Study: NCT01974726

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: ET Stress test
Description: Performed in pressure chamber. For subjects with intact tympanic membranes, chamber pressure increased from ambient to +2500 daPa (+2000 daPa for children). At that pressure and then at down-stepped pressures of 250 daPa/steps to a chamber pressure of -1500 daPa (or a passive ET opening), the subject will swallow to attempt to open the ET as detected by sonotubometry and/or a change in ear canal pressure. ET passive opening and closing pressures will then be determined. In ears with a non-intact tympanic membrane, a small volume probe connected to a pressure transducer will be placed in the ear canals and the procedure repeated with continuous recording of ME pressure. ET opening is recorded as a change in ME pressure toward local ambient.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: ET Stress test
Description: Performed in pressure chamber. For subjects with intact tympanic membranes, chamber pressure increased from ambient to +2500 daPa (+2000 daPa for children). At that pressure and then at down-stepped pressures of 250 daPa/steps to a chamber pressure of -1500 daPa (or a passive ET opening), the subject will swallow to attempt to open the ET as detected by sonotubometry and/or a change in ear canal pressure. ET passive opening and closing pressures will then be determined. In ears with a non-intact tympanic membrane, a small volume probe connected to a pressure transducer will be placed in the ear canals and the procedure repeated with continuous recording of ME pressure. ET opening is recorded as a change in ME pressure toward local ambient.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Sonotubometry
Description: Microphones are placed in the ear canals and covered with ear protectors. A nasal probe placed in one nostril introduces a white noise to the nasopharynx and the subject is asked to swallow. The test system identifies the sound frequency best transmitted through an open ET (if the test is positive, i.e. ET opens) and the procedure is repeated with the nasal sound pressure delivered at that frequency. The probe is then placed in the contralateral nostril and the procedure repeated. The microphone signals from both ear canals are continuously outputted and recorded. A positive ET opening is defined as a 5 dB increase above baseline during any of the 4 swallows and can be semi-quantified as the area under the baseline-adjusted ear canal sound pressure-time curve. The test is designed to measure the presence or absence of muscle-assisted ET openings during swallowing at local ambient pressure.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Sonotubometry
Description: Microphones are placed in the ear canals and covered with ear protectors. A nasal probe placed in one nostril introduces a white noise to the nasopharynx and the subject is asked to swallow. The test system identifies the sound frequency best transmitted through an open ET (if the test is positive, i.e. ET opens) and the procedure is repeated with the nasal sound pressure delivered at that frequency. The probe is then placed in the contralateral nostril and the procedure repeated. The microphone signals from both ear canals are continuously outputted and recorded. A positive ET opening is defined as a 5 dB increase above baseline during any of the 4 swallows and can be semi-quantified as the area under the baseline-adjusted ear canal sound pressure-time curve. The test is designed to measure the presence or absence of muscle-assisted ET openings during swallowing at local ambient pressure.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Sonotubometry
Description: Microphones are placed in the ear canals and covered with ear protectors. A nasal probe placed in one nostril introduces a white noise to the nasopharynx and the subject is asked to swallow. The test system identifies the sound frequency best transmitted through an open ET (if the test is positive, i.e. ET opens) and the procedure is repeated with the nasal sound pressure delivered at that frequency. The probe is then placed in the contralateral nostril and the procedure repeated. The microphone signals from both ear canals are continuously outputted and recorded. A positive ET opening is defined as a 5 dB increase above baseline during any of the 4 swallows and can be semi-quantified as the area under the baseline-adjusted ear canal sound pressure-time curve. The test is designed to measure the presence or absence of muscle-assisted ET openings during swallowing at local ambient pressure.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Sonotubometry
Description: Microphones are placed in the ear canals and covered with ear protectors. A nasal probe placed in one nostril introduces a white noise to the nasopharynx and the subject is asked to swallow. The test system identifies the sound frequency best transmitted through an open ET (if the test is positive, i.e. ET opens) and the procedure is repeated with the nasal sound pressure delivered at that frequency. The probe is then placed in the contralateral nostril and the procedure repeated. The microphone signals from both ear canals are continuously outputted and recorded. A positive ET opening is defined as a 5 dB increase above baseline during any of the 4 swallows and can be semi-quantified as the area under the baseline-adjusted ear canal sound pressure-time curve. The test is designed to measure the presence or absence of muscle-assisted ET openings during swallowing at local ambient pressure.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Forced Response Test (FRT)
