TrialPanorama/TrialPanorama-database huggingface dataset:
Study: NCT00251316

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Lithium Carbonate
Description: 30 mCi of 131I

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Patients recently diagnosed with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer who have had their thyroid gland removed and whose cancer has not spread beyond the thyroid may be eligible for this study. Participants in this arm receive placebo (look-alike capsules with no active ingredient).
Study: NCT04061577

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Description: 20 minutes of Cathodal tDCS after +/- before endovascular thrombectomy (EVT)

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Description: 20 minutes of Cathodal tDCS after +/- before endovascular thrombectomy (EVT)
Study: NCT01850719

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy
Description: Arthroscopic partial APM is performed within 4 weeks in day-care. No standard physical therapy is prescribed after surgery, as advised by the Dutch Orthopaedic Association Guidelines.
Study: NCT03726671

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 25% Cho diet
Description: Subjects will consume meals containing 25% of recommended intake of Choline for 2 weeks. On day 12 of the diet period, subjects will consume 250 mg of Cho in the form of Cho chloride (trimethyl-d9, 9%), Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Tewksbury, Massachusetts, (USA), as a bolus.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 25% Cho diet
Description: Subjects will consume meals containing 25% of recommended intake of Choline for 2 weeks. On day 12 of the diet period, subjects will consume 250 mg of Cho in the form of Cho chloride (trimethyl-d9, 9%), Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Tewksbury, Massachusetts, (USA), as a bolus.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 50% Cho diet
Description: Subjects will consume meals containing 50% of recommended intake of Choline for 2 weeks. On day 12 of the diet period, subjects will consume 250 mg of Cho in the form of Cho chloride (trimethyl-d9, 9%), Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Tewksbury, Massachusetts, (USA), as a bolus.
Study: NCT01850719

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Physical Therapy
Description: Conservative treatment consist of 16 sessions PT and a home exercise program. These programs are developed for our population, 45-70 years, with a focus on closed-chain strength exercises and cardiovascular exercises.~In case conservative treatment has failed, patients can cross-over and delayed APM is then performed. This can be done, from completion of the PT program, during the entire study.
Study: NCT03463018

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Echinacea angustifolia
Description: 20 mg tablet of Echinacea angustifolia, standardized for echinacoside (not less than 3%) and alkamides (not less than 0.8%)

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo tablet containing matching excipients to the active intervention
Study: NCT02801435

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 0.5% Icotinib hydrochloride cream
Description: Topical administration for twice daily

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 1.0% Icotinib hydrochloride cream
Description: Topical administration for twice daily

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 2.0% Icotinib hydrochloride cream
Description: Topical administration for twice daily

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 4.0% Icotinib hydrochloride cream
Description: Topical administration for twice daily

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Topical administration for twice daily

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Topical administration for twice daily

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Topical administration for twice daily

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Topical administration for twice daily
Study: NCT03945799

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Anlotinib Hydrochloride
Description: Anlotinib: 12mg QD PO d1-14, 21 days per cycle, 8 cycles.
Study: NCT01961752

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Saline
Description: All patients undergo endoscopic submucosal dissection. The local injection was performed using 15 ml saline just before the ESD was finished. It was delivered through the endoscopy suite and injected into the cautery ulcer base in aliquots of 1 mL at equal intervals (1 cm apart). The number of injections per patient was dependent on the size of resection.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Bupivacaine + saline
Description: All patients undergo endoscopic submucosal dissection. The local injection was performed using a mixture of 10 ml bupivacaine (total 50 mg) and 5 ml saline just before the ESD was finished. It was delivered through the endoscopy suite and injected into the cautery ulcer base in aliquots of 1 mL at equal intervals (1 cm apart). The number of injections per patient was dependent on the size of resection.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Bupivacaine + triamcinolone acetonide
Description: All patients undergo endoscopic submucosal dissection. The local injection was performed using a mixture of 10ml bupivacaine (total 50 mg) and 5 ml triamcinolone acetonide (total 50 mg) just before the ESD was finished. It was delivered through the endoscopy suite and injected into the cautery ulcer base in aliquots of 1 mL at equal intervals (1 cm apart). The number of injections per patient was dependent on the size of resection.
Study: NCT02060981

