TrialPanorama/TrialPanorama-database huggingface dataset:
Study: NCT02009306

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: PecFent and Epistatus
Description: PecFent will be supplied by Archimedes Pharma as two strengths of nasal spray solution at 1000 or 4000 mcg/mL fentanyl (as citrate). One spray contains 100 mcg or 400 mcg fentanyl (as citrate). Each bottle contains 1.55 ml ensuring delivery of 8 sprays of 100 or 400 mcg fentanyl (as citrate). PecFent is a commercially available product and packaging will be in accordance with the manufacturing authorisations (EU/1/10/644/001, EU/1/10/644/002, EU/1/10/644/005, EU/1/10/644/003, EU/1/10/644/004, EU/1/10/644/006).~Epistatus will be supplied by Special Products Ltd. as buccal solution, packed in bottles containing solution for up to 4 x 1 ml doses, as per Specials licence. A pack also includes 4 x oral syringes used to administer the solution to the buccal cavity on either side of the mouth.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Standard subcutaneous medication
Description: Subcutaneous as needed medication will include:~* Opioids for pain or dyspnoea~  * Diamorphine~ * Oxycodone~ * Fentanyl~* Benzodiazepine and / or anti-psychotic for agitation~  * Midazolam~ * Levomepromazine~ * Haloperidol Anti-emetic for nausea~* Cyclizine~* Metoclopramide~* Haloperidol~* Levomepromazine~* Anti-secretory drug for respiratory secretions~* Glycopyrronium~* Hyoscine butylbromide~* Hyoscine hydrobromide

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Standard subcutaneous medication
Description: Subcutaneous as needed medication will include:~* Opioids for pain or dyspnoea~  * Diamorphine~ * Oxycodone~ * Fentanyl~* Benzodiazepine and / or anti-psychotic for agitation~  * Midazolam~ * Levomepromazine~ * Haloperidol Anti-emetic for nausea~* Cyclizine~* Metoclopramide~* Haloperidol~* Levomepromazine~* Anti-secretory drug for respiratory secretions~* Glycopyrronium~* Hyoscine butylbromide~* Hyoscine hydrobromide

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Standard subcutaneous medication
Description: Subcutaneous as needed medication will include:~* Opioids for pain or dyspnoea~  * Diamorphine~ * Oxycodone~ * Fentanyl~* Benzodiazepine and / or anti-psychotic for agitation~  * Midazolam~ * Levomepromazine~ * Haloperidol Anti-emetic for nausea~* Cyclizine~* Metoclopramide~* Haloperidol~* Levomepromazine~* Anti-secretory drug for respiratory secretions~* Glycopyrronium~* Hyoscine butylbromide~* Hyoscine hydrobromide

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Epistatus Alone
Description: Epistatus will be supplied by Special Products Ltd. as buccal solution, packed in bottles containing solution for up to 4 x 1 ml doses, as per Specials licence. A pack also includes 4 x oral syringes used to administer the solution to the buccal cavity on either side of the mouth.
Study: NCT04308096

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: KRN23
Description: The starting dose of KRN23 will be the dose used for the last administration in the preceding studies. The dose may be modified subsequently in accordance with the criteria for dose and dose adjustment.
Study: NCT01414608

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Brachytherapy
Description: Undergo brachytherapy

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Brachytherapy
Description: Undergo brachytherapy

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Carboplatin
Description: Given IV

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cisplatin
Description: Given IV

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Cisplatin
Description: Given IV

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: External Beam Radiation Therapy
Description: Undergo external beam radiation therapy

Intervention type: RADIATION
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: External Beam Radiation Therapy
Description: Undergo external beam radiation therapy

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Paclitaxel
Description: Given IV

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Quality-of-Life Assessment
Description: Ancillary studies

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Quality-of-Life Assessment
Description: Ancillary studies
Study: NCT01389271

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Ventavis inhaled (Iloprost, BAYQ6256)
Description: Since this study is an observational, inhaled iloprost dosage and frequency for each patient will be prescribed by physicians as medically required.
Study: NCT03949972

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Biosampling
Description: Biosampling at initial visit and follow-up visits

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Biosampling
Description: Biosampling at initial visit and follow-up visits
Study: NCT03645564

