in the 1990s, the demographics of Yarraville started to change, resulting in what is now described as a "gentrified, trendy and hip area".
Yarraville Village
Located near Yarraville railway station on Anderson and Ballarat Streets, Yarraville is renowned in Melbourne for its unique character, architecture and quality of village life. Anderson and Ballarat Streets, in the heart of the Yarraville Village, are lined with refurbished 19th century buildings and dotted with neighbourhood cafés, restaurants and boutique shops.
This village atmosphere is anchored by the restored Sun Theatre and the adjacent Sun Bookshop, a prominent landmark in the Yarraville community with its unique art deco architecture and its 6 cinemas. Notable examples of Edwardian and Victorian architecture can be found in Yarraville.
The Yarraville Village is home to many award winning restaurants and cafes. Popular café choices include; Cornershop Yarraville, Woven Café and Willis & Anderson. A reflection of Melbourne's multicultural nature, Yarraville offers an array of world cuisine styles including Greek, Italian, Modern Asian, Indian, Cambodian, Mexican, Thai, Chinese and Modern Australian.
Retail shops in the village provide an eclectic shopping experience, from books to the work of a local artist, to quality clothes, shoes, gifts, jewellery, wines, gourmet foods, and a record shop.
Administration
Local government
The administration of Yarraville is managed by the City of Maribyrnong. The suburb falls into the ward of the Council named Yarraville ward, which is represented by the Mayor, Michael Clarke, Councillor Simon Crawford, and Cr Jorge Andres Jorquera.
Transportation
Public transport
Yarraville railway station is a suburban railwayt station located in the centre of the village area, 20 minutes from the Melbourne CBD. The station is serviced by all trains on the Williamstown line, and Laverton bound trains on the Werribee line. The station is located near Anderson Street in Yarraville Village, access via Birmingham Street to the North (for trains heading towards the City), and Woods Street on the South (heading away from the City). Yarraville station is within the Zone 1 region of Melbourne's public transport ticketing system.
Several bus routes also service the suburb:
223 Yarraville – Highpoint Shopping Centre via Seddon, Footscray station (every day). Operated by Kinetic Melbourne.
409 Highpoint SC – Yarraville via Victoria University Footscray, Footscray station (every day). Operated by CDC Melbourne.
411 Footscray – Laverton via Geelong Road, Altona Gate SC, Altona, Altona Meadows (every day). Operated by CDC Melbourne.
412 Footscray – Laverton via Geelong Road, Altona Gate SC, Altona, Altona Meadows (every day). Operated by CDC Melbourne.
414 Footscray – Aircraft via Geelong Road, Laverton North (Monday to Saturday). Operated by CDC Melbourne.
432 Yarraville – Newport via Altona Gate SC (every day). Operated by Transit Systems.
431 Yarraville – Kingsville (Monday to Saturday). Operated by Transit Systems.
472 Moonee Ponds Junction – Williamstown via Ascot Vale, Flemington Racecourse, Footscray, North Williamstown station (every day). Operated by Transit Systems.
944 City – Werribee via Spotswood, Newport, Hoppers Crossing (Saturday and Sunday mornings). NightRider service, operated by Dysons.
Road
Residents of Yarraville have concern about the negative effects of the growing number of trucks using the residential streets. In 2005 the Maribyrnong Truck Action Group (MTAG) was set up by the local community to protest the rising number of trucks. Residents believe they cause excessive noise pollution and air pollution, threatening the health and safety of all in Yarraville.
On 5 April 2006, a large protest organised by residents and MTAG was held in a busy Yarraville intersection, calling for restrictions towards trucks. The large turnout of the protest gained press attention including all major newspapers and network television. This still continues to be a major issue in the Yarraville district.
Places of worship
There are many religious organisations and places of worship in Yarraville, including Baptist, Buddhist, Catholic, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Orthodox and Uniting Church.
Yarraville also houses the Victorian International Buddhist College and Greek Orthodox Language school.
Community
Arts and culture
The area possesses a few musical collectives including the Footscray – Yarraville City Band and the Yarraville Mouth Organ Band. The main film society in the area is the Sun Theatre, located in Yarraville Village. There is also the Yarraville Community Centre which provides a range of resources, classes, activities and services for all ages and abilities.
Yarraville Markets is held on the first Saturday and Sunday of each month. The market is held in the Masonic Hall (Corner of Willis Street and Canterbury Street Yarraville) from 10 am till 3 pm. Everything sold at the market is handmade and/or Australian Made.
Festivals
The annual Yarraville Festival is held in Yarraville Village and continues to be a major cultural event in the community. The festival caters for more than 25,000 people and is professionally operated by a team of dedicated volunteers that reside in Yarraville. Street performers, carnival amusements, art exhibitions, teddy bear picnics, fashion parades, poetry readings, market stalls and performances across many stages, provide an array of entertainment for all.
Since 2016 the annual Albanian Australian Community Festival has been held at Yarraville Gardens after relocating from Footscray park in 2015.
Parks
There are two public major parks in Yarraville, being the Yarraville Gardens and Beaton Reserve. Both contain pristine flowerbeds with areas for leisure and relaxation.
Other parks include:
Angliss Reserve
Bellairs Park
Cruickshank Park
Fels Park
Frederick Street Reserve
Fyans Morven Reserve
Goods Yard
Hanmer Reserve
Hyde Street Reserve
Love Street Reserve
McIvor Reserve
McNish Reserve
Sandford Grove Reserve
Sinking Village
Sport
Swimming facilities for Yarraville residents are at the Yarraville Swim Centre, 3 Roberts Street West Footscray and at the Maribyrnong Aquatic Centre, Maribyrnong, located next to Highpoint Shopping Centre. The aquatic centre also provides yoga, gym facilities and other recreational activities.
There are many sporting clubs located in Yarraville such as:
Yarraville Glory Football Club (soccer), established in 1966 and with a rich Greek and local heritage.
Footscray Baseball Club
Yarraville Cricket Club
Seddon Cricket Club
With its neighbouring suburb Yarraville has an Australian Rules football team, Yarraville-Seddon Eagles, competing in the Western Region Football League. They are located at Yarraville Oval)
Footscray Hockey Club
Footscray Lacrosse Club
South Park Rangers Soccer Club
Yarraville Tennis Club
Yarraville Trugo Club
Footscray Angliss Cricket Club - formerly Footscray ANA CC
Cyclists in Yarraville are represented by MazzaBUG, the Maribyrnong Bicycle User Group.
Media
Yarraville was also the backdrop of the 1999 feature film The Wog Boy, and was mentioned in the 1992 Australian film Spotswood.
Yarraville was also the location for the Network Ten TV series 'The Wrong Girl'. Yarraville was chosen for its unique village and inner city location.
Two free, weekly suburban newspapers are distributed in Yarraville. The Maribyrnong Leader is part of the News Corporation-owned Leader Newspapers group and The Mail is part of the Fairfax Community Newspapers Victoria. Both are distributed every Wednesday.
Education
Primary schools in the immediate Yarraville area are:
St. Augustine's Primary School (Previously known as St. Augustine's College, Yarraville)
Kingsville Primary School
Wembley Primary School
Yarraville West Primary School
Many local residents are currently campaigning for a high school to be built in the area.
Notable people
Rebecca Barnard – singer, songwriter, choir leader
Gordon Binns - ornithologist, born in Yarraville.
Josh Giddey- Basketballer
Ross Hannaford – Australian rock guitarist with Daddy Cool, The Pink Finks and The Mighty Kong
Adam Hills – comedian and host of Spicks and Specks lives in Yarraville.
Ron Hutchinson, jockey
Ali McGregor – opera singer, actress and cabaret performer
Luke Mathews - Australian Olympic athlete
Dave O'Neil – comedian, radio personality and former cub scout
Liam Picken - Australian Rules Football Player (Western Bulldogs)
Nicola Roxon – Former Attorney-General of Australia, Minister for Health and Member of Parliament for Gellibrand
Albert Tucker- artist, was born in Yarraville in 1919.
John A. Tully – author and historian at Victoria University in Melbourne, Australia
See also
City of Footscray – Yarraville was previously within this former local government area.
City of Maribyrnong – Yarraville is located within this local government area.
References
External links
Yarraville Suburb Profile
Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Maribyrnong |
7456787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%20Mountain | Hart Mountain | Hart Mountain is a fault-block mountain, in Lake County, Oregon, U.S. It lies about to the east of Lakeview.
It is sometimes confused with a mountain range, but is more properly described as a mountain. The two highest peaks are Warner Peak and Hart Peak. Warner Peak is the highest point on the mountain, at . Hart Peak is and is located at .
Hart Mountain is named for the heart-shaped brand used by the pioneer ranchers Henry C. Wilson and his son-in-law C.G. Alexander. Their ranch was located in the Warner Valley at the base of Hart Mountain.
The top of the mountain is part of the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, with pronghorn antelope and bighorn sheep. At the western base of the mountain lies the Warner Wetlands ACEC, a reserve managed by the Bureau of Land Management and home to waterfowl and other wildlife. A trail leads half a mile into the wetlands to a hide.
References
External links
"Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge general reference map".
Mountains of Oregon
Mountains of Lake County, Oregon |
1133054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lewis%27s%20Farm | Battle of Lewis's Farm | The Battle of Lewis's Farm (also known as Quaker Road, Military Road, or Gravelly Run) was fought on March 29, 1865, in Dinwiddie County, Virginia near the end of the American Civil War. In climactic battles at the end of the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign, usually referred to as the Siege of Petersburg, starting with Lewis's Farm, the Union Army commanded by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant dislodged the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia commanded by General Robert E. Lee from defensive lines at Petersburg, Virginia and the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Many historians and the United States National Park Service consider the Battle of Lewis's Farm to be the opening battle of the Appomattox Campaign, which resulted in the surrender of Lee's army on April 9, 1865.
In the early morning of March 29, 1865, two corps of the Union Army of the Potomac, the V Corps under Major General Gouverneur K. Warren and the II Corps under Major General Andrew A. Humphreys, moved to the south and west of the Union line south of Petersburg toward the end of the Confederate line. The Confederate defenses were manned by the Fourth Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia under the command of Lieutenant General Richard H. Anderson. The corps only included the division of Major General Bushrod Johnson.
Turning north and marching up the Quaker Road toward the Confederate line, Warren's lead brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Joshua Chamberlain, engaged three brigades of Johnson's division at the Lewis Farm. Reinforced by a four-gun artillery battery and later relieved by two large regiments from the brigade commanded by Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Edgar M. Gregory, the Union troops ultimately forced the Confederates back to their defenses and captured an important road junction. Chamberlain was wounded and narrowly escaped capture. Union Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Alfred L. Pearson was awarded the Medal of Honor 32 years later for his heroic actions at the battle.
