TrialPanorama/TrialPanorama-database huggingface dataset:
Study: NCT03343353

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: SHAM_COMPARATOR
Intervention: LED (Light Emission Diode)
Description: LED light application in cutaneous lesions from the graft donor area (scalp) in patients who are victims of burns

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: LED (Light Emission Diode)
Description: LED light application in cutaneous lesions from the graft donor area (scalp) in patients who are victims of burns

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: LED (Light Emission Diode)
Description: LED light application in cutaneous lesions from the graft donor area (scalp) in patients who are victims of burns
Study: NCT03253419

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Home for Life mobile application
Description: Utilize home application to provide the participant with an understanding and recommendations to potentially decrease home hazards that may lead to risk of falls in their home.
Study: NCT00557817

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Darbepoetin alpha (Aranesp)
Description: Darbepoetin alpha (Aranesp) will be administered subcutaneously (s.c.) at the dose of 300 µg. The first dose will be given on day 28 and the following doses at 2-week intervals around days 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 post-transplant. Once the target Hb (13 g/dL) has been attained, the dose of Aranesp will be reduced by half to 150 µg. If the Hb increases to \> 14 g/dL, Aranesp will be withheld and resumed at the dose of 150 µg when the Hb decreases \< 13 g/dL. If the Hb decreases to \< 12 g/dL, the dose of Aranesp will be increased to 300 µg again.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Darbepoetin alpha (Aranesp)
Description: Darbepoetin alpha (Aranesp) will be administered subcutaneously (s.c.) at the dose of 300 µg. The first dose will be given on day 28 and the following doses at 2-week intervals around days 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 post-transplant. Once the target Hb (13 g/dL) has been attained, the dose of Aranesp will be reduced by half to 150 µg. If the Hb increases to \> 14 g/dL, Aranesp will be withheld and resumed at the dose of 150 µg when the Hb decreases \< 13 g/dL. If the Hb decreases to \< 12 g/dL, the dose of Aranesp will be increased to 300 µg again.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Iron saccharate (Venofer)
Description: Iron saccharate (Venofer) will be administered intravenously (i.v.) at the dose of 200 mg (2 vials of Venofer) on days 28, 42 and 56 after the transplant. Venofer will be diluted in 250 ml saline and infused over 60 minutes. Iron will be omitted in patients with severe iron overload (serum ferritin \> 2500 µg/L in the absence of inflammation or liver necrosis) or elevated transferrin saturation (TS \> 60%) between days 21 and 56. No iron supplementation will be allowed in arm 1. No iron supplementation will be allowed in arm 2 before day 70 after the transplant. In arms 2 and 3, if patients have evidence of functional iron deficiency (transferrin saturation \< 20%) on day 70 or later, they will receive 300 mg of Venofer over 90 min, for a minimum of 2 doses.
Study: NCT04929717

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Breastfeeding education and counseling
Description: Breastfeeding education was applied for four weeks.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Routine postpartum breastfeeding training included in the hospital procedure
Description: The routine breastfeeding postpartum educational training given to all women by healthcare personnel as part of the hospital procedures.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Routine postpartum breastfeeding training included in the hospital procedure
Description: The routine breastfeeding postpartum educational training given to all women by healthcare personnel as part of the hospital procedures.
Study: NCT01520428

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Motivational Interviewing, CBT and E-mail support
Description: Motivational Interviewing, elements of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and E-mail support

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Motivational Interviewing, CBT and E-mail support
Description: Motivational Interviewing, elements of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and E-mail support
Study: NCT04118257

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Sugary beverage: Fruit juice
Description: Participants consumed 100% fruit juice (\~710mL) daily for three weeks, along with their habitual diets.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Sugary beverage: Soda
Description: Participants consumed soda (\~710mL) daily for three weeks, along with their habitual diets.

Intervention type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Control: Water
Description: Participants consumed water (\~710mL) daily for three weeks, along with their habitual diets.
Study: NCT02532166

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Esophageal lichen planus
Description: White light endoscopy compared to narrow band imaging and Lugol for detection of esophageal lichen.
Study: NCT00390026

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Bevacizumab (Avastin)

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Bevacizumab (Avastin)

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Study: NCT00561977

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: High Fiber Diet
Description: high fiber diet (≥30 grams of total fiber per day); reduction of calories to -500 from resting metabolic rate (RMR), not less than 1200 kcal per day.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: low saturated fat diet
Description: low saturated fat diet (≤7% of total calories); -500 calories from RMR, not less than 1200 kcal/day.

