TrialPanorama/TrialPanorama-database huggingface dataset:
Study: NCT01372176

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Early Goal-Directed Nutrition
Description: 1. Initiation of early supplementary parenteral nutrition (≤ 24 hours of admission).~2. Measurement of requirements (indirect calorimetry, 24-hour urinary urea) leading to patient-specific, individualised and goal-directed nutritional therapy.~3. Intervention goal: delivering 100% of patient-specific requirements, measured or calculated throughout entire admission (EN+PN).

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: ASPEN-guidelines
Description: EN will be the preferred route of nutrition, and will be initiated within the first 24 hours of ICU admission, in accordance with best evidence. The amount is gradually increased over the first days of admission as tolerated by the patient (assessed from gastric aspirates). If EN fails to reach calculated goals at day 7, supplementary PN will be initiated at admission day 8 to reach goals. Protein and energy goals will be calculated as 25 kcal/kg/day and 1.2 g protein/kg/day.
Study: NCT01435629

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: somatropin
Description: Dosage and administration to be prescribed by the physician as a result of a normal clinical practice.
Study: NCT03056339

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Fludarabine
Description: 30 mg/m2 by vein on Days -5 to -3.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cyclophosphamide
Description: 300 mg/m2 by vein on Days -5 to -3.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Mesna
Description: 300 mg/m2 by vein on Days -5 to -3 before and after the cyclophosphamide dose.

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: iC9/CAR.19/IL15-Transduced CB-NK Cells
Description: Infusion of iC9/CAR.19/IL15-transduced CB-NK cells on Day 0 by vein.~Starting dose: 10E5

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: AP1903
Description: If participant has graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) or cytokine release syndrome after the NK cell infusion, they will receive AP1903 0.4 mg/kg administered as an intravenous infusion.
Study: NCT02356718

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Cognitive training activities
Description: Training activities consist of computer tasks designed to improve memory and cognition. The intervention consists of 45-minute training sessions delivered regularly during inpatient treatment.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cognitive training activities
Description: Training activities consist of computer tasks designed to improve memory and cognition. The intervention consists of 45-minute training sessions delivered regularly during inpatient treatment.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Inpatient psychosocial therapy
Description: Group psychosocial therapy delivered in an inpatient setting.
Study: NCT00516217

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: galiximab
Study: NCT01780948

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Atorvastatin 20 mg
Description: Add atorvastatin 20 mg and compare 12-hour AUC of everolimus between Arm everolimus and everolimus with atorvastatin 20 mg
Study: NCT02356718

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Inpatient psychosocial therapy
Description: Group psychosocial therapy delivered in an inpatient setting.
Study: NCT01128192

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: pasireotide
Description: Pasireotide 600 μg (batch number Y050DE) or 900 μg bid (batch number Y1270908) for subcutaneous injection. Placebo (batch number Y069HC) for subcutaneous injection.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: pasireotide
Description: Pasireotide 600 μg (batch number Y050DE) or 900 μg bid (batch number Y1270908) for subcutaneous injection. Placebo (batch number Y069HC) for subcutaneous injection.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: pasireotide
Description: Pasireotide 600 μg (batch number Y050DE) or 900 μg bid (batch number Y1270908) for subcutaneous injection. Placebo (batch number Y069HC) for subcutaneous injection.
Study: NCT02406170

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Regorafenib
Description: The dose of regorafenib will be escalated in fixed increments to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) from day 1-21 against a cytotoxic backbone of paclitaxel 80mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28 day cycle

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Paclitaxel
Description: Paclitaxel will be administered in combination with regorafenib to serve as a cytotoxic backbone, it will be given in a dose of 80mg/m2 on days 1,8 and 15 of a 28 day cycle.
Study: NCT03996031

Intervention type: DEVICE
Intervention: Plan to Thrive smartphone application
Description: All participants in this single-arm pilot study will receive access to Plan to Thrive. This mobile care management program is comprised of modules including educational interventions, health behavior trackers containing built-in reminders, symptom monitoring, and navigator services (see attached content). Access to intervention modules and individualized navigator services according to patients' needs as captured by 1) their patient-reported outcome (PRO) assessments via Plan to Thrive's symptom monitoring feature, and 2) patient requests.
Study: NCT01716741