Casualties were nearly even at 381 for the Union and 371 for the Confederates, but as the battle ended, Warren's corps held an important objective, a portion of the Boydton Plank Road at its junction with the Quaker Road. Within hours, Major General Philip Sheridan's cavalry corps, which was still acting apart from the Army of the Potomac as the Army of the Shenandoah, occupied Dinwiddie Court House. This action also severed the Boydton Plank Road. The Union forces were close to the Confederate line and poised to attack the Confederate flank, the important road junction of Five Forks and the two Confederate railroad lines to Petersburg and Richmond that remained open to the two cities.
On April 2–3, 1865, the Confederates evacuated Petersburg and Richmond and began to move to the west. After a number of setbacks and mostly small battles, but including a significant Confederate defeat at the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865, Lee surrendered his army to Grant and his pursuing Union Army on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House, about 25 miles (40 km) east of Lynchburg, Virginia. By the end of June 1865, all Confederate armies had surrendered and the Confederacy's government had collapsed.
Background
Military situation
Richmond–Petersburg Campaign
On June 15–18, 1864, two Union Army corps, moved unobserved from the stalemated battle lines just north of Richmond across the James River to the south of Petersburg, Virginia. The Union force which joined with the Union Army of the James at Petersburg failed to seize the city from a small force of Confederate defenders at the Second Battle of Petersburg. By June 18, 1864, the Army of Northern Virginia had reinforced the defenders and the 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (Siege of Petersburg) had begun.
Grant's strategy had to become a campaign of trench warfare attrition in which the Union forces tried to wear down the Confederate Army, destroy or cut off sources of supply and supply lines to Petersburg and Richmond and to extend the lines which the outnumbered and declining Confederate force had to defend to the breaking point.
During the rest of 1864 and early 1865, Grant slowly moved his forces in the Union line south of Petersburg to the west in six more Petersburg offensives, usually with simultaneous attacks at or near the Richmond lines. The Confederates extended their lines to compensate for these moves, but they were stretched increasingly thin. With supplies and men increasingly hard for Lee to obtain or replace, he knew that his army could not defend Petersburg and Richmond from the growing Union forces indefinitely, especially with the expected arrival of Union reinforcements from recent recruits in training, Major General Philip Sheridan's cavalry divisions from the Shenandoah Valley and possibly even Major General William T. Sherman's armies already operating in North Carolina when the roads dried out after spring rains abated.
After the Battle of Hatcher's Run on February 5–7, 1865 extended the lines another , Lee had few reserves after manning the new defenses. He then knew that part or all of his army must leave the Richmond and Petersburg lines, obtain food and supplies at Danville, Virginia or possibly Lynchburg, Virginia and join General Joseph E. Johnston's force opposing Sherman's army. If the Confederates could quickly defeat Sherman, they might turn back to oppose Grant before he could combine his forces with the remainder of Sherman's. Lee began preparations for the movement and informed Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Confederate States Secretary of War John C. Breckinridge of his conclusions and plan.
Lee accepted Major General John B. Gordon's proposal to attempt to break the Union lines and threaten their supply base at City Point, Virginia by attacking along a narrow front near Fort Stedman, east of Petersburg and south of the Appomattox River, in order to compel Grant to shorten his lines, at least temporarily. If successful, this could give Lee an opportunity to shorten his lines and an opening and head start in a movement to the west and toward North Carolina.
After Gordon's Confederates surprise attack on Fort Stedman in the pre-dawn hour of March 25, 1865 had some initial success, a Union counterattack at the Battle of Fort Stedman recaptured the fort and forced the Confederates to return to their lines and give up their advance picket line, including much of the western part of that line in the afternoon at the Battle of Jones's Farm. The Confederates suffered about 4,000 casualties which they could ill afford. After the defeat at Fort Stedman, Lee knew that he could not detach part of his army and be able to maintain the defenses of Petersburg and Richmond. He also knew that Grant would soon move against the only remaining Confederate supply lines to Petersburg, the Southside Railroad and the Boydton Plank Road, beyond the end of his current defenses.
Grant's orders
Grant already had issued orders on March 24, 1865 for an offensive to begin on March 29 and was not deterred by the Battle of Fort Stedman. Grant planned for Sheridan's cavalry to cut the remaining open railroads, the Southside Railroad and the Richmond and Danville Railroad to Richmond, and for the infantry to turn the Confederates out of their positions if possible. On March 28, Grant told Sheridan to lead his troops around the Confederate right flank and to fight the Confederates, with infantry support, if the Confederates came out of their trenches. Otherwise, Sheridan should wreck the railroads as much as possible and either return to the Petersburg lines or join Sherman in North Carolina at his discretion.
Grant ordered two corps of the Army of the Potomac, the V Corps under Major General Gouverneur K. Warren and the II Corps under Major General Andrew A. Humphreys, to support Sheridan on his right flank, to the east of his objectives. Grant wanted these infantry corps to outflank the Confederates in their defenses and prevent them from interfering with Sheridan's mission, pushing them back to their lines if they came out to fight. Warren's corps initially also was ordered to seize Dinwiddie Court House, Virginia, which also would capture a portion of the Boydton Plank Road at that location, but later that task was given to Sheridan.
Under Grant's order, on the night of March 27–28, Major General Edward Ord, quietly moved units from the Army of the James, including two divisions of Major General John Gibbon's XXIV Corps, a division of Major General Godfrey Weitzel's XXV Corps and Brigadier General Ranald S. Mackenzie's cavalry division from the Richmond lines to fill in the Petersburg lines to be vacated by the II Corps when they moved to support Sheridan. Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreet's corps defending the Richmond lines failed to detect Ord's movement, thus limiting the number of men Lee could move to counter the movement of Grant's forces without fatally weakening the Richmond lines.
Description of area roads
A good verbal description of the roads and positions in the area, given by Brigadier General Joshua Chamberlain in his 1915 book The Passing of the Armies, is recited in the footnote.
Initial movements: March 29
Warren's V Corps of over 17,000 men moved from their reserve position south of the Union front line on the Stage Road at 3:00 a.m. on March 29, crossed Rowanty Creek and proceeded west on Vaughan Road to the intersection with Quaker Road. Warren reported to his immediate superior, Major General George G. Meade, who remained in direct tactical command of the Army of the Potomac, that Dinwiddie Court House was undefended. By 8:45 a.m., Meade sent an order to Warren which arrived at 10:20 a.m., and told Warren to advance in strength on the Quaker Road across Gravelly Run and contact the II Corps to his right. Warren misunderstood or ignored the order and sent only Brigadier General Joshua Chamberlain's brigade up the Quaker Road until noon. Then Warren sent other units forward in response to a second order from Meade.
The II Corps moved from Hatcher's Run at about 6:30 a.m. Humphreys was careful not to leave a gap between his corps at Hatcher's Run and the troops of the XXIV Corps which took the positions in the Union line that were being vacated by the II Corps. Meade wanted the V Corps to move up the Quaker Road to prevent a gap developing between the V Corps and the II Corps.
After having moved over the Vaughan Road to within of Dinwiddie Court House, Chamberlain's brigade marched a short distance back to the Quaker Road and led the Union advance north on that road, as Meade had ordered Warren. After leading the brigade about north on Quaker Road, Chamberlain's skirmishers reported that the bridge over Gravelly Run had been destroyed and that Confederates were entrenched on the other side.
Confederate Lieutenant General Richard H. Anderson, as a corps commander of only the division of Major General Bushrod Johnson, was stationed on the Confederate right flank west of Petersburg at Hatcher's Run about east of Five Forks and immediately south of Sutherland Station. When Confederate scouts reported that a large force of Union infantry was moving north on Quaker Road, Anderson ordered Johnson to drive them back to Vaughan Road. Three Confederate regiments of the brigade commanded by Brigadier General Henry A. Wise, followed by the brigades of Brigadier Generals William H. Wallace, Young Marshall Moody and Matt Whitaker Ransom, moved south on the Quaker Road and the Boydton Plank Road with the intent of carrying out the order.
Opposing forces
Union
Confederate
Battle
Fighting begins
Chamberlain placed the 198th Pennsylvania Infantry on the right side of the road to fire on the Confederates as a diversion while he led the 185th New York Volunteer Infantry across Gravelly Run to attack the Confederate right flank where a hand-to-hand fight developed. Both Union regiments were oversize for that time period with about 1,000 officers and men. The rest of Chamberlain's brigade crossed the stream following the New Yorkers' attack. The Confederates retreated to the Lewis farmhouse clearing about further north on the Quaker Road. After a stand near the farmhouse, the Confederates moved back into the woods where they were reinforced by other Confederate soldiers behind breastworks. Here, the Confederates drove back the advancing Union skirmishers but not without losing about 100 men as prisoners. Chamberlain brought the rest of his men forward and the Confederates who had moved out to meet the skirmishers again returned to their works.
Chamberlain wounded; rallies his men
After a pause in the fighting, Chamberlain's division commander, Brigadier General (Brevet Major General) Charles Griffin came forward and told Chamberlain that the Confederate position must be taken. Deploying men to both sides of the Quaker Road, Chamberlain, on horseback, led a charge up the Quaker Road toward the Confederate strong point, a large sawdust pile that provided cover for many Confederate soldiers. Chamberlain got ahead of his men and became an obvious target. He was wounded in the arm and his horse was wounded in the neck. Chamberlain slumped on his horse, initially unconscious, but regained consciousness in time to respond to General Griffin who had come up to check on Chamberlain's condition. Then Chamberlain rallied his Pennsylvania regiment who were retreating from a Confederate charge. When his wounded horse could not continue, Chamberlain went to the front of his line on foot. Several Confederate soldiers soon appeared and demanded Chamberlain's surrender. Chamberlain had lost his hat and was wearing a faded coat, almost gray in color. Pretending to be a Confederate officer, he led the Confederates back toward Union soldiers who promptly captured them.
Union reinforcements drive back Confederates
After another brief pause, Chamberlain saw that his New York regiment was being driven back from an attempt to take the Confederate works in the woods ahead. Chamberlain and the regiment's officers steadied the men and soon they pushed the Confederates back until Union artillery under Regular Army Lieutenant John Mitchell came up with four guns to support them. Despite the artillery fire, the Confederates tried to outflank and charge the Union position. Chamberlain's men and the artillery held the position, but then the Confederates charged the Pennsylvania troops in the center and on the right of the Union position. These Union soldiers were nearly out of ammunition and began to slowly retreat.
