Study: NCT06720220

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride
Description: procedural sedation by I.V. infusion of dexmedetomidine. It was prepared as 200 ug (2 ml) of dexmedetomidine added to 48 ml of 0.9% saline.~A loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 to 1 ug/kg was given over 10- 20 minutes, followed by 0.2-0.7 ug/kg/hr as a continuous infusion by a syringe pump. During the dexmedetomidine infusion, a spontaneous respiratory pattern was maintained, and the level of sedation achieved to a point of semi-sleep but responds to commands (equivalent to Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale score of 3).

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride
Description: procedural sedation by I.V. infusion of dexmedetomidine. It was prepared as 200 ug (2 ml) of dexmedetomidine added to 48 ml of 0.9% saline.~A loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 to 1 ug/kg was given over 10- 20 minutes, followed by 0.2-0.7 ug/kg/hr as a continuous infusion by a syringe pump. During the dexmedetomidine infusion, a spontaneous respiratory pattern was maintained, and the level of sedation achieved to a point of semi-sleep but responds to commands (equivalent to Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale score of 3).

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride
Description: procedural sedation by I.V. infusion of dexmedetomidine. It was prepared as 200 ug (2 ml) of dexmedetomidine added to 48 ml of 0.9% saline.~A loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 to 1 ug/kg was given over 10- 20 minutes, followed by 0.2-0.7 ug/kg/hr as a continuous infusion by a syringe pump. During the dexmedetomidine infusion, a spontaneous respiratory pattern was maintained, and the level of sedation achieved to a point of semi-sleep but responds to commands (equivalent to Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale score of 3).

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride
Description: procedural sedation by I.V. infusion of dexmedetomidine. It was prepared as 200 ug (2 ml) of dexmedetomidine added to 48 ml of 0.9% saline.~A loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 to 1 ug/kg was given over 10- 20 minutes, followed by 0.2-0.7 ug/kg/hr as a continuous infusion by a syringe pump. During the dexmedetomidine infusion, a spontaneous respiratory pattern was maintained, and the level of sedation achieved to a point of semi-sleep but responds to commands (equivalent to Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale score of 3).

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Nebulization
Description: nebulization session through a face mask nebulizer attached to an oxygen source. The nebulizer chamber was filled with 10 ml of 2% lidocaine (200 mg). The oxygen flow was adjusted at a rate of 8-10 L/min for 10-15 minutes.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Atomization
Description: Airway topicalization by atomization (through a modification of McKenzie technique). This modification utilizes a 10-Fr suction catheter instead of 20-gauge cannula. This suction catheter was attached to oxygen tubing with a three-way stopcock. The oxygen tubing was attached to an oxygen source, which delivers a flow of 2-4 L/min. A 10-ml syringe filled with 10 ml of lidocaine 2% was attached to top port of the three-way stopcock.~Local anesthetic was injected via the syringe forming a jet- like spray for topicalization of the nasal and oral mucosa

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Spray-As-You-Go
Description: airway topicalization method using the fiberoptic bronchoscope itself. The fiberoptic bronchoscope, preloaded with a 6.5 or 7 mm endotracheal tube, was passed under direct vision through the nose into the pharynx. Then 10-ml syringe containing 10 ml Lidocaine 2%, was attached to the working channel, and thus the local anesthetic was sprayed towards the mucosa of postnasal space and back of throat, while advancing the fiberscope. At the level of the epiglottis and around the vocal cords 2-4 ml of lidocaine 2% were sprayed toward these structures as the patient takes a deep breath to achieve sufficient anesthesia to the laryngeal inlet. The patient was asked to take another deep breath as the scope was passed through the vocal cords and 2 ml of lidocaine 2% is sprayed to the trachea and the scope was advanced further until the carina was visualized.