Study: NCT02995837

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Sleep Study
Description: Overnight, video-recorded sleep study will be performed in a dedicated pediatric sleep lab. Sleep architecture, apneas and hypopneas, arterial oxygen saturation and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension will be evaluated during the sleep study. Safety measures including arterial oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry, EEG and EKG will be continuously monitored during the study.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Sleep Study
Description: Overnight, video-recorded sleep study will be performed in a dedicated pediatric sleep lab. Sleep architecture, apneas and hypopneas, arterial oxygen saturation and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension will be evaluated during the sleep study. Safety measures including arterial oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry, EEG and EKG will be continuously monitored during the study.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Neurocognitive Testing
Description: Cognitive and behavioral measures including intelligence, attention, working memory, and processing speed will be assessed by a trained psychologist.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Neurocognitive Testing
Description: Cognitive and behavioral measures including intelligence, attention, working memory, and processing speed will be assessed by a trained psychologist.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: CBF During Wakefulness
Description: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) will be measure using Diffuse optical and correlation spectroscopy (DOS/DCS), a non-significant risk device used to collect data for this study but not being tested as part of the protocol. Light sources and detectors which are embedded in a rubber pad will be attached to the subject's head in order to record right and left hemispheric cerebral blood flow, total hemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygen saturation. Measurements will be continuously recorded during the study and averaged for purposes of statistical analysis. With DOS/DCS in place, ventilatory response to hypercapnia will be determined using the rebreathing technique, a standard clinical test. While CBF is being measured, subjects will wear nose clips and sit comfortably breathing through a mouthpiece while the level of carbon dioxide is adjusted over a 3-4 minute period. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels will be carefully monitored throughout the testing.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: CBF During Wakefulness
Description: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) will be measure using Diffuse optical and correlation spectroscopy (DOS/DCS), a non-significant risk device used to collect data for this study but not being tested as part of the protocol. Light sources and detectors which are embedded in a rubber pad will be attached to the subject's head in order to record right and left hemispheric cerebral blood flow, total hemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygen saturation. Measurements will be continuously recorded during the study and averaged for purposes of statistical analysis. With DOS/DCS in place, ventilatory response to hypercapnia will be determined using the rebreathing technique, a standard clinical test. While CBF is being measured, subjects will wear nose clips and sit comfortably breathing through a mouthpiece while the level of carbon dioxide is adjusted over a 3-4 minute period. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels will be carefully monitored throughout the testing.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: CBF During Sleep
Description: This is the same as the CBF testing during wakefulness/daytime except that it will be done during a sleep study performed with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask not nose clips and a mouthpiece. With DOS/DCS in place, ventilatory response to hypercapnia will be determined using the rebreathing technique. While CBF is being measured, OSAS subjects will receive an individualized positive pressure aimed at treating obstructive sleep apnea and controls will receive a standard pressure. End-tidal carbon dioxide will be measured via a port in the mask. A constant flow of carbon dioxide will be introduced to the circuit, a slowly adjusted until the patient arouses or for a maximum of 3 minutes, whichever occurs first. One trial will be attempted in each sleep stage (slow-wave sleep and rapid-eye-movement) with a minimum of 15 minute of breathing room air between challenges. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels will be carefully monitored throughout the testing.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: CBF During Sleep
Description: This is the same as the CBF testing during wakefulness/daytime except that it will be done during a sleep study performed with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask not nose clips and a mouthpiece. With DOS/DCS in place, ventilatory response to hypercapnia will be determined using the rebreathing technique. While CBF is being measured, OSAS subjects will receive an individualized positive pressure aimed at treating obstructive sleep apnea and controls will receive a standard pressure. End-tidal carbon dioxide will be measured via a port in the mask. A constant flow of carbon dioxide will be introduced to the circuit, a slowly adjusted until the patient arouses or for a maximum of 3 minutes, whichever occurs first. One trial will be attempted in each sleep stage (slow-wave sleep and rapid-eye-movement) with a minimum of 15 minute of breathing room air between challenges. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels will be carefully monitored throughout the testing.