As Chamberlain's line was falling back, his First Brigade was reinforced by the 188th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the 155th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Zouaves) of Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Edgar M. Gregory's Second Brigade. Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Alfred L. Pearson led the Pennsylvanians to the center and toward the sawdust pile that the Confederates were using for cover. Pearson grabbed the regimental colors and charged toward the sawdust pile with his men following and passing through the ranks of the exhausted First Brigade. Thirty-two years later, Pearson was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Lewis's Farm.
When they saw these Union reinforcements, the Confederates retreated to their main entrenchments along White Oak Road, abandoning control of the Boydton Plank Road and leaving behind badly wounded men and some others who surrendered. Chamberlain then positioned his men along with the artillery battery on either side and in front of the Lewis farm buildings.
Number engaged; casualties
Chamberlain wrote that he had fewer than 1,700 officers and men in his brigade and that his reinforcements numbered about 1,000. He wrote that the Confederates had 6,277 effective officers and men in Johnson's Division according to their morning report. He stated that he lost about a quarter of his men while the Confederate total loss was "slight in numbers," although in a paragraph after this statement he said that he saw that evening 150 dead and severely wounded Confederates lying around the breastworks and noted that almost 200 prisoners had been taken by his brigade. Modern casualty estimates are 381 for the Union force and 371 for the Confederates.
Aftermath
Union positions
Warren was able to take a position near the junction of the Quaker Road and the Boydton Plank Road. Griffin's division and Brigadier General Samuel Crawford's division taking up positions along the Boydton Plank Road, the Union movements on March 29 and Chamberlain's success in taking the Lewis Farm position enabled the Union Army to cut this important communication and supply road and to set up to attack the White Oak Road Line. Having to deal with muddy roads over a longer route, Sheridan's cavalry divisions reached Dinwiddie Court House at about 5:00 p.m. on March 29, 1865. Sheridan put troops of Devin's and Crook's divisions into position to guard the Vaughan Road, Flat Foot Road, Boydton Plank Road and Adams Road.
Grant's change in orders
Encouraged by the Confederate failure to press their attack at Lewis's Farm and their withdrawal to their White Oak Road Line, Grant decided to expand Sheridan's mission to a major offensive rather than just a railroad raid and forced extension of the Confederate line. He wrote in his letter to Sheridan: "I now feel like ending the matter...."
Lee's actions
Lee had anticipated that with the Confederate defeat at Fort Stedman and the arrival of Sheridan's cavalry at Petersburg, Grant would make a move on Lee's right flank such as Grant had ordered on March 24. Lee had only 6,000 cavalry north of the James River or at Stony Creek Depot, south of Petersburg and about 5,000 effective infantry that he could send to extend his line to the west to counter the anticipated Union movement. In the morning on March 29, Lee prepared to have Major General George Pickett take this force to Sutherland Station and move to protect Five Forks in Dinwiddie County. Lee ordered Pickett to take the brigades of Brigadier Generals William R. Terry, Montgomery Corse and George H. Steuart on the Southside Railroad to Sutherland Station, west of Petersburg, and he ordered Brigadier General Eppa Hunton to be ready to move to reinforce Pickett or to defend the junction of the Southside and Richmond and Danville Railroads at Burkeville, Virginia. Lee also ordered Major General Fitzhugh Lee to take his cavalry division to Sutherland Station and join with the cavalry divisions of Major Generals Rooney Lee and Thomas L. Rosser. Fitzhugh Lee was ordered to take command of the combined cavalry. General Lee thought that Pickett might be able to extend the Confederate line from its right flank east of Five Forks to Five Forks.
The Union Army movement on March 29 troubled Lee so he ordered additional movements to strengthen his right flank. Besides moving Brigadier General Samuel McGowan's brigade farther west to extend Johnson's line along White Oak Road, he thinned the White Oak Road line further by moving Brigadier General William MacRae's brigade to the west. After arriving at Sutherland Station on the night of March 29, as ordered, Pickett moved his three brigades under Brigadier Generals George H. Steuart and Montgomery Corse and William R. Terry's Brigade, and Brigadier Generals Matt Ransom's and William Henry Wallace's brigades from Johnson's division, a cavalry division under Major General Fitzhugh Lee and six guns under the command of Colonel William Pegram to Five Forks on March 30. Then he sent Terry's brigade and Corse's brigade to the south. Nonetheless, a gap continued to exist between Pickett's force and McGowan's brigade at the end of the Confederate White Oak Road Line. Lee ordered Hunton's brigade to stand in reserve near Manchester, Virginia where it could support Pickett or move by rail to defend the junction of the Southside Railroad and Richmond and Danville Railroad at Burkeville, Virginia if a Union force moved to attack it.
March 30, 1865 action
Rain poured down on the area all night on March 29 and continued the following day, which limited the fighting on that day. Sheridan later stated that Grant thought about suspending operations altogether until the weather cleared and the ground dried but Sheridan convinced him to press ahead. On March 30, half of Sheridan's cavalry under Brigadier General Thomas Devin skirmished with Confederate cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee. As they approached Five Forks, a patrol of the 6th United States Cavalry Regiment under Major Robert M. Morris encountered Fitzhugh Lee's troopers and lost 3 officers and 20 men in the encounter. The Confederates also suffered some casualties, including Brigadier General William H. F. Payne who was wounded. Skirmishing with and reacting to feints from Union patrols from the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry under Colonel Charles L. Leiper delayed Pickett's force from reaching Five Forks until 4:30 p.m. Rosser's and Rooney Lee's cavalry divisions arrived even later.
Meanwhile, skirmishers from Warren's V Corps kept the Confederates in their White Oak Road Line between the Boydton Plank Road and Claiborne Road. Despite incomplete information and somewhat vague and conflicting orders from Meade and Grant, on Grant's order, Warren pushed the Union V Corps forward to strengthen his hold on a part of the Boydton Plank Road and the V Corps entrenched a line to cover that road from its intersection with Dabney Mill Road south to Gravelly Run. In the afternoon, Warren saw Griffin's men take over Confederate outposts but he also saw that movement further up the Boydton Plank Road was covered by Confederate artillery and fortifications.
Humphrey's II Corps closed the gap between the V Corps and the XXIV Corps. The latter corps captured a large part of the Confederate picket line.
Brigadier General Romeyn B. Ayres's division of the V Corps made a reconnaissance toward the White Oak Road a short distance west of Claiborne Road. The lead brigade under Colonel Frederick Winthrop crossed a swollen branch of Gravelly Run which was to feature in the following day's battle. Two other brigades did not cross but began to entrench. Ayres saw only empty space to the northeast and failed to see heavy fortifications near the intersection of White Oak Road and Claiborne Road which angled sharply back to Hatcher's Run directly to his north. As dark approached, Ayres had a number of outposts prepared to cover his position. Union casualties for the March 30 actions at the White Oak Line were 1 killed, 7 wounded and 15 missing; the number of Confederate casualties is unknown.
Prelude to March 31, 1865 battles
The fighting, maneuvering and skirmishing at Lewis's Farm on March 29, 1865 and in the vicinity of that farm along the White Oak Road Line on March 30, 1865 set the stage for the Battle of White Oak Road and the Battle of Dinwiddie Court House on March 31, 1865.
Footnotes
Notes
References
Bearss, Edwin C., with Bryce A. Suderow. The Petersburg Campaign. Vol. 2, The Western Front Battles, September 1864 – April 1865. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014. .
Beringer, Richard E., Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Jr. Why the South Lost the Civil War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986. .
Calkins, Chris. The Appomattox Campaign, March 29 – April 9, 1865. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1997. .
Chamberlain, Joshua L. The Passing of Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac. New York: Bantam Books, 1993. . First published New York and London, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1915.
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox. New York: Random House, 1974. .
Greene, A. Wilson. The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign: Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2008. .
Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. .
Hess, Earl J. In the Trenches at Petersburg: Field Fortifications & Confederate Defeat. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. .
Kennedy, Frances H., ed., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998, .
Longacre, Edward G. The Cavalry at Appomattox: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations During the Civil War's Climactic Campaign, March 27 – April 9, 1865. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. .
Salmon, John S., The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide, Stackpole Books, 2001, .
Trudeau, Noah Andre. The Last Citadel: Petersburg, Virginia, June 1864–April 1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. .
Trulock, Alice Rains. In the Hands of Providence: Joshua L. Chamberlain and the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. .
Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2000. .
External links
Map:
Copyrighted Map and Order of Battle for Lewis's Farm
Lewis's Farm
Lewis's Farm
Lewis's Farm
Lewis's Farm
Lewis's Farm
1865 in the American Civil War
1865 in Virginia
March 1865 events |
42288724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch%20Tower%20%28mountain%29 | Watch Tower (mountain) | Watch Tower is a () mountain located in the southern Wind River Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming. Watch Tower is on the west side of the Cirque of the Towers, a popular climbing area and is just southeast of Block Tower. Watch Tower is immediately east of the Continental Divide.
Hazards
Encountering bears is a concern in the Wind River Range. There are other concerns as well, including bugs, wildfires, adverse snow conditions and nighttime cold temperatures.
Importantly, there have been notable incidents, including accidental deaths, due to falls from steep cliffs (a misstep could be fatal in this class 4/5 terrain) and due to falling rocks, over the years, including 1993, 2007 (involving an experienced NOLS leader), 2015 and 2018. Other incidents include a seriously injured backpacker being airlifted near SquareTop Mountain in 2005, and a fatal hiker incident (from an apparent accidental fall) in 2006 that involved state search and rescue. The U.S. Forest Service does not offer updated aggregated records on the official number of fatalities in the Wind River Range.
References
External links
General Information on the Wind River Range
Climbing the Wind River Range (more)
Glaciers in the Wind River Range
Shoshone National Forest Federal website
Continental Divide Trail information
Bridger–Teton National Forest
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Landforms of Fremont County, Wyoming
Mountain ranges of Wyoming
Mountains of Fremont County, Wyoming
Mountains of Wyoming
Ranges of the Rocky Mountains
Shoshone National Forest |
67588964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambassadors%20of%20China%20to%20Belize | List of ambassadors of China to Belize | The Chinese Ambassador to Belize was the official representative of the People's Republic of China to Belize until 1989.
Before 1989, there was a representative of the Government of Beijing to the Government of Belmopan. Afterwards, the Government of Belize broke off relations with Beijing and recognised ambassadors from Taiwan.