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Combination diet
Description: combination low saturated fat high fiber diet, with calorie restriction as specified.
Study: NCT03127982

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Unified Protocol
Description: The Unified Protocol (UP) is a trans-diagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy (tCBT) for individuals diagnosed with anxiety disorders, depression and related disorders (which we refer to as emotional disorders).

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Unified Protocol
Description: The Unified Protocol (UP) is a trans-diagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy (tCBT) for individuals diagnosed with anxiety disorders, depression and related disorders (which we refer to as emotional disorders).
Study: NCT02700334

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Dapagliflozin
Description: 10 mg, one per day before breakfast during 12 weeks.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Placebo
Description: one per day before breakfast during 12 weeks.
Study: NCT00654147

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Raltegravir & Lopinavir/ritonavir
Description: Two drug regimen of an integrase inhibitor and ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Raltegravir and emtricitabine/tenofovir
Description: Three drug regimen of an integrase inhibitor and a fixed dose combination of a non-nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors
Study: NCT02647450

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: GIANT Completed patient
Description: Patients identified in the GIANT clinic and who fulfill the inclusion criteria will be sent a 9 page questionnaire. Upon receipt the questionnaire will be sent to the patient's GP for validation.
Study: NCT02660008

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ZP4207
Description: Parallel trial in Group 1 and cross-over trial in Groups 2-4 with single doses of ZP4207 administered s.c. to hypoglycemic Type 1 diabetic patients

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: GlucaGen
Description: Parallel trial in Group 1 and cross-over trial in Groups 2-4 with single doses of GlucaGen administered s.c. to hypoglycemic Type 1 diabetic patients
Study: NCT01005121

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: colchicine
Description: 2mg, per-os, once daily for six months
Study: NCT03856268

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: 'Surgical Menopause' Group
Description: Women undergoing laparoscopic oophorectomy surgery ('surgical menopause') will be enrolled at Pennington Biomedical.

Intervention type: DRUG
Intervention: 'Drug-Induced Menopause' Group
Description: Women undergoing gonadal suppression via leuprolide acetate (Lupron \[AbbVie Inc.\]) will be enrolled at the University of Colorado-Denver.
Study: NCT03460743

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Study group - quadrivalent recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine
Description: Eligible subjects will be randomized, 1:1, to receive one or two doses of same vaccine. Subjects will be categorized in two age groups: subjects 9 to 17 years will be allocated in Group A and will receive one dose; Subjects 3 to 8 will be allocated to group B and the ACIP/CDC algorithm will be applied to determine should one or two doses will be applied 28 days apart. Vaccinator will be non blind and will not participate in the clinical evaluation.

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Control group - quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine
Description: Eligible subjects will be randomized, 1:1, to receive one or two doses of same vaccine. Subjects will be categorized in two age groups: subjects 9 to 17 years will be allocated in Group A and will receive one dose; Subjects 3 to 8 will be allocated to group B and the ACIP/CDC algorithm will be applied to determine should one or two doses will be applied 28 days apart. Vaccinator will be non blind and will not participate in the clinical evaluation.
Study: NCT00816023

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ecallantide
Description: infusion administered IV over the duration of the surgical procedure

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ecallantide
Description: infusion administered IV over the duration of the surgical procedure

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: ecallantide
Description: infusion administered IV over the duration of the surgical procedure

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Intervention: placebo
Description: solution for IV infusion over the duration of the surgical\>\> procedure
Study: NCT03473080

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Internet CBT
Description: The treatment consists of a standard cognitive behavior therapy for OCD with additional treatment components to make the treatment better suited for children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Study: NCT01054183

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: GlideScope Ranger Intubation
Description: Intubation with GlideScope Ranger Video Laryngoscope

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Direct Laryngoscopy
Description: Intubations will be done with direct laryngoscopy.
Study: NCT02619539

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: plasma fibrinogen measurement
Description: plasma fibrinogen measurement
Study: NCT02181517

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: abicipar pegol
Description: Abicipar pegol administered to the study eye by intravitreal injection at day 1, weeks 4 and 8.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: abicipar pegol
Description: Abicipar pegol administered to the study eye by intravitreal injection at day 1, weeks 4 and 8.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: ranibizumab
Description: Ranibizumab (Lucentis®) 0.5 mg administered to the study eye by intravitreal injection every 4 weeks from day 1 through week 16.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: sham procedure
Description: Sham procedure to the study eye at weeks 12 and 16.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: sham procedure
Description: Sham procedure to the study eye at weeks 12 and 16.
Study: NCT01967498

