TrialPanorama/TrialPanorama-benchmark huggingface dataset:
Background: Eating disorders represent an extremely difficult condition to treat and patients consume an enormous amount of mental health energy and resources. Being young, female, and dieting are some of the few identified risk factors that have been reliably linked to the development of eating disorders, and several prevention eating disorder prevention programs have been developed and trialed with children and adolescents. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of eating disorder prevention programs for children and adolescents both in the general population and those determined to be at risk.
Objectives: 1. To determine if eating disorder prevention programs are effective in promoting healthy eating attitudes and behaviours in children and adolescents; 2. To determine if eating disorder prevention programs are effective in promoting psychological factors that protect children and adolescents from developing eating disorders; 3. To determine if eating disorder prevention programs are effective in promoting satisfactory physical health in children and adolescents; 4. To determine if eating disorder prevention programs have a long-term, sustainable, and positive impact on the mental and physical health of children and adolescents; and, 5. To determine the safety of eating disorder prevention programs in terms of possible harmful consequences on the mental or physical health of children and adolescents.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) with a major focus on eating disorder prevention programs for children and adolescents, where there is no known DSM-IV diagnosis of an eating disorder, are eligible for inclusion in the review. Trials must include a control group and at least one objective outcome measure (eg. BMI) or a standardised psychological measure used with the intervention and control group, pre- and post-intervention.
Background: Depressive symptoms, often of substantial severity, are found in 50% of newly diagnosed suffers of schizophrenia and 33% of people with chronic schizophrenia who have relapsed. Depression is associated with dysphoria, disability, reduction of motivation to accomplish tasks and the activities of daily living, an increased duration of illness and more frequent relapses.
Objectives: To determine the clinical effects of antidepressant medication for the treatment of depression in people who also suffer with schizophrenia.
Selection criteria: All randomised clinical trials that compared antidepressant medication with placebo for people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were also suffering from depression.
Background: Cerebral malaria is a common complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, and kills over a million people every year. People with cerebral malaria become unconscious, and often have protracted convulsions. It is unclear whether giving anticonvulsant drugs routinely to people with cerebral malaria will improve the outcome of treatment and prevent death.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of routine anticonvulsant drugs in people with cerebral malaria.
Selection criteria: Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of people with cerebral malaria. The trials compared anticonvulsant drugs started on admission to hospital with no anticonvulsant drug or placebo.
Background: Bisphosphonates form part of standard therapy for hypercalcemia and the prevention of skeletal events in some cancers. However, the role of bisphosphonates in pain relief for bony metastases remains uncertain.
Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of bisphosphonates for the relief of pain from bone metastases.
Selection criteria: Randomized trials of bisphosphonates compared with open, blinded, or different doses/types of bisphosphonates in cancer patients were included where pain and/or analgesic consumption were outcome measures. Studies where pain was reported only by observers were excluded.
Background: Each year about one million people die and about 10 million are seriously injured on the world's roads. Educational measures to teach pedestrians how to cope with the traffic environment are considered to be an essential component of any prevention strategy, and pedestrian education has been recommended in many countries. However, as resources available for road safety are limited, a key question concerns the relative effectiveness of different prevention strategies.
Objectives: To quantify the effectiveness of pedestrian safety education programmes in preventing pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of safety education programmes for pedestrians of all ages.
Background: Coma and vegetative state follow traumatic brain injury in about one out of eight patients, and in patients with non traumatic injury the prognosis is worse. The use of sensory stimulation for coma and vegetative state has gained popularity during the 1980's but beliefs and opinions about its effectiveness vary substantially among health professionals.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of sensory stimulation programmes in patients in coma or vegetative state.
Selection criteria: Randomised or controlled trials that compared sensory stimulation programmes with standard rehabilitation in patients in coma or vegetative state.
Background: The treatment of schizophrenia with old, 'typical' antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol can be problematic, because many people treated with these drugs will suffer from movement disorders. Amisulpride is said to be an "atypical" antipsychotic which induces less movement disorder and which is effective for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of amisulpride as compared with placebo, typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia.
Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials comparing amisulpride to placebo, typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia or other non-affective serious mental illnesses.
Background: A previous meta-analysis of interferon therapy in naive patients with chronic hepatitis C has documented its efficacy in achieving virologic clearance, and improving liver biochemistry and histology; however, since its publication additional trials have been reported.