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Control
Description: Control group patients will then be mailed an American Heart Association brochure regarding hypertension and a brief, 5-question, paper-based survey.
Study: NCT03572972

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Dabigatran
Description: Treatment for NVAF patients

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Rivaroxaban
Description: Treatment for NVAF patients

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: warfarin
Description: Treatment for NVAF patients

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Antiplatelets
Description: Treatment for NVAF patients
Study: NCT00768118

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: curcumin/green tea extract/Polygonum cuspidatum extract/soybean extract capsule

Intervention type: GENETIC
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: electrophoretic mobility shift assay

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: laboratory biomarker analysis
Study: NCT04492852

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Polypropylene (PROLENE) sutures
Description: After total knee replacement, the skin closure of the patients in this group will be done using polypropylene (PROLENE) sutures.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Staple Sutures
Description: After total knee replacement, the skin closure of the patients in this group will be done using staple sutures.
Study: NCT00696618

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: tap water enema
Description: hypo-osmolar preparation
Study: NCT02450591

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Erlotinib

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Local Therapies
Description: Definitive local therapies include surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, ablation and conventional radiation therapy
Study: NCT02623023

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Combigan
Description: brimonidine/timolol fixed combination (Combigan®, Allergan; Dublin, IRL)

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Refresh tears
Description: This is a placebo group. Refresh tears®, Allergan; Dublin, IRL, is a lubricant eye drop that keeps they eye hydrated
Study: NCT00777114

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: bortezomib, tositumomab
Description: 1. 0.30mg/m2 bortezomib and 50cGy 131I-tositumomab,~2. 0.30 mg/m2 bortezomib and 75 cGy 131I-tositumomab,~3. 0.60 mg/m2 bortezomib and 75 cGy 131I-tositumomab,~4. 0.90 mg/m2 bortezomib and 75 cGy 131I-tositumomab, and~5. 1.2 mg/m2 bortezomib and 75 cGy 131I-tositumomab.
Study: NCT01102517

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
Description: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: axillary thoracotomy
Description: axillary thoracotomy lobectomy
Study: NCT02403986

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Restylane Vital Skinboosters Lidocaine

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Restylane Vital Skinboosters Lidocaine
Study: NCT04482257

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Irinotecan Liposome Injection combined with 5-FU/LV
Description: Drug: Irinotecan Liposome Injection 70mg/m2 (CSPC) combined with 5-FU/LV; Drug: Irinotecan Liposome Injection 70mg/m2 (Ipsen, ONIVYDETM) combined with 5-FU/LV;

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Irinotecan Liposome Injection combined with 5-FU/LV
Description: Drug: Irinotecan Liposome Injection 70mg/m2 (CSPC) combined with 5-FU/LV; Drug: Irinotecan Liposome Injection 70mg/m2 (Ipsen, ONIVYDETM) combined with 5-FU/LV;
Study: NCT00727428

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: FluLaval® TF
Description: One IM injection.
Study: NCT00566995

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ZACTIMA (Vandetanib) (ZD6474)
Study: NCT00404235

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: carboplatin

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation
Study: NCT02732756

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Healthy Sleep Duration
Description: This study examines healthy sleep duration as related to improved functioning in adolescents with ADHD. Adolescent participants will be instructed to go to bed at a time such that they are able to obtain 9 hours of nightly sleep (9.5 hours in bed, leaving up to ½ hour to fall asleep). Researchers will work with the adolescent and their family to problem-solve how to accomplish this sleep duration goal.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Shortened Sleep Duration
Description: This study examines shortened sleep duration as related to poorer functioning in adolescents with ADHD. Adolescent participants will be instructed to go to bed at a time such that they are in bed for 6.5 hours per night. Researchers will work with the adolescent and their family to problem-solve how to accomplish this sleep duration goal.
Study: NCT03966144

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: RoboHear Device
Description: Delivery of haptic sensations followed by testing to assess the ability to interpret stimuli as sounds and words
Study: NCT02060981

