TrialPanorama/TrialPanorama-database huggingface dataset:
Study: NCT04209933

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Colloidal pectin bismuth particles B quadruple therapy
Description: Bismuth potassium citrate:given for 14 days at a dose of Colloidal pectin bismuth particles 300 mg BID,rabeprazole 10 mg BID, amoxicillin 1000 mg BID, and clarithromycin 500 mg BID

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Colloidal pectin bismuth particles B quadruple therapy
Description: Bismuth potassium citrate:given for 14 days at a dose of Colloidal pectin bismuth particles 300 mg BID,rabeprazole 10 mg BID, amoxicillin 1000 mg BID, and clarithromycin 500 mg BID
Study: NCT02536222

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Case investigation of malaria passively detected cases with FT/FDA
Description: Systematic reactive malaria case investigation will be performed in all villages of the six intervention health posts. All malaria cases passively detected in a health post or in the community and confirmed with a positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT) will be considered an index case and will be investigated. A team (field worker and community health worker) will visit the household of the index case and the five closest households (in a 100 meter radius) and will test by RDT all the consenting individuals living in the households. Any households with at least one positive RDT (including the index case) will receive a systematic focal drug administration (FDA) treatment with DHAP through which all members will be treated.
Study: NCT01949402

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Computed Tomography
Description: The CT scan will be performed on a 16 slice GE Discovery 670 SPECT CT scanner. A slice thickness of 0.625mm will be used. Images are acquired during an inspiratory breath hold of up to 20 seconds to minimise movement artefact. The patient will be lying supine and the scan will be a non-contrast study. Using a low dose CT chest protocol (1.7 mSv) will minimise the exposure to ionising radiation of study participants.~Participants in the haemodialysis arm of the study will have a CT done before and after haemodialysis. Participants in all other arms will have a single CT scan done during their study visit.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Computed Tomography
Description: The CT scan will be performed on a 16 slice GE Discovery 670 SPECT CT scanner. A slice thickness of 0.625mm will be used. Images are acquired during an inspiratory breath hold of up to 20 seconds to minimise movement artefact. The patient will be lying supine and the scan will be a non-contrast study. Using a low dose CT chest protocol (1.7 mSv) will minimise the exposure to ionising radiation of study participants.~Participants in the haemodialysis arm of the study will have a CT done before and after haemodialysis. Participants in all other arms will have a single CT scan done during their study visit.
Study: NCT02757118

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Intravenous Crystalloid
Description: crystalloid is administered to maintain stroke volume variation \< 15 during volume controlled ventilation (8 ml/kg tidal volume) of O2/air mixture
Study: NCT02058966

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Entacapone
Description: Entacapone 200 mg oral dose

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Methamphetamine
Description: Methamphetamine 20 mg oral dose

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Methamphetamine
Description: Methamphetamine 20 mg oral dose

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo
Description: capsules compounded to be of similar appearance to the active drugs

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo
Description: capsules compounded to be of similar appearance to the active drugs

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: capsules compounded to be of similar appearance to the active drugs
Study: NCT02478736

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: No actual intervention
Description: Contact with enrolled subjects requires application of ceberal oximetry electrodes and the preoperative ultrasound (transcranial doppler) of the both MCA. No actual intervention done to subject.

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: No actual intervention
Description: Contact with enrolled subjects requires application of ceberal oximetry electrodes and the preoperative ultrasound (transcranial doppler) of the both MCA. No actual intervention done to subject.
Study: NCT02757118

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Intravenous HES
Description: HES is administered to maintain stroke volume variation \< 15 during volume controlled ventilation (8 ml/kg tidal volume) of O2/air mixture
Study: NCT02846337