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Montelukast
Study: NCT01251640

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: BAY86-9766+Gemcitabine
Description: Phase I: 40 mg/day (20 mg twice daily), 60 mg/day (30 mg twice daily, 100 mg/day (50 mg bid) dependent on safety/tolerability Phase II: Recommended Phase II dose (RP2D) dependent on the results of the Phase I part of this study Route of administration: Oral, twice daily (bid) in combination with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 Intravenous infusion over 30 minutes weekly for seven out of eight weeks (Cycle 1); followed by 1000 mg/m2 Intravenous infusion over 30 minutes weekly for three out of four weeks (Cycle 2 and subsequent)
Study: NCT02811276

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Diet
Description: The High-Protein Diet Group will receive a eucaloric diet composed of 35% of carbohydrate, 40% of protein, and 25% of lipid constructed around a soy protein-based meal replacement (Almased®) for one and a half day. Participants will consume 1 gram ± 0.1 of Almased® per kg of body weight mixed with linseed oil and skim milk in their breakfast, lunch and dinner. Two snacks (afternoon and evening) composed of 1 gram ± 0.1 of Almased® per kg of body weight mixed with vegetable juice and linseed oil will also be provided.
Study: NCT02536183

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Magnetic resonance high intensity focused ultrasound
Description: Magnetic resonance (MR)-high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) provides precise controlled delivery of heat by focusing ultrasound energy inside a lesion using an external applicator that is completely non-invasive and non-ionizing.

Intervention type: DEVICE
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Magnetic resonance high intensity focused ultrasound
Description: Magnetic resonance (MR)-high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) provides precise controlled delivery of heat by focusing ultrasound energy inside a lesion using an external applicator that is completely non-invasive and non-ionizing.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin
Description: A heat-activated formulation of liposomal doxorubicin with unique property of heat-activated release of doxorubicin, an active agent in most pediatric solid tumors.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin
Description: A heat-activated formulation of liposomal doxorubicin with unique property of heat-activated release of doxorubicin, an active agent in most pediatric solid tumors.
Study: NCT04921813

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 3 dimensional scoliosis exercise
Description: Schroth exercises

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: 3 dimensional scoliosis exercise
Description: Schroth exercises

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Balance Exercise
Description: Balance-coordination exercises

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Brace treatment
Description: Brace usage

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Brace treatment
Description: Brace usage

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Brace treatment
Description: Brace usage
Study: NCT01090583

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Specimen Collection
Description: We will compare mediators from non-invasive samples (blood, urine, saliva, vaginal or cervical secretions) with traditional gold-standard invasive samples (amniotic fluid and placenta samples).
Study: NCT02649829

Intervention type: BIOLOGICAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: dendritic cell vaccination plus chemotherapy
Description: A. Chemoimmunotherapy:~1. four 3-weekly cycles of platinum/pemetrexed; on day 1 of each cycle, pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 should be administered as intravenous (IV) infusion over 10 minutes followed 30 minutes later by cisplatin 75 mg/m2 as IV over approximately 2 hours.~2. four intradermal vaccinations with 8-10 x 10e6 autologous WT1 mRNA-loaded DCs; at day 14+/- 3 days after the start of each chemotherapy cycle.~B. Surgery: pleurectomy/decortication; in case of resectable disease, 4-6 weeks after start of the last chemotherapy cycle.
Study: NCT03037645

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: SNS-062
Description: SNS-062 will be orally administered twice daily and available in capsules containing either 25 mg or 100 mg of active ingredient.
Study: NCT01239732

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Paclitaxel
Description: 175 mg/m\^2 on Day 1 every 3 weeks or at a dose of 80 mg/m\^2 every week for a minimum of 4 cycles and not more than 8 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, whichever occurs first

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Bevacizumab
Description: 15 mg/kg intravenously on Day 1 of every cycle for up to 36 cycles of 3 weeks each or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, whichever occurs first

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Carboplatin
Description: AUC 5-6 mg/ml/min on Day 1 every 3 weeks for a minimum of 4 cycles and not more than 8 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, whichever occurs first
Study: NCT04049019

Intervention type: DIAGNOSTIC_TEST
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Urine collection
Description: The child will collect:~* Urine at bedtime.~* First morning voided volume
Study: NCT00237133

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Letrozole
Description: 1 tablet of Letrozole 2.5 mg orally adminnistered once a day
Study: NCT00732940