List of representatives
Belize
China |
48613053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20in%20NASCAR | 2016 in NASCAR | In 2016, NASCAR sanctioned three national series, and six touring series.
National series
2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series – The top racing series in NASCAR
2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series – The second-highest racing series in NASCAR
2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series – The third-highest racing series in NASCAR
Touring series
2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series West – One of the two K&N Pro Series
2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East – One of the two K&N Pro Series
2016 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour – One of the two modified tours in NASCAR
2016 NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour – One of the two modified tours in NASCAR
2016 NASCAR Pinty's Series – The top NASCAR racing series in Canada
2016 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series – The top NASCAR racing series in Europe
NASCAR seasons |
1094231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Valcourt | Bernard Valcourt | Bernard Valcourt, (born February 18, 1952) is a Canadian politician and lawyer, who served as Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Madawaska—Restigouche, New Brunswick until he was defeated in the 2015 federal election.
Early federal political career and Mulroney cabinet
Valcourt was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 1984 election that brought Brian Mulroney to power. He was appointed to the Cabinet of Canada in 1986 as a Minister of State. In January 1989, he was promoted to Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, but was forced to resign from Cabinet in August when he was involved in a drunk driving motorcycle accident that cost him an eye.
He returned to Cabinet seven months later as Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. In 1991, he was promoted to Minister of Employment and Immigration, and held the position until the government of Mulroney's successor as Progressive Conservative Party leader and prime minister, Kim Campbell, was defeated in the 1993 election. Valcourt was defeated in that election, along with every Tory MP in Atlantic Canada except Elsie Wayne.
Provincial leader
In May 1995, Valcourt was elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick. While he won a seat in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 1995 provincial election, his party only won six seats against 48 for Frank McKenna's Liberals. Valcourt resigned as leader in 1997 following a lukewarm endorsement of his leadership at a party convention, and was succeeded by Bernard Lord.
Return to federal politics
On March 28, 2011, Valcourt declared his candidacy in the 2011 federal election, running in the riding of Madawaska—Restigouche, which covers the bulk of the territory he'd represented two decades earlier. He was elected on May 2, 2011, defeating Liberal incumbent Jean-Claude D'Amours. He was subsequently appointed to cabinet as Minister of State for both the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency and La Francophonie.
His sister Martine Coulombe was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 2010 provincial election. On July 4, 2012, he was given the additional portfolio of Associate Minister of Defence.
Valcourt was part of the AEG initiative, saying co-operation between both the federal and provincial governments, as well as utilities, is key. "The Atlantic Energy Gateway initiative has brought the critical players in the region's energy sector together to not only work toward an affordable, secure, clean energy future, but to also maximize the business and job growth potential of further developing our region's clean and renewable energy industries," said Valcourt in a release.
On February 22, 2013, Valcourt became Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in a cabinet shuffle. Valcourt stirred controversy when he claimed that the high rates of suicide among aboriginal youths were "the responsibility of their parents".
In the 2015 federal election, Valcourt was defeated by Liberal René Arseneault, finishing third with just over 16% of the vote.
Electoral record
|-
|Pierrette Ringuette
|align="right"|16,058
|align="right"|48.8
|align="right"|+5.0
|-
|Bernard Valcourt
|align="right"|15,045
|align="right"|45.7
|align="right"|−2.5
|-
|-
|Parise Martin
|align="right"|844
|align="right"|2.6
|align="right"|−5.4
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|32,902
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|-
|Bernard Valcourt
|align="right"|14,747
|align="right"|48.2
|align="right"|−3.7
|-
|Romeo Rossignol
|align="right"|13,385
|align="right"|43.8
|align="right"|+1.9
|-
|Réal Couturier
|align="right"|2,441
|align="right"|8.0
|align="right"|+1.8
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|30,573
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|-
|Bernard Valcourt
|align="right"|16,411
|align="right"|51.9
|align="right"|+29.0
|-
|Gerald Clavette
|align="right"|13,245
|align="right"|41.9
|align="right"|−23.9
|-
|Floranne McLaughlin-St-Amand
|align="right"|1,968
|align="right"|6.2
|align="right"|−5.1
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|31,624
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
References
External links
Bernard Valcourt official site
1952 births
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick MLAs
Lawyers in New Brunswick
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick
People from Edmundston
People from Restigouche County, New Brunswick
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 25th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Ministers of Labour of Canada |
64303801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Gashoski | David Gashoski | David Gashoski () (born 2 September 1996) is a Macedonian handball player who plays for HC Rabotnichki.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Macedonian male handball players
Sportspeople from Skopje |
8381637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Revolutionary%20Party%20%28Chile%29 | People's Revolutionary Party (Chile) | People's Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario del Pueblo) is a small political party in Chile. The group has its origins in the Revolutionary Left Movement (Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria or MIR).
See also
List of political parties in Chile
References
Defunct political parties in Chile |
42528966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Black%20River%2C%20Manitoba | Big Black River, Manitoba | Big Black River is an unincorporated community in the northern region of Manitoba, Canada. It is located approximately north of Winnipeg on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg.
References
Unincorporated communities in Northern Region, Manitoba |
48240810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simerson | John Simerson | John Cooke Simerson, Jr. (April 20, 1935 – August 2, 1992) was an American football center who played two seasons in the National Football League with the Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 22nd round of the 1957 NFL Draft. He played college football at Purdue University and attended President Theodore Roosevelt High School in Honolulu, Hawaii. Simerson was also a member of the Houston Oilers and Boston Patriots of the American Football League.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
1935 births
1992 deaths
Players of American football from Honolulu
American football centers
Purdue Boilermakers football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Houston Oilers players
Boston Patriots players
Sportspeople from Honolulu
President Theodore Roosevelt High School alumni
American Football League players |
41824881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliopastea%20eacus | Poliopastea eacus | Poliopastea eacus is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Caspar Stoll in 1781. It is found in Suriname and Pará, Brazil.
References
Poliopastea
Moths described in 1781 |
22451289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudang%20Sect | Wudang Sect | The Wudang Sect, sometimes also referred to as the Wu-tang Sect or Wu-Tang Clan, is a fictional martial arts sect mentioned in several works of wuxia fiction. It is commonly featured as one of the leading orthodox sects in the wulin (martial artists' community). It is named after the place it is based, the Wudang Mountains.
The Wudang Sect is featured most prominently in Jin Yong's novels The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber and The Smiling, Proud Wanderer as a major power in the wulin, usually alongside Shaolin. Liang Yusheng's works also depict Wudang as the leader of all orthodox sects in the wulin. Most of its members are priests who follow Taoist customs and practices in addition to training in martial arts. However, unlike Shaolin's Buddhist monks, Wudang members are allowed to marry and start families. In some wuxia stories, Wudang has female members as well.
History
The sect was founded in the early Yuan dynasty by Zhang Sanfeng. Zhang Sanfeng's original given name was "Junbao", and he was an apprentice of Jueyuan, a Shaolin monk. Zhang Sanfeng accepted seven youths as his apprentices, who later became known as the "Seven Heroes of Wudang". The seven are responsible for spreading Wudang's name through their prowess in martial arts, exemplary conduct, and deeds of gallantry.
In The Smiling, Proud Wanderer, believed to be set in the Ming dynasty, Wudang has become one of the two major powers in the wulin (martial artists' community) alongside Shaolin, and both sects play significant roles in upholding justice and maintaining peace in the community. In the novel, Wudang is led by Taoist Chongxu. In Baifa Monü Zhuan, set towards the end of the Ming dynasty, the sect is led by Taoist Ziyang and another four elders.
Martial arts
Wudang's martial arts have their origins in the Shaolin Sect, although they are based on Taoism rather than Buddhism. Its martial arts revolve around the concept of taiji, as evident from the skills named after the concept, such as "taijiquan" and "taijijian". They also focus on the use of "soft and gentle" techniques to overcome opponents who rely on brute strength and force.
List of skills and martial arts
Note: Although the skills listed here are entirely fictional, some are based on or named after actual martial arts.
Foundation skills:
Ten Rolls of Silk ()
Thirty-two Styles of Long Fist ()
Wudang Long Fist ()
Wudang Heart Sutra ()
Eight Trigrams Soaring Dragon Palm ()
Armed combat styles:
Divine Gate Thirteen Swords ()
Heaven Relying Dragon Slaying Skill ()
Mystical Saber Style ()
Heaven and Earth as One ()
Soft Snow Swordplay ()
Turning Finger Soft Swordplay ()
Taiji Swordplay ()
Battle formations:
Black Tortoise Seven Sections Formation ()
Black Tortoise Sword Formation ()
Unarmed combat styles:
Infinite Mystical Skill Fist ()
Dianxue Hand ()
Heaven Shaking Iron Palm ()
Taiji Fist ()
Returning Wind Palm ()
Great Tablet Smashing Hand ()
Silky Palm ()
Tiger Claw Ending Hand ()
Tiger Claw Hand ()
Stained Clothes Eighteen Falls ()
Qinggong:
Cloud-Ascending Ladder ()
Inner energy skills:
Wudang Nine Yang Skill ()
Pure Yang Infinite Skill ()
See also
Purple Cloud Temple
Temple of the Five Immortals
Wudang Mountains
Wudangquan
References
Organizations in Wuxia fiction |
2996377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent%20Orta%C3%A7gil | Bülent Ortaçgil | Bülent Ortaçgil (born 1 March 1950) is a Turkish composer and singer.
Biography
He was born in Ankara, Turkey in 1950. He moved to Istanbul after starting elementary school which he finished at Sultanahmet Elementary School in Istanbul. He completed his middle school and high school education at Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi which is also commonly known as Kadıköy Maarif College. He graduated from the University of Istanbul, Faculty of Chemistry.
Musical career
He started playing guitar while at Kadıköy Maarif Koleji. Another popular composer and singer Mazhar Alanson (from the band MFÖ) was concurrently a student at the same school, and says that Ortaçgil was a guitar player that he admired back in school. He played with some groups, including Damlalar (Drops). His music has been influenced by various artists, including The Beatles, Cat Stevens, Donovan and Bob Dylan. His first long play was called "Anlamsız" (Meaningless), which he published while in college.
In 1974, his first album was released under the title "Benimle Oynar Mısın?" (Will You Play with Me?), considered to be a classic. Onno Tunç and Ergun Pekcan were among those who helped the recording and mastering of his albums.
He took a ten-year break from music after he got married. During this time, he worked as a chemical engineer at companies like Pfizer and Netaş Telecom. During 1985, Ortaçgil played with Fikret Kızılok at "Çekirdek Müzikevi"; this performance yielded to a non-published copy album "Bizim Şarkılarımız …".