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Specialized nurse consultation
Description: The purpose of this consultation is to establish a partnership between the patient and the nursing staff. Tools were set up (notebook, movie) to answer the questions of the patient. In case of specific question, an expert will meet the patient (doctor of the service, psychologist, pharmacist or hematologist).
Study: NCT02972853

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Mindfulness Training for Primary Care (MTPC)
Description: For intervention description see Mindfulness Training for Primary Care (MTPC) in the study MINDFUL-PC: Integrating Mindfulness Into the Patient-Centered Medical Home - A Pilot Study
Study: NCT01491971

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Degarelix

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Degarelix

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Degarelix
Study: NCT03727607

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Desflurane
Description: Desflurane vs TIVA, bariatric surgery. Postoperative nausea and pain

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Desflurane
Description: Desflurane vs TIVA, bariatric surgery. Postoperative nausea and pain
Study: NCT02024555

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Levofloxacin

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ethambutol

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Azithromycin

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Rifampin

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: This will serve as a placebo to the antibiotics used in antimycobacterial therapy.
Study: NCT02325648

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: HIPEC cytoreductive surgery
Description: At least 30 minutes prior to the prospective conclusion of the surgery, 1 μg/kg of fentanyl is administered for postoperative analgesia and 0.075mg of palonosetron is IV-infused for the prevention of nausea and vomiting. Desflurane and remifentanil administration is ceased after the surgery is concluded, muscle relaxation is evaluated by train of four (TOP) monitoring using a nerve stimulator, and the neuromuscular blockade is reversed with 0.2 mg of glycopyrrolate and 1 mg of neostigmine. When the patient recovers consciousness and begins spontaneous respiration, extubation is performed and the patient is transferred to the ICU with monitoring of their vital signs.
Study: NCT02292342

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Water
Description: Control

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Water
Description: Control

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Water
Description: Control

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Water
Description: Control

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Epicatechin 0.1 mg/kg
Description: EC 0.1 mg/kg
Study: NCT03618095

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: LOTUS Edge Valve System
Description: TAVR with the LOTUS Edge Valve System

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: LOTUS Edge Valve System
Description: TAVR with the LOTUS Edge Valve System
Study: NCT01304706

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Fluocinolone Acetonide
Description: 0.2 μg/day
Study: NCT04638777

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: rTMS with H-coil
Description: Real repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with H-coil over M1 and PFC

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: rTMS with H-coil
Description: Real repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with H-coil over M1 and sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with H-coil over PFC

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: rTMS with H-coil
Description: Sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with H-coil over M1 and PFC
Study: NCT02949817

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: digital rehabilitation system with wearable multi-IMU(inertial measurement unit) sensors (Rapael kids)
Description: 1.The Rapael kids, a video-game based rehabilitation therapy system using IMU sensors as a game interface, newly-developed in Korea will be used on upper limb function of children with pediatric brain injury patients. 20 of All 40 children will receive the conventional occupational therapy and additional video-game based rehabilitation therapy, 30 minutes daily 5 times per week, for 4 weeks.
Study: NCT02292342

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Epicatechin 0.1 mg/kg
Description: EC 0.1 mg/kg

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Epicatechin 0.1 mg/kg
Description: EC 0.1 mg/kg

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Epicatechin 0.1 mg/kg
Description: EC 0.1 mg/kg
Study: NCT02949817

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Conventional OT group
Description: 2. Conventional OT group will recieve the conventional occupational therapy and one more conventional occupational therapy additionally. The additional occupational therapy training will be performed 30 minutes daily 5 times per week, for 4 weeks.
Study: NCT02998827

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Thalidomide

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: infliximab, azathioprine
Description: other treatment include infliximab, azathioprine

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: enteral nutrition
Study: NCT02253186

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Auto-Adjustable MOBIDERM Armsleeve
Study: NCT03446508

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Active frontal
Description: 1) active HD-tDCS will be administered

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Active parietal
Description: 2) active HD-tDCS will be administered

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Sham
Description: 3) sham HD-tDCS - no current
Study: NCT03531905

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Bempedoic acid + Ezetimibe FDC Oral Tablet
Description: Experimental therapy of bempedoic acid 180 mg + ezetimibe 10 mg FDC tablet

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Ezetimibe 10 mg Oral Tablet
Description: Ezetimibe 10 mg tablet, overencapsulated for blinding purposes

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo Oral Tablet
Description: Placebo tablet, matched for the FDC product for blinding purposes