Objectives: To evaluate the response to interferon in interferon naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. The effect of treatment dose and duration, and the response in patients with cirrhosis and those with normal aminotransferases was also investigated.
Selection criteria: Randomised clinical trials comparing interferon with placebo, no treatment, or different regimens of interferon were selected. Abstracts were excluded.
Background: Inhaled corticosteroids form the main therapy for asthma, but there is increasing concern about the potential systematic effects of long-term inhaled corticosteroids including their effect on bone metabolism and bone loss.
Objectives: To determine the effect of inhaled corticosteroids use on biochemical markers of bone turnover, bone mineral density and the development of fractures.
Selection criteria: Randomised trials of the effect of inhaled steroid versus placebo on markers of bone function and metabolism, in adults with asthma or mild COPD.
Background: Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and budesonide (BUD) are used widely in the treatment of chronic asthma. The two drugs have different in vitro pharmacokinetic characteristics. It is unclear whether this translates into clinically significant differences in efficacy or safety when treating children and adults with chronic asthma.
Objectives: To assess clinical outcomes in studies which have compared inhaled BDP and BUD in the treatment of chronic asthma.
Selection criteria: Prospective, randomised trials comparing BDP to BUD in the treatment of chronic asthma. Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion and methodological quality.
Background: This review is one in a series of reviews of interventions for lateral elbow pain. Lateral elbow pain, or tennis elbow, is a common condition causing pain in the elbow and forearm and lack of strength and function of the elbow and wrist. Acupuncture has long been used to treat lateral elbow pain in China and in Western countries practitioners and consumers are increasingly exploring acupuncture as a first line treatment for musculoskeletal disorders. No previous systematic review of the available evidence has been conducted to determine whether acupuncture is efficacious in the treatment lateral elbow pain.
Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of adults with lateral elbow pain with respect to pain reduction, improvement in function, grip strength and adverse effects.
Selection criteria: Two independent reviewers assessed all identified trials against pre-determined inclusion criteria. Randomised and pseudo randomised trials in all languages were included in the review provided they were testing acupuncture compared to placebo or another intervention in adults with lateral elbow pain (tennis elbow). Outcomes of interest were pain, function, disability, quality of life, strength, participant satisfaction with treatment and adverse effect.
Background: Bronchodilator therapy for COPD may be delivered by a number of different inhaler devices.
Objectives: To determine the efficacy of pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDI) compared to any other handheld inhaler device for the delivery of bronchodilators in non-acute COPD.
Selection criteria: Two reviewers independently reviewed the results of computerised search and any potentially relevant articles were obtained in full.
Background: A number of different inhaler devices are available to deliver beta2-agonist bronchodilators in asthma. These include hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) or chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-free propelled pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powder devices.
Objectives: To determine the clinical effectiveness of pMDI compared with any other available handheld inhaler device for the delivery of short-acting beta-2 agonist bronchodilators in non-acute asthma in children and adults.
Selection criteria: - The full texts of all potentially relevant articles were reviewed independently by two reviewers.
Background: Dysmenorrhoea is the occurrence of painful menstrual cramps of the uterus. Medical therapy for dysmenorrhoea commonly consists of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or the oral contraceptive pill both of which work by reducing myometrial (uterine muscle) activity. However, these treatments are accompanied by a number of side effects, making an effective non-pharmacological method of treating dysmenorrhoea of potential value. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a treatment that has been shown to be effective for pain relief in a variety of conditions. Electrodes are placed on the skin and electric current applied at different pulse rates (frequencies) and intensities is used to stimulate these areas so as to provide pain relief. In dysmenorrhoea. TENS is thought to work by alteration of the body's ability to receive or perceive pain signals rather than by having a direct effect on the uterine contractions. Acupuncture may also be indicated as a useful, non-pharmacological method for treating dysmenorrhoea. Acupuncture is thought to excite receptors or nerve fibres which, through a complicated interaction with mediators such as serotonin and endorphins, blocks pain impulses. Acupuncture typically involves penetration of the skin by fine, solid metallic needles, which are manipulated manually or by electrical stimulation.
Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of high and low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture when compared to each other, placebo, no treatment, or medical treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea.
Selection criteria: The inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture that compared these treatments to each other, placebo, no treatment, or medical treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea. Exclusion criteria were: mild, infrequent or secondary dysmenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea associated with an IUD.
