Study: NCT01620996

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Minimal Intervention
Description: There is no clear definition of this term and it has been used by many different groups to refer to attempts to alter behavior by providing very brief, focused interventions. A slightly more developed model guiding intervention is called the 5-A model. This refers to the acronym Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange. This model has been endorsed by the US Public Health Department, who has incorporated the 5-A approach into their clinical practice guidelines (A Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence; A US Public Health Service Report. JAMA, June 20, 2000 - Vol 283 No. 24; see also http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/tobaqrg.htm).

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Minimal Intervention
Description: There is no clear definition of this term and it has been used by many different groups to refer to attempts to alter behavior by providing very brief, focused interventions. A slightly more developed model guiding intervention is called the 5-A model. This refers to the acronym Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange. This model has been endorsed by the US Public Health Department, who has incorporated the 5-A approach into their clinical practice guidelines (A Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence; A US Public Health Service Report. JAMA, June 20, 2000 - Vol 283 No. 24; see also http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/tobaqrg.htm).

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Motivational Interviewing
Description: Motivational Interviewing has its roots in alcohol abuse counseling and was pioneered by Miller and Rollnick. It is an approach to counseling that is geared toward increasing an individual's motivation, or buy-in, to the work that needs to be done to reduce substance dependence. Miller and Rollnick offer the approach as a brief intervention (hence some confusion with the term minimal intervention) guided by the following mediators of change, which they call ingredients of change, summarized by the Acronym FRAMES:~FEEDBACK of personal risk or impairment Emphasis on personal RESPONSIBILITY for change Clear ADVICE to change A MENU of alternative change options Therapist EMPATHY Facilitation of client SELF-EFFICACY or optimism~These mediators/ingredients are delivered by the clinician using the following principles:~Express Empathy Develop Discrepancy Avoid Argumentation Roll with Resistance Support Self-Efficacy

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Motivational Interviewing
Description: Motivational Interviewing has its roots in alcohol abuse counseling and was pioneered by Miller and Rollnick. It is an approach to counseling that is geared toward increasing an individual's motivation, or buy-in, to the work that needs to be done to reduce substance dependence. Miller and Rollnick offer the approach as a brief intervention (hence some confusion with the term minimal intervention) guided by the following mediators of change, which they call ingredients of change, summarized by the Acronym FRAMES:~FEEDBACK of personal risk or impairment Emphasis on personal RESPONSIBILITY for change Clear ADVICE to change A MENU of alternative change options Therapist EMPATHY Facilitation of client SELF-EFFICACY or optimism~These mediators/ingredients are delivered by the clinician using the following principles:~Express Empathy Develop Discrepancy Avoid Argumentation Roll with Resistance Support Self-Efficacy

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Motivational Enhancement
Description: Motivational enhancement is the most comprehensive term and reflects the integration of two major theorists; Millner and Rollnick on the one hand, and Prochaska and his colleagues on the other. The work of Miller and Rollnick occurred within substance abuse, primarily alcohol abuse and is best summarized in the section above on motivational interviewing. As Prochaska's work, which initially began in the area of smoking cessation but quickly expanded to include wide-ranging health behaviours, developed Miller and Rollnick incorporated his work with theirs.Prochaska's model derives from his long term study of the process of behaviour change regardless of the model of intervention implemented.The model is often referred to as the stages of change model, or readiness to change model.~The stages of change model identifies five separate stages; precontemplation,contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance~These stages are specific to different behaviours.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Motivational Enhancement
Description: Motivational enhancement is the most comprehensive term and reflects the integration of two major theorists; Millner and Rollnick on the one hand, and Prochaska and his colleagues on the other. The work of Miller and Rollnick occurred within substance abuse, primarily alcohol abuse and is best summarized in the section above on motivational interviewing. As Prochaska's work, which initially began in the area of smoking cessation but quickly expanded to include wide-ranging health behaviours, developed Miller and Rollnick incorporated his work with theirs.Prochaska's model derives from his long term study of the process of behaviour change regardless of the model of intervention implemented.The model is often referred to as the stages of change model, or readiness to change model.~The stages of change model identifies five separate stages; precontemplation,contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance~These stages are specific to different behaviours.