Description: The FRT requires a non-intact tympanic membrane and uses an instrument consisting of an ear canal probe coupled serially to a differential pressure transducer, via a valve to a flow sensor and via a second valve to a variable-speed constant-flow pump. The probe is sealed in the ear canal and both valves are opened. The pump is set to deliver a constant flow of 11 ml/min which increases ME pressure to passively open the ET. This is followed by a decrease in ME pressure to steady state pressure and flow conditions. The subject is asked to swallow which either transiently increases (further ET dilation) or decreases (ET constriction) the transET flow. The pump is turned off causing the ET to close at a residual ME pressure. This procedure is repeated at flow rates of 23 and then 46 ml/min.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Forced Response Test (FRT)
Description: The FRT requires a non-intact tympanic membrane and uses an instrument consisting of an ear canal probe coupled serially to a differential pressure transducer, via a valve to a flow sensor and via a second valve to a variable-speed constant-flow pump. The probe is sealed in the ear canal and both valves are opened. The pump is set to deliver a constant flow of 11 ml/min which increases ME pressure to passively open the ET. This is followed by a decrease in ME pressure to steady state pressure and flow conditions. The subject is asked to swallow which either transiently increases (further ET dilation) or decreases (ET constriction) the transET flow. The pump is turned off causing the ET to close at a residual ME pressure. This procedure is repeated at flow rates of 23 and then 46 ml/min.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Inflation Deflation Test (IDT)
Description: The IDT requires a non-intact tympanic membrane and uses the FRT instrument. ME pressure is increased to 250 daPa (ref ambient), the valves to the flow sensor and pump closed and the subject is asked to swallow repeatedly at a natural interval while monitoring ME pressure until further swallowing fails to change ME pressure. The procedure is repeated with an applied under-pressure of -250 daPa. The outcome variable is the percent pressure change (%reduction) at test end. The test measures the muscle-assisted tubal openings under minor stress (ME under-pressure) and facilitative (ME over-pressure) conditions, and can detect a patulous/semi-patulous ET by an inability to maintain applied ME over and/or under-pressures between swallows.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Inflation Deflation Test (IDT)
Description: The IDT requires a non-intact tympanic membrane and uses the FRT instrument. ME pressure is increased to 250 daPa (ref ambient), the valves to the flow sensor and pump closed and the subject is asked to swallow repeatedly at a natural interval while monitoring ME pressure until further swallowing fails to change ME pressure. The procedure is repeated with an applied under-pressure of -250 daPa. The outcome variable is the percent pressure change (%reduction) at test end. The test measures the muscle-assisted tubal openings under minor stress (ME under-pressure) and facilitative (ME over-pressure) conditions, and can detect a patulous/semi-patulous ET by an inability to maintain applied ME over and/or under-pressures between swallows.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Maneuver Sequence
Description: The sequence consists of the Toynbee, Valsalva, Sniffing and Continuous Pressure Test (CPT). The test system consists of ear canal and nasal pressure probes. For the Toynbee test the subject pinches both nostrils (without constricting the nasal probe) and swallows; for the Sniffing test, the subject performs a series of forcible sniffs that must achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least -400 daPa; for the Valsalva test the subject pinches both nostrils and forcibly blows against the closed nose to achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least 400 daPa, and for the CPT the subject breathes through his/her mouth in a relaxed manner for 2 minutes.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Maneuver Sequence
Description: The sequence consists of the Toynbee, Valsalva, Sniffing and Continuous Pressure Test (CPT). The test system consists of ear canal and nasal pressure probes. For the Toynbee test the subject pinches both nostrils (without constricting the nasal probe) and swallows; for the Sniffing test, the subject performs a series of forcible sniffs that must achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least -400 daPa; for the Valsalva test the subject pinches both nostrils and forcibly blows against the closed nose to achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least 400 daPa, and for the CPT the subject breathes through his/her mouth in a relaxed manner for 2 minutes.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Maneuver Sequence
