TrialPanorama/TrialPanorama-database huggingface dataset:
Study: NCT00578708

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: AMPLATZER Membranous VSD Occluder
Description: Device closure with the AMPLATZER Membranous VSD Occluder
Study: NCT02492269

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Dexmedetomidine

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Study: NCT03206775

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Cognitive Assessments (Phase 1)
Description: Participants will participate in up to 6 assessments in 4 domains of cognition: Processing Speed; Executive Attention; Learning and Memory; and Social Cognition.~Assessments:~* Visual Sweeps~* Sustained Visual Attention~* Associative Learning--Visual~* Associative Learning--Auditory~* Emotion Motion~* Voice Choice

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Cognitive Battery A (Phase 2)
Description: Participants will complete two visual assessments, one auditory assessment, and one social cognition assessment. Then the participant will complete self-report surveys.~Assessments:~* On trails: Learning~* Line Length Discrimination~* Tap the Emotion~* Sound Sweeps~* BIS/BAS~* TEPS~* Feasibility survey

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Cognitive Battery B (Phase 2)
Description: Participants will complete two visual assessments, one auditory assessment, and one social cognition assessment. Then the participant will complete the complete self-report surveys.~Assessments:~* Visual Time Order Judgment~* Target Tracker~* Emotional Face~* Auditory Sound Discrimination~* BIS/BAS~* TEPS~* Feasiblity assessment

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: Cognitive Battery C (Phase 2)
Description: Participants will complete two visual assessments, one auditory assessment, and one social cognition assessment. Then the participant willcomplete self-report surveys.~Assessments:~* Stroop 2AFC~* Visual Task Switcher~* Beep Seeker~* Voice Choice~* BIS/BAS~* TEPS~* Feasibility Survey
Study: NCT04486911

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Pyrotinib maleate, SHR6390, letrozole
Description: After providing written informed consent, the participants will undergo combined treatment of pyrotinib maleate, CDK4/6 inhibitor SHR6390, and letrozole. The effectiveness of the combined treatment will be evaluated by MRI every two treatment cycles. If the disease progresses, the participant will withdraw from the trial. If the combined treatment has identified effectiveness, the participant will undergo surgical treatment within 4 weeks (over 2 weeks) after termination of the neoadjuvant treatment. The patients will be followed up for 5 years.
Study: NCT00510497

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Autologous HIV-1 ApB DC Vaccine
Description: Autologous dendritic cells pulsed with autologous, inactivated HIV-1 infected, apoptotic cells given subcutaneously 3 times every other week plus a booster dose 2 weeks after start of treatment interruption
Study: NCT01706146

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Non-coumadin Oral Anticoagulant
Description: Administration of Non-coumadin Oral Anticoagulant for 30 days following episode of atrial fibrillation as detected by the Reveal XT device.
Study: NCT02128971

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ferrochel® 90 mg
Description: Ferrochel® capsule 90 mg, administered orally once daily in the morning after breakfast, for 30 days

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Sumalate® 90 mg
Description: Sumalate® capsule 90 mg, administered orally once daily in the morning after breakfast, for 30 days

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ferrous fumarate 90 mg
Description: Ferrous fumarate capsule 90 mg, administered orally once daily in the morning after breakfast, for 30 days

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ferrous Sulfate 90 mg
Description: Ferrous Sulfate capsule 90 mg, administered orally once daily in the morning after breakfast, for 30 days

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ferric Glycinate 90 mg
Description: Ferric Glycinate capsule 90 mg, administered orally once daily in the morning after breakfast, for 30 days

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Placebo capsule, administered orally once daily in the morning after breakfast, for 30 days
Study: NCT04224480

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Pembrolizumab
Description: 200mg of intravenous infusion every 3 weeks
Study: NCT00932100

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: REG1
Description: IV form, bolus dose. May be redosed. Control agent given as single re-dose at completion of intervention

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: REG1
Description: IV form, bolus dose. May be redosed. Control agent given as single re-dose at completion of intervention

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: REG1
Description: IV form, bolus dose. May be redosed. Control agent given as single re-dose at completion of intervention

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: REG1
Description: IV form, bolus dose. May be redosed. Control agent given as single re-dose at completion of intervention
Study: NCT02281838

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: labetalol/hydralazine/enalapril
Description: Blood pressure will be treated with intravenous labetalol (10 mg starting dose)/hydralazine (5 mg starting dose)/enalapril (1.25 mg starting dose).