The album "Pencere Önü Çiçeği" (Windowsill Flower) was published in 1986. The song Pencere Önü Çiçeği was another classic, criticizing an intellectual, isolated life against a life "outside the window."
In 1991 came the album called "Oyuna Devam" (Let the game continue). The album gathered some of his old band friends such as Erkan Oğur, Cem Aksel and Gürol Ağırbaş, who had been playing together for over 10 years.
In 2000, a tribute album called "Şarkılar bir Oyundur" (Songs Are a Game) was published, featuring performances from 22 different Turkish singers and bands, spanning a wide genre of music among them.
He frequently uses the theme "game"/"play" in his songs.
Discography
Singles
1971: Anlamsız / Yüzünü Dökme Küçük Kız
1974: Olmalı mı, Olmamalı mı? / Şık Latife
Studio albums
1974: Benimle Oynar Mısın?
1990: 2. Perde
1991: Oyuna Devam
1994: Bu Şarkılar Adam Olmaz
1998: Light
2003: Gece Yalanları
2010: Sen
2022: Elli Buçuk
Other albums
1976: 3 Masal (Masal album)
1984: Rüzgara Söylenen Şarkılar (live album)
1985: Biz Şarkılarımızı.. (recorded live with Fikret Kızılok)
1986: Pencere Önü Çiçeği (with Fikret Kızılok)
1999: Eski Defterler (Contains new versions of his earlier works)
2007: Teoman-Bülent Ortaçgil Konser (live with Teoman)
2007: Büyükler İçin Çocuk Şarkıları (recorded with Fikret Kızılok in 1987 and released 20 years later)
2017: Senfonik Ortaçgil (Concert DVD)
Notes
External links
Bülent Ortaçgil on Facebook
Information on Bülent Ortaçgil
1950 births
Musicians from Ankara
Living people
Turkish singer-songwriters
Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi alumni |
56228982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelwright%20caldera | Wheelwright caldera | Wheelwright caldera is a caldera in Chile. It is variously described as being between and wide and lies in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. A lake lies within the caldera, which is among the largest of the Central Andes. The caldera lies in the region of Ojos del Salado, the world's tallest volcano.
The caldera formed together with a major ignimbrite known as the Wheelwright ignimbrite, but the exact relationship between the two is not clear as the ignimbrite is not encountered within the caldera. The ignimbrite was emplaced around 6.6 ± 1.2 - 5.5 ± 0.8 million years ago. Later, a number of volcanoes such as Ermitaño and Peñas Blancas were constructed on the ring fault around the caldera, and lava domes developed within its confines.
Geography and geomorphology
It lies in the Andes of the Atacama Region, east of the Salar de Maricunga. The caldera lies just southwest of the Chile-Argentina border, which southeast of the caldera is crossed by the Paso San Francisco. The international road between Chile and Argentina passes south of the caldera complex; the region is remote and often described as inimical to life.
Wheelwright is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, which together with the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone is one among four separate volcanic zones in the Andes; these volcanic zones are separated by gaps without recent volcanic activity. Since 23 million years ago the Central Volcanic Zone has given rise to compound volcanoes, calderas and stratovolcanoes, which are formed mainly by andesitic or dacitic rocks. Ojos del Salado, a member of the Central Volcanic Zone, is the second tallest mountain in the Andes and the highest active volcano in the world. Further, the Maricunga volcanic belt in the same region is site of major precious metal deposits.
The caldera is , or wide and deep, and is one of the best preserved circular structures of the southern Central Andes, as well as one of its largest. It has also been interpreted as being actually three nested calderas. The Lomas de Montes lie along the northwestern and the Somma de Lars along the southeastern caldera margin. The caldera is filled with sediments as well as a 4.4-4.0 million year old ignimbrite that probably originated in the Laguna Amarga caldera.
The depression of the caldera features a crater lake, called Laguna Wheelwright. It is a saltwater lake with high contents of arsenic and fluorine, thus it is not safe for drinking. Birds and other animals are found at the lake.
Later volcanic centres decorate its rim, including dykes, lava domes like the Domo Eulogio and stratovolcanoes like Ermitaño ( high), Peñas Blancas complex ( high) which hosts a parasitic cone Volcán de Inca on its southern flank, the Pircas de Indio ( high), Pico Wheelwright ( high) and the Volcan Rex ( high) summits. These secondary centres are found on the southern side of the caldera, high Lars actually generated its own caldera, and lava flows from these volcanoes entered the Wheelwright caldera depression.
Geology
Off the western coast of South America, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at a rate of . This subduction process has been ongoing since the Jurassic.
Neighbouring volcanic centres to Wheelwright include Ojos del Salado farther south. The caldera is set into a terrain formed by volcanic rocks of Miocene-Pliocene age, chiefly lava flows of andesitic-dacitic composition. Together with the neighbouring Laguna Amarga caldera and Laguna Escondida caldera Wheelwright forms an alignment of Miocene-Pliocene calderas; the latter caldera in part overlaps with the Wheelwright caldera.
The region coincides with a lineament of volcanoes which forms the southern margin of the volcanically active Central Andes; south of this margin the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at a shallow angle and Quaternary volcanism is absent.
The oldest outcrops are found in the Cordillera Claudio Gay mountain range just west of Wheelwright; these outcrops are Paleozoic sediments and volcanic rocks. Volcanic arc volcanism has been ongoing in the region since 180 million years ago and migrated eastward during that time, but the modern arc developed 26 million years ago when the Farallon Plate broke up.
Climate
The region is dry, windy and has high insolation. Because of the aridity, even high mountains are not covered with glaciers; Llullaillaco volcano is the highest non-glaciated summit on Earth.
Eruption history
The Wheelwright caldera is the source of the Wheelwright ignimbrite, an andesitic ignimbrite which crops out over a surface of west of the caldera and was erupted 6.6 ± 1.2 - 5.5 ± 0.8 million years ago. The ignimbrite consists of at least two units which are rich in pumice fragments and lithic components of predominantly volcanic origin. The ignimbrite additionally contains phenocrysts of biotite, clinopyroxene, hornblende and pyroxene within a brown matrix. The Juncalito ignimbrite may be the same ignimbrite as the Wheelwright ignimbrite.
The caldera formed at the same time as the eruption of the ignimbrite, but relation between the two events is unclear; there are no intracaldera exposures of the ignimbrite. Possibly, the caldera was formed by a lateral eruption from a magma chamber. It appears that two separate caldera collapses occurred, one 5 million years ago and the other 4 million years ago. The time of caldera formation was also a time of vigorous volcanic activity in the region, which gave rise to stratovolcanoes as well as the Galán caldera farther east. Locally, the Wheelwright caldera is also related to the neighbouring Laguna Amarga and Laguna Escondida calderas.
The Ermitaño volcano is dated 4.4 - 3.8 million years ago, Peñas Blancas complex formed between 5 and 4.8 million years ago, an unnamed secondary centre 3.9 ± 0.9 million years ago, Pico Wheelwright 5.9 ± 0.9 million years ago, Volcán de Inca 3.3 ± 0.3 million years ago, Volcan Rex erupted 4.9 ± 0.2 million years ago. This stage of volcanic activity was of andesitic to dacitic composition and became more silicic over time. At the closing of this stage, lava domes and associated pyroclastic flows were emplaced within the caldera and across the Cordillera Claudio Gay. Hydrothermal alteration processes gave rise to sulfur deposits.
References
Sources
Volcanoes of Atacama Region
Miocene calderas
Pliocene calderas
Calderas of Chile |
41583798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando%20Creek | Pando Creek | Pando Creek () is a Uruguayan stream, crossing Canelones Department. It flows into the Río de la Plata. Its name derives from the nearby city of Pando.
See also
List of rivers of Uruguay
References
Rivers of Uruguay
Rivers of Canelones Department
Pando, Uruguay |
797984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor%20%28disambiguation%29 | Anchor (disambiguation) | An anchor is a device that attaches to the sea bottom to prevent a boat from drifting.
Anchor may also refer to:
Devices
Sea anchor, a device to slow the drift of a vessel without use of the seabed
Earth anchor, a device to support structures, used in geotechnical and construction applications
Anchor bolt, to attach objects or structures to concrete
Anchor (climbing), used in rock climbing
Anchor plate, to strengthen buildings
Anchor, part of a microdermal implant in body modification
Anchor escapement, a type of escapement used in pendulum clocks
Screw anchor, to secure a screw in a brittle material
Boat anchor (metaphor), a colloquial term for outdated equipment
Digital anchor, uses GPS and electronic compass to hold a boat's position
Places
Anchor, Illinois, US
Anchor, Kentucky, US
Anchor, Shropshire, a village in England
Anchor, Texas, US
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
Anchor (Autumn Hill album), 2015
Anchor (Colton Dixon album), 2014
Anchor (EP), by Birds of Tokyo, 2015
"Anchor" (Birds of Tokyo song), 2015
Anchor (Trespassers William album), 1999
"Anchor" (Cave In song), 2003
Anchors (Will Hoge album), 2017
Anchors, a 2013 album by I Am Empire
"Anchor", a song by Lifehouse from Stanley Climbfall, 2002
"Anchor", a song by Crossfade from Falling Away, 2006
"Anchor", a song by Skillet from Victorious, 2019
Film
Anchor (film), a South Korean film
Other arts, entertainment, and media
Anchor, a hammerhead shark character in Finding Nemo
The Anchor (newspaper), a newspaper for the Rhode Island College campus
Anchor Bible Series
Anchor Monument (Matveev Kurgan), Russia
Anchor, an electronic captions system that BBC Television used in the 1970s and 1980s
News anchor, also known as a news presenter
Plot anchor, a type of story-line plot device
Brands and enterprises
Anchor (brand), New Zealand dairy products
Anchor (housing association), housing and care provider for older people, UK
Anchor (New Haven bar), a bar and restaurant in downtown New Haven
Anchor Bankside, a pub in London
Anchor Books, an imprint of Random House
Anchor Brewing Company and Anchor Distilling Co., an American alcoholic beverage producer
Anchor Electricals Pvt. Ltd., an Indian electrical device manufacturing subsidiary of Panasonic
Anchor Hocking, glass company
Anchor Inc., a video game developer
Anchor Inn, Birmingham, England
Anchor Records, a record label
Anchor Stone Blocks, a brand of German stone blocks
Other uses
Anchor baby, a term for a child born in the US to illegal immigrants or other non-citizens
Anchor leg, the final runner in a track relay race
Anchor store, a main tenant in a shopping mall
Anchor telephone exchange, an underground telephone exchange in England
HTML anchor, the source and destination of a web hyperlink, specified by the <a> HTML element
Reserve currency, or anchor currency
See also
Anchorage (disambiguation)
Anchoring (cognitive bias), in psychology, sticking to a given reference point |
44201839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica%20Celaya | Angélica Celaya | Angélica Guadalupe Celaya (born July 9, 1982) is an American actress and model. She's best known for her role in television dramas. She is also known for playing “Jenni Rivera” in the show ‘Mariposa del Barrio.’