Description: The sequence consists of the Toynbee, Valsalva, Sniffing and Continuous Pressure Test (CPT). The test system consists of ear canal and nasal pressure probes. For the Toynbee test the subject pinches both nostrils (without constricting the nasal probe) and swallows; for the Sniffing test, the subject performs a series of forcible sniffs that must achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least -400 daPa; for the Valsalva test the subject pinches both nostrils and forcibly blows against the closed nose to achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least 400 daPa, and for the CPT the subject breathes through his/her mouth in a relaxed manner for 2 minutes.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Maneuver Sequence
Description: The sequence consists of the Toynbee, Valsalva, Sniffing and Continuous Pressure Test (CPT). The test system consists of ear canal and nasal pressure probes. For the Toynbee test the subject pinches both nostrils (without constricting the nasal probe) and swallows; for the Sniffing test, the subject performs a series of forcible sniffs that must achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least -400 daPa; for the Valsalva test the subject pinches both nostrils and forcibly blows against the closed nose to achieve a nasopharyngeal pressure of at least 400 daPa, and for the CPT the subject breathes through his/her mouth in a relaxed manner for 2 minutes.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: 9-Step Test
Description: This test requires an intact tympanic membrane. Middle ear (ME) pressure is recorded by tympanometry before and after application of a 300 daPa over-pressure to the ear canal and then before and after application of a 300 daPa under-pressure to the ear canal. Between steps, the subject is asked to swallow in an attempt to open the ET and change ME pressure. A positive test is indicated by a minimum 10 daPa change in ME pressure after a given swallow and excellent muscle-assisted ET opening is indicated by an initial change to a more negative ME pressure after a swallow, followed by a return to 0 daPa, a positive ME pressure and a return to 0 daPa for sequential swallows. The test is designed to measure the presence/absence of active ET openings during swallowing at ambient pressures.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: 9-Step Test
Description: This test requires an intact tympanic membrane. Middle ear (ME) pressure is recorded by tympanometry before and after application of a 300 daPa over-pressure to the ear canal and then before and after application of a 300 daPa under-pressure to the ear canal. Between steps, the subject is asked to swallow in an attempt to open the ET and change ME pressure. A positive test is indicated by a minimum 10 daPa change in ME pressure after a given swallow and excellent muscle-assisted ET opening is indicated by an initial change to a more negative ME pressure after a swallow, followed by a return to 0 daPa, a positive ME pressure and a return to 0 daPa for sequential swallows. The test is designed to measure the presence/absence of active ET openings during swallowing at ambient pressures.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Tubomanometry
Description: The test system is commercially available and can test ears with and without an intact tympanic membrane. Pressure sensors are inserted bilaterally into the ear canals and sealed. A controlled air-flow is introduced into the nose and nasopharynx and the subject swallows. ET openings are detected as a change in ME pressure measured directly as a pressure pulse in the ear canal for ears with a non-intact tympanic membrane or indirectly as a change in ear canal pressure caused by tympanic membrane displacement in ears with intact tympanic membranes. The outcome is the detection of a pressure change in the ear canal during swallowing which is indicative of a muscle-assisted tubal opening.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Tubomanometry
Description: The test system is commercially available and can test ears with and without an intact tympanic membrane. Pressure sensors are inserted bilaterally into the ear canals and sealed. A controlled air-flow is introduced into the nose and nasopharynx and the subject swallows. ET openings are detected as a change in ME pressure measured directly as a pressure pulse in the ear canal for ears with a non-intact tympanic membrane or indirectly as a change in ear canal pressure caused by tympanic membrane displacement in ears with intact tympanic membranes. The outcome is the detection of a pressure change in the ear canal during swallowing which is indicative of a muscle-assisted tubal opening.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Tubomanometry
Description: The test system is commercially available and can test ears with and without an intact tympanic membrane. Pressure sensors are inserted bilaterally into the ear canals and sealed. A controlled air-flow is introduced into the nose and nasopharynx and the subject swallows. ET openings are detected as a change in ME pressure measured directly as a pressure pulse in the ear canal for ears with a non-intact tympanic membrane or indirectly as a change in ear canal pressure caused by tympanic membrane displacement in ears with intact tympanic membranes. The outcome is the detection of a pressure change in the ear canal during swallowing which is indicative of a muscle-assisted tubal opening.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Tubomanometry
