Study: NCT05414903

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Dynamic Visual Acuity
Description: First, participants will report the direction of the open portion of a Landolt C (right, left, up, or down) with the head still. Ten targets at 5 acuity levels (LogMAR -0.3, 0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, corresponding to Snellen visual acuity of 20/10, 20/20, 20/40, 20/100, 20/200) will be identified. Next, a rate sensor will be placed on the subject's head in the plane of the horizontal canals and htDVA will be measured. The Landolt C will be presented automatically when the examiner has moved the subject's head \> 150˚/sec. htDVA scores will be the LogMAR at which the subject fails to correctly identify 50% of the visual targets or reaches a LogMAR of -0.3. The overall htDVA score is calculated by subtracting the head still LogMAR from the htDVA LogMAR. htDVA scores will be calculated for right and left head movements separately.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Dynamic Visual Acuity
Description: First, participants will report the direction of the open portion of a Landolt C (right, left, up, or down) with the head still. Ten targets at 5 acuity levels (LogMAR -0.3, 0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, corresponding to Snellen visual acuity of 20/10, 20/20, 20/40, 20/100, 20/200) will be identified. Next, a rate sensor will be placed on the subject's head in the plane of the horizontal canals and htDVA will be measured. The Landolt C will be presented automatically when the examiner has moved the subject's head \> 150˚/sec. htDVA scores will be the LogMAR at which the subject fails to correctly identify 50% of the visual targets or reaches a LogMAR of -0.3. The overall htDVA score is calculated by subtracting the head still LogMAR from the htDVA LogMAR. htDVA scores will be calculated for right and left head movements separately.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Dynamic Visual Acuity
Description: First, participants will report the direction of the open portion of a Landolt C (right, left, up, or down) with the head still. Ten targets at 5 acuity levels (LogMAR -0.3, 0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, corresponding to Snellen visual acuity of 20/10, 20/20, 20/40, 20/100, 20/200) will be identified. Next, a rate sensor will be placed on the subject's head in the plane of the horizontal canals and htDVA will be measured. The Landolt C will be presented automatically when the examiner has moved the subject's head \> 150˚/sec. htDVA scores will be the LogMAR at which the subject fails to correctly identify 50% of the visual targets or reaches a LogMAR of -0.3. The overall htDVA score is calculated by subtracting the head still LogMAR from the htDVA LogMAR. htDVA scores will be calculated for right and left head movements separately.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Reading Outcomes
Description: The TOSWRF will be used to assess reading fluency. Children get 3 minutes to identify as many words as possible by drawing boundaries between successive unrelated words.~The TOSCRF will be used to assess reading fluency. Children are allowed 3 minutes to identify as many contextually related words as possible by drawing boundaries between successive words.~The TILLS will be used to assess reading comprehension. Each subject will read a short passage and answer 3 yes/no questions assessing reading comprehension.~A computer based MNREAD Test will be used to assess reading acuity, critical print size and Reading Accessibility Index.~During the TILLS and MNRead test, eye tracking (Eye Link 1000+ eye tracker) will be used to record fixation duration, saccade length, regression frequency, and total time spent.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Reading Outcomes
Description: The TOSWRF will be used to assess reading fluency. Children get 3 minutes to identify as many words as possible by drawing boundaries between successive unrelated words.~The TOSCRF will be used to assess reading fluency. Children are allowed 3 minutes to identify as many contextually related words as possible by drawing boundaries between successive words.~The TILLS will be used to assess reading comprehension. Each subject will read a short passage and answer 3 yes/no questions assessing reading comprehension.~A computer based MNREAD Test will be used to assess reading acuity, critical print size and Reading Accessibility Index.~During the TILLS and MNRead test, eye tracking (Eye Link 1000+ eye tracker) will be used to record fixation duration, saccade length, regression frequency, and total time spent.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Reading Outcomes
Description: The TOSWRF will be used to assess reading fluency. Children get 3 minutes to identify as many words as possible by drawing boundaries between successive unrelated words.~The TOSCRF will be used to assess reading fluency. Children are allowed 3 minutes to identify as many contextually related words as possible by drawing boundaries between successive words.~The TILLS will be used to assess reading comprehension. Each subject will read a short passage and answer 3 yes/no questions assessing reading comprehension.~A computer based MNREAD Test will be used to assess reading acuity, critical print size and Reading Accessibility Index.~During the TILLS and MNRead test, eye tracking (Eye Link 1000+ eye tracker) will be used to record fixation duration, saccade length, regression frequency, and total time spent.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Static Visual Acuity
Description: The subject's head will be in a headrest. Static visual acuity will be assessed in 9 domains (3 levels of visual target complexity x 3 levels of presentation complexity). The 3 levels of visual target complexity are identifying: 1) colors, 2) the direction of the open prongs of the Landolt C (right, left, up, or down), which does not require alphabet knowledge, and 3) single letters (C, D, H, K, O, N, S, R, V, and Z; NIH Toolbox, Li 2014)). The 3 levels of presentation complexity are identifying: 1) 1-visual optotype, 2) a successive row of 5 visual optotypes flashed for 3 seconds (Hillman 1999), and 3) successive rows of optotypes in paragraph form as quickly as possible (i.e., rapid automatized naming). Outcome parameters will be %-correct at each acuity level and reaction time. Fixation duration, saccade length, saccade frequency, regression frequency, and total time spent will be collected via an eye tracker (Eye Link 1000+ eye tracker \[SR Research, EyeLink, Ontario, Canada\]).

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Static Visual Acuity
Description: The subject's head will be in a headrest. Static visual acuity will be assessed in 9 domains (3 levels of visual target complexity x 3 levels of presentation complexity). The 3 levels of visual target complexity are identifying: 1) colors, 2) the direction of the open prongs of the Landolt C (right, left, up, or down), which does not require alphabet knowledge, and 3) single letters (C, D, H, K, O, N, S, R, V, and Z; NIH Toolbox, Li 2014)). The 3 levels of presentation complexity are identifying: 1) 1-visual optotype, 2) a successive row of 5 visual optotypes flashed for 3 seconds (Hillman 1999), and 3) successive rows of optotypes in paragraph form as quickly as possible (i.e., rapid automatized naming). Outcome parameters will be %-correct at each acuity level and reaction time. Fixation duration, saccade length, saccade frequency, regression frequency, and total time spent will be collected via an eye tracker (Eye Link 1000+ eye tracker \[SR Research, EyeLink, Ontario, Canada\]).

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Static Visual Acuity
Description: The subject's head will be in a headrest. Static visual acuity will be assessed in 9 domains (3 levels of visual target complexity x 3 levels of presentation complexity). The 3 levels of visual target complexity are identifying: 1) colors, 2) the direction of the open prongs of the Landolt C (right, left, up, or down), which does not require alphabet knowledge, and 3) single letters (C, D, H, K, O, N, S, R, V, and Z; NIH Toolbox, Li 2014)). The 3 levels of presentation complexity are identifying: 1) 1-visual optotype, 2) a successive row of 5 visual optotypes flashed for 3 seconds (Hillman 1999), and 3) successive rows of optotypes in paragraph form as quickly as possible (i.e., rapid automatized naming). Outcome parameters will be %-correct at each acuity level and reaction time. Fixation duration, saccade length, saccade frequency, regression frequency, and total time spent will be collected via an eye tracker (Eye Link 1000+ eye tracker \[SR Research, EyeLink, Ontario, Canada\]).