Study: NCT05501366

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ketone Supplement
Description: Four different exogenous ketone products at two serving sizes or a non-ketogenic placebo (one study product per test day). 1) Monoester of BHB (R)-1,3 butanediol (BHB Mono-ester), 2) diester of hexanoic acid (a ketogenic medium chain fatty acid) and (R)-1,3 butanediol (C6 Di-ester) 3) diester of AcAc and (R,S)-1,3 butanediol (AcAc Di-ester) \& 4) (R) -1,3 butanediol only (BDO). All products will be delivered in 2 different dosages 180mg/kg and 360mg/kg on separate testing days.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale
Description: Beverage Tolerability Questionnaire (BTQ) and satiety visual analogue scale will be administered at beginning and end of testing day to tests palatability of supplement

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: IV cannula will be inserted at the start of each Test Day, and removed at the end of each Test Day, Blood samples will be collected according to the schedule in Figure 1. Cannula will be flushed with a small volume of saline after each sample to maintain patency. We will draw 504 mL of blood, which is about 2.1 cups throughout the 4-week intervention

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Breath Reading
Description: Participants will breathe into a commercially available handheld breath acetone analyzer according to the schedule. Participants will wear a fitted face mask attached to a metabolic cart for a 10-minute period every 60 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Heart Rate Variability
Description: Participants will wear a Bluetooth heart rate monitor chest strap throughout the test day.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: CGM/CKM
Description: Continuous Ketone Monitor will be applied at the start of Test Day 1. The sensor will be checked by the study team at each test day and will be removed and replaced by a fresh sensor at \~2- week intervals during the study. The sensor will be removed at the end of the final test day

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: DXA
Description: Lean Body Mass will be assessed once via DXA

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Urine Analysis
Description: Prior to consumption of the Study Product, participants will be asked to completely void bladder. And hydration status will be determined via urine specific gravity (USG) reporting \<1.025. Urine passed after the ingestion of the study product will be collected in a plastic container; participants will be asked to void their bladder and collect urine at the end of the test day. The volume produced will be recorded at the end of the study and aliquots will be frozen and stored for future analysis