Description: The test system is commercially available and can test ears with and without an intact tympanic membrane. Pressure sensors are inserted bilaterally into the ear canals and sealed. A controlled air-flow is introduced into the nose and nasopharynx and the subject swallows. ET openings are detected as a change in ME pressure measured directly as a pressure pulse in the ear canal for ears with a non-intact tympanic membrane or indirectly as a change in ear canal pressure caused by tympanic membrane displacement in ears with intact tympanic membranes. The outcome is the detection of a pressure change in the ear canal during swallowing which is indicative of a muscle-assisted tubal opening.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Videoendoscopic assessment of ETF
Description: The subject's nose is topically anesthetized and decongested with 4% lidocaine and 0.05% oxymetazoline. If ventilation tubes are present, probes are sealed in the ear canal(s)and a pressure of 200 daPa is applied to the ME(s) to assess ET opening. If tympanic membranes are intact, microphones for sonotubometry are placed in the ear canals. Then, an endoscope attached to a video camera is introduced into the ipsilateral nasal cavity and focused on the ET orifice. For sonotubometry, the sound source probe is placed in the contralateral nostril. The subject is asked to swallow, vocalize and perform a series of mandibular movements. Signals from the video camera and pressure transducer or sonotubometry microphones are continuously recorded. The data are studied to document dilation of the nasopharyngeal ET orifice during swallowing and to rule in or out an anatomical or functional nasopharyngeal abnormality as the cause of a diagnosed ET dysfunction.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Videoendoscopic assessment of ETF
Description: The subject's nose is topically anesthetized and decongested with 4% lidocaine and 0.05% oxymetazoline. If ventilation tubes are present, probes are sealed in the ear canal(s)and a pressure of 200 daPa is applied to the ME(s) to assess ET opening. If tympanic membranes are intact, microphones for sonotubometry are placed in the ear canals. Then, an endoscope attached to a video camera is introduced into the ipsilateral nasal cavity and focused on the ET orifice. For sonotubometry, the sound source probe is placed in the contralateral nostril. The subject is asked to swallow, vocalize and perform a series of mandibular movements. Signals from the video camera and pressure transducer or sonotubometry microphones are continuously recorded. The data are studied to document dilation of the nasopharyngeal ET orifice during swallowing and to rule in or out an anatomical or functional nasopharyngeal abnormality as the cause of a diagnosed ET dysfunction.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Videoendoscopic assessment of ETF
Description: The subject's nose is topically anesthetized and decongested with 4% lidocaine and 0.05% oxymetazoline. If ventilation tubes are present, probes are sealed in the ear canal(s)and a pressure of 200 daPa is applied to the ME(s) to assess ET opening. If tympanic membranes are intact, microphones for sonotubometry are placed in the ear canals. Then, an endoscope attached to a video camera is introduced into the ipsilateral nasal cavity and focused on the ET orifice. For sonotubometry, the sound source probe is placed in the contralateral nostril. The subject is asked to swallow, vocalize and perform a series of mandibular movements. Signals from the video camera and pressure transducer or sonotubometry microphones are continuously recorded. The data are studied to document dilation of the nasopharyngeal ET orifice during swallowing and to rule in or out an anatomical or functional nasopharyngeal abnormality as the cause of a diagnosed ET dysfunction.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Videoendoscopic assessment of ETF
Description: The subject's nose is topically anesthetized and decongested with 4% lidocaine and 0.05% oxymetazoline. If ventilation tubes are present, probes are sealed in the ear canal(s)and a pressure of 200 daPa is applied to the ME(s) to assess ET opening. If tympanic membranes are intact, microphones for sonotubometry are placed in the ear canals. Then, an endoscope attached to a video camera is introduced into the ipsilateral nasal cavity and focused on the ET orifice. For sonotubometry, the sound source probe is placed in the contralateral nostril. The subject is asked to swallow, vocalize and perform a series of mandibular movements. Signals from the video camera and pressure transducer or sonotubometry microphones are continuously recorded. The data are studied to document dilation of the nasopharyngeal ET orifice during swallowing and to rule in or out an anatomical or functional nasopharyngeal abnormality as the cause of a diagnosed ET dysfunction.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Pressure chamber ET test
Description: Performed in pressure chamber. Pressure increased to create middle-ear underpressure, then subject is asked to swallow several times. Middle-ear pressures are then measured by tympanometry. This is repeated with decreased chamber pressure, creating a middle-ear overpressure.