Study: NCT06105099

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Motor-phonetic intervention
Description: Children will receive phonetic articulation therapy treating consonants in a phoneme-by-phoneme basis, emphasizing phonetic placement and shaping techniques.~Phonetic articulation therapy includes a progression of the target consonant from isolated level, syllable level, word level, sentence level, spontaneous speech level in five different steps:~identification of the target consonant using visual, tactile, and auditory feedback techniques, discrimination between the used and targeted consonant, (3) variation and correction, (4) stabilize the target, and (5) maintenance of the target. A next level will be introduced when the child is able to correctly produce the sound in 90% of the time with minimal cues from the therapist.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Motor-phonetic intervention
Description: Children will receive phonetic articulation therapy treating consonants in a phoneme-by-phoneme basis, emphasizing phonetic placement and shaping techniques.~Phonetic articulation therapy includes a progression of the target consonant from isolated level, syllable level, word level, sentence level, spontaneous speech level in five different steps:~identification of the target consonant using visual, tactile, and auditory feedback techniques, discrimination between the used and targeted consonant, (3) variation and correction, (4) stabilize the target, and (5) maintenance of the target. A next level will be introduced when the child is able to correctly produce the sound in 90% of the time with minimal cues from the therapist.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Motor-phonetic intervention
Description: Children will receive phonetic articulation therapy treating consonants in a phoneme-by-phoneme basis, emphasizing phonetic placement and shaping techniques.~Phonetic articulation therapy includes a progression of the target consonant from isolated level, syllable level, word level, sentence level, spontaneous speech level in five different steps:~identification of the target consonant using visual, tactile, and auditory feedback techniques, discrimination between the used and targeted consonant, (3) variation and correction, (4) stabilize the target, and (5) maintenance of the target. A next level will be introduced when the child is able to correctly produce the sound in 90% of the time with minimal cues from the therapist.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Phonological intervention
Description: The phonological approach consists of two phases. In the first phase, the child's attention is drawn to the contrastive features of the speech sound system which are relevant to the target consonants. Terms that describe the sound features will be introduced using words on the child's level, e.g. in the case of active nasal fricatives the words 'nose' and 'mouth' will be used. Child-friendly games will be played to illustrate the contrast between the concepts followed by activities that focus on the contrasts in non-speech sounds, in which child and therapist will alternate between being listener and speaker. At the end of this phase, minimal word pairs (e.g. tap/cap), only produced by the therapist, will be used to facilitate the child's awareness of sounds in words and meaningful differences based on distinctive features.~In the second phase, the child will produce minimal pairs providing the opportunity to monitor his/her speech and to make self-corrections.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Phonological intervention
Description: The phonological approach consists of two phases. In the first phase, the child's attention is drawn to the contrastive features of the speech sound system which are relevant to the target consonants. Terms that describe the sound features will be introduced using words on the child's level, e.g. in the case of active nasal fricatives the words 'nose' and 'mouth' will be used. Child-friendly games will be played to illustrate the contrast between the concepts followed by activities that focus on the contrasts in non-speech sounds, in which child and therapist will alternate between being listener and speaker. At the end of this phase, minimal word pairs (e.g. tap/cap), only produced by the therapist, will be used to facilitate the child's awareness of sounds in words and meaningful differences based on distinctive features.~In the second phase, the child will produce minimal pairs providing the opportunity to monitor his/her speech and to make self-corrections.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Phonological intervention
Description: The phonological approach consists of two phases. In the first phase, the child's attention is drawn to the contrastive features of the speech sound system which are relevant to the target consonants. Terms that describe the sound features will be introduced using words on the child's level, e.g. in the case of active nasal fricatives the words 'nose' and 'mouth' will be used. Child-friendly games will be played to illustrate the contrast between the concepts followed by activities that focus on the contrasts in non-speech sounds, in which child and therapist will alternate between being listener and speaker. At the end of this phase, minimal word pairs (e.g. tap/cap), only produced by the therapist, will be used to facilitate the child's awareness of sounds in words and meaningful differences based on distinctive features.~In the second phase, the child will produce minimal pairs providing the opportunity to monitor his/her speech and to make self-corrections.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Combined phonetic-phonological intervention
Description: Children will receive motor-phonetic articulation therapy supplemented with phonological principles. Therapy will be provided following the same five steps as the 'motor-phonetic group'. However, articulation errors will not be treated in a phoneme-by-phoneme basis. In contrast, multiple errors will be targeted simultaneously by focusing on a process. For example, if the child produces glottal stops for the /t/ and the /p/, these sounds will be treated simultaneously as sounds requiring oral front placements. Exercises will be embedded in meaningful language contexts such as minimal pairs

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Combined phonetic-phonological intervention
Description: Children will receive motor-phonetic articulation therapy supplemented with phonological principles. Therapy will be provided following the same five steps as the 'motor-phonetic group'. However, articulation errors will not be treated in a phoneme-by-phoneme basis. In contrast, multiple errors will be targeted simultaneously by focusing on a process. For example, if the child produces glottal stops for the /t/ and the /p/, these sounds will be treated simultaneously as sounds requiring oral front placements. Exercises will be embedded in meaningful language contexts such as minimal pairs

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Combined phonetic-phonological intervention
Description: Children will receive motor-phonetic articulation therapy supplemented with phonological principles. Therapy will be provided following the same five steps as the 'motor-phonetic group'. However, articulation errors will not be treated in a phoneme-by-phoneme basis. In contrast, multiple errors will be targeted simultaneously by focusing on a process. For example, if the child produces glottal stops for the /t/ and the /p/, these sounds will be treated simultaneously as sounds requiring oral front placements. Exercises will be embedded in meaningful language contexts such as minimal pairs