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo Oral Tablet
Description: Placebo tablet, matched for the FDC product for blinding purposes

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo oral capsule
Description: Placebo over-encapsulated for blinding purposes

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo oral capsule
Description: Placebo over-encapsulated for blinding purposes
Study: NCT01178242

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Salivary Gland and Labial Mucous Membrane Transplantation
Description: Minor salivary glands (SG) will be obtain en block from the same donor site, at the inferior or superior labial mucous membrane, above the orbicularis oris muscle to correct lubrication. The thin split thickness graft of mucous membrane will be suture to the sclera with absorbable sutures
Study: NCT02379364

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Diacutaneous Fibrolysis
Description: Diacutaneous Fibrolysis is a non invasive physiotherapeutic technique applied by means a set of metallic hooks having the advantage of allowing a deeper and more precise application, which could not be achieved manually
Study: NCT03882489

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Isobaric 2-chloroprocaine
Description: The doses of isobaric 2-chloroprocaine will be administrated intrathecally and will be adjusted according to the observed responses in the previous subjects.

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Isobaric 2-chloroprocaine
Description: The doses of isobaric 2-chloroprocaine will be administrated intrathecally and will be adjusted according to the observed responses in the previous subjects.

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: Isobaric 2-chloroprocaine
Description: The doses of isobaric 2-chloroprocaine will be administrated intrathecally and will be adjusted according to the observed responses in the previous subjects.
Study: NCT02495376

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: MBSR
Description: Based primarily on the instruction of mindfulness meditation and yoga, MBSR is a group-based, 8-week program that was developed at the University of Massachusetts Stress Reduction Clinic under the direction of Jon Kabat-Zinn. MBSR is comprised of a structured, developmentally sequenced curriculum that uses a group format to experientially instruct participants in the practice of mindfulness meditation and mindful Hatha yoga. Each session includes different forms of meditation practice, such as cultivating awareness of thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations, and learning to incorporate this awareness during stressful emotional and/or physical life situations.
Study: NCT01251614

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Adalimumab
Description: Adalimumab by subcutaneous injection every other week (eow)

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Adalimumab
Description: Adalimumab by subcutaneous injection every other week (eow)

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Methotrexate
Description: Methotrexate 0.1 mg/kg at Week 0 and up to 0.4 mg/kg per week (maximum dose of 25 mg/week) orally.

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo to Adalimumab
Description: A single subcutaneous loading dose at Week 0 followed by eow dosing beginning at Week 1.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo to Methotrexate
Description: Orally once a week

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Placebo to Methotrexate
Description: Orally once a week
Study: NCT03575962

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: GSK3640254 bis-hydrochloride salt capsule
Description: Administered orally (as single dose) on morning of Day 1, as 2 capsules of 100 mg following a moderate calorie and fat meal during Period 1 and Period 2, at the specified sequence, as per study.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: GSK3640254 bis-hydrochloride salt capsule
Description: Administered orally (as single dose) on morning of Day 1, as 2 capsules of 100 mg following a moderate calorie and fat meal during Period 1 and Period 2, at the specified sequence, as per study.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: GSK3640254 Mesylate Salt Capsule
Description: Administered orally (as single dose) on morning of Day 1, as 2 capsules of , 100 mg following a moderate calorie and fat meal during Period 1 and Period 2, at the specified sequence, as per study.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: GSK3640254 Mesylate Salt Capsule
Description: Administered orally (as single dose) on morning of Day 1, as 2 capsules of , 100 mg following a moderate calorie and fat meal during Period 1 and Period 2, at the specified sequence, as per study.
Study: NCT00878384

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Medication to control ventricular rate in AF
Description: Standard pharmacologic rate control. Current therapy will be adjusted to achieve rate-control targets of \<80bpm and \<110bpm on exercise (6 minute walk). Where necessary, additional medication will be given as per standard practice (digoxin or beta-blocker). Typical does: Digoxin 62.5-250mcg o.d. ; Bisoprolol 1.25-20mg o.d.; Carvedilol 3.125-50mg b.d. ; Nebivolol 1.25-10mg o.d.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Catheter Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Description: Radiofrequency catheter ablation, which may include pulmonary vein isolation, atrial substrate modification, and/or linear ablation.
Study: NCT00713934

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: CD133
Description: portal vein infusion of CD133+ cells