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ULTRAFILTRATION
Description: Peritoneal dialysis: at least one daily contact, 5 days a week minimum, with a hypertonic solution. Le number of contact et the stasis duration will be decided by the practitioner.~Hemodialysis: at least one hemodialysis per week, one hemofiltration and/or hemodiafiltration per week, and at least 2 liter of ultrafiltrate extraction per week. In case of serious interdialytic weight gain, and/or hemodynamic unsteadiness, sessions can be up to 6 per weeks. Sessions duration will be adjusted to the needful ultrafiltrate and hemodynamic tolerance.~Isolated ultrafiltration: at least once a week, and includes an extraction of minimum 2 liter ultrafiltrate in less than 4 hours. It could be done, according to routines and department capacity, on a hemodialysis generator, plasmatic exchange generator, or mobile ultrafiltration device.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: ENHANCED MEDICAL TREATMENT
Description: * Close cardiologic and nephrologic follow-up, minimum 4 times a year, This incidence matches the heart failure, and chronic kidney failure care guidance for our sample~* Medical care adjustment in order to apply European and American guidance for chronic heart failure care~* Hydric, caloric, peptic and sodium input evaluation by a dietician, and adjustment if needed~* Physical rehabilitation suggestions by a physiologist~* Evaluation of an interventional approach requirement, and implementation if needed (pacemaker, defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization, diagnosis and therapeutic coronary angiography, ventricular stimulator) according to European and American guidance.
Study: NCT00580827

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Matched placebo.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Disulfiram
Description: disulfiram at 62.5 mg/day for 12 weeks.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Disulfiram
Description: Disulfiram at 125 mg/day for 12 weeks.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Disulfiram
Description: disulfiram at 250 mg/day for 12 weeks.
Study: NCT01634087

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Itacitinib
Description: Itacitinib administered orally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Itacitinib
Description: Itacitinib administered orally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Itacitinib
Description: Itacitinib administered orally
Study: NCT03667638

Intervention type: COMBINATION_PRODUCT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Platelet-Rich Plasma
Description: Adding PRP to wound bed during surgical debridement
Study: NCT03767660

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Rapamycin
Description: For children: rapamycin, 1 mg per square meter of body surface area a day, orally, for at least 6 months For adults: rapamycin, 2 mg a day, orally, for at least 6 months
Study: NCT02256423

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: REFERENCE 1: Nurofen® 200 mg tablet

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: REFERENCE 2: Ibuprofen 200 mg soft gel capsule

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ibuprofen 200 mg soft gel capsule
Study: NCT02373449

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: RS-fMRI
Description: Resting State-functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Protocols involving BOLD (blood oxygen level-dependent) and non-BOLD techniques will be used.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ketamine
Description: Part of standard care. To be performed over five consecutive days (Monday to Friday) for six hours per day. A therapeutic range of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg/hour is targeted.
Study: NCT03685344

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Loncastuximab Tesirine and Durvalumab
Description: intravenous infusion
Study: NCT04170556

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Regorafenib
Description: Regorafenib 160 mg/day 3 weeks on and 1 week off

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Nivolumab
Description: Nivolumab at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg or 240 mg/infusion every 2 weeks. Dose will be adjusted depending on the incidence of adverse events
Study: NCT03161977

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Mannitol
Description: Mannitol was intravenous infused within 15-20 mins when drilling skull
Study: NCT03688633

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Candesartan
Description: Candesartan treatment with dose adjustments (8-16mg/day) during 6 months in accordance with adverse effects

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Usual care
Description: patients will be followed as usual
Study: NCT01407237

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Angiotensin II Infusion
Description: Angiotensin II (Bachem) will be infused at 0.3 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes, then 1.0 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes, then 3.0 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes; at baseline and at each infusion concentration, serum aldosterone will be measured. BP and heart rate will be monitored at baseline and every 2 minutes during the infusion.

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Angiotensin II Infusion
Description: Angiotensin II (Bachem) will be infused at 0.3 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes, then 1.0 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes, then 3.0 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes; at baseline and at each infusion concentration, serum aldosterone will be measured. BP and heart rate will be monitored at baseline and every 2 minutes during the infusion.
Study: NCT06583161

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Moderate drinking
Description: Drink up to 16 grams of alcohol daily or almost daily \[repeated assessment center visit\] or 8-16 grams of alcohol 4 or more times per week \[web-based mental health questionnaire\]

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Quitting
Description: No alcohol consumption