Early life and career
Celaya was born on July 9, 1982, in Tucson, Arizona, to Mexican parents. She attended Pueblo High School. Her acting debut was in the 2003 telenovela Ladrón de corazones. She also played roles in telenovelas including Los plateados, Marina, Mientras haya vida and Vivir sin ti.
Celaya was selected as the female lead "Zed" in the supernatural drama Constantine alongside Matt Ryan. The character of Zed was added to the show after the show-runners decided not to use the female lead from the pilot. Although the show was cancelled after only one season, Celaya's portrayal of the young psychic plagued by visions was generally well received by fans.
Since the cancellation of Constantine, Celaya has gone on to have guest appearances on multiple shows, including Castle and Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders, as well as a central role in the 2018 film Danger One.
Personal life
In 2010, while shooting the telenovela Alguien te mira, she met Rafael Amaya, with whom she started a relationship. They were engaged, but as of May 2015, Amaya confirmed their breakup. She has a son, Angel Alessandro (b. September 8, 2017) with Mexican boxer Luis García whom she married on September 8, 2018.
Filmography
Films
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
American telenovela actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
Female models from Arizona
Actresses from Tucson, Arizona
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American actresses of Mexican descent
Hispanic and Latino American actresses |
40481272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitbridge%2C%20South%20Africa | Beitbridge, South Africa | Beitbridge () is a town in Musina Local Municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa.
Beitbridge is a border crossing on the Limpopo River, located just south of Beitbridge in Zimbabwe. It is the busiest border post in the region, handling as many as 500 trucks each day. The bridge was named after mining financier Alfred Beit, who provided funds for its construction.
Climate
Beitbridge has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh).
References
Populated places in the Musina Local Municipality
South Africa–Zimbabwe border crossings
Beitbridge |
71431004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh%20Faldessai | Rajesh Faldessai | Rajesh Faldessai (born 1976/77) is an Indian politician and mining businessperson from Goa. He is the current member of the Goa Legislative Assembly representing the Cumbarjua Assembly constituency. He contested on Indian National Congress ticket in the 2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election and emerged victorious. Faldessai defeated Janita Pandurang Madkaikar wife of politician, Pandurang Madkaikar of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 2827 votes.
Early life and education
Rajesh Faldessai was born to Kushali Faldessai in Goa. He completed his Higher Secondary School Certificate in Arts from Council of Open Schooling, Haryana in 2014. He currently resides in Quepem, Goa, India.
References
1970s births
Year of birth uncertain
Goa MLAs 2022–2027
21st-century Indian politicians
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa
Former members of Indian National Congress from Goa |
22535530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausktribosphenos | Ausktribosphenos | Ausktribosphenos is an extinct genus of mammals from Early Cretaceous of Australia. The only recorded species, Ausktribosphenos nyktos, was found on Flat Rocks, Victoria.
References
Cretaceous mammals of Australia
Australosphenida
Fossil taxa described in 1997
Prehistoric mammal genera |
7741672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Satellites | Les Satellites | Les Satellites (The Satellites) is a French alternative rock band that was formed in 1985 and split up in 1994.
History
The band was born in late 1985 on the ashes of underground acts Tonton est mort and Abject. They play a mix of 60's influenced rock and funk with the addition of brass instruments. The lyrics are resolutely humoristic and careless. In 1986, they started touring with then popular alternative French bands Bérurier Noir, Ludwig von 88, Les Wampas and Mano Negra and played on stage dressed as cosmonauts. They gained an important success with their second album Riches et célèbres (Rich and famous) that allowed them to play in some of Paris's biggest concert halls such as the Olympia hall.
Reggae influences appear on the third album Pied Orange (Orange foot) and a 4 tracks EP is recorded in 1993 with the raggamuffin artist Saï Saï.
The musicians decide to disband in 1994 after the promotion tour for the fourth album "4". Singer Polo started a solo career.
Band members
Polo (lead vocals)
Roro (drums)
Arnold (guitars)
Mr Miel (bass)
Jef (trombone, backing vocals)
Sabine (backing vocals)
Poulpe (trumpet)
Similar bands
Bérurier Noir
Les Cadavres
Les Rats
Les Sheriff
Los Carayos
OTH
Parabellum
Discography
Du Grouve Et Des Souris (1987)
Riches Et Célèbres (1989)
Pied Orange (1990)
4 (1993)
Les Satellites capturent Saï-Saï (1993) 4 tracks EP
References
External links
There is no official website.
Singer Polo’s website
French musical groups |
16854316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Joseph-de-Kamouraska | Saint-Joseph-de-Kamouraska | Saint-Joseph-de-Kamouraska is a parish municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec, located in the Kamouraska Regional County Municipality.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Joseph-de-Kamouraska had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
See also
List of parish municipalities in Quebec
References
External links
Parish municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Bas-Saint-Laurent |
6838199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara%20Lawrence-Lightfoot | Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot | Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot (born August 22, 1944) is an American sociologist who examines the culture of schools, the patterns and structures of classroom life, socialization within families and communities, and the relationships between culture and learning styles. She is the Emily Hargroves Fisher professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and a 1984 MacArthur Genius.
Career
Lawrence-Lightfoot has pioneered portraiture, an approach to social science methodology that bridges the realms of aesthetics and empiricism, which she continues to use in her own work.
She has written 10 books, including I've Known Rivers, which explores the development of creativity and wisdom using the lens of "human archaeology," The Art and Science of Portraiture, which documents her pioneering approach to social science methodology, and The Third Chapter: Passion, Risk, and Adventure in the 25 Years After 50 (2009). Her most recent book, Exit: The Endings That Set Us Free, was a non-fiction nominee for the 2013 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award.
Honors
In 1984, Lawrence-Lightfoot was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship, and thereafter became the first MacArthur grant recipient to serve as a member, and as chair, of the foundation’s board. In 1993, received Harvard's George Ledlie Prize for research that makes the "most valuable contribution to science" and "the benefit of mankind." She received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1990.
In March 1998, she was the recipient of the Emily Hargroves Fisher endowed chair at Harvard University, which, upon her retirement, will become the Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot endowed chair, making her the first African-American woman in Harvard's history to have an endowed professorship named in her honor. She also has an endowed professorship named in her honor at Swarthmore College. In 2003, the Academy of Political and Social Sciences named her as its Margaret Mead Fellow.
Lawrence-Lightfoot was featured on the 2006 PBS television documentary African American Lives. In 2008, she was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society.
Works
Books
Worlds Apart: Relationships Between Families and Schools (1978)
Beyond Bias: Perspectives on Classrooms (1978)
The Good High School: Portraits of Character and Courage (1983)
Balm in Gilead: Journey of a Healer (1988), a personal memoir and biography of her mother, Margaret Morgan Lawrence
Respect: An Exploration (1990)
I've Known Rivers: Lives of Loss and Liberation (1995)
The Art and Science of Portraiture (1997)
The Essential Conversation: What Parents and Teachers Can Learn from Each Other (2003)
The Third Chapter: Passion, Risk, and Adventure in the 25 Years After 50 (2009).
Exit: The Endings That Set Us Free (2012).
Growing Each Other Up: When Our Children Become Our Teachers (2016).
Selected articles
1973. Politics and reasoning: Through the eyes of teachers and children. Harvard Educational Review, 43(2), 197-244.
1977. Family-school interactions: The cultural image of mothers and teachers. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3(2), 395-408.
1981. Toward conflict and resolution: Relationships between families and schools. Theory into Practice, 20(2), 97-104.
1986. On goodness in schools: Themes of empowerment. Peabody Journal of Education, 63(3), 9-28.
2005. Reflections on portraiture: A dialogue between art and science. Qualitative Inquiry, 11(1), 3-15.
2016. Commentary: Portraiture methodology: Blending art and science. LEARNing Landscapes, 9(2), 19-27.
Personal life
Lawrence-Lightfoot comes from a family of educators. Both of her paternal grandparents were teachers in Mississippi. One of her maternal grandparents was a teacher as well, while the other was a priest. Lawrence-Lightfoot's mother, Dr. Margaret Morgan Lawrence, was the only African-American undergraduate student at Cornell, where she received a full scholarship to attend. Lawrence-Lightfoot's father, Charles Lawrence II, was a professor in the Department of Sociology at Brooklyn College. and a civil rights activist. Lawrence-Lightfoot is the middle child of three siblings. Her brother, Charles Lawrence III, is a law professor at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. Her sister is an Episcopal priest. Lawrence-Lightfoot has two children, a daughter and a son.
References
Sources
Harvard Profile
1944 births
Living people
African-American social scientists
American social sciences writers
American sociologists
American women sociologists
Women academics
Swarthmore College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
MacArthur Fellows
Place of birth missing (living people)
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women |
65664111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Michael%27s%20Cemetery%20%28New%20York%29 | St. Michael's Cemetery (New York) | St. Michael's Cemetery is a cemetery located in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York. It is owned by St. Michael's Episcopal Church in Manhattan. It was founded in 1852.