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: labetalol/hydralazine/enalapril
Description: Blood pressure will be treated with intravenous labetalol (10 mg starting dose)/hydralazine (5 mg starting dose)/enalapril (1.25 mg starting dose).
Study: NCT02834884

Intervention type: GENETIC
Intervention: RP-1828 IMMUcan
Description: WES, lcWGS and RNAseq, multiplex IF and IMC

Intervention type: GENETIC
Intervention: RP-1759 AYA/TYA
Description: WES, RNAseq and EPIC array

Intervention type: GENETIC
Intervention: RP-1843 Arcagen
Description: NGS panel

Intervention type: GENETIC
Intervention: RP-1920 BioRadon
Description: NGS panel
Study: NCT02158091

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: IPI-145
Description: oral PI3K delta/gamma inhibitor

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Fludarabine
Description: intravenous chemotherapy

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cyclophosphamide
Description: intravenous chemotherapy

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Rituximab
Description: intravenous immunotherapy
Study: NCT04504916

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Zilovertamab vedotin
Description: Intravenous infusion
Study: NCT00126308

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: poly-L-lactic acid
Description: immediate injections poly-L-lactic acid (4 bilateral treatments - 8 vials)

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: poly-L-lactic acid
Description: delayed (24 weeks) poly-L-lactic acid injections (4 bilateral treatment - 8 vials)
Study: NCT01626612

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: continuation of the empirical antimicrobial therapy
Description: ALL THE ANTIBACTERIAL IN WORN SYSTEMATIC

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: streamlining of the empirical antimicrobial therapy
Description: ALL THE ANTIBACTERIAL IN WORN SYSTEMATIC
Study: NCT02887625

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Pioglitazone plus exenatide
Description: pioglitazone will be started at 30 mg/day and bydureon at 2 mg/week
Study: NCT03458247

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Abiraterone acetate escalated dose
Description: 2000 mg/day
Study: NCT01627925

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: nasal mask and continuous positive airway pressure
Description: nasal mask use instead of face mask application of continuous positive airway pressure during induction of general anesthesia

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: nasal mask and continuous positive airway pressure
Description: nasal mask use instead of face mask application of continuous positive airway pressure during induction of general anesthesia
Study: NCT01792414

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Sham TES
Description: Neuroconn Eldith device

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Active TES
Description: Neuroconn Eldith device
Study: NCT02667002

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Bilateral Abdominal Sacral Hysteropexy
Description: The mesh will be fixed right and left side of sacrum.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Conventional abdominal Sacral Hysteropexy
Description: The mesh will be fixed only right side of sacrum

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Nulliparous women with no uterovaginal prolapsed
Description: This will be control group which consistent patients with no uterovaginal prolapse.
Study: NCT05423470

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Intermittent hypoxia
Description: The intermittent hypoxia protocol will consist of three 4-minute hypoxic cycles (arterial oxygen saturation of 80%) interspersed with 4-minute normoxic cycles.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Intermittent normoxia
Description: The intermittent normoxia protocol will consist of three 4-minute normoxic cycles (compressed air) interspersed with 4-minute normoxic cycles (room air).
Study: NCT04458493

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: satiety
Description: satiety ratings, appetite and desire to eat (10-point visual analogue scale) will be measured at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after each meal replacement drink

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: satiety
Description: satiety ratings, appetite and desire to eat (10-point visual analogue scale) will be measured at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after each meal replacement drink

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Generation UCAN supplementation
Description: meal replacement, Generation UCAN supplement, 400ml, 20% solution
Study: NCT01663727

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Bevacizumab [Avastin]
Description: Intravenous repeating dose