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Enzyme analysis
Study: NCT02775448

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Carduus marianus 6cH
Study: NCT01780948

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Everolimus
Description: Administration only everolimus, no atorvastatin. Everolimus administration with adjusted dose to target C trough (C0)level between 3-12 ng/mL.
Study: NCT04214145

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Phenylephrine
Description: Continuous infusion of Phenylenphrine 250 μg/mL (=Phenylephrine 10mg \* 5@ + D5W 200 mL) if mean BP \< 60mmHg.~1. Initial rate: 0.42 μg/kg/min (=0.1 mL/kg/hr)~2. Increment by 0.21 μg/kg/min (=0.05 mL/kg/hr) if mean BP \< 60mmHg after 5 minutes~3. Maximum rate: 3.33 μg/kg/min (=0.8 mL/kg/hr)

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Norepinephrine
Description: Continuous infusion of Norepienphrine 20 μg/mL (=NE 4mg \* 1@ + D5W 200 mL) if mean BP \< 60mmHg.~1. Initial rate: 0.03 μg/kg/min (=0.1 mL/kg/hr)~2. Increment by 0.015 μg/kg/min (=0.05 mL/kg/hr) if mean BP \< 60mmHg after 5 minutes~3. Maximum rate: 0.24 μg/kg/min (=0.8 mL/kg/hr)

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Vasopressin
Description: Continuous infusion of Vasopressin 0.1 u/mL (=Vasopressin 20u \* 1@ + D5W 200 mL) if mean BP \< 60mmHg.~1. Initial rate: 0.01 u/kg/hr (=0.1 mL/kg/hr)~2. Increment by 0.005 u/kg/hr (=0.05 mL/kg/hr) if mean BP \< 60mmHg after 5 minutes~3. Maximum rate: 0.08 u/kg/hr (=0.8 mL/kg/hr)
Study: NCT03704194

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Adapted LiFE
Description: The standardized components include presenting the Adapted LiFE user manual to participants, and teach participants to embed the exercise activities in their daily routine with the LiFE activity calendar.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Attention control
Description: Attention will be provided to the control group to ensure they experience the same effects of time and attention but no effect on the outcome of interest.
Study: NCT02387827

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Diet+ short term versus long -term physical activity

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Diet+ short term versus long -term physical activity
Study: NCT00144417

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Moxifloxacin (with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol)
Description: Moxifloxacin 400mg daily, 8 weeks
Study: NCT01927575

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Standard X-Ray + CT
Description: Standard of Care X-Ray Imaging + CT
Study: NCT00144417

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: isoniazid
Description: isoniazid, oral, 300 mg, daily, 8 weeks
Study: NCT01927575

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Standard X-Ray + MRI
Description: Standard of Care X-Ray Imaging + MRI
Study: NCT04372706

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: RTX-240
Description: Engineered red cells co-expressing 4-1BBL and IL-15TP

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: RTX-240
Description: Engineered red cells co-expressing 4-1BBL and IL-15TP

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Pembrolizumab
Description: Humanized immunoglobulin G4 programmed death receptor-1 blocking antibody
Study: NCT01765023

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Period I : atorvastatin, Period II : atorvastatin and metformin
Study: NCT01927575

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Standard X-Ray + MRI
Description: Standard of Care X-Ray Imaging + MRI

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: TOMO
Description: Fujifilm Digital Radiographic AcSelerate CsI System with Tomosynthesis

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: TOMO
Description: Fujifilm Digital Radiographic AcSelerate CsI System with Tomosynthesis

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: TOMO
Description: Fujifilm Digital Radiographic AcSelerate CsI System with Tomosynthesis
Study: NCT01702064

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Nilotinib
Description: Participants will remain on the same dose of nilotinib they have been receiving prior to enrollment on the trial. This will range from 300 mg PO BID to 400 mg PO BID.~Dose modifications will not occur, as the purpose of this study is to determine the maximum tolerated dose of ruxolitinib, based on the number of dose.
Study: NCT02775448

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Carduus marianus 12cH
Study: NCT01702064

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ruxolitinib
Description: Dose escalation will follow a 3+3 study design. Dose modifications will not occur, as the purpose of this study is to determine the maximum tolerated dose, based on the number of dose limiting toxicities seen at a specific dose.
Study: NCT01765023