Notable burials
Frank Costello (1891–1973), organized crime consigliere
Joseph N. Gallo (1912–1995), organized crime consigliere
Emile Griffith (1938–2013), professional boxer
Luovi Halling (1867–1928), Medal of Honor recipient
Scott Joplin (1868–1917), composer and pianist
John Ruhl (1873-1940), sculptor
References
Further reading
External links
–
Cemeteries in Queens, New York
Cemeteries in New York City
East Elmhurst, Queens |
57440470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilici | Quilici | Quilici is a surname of Italian origin. Notable people with the name include:
Alex Quilici, American engineer and businessman
Brando Quilici, Italian filmmaker
François Quilici, French painter
Folco Quilici (1930–2018), Italian film director and screenwriter
Frank Quilici (1939–2018), American baseball infielder and manager
Giovanni Battista Quilici (1791–1844), Italian Roman Catholic priest
Italian-language surnames |
51519400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson%E2%80%93Campbell%20Farmstead | Thompson–Campbell Farmstead | Thompson–Campbell Farmstead, also known as the Philip Austin and Susan Buckham Thompson Farmstead, is a historic home and farm located near Langdon, Atchison County, Missouri. The farmhouse was built in 1871, and is a 2 1/2-story, Italianate style brick dwelling with a two-story rear ell. It features a one-story front porch supported by fluted Doric order columns that replaced an earlier porch in 1905. Also on the property are the contributing icehouse and shed (c. 1900).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
References
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Italianate architecture in Missouri
Houses completed in 1871
Buildings and structures in Atchison County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Atchison County, Missouri |
67419185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Maud%20Thompson | Laura Maud Thompson | Laura Maud Thompson (January 23, 1905 ― January 28, 2000) was an American social anthropologist best known for her studies of CHamoru culture in Guam. She studied many cultures around the world, including many Native American nations, with the self-professed aim of "trying to build an integrated theory of human group behavior that was grounded in actual behavior and relied on rigorous methods of verification to ensure reliability." She was the recipient of the 1979 Bronislaw Malinowski Award from the Society for Applied Anthropology.
Early life and education
Thompson was born in Honolulu on January 23, 1905 to a Englishman and a mother from California. Her mother homeschooled her and her older sister so they would not learn to speak Hawaiian Pidgin. Thompson received her secondary education at the Punahou School. She graduated from Mills College in 1927 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and then worked as a social worker for a year in the slums of Boston. Thompson enrolled in Radcliff College because Harvard University was not accepting women. However, she left after one year.
Thompson earned a PhD in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1937, under the mentorship of A. L. Kroeber. She later described herself as one of "Kroeber's girls," "a group of young women who became known for their far-flung explorations in various parts of the world." Thompson identified the other "Kroeber's girls" as Isabelle Kelley, Cora Du Bois, Dorothy Demetracapoulou, Margaret Lantis, and Katharine Luomala.
Career
In 1929, she took a position as an assistant ethnologist at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, initially to describe the Hans G. Hornbostel collection from the Mariana Islands. As part of her work, Thompson provided the only published description of the intact set of latte stones at Mepo' that would become the centerpiece of Latte Stone Park in Hagåtña, Guam in the 1950s. Museum director Herbert E. Gregory, described as "impatient and dictatorial," berated staff with such regularity that a room down the hall from his office was designated the "Weeping Room" to allow staff to recover from his tirades. However, Thompson reported herself hooked by the field. With a Bishop Museum fellowship, she conducted her first field research in 1933, studying traditional exchange and settlement patterns in the Lau Islands of southern Fiji.
In 1938, the Naval governor of Guam requested that Thompson serve as his consultant on Native Affairs to suggest improvements to the educational and welfare systems for CHamorus. She thus became the first anthropologist to conduct formal studies on Guam. She conducted a "six-month field study of the native Chamorro population, their daily life, land use customs, changing economy, schooling, cultural values, and local government under American military rule since 1899." While stationed in Hagåtña, she soon set up a field headquarters in Merizo. Her primary female field assistant, Rosa Aguigui Reyes, was the first woman elected to the Guam Congress. The resulting work, Guam and Its People, was described after her death by Guam's Delegate Robert Underwood as "the seminal work on the essence of the Chamorro culture" in his tribute on the floor of the United States House of Representatives. In 1943, the U.S. Navy hired Thompson to tell them how the CHamorus of Guam were fairing under Japanese occupation and whether they would welcome the U.S. retaking of the island, which occurred in 1944. Thompson enjoyed producing several reports for the Navy as she felt that this was in line with her belief that anthropology should be a predictive social science.
Thompson held a research position in the Committee on Human Development at the University of Chicago in 1941 when she received a grant to serve as the Coordinator of the Indian Education, Personality and Administration Project. The Project evaluated the government policies implemented since the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. As such, Thompson spent time with the Tohono O'odham, Hopi, Navajo, Zuni, and Dakota "studying ways in which culturally standardized perception patterns and personality modes were used to solve social and cultural problems." She was particularly interested in the psyche of the Hopi, authoring several papers with neuropsychiatrist Alice Joseph.
In 1945, Collier and Thompson created the Institute of Ethnic Affairs, a non-profit to search for solutions to problems between ethnic groups. The Institute published an opinion piece by Harold L. Ickes immediately after he retired as secretary of the Interior that argued, among other things, that the Navy should not be governing Guam and American Samoa. A string of publicity about Navy oppression of the CHamoru people resulted in the Guam Organic Act of 1950, granted the first measure of self-governance. As a result of Thompson's political activism on behalf of CHamoru self-government, the U.S. military, which controlled travel on and off of Guam, denied her permission to return for many years after the war.
After the Indian Education, Personality and Administration Project ended, Thompson was appointed to the Policy Board of the U.S. National Indian Institute in Washington, D.C. in 1948. Her marriage to Collier also ended. Like other female anthropologists who had worked outside academia, she was unable to secure a tenure-track position and took a series of one- and two-year teaching appointments. During the 1950s and 1960s, Thompson taught at the University of North Carolina, North Carolina State College, City College and Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Southern Illinois University, the University of California, Utah State University, Pennsylvania State University, San Francisco State University, and the University of Hawaii. She also held positions at the Bank Street College of Education in 1953 and the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute at Wayne State University in 1954. At the same time, she was a consultant for a number of projects, including the Hutterite Socialization Project at Pennsylvania State University from 1962 to 1965 and the Centennial Joint School System Project in Pennsylvania from 1964 to 1966.
In her speech accepting the 1979 Bronislaw Malinowski Award from the Society for Applied Anthropology, Thompson highlighted how the first generation of applied anthropologists advised those trying to make colonialism more efficient, noting that these early anthropologists were "under a certain degree of pressure from the larger society to develop a set of tools for engineering, manipulating, and managing people in small groups and ethnic enclaves toward utilitarian goals superimposed from without."
Thompson made her first return visit to Guam in 1977, when she was invited to be the keynote speaker for the CHamoru Studies Conference held at George Washington High School. She returned again in April 1987 to give the keynote speech, titled "Talking Stones," to the University of Guam's Annual College of Arts and Sciences Research Conference. In 1991, the Richard F. Taitano Micronesian Area Research Center (MARC) of the University of Guam hosted a reception at the Bishop Museum to honor Thompson on the publication of her autobiography, Beyond The Dream. Following her death on January 23, 2000, memorial services were held both in Honolulu and on Guam. Robert Underwood, the Delegate of Guam, entered an extended speech lauding Thompson as a "great anthropologist and true friend of Guam" into the Congressional Record from the House floor. The Governor of Guam also posthumously awarded her the Ancient Order of the Chamorri, the highest civilian honor given to a non-CHamoru person.
Personal life
In the mid-1930s, Thompson lived in Germany with her first husband, Bernhard Teuting. She studied rural ecology and religious change near Osnabrück, and briefly lived in Berlin while she worked on a project for the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. However, her mentally-troubled husband physically abused her and she witnessed Adolf Hitler's consolidation of power under the Nazi Party. Leaving her husband, as well as most of her personal belonging and field notes, Thompson escaped back to Hawaii.
In 1943, Thompson married John Collier, the commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
In 1963, Thompson married Sam Duker, a profession of education at Brooklyn College, whom she had known since they attended the Punahou School together. Following Duker's death in 1978, Thompson moved back to Hawaii.
Selected bibliography
(autobiography)
References
1905 births
People from Honolulu
American people of English descent
Punahou School alumni
Mills College alumni
Radcliffe College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
Cultural anthropologists
Social anthropologists
2000 deaths |
311894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bancroft%20%28sexologist%29 | John Bancroft (sexologist) | Dr John H.J. Bancroft (born 1936) is a physician who was Director of The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction at Indiana University from 1995 to 2004. He was a Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Indiana University School of Medicine.
Bancroft received his B.A. in 1960 and his M.D. in 1970 from the Cambridge University. Bancroft was succeeded as Director of the Kinsey Institute in 2004 by Julia Heiman.
Bancroft was a practitioner of electroshock conversion therapy.
References
American psychiatrists
American sexologists
Indiana University faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
1936 births
Living people |
60841767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346%20Washington%20State%20Cougars%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 1945–46 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team | The 1945–46 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team represented Washington State College for the college basketball season. Led by eighteenth-year head coach Jack Friel, the Cougars were members of the Pacific Coast Conference and played their home games on campus at the WSC Gymnasium in Pullman, Washington.
The Cougars were overall in the regular season and in conference play, last place in the Northern
References
External links
Sports Reference – Washington State Cougars: 1945–46 basketball season
Washington State Cougars men's basketball seasons
Washington State Cougars
Washington State
Washington State |
19462477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Wyoming%20Cowboys%20football%20team | 2008 Wyoming Cowboys football team | The 2008 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team's head coach was Joe Glenn, who was in his sixth year at Wyoming. They played their home games at War Memorial Stadium in Laramie, Wyoming and competed in the Mountain West Conference. Glenn was fired on November 23, after six seasons. Dave Christensen, the offensive coordinator from Missouri accepted the job as head coach on November 30.
Schedule
Game summaries
Ohio
In the opening game of the 2008 season, the Cowboys would down the Ohio Bobcats at home 21-20. In the first quarter, Ohio would score first on a 4-yard Theo Scott touchdown pass to Andrew Mooney, only to have to Cowboys answer with a 6-yard Devin Moore touchdown run to knot the game at 7-7 entering the second quarter. In the second, Wyoming would open the scoring with a 3-yard Dax Crum touchdown pass to J. Salyards and take a 14-7 lead. The Bobcats would answer with 10 consecutive points on a 100-yard Donte Harden kickoff return, and a 31-yard Barrett Way field goal in taking a 17-14 halftime lead. After a scoreless third, Ohio would extend its lead to 20-14 after converting a 34-yard Way field goal. The Cowboys would respond with what turned out to be the game-winning touchdown midway through the fourth on a 23-yard Crum touchdown pass to Donate Morgan to win by a final score of 21-20.
Air Force
In the Mountain West opener, the Cowboys would surrender 20 unanswered, second half points in this 23-3 loss to the Falcons. After a scoreless first, the Cowboys would respond to an Air Force field goal with a 47-yard Jake Scott field goal late in the second to tie the game at 3-3 going into the half for their only points on the afternoon.