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Interview Only
Description: Patients will be asked to participate in an interview regarding their views on hypertension and taking medications to treat hypertension.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Interview plus decision support tool
Description: Patients will be asked to participate in an interview regarding their views on hypertension and taking medications to treat hypertension and to provide feedback regarding a new decision support tool for helping patients learn more about their medications.
Study: NCT00696618

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: tap water enema
Description: hypo-osmolar preparation

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: tap water enema
Description: hypo-osmolar preparation

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Normosol-R enema
Description: iso-osmolar preparation

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Normosol-R enema
Description: iso-osmolar preparation

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Normosol-R enema
Description: iso-osmolar preparation
Study: NCT00227032

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: erlotinib hydrochloride
Description: 300 mg, per day for subjects taking EIAEDs~150 mg, per day for those NOT taking EIAEDs

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: erlotinib hydrochloride
Description: 300 mg, per day for subjects taking EIAEDs~150 mg, per day for those NOT taking EIAEDs
Study: NCT03395353

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Duloxetine Hydrochloride
Description: Administered orally
Study: NCT04280913

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: retrospective analysis
Description: The investigators retrospectively analyzed the hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
Study: NCT02026219

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Clopidogrel
Description: Clopidogrel 600mg loading

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ticagrelor
Description: Ticagrelor 180mg loading
Study: NCT02493933

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Phytoestrogens, Isosorbid mononitrate, N-acetyl cysteine

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Phytoestrogens, Isosorbid mononitrate, N-acetyl cysteine

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Phytoestrogens, Isosorbid mononitrate, N-acetyl cysteine
Study: NCT02511639

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Everolimus
Description: Everolimus is formulated as tablets of 10 mg strength for oral administration.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Aromatase Inhibitors
Description: Anastrozole is formulated as tablets of 1 mg strength for oral administration. Letrozole is formulated as tablets of 2.5 mg strength for oral administration. Exemestane is formulated as tablets of 25 mg strength for oral administration.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Aromatase Inhibitors
Description: Anastrozole is formulated as tablets of 1 mg strength for oral administration. Letrozole is formulated as tablets of 2.5 mg strength for oral administration. Exemestane is formulated as tablets of 25 mg strength for oral administration.
Study: NCT00028093

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Peginterferon alfa-2a with Ribavirin
Description: Eligible patients were given peginterferon alpha-2a, 180 ug subcutaneous once weekly and weight-based oral ribavirin (1000 mg daily for patients \<75 kg and 1200 mg daily for patients \>=75 kg) for 48 weeks

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Peginterferon alfa-2a
Description: Eligible patients were given peginterferon-alpha-2a, 180 ug subcutaneous once weekly for the first 4 weeks of therapy, after which peginterferon was continued at the same dose and weight-based oral ribavirin was added and continued for an additional 44 weeks.
Study: NCT01260298

Intervention type: DEVICE
Intervention: MC1 Ultrasonic Device
Description: Ultrasonic and zonal massage device.
Study: NCT02486588

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Messaging
Description: See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Messaging
Description: See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study
Study: NCT01507740

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Avastin
Description: Dosage, duration, indications and contraindications of treatment rely on the sole responsibility of the treating physician and are not subject of the present study

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Suntent
Description: Dosage, duration, indications and contraindications of treatment rely on the sole responsibility of the treating physician and are not subject of the present study

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Nexavar
Description: Dosage, duration, indications and contraindications of treatment rely on the sole responsibility of the treating physician and are not subject of the present study
Study: NCT03136120

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Ipratropium Bromide
Description: Single dose of 500 mcg Ipratropium nebulizer solution will be administered to all subjects via inhalation route using nebulizer for 10 minutes. Ipratropium bromide is a clear, colorless nebulizer solution available in white plastic ampoules.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: Flexible Bronchoscopy/Biopsy
Description: After biopsy samples required for diagnosis have been collected, additional one to two TBCB samples will be taken for this study. 3-5 endobronchial biopsy samples will be taken from up to 5 subjects to compare drug distribution in proximal and distal lung.
Study: NCT02317627

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: KD025

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: KD025

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: KD025
Study: NCT01573117

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: RhinoChill
Description: Nasopharyngeal cooling with the RhinoChill device
Study: NCT00824720