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Period I : metformin, Period II : atorvastatin and metformin
Study: NCT01279447

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 0.25% Bupivacaine
Description: 10cc, single dose, US guided injection

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Normal Saline
Description: 10cc, single dose, US guided injection
Study: NCT00391651

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Nitrofurantoin 100mg twice daily x 5 days
Description: Nitrofurantoin 100mg twice daily x 5 days

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: TMP/SMX DS twice daily x 3 days
Description: TMP/SMX DS twice daily x 3 days
Study: NCT02744872

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Felodipine
Description: Felodipine 10 mg once daily or identical placebo

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo
Study: NCT00768248

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: perineural ropivacaine
Description: ropivacaine 0.4%; the basal rate will be set at 7 mL/h

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: normal saline (placebo)
Description: the basal rate will be set at 7 mL/h
Study: NCT01807065

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: sipuleucel-T
Description: Given IV

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: sipuleucel-T
Description: Given IV

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: external beam radiation therapy
Description: Undergo external beam radiation therapy

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: laboratory biomarker analysis
Description: Correlative studies

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: laboratory biomarker analysis
Description: Correlative studies
Study: NCT00391651

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: TMP/SMX DS twice daily x 3 days
Description: TMP/SMX DS twice daily x 3 days
Study: NCT05967377

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Sorafenib - Period 1
Description: Sorafenib (Nexavar®) Tablet, 200 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: XS005 Sorafenib Capsule A - Period 1
Description: XS005 Sorafenib Capsule A, 100 mg (2 x 50 mg)

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: XS005 Sorafenib Tablet A - Period 1
Description: XS005 Sorafenib Tablet A, 100 mg
Study: NCT04109144

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
Description: FFP will be used as a substitute for albumin during the 2nd of 3 total paracentesis being monitored

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Albumin
Description: Albumin will be used during the 1st and 3rd paracentesis

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Large Volume Paracentesis (LVP)
Description: All participants who have this procedure, meet eligibility criteria and who consent

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Large Volume Paracentesis (LVP)
Description: All participants who have this procedure, meet eligibility criteria and who consent
Study: NCT04395482

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Lung CT scan analysis in COVID-19 patients
Description: This research project will evaluate the morphological characteristics of the lung by CT scan analysis in COVID-19 patients which will be identified as specific patterns using artificial intelligence technology and their impact on outcome.
Study: NCT05396898

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: LCP-tacrolimus
Description: Prophylaxis of transplant rejection in liver and kidney allograft recipients
Study: NCT05967377

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: XS005 Sorafenib Capsule A - Period 2
Description: XS005 Sorafenib Capsule A, 100 mg (2 x 50 mg)
Study: NCT05396898

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: twice-daily tacrolimus
Description: Prophylaxis of transplant rejection in liver, kidney or heart allograft recipients
Study: NCT05967377

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: XS005 Sorafenib Tablet A - Period 2
Description: XS005 Sorafenib Tablet A, 100 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Sorafenib - Period 2
Description: Sorafenib (Nexavar®) Tablet, 200 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: XS005 Sorafenib Tablet A - Period 3
Description: XS005 Sorafenib Tablet A, 100 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Sorafenib - Period 3
Description: Sorafenib (Nexavar®) Tablet, 200 mg
Study: NCT02183779

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: post-occlusive hyperemia
Study: NCT02775448

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Carduus marianus 30cH

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Exercise
Description: aerobic exercise, 30 minutes, daily
Study: NCT05967377

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: XS005 Sorafenib Capsule A - Period 3
Description: XS005 Sorafenib Capsule A, 100 mg (2 x 50 mg)
Study: NCT00312949

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Interactive Website on management of schizophrenia
Description: Participants in the web-user group will sit with a laptop computer, answer questions about themselves and their treatment, receive feedback on care that may be inconsistent with current recommendations, and receive suggestions on how to discuss this with their physicians.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Written materials and video on management of schizophrenia
Description: Participants in the written materials/video group will be given the reading material and will watch a 20-minute video.
Study: NCT03258788