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Paclitaxel
Description: Intravenous repeating dose

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Paclitaxel
Description: Intravenous repeating dose

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Intravenous repeating dose
Study: NCT01316419

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Telmisartan
Description: Telmisartan 40mg or 80mg

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: amlodipine
Description: amlodipine 5mg or 10mg
Study: NCT03994549

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Dual GLP-1/GLP-2 Receptor agonists
Description: Eight ascending doses of ZP7570

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Dual GLP-1/GLP-2 Receptor agonists
Description: Eight ascending doses of ZP7570
Study: NCT02999594

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Tramadol Hydrochloride
Description: 50mg intramuscularly
Study: NCT02887625

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: insulin glargine and insulin aspart
Description: the dose will be escalated to maintain HbA1c \<7.0%
Study: NCT03477695

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ambulatory use of the Upright device
Description: Patients will wear the UpRight for a period of two month
Study: NCT02999594

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Distilled Water
Description: 2ml intramuscularly
Study: NCT02536235

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: heat
Description: activated heating pad to lower abdomen
Study: NCT04567576

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Description: Within a non-experimental setting, the routine disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) prescription will be evaluated as the exposure.
Study: NCT04273919

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: HTC Vive with Karuna Virtual Reality Program
Description: HTC Vive head-mounted display and an HTC Vive body tracker adhered to a belt on the patient's low back, which will be placed 2 inches below the waist

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: HTC Vive with Lumen Program
Description: HTC Vive head-mounted display with Lumen program
Study: NCT01174355

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ND0801
Description: Confidential
Study: NCT02480582

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Almonds
Description: Whole raw almonds provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g\\kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Almonds
Description: Whole raw almonds provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g\\kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Almonds
Description: Whole raw almonds provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g\\kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Almonds
Description: Whole raw almonds provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g\\kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Almonds
Description: Whole raw almonds provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g\\kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Almonds
Description: Whole raw almonds provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g\\kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cheese Savouries
Description: Cheese savoury crackers provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g/kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cheese Savouries
Description: Cheese savoury crackers provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g/kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cheese Savouries
Description: Cheese savoury crackers provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g/kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cheese Savouries
Description: Cheese savoury crackers provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g/kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cheese Savouries
Description: Cheese savoury crackers provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g/kg

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cheese Savouries
Description: Cheese savoury crackers provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g/kg
Study: NCT02801552

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: PRF
Description: Regenerative Endodontic Procedure with PRF: autologous PRF will be used instead of blood clot in the second vist.
Study: NCT01448356

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: temperature and humidity
Description: The volunteer is exposed to a controlled environment with a chamber setting of:~1. 25°C and 45% humidity;~2. 25°C and 65% humidity;~3. 30°C and 45% humidity;~4. 30°C and 65% humidity~After an adaptation period of at least 20 minutes, participants underwent measurements of tear evaporation and tear film break up time. After collection of data, the chamber settings were adjusted to the next condition.
Study: NCT02973321

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: SAR425899
Description: Self-administered by SC injection using a solution for injection in cartridge.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: SAR425899
Description: Self-administered by SC injection using a solution for injection in cartridge.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: SAR425899
Description: Self-administered by SC injection using a solution for injection in cartridge.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: Self-administered by SC injection using a solution for injection in cartridge.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Liraglutide
Description: Self-administered by SC injection using a pre-filled pen.
Study: NCT00932100

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Heparin
Description: IV dose per standard of care at the local institution
Study: NCT01999114

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Buprenorphine transdermal patch
Description: Buprenorphine patch applied transdermally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Buprenorphine transdermal patch
Description: Buprenorphine patch applied transdermally

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Naltrexone tablet
Description: Naltrexone tablet; 1 tablet taken orally every 12 hours

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Naltrexone tablet
Description: Naltrexone tablet; 1 tablet taken orally every 12 hours

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebos (for TDS and for naltrexone and for moxifloxacin)
Description: Matching placebos

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Moxifloxacin tablet
Description: Moxifloxacin tablet; 1 tablet taken orally on Days 6, 13 and 17
Study: NCT03499977