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Social drinking
Description: Drink up to 16 grams of alcohol 1-2 days per week or drink 1-3 times per month or only on special occasions \[repeated assessment center visit\], or drink 8-16 grams of alcohol 2-3 times per week or drink 4 times per month or less \[web-based mental health questionnaire\]

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Heavy/binge drinking
Description: Drink more than 16 grams of alcohol daily or almost daily or more than 40 grams of alcohol 1-2 days per week \[repeated assessment center visit\], or 24 grams of alcohol or more 4 or more times per week or 40 grams of alcohol or more 2-3 times per week \[web-based mental health questionnaire\]
Study: NCT03897634

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Remote Microphone
Description: Experienced hearing aid users will be trained on and use a remote microphone for 30 days. Pre- and Post- measures will be taken to determine benefit. Participant characteristics will also be assessed (such as self-efficacy) to explore personality factors that may contribute to benefit from devices.
Study: NCT02825771

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Caring Contacts Messages
Description: Text messages expressing care and support are sent following initial meeting on the following schedule: next day, 6 weekly, 9 bi-weekly, 7 monthly; one each on birthday, holiday, and seasonal (total of 25)

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Usual Care
Description: Usual care consists of services available to the participant in their community to reduce their suicide risk and improve their behavioral health

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Usual Care
Description: Usual care consists of services available to the participant in their community to reduce their suicide risk and improve their behavioral health
Study: NCT00947115

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood sampling
Description: Blood samples were collected at Years 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood sampling
Description: Blood samples were collected at Years 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Blood sampling
Description: Blood samples were collected at Years 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cervico-vaginal secretion (CVS) samples
Description: CVS samples were collected at Years 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 in subjects who volunteered for this procedure.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cervico-vaginal secretion (CVS) samples
Description: CVS samples were collected at Years 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 in subjects who volunteered for this procedure.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cervico-vaginal secretion (CVS) samples
Description: CVS samples were collected at Years 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 in subjects who volunteered for this procedure.
Study: NCT00724204

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: follow on formula without probiotics
Description: A follow on formula without probiotics

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: follow on formula with Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713
Description: follow on formula with Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 in a dose of 2x10E8 cfu/day
Study: NCT01223183

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: hypertonic saline (7%)
Description: single treatment by inhalation

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: hypertonic saline (7%)
Description: single treatment by inhalation

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: isotonic saline
Description: single treatment by inhalation

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: isotonic saline
Description: single treatment by inhalation
Study: NCT02145065

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Local drug delivery via microcrystalline paclitaxel balloon coating (PAK,Balton, Poland)

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Plain balloon angioplasty, uncoated balloon (Neptun, Balton, Poland)
Study: NCT03133351

Intervention type: DEVICE
Intervention: PCM
Description: A fresh whole blood sample will be tested by PCM to determine the reference range.
Study: NCT00557453

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Antibiotic treatment
Description: Cefuroxime 750mg X3/d, Ampicillin 2G X4/d, Flagyl 500mg X3/d, Augmentin 1G X3/d, Gentamycin 240mg X1/d, Clindamycin 600mg X3/d, Ciprofloxacin 400mg X2/d All drugs will be administered IV until clinical improvement.

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: No antibiotics
Description: Allowed medications for both groups will include PPI / H2 blockers, home medication, SC insulin for diabetes, and SC clexane if indicated.
Study: NCT02260947

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: PF-06273340
Description: PF-06273340 50 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: PF-06273340
Description: PF-06273340 400 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Pregabalin
Description: Pregabalin 300 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ibuprofen
Description: Ibuprofen 600 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Matching Placebo
Study: NCT03759691

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Structured interview
Description: Interview contains questions about stroke knowledge and help-seeking behaviour on the day the stroke occured.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Structured interview
Description: Interview contains questions about stroke knowledge and help-seeking behaviour on the day the stroke occured.
Study: NCT00543335

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Sorafenib
Description: Starting dose 200 mg PO (by mouth) Daily

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Radiation Therapy
Description: 45 Gy total in 15 radiation treatments: 3 Gy per day, 5 days a week for 3 weeks
Study: NCT00811174

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Octagam 10%
Description: 300-600 mg/kg every 21 (+/- 3 days) to 28 days (+/- 3 days)
Study: NCT01634087