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: High Dose Device
Description: inserted for 14 days

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Low Dose Device
Description: inserted for 14 days

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo Device
Description: inserted for 14 days
Study: NCT00078793

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Enbrel®
Description: Etanercept alone, etanercept plus methotrexate or other DMARDs
Study: NCT01769807

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CPAP
Description: CPAP adaptation was performed by a sleep technician and the patients were instructed to use this for 1 month.
Study: NCT03481075

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Biomechanical computer program
Description: Fusion assisting software for image-guided intervention
Study: NCT03942666

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Treatment A
Description: tablet of CHF 6532

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Treatment B
Description: tablet of CHF 6532

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Treatment C
Description: tablet of CHF 6532

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Treatment D
Description: tablet of CHF 6532

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Treatment E
Description: Placebo tablet of CHF 6532

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Treatment F
Description: tablet of CHF 6532
Study: NCT04131426

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Remune
Description: Remune is intended for the dietary management of disease related malnutrition especially in patients with precachexia or cachexia due to cancer or COPD

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Remune
Description: Remune is intended for the dietary management of disease related malnutrition especially in patients with precachexia or cachexia due to cancer or COPD

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: EXCAP©®
Description: EXCAP©® is a home-based low-to-moderate intensity program that employs a tailored walking prescription and total body resistance exercises
Study: NCT01750983

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ipilimumab
Description: Dose Escalation Group Starting Dose: 1.5 mg by vein over 90 minutes on Day 1 of each 28 day cycle.~Dose Expansion Group Starting Dose for Ipilimumab: Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) from Dose Escalation Group.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Lenalidomide
Description: Dose Escalation Group Starting Dose: 10 mg by mouth on Days 1-21 of each 28 day cycle.~Dose Expansion Group Starting Dose for Lenalidomide: Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) from Dose Escalation Group.
Study: NCT03233607

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: Blood Draw
Description: On postpartum day 1 and day 2, a sample of blood will be drawn in the morning for hemoglobin and hematocrit estimation.
Study: NCT01610661

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Diet
Description: Unrefined-carbohydrate refers to foods made with 100% whole grains (wheat, rice, corn). Refined-carbohydrate refers to foods made with white flour (e.g., bread, pasta) or white rice. Simple-carbohydrate refers to foods made with sucrose (50% glucose/50% fructose) and high-fructose corn syrup.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Diet
Description: Unrefined-carbohydrate refers to foods made with 100% whole grains (wheat, rice, corn). Refined-carbohydrate refers to foods made with white flour (e.g., bread, pasta) or white rice. Simple-carbohydrate refers to foods made with sucrose (50% glucose/50% fructose) and high-fructose corn syrup.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Diet
Description: Unrefined-carbohydrate refers to foods made with 100% whole grains (wheat, rice, corn). Refined-carbohydrate refers to foods made with white flour (e.g., bread, pasta) or white rice. Simple-carbohydrate refers to foods made with sucrose (50% glucose/50% fructose) and high-fructose corn syrup.
Study: NCT00094705

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: rDEN2/4delta30(ME) Vaccine
Description: Live attenuated rDEN2/4delta30(ME) vaccine (one of two doses)

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: rDEN2/4delta30(ME) Vaccine
Description: Live attenuated rDEN2/4delta30(ME) vaccine (one of two doses)
Study: NCT00683241

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: DCVac-L
Description: Subjects will receive three doses of intradermal vaccination with \~5-10 x 106 dendritic cells (DCVax-L) on days 0, 14 and 28
Study: NCT02829177

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Allopurinol

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Study: NCT00094705

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo for rDEN2/4delta30(ME) vaccine
Study: NCT02339935

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Brief Analogue Functional Analysis
Description: The Brief AFA seeks to identify the function of the challenging behavior by creating controlled test conditions in which specific responses are provided for challenging behavior (e.g., attention, escape from task demands, access to tangible - including variants of each as needed), as well as a control condition in which continual access to attention and preferred items is provided. It consists of a 30-90-minute abbreviated analysis comprised of a single exposure to 2-5-minute test and control conditions, along with replication of applicable test conditions and a treatment probe, which provides evidence of challenging behavior function faster than other methods.