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Sitting
Description: 10 min bouts

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Light-Intensity Cycling
Description: 10min bout

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Moderate-Intensity Cycling
Description: 10 min bout

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: High-Intensity Cycling
Description: 10 min bout
Study: NCT04105582

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Neo-antigen pulsed Dendritic cell
Description: Patients that have already finished their conventional treatment (chemotherapy and/or surgery) will be vaccinated with dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic peptide
Study: NCT00742430

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: PCI
Description: percutaneous coronary intervention in stable coronary artery disease

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: PCI
Description: percutaneous coronary intervention in stable coronary artery disease
Study: NCT02509481

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Ivermectin

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ivermectin

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Albendazole

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Albendazole
Study: NCT01478880

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS)
Description: bilateral continuous theta burst stimulation (bursts of 3 stimuli, 50Hz every 200ms for 40s, 80% active motor threshold) to the temporoparietal cortex (EEG 10/20: halfway T3/P3 and T4/P4)

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: sham cTBS
Description: bilateral continuous theta burst stimulation (bursts of 3 stimuli, 50Hz every 200ms for 40s, 80% active motor threshold) to the temporoparietal cortex (EEG 10/20: halfway T3/P3 and T4/P4) with the stimulation coil tilted 45°
Study: NCT03026660

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Moringa Oleifera

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Cabbage Placebo
Study: NCT00528463

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: sciatic nerve block
Description: Sciatic nerve block, Labatt approach, with a stimuplex needle and catheter. Once localized, a bolus of 20 mL ropivacaine 1,0% is given through the catheter and is followed by a perfusion of ropivacaine 0,2% 6-10 mL/hre for at least 24 hours pre-op and 48 hours post-op
Study: NCT03316482

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Leuplin DPS 11.25mg
Description: Leuplin DPS 11.25mg s.c. every 12 weeks
Study: NCT01317654

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Observation
Description: Collection of mortality data at 5 years post trial
Study: NCT02500420

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Diagnosis examens
Description: * Cardiac MRI: is usually recommended in the diagnosis or in the follow-up of the disease. The MRI will respect the standard protocol: cineMRI sequences, perfusion sequences, LGE sequences at 10 minutes after gadolinium injection. The investigators will realize some additional sequences: T1 mapping before and after gadolinium injection to study the diffuse fibrosis and stress perfusion sequences after injection of a vasodilatator (Persantine°).~* Exercice stress echocardiography: is realized almost systematically in all the diagnosis of HCM and it's very informative. The investigators will research left ventricular dysfunction: in particular segmentary hypokinesia and anomalies of deformation parameters (2D Strain) and the development of a dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction or a mitral regurgitation at exercice.
Study: NCT04276129

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: periodontal surgery + 24 hr buccal attached gingiva (G) biopsy
Description: Periodontal surgery will be performed and 24 hr after the surgical procedure a 2mm punch biopsy will be harvested at the level of the buccal attache gingiva (G).

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: periodontal surgery + 24 hr buccal attached gingiva (G) biopsy
Description: Periodontal surgery will be performed and 24 hr after the surgical procedure a 2mm punch biopsy will be harvested at the level of the buccal attache gingiva (G).

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: post-surgical CHX mouth-rinses indication
Description: CHX mouth-rinses (0.12%) will be indicated 2 times/day after the surgical procedure
Study: NCT03639012

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Carbohydrate drink
Description: Children randomised to this group will receive a preoperative carbohydrate drink 90-120mins prior to surgery
Study: NCT02483403

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Hyperpolarized Helium-3
Description: Hyperpolarized noble gas imaging using Helium-3 has been used to explore structural and functional relationships in the lung in patients with lung disease and healthy controls. In contrast to proton-based MRI imaging, Helium-3 gas is used as a contrast agent to directly visualize the airways, and thus ventilation. Whereas the normal density of gas is too low to produce an easily detectable signal, this is overcome by artificially increasing the amount of polarization per unit volume using optical pumping.