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Itacitinib
Description: Itacitinib administered orally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo administered orally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo administered orally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo administered orally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo administered orally
Study: NCT01848132

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Vincristine
Description: Vincristine: intravenous, 1,4 mg/m2, day 1
Study: NCT02179216

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Hydration
Description: Hydratation the first day in the arm 1 Hydration the second day in the arm 2

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Hydration
Description: Hydratation the first day in the arm 1 Hydration the second day in the arm 2

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Venous contention
Description: Venous contention the second day in the arm 1 Venous contention the first day in the arm 2
Study: NCT03709394

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Full utrasound guidance
Description: The target vein is directly identified by portable ultrasound device and the complete procedure of peripheral venous cathether insertion is controlled by ultrasound guidance in real time

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Partial ultrasound guidance
Description: The target vein is directly identified by ultrasound but the procedure of peripheral venous cathether insertion is performed conventionally, without ultrasound guidance
Study: NCT02179216

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Venous contention
Description: Venous contention the second day in the arm 1 Venous contention the first day in the arm 2
Study: NCT00433563

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Twice daily radiotherapy
Description: Standard of care chemotherapy (cisplatin/etoposide) + twice daily radiotherapy

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Twice daily radiotherapy
Description: Standard of care chemotherapy (cisplatin/etoposide) + twice daily radiotherapy
Study: NCT04640519

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Usual care
Description: Usual care patients will be seen by a primary care nurse practitioner and a stroke neurologist.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: TASC intervention
Description: TASC patients will receive a BP monitoring kit and electronic tablet with patient tailored BP infographics. They will be scheduled with 5 telehealth visits over 3 months, including primary care nurse practitioner, pharmacy and stroke neurologist.
Study: NCT03141281

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: BrainHQ
Description: BrainHQ

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Rise of Nations
Description: Rise of Nations
Study: NCT01853904

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Bronchoscopy/ BAL with Channel Suction
Description: The wall suction used for the channel suction will be set at 80 mm Hg. This arm is for patients who will receive channel suction first to obtain the specimen then syringe suction to obtain the specimen.
Study: NCT03141281

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: IADL Training
Description: IADL Training
Study: NCT03141281

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Active Control
Description: Puzzle solving
Study: NCT03193411

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Visumax femtosecond laser

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Moria M2 microkeratome (MK)
Study: NCT01853904

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Bronchoscopy/BAL with Syringe Suction
Description: Syringe based suctioning will be performed with 20mL syringe.
Study: NCT02910167

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Hyoscine n-butylbromide
Description: Hyoscine n-butylbromide 10 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Paracetamol
Description: Paracetamol 500 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Hyoscine n-butylbromide
Description: Hyoscine n-butylbromide 10 mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Paracetamol
Description: Paracetamol 500 mg
Study: NCT04636333

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Two doses of middle-dose recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CHO Cell) at the schedule of day 0, 14
Description: Two doses of middle-dose (20µg/0.5ml) recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CHO Cell) at the schedule of day 0, 14.

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Three doses of middle-dose recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CHO Cell) at the schedule of day 0, 14, 28
Description: Three doses of middle-dose (20µg/0.5ml) recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CHO Cell) at the schedule of day 0, 14, 28.
Study: NCT04904133

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Low/No Calorie Sweeteners
Description: LNCS powdered and then dissolved in water.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Low/No Calorie Sweeteners
Description: LNCS powdered and then dissolved in water.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Low/No Calorie Sweeteners
Description: LNCS powdered and then dissolved in water.
Study: NCT03155035

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Albendazole
Description: Albendazole 400 mg chewable tablets (200 mg each) Two tablets as a single dose recommended as ovicidal, larvicidal and vermicidal against all soil transmitted helminths

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Calcium 400 mg + Vitamin D 2.5 mcg
Description: 2 chewable tablets provide recommended daily allowance for calcium and vitamin D
Study: NCT04904133

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo Group
Description: Water
Study: NCT03709394

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: No ultrasound guidance
Description: The target vein is identified and peripheral venous catheter is inserted by conventional approach without use of any guiding devices