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: Biopsy and blood samples
Description: Archival tumour biopsies will be analysed for baseline PD-L1 expression. Some participants will have a biopsy before radiotherapy if the archival biopsy is not suitable.~Participants will be required to undergo an additional mandatory biopsy of the irradiated site during the second week. Patients must have completed at least 1 week of the planned treatment before taking the biopsy.~Participants will also be asked for consent to donate 50ml blood pre biopsy (at baseline and week 2) and at the end of radiotherapy; as well as 10ml blood before #2 radiotherapy and weekly throughout treatment.
Study: NCT02775448

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Exercise
Description: aerobic exercise, 30 minutes, daily

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Exercise
Description: aerobic exercise, 30 minutes, daily

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Exercise
Description: aerobic exercise, 30 minutes, daily

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Diet
Description: 1600 calories

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Diet
Description: 1600 calories

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Diet
Description: 1600 calories

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Diet
Description: 1600 calories
Study: NCT02580461

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: A 24 week center-based structured exercise and education program
Description: The intervention will consist of a strength and aerobic exercise program. The exercise program will include twice weekly group resistance exercises classes, twice monthly group education classes, and individual activities to achieve 150 weekly minutes of aerobic activity. The resistance exercise and education classes will be run at a gym space at the University of Calgary. The wait-list control participants will be told not to change their activity levels throughout the 12 weeks of the trial. The wait list control participants will be enrolled into the exercise and education intervention once they have completed 12 weeks of wait-list control. A 12 week maintenance exercise program will be offered to all participants who finish the 12 week exercise and education program. The maintenance exercise program will consist of once weekly resistance group based exercise classes and individual activities to achieve 150 weekly minutes of aerobic physical activity.
Study: NCT02148055

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Comparaison between MR and autopsy in the macroscopic evaluation of intra uterine death.
Study: NCT03800563

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: LipoLife system
Description: Abdominal/ Outer thighs Laser Assisted Liposuction. Five to twenty subjects out of the study group will also undergo facial fat grafting.
Study: NCT01024023

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: EWA
Description: Suitable participants randomised to the treatment arm to receive early walking aid and rehabilitation physiotherapy will be commenced immediately. Physiotherapy will continue after they receive their definitive prosthesis till they are comfortable and safe using it, at which stage they will be discharged and no further follow up will be performed.

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: EWA
Description: Suitable participants randomised to the treatment arm to receive early walking aid and rehabilitation physiotherapy will be commenced immediately. Physiotherapy will continue after they receive their definitive prosthesis till they are comfortable and safe using it, at which stage they will be discharged and no further follow up will be performed.
Study: NCT00883272

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Intervention: DT56a (Femarelle) [Se-cure pharmaceuticals, Dalton, Israel]
Description: a unique enzymatic isolate of the active complex in Tofu

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Intervention: DT56a (Femarelle) [Se-cure pharmaceuticals, Dalton, Israel]
Description: a unique enzymatic isolate of the active complex in Tofu
Study: NCT00674609

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Containing colourants and excipients. Subjects received study medication delivered in 100 µl actuations by a pump action oromucosal spray. Maximum permitted dose was eight actuations in any three hour period and 48 actuations in 24 hours.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Sativex®
Description: Containing D9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 27 mg/ml: cannabidiol (CBD), 25 mg/ml. Subjects received study medication delivered in 100 µl actuations by a pump action oromucosal spray. Maximum permitted dose was eight actuations in any three hour period and 48 actuations (THC 130 mg:CBD 120 mg) in 24 hours.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: THC Alone
Description: Containing THC, 27 mg/ml, as extract of Cannabis sativa L. Subjects received study medication delivered in 100 µl actuations by a pump action oromucosal spray. Maximum permitted dose was eight actuations in any three hour period and 48 actuations (THC 130 mg) in 24 hours.
Study: NCT00068809

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Short Cycle Antiretroviral Therapy
Study: NCT00508183

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: single row
Description: This method involves using a single row of anchor(s) to reattach the cuff to the bone.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: double row fixation
Description: This technique, double row fixation, involves adding an extra anchor(s) over the number used for single row fixation. This extra anchor(s) is placed further inside the bone and may help to increase the fixation strength of the repair.
Study: NCT01613456

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856
Description: 2 capsules/day during 12 weeks

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Capsule with comparable organoleptic properties and weight than the experimental product.~2 capsules/day during 12 weeks
Study: NCT02174315

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Contingency Management