North Dakota State
After falling behind in the third quarter by a score of 13-0 to the FCS Bison, the Cowboys would rally back with 16 unanswered points in taking a 16-13 victory at home. Midway through the third, the Cowboys would score their first points on a 2-yard Devin Moore touchdown run to close the gap to 13-7. Kicker Jake Scott would then provide the remainder of scoring on a pair of 28-yard field goals, and a third from 29-yards with only :04 seconds remaining in the contest to take the win.
BYU
With two defensive touchdowns and outgaining the Cowboys 364-273 yards in total offense, the 14th ranked BYU Cougars were dominant in this 44-0 shutout at Provo.
Bowling Green
New Mexico
Utah
TCU
San Diego State
Tennessee
UNLV
Colorado State
Coaching staff
References
Wyoming
Wyoming Cowboys football seasons
Wyoming Cowboys football |
943710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics | Bangladesh at the 2004 Summer Olympics | Bangladesh competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004.
Athletics
Bangladeshi athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the 'A' Standard, and 1 at the 'B' Standard).
Men
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Shooting
Men
Swimming
Men
Women
See also
Bangladesh at the 2002 Asian Games
Bangladesh at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
References
External links
Nations at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2004
Olympics |
3269026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Gingindlovu | Battle of Gingindlovu | The Battle of Gingindlovu (uMgungundlovu) was fought on 2 April 1879 between a British relief column sent to break the Siege of Eshowe and a Zulu impi of King Cetshwayo.
Prelude
Charles Pearson had led the No. 1 Column of the British invasion force across the Tugela River with the intention of creating an advanced base at Eshowe. This they did, but found themselves besieged in the hastily constructed base, at a deserted Norwegian mission station. A relief column was organised, and under the leadership of Lord Chelmsford it departed Fort Tenedos on 29 March to march to Pearson's relief. The column composed 3,390 Europeans and 2,280 Africans, and a range of artillery, including two 9-pounders (4 kg), four 24-pounder (11 kg) rocket tubes and two Gatling guns.
Progress was slow, as Chelmsford took a roundabout route to avoid ambush in the close country Pearson had passed through. In addition, the rivers they had to traverse were swollen by heavy rains and fearing a repeat of Isandlwana, Chelmsford ensured his men spent much time laagering and entrenching their camp at the end of each day. Despite this slow progress, Pearson's observers at Eshowe could see the relief column laagering on the south bank of the Inyezane on the evening of 1 April. The laager was sited on a ridge running roughly west–east. West of the ridge, the ground dipped, only to rise again to the Umisi Hill.
The ground sloped away in all directions, allowing a good field of fire. A trench surrounded a waist high wall of earth, which enclosed 120 wagons, formed a square with sides of in length. While these defences were being constructed, a scout returned in the evening bearing news of Zulus massing on the far side of Umisi Hill. A second scouting party reported no forces there but that an impi was camped to the north west of the laager. While the scouts could not assess the Zulu strength because of the darkness, this impi was composed of 12,000 warriors, all of whom had been at Isandlwana. The impi had been ordered to ambush the relief column and had been thwarted by Chelmsford; this was their final chance to stop the column before it reached Eshowe. The night passed with no attack.
Battle
At daybreak on 2 April 1879, the morning sun revealed a muddy and sodden ground and a heavy mist. Chelmsford could not move his wagons until the ground dried out, and so sent out the Natal Native Contingent to provoke the Zulus into an attack while he held a strong position. Once the mist lifted, the left horn of the impi was seen advancing eastwards over the river towards the British laager before disappearing into tall grass. A long burst of fire from one of the Gatling guns saw the warriors disappear into the long grass. When the left horn re-emerged it had joined the rest of the impi and the left horn, chest and right horn were advancing over Umisi Hill. The whole charging buffalo formation came in at a run on the three sides of the laager. This was the scenario Chelmsford had planned for, at a range of the British infantry opened fire, supported by the Gatling guns and rockets.
Zulu marksmen caused a few casualties within the laager, but the defenders kept the Zulus at bay and Chelmsford's defence was working. Though the Zulu regiments made persistent rushes to get within stabbing range, their charges lacked the drive and spirit that had pushed them forward at the Battle of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift. The only Zulu to reach the laager was a 10-year-old boy, who was taken prisoner by members of the naval brigade and later served as a kind of mascot on their ship, . After 20 minutes, the Zulu impi began to crumble away. Seeing this, Chelmsford ordered pursuit by the mounted troops and the native contingent. Large numbers of Zulu warriors were killed in this chase.
Aftermath
Analysis
The battle restored Chelmsford's confidence in his army and their ability to defeat Zulu attacks. With the last resistance between Chelmsford and Pearson's columns removed, he was able to advance and relieve Eshowe.
Casualties
By 07:30, the Zulus had fled and the grim task of killing Zulu wounded was undertaken. Around the laager 700 Zulu bodies were counted and 300 more were killed in the mounted chase of the retreating warriors. The British suffered eleven dead, including a lieutenant-colonel and 48 wounded.
See also
Military history of South Africa
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Account of the battle – includes a map.
Travellers Impressions
Gingindlovu
Battles of the Anglo-Zulu War
1879 in the Zulu Kingdom
History of KwaZulu-Natal
April 1879 events |
24153968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C19H23NO5 | C19H23NO5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C19H23NO5}}
The molecular formula C19H23NO5 (molar mass: 345.39 g/mol) may refer to:
Semorphone
Tretoquinol, a beta-adrenergic agonist
WB-4101, an antagonist at the α1B-adrenergic receptor. |
2924147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnoud%20Observatory | Bagnoud Observatory | François-Xavier Bagnoud Observatory (Observatoire François-Xavier Bagnoud) is an astronomical observatory. It is a non-profit organisation funded by Association François-Xavier Bagnoud. It is located above the village of Saint-Luc, Switzerland, close to the top of the funicular, at a height of .
It has and telescopes, as well as a heliostat, a weather station, a planetarium and a planet trail between the observatory and the funicular.
References
Astronomical observatories in Switzerland |
41633097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Porter%20%28basketball%29 | Willie Porter (basketball) | Willie William Porter (born July 3, 1942 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is a retired professional basketball power forward who played two seasons (1967–68) in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a member of the Oakland Oaks, Pittsburgh / Minnesota Pipers and the Houston Mavericks. He attended Tennessee State University where he was selected by the Cincinnati Royals during the 16 round of the 1965 NBA draft.
External links
1942 births
Living people
Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Cincinnati Royals draft picks
Houston Mavericks players
Minnesota Pipers players
Oakland Oaks players
Pittsburgh Pipers players
Power forwards (basketball)
Tennessee State Tigers basketball players
Wilkes-Barre Barons players |
13703912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo%20B%C3%BCcker | Theo Bücker | Johannes Theodor "Theo" Bücker (born 10 July 1948) is a German football manager and a former player, who is the current coach of the under-15 team of Lebanese club Athletico SC.
Coaching career
Return to Lebanon
On 8 August 2011, Bücker was announced as Lebanon's head coach, with the former national team manager taking over the reins ten years after leaving the position. He is the first ever coach to bring Lebanon to the fourth and final qualifying round of the FIFA World Cup. During this period, the Lebanese national team made impressive results. They defeated the United Arab Emirates 3–1 in Beirut, South Korea 2–1 in Beirut, and Kuwait 1–0 in Kuwait in the third round. For the first time in their history, Lebanon defeated Iran by a single goal on matchday 4 of the final round. Bücker announced his retirement in May 2013, effective from 11 June 2013, after a match that saw his side defeated by Iran 4–0.
Nejmeh
On 18 December 2017, Bücker was re-appointed head coach of Lebanese Premier League club Nejmeh, following his spell during the 2013–14 season where he won a league title. Nejmeh finished the 2017–18 season as runners-up.
Ahli Sarba
In 2018 Bücker became the coach of Lebanese Second Division club Ahli Sarba, staying at the club during their relegation to the Third Division.
Athletico SC
On 6 July 2020, Bücker was appointed coach of the under-15 team of Athletico SC.
Personal life
Bücker considers himself as "half-Lebanese" and is married to a Lebanese woman. He has been a resident of Beirut for many years, expressing his love for his adopted nation.
In 2012, former Lebanon national team member Buddy Farah stated that the credit for Lebanon's success and improvement should go to Bücker and that he was the best thing ever to happen to Lebanese football.
Honours
Manager
Individual
Lebanese Premier League Best Coach: 2001–02, 2013–14
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
People from Hochsauerlandkreis
Sportspeople from Arnsberg (region)
Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia
German footballers
Association football midfielders
Borussia Dortmund players
MSV Duisburg players
Ittihad FC players
FC Schalke 04 players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Saudi Professional League players
German football managers
Kazma SC managers
SV Meppen managers
Lebanon national football team managers
Sagesse SC football managers
Zamalek SC managers
Ismaily SC managers
Kuwait SC managers
Al-Wehda Club (Mecca) managers
Al-Ahli Saudi FC managers
Al Masry SC managers
Al Ahed FC managers
Ettifaq FC managers
Nejmeh SC managers
Dibba Club managers
Emirates Club managers
AC Tripoli managers
Ahli Sarba SC managers
Kuwait Premier League managers
Lebanese Premier League managers
Egyptian Premier League managers
Saudi Professional League managers
UAE Pro League managers
Lebanese Second Division managers
German expatriate footballers
German expatriate football managers
German expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
German expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
German expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon
German expatriate sportspeople in Egypt
German expatriate sportspeople in Libya
German expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Kuwait
Expatriate football managers in Lebanon
Expatriate football managers in Egypt
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Libya
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates |
21473484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Vasquez | James Vasquez | James Vasquez (born c. 1972), also known as Pedro James Vasquez, is an American actor, writer, and director.
Early life and education
Vasquez is originally from Escondido, California, United States. He graduated from Escondido High School in 1990 and from New York City's Juilliard School in 1994. At Juilliard he was a member of the Drama Division's Group 23, which also included Carrie Preston. He is a cousin of actor Randy Vasquez, who also grew up in Escondido. He is of Mexican ancestry.
Career
As an actor, Vasquez has appeared off Broadway with The Public Theater in New York City, at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, and in the Alabama Shakespeare Festival.
In 2004, he co-founded Daisy 3 Pictures with Mark Holmes and Carrie Preston.
Vasquez had his screen writing debut with the 2005 feature film 29th and Gay, which he also starred in. He edited the 2007 short film Feet of Clay, and wrote and directed the 2008 film Ready? OK!.
References
External links
American filmmakers
Juilliard School alumni
American male stage actors
American film directors of Mexican descent
1970s births
Living people
People from Escondido, California
Film directors from California
American male actors of Mexican descent |