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: BM-MNC
Description: portal vein infusion of BM-MNC
Study: NCT02345200

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: bioelectrical impedance analysis
Description: electrophysical measurement that allows to determine the exact composition of single body compartments by producing a magnetic field and detecting the potential difference through the body

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: bioelectrical impedance analysis
Description: electrophysical measurement that allows to determine the exact composition of single body compartments by producing a magnetic field and detecting the potential difference through the body

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: blood draw
Description: blood samples are taken at 8 am in order to pay attention to the circadian rhythmicity to get a detailed hormonal status

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: blood draw
Description: blood samples are taken at 8 am in order to pay attention to the circadian rhythmicity to get a detailed hormonal status
Study: NCT01626274

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: LAVIMO in- ear sensor system
Description: Long term vital signs parameters like heart rate, heart rate variability, breathing and oxygen saturation are measured via in- ear sensor system during 1 polysomnographic night
Study: NCT03238729

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Heart Failure Education and Management App
Description: Patients will be provided with an app on a smartphone that provides a daily checklist with items like reminders for logging weight and food, as well as educational components about heart failure and it's management.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Heart Failure Literature
Description: Patients will be provided standard literature about heart failure and the management of heart failure.
Study: NCT01450943

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: SECONDARY dressing gauze and tape
Description: SECONDARY dressing gauze and tape

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: SECONDARY dressing gauze and tape
Description: SECONDARY dressing gauze and tape

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: SECONDARY dressing gauze and tape
Description: SECONDARY dressing gauze and tape

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: debridement, irrigation
Description: debridement, irrigation
Study: NCT01324856

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Pancreatico gastro anastomosis
Description: After the pylorus preserving cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatico gasto teremino-lateral anastomosis will be performed. The anastomosis will be done with posterior wall of the stomach. Pancreas will be mobilized at least 5 cm, two tobaco stiches will be applied on posterior wall of the stomach and hole of 2 cm will be done in the middle. Anterior wall of the stomach will be opened, for easier placement of the pancreas in to the stomach cavity. Pancreas will be entered in the stomach trough , tobacco stitches tided and just 2 or 3 stitches will be applied on the stomach mucosa and pancreatic capsule. After that classic hepatico jejuno and antecolic duodeno jejuno anatomosis will ber performed.

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Pancreaticojejuno anastomosis
Description: After the pylorus preserving cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatico jejuno termino lateral duct to mucosa anastomosis will be performed. After that classic hepatico jejuno and antecolic duodeno jejuno anatomosis will ber performed.
Study: NCT01450943

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: debridement, irrigation
Description: debridement, irrigation

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: debridement, irrigation
Description: debridement, irrigation

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Dermagraft
Description: Dermagraft per company protocol

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Oasis
Description: Oasis per company protocol
Study: NCT02689375

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Senza Spinal Cord Stimulation system
Description: Suitable participants will be booked to have spinal cord stimulator trial leads implanted and an external programmable High Frequency battery trial box as a day case
Study: NCT02688972

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: cold water immersion
Description: The volunteers stayed immerged up to the iliac crest, in the water with water. The temperature utilized was 10 degree C and the time was 10 minutes

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Control group
Description: The volunteers stayed in rest about 10 minutes
Study: NCT00647777

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Olanzapine Tablets 5 mg
Description: 5mg, single dose fed

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Zyprexa® Tablets 5 mg
Description: 5mg, single dose fed
Study: NCT04154267

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Percutaneous renal biopsy.
Description: The biopsy will be performed with a 16 Gauge semi-automatic needle gun for renal biopsy under real-time ultrasound control. After the procedure will be done ultrasound control
Study: NCT04472923

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Traditional Treatment
Description: Patients belonging to the control group received conventional physical therapy program in the form of:~1. Dietetic Regulation: The diet was given in the form of the bulk-forming diet, fruits, vegetables, cereals, and bran.~2. Pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegal exercises): The patient was instructed to lie crock lying position with knees bent. He/she was instructed to pull his/her pelvic muscles upward and inward and hold the contraction for 6 seconds as if to hold back a defecation movement, followed by relaxation for 6 seconds. The exercise was repeated 25 times. Gradually increase the time until reaching 10 seconds of contraction and relaxation for each with repetition up to 30 times. The exercises applied twice per week for 3 months.