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Belimumab 100 mg SC
Description: Belimumab 100 mg SC for 1 injection on Days 0, 7, 14, and then every two weeks.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Belimumab 100 mg SC
Description: Belimumab 100mg SC for 2 injections (of 100mg each) on Days 0, 2, and 4, then 100 mg (1 injection) three times per week.
Study: NCT01950637

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Intervention: survey
Description: Completion of 58-item online questionnarie.
Study: NCT00321646

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Bevacizumab
Description: Bevacizumab (marketed as Avastin, Genentech) is an antibody to all isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor and is the first putative anti-angiogenic agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cancer.All subjects will be treated with intravenous docetaxel and bevacizumab for 5 cycles, followed by docetaxel alone for Cycle 6. Bevacizumab will be given first, at a starting dose of 15 mg/kg. Bevacizumab will be given once every 21 days in the infusion center.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Docetaxel
Description: Docetaxel will be given intravenously once every 21 days in the infusion center. The starting dose is 70mg/square meter.
Study: NCT01598142

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Team 1
Description: experienced endoscopist with a experienced assistant

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Team 2
Description: same experienced endoscopist with a new trained assistant
Study: NCT04036123

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Urodynamic investigation
Description: Simultaneous UDI (same session repeat filling cystometry and pressure flow study) with an air-charged and water-perfused measurement system.
Study: NCT01621815

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Video Game
Description: Playing various video games: RPG, Race, FPS, Strategy

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Video Game
Description: Playing various video games: RPG, Race, FPS, Strategy
Study: NCT02772757

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: standard hearing aid fitting
Description: standard hearing aid, face-to-face fitting

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: coupler-based fitting
Description: coupler-based fitting using average RECDs
Study: NCT03982862

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Triamcinolone
Description: Triamcinolone 4mg diluted to 0.1 ml

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Triamcinolone
Description: Triamcinolone 4mg diluted to 0.1 ml

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Lidocaine
Description: 0.1ml 2% Xylocaine
Study: NCT02772757

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: coupler-based fitting
Description: coupler-based fitting using measured RECDs
Study: NCT03598907

Intervention type: OTHER
Intervention: Fresh frozen plasma
Description: Fresh frozen plasma will be used according to anaesthetist ,,blind,, decision
Study: NCT01621815

Intervention type: BEHAVIORAL
Group type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Intervention: Video Game
Description: Playing various video games: RPG, Race, FPS, Strategy
Study: NCT00400803

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Gemcitabine, Carboplatin, Bevacizumab
Description: Patients will be treated with Gemcitabine 2000mg/m\^2 intravenously (IV) over 30 minutes, followed by Carboplatin AUC= 3 IV over 30 minutes and Bevacizumab 10 mg/kg IV over 90 minutes 1st infusion, 60 minutes 2nd infusion and 30 minutes for the following infusions. Cycles will be repeated every 2 weeks for a maximum of 6 cycles of therapy. Bevacizumab will continue to be given until disease progression.
Study: NCT03946722

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: GnRH analogue downregulation
Description: Downregulation is the suppression of the ovaries during an IVF cycle in order to perform controlled ovarian stimulation and prevent premature ovulation.~Participants will be exposed to one week of downregulation using a GnRH analogue in the standard downregulation arm and 6 weeks of downregulation using a GnRH analogue in the modified downregulation arm.

Intervention type: DRUG
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: GnRH analogue downregulation
Description: Downregulation is the suppression of the ovaries during an IVF cycle in order to perform controlled ovarian stimulation and prevent premature ovulation.~Participants will be exposed to one week of downregulation using a GnRH analogue in the standard downregulation arm and 6 weeks of downregulation using a GnRH analogue in the modified downregulation arm.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: EXPERIMENTAL
Intervention: Participant questionnaire
Description: Participant will be offered the opportunity to complete an adenomyosis symptom assessment questionnaire at the start of their treatment, and again two months after completion of treatment.

Intervention type: OTHER
Group type: OTHER
Intervention: Participant questionnaire
Description: Participant will be offered the opportunity to complete an adenomyosis symptom assessment questionnaire at the start of their treatment, and again two months after completion of treatment.
Study: NCT01296048

Intervention type: DEVICE
Intervention: Comparison test
Description: Scaleman Body Fat Scales, FS-148BW1, accuracy: ±0.1kg and range: 0-180kg.
Study: NCT04108117

Intervention type: PROCEDURE
Intervention: Robotic nipple sparing mastectomy
Description: Robotic nipple sparing mastectomy means nipple sparing mastectomy performed using robotic surgical systems.