Background: Neuroleptic-induced akathisia is one of the most common and distressing early-onset adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs, being associated with poor compliance with treatment, and thus, ultimately, to an increase risk of relapse. This review assesses the role of benzodiazepines in the pharmacological treatment of this problem.
Objectives: To determine the effects of benzodiazepines versus placebo for people with neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia.
Selection criteria: All randomised clinical trials comparing benzodiazepines with placebo for people with antipsychotic-induced acute akathisia.
Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate, can lead to obstructive and irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The pharmacologic use of plants and herbs (phytotherapy) for the treatment of LUTS associated with BPH has been growing steadily. The extract of the African prune tree, Pygeum africanum, is one of the several phytotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of BPH.
Objectives: To investigate the evidence whether extracts of Pygeum africanum (1) are more effective than placebo in the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), (2) are as effective as standard pharmacologic BPH treatments, and (3) have less side effects compared to standard BPH drugs.
Selection criteria: Trials were eligible if they (1) were randomized (2) included men with BPH (3) compared preparations of Pygeum africanum (alone or in combination) with placebo or other BPH medications (4) included clinical outcomes such as urologic symptom scales, symptoms, or urodynamic measurements. Eligibility was assessed by at least two independent observers.
Background: Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection progresses to chronicity in the majority of patients. In order to prevent the progression to chronic disease, several studies have assessed interferon in patients with acute hepatitis C.
Objectives: The aim of this review was to assess the efficacy of interferon in acute HCV infection.
Selection criteria: Randomised clinical trials comparing interferon with placebo or no treatment, and published as an article, abstract, or letter were selected. No language limitations were used.
Background: Studies in sheep showed that there is a pre-labour rise in oestrogen and a decrease in progesterone, both of these changes stimulate prostaglandin production and may help initiate labour. Though oestrogen has been suggested as an effective cervical ripening or induction agent, research in humans have failed to demonstrate a similar physiological mechanism. The use of oestrogen as an induction agent is not currently common practice, as such this systematic review should be regarded as an historical review. This is one of a series of reviews of methods of cervical ripening and labour induction using a standardised methodology.
Objectives: To determine, from the best available evidence, the effectiveness and safety of oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for third trimester cervical ripening and induction of labour in comparison with other methods of induction of labour.
Selection criteria: (1) randomised controlled trials comparing oestrogens alone used for third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction with placebo/no treatment or other methods listed above it on a predefined list of labour induction methods; (2) random allocation to the treatment or control group; (3) adequate allocation concealment; (4) violations of allocated management not sufficient to materially affect conclusions; (5) clinically meaningful outcome measures reported; (6) data available for analysis according to the random allocation; (7) missing data insufficient to materially affect the conclusions.
Background: Bulimia Nervosa (BN) represents an important public health problem and is related to serious morbidity and even mortality. This review attempted to systematically evaluate the use of antidepressant medications compared with placebo for the treatment of bulimia nervosa.
Objectives: The primary objective of this review was to determine whether using antidepressant medications was clinically effective for the treatment of bulimia nervosa. The secondary objectives were: (i) to examine whether there was a differential effect for the various classes/types of antidepressants with regard to effectiveness and tolerability (ii) to test the hypothesis that the effect of antidepressants on bulimic symptoms was independent of its effect on depressive symptoms
Background: Psychotherapeutic approaches, mainly cognitive behavior therapy, and antidepressant medication are the two treatment modalities that have received most support in controlled outcome studies of bulimia nervosa.
Objectives: The primary objective was to conduct a systematic review of all RCTs comparing antidepressants with psychological approaches or comparing their combination with each single approach for the treatment of bulimia nervosa.
Background: Inhaled budesonide is a widely used inhaled corticosteroid for asthma.
Objectives: The objectives of this review was to compare the efficacy of budesonide with placebo in the treatment of chronic asthma.
Selection criteria: Randomised trials in children and adults comparing budesonide to placebo in the treatment of chronic asthma.
Background: Inhaled budesonide (BUD) is available in a range of doses for treating chronic asthma.
Objectives: To quantitatively assess the efficacy and safety of budesonide at different doses in order to establish whether a clinically significant dose response profile exists.
Selection criteria: Randomised trials in children and adults comparing one dose of budesonide to a second dose in the treatment of chronic asthma. Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion and methodological quality.
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious health problem world-wide. Medicinal herbs are increasingly being used for hepatitis C.
Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of medicinal herbs for hepatitis C virus infection.
Selection criteria: Randomised clinical trials comparing medicinal herbs (single herb or compound of herbs) versus placebo, no intervention, general non-specific treatment, other herbal medicine, or interferon and/or ribavirin treatment. Trials of medicinal herbs plus interferon and/or ribavirin versus interferon and/or ribavirin alone were also included. Trials could be double-blind, single-blind, or unblinded.
Background: Nicergoline is an ergot derivative currently in use in over fifty countries for more than three decades, for the treatment of cognitive, affective, and behavioral disorders of older people. It was initially considered as a vasoactive drug and mainly prescribed for cerebrovascular disorders. Recent findings suggest other actions which has provided a rationale for the use of nicergoline for the treatment of various forms of dementia, including Alzheimer's Disease.
Objectives: To determine whether there is evidence of efficacy of nicergoline in the treatment of dementia and other age-associated forms of cognitive decline,and to assess the safety and tolerability of the drug.
Selection criteria: - All unconfounded, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, published and unpublished trials were sought. Non-randomized trials were excluded. Open trials were considered for inclusion if patients were randomized to the different treatment groups. - All patients diagnosed as having dementia or other cognitive disorder defined according to classification criteria accepted at the time of each study. - Nicergoline given at any dose for more than one day with placebo control. Type of outcome variables: 1. Cognitive function (as measured by psychometric tests). 2. Clinical impression (such as CIBIC or other clinical global measures of change). 3. Functional performance including dependency. 4. Behavioural disturbance. 5. Safety and acceptability as measured by the incidence of adverse effects (including side-effects) leading to withdrawal. 6. Death 7. Effect on carer 8. Use of services 9. Quality of life.
Background: Different surgical methods for termination of pregnancy have evolved over the years: Dilatation and curettage, power operated vacuum aspiration, manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) or hysterotomy. Local or general anaesthesia is used for all methods. Preabortion medical or mechanical cervical preparation may reduce the incidence of cervical or uterine injuries.
Objectives: To compare the safety and efficacy of different surgical methods for first trimester abortion.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials comparing different surgical methods for first trimester abortion were eligible.
Background: The role of second-line chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have relapsed or failed to respond to first-line treatment was unclear.
Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of any second-line chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled clinical trials in which any second-line chemotherapy was compared with BSC in patients with NSCLC who had previously failed to any previous chemotherapy regimen.
Background: Worldwide, phenytoin and phenobarbitone are commonly used antiepileptic drugs. They are more likely to be used in the developing world than the developed world, primarily because they are inexpensive. The aim of this review is to summarise data from existing trials comparing phenytoin and phenobarbitone.
Objectives: To review the effects of phenobarbitone compared to phenytoin when used as monotherapy in patients with partial onset seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalized seizure types.
Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials in children or adults with partial onset seizures or generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. Trials must have included a comparison of phenobarbitone monotherapy with phenytoin monotherapy.
Background: Between 10% and 35% of women with operable breast cancer will experience an isolated locoregional recurrence following their primary treatment. There is currently no good evidence that adjuvant systemic treatment is effective in this situation and there is no standard treatment for women who have such a recurrence.
Objectives: To investigate whether additional systemic treatment will improve the result of local therapy in regard to relapse-free and overall survival in women with potentially curatively resected loco-regional recurrence following breast cancer, who have not had a previous or synchronous distant metastases.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials or trials in which women were allocated to treatment or observation by a quasi-random process (such as alternation or date of birth) were eligible. Our aim was to consider separately women with a first incidence of isolated loco-regional recurrence in the treated breast, the chest wall or the regional lymphnode areas (except clavicular nodes) which can be resected without (R0) or with (R1) microscopically demonstrable residual disease. Women with previous or synchronous distant metastases were to be excluded from this part of the review. The second part of the review was to consider women with inoperable loco-regional recurrence and / or clavicular lymphnode involvement, regardless of previous or synchronous metastases.
Background: A 2-4 week course of ticlopidine plus aspirin following coronary stenting is considered effective in preventing thrombotic occlusion of the stented vessel and safe in regards to bleeding and peripheral vascular complications. However, rare, although potentially life-threatening haematological complications have been reported with this drug regimen.
Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ticlopidine plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulants after coronary stenting
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials comparing ticlopidine plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulants (either with or without aspirin) after elective or bail out coronary stenting.